化約論極致發展的危機

diagram showing the seven "characters" observed by Mendel

1920s view of garden used by Mendel

Friars of Augustian Abbey in Old Brno- Mendel standing fourth from righ

由孟德爾到 DNA 的化約之路• 孟德爾的碗豆特性遺傳研究

• 摩根 (T.H. Morgan) 的果蠅染色體研究

• 艾弗利 (O.T.Avery) 的細菌遺傳轉化研究

• 德布呂克 (Max Delbrück ) 的噬菌體增殖研究

• DNA 雙螺旋模型的建立

J. D. WATSON, F. H. C. CRICKNature 171, 737-738 (25 April 1953)

doi:10.1038/171737a0 Article

• It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material' ，

Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

J. D. WATSON, F. H. C. CRICKNature 171, 737-738 (25 April 1953)

doi:10.1038/171737a0 Article

Nature 16 April 2009 John Maddox 1925-2009

In memory of a transformative editor of Nature• It was with great sadness that I and my colleagues at Nature learned of the

death on Sunday of Sir John Maddox — or 'JM', as hiscolleagues always referred to him.

• ………..• ……………..

• It was during his first stint that he laid the foundations for Nature as it is today. Importantly (JM liked to start sentences with adverbs), he threw aside the highly informal and somewhat crony-based system for selecting papers and established a system of peer review. A charac teristically readable account of this can be found in his valedictory Essay in his last issue (see Nature 378, 521–523; 1995).

• This move was not without his own reservations — he liked to say that the 1953 paper on the structure of DNA would never have passed peer review. He never lost his distrust of such refereeing as an obstacle to the truly original, and occasionally dispensed with it altogether during his first stint as editor.

Philip CampbellNature News 458, 807-807 (14 April 2009)

doi:10.1038/458807a News

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v378/n6557/pdf/378521a0.pdf



Original uploader was 3dscience at en.wikipedia

Chromatin_chromosome.png: Magnus Manskederivative work: NEUROtiker

本作品由時報出版社授權本課程『科學在文化中的定位與挑戰』使用，本資料庫無再授權他人使用之權利，如需利用本作品，請另行向權利人取得授權

Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA

Rosalind Franklin

1920-1958

本作品由天下出版社授權本課程『科學在文化中的定位與挑戰』使用，本資料庫無再授權他人使用之權利，如需利用本作品，請另行向權利人取得授權

Rosalind Elsie Franklin (July 25, 1920-April 16, 1958)

Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction photograph of DNA, 1953

http://scienceblogs.com/bioephemera/2008/04/juxtaposition_5.php

London's Natural History Museumphoto by Mo at Neurophilosophy

生物基因的化約思維

由胚胎細胞複製的Megan Morag(1995)

由成熟細胞複製的桃莉

Flicker: Top Koaysomboon

http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/

Flicker: Flicker:timo_w2s

Flicker:Bert K

Flicker:Bert K

Flicker:CaptPiper

IAN WILMUT

Nuclear transferRoslin Institute

The pioneer of The Nuclear TransferHans Spemann (1869-1941). Courtesy ofthe Max Planck Society Friedrich Miescher Laboratory.

John Gurdon (1933-)

Rubenstein

生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事


Megan and MoragRoslin Institute

複製羊 Dolly 的技術流程



由成熟細胞複製的桃莉桃莉出生 (1996,7,5)

桃莉問世 (1997,2,22) 桃莉死亡 (2003,2,14)

DollyRoslin Institute




桃莉問世 (1997,2,22) 桃莉死亡 (2003,2,14)

Dolly with her lambs Roslin Institute

Dolly the sheep 1996 - 2003




桃莉問世 (1997,2,22) 桃莉死亡 (2003,2,14)

The Second Creation: Dolly and the Age of Biological Control

Dolly and human cloning

Dolly and human cloning

First cloned human due 2002 ?

Proud American geneticists have

announced the world’s first cloned human

embryo. By coaxing egg cells to divide

without adding sperm, they created all- female embryos.

But all six eggs that divided into cloned embryos died after a few days. The scientists claim they are aiming to create disease-busting stem cell, not a cloned baby.

The team from Advanced Cell Technology.

Massachusetts hope that one day stem cells cloned from a patient’s cells could be used to treat their illnesses.

The first human clone:

27 November 2001

Cloning has a poor track record. Of the ten types of animal they’ve tried to clone so far, only six have produced live young using the technique that created Dolly the sheep.

2003 started with a baby boom and claims that a handful of New Year newborns are the first human clones. Scientists are skeptical, saying the wannabe cloners have made it look too easy.

First human clone – or is it?

16 January 2003

The two major uses for the information provided by DNA-

fingerprinting analysis are for

personal identification and

for the determination of

paternity.

The human genome is made up of 3 billion nucleotides, which are 99.9% identical from one

person to the next. The 0.1% variation, therefore, can be used to distinguish one

individual from another. It is this difference that can be used by forensic scientists to match

specimens of blood , tissue, or hair follicles to an individual with a high level of certainty.

by-nc-nd 2.0 UK: England & WalesBy Peter Artymiuk

DNA represents the blueprint of the human

genetic makeup. It exists in virtually every cell of the human body and

differs in its sequence of nucleotides (molecules that make up DNA, also abbreviated by letters,

A, T, G, C).

How would you check a

suspected clone’s

credentials?

The complete DNA of each individual is unique, with the exception of identical twins. A

DNA fingerprint, therefore, is a DNA pattern that has a unique sequence such that it can be distinguished from the DNA patterns of other individuals. DNA fingerprinting is also called

DNA typing.

"DNA Fingerprint." World of Forensic Science. 2005. Retrieved January 19, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com:

How would a clone compare with its

DNA donor on looks and personality ?

克隆 (Clone) 技術的爭議

“Animal cloning is inefficient in all species. Expect the

same outcome in humans as in other species: late

abortions, dead children and surviving but abnormal

children.” Dr Ian Wilmut,

Roslin Institute, Edinburgh

Human Cloning Opinions

克隆 (Clone) 技術的爭議Human Cloning Opinions

“If you’re asking is it worth wasting a few deformed fetuses to get the process going better, I say it should not be done. We’re

talking about destroying the health of a potential human

being.”Dr Alan Coleman,

PPL Therapeutics, Roslin, Scotland

“We believe that it is a fundamental right for every one of us to use our

genes the way we want. If we want to mix them with a chosen partner, this is fine and no one should contest this

right. If one wants to reproduce himself without a partner and have

his or her belated twin as an offspring, this should be respected as

well.”Dr Brigitte Boisseler, Clonaid


“Animal cloning and its difficulties appear to be species-specific. The

data cannot be applied with accuracy to humans. To get the human picture on cloning, data must be obtained by doing it on

humans.”Dr Panayiotis Zavos,

Andrology Institute of America


“We understand a couple’s desire for a child and the huge emotional trauma when they are told they

are infertile. But we feel that this method of infertility treatment is completely unacceptable. The whole area is fraught with danger, both medically

cad ethically. There are safey issues for the mother and the child such as the high risk of miscarriage

and congenital malformation. “ CHILD, The National Infertility Support

Network


Headless frog opens way for human organ factory

London, 19 October 1997

Harmen Piekema

Cloning timelineFrom the following article:Cloning special: Dolly: a decade on Meredith Wadman, Nature 445, 800-801(22 February 2007) doi:10.1038/445800a

人類基因定序計劃的故事科學知識市場商機的競爭生物化約的危機非線性因素部分和整體的意義基因科技紅燒獅子頭

He has also repeatedly supported genetic screening and genetic engineering in public lectures and interviews, arguing for instance that the "really stupid" bottom 10% of people should be aborted before birth; that all girls should be genetically engineered to be pretty [1] and has been quoted in The Sunday telegraph as stating "that if the gene (for homosexuality) were discovered and a woman decided not to give birth to a child that may have a tendency to become homosexual, she should be able to abort the fetus." [2] The biologist Richard Dawkins wrote a letter to The Independentt claiming that Watson's position was misrepresented by The Sunday telegraph article and that Watson also considered the possibility of having a heterosexual child to be a valid reason for abortion. [3]Watson doesn't think much of the ambitiousness and energy of fat people, and is quoted as saying "Whenever you interview fat people, you feel bad, because you know you're not going to hire them" [4]He has also been attacked for justifying anti-semitism, for advocating that certain racial, religious and ethnic groups' "numbers should be restricted", for claiming that blacks are genetically lazy and for advocating the infanticide of handicapped newborns[5].

JurvetsonFlicker:dfarber

http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/000998.html

2010 年 4 月 4 日與 Dr. James Watson 在台北 101 大樓談話

江才健

Watson also had quite a few disagreements with Craig Venter regarding his use of EST fragments while Venter worked at NIH. Venter went on to found Celera genomics and continued his feud with Watson through the privately funded venture. Watson was even quoted as calling Venter Hitler (The Genome War, J. Shreeve)

Craig Venter is an asshole. He's an idiotThe Genome Warrior

RICHARD PRESTON / New Yorker 12 Jun 2000

Francis

Collins

From : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson

Genome sequenced (publication year)

HGP (2003) Venter (2007) Watson (2008)

Time taken (start to finish) 13 years 4 years 4.5 months

Number of scientists listed as authors > 2,800 31 27

Cost of sequencing (start to fi nish) $2.7 billion $100 million < $1.5 million

Coverage 8–10 × 7.5 × 7.4 ×

Number of institutes involved 16 5 2

Number of countries involved 6 3 1

James Watson's genome sequenced at high speed

Table 1. QUICKER, SMALLER, CHEAPE

From: Nature News, Published online 16 April 2008 | 452, 788 (2008)

PLoS Jurvetson

Artificial lifeforms Genesis redux A new form of life has been created in a laboratory, and the era of synthetic biology is dawningMay 22th 2010 | The Economist print edition

The Economist online

2010/05/22 聯合報

藻類變燃料人工細胞能辦到把人造 DNA 塞入近親活細胞美科學家製造出全球第一個能自我複製的細胞

【聯合報╱編譯莊蕙嘉／報導】

2010-05-22 中國時報

合成 DNA 第 1 個人工生命誕生【楊明暐／綜合廿一日外電報導】

人類基因定序計劃的故事科學知識市場商機的競爭生物化約的危機非線性因素部分和整體的意義基因科技紅燒獅子頭

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.The project began in 1990 initially headed by James D. Watson at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. A working draft of the genome was released in 2000 and a complete one in 2003.

From Wikipedia "Human Genome Project"

Genomics: The dog has its day

Nature 438 (8 December 2005)

黃禹錫的爭議研究 Stem-cell pioneer accused of faking data

　　頭一個基因治療的失敗死亡案例 Jesse Gelsinger’s Case

University of Pennsylvania

Nature 420, 116-118 (14 November 2002) | doi:10.1038/420116a

Nature 420, 116 - 118 (14 November 2002); doi:10.1038/420116a

Gene therapy: A tragic setback

With one French gene-therapy patient having developed a form of cancer, a frantic detective effort is under way to determine what went wrong and to assess the risks faced by others. Erika Check reports.

Erika Check

Until a few weeks ago, a three-year-old boy whose identity remains confidential was a beacon of hope for gene therapists. He is one of 11 children with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) to receive a pioneering treatment from a team led by Alain Fischer and Marina Cavazzana-Calvo of the Necker Hospital for Sick Children in Paris. It worked, providing the first proof that gene therapy can cure a life-threatening disease1.

Now, however, the boy has developed a leukaemia-like condition that most experts believe was caused by the very treatment that cured his SCID.

…

Nature 420, 116-118 (14 November 2002) | doi:10.1038/420116a

NewsNature 449, 270 (20 September 2007) | doi:10.1038/449270b; Published online 19 September 2007

Gene therapy might not have caused patient's death

Meredith Wadman

Case was complicated by immunosuppressant drug regime.

A patient with arthritis who died in July during a gene-therapy trial may have succumbed to an infection she had before the viral vector was administered, experts said on Monday at a meeting of an advisory panel in Bethesda, Maryland, investigating the incident.

Little of the evidence presented to the panel seemed to indicate that the

injected viral vector had a key role in 36-year-old Jolee Mohr's demise.

Nature 449, 270 (20 September 2007) | doi:10.1038/449270b; Published online 19 September 2007

部分和整體的意義吃鹽等於吃氯和鈉

Crick's controversial message,

"You, your joys and your sorrows,your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than the behaviour of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules"

Photo: Marc Lieberman

From Wikipedia, The Astonishing Hypothesis

“Molecular is the one thing that united all of the theories and discoveries.”

“And like all of us, biologists need heroes.”

“Watson and Crick’s structure for DNA has become part of the social structural of biology.”

Robert Olby,

Science Historian,

University of Pittsburg,

Pennsyvania.From: Tom Clarke, DNA's family tree, Published online 24 April 2003 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news030421-5

“The day is late, and even the pygmy can cast

long shadow.” Erwin Chargaff Biologist who found that letters

(A),(T)&(C),(G) comes in pairs.

A clash of two cultures Nature 445, 603 (8 February 2007)

Evelyn Fox Keller1

Evelyn Fox Keller is at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AbstractPhysicists come from a tradition of looking for all-encompassing laws, but is this the best approach to use when probing complex biological systems?

Biologists often pay little attention to debates in the philosophy of science. But one question that has concerned philosophers is rapidly coming to have direct relevance to researchers in the life sciences: are there laws of biology? That is, does biology have laws of its own that are universally applicable? Or are the physical sciences the exclusive domain of such laws?Today, biologists are faced with an avalanche of data, made available by the successes of genomics and by the development of instruments that track biological processes in unprecedented detail. To unpack how proteins, genes and metabolites operate as components of complex networks, modelling and other quantitative tools that are well established in the physical sciences — as well as the involvement of physical scientists — are fast becoming an essential part of biological practice. Accordingly, questions about just how much specificity needs to be included in these models, about where simplifying assumptions is appropriate, and about when (if ever) the search for laws of biology is useful, have acquired pragmatic importance — even some urgency.

Nature 445, 603 (8 February 2007) | doi:10.1038/445603a; Published online 7 February 2007

Biology's next revolutionNigel Goldenfeld1 & Carl Woese2

AbstractThe emerging picture of microbes as gene-swapping collectives demands a revision of such concepts as organism, species and evolution itself.

One of the most fundamental patterns of scientific discovery is the revolution in thought that accompanies a new body of data. Satellite-based astronomy has, during the past decade, overthrown our most cherished ideas of cosmology, especially those relating to the size, dynamics and composition of the Universe.

Similarly, the convergence of fresh theoretical ideas in evolution and the coming avalanche of genomic data will profoundly alter our understanding of the biosphere — and is likely to lead to revision of concepts such as species, organism and evolution. Here we explain why we foresee such a dramatic transformation, and why we believe the molecular reductionism that dominated twentieth-century biology will be superseded by an interdisciplinary approach that embraces collective phenomena.

Nature 445, 369 (25 January 2007) | doi:10.1038/445369a; Published online 24 January 2007

News and ViewsNature 450, 803-804 (6 December 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature06363; Published online 18 November 2007

Cancer: Immune pact with the enemy

Cornelis J. M. Melief

AbstractProgress comes from the latest investigations into a long-standing question in

immunology — the role of the immune system in maintaining small, potentially cancerous lesions in a state of dormancy.

The current belief about treating cancer is that tumour cells need to be eradicated as quickly as possible, so as to halt tumour growth and spread, and to prevent or delay the death of the patient. The startling results of Koebel et al.1 (page 903 of this issue) demonstrate that considering cancer as a fatal disease is not always appropriate*.

The authors show in mice that induction of cancer by methylcholanthrene (MCA), a tar component of the kind found in cigarette smoke, causes an initial wave of deadly tumours affecting many animals, after which the surviving mice show no evidence of growing tumours. Deceptively, however, dormant tumours still exist in these apparently healthy mice, and these are kept in check by the immune system. This state can be fatally disrupted by suppression of the immune system, allowing the dormant tumours to wrest themselves from immune control and grow, spread and kill their host.

Nature 450, 803-804 (6 December 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature06363; Published online 18 November 2007

When President Barack Obama signed an Executive Order on 9 March 2009 rolling back the previous administration's restrictions on federal funding of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research, he took pains to temper Americans' hopes for quick fixes. “At this moment, the full promise of stem cell research remains unknown and it should not be overstated,” the president said. “I cannot guarantee that we will find the treatments and cures we seek” (1). Unfortunately, some stakeholders in hESC research have failed to exhibit the same restraint, effectively promising cures for Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, macular degeneration, and hearing loss, to name a few.…

POLICY FORUM

MEDICINE

A History Lesson for Stem Cells

James M. Wilson

Science 8 May 2009: Vol. 324 no. 5928 pp. 727-728, DOI: 10.1126/science.1174935

Induced pluripotent stem cell iPS cells

人工多能性幹細胞

• 誘導多能性幹細胞　京都大学の山中伸彌 Shinya Yamanaka

Rubenstein.

基因科技紅燒獅子頭 ??

c424Flicker:Jay Reimer

Flicker: PetroleumJelliffe

基因科技紅燒獅子頭 ??

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