ဆင့်ကဲဖြစ်စဉ်သီအိုရီနှင့်လူသားမျိုးနွယ်အပေါ်ရန်...

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3

pma&;olta-umif; ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Tpmtkyfudk [m&Gef,[f,m[laom uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om; ol pma&;q&m-uD;onf/ wl&uDEdkifiH tefum&mjrKdŒY 1956ckESpf

wGif arG;zGm;cJhI/ tefum&mjrKdŒwGifyif txufwef; ausmif;ynm oif,lcJhavonf? tpPwefblvfjrKdŒ&Sd rDrm&fqDeefwuUodkvfwGif 0dZ…mbmom &yfudk qufvufqnf;yl;um 0dZ…mbGJ‹ESifhr[m0dZ…mbGJ‹ udkqGwfcl;cJhavonf? xdkaemuf tpPwef blvfwuUodkvfrS '\ eduaA'bmom&yfjzifh yg&*lbGJ‹udk qGwfcl;cJhavonf? 1980ckESpf

rSpI EdkifiHa&;odyH`bmom&yf/ odyH`bmom&yfESifh ,kH-unfcsufqdkif&mta&; rsm;ESifhywf oufonfhpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;ac:wpfpwpfp qifhuJ ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;tawG;tac:0g'Drsm;.ta,mifaqmifvdrfvnfr+ESifh ‚if;wdk‹ . t cdkiftrmtqdkjyKcsufrsm;onf usKd;a-umif;qDavsmfr+r&Sda-umif;tjyif/ 'g0if0g'ESifh wuG urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;apcJhonfh zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹udk aemuf uG,frS aeI qufpyfay;aeolwdk‹ta-umif;udk pmtkyfaygif; rsm;pGma&;om;I az:xkwfcJh av onf?

ol.uavmiftrnfonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfolwdk‹tm; twdkuftcH vkyf&mY ausmf-um;cJh-uaom wrefawmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh [m&Gef(tm&Gef)ESifh ,[f,m (a,m[ef)wdk‹.trnfESpfckudk aygif;pyfxm;aomtrnfjzpfayonf? Tpmtkyf.rsuf ESmzkH;rsm;wGifygonfh wrefawmfjrwf.wHqdyfonf pmtkyftwGif;&Sdta-umif;tcsuf rsm;ESifh qufpyfvsuf &Sdaeygonf? aemufqkH;usrf;awmfjrwfjzpfaomuk&ftmefusrf;awmf jrwfESifh aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonfhrdk[rR'f(qGv†v†m[ktvdkif;a[h0qv†rf)wdk‹udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif;jzpfonf? bk&m;rJh0g'wdk‹.tajccHa&aomufjrpftcsuftvufrsm; udk uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh qGEMwf(wrefawmfjrwf.-o0g'usifhpOf)rsm;.oGefoif csufyg oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifhacsyy,fzsufypfI bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk wm; jrpfpGyfpGJaomtoHrsm;tm; wdwfqdwfoGm;apygonf? ynmhtvif;udk&&SdI yuwdjynfhpkH aumif;rGefaomtusifhoduQmESifh udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;jzifhjynfhpkHonfh aemufqkH;wref awmfjrwf.wHqdyfawmfudktokH;jyKI wrefawmfjrwftvdkawmf&SdcJhonfhtwdkif; xdkbk &m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹.toHudk wdwfqdwfoGm;apjcif; jzpfygonf?

[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmayrsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf.owif; rSm-um;csufrsm;udk ydk‹oay;I/ pmzwfolwdk‹udk ,kH-unfcsufESifhoufqdkifonfh tajccH tcsuftvufrsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif;ESifh xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;aomt±Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrla-umif;udk od&Sd-uI/ azguf jyefaombmomw&m;rJhtawG;tac:rsm;. usKd;a-umif;cdkifvkHr+r&Sdonfh tajccHrsm;udk az:xkwfjyo&efom t"duyef;wdkif jzpfayonf?

[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk tdEdN,EdkifiHrStar&duefEdkifiHtxd/ t*Fvef EdkifiHrStif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHtxd/ ydkvefEdkifiHrSabmhpeD;,m;EdkifiHtxd/ pydefEdkifiHrS b&mZD;vfEdkifiHtxd/ pojzifh urBmtESH‹tjym;rS pmzwfy&d\wfwdk‹ zwf±+-uygonf? t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ *smref/ pydef/ tDwvD/ ay:wl*D/ tl&'l/ tm&AsD/ tvfab;eD;,ef;/ &k&Sm;/ qmbdk= c&dktuf/ ydkvef/ rav;/ tGD*k&f/ wl&uDESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh jyefqdkxm; onfudkvnf; zwf±+Edkifygonf?

4

[m&Gef,[f,m. pmtkyfrsm;onf/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd pmzwfoly&d\wf. -udKufESpfoufjcif;&Sdonfhtjyif/ tajrmuftjrm;aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹udk tpPvmrfomoemodk‹ jyef vnfa&muf&SdvmapI olwdk‹. tDrmef,kH-unfcsufudkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmap&mwGif ta&;ygvSayonf? ol.pmom;rsm;onf Om%ftajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpkHI &Sif;vif;jywf om;onfhtjyif/ em;vnfoabmaygufvG,faom a&;enf;a&;[efrsm;jzpfum/ zwf±+ol .todw&m;udk vG,fulpGmyGifhvif;apygonf? TpmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aomtcsuf rsm;onf/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk vsifjrefxda&mufpGmacsyxm;jcif;rsm;jzifh pDukH;xm; aoma-umifh/ Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;olwdk‹onfvnf; bk&m;rJh0g'ESifhtwl tjcm;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk qufvufaxmufcH-uawmhrnfr[kwfay? tu,fI qufvufaxmufcHae-uao;aomfvnf;/ wrifoufoufayuyf aejcif;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ Tpmtkyfrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹aomtawG;tac: rsm;udk ‚if;wdk‹.tajccH&mtkwfjrpfrsm;rSpwifI vSefvdkufjcif;a-umifh jzpfygonf? ,ae‹ vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudkjiif;y,faomv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;tm;vkH;onf/ [m&Gef ,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;a-umifh tawG;tac:t& ppfa&;±+H;edrfhoGm;-ujyD; jzpfonf?

,if;&v'frsm;onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf&SdOm%ftvif;ESifh ,if;.&Sif;vif; jywfom;r+rsm;a-umifhjzpfonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,r&SdEdkifawmhay? pma&;olonf tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf. vrf;rSefudk trsm;vlom;rsm;&SmazGpl;prf;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef &dk;om;aom apwemt&if;cH&nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sdygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwf a0aomvkyfief;wGif rnfonfh&kyf0wˆKtjrwftpGef;udkr# ar#mfudk;jcif;tvsif;r&Sdyg?

Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;zwf±+&ef tm;ay;ulnD&if;/ ‚if;wdk‹udk tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf. opPm&Sdaomaus;u|efrsm;jzpfvmatmif olwdk‹.pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;udk zGifhay; I tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.vrf;pOfodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifolwdk‹onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifavmuf atmif -uD;us,faom tusKd;aqmifolrsm;yifjzpfayonf?

,QKtcsdefwGif vlrsm;.pdwfudk Za0Z0g±+yfaxG;apI/ olwdk‹.pdwfxJ&Sd 'Gd[ oHo,jzpfaejcif;rsm;udkxda&mufpGm &Sif;vif;apEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif cdkifvkHaomouf aoom"ursm; r&Sdonfh ±+yfaxG;aomtawG;tac:qDodk‹ OD;aqmifoGm;Edkifrnfhpmtkyf rsm;udk jzef‹a0jcif;onf tv[\tcsdefjzKef;aejcif;omv#ifjzpfaeygvdrfhrnf? vltrsm; tm; tDref,kH-unfr+aysmufuG,faejcif;rS u,fwifvdkonfhrGefjrwfaom&nf&G,fcsuf xuf/ pma&;ol.pmaytpGrf;udkjy&efudkom t"duxm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;onf xda&mufr+ r&SdEdkifay? Ttcsufudk oHo,jzpfolwdkif;onf[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfwGif tDref,kH -unfr+uif;rJhjcif;udk csKd;ESdrfausmfv$m;I uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf. oif-um;csufusifhpOf wefzdk;rsm;udkom t"duxm;jzef‹jzL;onfudk-unfhI pdwf&Sif;oGm;Edkifygonf? TtusKd; aqmifcsuf. atmifjrifr+onf pmzwfolwdk‹. cH,lcsuftay:wGif o&kyfouefay:vGif vmrnfomjzpf.?

,ae‹urBmay:wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+/ oabmxm;uGJvGJr+a-umifh&ifqdkifwdkuf cdkufyËdyuQ jzpfae-ujcif;ESifhtwl vltrsm;-uKHawG‹ae-u&onfh tjcm;'kuQqif;&Jjcif;t aygif;wdk‹onf/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfjiif;y,fonfh tawG;tac:rsm;v$rf;rdk;r+ a-umifh jzpfonfudk ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsuftjzpf rSwfom;xm;&efvdktyfygonf? xdk 'kuQyifv,frS vGwfajrmufEdkif&efrSm tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tHhzG,frcef;aom zef;qif; jcif;udk owdw&m;&&Sd-ujyD; xdkt&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif oif-um;ydk‹cs xm;aom usifh0wfw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk jzef‹csdjcif;jzifh rdpm>'d@dtawG;tac:udk qkH;

5

cef;wdkif acszsufypf&efvdktyfayonf? vuf&SdurBmhtajctaeudk -unfhvdkufygu/ t -urf;zufjcif;rsKd;pkHESifh azgufjyefr+yËdyuQtrsKd;rsKd;odk‹omv#if a&SŒ±+OD;wnfvsuf &Sdae ojzifh/ tcsdefraESmif;rD tv†m[ft±Sifjrwf.a'oemawmfudk xda&mufpGmESifh vsifjrefpGm ydk‹csjzef‹a0&ef vdktyfaea-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?

,if;-uKd;yrf;csufwGif/ [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf a&SŒwef;rS yg0ifvsuf&Sdayonf? tif&Smtv†m[f (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftvdkawmf&Sdygu)/ ESpfq,fh wpf&mpkESpf&Sd urBmolurBmom;rsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif uwdu0wf jyKxm;onfhtwdkif; jidrf;csrf;r+/ w&m;r#wr+ESifh om,maysmf&$ifr+rsm;udk &&Sdatmif ay; aqmif&mwGif Tpmtkyfrsm;rSwpfqifh &±Sdaom todw&m;rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf yg0ifEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

6

pmzwfolodk‹ TO THE READER

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D ysufokOf;oGm;jcif;ta-umif;udk TpmtkyfY txl;tcef;wpf

cef;tjzpf az:jyxm;ygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ToDtdk&Donf/ bk&m;rJh0g'ESifh bmomt,l0g'udk qef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;.tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; yg &Sdaoma-umifh jzpfygonf? 'g0if0g'u zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkuf jcif;jzifh/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jiif;y,f&ma&mufaoma-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 140ausmftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;tm; olwdk‹.bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf rsm;udk pGef‹v$wfoGm;apcJhjcif; 'dG[oHo,jzpfapjcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh ‚if; oDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;jcif;omv#ifjzpfa-umif;udk vltrsm;od&Sd oabmayguf&Sif;vif;atmifwifjy&efrSm rvkyfrae&wm0ef jzpfayonf? pmzwfy&d \wftcsdKŒonf u|Efkyfwdk‹.pmtkyftcsdKŒudkom zwfrd-urnfjzpfaoma-umifh/ xdkoDtdk&D ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfI az:jyoifhonf[k ,lqygonf?

pma&;ola&;om;cJhaom pmtkyftm;vkH;wGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,wfawmfrsm;jzifh&Sif;jyI/ pmzwfoludk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. rdef‹-um;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;um xdkoGefoifcsufrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&ef zdwfac:xm;ayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.tm,wfawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufaomta-umif; &yfrsm;udk&Sif;jy&mY pmzwfol.pdwfwGif 'Gd[oHo,uif;&Sif;I aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm; xkwf&efr&SdEdkifatmif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ayonf? pma&;ol. pdwf&if;apwemrSef t &if;cHaom a&;enf;a&;[efESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;aomtokH;tE+ef;rsm;onf pmzwfolvl -uD;vli,ft&G,fwdkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tkyfpkwdkif;u vG,fulpGmem;vnfoabmaygufEdkif ygonf? xda&mufI &Sif;vif;aompmom;rsm;a-umifh wpfxdkifwnf;wGif tjyD;zwf ±+Edkifayonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk jyif;xefpGmjiif;y,folwdk‹yifv#if/ Tpmtkyfyg rSefuefonfh &Sif;vif;csufESifh udk;um;csufrsm;udk jiif;qefI r&Edkif-uacs?

TpmtkyfESifhtwl pma&;ol. usefpmtkyftm;vkH;wdk‹udk wpfOD;csif;zwfjcif; odk‹r[kwf tkyfpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;jcif;jyKEdkifygonf? pma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl; &&Sdvdkolwdk‹twGuf tkyfpkzGJ‹IaqG;aEG;&eftvGefoifhavsmfygonf? xdkodk‹jyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD; ESifhwpfOD;. tjrifESifhtawG‹t-uHKrsm;udk ESD;aESmzvS,fEdkifrnfjzpf.?

xdk‹tjyif/ Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;jcif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.ESpfoufjcif;udk &,l&efudkom &nf&G,faoma-umifh/ zwf±+jcif;ESifhykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;onf -uD;us,faom tpPvmrfhtusdK;aqmifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? Tpma&;q&m.pmtkyfrsm;onf zwfaumif; &kHru ,kH-unfxdkufaompmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefaom bmomt,l 0g'twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk qufoG,f&mY Tpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+&efwdkufwGef;jcif;onf taumif; qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf?

Tpma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ pma&;ol.yk*~vdutjrifrsm;/ 'Gd[oHo,jzpfzG,faom udk;um;csufrsm;jzifh&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;/ &dkaoav;pm;xdkufaomrGefjrwfonfht&mrsm;ESifh ,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk xdyg;onfhtokH;tE+ef;rsm;/ pmzwfol.pdwfudk ±+yfaxG;aprnfh a0zef okH;oyfcsufrsm; uif;&Sif;ygonf?

7

bmomjyefol.trSm Foreword from the Translator

u|Ekfyfonf bmoma&;udkif;±d+if;aom ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoem0if tdrfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm; -uD;jyif;vmcJholjzpfygonf? i,fpOfuwnf;upI we*FaEGae‹wdkif; uav;oli,frsm;tm; c&pfawmf . a'oemawmfESifhorRmusrf;oifcef;pmrsm;udk u|Ekfyf.&GmrS twefa0;uGmaomjrKdŒ&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk; ausmif;wGif rSefrSefwufa&mufqnf;yl;cJhygonf? "rRq&mrsm;u okH;qlonf wpfqlwnf;jzpfa-umif; oif-um;&mwGif u|Efkyfoabmaygufatmif rnfolur#&Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh-uyg? tv,fwef; ausmif;om;b0 15 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rGwfpvifrf'dkif*sufESifh tpPvmrpf&DjAL;r*~Zif;rsm;tjyif urBmhtvif;pmapmifudkzwf±+cGifh&&SdcJh&mrSpI/ tpPvmrfomoemonf zefqif;&SifESifhywfoufI t &Sif;vif;qkH;oif-um;aomomoemtjzpf vufcHoabmaygufojzifh/ 1955 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif “awm0f[D'f”ac: wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifudkomv#if udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom tpPvmrfomoem udk awG‹&SdvufcHI touf 16 ESpfwGif umvDrm&S[m'wf zwfcJhygonf?

xdkacwfumvwGif aemiftem*wfEdkifiHa&;avmuodk‹ ajcvSrf;-urnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf jyifqifa&;tjzpf txufwef;tqifhrSpI wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0txd ausmif;om;or*~v+yf&Sm;r+ rsm;wGif yg0if-uonf? EdkifiHa&;udkydkrdkIpdwf0ifpm;onfhausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txl;ojzifh EdkifiH a&;odyH`/ '\eduaA'ESifh rEk\aA'bmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqnf;yl;-uayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl; &Sif;oDtdk&D/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ jyifopfpufr+awmfvSefa&;ta-umif;/ rm;ufP/ tif*sJvf/ vDeif/ xa&mhpfuD/ pwmvifESifharmfpDwkH;wdk‹ta-umif;awGudkvnf; aema-u-uayonf? ,kwWdaA'enf;jzifh usdK;a-umif;qifjcifI tajz&Smaom&kyf0g'[kt"dy`g,f&aom 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)&kyf0g' (dialectic materialism) tawG;tac:udkvnf; xufatmufwGif;jyif ar$aESmufusuf rSwfxm;-uay onf? xdkacwfwGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;awmwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹jzpfonfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Auy)odk‹ 0ifIawmcdkcJh-uaomausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; xdkausmif;om;rsm;yifjzpfonf? jrefrm rGwfpvifrfwdk‹zGJ‹pnf;onfh yoDaumifpDtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹yifv#if AuyESifhqufoG,fI ajray:ajratmuf EdkifiHa&;v#yf&Sm;-uayonf? aemifwGifarmfpDwkH;.,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; w&kwfEdkifiH odk‹ oGm;a&mufoifwef;wufcJholwdk‹onf AuyXmecsKyfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ tpGef; a&mufatmif vuf&JZuf&JowfjzwfcJh-uavonf? rdrdwdk‹.tawG;tac:0g'ESifh tenf;i,fuGJvGJ olwdk‹udk/ rdrd.arG;rdcifzcifyifjzpfap/ vnfvSD;I xdkvnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaq;cJh-uonf? (tao; pdwfocifoef;xGef;.aemufqkH;ae‹rsm;wGifzwfyg)? xdkuGefjrLepftzGJ‹0ifwdk‹vnf; bmomomoem udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfhrdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uaomfvnf; tb,fha-umifh xdkr#avmuf vlrqefatmif&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfcJh-uonfudk tHh-o-uD;pGmjzifh oabmraygufEdkifcJhyg? [m&Gef,[f ,m a&;om;aomT“vl‹avmuodk‹ 'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkH,laqmifcJhaom'g0if0g'” pmtkyfudk zwf±+rd ojzifh xdk&ufpufr+rsm;.aemufuG,f&SdtawG;tac:tiftm;pk-uD;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;vif;pGm&Sd od&yg onf?

xdk‹a-umifh rsdK;cspfjrefrmrGwfpvifrfvli,frsm;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk‹. rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfxufoef r+wpfckwnf;a-umifh rSm;,Gif;aomEdkifiHa&;0g'aemufodk‹ rvdkufrd-uap&efESSifh xdkEdkifiHa&;0g'wdk‹. yif&if;a&aomufjrpf b,frSm&Sdonf [laomtcsufudk od&Sdoabmayguf-uap&ef/ apwemaumif; jzifh bmomjyefvdkufygonf? Tpmtkyfonf q&m-uD;[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmom jzifh jyefqdkonfh wwd,ajrmufpmtkyfjzpfygonf?

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8

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9

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10

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12

'g0if0g'. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dyif jzpfayonf? xdktawG;tac:udk rdrdwdk‹.vdk&modk‹ obm0w&m;tjzpf qGJ,ltokH;jyK-uayonf?

'g0if0g'onf a&S;plrm&fESifh*&dvlrsdK;wdk‹.acwfrsm;wGif vufcHusifhokH;cJh-uaom ,kH-unfcsufudk taysmfwef;ZD0aA'ynm&Sifjzpfonfh csm;vfpf'g0ifu jyefvnfaz: xkwfaomtawG;tac:jzpfI ,if;tawG;tac:uyif/ vlom;urBmwpfckvkH;udk tEW&m,f jyKcJhaom tawG;tac:0g'rsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfayonf? odyH`ynmudk rsufESmzkH; wyfxm;I ,if;tawG;tac:udk axmufcHolrsm;tm; olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk vufawG‹usifhokH;&mY w&m;0ifr+udk rSm;,Gif;pGmay;tyfcJhav onf?

xdkrSm;,Gif;onfh w&m;0ifr+a-umifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf ZD0aA'ESifh edcgwu aA'(ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm)rsm;rS vGwfxGufI vl‹ordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vlr+a&;ynmrsm; odk‹ul;pufjyef‹oGm;avonf? 'g0iftawG;tac:onf 19 &mpkESpfwGif pwifjyef‹yGm; v+yf&Sm;pjyKaeaomtawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk tm;ay;axmufcHvsuf&Sdaoma-umifh/ xdktawG; tac:todkif;t0dkif;. axmufcHtm;ay;r+udk tus,fw0if‹&&SdcJhavonf? txl;ojzifh vlwdk‹u obm0wGif “toufquf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtawG;t ac:ESifh “tiftm;-uD;oluom tEdkif&I/ usefaomolwdk‹onf ±+H;edrfhI aysmufuG,foGm; ukefonf” [laomtawG;tac:rsm;udk vl‹obm0udkaz:xkwf&mwGif pwiftokH;cscJh-u avonf? 'g0if0g't&/ vl‹avmuonf yËdyuQESifhjynfheufvsuf wdkufcdkuf,SOfjydKif vkH;yef;-u&onfh,ifjyifjzpfonf [laomtcsufudk vlom;avmuESifh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif pwiftokH;cs-uawmhonf? [pfwvm. r[mvlrsdK;-uD;wnfaqmufa&;/ rm;ufP. “vl‹ordkif;onf vlwef;pm;jydKifqdkifr+ordkif;jzpfonf”[laoma-uG;ausmfcsuf/ "e±Sif0g' . “tiftm;-uD;olonf tiftm;csdeJ‹oludkacgif;ykHjzwfI ydkrdkIcsrf;om-uG,f0 EdkifcGifh&Sd onf”/ “jAdwdo#uJhodk‹aom e,fcsJ‹t&if;&Sifwdk‹. udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒpepfESifhtwl tom; a&mifvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'usifhokH;I vleDvl0gvlrJrsm;udkwdkufcdkufESdrfeif;jcif;” ponfhvkyf &yfrsm;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;w&m;0if jzpfoGm;apavonf?

“todw&m;&Sdaom wd&pm>ef” (The Moral Animal) [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;cJh onfh uavmif&Sif a&mbwf &dkufonf/ oludk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;wpfOD;jzpfvifhu pm;/ vl‹ordkif;odk‹tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du ay;aqmifcJhaom ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+ab;'kuQrsm;ESifh ywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tokH;cscJhaomoufwef;rSm/ vl‹ordkif;wGif tvGef,kwfywf&Snfvsm; aomtcsdefumv jzpfcJhayonf? 20 &mpkESpftul;ydkif;wGif “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” (Social Dawinism) [kac:aom rjywfrom;ra&&monfhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifh a&maESmqufpyf rdonfhaemufydkif;wGif/ vlrsdK;cJGjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;/ zufqpf0g'Drsm;ESifh oem;-uifempdwfuif;rJh aomt&if;&Sif-uD;rsm;.vufudkif'kwf jzpfoGm;avonf?1

TpmtkyfwGif a&SŒqufI az:jyrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'onf touf&Sifjcif; .rlvblwta-umif;udkom &Sif;jyonfhodyH`ynmtawG;tac:wpfcktjzpfomr[kwfawmh a-umif;udk zwf±+&ygrnf? tawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhyk*~dKvftcsdKŒu/ ,ae‹wdkif 'g0if0g'onf odyH`ynmwGif tusKH;r0ifrSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:jzpfonf [k oufaoxlxm;jyD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ ‚if;udk w&m;aotawG;tac:tjzpf umuG,fae -uqJjzpf.? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ odyH`ynm&Sif/ EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh tawG;tac:&Sif t

13

ajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'.&kyfqdk;arSmifrJaomrsufESmudk odIjzpfap rodbJjzpf ap axmufcHtm;ay;ae-uqJjzpfayonf?

&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf vlrqefbJ wpfudk,faumif; udk,fusdK;udkom-unfhonfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk aphaqmfay;aom 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif; oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt& ,kwWdrwef rrSefuefa-umif;udk vlwdkif; od&Sdoabmayguf onfhwpfae‹wGifrl urBmhvlom;rsm; -uHKawGŒae&onfh 'kuQyifv,f0J-o*rS vGwfajrmuf oGm;Edkif-urnfjzpfayonf? ,kwfnHhodrfjzif; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk pepfwus pDrHuGyfuJI vufawG‹tokH;cs-uolrsm;onfvnf;/ “Tonf obm0w&m; jzpfonf”[k ,r,f&SmEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfyg? olwdk‹. wpfudk,faumif;twWqefI oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhonfhurBmhtjrifudk odyH`qefonf[k axmufcHEdkif-uawmhrnf r[kwfay?

tEW&m,fjzpfonfh tawG;tac:rsm;.a&aomufjrpfjzpfaom 'g0if0g'udk acs rkef;vdkufEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif/ wpfckwnf;aomtrSefw&m;omv#if usef&pfayawmhrnf? ,if;onfum;/ vlom;rsm;ESifhtwl p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk xm0&bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft &Sifjrwfu zefqif;xm;onf [laomtcsufyifjzpfayonf? ,if;tcsufudk od&Sdoabm aygufolwdkif;onfvnf;/ trSefw&m;onf xdkt&Sifjrwfcsay;awmfrlaom usrf;*efwGif omv#if&Sdonf [laomta-umif;udk xyfrHod&Sdvm-uayvdrfhrnf? vltrsm;pku ,if; trSefw&m;udk od&Sd-ujyD;aemufwGifum;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf owfjzwf jcif;/ ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;/ rw&m;jyKusifhjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹tpm;/ Om%ftvif;ESifhjynfhpkHjcif;/ yGifhvif;jcif;/ csrf;om-uG,f0jcif;/ aygrsm;jcif;/ usef;rmoef pGrf;jcif;/ cspfcif-uifemarwWmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ tpm;xdk;vmvdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹aom tajctaeodk‹ a&muf&SdEdkif&efrSm/ vlom;avmuudk tEW&m,fjzpfaprnfh rSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;onfwdkifatmif wdkufcdkufacsrkef;ypf&ef vdktyfayonf? odk‹rSomv#if/ usrf;awmfjrwf&Sd rGefjrwfonfha'oemawmfjyef‹yGm;I vlom;avmuudk vSyjcif; ay;aqmifrnfjzpfayonf? ausmufcJESifhaygufoludk ausmufcJESifh jyefvnf udkifaygufjcif;/ r#m;ESifhypfoludk r#m;jzifhjyefvnfypfI acsyjcif;/ usL;ausmf&ufpufoludk/ xdk‹xufruydkIusL;ausmf&ufpufjcif;/ ponfwdk‹onf ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;aomenf; r[kwfay? taumif;qkH;ajz&Sif;enf;rSm/ xdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:udk apwemaumif;jzifh pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf trSefw&m;jzifhvJvS,fatmif &Sif;jyjcif;yif jzpfayonf?

Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ 'g0if0g'. rJarSmifaom rsufESmzkH;udk/ odIjzpfap rodIbJjzpfap/ axmufcHolwdk‹tm;/ olwdk‹onf rnfodk‹aom tawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;aeonf/ xdkuJhodk‹ trSefw&m;udkrod[efaqmifI vpf vsL±+xm;jcif;jzifh/ rnfr#wm0ef-uD;av;aeonf/ ponfwdk‹udk em;vnfoabmayguf-u ap&ef jzpfygonf? aemufxyf&nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm/ 'g0if0g'udk ,kH-unfr+r&Sdoludk vnf;/ vl‹avmutwGuf ‚if;tawG;tac:.tEW&m,f rnfr#-uD;rm;onfudk owday;&ef jzpfygonf?

14

'g0if0g'u vl‹avmu-uD;odk‹ 'kuQaygif;pkH ,laqmifvmcJhonfhta-umif;

odk‹ rvSnfhrD/ ‚if;.ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk OD;pGmavhvm-unfh-uygpdk‹? vltrsm;tm;jzifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csm;vfpf'g0ifu pwifI odyH`enf;usus avhvmprf;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh twl oufaoom"ursm;tay:rlwnfIwifjycJhaomoDtdk&Djzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uay

15

onf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tpysdK;olonf csm;vfpf'g0ifr[kwfonfhtjyif/ odyH`ynm t& oufaoxlxm;aom oDtdk&Dvnf;r[kwfyg?

wpfcsdefwkef;u r,fqdkydkaw;rD;,m;wGif/ &kyfxkudk;uG,faom bmomwpfrsdK; ay: aygufv$rf;rdk;cJh&m/ touf&Sifjcif;ESifh p-um0Vmjzpfay:vmjcif;ESifhywfoufaom '¾m &DykHjyifrsm;udk,kH-unfjcif; t,loD;jcif;rsm;ESifh jynfheufcJhavonf? ,if;t,l0g'rsm; teuf “tDAdkvl;&Sif;”,kH-unfcsufonfvnf; wpfcktygt0ifjzpfcJhayonf? plrm&fvlrsdK; wdk‹.acwfvufxufrS tDElrm=tDvpf ausmufpmrsm;t&/ urBm-uD;udk a&v$rf;rdk;cJhjyD; csdefwGif v[frlESifh vm[mrlac:aomewfrif;&kyfqif;wkESpfyg;ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k qdk onf? xdk&kyfqif;wkESpfyg;onf rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk zefqif;,ljyD;aemuf usefaomp-um0Vm ±Sd&kyf0wˆKrsm;udkvnf; qufvufzefqif;cJhonf[kqdk.? plrm&fwdk‹.,kH-unfcsuft& touf&Sifjcif;[lonf a&rSpwifI tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdkxm; onf?

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aemifaomtcgwGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:onf &kyfxkudk;uG,fonfh tjcm;,Of aus;r+wpfckjzpfaom *&d,Ofaus;r+acwfwGif tajcpdkufjyefavonf? a&S;*&dvlrsdK; &kyf 0g'Dwdk‹onfvnf;/ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;udkomv#if t"duxm;-uavonf? plrm&fvlrsdK;wdk‹. ,kH-unfcsufudktarGcHI urBmavmu-uD;ESifh p-um0VmwpfckvkH; pwifjzpfay:vmjcif;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;(ol‹tvdkvdkwpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJjzpfay:vmjcif;)tawG;tac:jzifh &Sif;jy -uavonf? Todk‹jzifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;,kH-unfr+wdk‹onf a±S;*&dvl rsdK;wdk‹.acwfwGif jydKifwlay:xGef;vmcJh.? xdk‹aemuf a&mrvlrsKd;wdk‹.acwfodk‹ quf vufI ul;oGm;avonf?

xdk,kH-unfcsufESpffckpvkH;onf &kyfxkudk;uG,foacwfopf 18 &mpkESpfwGif jyefvnftoufoGif;vmcwdk‹ta-umif;udkavhvmol Oa&mywdkufom;ynm&Sift

plrm&fvlrsdK;wdk‹. a&bk&m;udk o&kyfaz:xm;aom ykHjzpfonf? 'g0if0g'Donfvnf;/ touf. rlvblwonf a&rSrawmfwq -uHKIjzpfay:vmcJhonf[k ,kH -unf-uonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh/ toufudkpwifjzpfay:apaom a&udk bk&m;tjzpf jrif-u.?

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16

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17

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

obm0tavsmuf &kef;uefjydKifqdkifaejcif;udk vl‹obm0wGifvnf; vufcH-uo jzifh/ vlrsdK;a&;yËdyuQrsm;/ zufqpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh e,fcsJŒ0g'trnfrsm;jzifh/ olwdk‹u tm;enf;onfxifaomolwdk‹udk acsrkef;ypf&efrSm odyH`ta&jcKHI w&m;0ifap avjyD? xdkodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+rsm;/ vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>ef rsm;yrm jyKusifhjcif;/ tjcm;vlrsm;udk olwdk‹. rsdK;&dk;ESifhvlrsdK;a&;a-umifhrkef;wD;jcif;/ jydKif qdkifr+trnfjzifh vkyfief;i,frsm;udk ydwfypfjcif;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk ulnDapmifrjcif;wGif jiif;qefjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk wm;qD;ta&;,l&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhay? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf olwdk‹. xdkvkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;onf “odyH`enf;usaom” obm0ed,mrw&m;twdkif; vkyfaqmifjcif;om jzpfoGm;aoma-umifhwnf;?

‚if;odyH`enf;usonf[k twif;,lq-uonfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk tajccHrltjzpf vrf; jyaomtawG;tac:udk “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” "Social Dawinism" [k ac:wGif.?

u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf&Sd tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;teuf TtcsufESifhywfoufI yxrOD;qkH; vufcHolonf tar&duefvlrsdK; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifjzpfol pwDzif a*s a*gvf jzpfayonf? 1859 xkwf “rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif;” pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwf a0jyD;onfhaemufwGif/ “aemufxyfqufvufI/ u|efjyKjcif;ta-umif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒt a-umif;/ vlrsdK;a&;uGJjym;r+/ vlwef;pm;ta&;&kef;uefr+ESifh umr&m*udpPrsm; ponfwdk‹ tm;vkH;ESifhywfoufonfhaqG;aEG;jiif;ckHr+wdk‹onf/ tajccHtm;jzifh odyH`ynm[laomacgif; pOfatmufodk‹ a&mufoGm;avonf?”5 [k a&;om;cJhavonf?

23

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Tae&mwGif tcsufwpfcsufudk owdxm;&efta&;w-uD;vdktyfygonf? vl‹o dkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ t-uifemw&m;uif; Jhjcif;/ vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+&Sdjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifh jynfheufaecJhayonf? dk‹aomfvnf; ,if;vkyf&yfrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;a-umif;ESifh jidrf;csrf;jcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/

t;csrf;om,mpGm aexdkifjcif;tjzpfodk‹a&mufatmif bmomw&m;rsm;u tjrJowday; d+;aqmf zdwfac:cJhonfcsnf; jzpfcJhavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf vlom;wdk‹onf zef if;&Sif.omoemw&m;awmfudk od&Sd-uI/ rdrdwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm;udk vGefu|Hjcif;r&Sd

tmif xdef;odrf;-uaoma-umifhjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 19 &mpkESpfrSpI 'g0if0g' tjrwftpGef;twGuf&kef;uefjcif;ESifhrw&m;r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usaom t*Fg&yfjzpf nf[k w&m;0ifatmifjyKay;vdkufI/ xdkvkyf&yfrsm;onf/ vl‹obm0omv#ifjzpfonf/

25

vlom;rsm;u &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ -uL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk bdk;ab; bDbifrsm;tm; tjypfykHcsvdkufaponf? xdkenf;wl/ wd&pm>efrsm;wGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH; wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nft&SdqkH;taumifu qufvuftouf&SifaeEdkifjcif;udk vlom;twGuf t-uKH;0ifatmif tokH;jyKvdkufonf? TtawG;tac:atmufwGif/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH; ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;ESifh tkyfvdkuftpkvdkufowfjzwfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm cJhavonf? 'g0if0g'u urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;jcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;jzpfaponfh vkyf&yfrsm;ESifhv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk w&m;0ifapaom ausmaxmufaemufcHay;ojzifh vlwdk‹u vufawG‹usifhokH;-uavonf? xdka-umufrufzG,faumif;aom tEW&m,ftawG;tac: rsm;udk odyH`ynmu ausmaxmufaemufcHay;vdkufojzifh/ ae‹csif;ncsif;-uD;xGm; tif tm;-uD;vmaoma-umifh/ 20 &mpkESpfudk “'kuQzdpD;aom&mpkESpf” [laomtrnfwHqdyf cyf ESdyfay;vdkufavonf?

ordkif;ygarmuQ csuf bm&fZGef;u vuf&SdurBmwGif odyH`ynm/ vlr+qufqHa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r+wdk‹a-umifh udk,fusifhw&m;tvGeftrif;ysufjym;aejcif;ESifhywfoufI 'g0if/ rm;ufP/ a0*fem [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; okH;oyfcsifhwGufxm;ayonf? TurBmavmuwGif 'g0if0g'. -oZmv$rf;rdk;r+ESifhywfoufI bm&fZGef;. a0zefokH;oyf csufonf tifrwefrSefuefvGef;vSayonf?

“==1870 ckESpfESifh 1914 ckESpf-um;umvESpfrsm;wGif Oa&mywcGifvkH;EdkifiHwdkif;Y/ vufeuf wyfqifr+udkvdkvm;aomppftkyfpk/ oem;-uifemr+uif;rJhpGm jydKifqdkifjcif;udkvdkvm;aomtwW 0g'Dtkyfpk/ acwfaemufusaeaomvlwdk‹udk vufvGwfpy,fudkifwGifEdkifcGifh awmif;qdkonfh e,fcsJŒtkyfpk/ tm%modrf;jcif;udkvkdvm;awmif;qdkaomqdk&S,fvpf0g'Dtkyfpk/ jynfwGif;&Sd vlrsdK;jcm;tm;vkH;udk owfjzwfokwfoifypfcGifh awmif;qdkonfh vlrsdK;a&;0g'Dtkyfpk ponfwdk‹ r+dvdkaygufvmcJhonf? ‚if;wdk‹u trsm;vlxk. -udKufESpfoufr+udk qGJaqmifEdkifjcif;ESifh ‚if; wdk‹.ausmf-um;r+*k%f-uufoa&awG usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ pyifqmESifh'g0ifwdk‹udk pwif udk;um;vm-uavonf? odyH`a,mifaqmifonfh 'kp&dkufrsm;[kyif qdk&ayrnf? ==vlrsdK;cGJ jcm;a&;onf ZD0ed,mrjzpfoGm;.? vlr+a&;jzpfpOftjzpfom ,lq-uawmhonf? 'g0if0g'D wdk‹.trltusifhESifh aqmif&Gufr+awGcsnf; jzpfayonf?6

'g0if/ rm;ufP/ a0*fem pmtkyfudk a&;ol ygarmuQ csuf bm&fZGe;f.ykH

19 &mpkESpfwGif 'g0ifu ouf&Sdt&mrsm;udk zefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwf/ rawmfwq ay:aygufvmI vlom;rsm;ESihfwd&pm>efrsm;onf wpfckwnf;aombdk;ab;rSqif;ouf vmum rawmfwq-uKHItjrifhrm;qkH;zGH‹jzdK;r+jzpfay:cJhonf[k wifjyonfhtcsdefY/ vlt rsm;tm;jzifh xdkwifjycsuf. aemufqufwGJtajzonf rnfodk‹jzpfvmvdrfhrnfudk rnfol ur# rcef‹rSef;EdkifcJh-uacs? odk‹aomfvnf; 20 &mpkESpfukefydkif;wGif &&SdaomaemufqkH;

26

tajzrSm/ a-umufrufzG,faumif;aomb0oufwef;rsm;jzpfcJha-umif; awG‹&Sd-u&ay onf? vlom;udk zGH‹jzdK;aomwd&pm>eftjzpfvufcH,kH-unfolwdk‹onf/ tiftm;csdeJ‹olwdk‹ .ausmudkeif;acsI jrifhaomtqifhodk‹wuf&ef 0efrav;-uacs? emzsm;rusef;olwdk‹ESifh tiftm;csdeJ‹olwdk‹udk azsmufzsufypf&efESifh olwdk‹tjrifwGif tqifhedrfhonf[k xifaom vlrsdK;rsm;udk tpkvdkufowfjzwfypf&ef enf;vrf;&Sm-uavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf olwdk‹cH,l,kH-unfonfhodyH`rsufESmzkH;wyfxm;aomoDtdk&Du xdkuJhodk‹vkyfjcif;onf “obm0ed,mr” w&m;jzpfonf[k oifay;xm;aoma-umifh jzpf.?

'g0if0g'u urBm-uD;odk‹,laqmifvmcJhaom ysufpD;jcif;'kuQtaygif;onf TuJh odk‹pwifcJhI/ vsifjrefaomE+ef;jzifh/ wurBmvkH;odk‹ jyef‹ESH‹oGm;avawmhonf? 19 &mpkESpf rsm;wGif/ bk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'.ulnDaxmufcHr+a-umifh -uD;xGm;vm-ujyD;jzpf aomfvnf;/ vltrsm;pkrSm vlom;udk bk&m;oQifuzefqif;xm;I/ bk&m;ocifu zefqif; ay;tyfxm;aom 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;a-umifh tjcm;owW0grsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf[k cH,l,Hk -unf-uayonf? rnfonfhvlrsdK;udkrqdk/ bk&m;ocifuzefqif;xm;aom vlom;rsm;t jzpf bk&m;ocif. aus;u|efrsm;tjzpf jrif-uayonf? a&S;,cifuwnf;u tarGquf cHvmcJh-uI 'g0if0g'u tiftm;jznfhwif;ay;vdkufaom/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ uif;rJhol wdk‹. vlr+todkif;t0dkif;tkyfpkwGifrlum;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGmjydKifqdkifr+urBmhtjrifom &Sdojzifh/ vlom;rsm;onf tjrifhqkH;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aom wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;omv#if jzpfonf [k ,kH-unfaoma-umifh ta&;-uD;onfh udk,fusifhw&m;xdef;odrf;ae&efrvdktyfacs? bk&m;ocifudk jiif;y,faomvlwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+wGif/ wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;twW0g' rSefor#onf w&m;0if.? TuJhodk‹aom ,Ofaus;r+rS 0g'trsKd;rsdK;ay:aygufcJhI/ ‚if;wdk‹ wpfckcsif;onfvnf; urBm-uD;ESifh vl‹avmutwGuf ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;omv#if jzpf ay:apayonf?

a&SŒwGifvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ 'g0if0g'u w&m;0ifaponfh xdk0g'tawG; tac:rsm; rnfuJhodk‹tcsif;csif;qufpyfae-uykH/ 'g0if0g'ESifh rnfodk‹oufqdkif qufpyf aeykH ponfwdk‹tjyif/ olwdk‹. tcsif;csif;qufpyf,dkif;yif;r+a-umifh urBmavmu wcGif rnfodk‹tusKd;,kwfcJhonfwdk‹udk qef;ppf-uygrnf?

27

'g0if. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGjzpfonfh ygarmuQ tm'rf quf0dufonf/

'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Da-umifh aemiftem*wfwGif oufa&mufrnfhtEW&m,fudk awG; jrifrdolrsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfayonf? 'g0ifa&;om;aom rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfudk zwf±+jyD;onfhaemuf/ Todk‹rSwfcsufcscJhavonf? “Tpmtkyfudk trsm;vlxk u vufcH-uv#if/ vlom;avmuodk‹ ,QifurawG‹rjrifcJhbl;aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf r+rsm; ,laqmifvm-uvdrfhrnf?”7

trSefwu,fvnf; quf0dufu oHo,jzpfcJhjcif;rSm rSefuefa-umif; ouf aoxlvdkufavjyD? 20 &mpkESpfonf vl‹o rdkif;wGif vlwdk‹onf vlrsdK;rwljcif;wpfck wnf;a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uonfh tarSmifacwfjzpfcJhavjyD?

trSefrSm 'g0ifrwdkifrD ESpfaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmuwnf;u/ vl‹ordkif;wGif cGJ jcm;r+ESifh rsKd;jzKwfzsufqD;r+rsm; &SdcJhjyD;jzpf ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0ifu xdkcGJjcm; r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usonfhrSefuefjcif;t jzpf em;oGif;vdkufjcif;rSm tifrwefrSm; ,Gif;aomtcsufyif jzpf.?

“vufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;==” u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf&Sd 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹u/ 'g0ifudk,fwdkifonf vlrsdK;a&;orm;r[kwf/ vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ESifhywfoufI a0zefokH;oyfolwdk‹u olwdk‹.vdk&m udk,fydkiftjrifudk taxmuftuljyKap&ef bufvdkufI a&;om;-ujcif;omjzpfonf[k qdk-uonf? “vuf a&G;pOf(vlrsdK;)rsdK;EG,frsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;” [laomrsdK;pkwdk‹pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfwGif yg&Sdonfhtcef;onf wd&pm>efrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifygonf[k wifjy-u.? odk‹aomf vnf;/ xdkodk‹wifjyolwdk‹onf/ 'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGif vlom;rsm;ta-umif;a&;om; xm;onfudk vpfvsL±+xm;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?

'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGifwifjyaomtjrift&/ vlom;wdk‹onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifh trsdK;rsdK;udk ausmfvGefI zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufvmcJh-uonf[kqdkonf? xdkodk‹ajymif;vJwdk;wuf vm&mwGif/ vlrsdK;tcsKdŒwdk‹onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkrdkIzGH‹jzdK;wdk;wuf-uonf[kqdk onf? tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;rSm arsmufrsm;.tqifhavmufwGifomv#if usef&pfae-uao; onf[kvnf; qdk.?

“touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtcsufonfvnf;/ vlom; rsm;ESifhywfoufI tokH;jyKxm;avonf? “vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;rsm;”onf xdk&kef;uef wdkufcdkufjcif;rS ay:aygufvmonf[k wifjyxm;ayonf? 'g0if.tqdkt& vufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;jzpfonf? tm&Swdkufom;rsm;ESifh tmz&duwdkufom; rsm;rSm/ xdktouf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJwGif ±+H;edrfhusef&pfolrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf? xdk‹

29

aemuf/ xdkvlrsdK;rsm;onf urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif ,if;touf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJY vkH;0±+H;edrfh oGm;jyD; aemufqkH;wGif vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;-urnfjzpfonf[k xyfuGef‹tqdkjyKxm;ay onf?

a&SŒvmrnfh &mpkESpftenf;i,ftwGif;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ &dkif;pdkif;vsuf&Sdaeao; aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk wurBmvkH;twdkif;twmjzifh rsdK;jzKwfypf &Sif;vif;ypfvdrfhrnf? xdktcsdef wGif tif-wdKydkrdkzwf arsmuf0Hrsm;onfvnf; vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;rnfrSm rvGJra&Smifom jzpf ayonf? vlom;ESifh ol.teD;qkH;aqGrsdK;owW0gt-um; cGJxGufjcif; uGmjcm;csufonfvnf; ydkrdkus,f0ef;oGm;ayawmhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ obm0u ydkrdk,Ofaus;aomtqifhodk‹ a&mufatmif ydk‹aqmifrnfjzpf.? aumhuqyfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmbGef;uJhodk‹aom tedrfhqkH; arsmuf0Hwdk‹t-um; uGmjcm;csufuJhodk‹/ vuf&Sd eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm; odk‹r[kwf -opaw;vsvlrsdK; rsm;ESifh a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Ht-um;uGmjcm;csufxuf ydkvdrfhrnf?8

rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfaemufwpfae&mwGif tqifhedrfhaom vlrsdK;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;&efvdktyfa-umif;/ zGH‹jzdK;jyD;aom vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xdkvlrsdK;rsm;udk qufvuftouf&Sifae-u&ef tumtuG,fay;ae&ef rvdktyfa-umif;/ a&;om;xm;ay onf? ol.tqdkudk vlrsm;u wd&pm>efarG;jrLaomtcg aumif;aomtrsdK;udkom csef xm;I nHhaomtaumifrsm;udk rsdK;tjzpfrxm;bJ owfjzwfypfonfhtavhtxESifh E+dif; ,SOfxm;avonf?

udk,fcE<modk‹r[kwf pdwf"gwft& tm;enf;olwdk‹aysmufuG,foGm;-uonfESifhtr#/ touf qufvuf&Sifaeolwdk‹vnf; tm;rmefwuf-uGaom usef;rma&;tajctaeudk az:jy-uay vdrfhrnf? ,Ofaus;aomu|Efkyfwdk‹onf/ xdkuJhodk‹aom rsdK;jzKwfjzpfpOfudk twwfEdkifqkH;-unfh ±+ppfaq;apmifha&Smuf-u&rnf? &l;oGyfpdwfrESH‹olrsm;/ emzsm;rusef;jzpfolrsm;ESifh rpGrf;roef olrsm;twGuf cdkvkH&mXmersm;udk aqmufvkyfI olwdk‹aemufqkH;touf±SLonftxd apmifh a&Smuf-uayrnf? a&m*gumuG,fa&; aq;xdk;jcif;onf axmifaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom vlwdk‹.toufudk u,fwifEdkifa-umif; ,kH-unf&ayonf? trSefrSm xdktqifhedrfhonfh udk,f cE<mESifh Om%ftajctaewGif&Sdolwdk‹onf umuG,fa&;aq;rxdk;ay;ygu aoa-uukef-u rnfom jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ edrfhusolrsm;.toufu,f&ef umuG,fa&;aq;rsm; xdk;ay; jcif;onfvnf;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;xJrS pdwf"gwfaysmhnHholwdk‹. vkyf&yfomv#if jzpfayonf? xdkodk‹jyKvkyfjcif;onf vlom;avmutwGufrnfr#epfemapEdkifonfudk wd&pm>ef arG;jrLa&;oifwef;wufbl;olrsm;u aumif;pGmoabmayguf-urnf jzpf.?9

'g0ifu ol. rsdK;pkrsm; pwifjzpfay:jcif;pmtkyfwGif/ -opaw;vsEdkifiHwdkif;&if; om;rsm;ESifh eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm;udk a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Htqifhom&Sdonf/ ‚if;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf urBmavmurS aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k wifjyxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?

'g0iftaeESifh “tqifhedrfhonf”[k owfrSwfxm;aomtjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udkvnf; vlOD;a&xyfrHwdk;yGm;vmapjcif;r&Sdatmif [ef‹wm;xm;&rnf/ ‚if;wdk‹urBmay:rS aysmuf uG,foGm;atmifvnf; aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkxm;onf? ,Qifuwnf;u &SdvmcJhaom vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+rsm;ESifh u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif jzpfay:IawG‹jrifae&aom tjzpfrsm;udk 'g 0iftaejzifh rSefuefw&m;0ifa-umif; Tenf;jzifhb0ifawG‹awG‹ axmufcHvdkufayonf?

'g0if.tawG;tac:t&/ “,Ofaus;jyD;aomvl”wdk‹.wm0efrSm xdktDAdkvl;&Sif; ajymif;vJr+udk tenf;i,fxyfrHjrefqefoGm;atmif ulnDay;&efjzpfa-umif;udk a&SŒvm rnfhtydkif;rsm;wGif ydkrdktao;pdwf zwf±+&ygrnf? ,QKvuf&Sdtajctaet&/ xdkvlrsdK; rsm;udk azsmufzsufypf&ef vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk “odyH`ynmydkif;rS”rnfodk‹r# wm;jrpfjcif; r&Sd-uao;acs?

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'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;udk ol.a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh avhvmcsufrsm;wGif ydk rdkxif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ ol.&Snfvsm; -umjrifhaom 1871 ckESpfrS yifv,fc&D;pOf twGif; awG‹jrifcJh&onfh wD,m&m'Jvf zl*dk t&yfrS wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ta-umif; a&;om; az:jyxm;csufwGif ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwf"gwfudk yGifhvif;pGmyif az:jyxm;ayonf? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf “udk,fwkH;vkH;ae-uI/ ta&mifrsdK;pkHqdk;xm;-uonf? wd&pm>ef rsm;uJhodk‹ awG‹&mtm;vkH;pm;-uonf? tkyfxdef;r+r&Sd-uacs? olwdk‹vlrsdK;r[kwfoltm;vkH; udk &ufpuf-uonf? &efoludk ESdyfpuf&mY aysmfjrL;-uonf? aoG;jzifh,pfylaZmf-uonf? cav;oli,frsm;udk owfjzwf-uonf? olwdk‹.ZeD;r,m;rsm;udk ESdyfpufuvljyK-uonf? rzG,fr&maom t,loD;jcif;ESifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf?”[k a&;xm;onf? xdka'oodk‹ 'g0ifra&mufrD 10 ESpftvsifuoGm;a&mufcJhaomokawoeynm&Sif W.P.Snow ('AvsL

yD pEdk;). a&;om;csufESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeayonf? pEdk;.az:jycsuft&/ wD,m&m 'Jvf zl*dk t&yfom;rsm;onf/ awmifhwif;cef‹jim;olrsm;jzpf-uonf? olwdk‹. cav;oli,frsm; udk cspfcifwwf-u.? olwdk‹.tokH;taqmifypPnf;rsm;onf vuf&majrmufayonf? ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr+qdkif&mxkH;"avhtcsdKŒvnf;&Sd.? ouf-uD;0g-uD; trsdK;orD;rsm;. -oZm tm%mudk av;pm;vufcH-uayonf?10

TO"g[&kefrsm;t&/ 'g0ifonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm; tjynfht0jzpfayonf? What Darwin Really Said [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;onfh bif*srif zg&ifwefu 'g0if a&;om;onfh The Descent of Man pmtkyfrS “xif&Sm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; ydkrdkus,f 0ef;aomjcm;em;csufrsm;”[laomtcef;ESifh ywfoufI tus,fw0ifh a0zefokH;oyfxm; ayonf?11

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xdk‹xufydkonfhtcsufrSm/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf xm0&bk&m;ocifudkjiif;y,fxm; ojzifh/ 'g0ifoDtdk&Da-umifh xm0&bk&m;ocifu vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;udk wef;wltqifh tjzpfzefqif;xm;onf[k vlwdk‹u rjrif-uawmhacs? Tonfuyif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh ,if;0g'udk wurBmvkH;wGif t&Sdeft[kef-uD;pGmjzifh vufcHvm-u jcif;.ta-umif;&if;wpfck jzpfayonf? tar&duefvlrsdK; odyH`ynm&Sif *sdrf;pf zg*lqef u vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk ypfy,fjcif;wdk‹ wdkuf&dkufqufEG,faea-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; a-unmxm;avonf?

aemifrsm;r-umrDtwGif;/ rEk\aA'opfonfvnf; vlom;rsm;.tprlvblw ESifhywfouf I tjrifcsif;qef‹usifbufjzpfaomtkyfpkESpfckwdk‹. tajccHjzpfvmavonf? “{uADZ0g'” ac: vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;onf tom;ta&mifESifh tjcm;t*Fg&yfrsm;rwl-uaomfvnf; rsdK;ADZ wpfckwnf;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,kH-unfaomtkyfpkonf/ vlom;wdk‹.tprlvblwonf yxrvlom; tm'rfrSqif;oufvmI xm0&bk&m;ocif.zefqif;jcif;tvkyfjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? Ttkyfpkonf oufwef;ydkI-umanmif;jyDjzpfI ydkItajccdkifaomtkyfpk jzpfonf? {uADZ0g'udk c&pf,mefomoemtzGJ‹rSjy@mef;I/ tawG;tac:t&-oZmanmif; onfhtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du qef‹usifbuftwdkuftcHjzpfaom“A[kADZ0g'”udk rD;xdk;ay;onfh tcsdefrwdkifrD 18 &mpkESpftxd wurBmvkH;vufcH,kH-unfcJh-uavonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D onf rwlnDaomvlrsdK;pkwdk‹onf rwlnDaomrsdK;ADZrSajymif;vJ ay:aygufvmonf[k qdkonf?12

tdENd,vlrsdK; rEk\aA'ynm&Sif vmvdwm Ad'D,mwDonf/ 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif; oDtdk&Du vlr+a&;odyH`wGif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:udk rnfodk‹rnfykHvufcHoGm;atmif a&SŒaqmifoGm;ykHudk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

xdkacwfu vlr+a&;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u 'g0if. tiftm;t-uD;qkH;toifhawmfqkH;olu quf vuftouf&Sifonf [laomtawG;tac:udk vSKdufvSKdufvSJvSJ-udKqdkvufcH-uavonf? vl om;rsm;onf tqifhqifhajymif;vJr+tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk ausmfvGefvmcJh-u&m/ tom; jzLrsm;.,Ofaus;r+onf txGwftxdyfa&mufonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf? wpf q,fhudk; &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;rSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k taemufEdkifiHom; odyH` ynm&Siftrsm;pkwdk‹u vufcH-uavonf?13

'g0if0g'Dwdk‹onf 'g0if.aemufrSay:vmolrsm;jzpf-uonfESifhtnD/ 'g0if. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'rSefuefa-umif;/ oufaoxl&ef tifrwef-udK;yrf;-uayonf? xdkuJh odk‹-udK;yrf;-u&mwGif odyH`ynmt&rnDrnGwfuGJvGJaomtqdkrsm;ESifh wrifvkyf-uH vdrf vnfonfhtqdkrsm;udk&SmazGwifoGif;-u&mY olwdk‹.udk,fusifhw&m;oduQmrsm;udkyif iJh n‡mEkdifjcif;r&Sd-uawmhacs? xdkuJhodk‹ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf rSefuefIw&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxlEdkifygu/ olwdk‹. “tqifhjrifh”r+ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJ‹jcif;/ vdktyfygu tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ajzmufzsufokwfoifypfjcif; ponfwdk‹udkyg rSefuefI w&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxl&musonf[k ,lq-uayonf?

pwDzif a*s a*gvf'fa&;om;aom The Mismeasure of Man (vlom;.rSm;,Gif; aomwdkif;wmr+) pmtkyf. wwd,tcef;wGif/ rEk\aA'ynm&Sifwdk‹onfvnf; xdkuJhodk‹ awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk vdrfvnf-u&mwGif tjypfruif;-uay? a*gvf'f. tqdkt&/ ‚if;wdk‹ u vdrfvnfaomtydkif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk‹awG‹&SdcJhaomausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;. OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;jzpfayonf? OD;aESmuft&G,fonf Om%fxufjrufjcif;ESifhywfouf onf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh/ rEk\aA'ynm&Siftrsm;tm;jzifh aumhau&SefvlrsdK;(vljzL)

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a*gvf'fa&;om;aom Ever Since Darwin [laompmtkyfwGif 'g0if0g'Drsm;u t csdKŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf tqifhedrfhaomvlom;rsm;jzpfonf[k az:jyEdkif&efr,kH-unfEdkif avmufatmif wifjy-ujcif;udk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

a[u,fvfESifhol.taygif;ygrsm;vnf;/ ajrmufydkif;Oa&mywdkufom; vljzLrsm; onf vlrsdK;t&tqifhjrifha-umif;twnfjyK-u&efwpfa-umhjyefIawmif;qdkcJh-uavonf? vlom;wdk‹.cE<mudk,fwnfaqmufykHtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifhtrltusifhrsm;rStaxmuftxm; jzpfzG,f&mrsm;udk OD;aESmufrStp 0rf;ydkuf&Sdcsuftxd &Edkifor#tao;pdwfvdkufvH&SmazG -uonf? [m;bwfpyifqmu “,Ofaus;r+ r&Sdao;aomvlrsdK;wdk‹.todOm%fonf ===,Ofaus;jyD;aomvlrsdK; uav;oli,frsm;wGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf?”[k a&;om;xm;av onf? um;vfAdk‹*fu 1864 ckESpfwGif/ “t&G,fa&mufjyD;aom eD*&dk;wpfa,muf. tod Om%fydkif;onf uav;oli,frsm;ESifhqifwlayonf?==tcsKdŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ xl;qef; aomtzGJ‹tpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;jzifh wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;wnfaxmif-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; usefvl rsm;udkyg xnfhpOf;pm;rnfqkdv#if/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;vkH;onf twdwfwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ ypPKy`efwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlom;avmutwGuf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aprnfhvkyfaqmif

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jyifopfvlrsdK; aq;ynmqdkif&m cE<maAynm&Sif tDwD,Hqm&ufu vlrJa,mufsm; rsm;.csufu atmufydkif;a&mufvGef;aeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹onf urBmOD;vlrsm;twdkif;&Sdae ao;onf[k tjyif;txefjiif;cHkcJhavonf?

'g0ifESifh wpfacwfwnf;ay:cJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D [JAfavmh(cf)tJvpfu tqifh jrifhaomvlrsdK;ESifh tqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wdk‹ uGmjcm;-ua-umif; “odyH`enf;us”onf[laom &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;ay;xm;avonf?

tmz&duvlrsdK;uav;rsm;onf/ Oa&myvlrsdK;cav;rsm;xuf Om%fxufjrufr+ enf;jcif;udk &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awG‹&ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkuav;rsm;u -uD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGifrl/ xkH xdkif;EkHtjcif;/ &dk;&dk;ae&dk;&dk;pm;b0udkomodjcif;jzpfvmayonf? Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;wGif olwdk‹.uav;b0rSjrL;wl;aysmf&GifwwfaomADZudk qufvufI&Sdjcif;udkawG‹&Sd&ayonf?16

jyifopfvlrsdK;rEk\aA'ynm&Sif Agcsm 'D vmaygufu yg&DjrdK‹wGif 1909 ckESpf wGif&dkufxkwfaom Race et Milin Social Essais d'Anthroposociologie (Paris 1909) wGif/ vljzLr[kwfolwdk‹onf vl&dkif;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uolrsm;jzpfI/ ,Ofaus;r+udk oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;r&SdcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? odk‹r[kwf aoG;a&mIaygufzGm;vmol rsm;u aemifwGifqkwf,kwfoGm;cJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? ol.tqdkudk axmufcH&ef yg&DjrdKŒ &Sd txufwef;v$mESifh atmufwef;v$mwdk‹. ocsõKif;rsm;rS OD;acgif;cGHrsm;udk wdkif;wmjcif; jzifh oufaoxlavonf? ol.avhvmcsuft&/ “vlwdk‹.OD;aESmufcGHtwdkif;twmay: rl wnfI/ tcsdKŒaomvlwdk‹onf -uG,f0csrf;omjcif;/ rdrdudk,fudk ,kH-unfr+&Sdjcif;/ vGwfvyf pGmawG;ac:jcif; &Sd-u.? tjcm;olwdk‹rSmrlum;/ r,kwfrvGefjzpfI a&S;qef-ujcif;/ &o r# &Sdor#ESifh wif;wdrfEdkif-ujcif;/ aumif;aomtapcHt&nftcsif;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;/ &Sd-uonf? vlwef;pm;onf vlr+a&;t& a&G;cs,fr+jzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;.txufwef;v$monf tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uI/ olwdk‹. OpPm"e-uG,f0r+twdkif;twmonf OD;acgif;cGHtwdkif;twmay:rlwnfaeayonf?” vm aygufu/ Todk‹ a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhavonf? “aemifvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif vlwdk‹onf olwdk‹. OD;acgif;rsm; vkH;0dkif;jcif; c|efjcif;wdk‹a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uvdrfhrnf”[k qdk.?17 Ta[mudef;onfvnf; rSefuefcJhayonf? aemufvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ 20 &mpkESpftwGif; vlrsdK;a&;a-umifh tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwf-uonfudk zwf±+&ygvdrfhrnf?

rEk\aA'ynm±Sifrsm;omv#ifr[kwf/ ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±Sifrsm;onfvnf;/ a&yef; pm;aeaom 'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'twdkif; ydk;r$m;rsm;ESifhywfoufI r,kH-unfEdkif avmufaomtqdkrsm;udktcGifhta&;rv$wfbJ wifjycJh-uayonf? Oyrm/ 1861 ckESpf wGif t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±SifwpfOD;onf/ urBmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹.oef; rsm;udk pkaqmif;avhvm-unfh&mwGif vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;.oef;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;.aoG;udk rpkwfa-umif;awG‹&Sd&onf[kqdkonf? trSefrSm odyH`ynmt& ,if;tqdkonf t"dy`g,f uif;rJhaomtqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf?18 odyH`ynm&Siftqifh&Sdolrsm;uyif xdkodk‹a-unm ygu/ xufatmufpOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;uif;rJhol/ wpf,loefvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm;iwkH; rsm;. “eD*&dk;oef;u eD*&dk;bJjzpfonf”[laom qifjcifwkHw&m;uif;rJhI t"dy`g,fuif; rJhonfh 0g'jzef‹a-uG;a-umfoHonfvnf; tHh-op&mr&Sdawmhacs?

tcsKyftm;jzifh 'g0ifoDtdk&D. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;onf 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif; wGif tifrwefaumif;rGefaom tajccHudk &±Sdavawmhonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ xdk

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tcsdefumvrsm;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; “vljzL”wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹usL;vGef-uaom jypfr+rsm; udk w&m;0ifaprnfh oDtdk&Dudkom apmifhar#mfae-uaom tcdsefjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?

jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 'g0if0g' 'g0if.oDtdk&Da-umifh tjrwftrsm;qkH;xkwfEdkifcJhaom EdkifiHonf ol.arG;Zmwd EdkifiH jAdwdo#EdkifiHawmfyifjzpfavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudkwifjyonfhtcsdefumv onf/ jAdwdo#EdkifiHu urBmay:wGif udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtifyg,mt-uD;qkH; wnfaqmufae onfhtcsdef jzpfayonf? tdEdN,rSvufwiftar&duwdkuftxd&Sd o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk jAdwdo#tifyg,mu vuf0g;-uD;tkyfacgif;ykHjzwfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf? “vljzL-uD;”u urBmudk ol.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf t"rRvk,uf,laeayonf?

odk‹aomfvnf;/ jAdwdefEdkifiHrStp rnfonfhudkvkdeDe,fcsJŒwdkif;jynfurS/ rdrdwdk‹udk o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;“vk,uf,lol”tjzpfrjrifapcsif-uonfhtjyif/ ordkif;vnf;rwGif apvdk-uacs? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹.vkyf&yfonf rSefuefa-umif; w&m;0ifa-umif; jyEdkifrnfh &Sif;vif;csufudk &Smae-uayonf? xdkodk‹aom &Sif;vif;csufonf udkvdkeDEdkifiHom;rsm; udk “urBmOD;vlom;rsm;” odk‹r[kwf “wd&pm>efESifhwlaom ouf&SdowW0grsm;”tjzpf jyo &ef jzpfayonf? Todk‹jzifh olwdk‹u tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfaeolrsm;ESifh vlrqefaom vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh zdESdyfcHae&olrsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpfrjrifapbJ/ wd&pm>efwpf0uf vlom; wpf0ufjzpfaomowW0grsm;tjzpfjyojcif;jzifh olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yf rsm;udk jypfr+usL;vGefjcif;r[kwf[k jrifapvdkjcif;jzpfayonf?

trSefrSm/ xdkuJhodk‹&SmazGaecJhjcif;onf topftqef;r[kwfacs? 15 &mpkESpfESifh 16 &mpkESpfrsm;uwnf;u jzpfayonf? vlrsdK;tcsdKŒudk vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0uftjzpf yxrqkH;wifjyolonf tar&duwdkufodk‹c&D;qef‹cJhaom c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfyifjzpfav onf? ol.wifjycsuft&/ tar&duwdkufwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ vltppfr[kwf-ubJ/ vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0ufjzpfaom owW0grsm;jzpfonf[l.? Todk‹jzifh e,fcsJŒpydefvl rsdK;wdk‹.u|eftjzpf tvkyftau|;jyKapcJhavonf?

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c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfonf -uD;us,faomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+t&Sdefudk pwif cJholjzpfonf? udkvrfbwfonf olawG‹&Sdaome,fajrrsm;udk udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;tjzpf zef wD;jyD;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk u|efjyKum u|efa&mif;0,fjcif;udk yxrOD;qkH;pwifcJhol jzpf .? 16 &mpkESpftwGif; rufpDudkESifh yD&l;EdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJh-uonfh uGefuGD pwda'gpydefwyfrsm;onf/ udkvrfbwftokH;jyKaom zdESdyfr+ESifhu|efjyKjcif;ay:vDpDudk awG‹jyD; ‚if;wdk‹u qufvufjyKusifh-uavonf? tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+onfvnf; r,kH -unfEdkifavmufaomtwdkif;twmtxd a&mufcJhavonf? Oyrm/ u|ef;wpfu|ef;wGif udkvrfbwf yxrOD;qkH;a&mufpOfu 200000 cef‹&Sdaomwdkif;&if;om; vlOD;a&onf/ ESpf20 twGif; 50000 omv#ifusefawmhonf? 1540 ckESpfwGifrl vlaygif;wpfaxmif om usef&pfavonf? 1519 ckESpfwGif pydefvlrsdK; aumwuftrnf&Sd uGefuGDpwda'gu rufpDudkodk‹yxrOD;qkH;ajccscsdefwGif/ pkpkaygif;wdkif;&if;om;vlOD;a& 25 oef;&SdcJhaomf vnf;/ 1605 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg wpfoef;txdavsmhoGm;cJhonf? [pfygeDtdkvmu|ef; wGif 1492 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 7=8 oef;cef‹&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 1496 ckESpfwGif 4 oef;om

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usef&pfcJhavonf? 1570 ckESpfwGifrl wdkif;&if;om; 125 a,mufomusefawmhonf? ordkif;q&mrsm;.tqdkt&/ udkvrfbwf tar&duwdkufodk‹ajccsonfhtcsdefrSpI udkvdkeD e,fcsJŒrsm; wdkufESpfwdkufpvkH;&SdvlOD;a&aygif; 95 oef;txdowfjzwfcJhonf[k qdk.? udkvrfbwftar&duwdkufwGif yxrqkH;ajccspOf vlOD;a& oef;30 &SdaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;rSm ,ae‹ 2 oef;eD;yg;omusef&pfojzifh/ aysmufuG,foGm;aomvlrsdK;[kyif ac:-uayonf?

Tr#avmuf oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGmaom twdkif;twmtxd owfjzwfcJhjcif; ta-umif;&if;rSm/ xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfrjrifbJ wd&pm>efrsm;tjzpfjrif-u jcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf?

odk‹aomfvnf; xdkudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹.tqdkudkaxmufcHol tvGefenf;yg;cJhonf? Oa&mywdkufY/ xdktcsdefxdkacwfwGif vlwdk‹udk bk&m;ocifu wef;wlnDwlzefqif;xm; onf/ vlom;tm;vkH;onf urBmhyxrOD;qkH;bcif tm'rfrSarG;zGm;qif;oufvmonf[k ,kH-unf-uayonf? txl;ojzifh umaomvpfc&pf,mefomoem0ifrsm;u xdkuJhodk‹zsuf qD;vk,ufr+rsm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qef‹usifcJh-uavonf? udkvrfbwfESifhtwl urBm opfodk‹a&mufcJhaom csD,mywfrSbda&Smh bmwdkvkrf; 'Dvm umqyfu udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm; rsm;.wifjycsufjzpfaom “wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfonf”[laomt csufudk acsycJhayonf? 1537 ckESpfwGif wwd,ajrmufykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;aygvfu/ xdk ,kwf&if;-urf;wrf;&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtvkyfudkvkyfaqmifolrsm;tm; -udrfqJI/ xdk wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ c&pf,mefomoemudk vufcH,kH-unfxdkufonfh vlom;ppfppfrsm; jzpf-ua-umif; a-unmcJhavonf?20

odk‹aomfvnf;/ 19 &mpkESpfwGifrl/ tajctaeu ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? vl‹tzGJ‹ tpnf;twGif; &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jyef‹yGm;oGm;onfESifhtr# vlxkuvnf; bmoma&;rS a0;uGmoGm;-uonf? xm0&bk&m;ocif(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)u vlom;rsm;udk zefqif; xm;onf[laomtrSefw&m;udk jiif;y,fpjyK-uavjyD? txufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif az:jy cJhonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcsdefESifh wpfcsdefwnf;jzpfcJhavonf?

19 &mpkESpfwGif 'g0if0g'ESifh&kyf0g'tawG;tac: tiftm;-uD;vmonfESifhtwl/ ‚if;-uD;xGm;r+u Oa&mywdkuf. e,fcsJŒpepfudk txl;taxmuftuljyKcJhavonf?

atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf/ pwef;zdk‹'fwuUodkvfESifh [m;AwfwuUodkvfwdk‹wGif ,ae‹ txd jyXmef;oif-um;vsuf&SdI/ xdkwuUodkvfrsm;wGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; oif-um;cJhonfh ordkif;ygarmuQ *sdrf;pf *sdK;vf. 1870 ckaemufydkif;Oa&mywdkuf (Europe Since 1870) [laompmtkyfwGif/ 'g0if0g'/ e,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'wdk‹t-um;qufpyfr+t a-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

e,fcsJŒ0g'cH,lcsuftay: -oZmoufa&mufonfh tawG;tac:tkyfpkrsm;wGif/ “vlr+a&; 'g0if 0g'”onf/ txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfayonf? vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;t-um; wGif touf&Sifaea&;twGuf tpOfwpdkufwdkufcdkuf &kef;uefae&ojzifh/ xdkodk‹aom &kef;uef r+twGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOft& tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkItqifhjrifhonf [k cH,l&if;/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;. a-umuf&GHŒav;pm;vufcHjcif;udk &&Sd&efvnf; aqmif&Guf-u .?

t*FvdyfvlrsdK; obm0avmuynm&Sif csm;vfpf'g0if. 1859ckESpfxkwf rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpf ay:jcif;pmtkyfESifh aemufydkif; 1871ckESpfxkwf vlom;rsm;qif;oufvm ykH (The Descent of Man) pmtkyfESpftkyfu/ Oa&mywdkuf&SdtawG;tac:tajrmuftjrm;udk xdcdkufaponfh tjiif; yGm;p&mtcsufudk pwifjzef‹jzL;cJhavonf? 'g0ifESifhtwl olESifhwpfacwfwnf;rS t*Fvdyf

36

tawG;tac:ynm&Sif [m;bwf pyifpm wdk‹u/ avmavmvwfvwfawG‹-uHKae&onfh odyH` ynmtqifhxufausmfvGefaomjy\emrsm;wGif tokH;jyK-uonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk;wufzGH‹ jzdK;a&;wGiftokH;csEdkifqkH;jzpfaom'g0if0g'.t"dutc&mtcsufrSm/ ydkv#HvGef;aom urBmh vlOD;a&onf xdkr#aomvlOD;a&udk au|;arG;Edkifaomobm0tpGrf;r&Sdjcif;a-umifh/ tquf rjywfwdkufcdkuf&kef;uef-u&rnf/ xdkwdkfufcdkuf&kef;uefjcif;wGif tiftm;-uD;olvufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;u tEdkif&vdrfhrnf/ [laomtcsufjzpfayonf? Ttcsufonfyif xdkacwfu vlr+a&; tawG;tac:ynm&Sifwdk‹udk/ vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;a&;oabmxm;udkaxmufcH&ef 0efrav;ap awmhay? xdkvufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;wdk‹onfvnf;/ trSefwu,f qufvufoufqdk;&SnfEdkif-u &mwGif/ &oifh&xdkufaomtcGifhta&;tjzpf vdyfjymoef‹oef‹ aeEdkifapavonf?

xdk‹a-umifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:onf/ jyifopfpma&;q&m aumifh *sKd;Zuftmom *dkbifEsLu 1853 ckESpfwGifa&;om;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; uGmjcm;r+pmwrf;wGifaz:jyxm; onfh aemufxyftawG;tac:wpfckESifh vG,fulpGmqufpyfoGm;avonf? *dkbifEsLu/ vl om;wdk‹.wdk;wufr+twGuf ta&;-uD;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm/ vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf? tqifhjrifhusefaeaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ rdrdwdk‹.vlrsdK;aoG;udk oef‹pifatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif aoma-umifh jzpfonf[kqdk.? *dkbifEsLt& tm&d,mefvlrsdK;rsm;onf taumif;qkH;toef‹ qkH;vlrsdK;jzpfonf? a[mhpwGef pwD;0g'f csrfbmvdefu xdkxufydkIxyfrHuGef‹vdkufjyefonf? xdk‹a-umifh [pfwvm udk,fwdkifu pma&;q&mcsrfbmvdeftm; txl;tr$rf;wifcsD;-uL;cJh ojzifh/ 1927 ckESpfwGif [pfwvmaocgeD;tdyf&mem;odk‹ csrfbmvdefudk vma&mufawG‹qkH;cGifh ay;&if; tpDtpOftjynfh jzifh-udKqdkcJhavonf?21

txufwGifaz:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ 'g0ifrSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:±Sifrsm;ESifh e,fcJsŒwdk‹t-um;qufEG,fr+onf [pfwvmtxd&SdcJhavonf? 'g0if0g'onf 19 &mpkESpfwGif urBmudk aoG;jyifwGifepfjrKyfapcJhaome,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 20 &mpkESpfwGif urBm

37

-uD;udk xdkenf;ESifESif aoG;jyifwGif epfjrKyfapcJhaom emZD0g'ESpfrsdK;pvkH;. tawG;tac: tajccH jzpfayonf?

0dwdk&d,bk&ifracwf jAdwdefEdkifiHonfvnf;/ 'g0if0g'wGif “odyH`enf;usonf[l aomtajccH”udk awG‹&SdcJhayonf? jAdwdefEdkifiHonf udkvdkeDpepfa-umifh-uD;rm;aom tjrwftpGef;&&SdcJh.? xdk‹a-umifh rdrd.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf olwdk‹.udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒpepf vufatmufwGif&Sdonfhvlxktay: ysufpD;jcif;ab;'kuQrsdK;pkHudk csrSwfay;&ef 0efrav; acs? jAdwdefEdkifiH.npfywfaomEdkifiHa&;ay:vDpDrsm;teuf wpfckudkjyrnfqdkv#if/ w&kwf jynfESifhjzpfcJhaom“bdef;ppf”onf Oyrmaumif;wpfckjzpfayonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&onf 19 &mpkESpfapmapmydkif;rSpI ‚if;wdk‹u tdENd,wGifpdkufysdK;aombdef;udk w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ cdk;oGif; cJhavonf? EdkifiHjcm;ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;vdkaiGudk jznfhwif;&ef xdkbdef;arSmifcdkvkyfief; udk ydkrdkjrefqef-uD;xGm;apcJh.? w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹bdef;ukef0ifa&mufvmjcif;a-umifh w&kwf tpdk;&. rdrde,fajrtwGif; -oZmtm%mv$rf;rdk;r+avsmhenf;vmavonf? w&kwfvlrsdK; wdk‹. vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;onfvnf; pdk;&drfzG,faumif;aomtajctaeodk‹ a&mufaeavjyD? w&kwftpdk;&onfvnf; ESpfaygif;tawmfrsm;rsm; csDwkHcswkefjzpfaecJh &mu aemufqkH;wGif bdef;ukeful;jcif;ESifh bdef;±SLjcif;udk wm;jrpf&awmhonf? xdkodk‹ bdef;wm;jrpfjcif;a-umifh 1842 ckESpfwGif yxrbdef;ppf jzpfcJh&avonf? xdkbdef;ppfu w&kwfEdkifiHtpdk;udkrGJjymusapawmhonf? ppfrsufESmwdkif;rSm wdkif;wpfyg; ppfwyfudk &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufEdkifonfh tiftm;r&Sdawmhacs? aemufqkH;wGif w&kwftpdk;&u acgif;ikH‹t±+H;cHvdkuf&jyD; xdkEdkifiHjcm;ppfwyf wdk‹. rqkH;Edkifaomawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rcsdwifuJ vdkuf avsm&ayawmhonf? 1842 ckESpfrSpI taemufEdkifiHom;rsm; onf tajccs&mXmersm;zGifh-uavonf? w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm;xHrS qdyfurf;tem;&SdajruGuftajrmuftjrm;udk ,lvdkuf-uonf? w&kwfwdk‹. v,f,majrrsm;udk iSm;&rf;-uonf? w&kwfEdkif iHudk olwdk‹twGuftusdK;tjrwftrsm;qkH; &&SdrnfhykHpHtwdkif; jyifyurBmodk‹ wHcg;zGifh&ef awmif;qdk-uonf? aemufqkH;wGif/ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&; tiftm;aysmhnHhjcif;/ v,f,majrESifh pD;yGm;a&; t"duae&m rsm;udk vufv$wf-u&jcif;/ ponfwdk‹a-umifh jynfolvlxku ykefuefx-uG-uavonf?

0dwdk&d,bk&ifrESifh tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+ t"duw&m;cH pydefvlrsdK; aumwufwdk‹.ykH

w&kwfEdkifiHrStawG‹t-uKHonf/ jAdwdo#ay:vDpDa-umifh xdcdkufepfemr+rsm;teufrS wpfckomv#ifjzpf.? 19 &mpkESpfwav#mufvkH;wGif jAdwdo#e,fcsJŒatmufwGif awmiftm z&du/ tdEdN,ESifh -opawvswdkufponfh e,fajrrsm;wGif tifrwefem-unf;bG,faumif; aom zdESdyfr+cHcJh-u&onf?

38

yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;twkvkyfjcif;

jAdwdo#e,fcsJŒ0g'udk -oZmoufa&mufaphaqmfcJhaom pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfh vuQ %mwpfckrSm/ yifha'gif;vlac: ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifhywfoufaomrausmfaumif;r-um; aumif; &SufzG,faumif;onfh vdrfvnfr+twkvkyfjcif;jzpfayonf?

1912=ckESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiH yifha'gif;t&yfY xl;qef;aomOD;acgif;cGHwpfvkH;udk awG‹&Sd cJhavonf? xdkOD;acgif;cGHudkawG‹&Sdonfh csm;vfpf a':qefESifhtzGJ‹u/ xdkOD;acgif;cGHonf arsmuf0Hwpf0uf=vlwpf0ufjzpfaomowW0gOD;acgif;jzpfonf[k a-unm-uavonf? tvGefausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D cE<maA'ynm&Sif tmomupfu xdkOD;acgif;cGHudk ppfaq;I twnfjyKcJhavonf?

odk‹aomfvnf;/ a':qefESifhupfwdk‹u ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk txl;jyK az:jy-u onf? xdkOD;acgif;cGH.OD;aESmufae&monf acwfopfvlom;rsm;.OD;aESmufavmuf -uD; rm;onf[kqdkonf? csufcsif;vufiif;yif yifha'gif;vl.OD;acgif;cGHonfvnf; jAdwdo#vl rsdK;rsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mtcsufjzpfoGm;avonf? t*FvefEdkifiHwGif awG‹&Sdojzifh t*F vdyfvlrsdK;wdk‹. bdk;ab;yifjzpf&ayrnf? jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;.tqdkt&/ xdkausmufjzpf &kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGH. OD;aESmufyrm% ydk-uD;jcif;onf/ jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vl rsdK;rsm;xuftv#ifOD;I vljzpfvmcJhcsdefapmojzifh ydkrdkI tqifhjrifhayonf?

xdk‹a-umifh yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;udk awG‹&Sdjcif;a-umifh t*FvefEdkifiHwGif tvGefpdwf"gwf wuf-uG-uavonf? owif;pmacgif;pD;rsm;wGif az:jy-uI/ vlxkuvnf; tkH;tkH;-uGuf -uGufatmifyGJcHtcef;tem;rsm; usif;y-uavonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&uvnf; tmomupf udk qmbGJ‹csD;jr‡ifhvdkufavonf? emrnfausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D ausmufjzpf&kyf -uGif;ynm±Sif 'Gef *sdK[efqefu yifha'gif;OD;acgif;cGHESifh e,fcsJŒ0g' t-um;qufpyfykHudk az:jy xm;ayonf?

yifha'gif;awG‹&Sdcsufonf Oa&myom;rsm;udk A[dkjyKausmf-um;apjcif;tm;oef aeonf? xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHomv#if xl;jcm;aejcif;r[kwfbJ t*F vdyfvlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xl;jcm;pGmxl;c|efonf[k jyqdkaejcif;jzpfonf? (Don Johanson, In Search of Human Origins, 1994 WGBH Educational Foundation).

yifha'gif;vlausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHrS t*Fvdyfwdk‹&&SdcJhaom pdwf"gwfwuf-uGjcif; aphaqmfr+onf 1953 ckESpftxdom oufqdk;&SnfcJhavonf? uif;euf tkwfuavqdkol odyH`ynm&Sifu xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;. trSefw&m;udk tao;pdwf az:xkwfvdkufav onf? 20 &mpkESpfrSt-uD;us,fqkH; vdrfvnftwkvkyfr+jzpfayonf? ‚if;ausmufjzpf&kyf -uGif;rSm vlOD;acgif;cGHwGif O&efOwefarsmuf0Har;&dk;wyfxm;aom OD;acgif;cGHomv#if jzpf ayonf?

39

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e,fcsJŒudkvdkeDvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk 'g0ifu w&m;0ifatmifjyKay;vdkufjcif;a-umifh/ 'g0ifudk “pD;yGm;a&;jydKifqdkifr+(z&D;x&dwf)trnfESifh toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pOftwGuf &Sifoefa&;ta-umif;jycsufjzifh/ w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ppfoabFmrsm;tay: bdef;wifydk‹cJhonfh 0dwdk&d,acwfrS oduQm&SdodyH`ynm&Sif”22 [k ausmf-um;onfh Swiss Federal Institute of Technology rS p0pfvlrsdK;odyH`ynm±Sif yx0D0ifXmerSL;jzpfol uif;euf a*s ql; u orkwfxm;avonf?

'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹udk rkef;wD;r+ 19 &mpkukefydkif;wGif jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹. ta&;-uD;qkH; ypfrSwfonf tdkwdk reftifyg,mjzpf.?

xdkacwfumvwGif tdkwdkreftifyg,monf ,DrifEdkifiHrS abmhpfeD,m;= [maZ*dkADemtxdus,f0ef;aom e,fajrudktkyfcsKyfaecsdefjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jidrf0yfydjym;pGmtkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhacs? c&pf,mefvlenf;pkwdk‹u vGwfvyfa&;trnf jzifh x-uGykefuef-uavonf? ppftiftm;-uD;EdkifiHjzpfonfh &k&Sm;EdkifiHuvnf; tdkwdkref tifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufvsuf&Sdavonf?

xdk&mpkESpfaemufqkH;ydkif;wGif/ jAdwdefEdkifiHESifh jyifopfEdkifiHwdk‹u yl;aygif;I tdkwdk reftifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufavonf? jAdwdo#u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. awmifydkif;EdkifiH rsm;udk rsufpdusvsuf&Sdonf? 1878 ckESpfwGif csKyfqdkaom bmvifpmcsKyfonf Oa&my udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹u tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk cGJjcrf;vdkonfh tcsufrsm;yg0ifaeonf? aemif 5 ESpft-umwGif/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd tD*spfEdkifiHudk jAdwdo#wdk‹0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf vdkufonf? jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒu tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd ta±SŒtv,fydkif;a'orsm; udk qufvufodrf;ydkuf&ef pDrHudef;csjyefonf?

jAdwdefEdkifiHtaejzifh/ xdkudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒay:vDpDtm;vkH;udk tpOfojzifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm; a&;tay: tajccHxm;ayonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. A[dktcsuftcsm vnf;jzpfaom tdkwdkrefwl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;udk “acwfaemufus”olrsm;tjzpf az:jyavh &Sdavonf?

jAdwdo#0ef-uD;csKyf 0DvD,rf tD0gwf *vufpwkH;u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;onf vlom; r[kwfao;aomowW0grsm;twGuf taumif;qkH;Oyrmjzpfonf/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+t wGuf tm&Swdkufodk‹wGef;ydk‹ypfI temwdkvD,mrS tjyD;ydkifazsmufzsufypf&rnf[k yGifhyGifh vif;vif;ajymcJh.?23

tdkwdkrefrsm;udk ±+wfcs0g'jzef‹&mwGif txufygpum;rsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg t okH;jyK-uayonf? wl&uDEdkifiHonf acwfaemufusaomEdkifiHjzpfaoma-umifh ydkrdkwdk;

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wuf tqifhjrifhaomOa&myvlrsdK;rsm;udk acgif;ikH‹t±+H;ay;&rnfhEdkifiHjzpfonf[k jAdwdo# tpdk;&u az:jyavh&Sdavonf?

xdk0g'jzef‹r+. “odyH`ynmtajccH”onfvnf; csm;vfpf 'g0ifyifjzpf.?

T0g'jzef‹csuftwGuf 'g0if. wl&uDEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfh a0zefcsufrsm;udk 1888 ckESpfxkwf csm;vfpf 'g0if.b0ESifhay;pmrsm; (The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin)[laompmtkyfwGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf? “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rsm;”udk azsmuf zsufypfjcif;jzifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+onf ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;a&;wGif wu¾ yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf[k 'g0ifu tqdkjyK.? aemufydkif;wGif xdkodk‹azsmuf zsufypf& rnfhacwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rSm wl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf[k twdtuspGyfpGJav onf?

obm0.a&G;cs,fr+jzifh ,Ofaus;r+wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+wGif wkdufcdkuf-ujcif;&Sdonfhtcsufudk toifwdk‹0efcHvdkonfxufydkI vufawG‹jyEdkifygonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftenf;i,fwkef; u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;u Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;,lcJhonfudk owd&-uyg? ,QKtcsdef wGif xdkuJhodk‹aomtjzpftysuftwGuf rnfr#&,fp&maumif;ygoenf;? ydkrdk,Ofaus;aom aumhauqyfvlrsdK;rsm;u twGif;Y Avmewˆdtacgif;om&Sdaom wl&uDEdkifiH.touf quf vuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf &kef;uefjcif;tjzpf wdkufcdkufodrf;,lvdkuf&rnf? TurBmavmu wcGifvkH;wGif aemifvmrnfhwdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;/ tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;u/ ra& rwGufEdkifavmufonfh edrfhusaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufEdkifawmhrnf?24

41

T'g0if. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfhtqdkonf tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk zsufqD;ypf&ef jAdwdef EdkifiHtwGuf 0g'jzef‹axmufcHcsuf vufeufjzpfcJh.? trSefrSmvnf; xdk0g'jzef‹vuf eufonfvnf; xda&mufcJhayonf? 'g0if. “wl&uDEdkifiHonf r-umrDtwGif; jydKysuf oGm;vdrfhrnf/ Tum; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mryifjzpf.?”[laom pum;vkH;wdk‹onf/ jAdwdefEdkif iHtwGif; wl&uDvlrsdK;rkef;wD;a&; 0g'jzef‹r+twGuf olwdk‹tajymt&odyH`enf;usaom axmufcHcsufjzpfcJhayonf?

jAdwdefEdkifiH. 'g0ifa[mudef;udkvufawG‹usifhokH;vdkufjcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifh yxrurBmppfwGif taumiftxnfpaz:cJhonf? xdkurBmppf-uD;onf 1914 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhI/ *smr%D/ -op-wD;,m=[efa*&Dwdk‹uwpfzuf/ r[mrdwfjzpfonfh jAdwdefEdkifiH/ jyifopf ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdk‹uwpfzuf yËdyuQjzpfaomppfyGJjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkppf yGJ-uD;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk tjcrf;jcrf;cGJypf&efwGufudef; csxm; jcif;jzpfayonf?

jAdwdefu tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk ppfrsufESmESpfzufrS pwifwdkufcdkufcJhavonf? yxrppfrsufESmrSm ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'o tdkwdkreftifyg,mjzpfonfh ygvufpwdkif;ESifh tD&ufe,fajrbufrS pwifwdkufcdkufavonf? 'kwd,rSm *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmjzpfonf? *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmonf yxrurBmppfrS t-uD;us,fqkH; aoG;tdkifcJhaomppfyGJjzpfav onf? wl&uDppfwyfonf umeufumave,f *gvDydkvDwdkufyGJwGif jAdwdo# ppfwyfudk cHwdkufcJh&m/ ppfom;aygif; 250000 txdtoufqkH;±+H;cJhavonf? jAdwdo#uvnf; jAdwdo#tdEdN,ppfwyfESifh -opaw;vsESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;ppfom;rsm; udk pkaqmif;zGJ‹pnf;xm;aom tefZufppfwyfrsm;udk ydk‹I wdkufcJh.? xdkppfom;rsm;udkrl tom;jzLvlrsdK;rsm;r[kwfojzifh jAdwdo#taejzifh tom;jzLppfom;rsm;xuf tqifhedrfh aomvlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf?

'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tay: &ufpufpGmt-urf;zufvdkonfha-uG;ausmfoHonf yxrurBmppfjyD;onfhaemufwGifyif [def;usefaeao;onf? ,QKacwfOa&mywdkufwGif wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf-uonfh eDtdkemZDtzGJ‹u 'g0if.t"dy`g,f uif;rJhonfh wl&uDEdkifiHtay:rkef;wD;r+udk tajccHrltjzpf cH,lae-uqJjzpfonf? wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk &efoltjzpf rkef;wD;onfh0g'jzef‹r+rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif awG‹jrifEdkifyg ao;onf? (aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh[pfwvmwdk‹t-um;r[mrdwf tcef;wGif t ao;pdwfzwf±+yg?)

42

tar&duefEdkifiHrS vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh vlr+a&;'g0if0g' vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ jAdwdefEdkifiHwGifomr[kwfbJ tjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; vl rsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;udk taxmuftuljyKayonf? xdk‹a-umifh w urBmvkH;odk‹ tvGefvsifjrefpGm ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJh.? xdkoDtdk&Dudk vufcHudk;uG,folrsm;. acgif;aqmifwpfOD;rSm tar&duefEdkifiHorw oDtdk'dk &l;pAJhjzpfayonf? &l;pAJhonf/ tar&duef wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk/ jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;tpDtpOftrnfjzifh/ rsdK; jzKwftpDtpOfudk yxrOD;qkH;usifhokH;oljzpfayonf? “taemufzufe,frsm;udk atmifEdkif jcif;” (The Winning of the West) pmtkyfwGif/ &l;pAJhu vltkyfvdkufowfjzwfjcif; tawG;tac:udk wnfaqmufcJhavonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif/ tif'D,ef(tar&duwdkuf wdkif; &if;om;rsm;)udk tjyD;ydkifvlrsdK;jzKwfypf&efta-umif;onf rvGJra&Smifomaomta-umif; wpf&yfjzpf.25[k a&;om;xm;.? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk acwfaemufusaom owW0g rsdK;pkwpfcktjzpf olutqdkjyKEdkifatmif 'g0if0g'u usm;cHay;xm;ayonf?

&l;pAJhu -udKwifwGufxm;onfhtwdkif;/ xdktar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdk xm;cJhaom pmcsKyfrsm;udk wpfckwpfavr#yif tav;xm;*&kpdkufaep&mrvdkawmhacs? ,if;onfvnf; “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;”[laomtawG;tac:u ay;tyfonfh rSm; ,Gif;aomw&m;0ifjzpfapjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? 1871 ckESpfwGif tar&duefuGef*&uf u tar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyftm;vkH;udk zsufodrf;ypfjyD;/ olwdk‹udk aorif;e,fajrodk‹ aorif;udkapmifhqdkif;&ef ydk‹vdkuf&efqkH;jzwfcsufcsavonf? wpfbufu ‚if;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfvufcHjcif;r&Sdygu/ olwdk‹ESifh csKyfqdk xm;aom pmcsKyfwdk‹onfvnf; rnfodk‹w&m;0ifawmhrnfenf;?

&l;pAJhu xdkvlrsdK;a&;ppfonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymaomvlrsdK;(t*Fvdk=qufZefvl rsdK;)rsm;wurBmvkH;ysHŒESH‹jcif;. tjrifhrm;qkH;atmifjrifr+jzpfonf[k wifoGif;cJh.?26

xdkt*Fvdk=qufZefvlrsdK;a&;tqdkudk yxrOD;qkH;axmufcHolrSm tar&duefvlrsdK; tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;w&m;"rRq&m *sdKqD,m pxa&mif;jzpfI ‚if;tawG;tac:udk wdkuf&dkuf tokH;jyKcJh.? oluatmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?

xdktcsdefwGifrlum;/ urBm-uD;onf ordkif;wGif u¾opfodk‹a&muf&Sdrnf jzpf.? ,if; u¾onf vlrsdK;a&;jydKifqdkifr+wGif/ t*FvdkqufZefvlrsdK;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvdkufjcif;yif jzpf .? Ttiftm;-uD;aomvlrsdK;onf rufpDudktxdvnf;aumif;/ tar&dutv,fydkif;rS awmiftar&dutxdvnf;aumif;/ yifv,fork'N&mtwGif;&Sdu|ef;-uD;u|ef;i,frStp tmz&d uwdkufvGefI jyef‹yGm;a&mufoGm;-uvdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;yg&ap? TaemufqkH; tajzonf/ “toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pif.&Sifoefa&;”r[kwf[k rnfolu oHo,±SdOD; rnfenf;?27

vlr+a&;'g0if0g'udk olwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm; w&m;0ifjzpfonf[k ta-umif;jy&eft wGuf a&S;OD;pGmtokH;csolwdk‹rSm/ vlrJrsm;. &efolrsm;jzpfayonf? vljzLrsm;onf tqifhtjrifhqkH;jzpfI vlrJrsm;onf urBmOD;vleD;eD;tqifhtedrfhqkH;jzpfonf[k owfrSwf aom olwdk‹.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csufcsif;yif tm;& 0rf;ompGm vufcHaxG;ydkufvdkufayonf?28

TtawG;tac:t& vlrJrsm;onf vlom;r[kwf-uacs? 1962 ckESpfxkwf vlrsdK; rsm;.tp (The Origin of Race) pmtkyfwGif vlodrsm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DvlrsdK;cGJjcm; a&;orm; umvufwGefuGef;u vljzLESifhvlrJrsm;onf [dkrdktD&ufwyfpfvufxufwGif ESpf

43

rsdK;cGJxGufvmcJhaom uGJjym;onfhrsdK;pdwfrsm;jzpfonf[k a&;xm;.? uGef;.tqdkt& vljzLrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹cGJxGufvmonfhtcsdefrSpI tDAdkvl;&Sif;ydkrdkajymif;vJvmcJh-uonf [l.? vlrJrsm;tm; cGJjcm;onfhpdwf"gwfudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhtkyfpku TodyH`enf; usonf[lonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk tcsdefumv-umjrifhpGmtokH;cscJh-uavonf?

tar&duefEdkifiH orw&l;pAJhu ola&;om;aom The Winning of the West pmtkyfwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm; a&;t& tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+udk pwif tajccHwnfaqmufI aemif wGif vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh.?

vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk axmufcH tm;ay;aomoDtdk&D&Sdaejcif;a-umifh tar&d uefEdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; -uD;xGm;vm cJhavonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk qef‹usifcJh onfh W.E. Dubois u/ “ESpfq,f&mpkESpf .jy\emonf vlrsdK;tom;ta&mifcGJjcm; r+jy\emjzpfonf?”[ka&;om;cJh.? u|ef pepfudkzsufodrf;jcif;wpfckwnf;u vljzL ESifhvlrJrsm;t-um; nDtpfudkpdwf"gwfjzpf ay:vmap&ef rvkHavmufacs? wdkawmif; onfhtcsdeftwGif; csrSwfcJhaom cGJjcm;r+u

Oya't& u|Ekfyfwdk‹. acwfrSmvnf; xdk odk‹aomjyKrlcsufrsm;twGufta-umif; jycsufaumif;wpfck jzpfaeao;onf?30

19&mpkESpfukefydkif;ESifh 20&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;wGif tar&duefEdkifiHY vljzLrsm;u vlrJrsm;udk &uf puf-urf;-uKwfpGm zdESdyfcJh-u.? Oya'ESifh vufawG‹usifhokH;r+rsm;u vlrJrsm;udk vlom; tjzpfrowfrSwf-ua-umif; az:jyaeayonf? vljzLrsm;u -uG,f0csrf;omaomb0wGif &Sdae -uaomfvnf; vlrJrsm;rSm vlrqefavmuf atmif jyKusifhjcif;udk cHcJh-u&.?

44

tar&duefEdkifiHwGif yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;aom "Jim Crow Laws" (Jim Crow qdk aom pum;vkH;rSm vlrJwdk‹udk ESdrfaompum;wpfvkH;jzpfonf?) Oya'onf ,ae‹u|Efkyf wdk‹.acwfwdkifatmif &Sdaeao;onf? vlrJrsm;udk vlom;uJhodk‹rqufqH-uacs? olwdk‹ udk tjrJwef;&GH&Smrkef;wD;-uonfhtjyif/ ae&mwumwGif txifao;-uonf? xdkuJhodk‹ jzpfjcif;onf yk*~dKvftcsdKŒ.vkyf&yfomr[kwfay? tar&duefEdkifiH.Oya't& jyXmef; xm;aomtjyKtrljzpfayonf? wufeufpDjynfe,fY 1875=ckESpfwGif rD;&xm;ESifh "gwf &xm;rsm;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;Oya'udk yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;vdkufonfESifh wjydKifwnf; awmifydkif;e,frsm;tm;vkH;wGif rD;&xm;rsm;Y vlrsdK;t&cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;jyKvkyf-uav onf? “vljzLrsm;om”[laomqdkif;bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ “vlrJrsm;twGuf”[laomqdkif; bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ ae&mwumwdkif; awG‹jrif&avonf? ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;rSm eudk&SdaejyD; jzpfaom tajctaeudk Oya't& w&m;0ifatmif jyKvkyfjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? Oy a't& vljzLvlrJcGJjcm;&efrSm aq;&kH/ tusOf;axmifESifh ocsõKif;rsm;wGif rvkyfrae& udpP jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vufawG‹wGif/ a[mfw,f/ Zmwf&kH/ pmzwfcef;/ "gwfavScg;ESifh bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; usifhokH;-u.? ausmif;rsm;wGif xdkuJhodk‹ tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;r+a-umifh trsm;qkH;xdcdkufepfemr+cHpm;&ayonf? ‚if;onf vlrJrsm;twGuf txd cdkufqkH;tcsufjzpfI/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+zGHŒjzdK;a&;twGuf t-uD;qkH;aom t[ef‹twm; jzpfaeayonf?

45

vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+pwifuwnf;upI t"du&k%f;ajrmufjrm;pGm vdkufvmawmh onf? vlrJrsm;udk vltkyfjzifh w&m;vufv$wfowfjzwfr+rsm; ae‹csif;ncsif;wdk;vmav onf? 1890 ckESpfrS 1901 ESpftxd vlrJOD;a&aygif; 1300cef‹ w&m;vufv$wftowf cH&onf? xdk‹a-umifh jynfe,ftajrmuftjrm;wGif vlrJrsm; x-uGykefuefavonf?

TumvtwGif;Y vlrsdK;a&;tawG;tac:ESifh oDtdk&Drsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.? r-umrD/ tar&duwdkufopfodk‹ xdef;odrf;jcif;uif;rJhaom vl0ifr+udk umuG,f&ef[k , r,f&SmI tm&fbDbif;.OD;acgif;cGHwdkif;wmenf;jzpfaom tar&duefvlrsdK;a&;qefonfh ZD0aA'ay:aygufcJhjyefonf? Tonfvnf; tar&duefwdk‹. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;vkyf&yfwGif xl;jcm;csufwpfckjzpfayonf? 1916 ckESpfxkwf r,f'Dqef *&ef‹. The Passing of the Great Race pmtkyfwGif vlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;pyf,Sufaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh eudktqifhedrfhaeaomvl rsdK;xuftqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK; xyfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf? ol‹tae ESifh rwlaomvlrsdK;csif; vufxyfjcif;udk Oya't& wm;jrpfapvdkjcif;jzpfonf?31

tar&duefEdkifiHwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf 'g0ifray:rDuwnf;u &SdjyD;om; jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ txufu u|Efkyfwdk‹az:jycJhjyD;onfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'onf 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifESifh ay:vDpDrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;a-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ Ttcef;wGifaz:jyonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹.t jrifudk a&SŒwef;wifwdkif; 'g0if0g'udk 0g'jzef‹a-uG;ausmfoHtjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? 'g 0ifrwdkifrDacwfrsm;wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonf[k,lqcJhaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf/ ,cktcsdefwGif obm0w&m;omv#ifjzpfonf[k vufcH-uavjyD?

'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. vlrqefaom ay:vDpDrsm; tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk rsdK;okOf;owfjzwfjcif;

-opaw;vsEdkifiHrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk tabmf&D*sif;[kac:-uonf? T vlrsdK;rsm;onf -opaw;vswdkufwGif ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI aexdkifcJh-uolrsm;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; -opaw;vswdkufodk‹ 0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifuwnf;u pI urBmhordkif;wGif t-uD;us,fqkH;aom vlrsKd;a&;okwfoifowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u&.? xdkowfjzwfr+-uD;. tajccHtawG;tac:rSm 'g0if0g'jzpfayonf? TvlrsdK;wdk‹cHpm;cJh& onfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+.t"duta-umif;&if;rSm/ 'g0if0g'DtawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹. tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;tay:&Sdonfh tjrifa-umifhjzpfonf?

1870 ckESpfwGif vef'efrEk\aA'&DjAL;rS rEk\aA'ynm&Sif rufpfrlv†monf vlom;rsm;udk trsdK;tpm;aygif; ckepfrsdK;cGJxm;avonf? tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk atmufqkH;wGifxm;I/ vljzLrsm;jzpfaom tm&d,efvlrsdK;rsm;udk xdyfqkH;wGif xm;onf? 1876 ckESpfwGif trnfausmf-um;aom vlr+a&;'g0if0g'Du atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;ay onf?

tiftm;t-uD;qkH;vufa&G;piftrsdK;. qufvuftouf&SifEdkifjcif;[lonf tiftm;-uD;ol u w&m;onf[kqdkvdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf -opaw;vsvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh armf&DvlrsdK; rsm;udkvlrsdK;okOf;atmif oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGm owfjzwfokwfoifjcif;onf vGJa&SmifI r&aom obm0w&m;udk wdkifwnfjznfhpGufae-ujcif;om jzpfayonf?32

1890 ckESpfwGif/ wyfprmeD,mjynfe,f &kd,,fvfqdkqdkifwD. 'kwd,OuUXjzpfol *sdrf;pfbm;em'fu “rsdK;jzKwfjcif;onf tdAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mr. &Sif;jyp&mrvdkaom trSefw

46

&m;jzpfI oifhavsmfawmifhwif;qkH;vufa&G;pOfjzpfol. qufvuf&Sifoefa&;jzpfonf?” [k a&;om;cJh.? xdk‹a-umifh/ ol‹taejzifh/ xdkuJhodk‹-opaw;vswdkuf tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk owfjzwfqkH;±+H;aponfh &mZ0wfr+twGuf “tjypfwifcHxdkufaom vpfvsL±+kjcif;r[kwf” [kta-umif;jycJhavonf?33

Todk‹aom 'g0if u pwifysdK;axmifcJhaom vlrqefonfh&ufpuf-urf; -uKwfonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; a-umifh/ a-umufrufzG,f aumif;onfh tabmf&D*sif; rsdK;jzwfa&; pwifcJhjcif;jzpf ayonf? tabmf&D*sif; OD;

acgif;cGHrsm;udk rD;&xm;bl wm&kHwHcg;rsm;Y qGJcsdwfjy oxm;-uavonf? -op aw;vswdkufwpfcGifvkH; ae &mwumwGif tabmf&D*sif; rsm;tajccsaexdkifaom &yf &Gmrsm;onf xdkodk‹aom&uf pufpGmowfjzwfr+a-umifh ESpfaygif;50twGif; aysmuf uG,foGm;cJhavonf?34

tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf -op awvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;t abmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk vlom;t jzpf tjynfht0zGH‹jzdK;jcif;r&Sd ao;aom owW0grsm;jzpf onf[kqdkI owfjzwfcJh-u .?

tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk &nf&G,faomay:vDpDrsm;onf/ rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;jzifhom rjyD;ao;acs? tabmf&D*sif;vlOD;a&aygif;tajrmuftjrm;udk wd&pm>efuJhodk‹ odyH`ynmprf; oyfr+twGuf tokH;jyKcJh-u.? 0g±Sifwef'DpDrS prpfqdkeD,HtifpwD-uL;onf urBmay:&Sd

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vlrsdK;aygif;pkH. &kyftavmif;aygif; 15,000 ±Sd.? jAdwdo#jywdkuftwGuf/ wd&pm>ef (arsmuf0H)rsm;ESifh vlom;rsm;t-um;wGif “aysmufaeaomtquf”udk &SmazG&eftwGuf -opaw;vstabmf&D*sif;aygif; 10000udk oabFmjzifh wifydk‹cJh-uonf?

jywdkufrsm;onf/ t&kd;pkrsm;udkom pdwf0ifpm;onfr[kwf? tabm&D*sif;wdk‹. OD;aESmufudkvnf; "gwfcGJcef;prf;oyf&eftwGuf aps;aumif;aumif;jzifh a&mif;cscJh-u.? -opaw;vswdkufwdkif;&if;om;tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹udk odyH`prf;oyfcsuftwGuf "gwfcGJcef; wGif owfjzwf-ua-umif;vnf; oufaotaxmuftxm;&Sdayonf? atmufygtcsuf rsm;u xdkodk‹aom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+twGuf oufaoom"ursm; jzpfayonf?

1866 ckESpfwGif/ uGif;pvifjynfe,f bdk;0if;jrdKŒawmf0efu/ oludk,fwdkif tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk 1865 ckESpfwkef;u odyH`prf;oyfcsuftwGuf olrnfuJhodk‹ taygiftvufrsm; wpfppDzsufcJh ykHudk olaocgeD;wGif uGufuGufuGif;uGif;jrifEdkifavmufatmif &Sif;jycJhavonf?

1874 ckESpfrSpI ESpfaygif;20 txd qpf'eDjrKdŒ&Sd -opaw;vsjywdkufr+;tjzpf tr+xrf;cJhaom tuf'Gwf&rfaqonf xdkvkyfief;wGif trsm;qkH;yg0ifcJholjzpfonf? olonf jywdkuftdyf aqmifpmtkyfudk &dkufxkwf&mY/ tabmf&D*sif;rsm;ta-umif;ESifh ywfoufaomtcef;wGif “-o paw;vs wd&pm>efrsm;”[laom acgif;pOfwyfxm;avonf? ocsdKif;rsm;wGif t&dk;pktwGuf tavmif;rsm;udk cdk;,lenf;rsm;tjyif/ “odyH`prf;oyfcef;twGuf” vwfvwfqwfqwf ypf owfI&,laom tabmf&D*sif;tavmif;&Sd usnfpH'%f&mudk rnfuJhodk‹ydwf&rnfhenf;udkyg a&;om;xm;ayonf?

*smrefvlrsdK;tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D (vlrJwdk‹.aorif;wrefewforD;[ktrnf&aom)trmvD 'D ,ufx&pfonf/ jywdkufrsm;wGif &kyfvkH;oGif;jyoxm;&ef tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk ypfowfay; &ef -opaw;vsblwm&kHydkif&Sifrsm;udk iSm;&ef;cJhavonf? r-umrD olrtm; -opaw;vsEdkifiH rS ESifxkwfjcif;cH&aomfvnf;/ tenf;qkH; oltvdk&Sdaom"gwfcGJcef;erlemwpfck olESifhtyg,l oGm;EdkifcJhavonf?

e,l;aqmufa0;jynfe,frS omoemjyKwpfOD;u/ jrif;pD;ykvdwfrsm;u tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK; a,mufsm; rdef;r cav;rsm;tygt0if tajrmuftjrm;udk vdkufvHypfowfonfudk awG‹&SdI t vGefxdwfvef‹oGm;cJhavonf? OD;acgif;tvkH; 40 udktdk;-uD;wGif xnfhjyKwfI taumif;qkH; 10 vkH;udka&G;,lum aocsmpGmxkyfI EdkifiHjcm;odk‹ ydk‹-uonf?35

tabmf&D*sif;rsm;udk rsdK;jzKwfonfhvkyf&yfonf 20 &mpkESpfwGif qufvufaqmif &Guf-uonf? rsdK;jzKwfenf;rsdK;pkHtokH;jyK-uonfhteuf/ wpfenf;rSm tabmf&D*sif;cav; rsm;udk olwdk‹.rdbrsm;vufxJrS vk,ljcif;jzpfonf? 1997 ckESpf {jyDv 28&ufae‹xkwf zDvm'JvfzD;,m;ae‹pOfowif;pmwGif tmvifaomef[D;vfa&;om;aom owif;aqmif; yg;wpfyk'fygcJh.?

tabmf&D*sif;tdrfaxmifpkuzrf;qD;jcif;udk tao;pdwfjyefajymjyonf atyDowif;/ = /-opaw;vsEdkifiH taemufajrmufydkif;oJuEWm&wGif aexdkif-uaom tabmf&D*sif;wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹.cav;rsm;udk rD;aoG;r+ef‹jzifh wpfudk,fvkH;vdrf;xm;I tpdk;& vlr+zlvkHa&;t&m&Sdrsm;u zrf;qD;oGm;jcif;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef vkHjcKHonfhae&mrsm;Y0Sufxm;-u onf? “vlr+zlvkHa&;vkyfom;rsm;u awG‹wJhae&mrSm zrf;vdkuf-uw,f?”[k tzrf;cH&aom cav;wpfa,mufu aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm-umjrihfjyD;aemufwGif jyefvnfajymjy.? “u|Ekfyf wdk‹&JhrdbaqGrsdK;wdk‹u/ rD;aoG;awGvdrf;jyD; 0Sufxm;avh&Sd-uw,f?” [kajymjyayonf?

i,f&G,fpOfb0wGif tcdk;cHcJh&aom EGm;arG;jrLa&;jcHtvkyform;wpfa,mufu/ “us aemhudk rlvmblvfvmudk ac:oGm;-uw,f? usaemfwdk‹tm;vkH; touf 5ESpf 6ESpfavmufbJ

48

&Sd-uao;w,f?”[k jyefajymjyonf? ol‹tjzpfrSm/ “tcdk;cHcJh-u&aomvl‹oufwef;”pkHprf;a&; tpDtpOft&/ -opaw;vs vl‹tcGifhta&;ESifhwef;wlcGifhaumfrD&Sifu -um;emcJh&onfha-u uGJbG,ftjzpftysufaygif; axmifaygi;frsm;pGmteufrS wpfckomjzpfayonf? 1920 ckESpfrS pI 1970 ckESpftxd tabmf&D*sif;cav;aygif; 100000 ausmf olwdk‹.rdbrsm; vufxJrS cdk;,lvk,ljcif;cHcJh-u&onf? tom;ta&mif azsmhonfhcav;rsm;udk vljzLtdrfaxmifpkrsm; odk‹arG;pm;&eftyfESH-uI/ tom;rJaomcav;rsm;udkrl rdbrJha*[mwGif xm;-uonf?36

,QKtcsdefwGifyif/ aumfrD&Sif. “olwdk‹udk tdrfodk‹jyefac:vmcJhjcif;”[laomtpD&if cHpmwGif/ oufaocHolwdk‹u rdrdwdk‹. trnf&if;udkaz:rjy0ef‹avmufatmif/ em-unf; r+u &Sdaeao;onf? ukvor*~.owfrSwfcsuft&/ tpdk;&tm%mydkifwdk‹.vkyf&yf onf/ vlrsdK;jzKwfpDrHudef;tqifh&Sdonf[k aumfrD&Sifuqdkonf? xdktwif;zrf;,lcdk;0Suf jcif;cH&aomcav;rsm;twGuf oufqdkifolwdk‹u avsmfa-u;aiGrsm; ay;aqmifEdkif&ef ckH&kH; tzGJ‹ zGJ‹pnf;I ppfaq;&ef aumfrD&Sifuawmif;qdkaomfvnf;/ tpdk;&u jiif;y,fxm;ay onf?

u|Efkyfwdk‹odcJh-ujyD;onfhtwdkif;/ xdkuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfhvkyf&yfrsm;/ tkyfpk vdkufowfjzwfr+rsm;/ &ufpufr+/ &dkif;pdkif;r+ESifh rsdK;jzKwfr+rsm;udk 'g0if0g'pmwrf;rsm;u “obm0.a&G;cs,fr+”/ “touf&Sifjcif;twGuf wdkufcdkufr+”ESifh “toifhawmfqkH; vufa&G;pOf. &Sifoefr+twGuf”ponfhtqdkrsm;jzifh w&m;0ifjyKay;xm;onf?

,if;uJhodk‹ -opawvswdkuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm; cHpm;cJhcHpm;ae-u&aom ysufpD; jcif;ab;'kuQtaygif;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'u wurBmvkH;odk‹,laqmifvmaom ysufpD;,dk ,Gif;jcif;ab;'kuQtaygif;. tenf;i,faom tydkif;r#om±Sdaeao;onf?

tdkwmbif*g 'g0ifu ola&;aom rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufjcif; pmtkyfwGif/ vlom;rsm;onf arsmufrsm;rSqif;oufzGH‹jzdK;vmonf[k wifjyonfhae‹rSpI/ xdkZmwfvrf;udk axmufcH rnfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;udk &SmazGonfhvkyfief;onfvnf; pwifcJhavonf? odk‹aomf vnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DtcsdKŒu ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;omr[kwfbJ “arsmufwpf0uf vlwpf 0uf”owW0grsm;onfvnf;/ urBmhae&ma'otajrmuftjrm;wGif toufxif&Sm;&SdaeOD; rnf[k ,kH-unf-u.? 20 &mpkESpftpOD;ydkif;wGif “-um;wGifaysmufaeaomtquft pyf”udk &SmazGjcif;u ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ±kdif;pdkif;onfh vkyf&yfrsm;. ta-umif;&if; jzpfcJhayonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf ypf*rDvlrsdK; tdkwmbif*g. Zmwfvrf;onf wpfcktyg t0ifjzpf.?

tdkwmbif*gudk 1904 ckESpfwGif qJjrL&,f Agemac:aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D okawoeynm±SifwpfOD;u uGef*dkEkdifiHwGif zrf; qD;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? Ttmz&duwdkif;&if;om;.trnf tdkwmbif *gonf olwdk‹.pum;t& “rdwfaqG”[laomt"dy`g,f&I/ cav; ESpfa,muf&Sdaom tdrfaxmifonfwpfa,mufjzpf.? odk‹aomf vnf; ol‹udkwd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ avSmifcsdKifhwGif;Y oH-udK;ESifhcsnf xm;um tar&duefEdkifiHodk‹ydk‹vdkufonf? tar&duefEdkifiHodk‹ a&mufaomtcg/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u pdef‹vl0pfurBmhjyyGJ wGif “vlom;rsm;ESifh teD;qkH;tquftpyf”tjzpf jyoxm;onf? xdk‹aemuf ESpfESpf-umaomtcg e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ&Sdb&Gef‹Zl;ac: wd&

tdkwmbif*g

49

pm>ef&kHwGif csifyefZDarsmuf tenf;i,ftjyif/ 'dkifemac:a*:&Dvmarsmuf0HESifh 'dk[eftrnf &Sd O&efOwefarsmuf0Hwdk‹ESifhtwl/ “vlom;wdk‹. a&S;tusqkH;bdk;ab;owW0grsm;”tjzpf jyoxm;avonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D wd&pm>ef&kHn$ef-um;a&;rSL; a'gufwm0DvD,H wDa[mf eDa';u xdkodk‹aom “aysmufuG,faeonfhtquftpyf”udk ydkifqdkifxm;cGifh&&Sdjcif;twGuf vGefpGm*k%f,lrda-umif; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ajymusef&pfcJhavonf? xdkwd&pm>ef&kHa&muf vlxkuvnf; tdkwmbif*gudk wd&pm>efwpfaumiftjzpf qufqHcJh-uavonf?

xdktcsdefuxkwfa0cJhaom e,l;a,mufwdkif;rf owif;pmwGif wd&pm>ef&kHodk‹vm a&mufvnfywfonfhvlwdk‹. qufqHykHudk az:jyxm;avonf?

wd&pm>ef&kHodk‹ we*FaEGae‹wGif vlaygif; 40000 oGm;a&mufvnfywf-uonf? cav;vl-uD; rdef;ra,mufsm;tm;vkH;vdkvdkyif/ arsmuf&kHrSZmwfvdkufudk -unfh-uonf? xdkZmwfvdkufrSm tmz&duwdkufrS vl&kdif;wpfaumifjzpf.? uGif;jyifwGif waeukef atmfvdkuf[pfvdkufESifh 0dkif;vdkuf-uonf? wcsdKŒu ol.eH&dk;udk xdk;-unfh-uonf? wcsdKŒu ol‹udk ajcuvdrfydkif;-u onf? tm;vkH;uvnf; 0dkif;&,f-uonf?37

1906 ckESpf pufwifbmv 17 &ufae‹xkwf e,l;a,muf*sme,f u xdkuJhodk‹vkyf jcif;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk oufaojy&eftwGufjzpfaomfvnf; -uD;us,faomrw&m;jcif; ESifh &ufpufjcif;jzpfonf[k atmufygtwdkif; az:jycJhavonf?

Tvlwdk‹onf/ pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;uif;rJhpGm tmz&duwdkufrS vlykwpfa,mufudk arsmuf avSmifcsdKifhwGif jyoxm;-uonf? olwdk‹.tawG;t& -uD;us,faomtDAdkvl;&Sif; oifcef;pm wpfckudk pGJjrJpGmrSwfom;Edkifapvdk-u[efwlygonf?

odk‹aomfvnf;/ &&SdonfhtajzrSm TvljzLEdkifiHrS oem;-uifemjcif;u&k%mw&m;jzifh -unfh±+ xm;oifhaomfvnf;/ xdkr#avmuf&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm xm;&Sdjcif;onf/ tmz&duwdkuf vlrsdK;rsm;udk apmfum;jcif;om jzpfayonf?===u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk pdwfcHpm;r+&Sdjcif;ESifh 0dnmOfudk ay;xm;aomtiftm;-uD;u zefqif;xm;I uHqdk;ojzifh udk,fcE<mrzHG‹jzdK;onfh vlom;wpfOD;

50

udk arsmufrsm;ESifhtwl avSmifcsdKifhwGifxnfhxm;jyD; vltrsm;udk jypm;-ujcif;onf tvGef &SufzG,faumif;aom vkyf&yfomv#ifjzpfayonf?38

e,l;a,mufa'vDx&DjAGef;uvnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ta-umif;az:jy&eftwGuf tdkwm bif*gudk wd&dpm>ef&kHwGif jy-uonfhta-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;avonf? 'g0if0g'Dwd&pm>ef&kHn$ef-um;a&;rSL;. tifrwefpOf;vJaumuf-upfaomtajzudk ay;cJh avonf?

vGefcJhonfhtygwfwGif e,l;a,mufwd&pm>ef&kHY tmz&duwdkufrS ypf*rDvlrsdK;wpfa,mufudk O&efOwefarsmuf0Hrsm;ESifhtwl avSmifcsdKifhtwGif;xnfhI jyoxm;onfhudpPESifhywfoufI vltawmfrsm;rsm; a0zef-u.? tcsdKŒyk*~dKvfrsm;.tqdkt&/ wd&pm>ef&kHn$ef-um;a&;rSL; atmf ema';u eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh arsmufrsm;t-um;qufpyfr+udk jyo&efjzpfonf[kqdkonf? a'gufwmatmfema';u ,if;pGyfpGJcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkufonf? “wu,fvdk‹ tJ'Dvlykuav; u avSmifcsdKifhxJrSm&Sdae&if/ ol‹twGuf toufomqkH;tajctaejzpfygw,f?”[k a'gufwm atmfema';uqdk.? “usaemfwdk‹u ol‹udkb,fvdkxm;&r,fqdkwmrodbJjzpfaeygw,f? ol‹udk vrf;ay:rSm v$wfxm;r,fqdk&if b,folurS *&kpdkufjyD;-unfhrSmr[kwfbl;vdk‹awmh b,folurSajymrSmr[kwfbl;vdk‹xifygw,f?” [kqufvufajymygonf?39

tdkwmbif*gudk wd&pm>efwpfaumiftvm;/ a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Hrsm;ESifhtwl avSmif tdrfwGifjyoxm;jcif;onf todkif;t0dkif;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk pdwfrtDrom jzpfapcJh.? tzGJ‹tpnf;cyfrsm;rsm;u tm%mydkifrsm;tm; xdkvkyf&yfudk&yfwef‹&ef awmif;qdkcJh-u onf? olwdk‹.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif/ tdkwmbif*gonf vlom;ppfppfjzpfa-umif;/ ol‹ tm; xdkuJhodk‹vkyfjcif;onf tifrwef&ufpuf-urf;-uKwf&ma&mufa-umif; ponfjzifh az: jy-uavonf? xdkawmif;qdkcsufpmrsm;teuf 1906 ckESpf pufwifbmv 12 &ufae‹ xkwf e,l;a,muf*vkwf owif;pmyg pmwpfapmifrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.?

The Globe t,f'Dwmodk‹/

vl-uD;rif;cifAsm;/= u|Efkyfawmiftmz&duwGif ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaexdkifcJhygonf? xdk‹ a-umifh vlrJeD*&dk;rsm;udkrESpfoufvSyg? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹onfvlom;rsm;jzpfonfudk ,kH -unfygonf? Tr#-uD;us,fvSaomjrdKŒawmf-uD;. tm%mydkifrsm;u Bronx Park rSjrif uGif;jzpfonfh eD*&dk;a,mufsm;uav;wpfa,mufudk arsmufrsm;ESifhtwl jyoxm;jcif;udk cGifh jyKxm;jcif;onf &Sufp&maumif;onf[kxifygonf?

Typf*rDvkyf&yfwpfckvkH;udk pkHprf;ppfaq;oifhygonf?

at tm&f tD

e,l;a,muf/ pufwifbmv 12&ufae‹?40

tdkwmbif*gudk vlom;wpfa,muftjzpfqufqH&ef awmif;qdkaom aemufxyf av#mufv$mwpfapmifonfvnf; atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.?

vlom;ESifharsmufwdk‹udk jyojcif;udk omoemh"rRq&mu uef‹uGufonf?

"rRq&ma'gufwm ruftmomu xdkjyuGufonf ,kwfnHhaomvkyf&yfjzpfonf[k jrif.?

“TjyuGufudk tpDtpOfvkyfolonf ol‹udk,fol xdktmz&duom;.tqifhodk‹edrfhusaponf [k a'gufwmruftmomuajym.? “Tvli,fav;udk wd&pm>eftjzpfjyKvkyfxm;rnfh tpm;/ ol‹udk bk&m;ocifuay;aom tpGrf;tprsm;udk zGH‹jzdK;apatmif pmoifausmif;wGif tyf xm;oifhygonf?”

51

a'gufwm*Dvfbwfuvnf;/ xdkjyuGufonf a'goxGufp&mjzpfaeojzifh olESifhtwl tjcm; "rRq&mrsm;tm; a'gufruftmomESifhyl;aygif;I ‚if;awmom;vlrJuav;udk arsmufavSmif tdrfrSxkwfI tjcm;ae&mwGifxm;&ef aqmif&Gufrnf[k ajymqdk.?41

tufpuDrdkrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'usifhokH;jcif;

1897=ckESpfwGif emrnfausmftmwdwfpuf0dkif;okawoeynm&Sif a&mbwfyD,m&Donf ajrmuf0if&dk; pGef; tufpuDrdkvlrsdK;tcsdKŒudk e,l;a,mufjrdKŒodk‹ac:aqmifvmcJhavonf? xdktkyfpkxJwGif ti,fqkH; rSm rDepftrnf&Sduav;i,fwpfa,mufvnf; ol.zcifESifhtwl ygvmcJh.? olwdk‹udk tar&duef obm0ordkif;jywdkufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jyoxm;cJh-uonf? rDepf.zcifrSm emzsm;rusef; jzpfI aoqkH;oGm;&m rDepfrSm tumtuG,fr&Sd e,l;a,mufjrdKŒwGif wpfudk,fwnf;txD;xD;usef&pfcJh&Sm onf? wpfae‹wGif ol‹taz.tavmif;t&dk;pkudk tar&duefobm0ordkif;jywdkufwGif “rsdK;pdwfrsm; .erlemwpfck”tjzpf jyoxm;onfudk awG‹cJhavonf? ol‹zcif.&kyftavmif;t&dk;pkudk jyefawmif; aomfvnf; jywdkuft&m&Sdrsm;u jiif;qefcJhavonf?

rDepf.b0vrf;a-umif;wGif rSwfom;oifhonfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm xdktufpuDrdkwdk‹udk e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ okd‹ac:aqmifvmcJhonfhokawoeynm&Sifjzpfaom a&mbwfyD,m&Donf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrif&Sdol wpfOD;jzpfonfhtcsuf jzpf.? olonf tufpuDrdkwdk‹ESifhtwl aexdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ olwdk‹udk olESifh wef;wlonf[k rxifcJhacs? yD,m&D.tqdkt&/ tufpuDrdkESifh eD*&dk;wdk‹onf tqifhedrfhaom vlrsdK; rsm;jzpfonf[kqdk.? olwdk‹onf usef;rmoefpGrf;I/ Om%fxufjruf-uum olwdk‹.tdrfaxmifpkudk aumif;rGefpGm &SmazGa-uG;arG;Edkif-uaomfvnf;/ vljzLrsm;avmuf raumif;acs? wpfcsdefu olonf atmufygtwdkif; ,kwfrmpGma&;om;cJhbl;.? “u|Ekfyfudk vlawGu = tufpuDrdkrsm;onf urBm-uD; twGuf rnfodk‹tokH;us-uygoenf;[k r-umc%ar;-uygonf? olwdk‹onf pD;yGm;a&;t& bmrSt okH;rus-uyg? aemufxyfwpfcku olwdk‹rSm &nfrSef;csuf[lI r&Sd-uyg? olwdk‹.oufwef;udk ajr acG;twdkif;bJ wefbdk;xm;-uonf? ‚if;onfolwdk‹&JhADZrSvmaom trltusifhawGjzpfygonf?” xdk tufpuDrdk ajcmufa,mufudk e,l;a,mufjrdKŒodk‹ tb,fha-umifhac:aqmifvmcJhoenf;? xdktufpuDrdk wdk‹onfvnf; ol,Qifu pkaqmif;,liifcJhaomt&dk;pkerlemuJhodk‹ rsdK;pkerlemtjzpfac:vmjcif;omjzpf ygvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkt&dk;pkrsm;xuf ydkIpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfrSm olwdk‹. udk,fwGif;Y aoG;pD;aeao;jcif;yifjzpfayonf?

ol‹rSm olod-uGrf;aom tufpuDrdkwdk‹. tavmif;udk pGJvrf;wwfonfhOyg'gef vnf;&Sdao;onf? xdktufuDrdkwdk‹. tavmif;rsm; ocsõKif;xJwGifrykwfodk; ukefrD xkwf,l&Sif;vif;I t&dk;pkrsm;udk e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ jywdkufwGif wefqm qif xm;&ef ,laqmifvmcJh.?

rDepf/ tdkwmbif*gtjyif trnfrod aomtjcm;vlaygif;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf;/ “tqifhedrfhaom” vlom; rsm;udk &SmazGae-uonfh odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹ . vlrqefaom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm jyKusifh jcif;udk cHcJh-u&.?

52

TuJhodk‹vlrqefaomvkyf&yfwdk‹. aemufqkH;tajzrSm/ tdkwmbif*gu ol‹udk,f ol owfaovdkufonfhtjzpfoma&mufcJhavonf? Tae&mwGif vlom;wpfa,muf. toufqkH;±+H;jcif;xuf jy\emydkI-uD;rm;ayonf? Ttjzpftysufonfyif/ 'g0if0g'D wdk‹u &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfI &dkif;pdkif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk vufawG‹usifhokH;-ua-umif; xif &Sm;onfh Oyrmwpfckjzpfaeayonf?

vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwfaepdwfxm;OmOf qufvuf&Sdaeao;I/

'g0ifxHrStiftm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf?

53

tqifhjrifhjcif;onf aoG;rSrvm/ trltusifhrSvm. vlom;rsm;onf/ wd&pm>efrS wpfqifhjyD;wpfqifh wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vmI/ tcsdKŒvlrsdK; rsm;onf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+ jyD;jynfhpkHum/ tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;rSm wd&pm>efrsm;ESifheD;pyfaeao;o jzifh vl‹ordkif;wGif ysufpD;r+udkom aqmifusOf;ay;onf[k 'g0ifu wifjyxm;avonf? 'g0if.TowfrSwfcsufudk vufcHolwdk‹onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk -uifemoem;jcif; uif; rJhum &ufpufpGmzdESdyfEdSrfeif;-uayonf? olwdk‹udk tcufcJqkH;b0wGif aexdkifapI/ rsdK; jzKwfowfjzwfonftxd jyKusifh-uayonf?

&J&ifhaomurBmopfrsm;[kt"dy`g,f&onfh Brave New Worlds pmtkyfudka&;om; ol b&dkif;tJyJvf,m'fu vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;wGif udef;atmif;aeonfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf aompdwfaepdwfxm;ESifh/ ‚if;rS&&Sdaomtajzrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf[k az:jy xm;.?

vlwdk‹u oifhtm;rnfonfhta-umif;jycsufESifhrqdk/ t,loD;r+jzifhjzpfap/ odyH`enf;jzifhjzpfap/ tqifhydkedrfhaomowW0gjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ oifhtay:wGifjyKusifhrnfh &ufpufr+rsm;onf twdkif;twmr&SdbJjzpfvdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGmjyKusifh vdkufjcif;udkvnf; tjynfht0w&m;onf[k,lqvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf tjcm;vl om;wpfa,mufudk tqifhedrfhonf[k ,kH-unfjcif;onf xdkoludk raumif;/ tEW&m,f&Sdonf/ odk‹r[kwf tqifhydkjrifhaomowW0gudk tEW&m,fay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqjcif;xuf tenf;i,f tqifhjrifhjcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹u xdk‘tqifhedrfhaom’olwdk‹onf vlom; avmuwpfckvkH;. usef;rmoefpGrf;r+ESifhtoufudk tEW&m,fjyKvdrfhrnf[kyif 0g;vkH;&Snf &ef;jcKHIowfrSwf-uayvdrfhrnf? xdk‹aemuf oif;uGyfjcif;/ vufxyfjcif;udk uef‹owfjcif; rsm;jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf? vlom;rsdK;pkudk wdkufcdkufrnfhtEW&m,fESifh tqifhjrifholvlom;wdk‹. *k%foduQmudk umuG,fonf[k ta-umif;jy&if; owfjzwfr+yifvkyf-uvdrfhrnf?42

odk‹aomfvnf;/ vlom;tm;vkH;udk nDwlnDr#zefqif;xm;ayonf? vlwdkif;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf(xm0&bk&m;ocif)u zefqif;xm;onf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf u vlom;rsm;udk zefqif;jcif;ESifhywfoufI Todk‹a-ujimxm;.?

t-uift&Sifjrwfonf rdrdzefqif;awmfrlcJhaomt&m0wˆKwdkif;udk aumif;rGefpGm jyKvkyfzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? ‚if;jyif xdkt&Sifjrwfonf vlom;tm; zefqif;jcif; udk ±$HŒnGefjzifh tpjyKawmfrlcJh.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf xdkvlom;. tquftEG,fwdk‹udk n‡pfxkwfxm;aom tzdk;rwefaoma&jzifh jyKvkyfzefqif; awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;tm; aexm;usepGm jyKvkyfawmf rlI ‚if;(. cE<mudk,ftwGif;)Y rdrdtxHawmfrS toufZD0defudk r+wfoGif;awmfrl cJh.? (pl&mtvfp*sf'[f 32;7=9)?

txufyg tm,ofawmfrsm;twdkif;/ vlom;rsm;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfr+wf oGif;ay;xm;aom toufZD0def0dnmOfudk aqmifxm;-uayonf? vlom;wdkif; vlrsdK;r a&G; pOf;pm;jcif;/ tm&kHcHpm;jcif;/ cspfjcif;/ emusifjcif;udkcHpm;jcif;/ pdwfv+yf&Sm;jcif;/ cspf jcif;arwWmw&m;udk od&Sdjcif;/ oem;-uifem *&k%mw&m;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹&Sd.? vlom; wdkif;onf Edkifvdkrif;xufzdESdyfn‡Of;yef;jcif;/ txifao;yrmrxm;jcif;/ tcuftcJ&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udkvnf; od.? xdk‹a-umifh/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;onf wd&pm>efwpf0ufowW0gjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfI wpfOD;OD;avmufudkyif ESdyfpufuvl jyKyg u/ xdkodk‹jyKusifhol/ usL;vGefol/ zdESdyfol/ acgif;ykHjzwfolESifh rrSefruefvkyf-uHxm;aom

54

oufaoom"ursm;jyI axmufcHtm;ay;olwdk‹onf olwdk‹rodaomfvnf; -uD;us,faom jypfr+i&Judk usL;vGefjcif;yif jzpfayonf?

u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhpmv#if ,Ofaus;r+t& acwfaemufus aeao;aom vlrsdK;rsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? olwdk‹tm;vkH;onf vlom;.t*FgvuQ%mrsm; tm;vkH;jynfhpkHpGm&Sd-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; urBmudkpdk;rdk;aeonfh enf;ynmESifh,Ofaus;r+ydkif; wGif avsmhenf;r+&Sdae-uonf? olwdk‹aexdkifonfht&yfa'. obm0tajctaeESifh &moD Owkt&/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk‹onf usefwdk;wufaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;,Ofaus; r+trsm;pkwdk‹ESifha0;uGmvsuf&Sd-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹wpfOD;csif;wGif vlom; wdk‹. t*Fg&yfrsm;/ xkH;wrf;"avhrsm;/ tusifhpm&dwWrsm;ESifh jynfhpkH-uayonf? rorm onfh&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;cJGjcm;jcif;wGif tjrwfxkwfEdkifr+udk tm;usvufcHol rsm;onf/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk pdwf0ifpm;pGmzufvJwuif;vufcHI/ xdkuJhodk‹aom tjcm;vl om;rsm;ESifhjcm;em;jcif;r&Sdolrsm;udk/ edrfhusonfhvlrsdK;rsm;[lIvnf;aumif;/ ,kwfpGtqkH; wd&pm>efrsm;jzpfonf[lIvnf;aumif; owfrSwf-u.? xdktjrifa-umifh/ ,ae‹vuf&Sd acwfwGifyif/ acwfaemufusaeao;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk vlom;tjzpfvkHavmufpGmzGH‹ jzdK;r+r&Sdao;aomowW0grsm;jzpfonf[k zdESdyfpufqkyfolrsm;vnf; ay:aygufaeao;.?

odk‹aomfvnf; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;jcif;udk vkH;0wm;jrpfxm;.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wdkif;udkzefqif;xm;jyD;/ rwlnDuGJjym;aomtom;ta&mif ESifh ajymqdkaombmompum;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfay:aponf? ,if;onfuyif tv†m[ft&Sif jrwf. zefqif;jcif;.tEkynmESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;jcif;udk jyqdkjcif;jzpfayonf? uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfwGif/

xdkrSwyg; xdkt&Sifjrwf.oufaovuQ%mawmfrsm;teufrSyif rdk;aumif;uif rsm;ESifh yx0Dajrudk zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk‹. bmomp um;ESifh taoG;ta&mifwdk‹ uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ pifppfTonf ynm&Sdokcrdefwdk‹tzdk‹ trSefyifoufaovuQ%mrsm;onf &Sdacsonf? (pl&mt&f&l;rf 30;22)

tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tjrifwGif vlwpfOD;.tqifhjrifhjcif;onf/ xdkol. tusifh pm&dwWaumif;rGefjcif;/ tjypf'kp&dkuftm;vkH;ESifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudkykefuefjcif;/ t usifhpm&dwWysufjym;jcif;ESifhaoGznfjcif; ponfwdk‹udk a&SmifusOfjcif;tjyif/ t&Sifjrwfudk c0wfqnf;uyfjcif;w&m;"rRESifhjynfhpkHjcif;rsm;tay:wGif rlwnf.? xdkt&Sifjrwfudk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fr+ESifh w&m;"rRudkvdkufemusifh-uHoDvaqmufwnfr+uvGJI tjcm;rnf onfht&murS jrifhjrwfjcif;tqifhudk r&±SdEdkifacs? TtcsufESifhywfoufI uk&ftmef usrf;awmfjrwfwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.?

tdk=vlcyfodrf;wdk‹/ {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tm; a,mufsm;wpf a,muf/ rdef;rwpfa,mufrS pwifzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹jyif igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; cGJjcm;odjrifrSwfrd-utHhaomiSm vlrsdK;pkt oD;oD;/ rsdK;EG,ftoG,foG,fjyKvkyfawmfrlcJh.? {uefpifppf toifwdk‹teufrS (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;) ta-umuf&GHŒqkH;/ tjypfrsm;rS trsm;qkH; -uOfa&Smifol omv#if tv†m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfY tjrifhjrwfqkH;aomoljzpf.? pifppfwpf rlum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf todawmfrlqkH;/ t-um;awmfrlqkH;t&Sif jzpfawmf rlayownf;? (pl&mtvf[k*s&mwf 49;13)

55

aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh [pfwvmwdk‹t-um; r[mrdwf

emZD0g'onf yxrurBmppfwGif ppf±+H;ojzifh &kwf&if;qefcwf ±+wfaxG;ae

onfh *smr%DEdkifiHY pwifay:aygufcJh.? ygwDacgif;aqmifrSm tvGefa'go-uD;I &efvdk aom tma'ghzf[pfwvmjzpfonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf [pfwvm. tajccHurBmhtjrif jzpfavonf? [pfwvmu/ *smr%DEdkifiH. t"duvlrsdK;jzpfonfh tm&d,efvlrsdK;onf usefvlrsdK;rsm;tm;vkH;xuf jrifhjrwftqifhjrifhojzifh xdkolwdk‹udk tkyfpdk;&rnfhvlrsdK;jzpf onf[k ,kH-unfonf? olu tm&d,efvlrsdK;onf urBmhtifyg,mudk wnfaxmifI ESpfaygif; wpfaxmif pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k pdwful;,OfcJhavonf?

[pfwvmu ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;oDtdk&DtwGuf 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk odyH`enf;usaxmufcHay;rnfhoDtdk&Dtjzpf awG‹&Sdavonf?

[pfwvm.ta&;-uD;qkH;tawG;tac:ykHpHoGif;ay;ol *smrefvlrsdK;ordkif;ynm&Sif [if;&dcsf AGef x&pfcsfauonf 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tvGef-udKufESpfoufojzifh 'g0if. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifrsm;ay:wGif tajccHIykHpHoGif;avonf? olu “'g0if. toifhawmfqkH;olu toufqufvuf±Sifonf [laomtqdktwdkif;/ EdkifiHrsm;onf &kef‹ &if;-urf;wrf;pGm,SOfjydKif-urSomv#if wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;Edkifonf?”[kajymavh&Sd.? qdkvdk&if; rSm rqkH;EdkifaomppfyGJrsm;wdkufcdkuf-u&rnf? ol‹tjrifonf “'g;jzifhpdk;rdk;jcif;onf ,Of aus;r+acwfudk &dkif;pdkif;r+odk‹ac:aqmifjcif;jzpfI/ todynmudk ynmrJhjcif;odk‹ac:aqmif jcif;yifjzpfayonf?” ol.tawG;wGif “vl0grsm;onf tEkynmtpGrf;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vGwf vyfr+udk rodem;rvnf-uacs? vlrJrsm;.b0uH-urRmonf vljzLrsm;udk tusdK;aqmif -u&efomjzpfI/ vljzLrsm;. xm0pOfpufqkyfjcif;ypfrSwfjzpf-uonf?”43

[pfwvmu ol.oDtdk&DtawG;tac:rsm;udk -uHqaecsdefwGif/ x&pfcsfauuJhodk‹ yif 'g0if. touf&Sifa&;twGufwdkufcdkuf&rnf[laomtawG;tac:udk ul;,lvsuf&Sd .? trnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;aom Mein Kampf (u|Ekfyf. &kef;uefr+)[kac:aom ol. pmtkyfonf touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&rnf[laomtawG;tac:. aphaqmfr+t rsm;qkH;yg0ifayonf? 'g0ifuJhodk‹yif [pfwvmonfvnf; Oa&mywdkufom;r[kwfaom vlrsdK;wdk‹udk arsmuftqifhYom xm;.? “aemf'pf*smrefvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,fxm;vdkufygu/ urBm-uD;wGif arsmuf0Hrsm;uckefaejcif;omusefayonf?”[k [pfwvmuqdk.?44

1933 ckESpf EL&ifbg*fjrdKŒygwDtiftm;jyyGJwGif/ [pfwvmu “tqifhjrifhaomvl rsdK;u tqifhedrfhwJhvlrsdK;udk vufatmufcHtjzpfoGwfoGif;&w,f? 'Dtcsufudk odyH`ynm rSmtajccHxm;jyD;wJhtcsufjzpfvdk‹ obm0uay;wJhtcGifhta&;jzpfw,f?”[k a-unmcJh .?45

tm&d,HvlrsdK;rsm;. tqifhjrifhjcif;udk ,kH-unfonfh [pfwvmonf/ xdktqifh jrifhjcif;onf obm0uay;aomtcGifhta&;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf.? Mein Kampf pm tkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;ayonf?

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TtcsufwGif emZD ygwD0ifwdk‹onf 'g0if0g' udk vufawG‹usifhokH;jcif; jzpfayonf? “vlom;oef‹ pifa&;0g'”onf 'g0if0g' rStpysdK;vmjcif;jzpfonf?

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58

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*smreDEdkifiHwGif/ vlom;oef‹pifa&;oDtdk&DudkvufcH,kH-unfI jzef‹jzL;olonf t vGefausmf-um;aom ZD0aA'ynm&Sif tmef;a[uJvfjzpfonf? a[uJvfonf 'g0ifudk axmufcHtm;ay;aom rdwfaqG&if;jzpfonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk axmufcHonfhtae jzifh "recapitulation" “jyefvnfaygif;pnf;jcif;”tqdkudk wifoGif;avonf? ol.tqdk wGif owW0grsm;tm;vkH;. oaE<om;avmif;wdk‹onf wpfckESifhwpfck qifwl-uonf[k qdkonf? aemifwGif a[uJvfu xdktqdkudk wif;oGif;&eftwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk vkyf-uHzefwD;cJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; awG‹&Sd&.?

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59

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a[uJvfonf 1919 ckESpfwGif aoqkH;.? odk‹aomfvnf; ol.tawG;tac:rsm; udk emZDwdk‹u tarGqufcHvdkufonf? [pfwvmtm%m&jyD; r-umrDtwGif; vlom;oef‹ pifa&;tpDtpOfudk pwiftaumiftxnfaz:awmhonf? [pfwvmu xdkay:vDpDopfudk atmufyg0gusrsm;jzifh twdkcsKH;xm;cJhavonf?

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60

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61

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62

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= bdkacsmhwGif wl&uDvBuf&nfqdkifESifh avbmEGefom;rsm;aexdkifonfh wdkufudk rD;±+dŒojzifh vl 14 OD;'%f&m&I wpfOD;rSmjyif;xefaom'%f&m&&Sd.?

= *smreDEdkifiH ta&SŒydkif;&Sd cJsrfepfZfjrdKŒwGif tD&mufvlrsdK; touf 7 v&Sd cav;i,fudk ajray: odk‹aygufcsvdkufojzifh cav;i,f.rsufESmonf aumifu&pf-urf;jyifESifh&dkufrd&mwGif '%f&mjyif;xefpGm&&SdoGm;.?

r-umao;rDu xdk‹xuf,kwfywfaomtjyKtrlrsm;&Sdao;onf? 'g0if. wl&uD vlrsdK;rsm;tay:rkef;wD;&efvdkr+udk olwdk‹.a±SŒaqmifvrf;jytjzpf,lI/ 1992=ckESpf Edk0if bmvwGif rdkvfjrdKŒwGif wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tm;0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf-uonf? aemif 1993=ck ESpfwGif eDtdkemZDwdk‹u qdkvif*sifjrdKŒY wl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹udk rD;±+dŒowfjzwf-uonf?77

owif;pmrsm;uvnf; “Twdkufcdkufr+onf emZDacwfaemufydkif;wGif tjyif;xefqkH;aom pkaygif;pnf;&kH;wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf?”[k a&;om;-uayonf? aemifESpfrsm;wGifvnf; Todk‹aomwdkufcdkufr+ qufvufI jzpfyGm;avonf? wl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹.tdrfrsm;udk rD; wif±+dŒjcif;/ wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk &dkufESufojzifh '%f&m&&Sd-ujcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;onf? *smreD EdkifiHrSmuJhodk‹ a[mfvefEdkifiHwGifvnf; xdkenf;ESifESifjzpfyGm;onf? wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk &nf&G,fI wdkufcdkufaom tjzpftysufwpfckwGif rdef;rwpfa,mufESifh cav;ig;a,muf towfcH&.? wef;pDItokbydk‹&mY yg0ifolrsm;onf q0yfwDum(p-umwHqdyf)ygaom pmrsm;jzifh jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;cH-u&onf?

91

wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufonfh Ttjzpftysufrsm;rSm tcsdKŒomv#ifjzpfyg onf? [pfwvmuJhodk‹aom zufqpf0g'DESifh 'g0ifwdk‹.tarGcHrsm; owfjzwfonfh&mZ 0wfr+rsm;onf qufvufI &Sdaeayonf? TuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfhwdkufcdkufr+rsm;udk Oya't&ta&;,ljcif;wpfrsdK;wnf;jzifhom ukefqkH;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? aocsmaomenf; rSm Oya't&ta&;,lonfhtjyif tawG;tac:t&wdkufppfqifjcif;vnf; yg0if&efvdk tyfayonf? 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk odyH`ynmavmurS jzKwfcsEdkifjcif;r&Sdor#umv ywfvkH; vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf obm0ed,mrwpfckjzpfonf[k ,kH-uolwdk‹. a'goxGuf zG,f&m jyKrlcsufrsm;onfvnf; &yfwef‹oGm;rnfr[kwfay?

92

u|Ekfyfwdk‹r-umao;rDu ausmfvGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftwGif; vlom;wdk‹tm;

t-uD;us,fqkH;aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ESifh qkH;±+H;r+udk ay;aqmifcJhaom/ urBmay:wGif tus,fjyef‹qkH; ysHŒESH‹cJhaomtawG;tac:onf/ uGefjrLepf0g'jzpfa-umif; oHo,jzpfp&m ta-umif;r&Sdacs? ,ae‹tcsdefwGifyif/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufu &k&Sm;EdkifiHESifhoHuef‹vef‹um EdkifiHrsm;ta-umif;ajymygu/ arSmifrdkufjcif;/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;/ toufuif;rJh aomvrf;rrsm;/ cufcJr+ESifha-umuf&GŒHxdwfvef‹r+ponfwdk‹ESifhjynfheufaeaomvl‹tzGJ‹t pnf;ykHudk rsufpdYcsufcsif;ay:vGifvmrnfjzpf.? 1991=ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepf0g'onf ysufpD;ausrGoGm;jyD[k xif-uaomfvnf;/ ‚if;.tu|if;tuseftptersm;rSm ,ae‹txd &Sdaeao;onf? wzufwGif“vGwfajrmufjyD”[kqdkaomfvnf;/ vltrsm;udk bmoma&; ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹rSaoGjznfoGm;aponfh aemifwr&ao;aomuGefjrLepf0g'ESifhrm;ufP 0g'wdk‹.rJarSmifonfhrsufESmu -oZmv$rf;rdk;aeqJjzpfayonf?

wurBmvkH;. axmifhwdkif;odk‹ wkefv+yfajcmufjcm;r+udk jzef‹cJhonfhTtawG;tac: onf/ a&S;ya0oeDutawG;tac:wpfckudk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzpfayonf? xdktawG;tac: onf/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;jzifh trSefw&m;udk&SmazGjcif; (dialectics)jzpfI/ ,if;t awG;tac:t& p-um0VmwpfckvkH;wGif zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+onf yËdyuQjzpfjcif;rSay:ayguf vmonf[kqdk.? TtawG;tac:udktajccHI rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u urBmhordkif;udk qef;ppf-uavonf? rm;ufPu vl‹ordkif;onf xdkyËdyuQrsm;wGifwpfcktygt0ifjzpfI/ vuf&SdyËdyuQrSm tvkyform;rsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;t-um;wGifjzpfaom yËdyuQjzpfonf [k qdkonf? ol.tqdkt& tvkyform;rsm;onf r-umrDtwGif; x-uGv+yf&Sm;vm-ujyD; uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&; pwifvdrfhrnf[k qdkonf?

uGefjrLepf0g'udk wnfaxmifcJholESpfOD;pvkH;wdk‹.txif&Sm;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm/ tjcm; &kyf0g'Drsm;uJhodk‹yif/ bmomt,l0g'udk t-uD;tus,frkef;wD;onfhpdwfxm; arG;-uav onf? rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹ESpfOD;pvkH;onf rdpm>'d@drsm;jzpf-uI/ uGefjrLepf0g'tjrif t&/ bmomt,l0g'tm;vkH;udk zsufqD;ypf&efvdktyfonf[k jrif-u.?

odk‹aomfvnf; rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹onf/ tvGefta&;-uD;onfh csdKŒ,Gif;csufwpf ck&Sdae-uonf? olwdk‹.tawG;tac:udk trsm;vlxkt-udKufawG‹Edkifatmif pnf;&kH;Edkif rnfhtcsufjzpfonfh odyH`enf;qefonfh ykHpHvdktyfae-uonf? r[mtEW&m,f-uD;jzpfI/ ESpfq,f&mpkESpfudk em-unf;bG,f&maom A&rf;Awm±+yfaxG;r+/ tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+/ nDtpfudktcsif;csif;udk &efbufrsm;jzpfapr+/ wuGJwjym;jzpfapr+rsm;jzifhjynfheufaponfh r[mrdwfonf TtcsufrSay:aygufvmcJhavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudk rsdK;pkrsm; pwif ay:aygufjcif; (The Origin of Species) [laompmtkyfwGif wifjyxm;.? ol. wifjyaom tajccHcsufrsm;rSmvnf; rm;uPfESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹&SmazGaeonfh&Sif;vif;csufESifh tHudkufjzpfaeonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfayonf? 'g0ifu/ ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uef-uojzifh ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k wifjyxm;onf? qdkvdk&if;rSm "dialectical conflict"ac: yËdyuQudkqef;ppfjcif;.&vm'fjzpfonf[kqdk onf? xdk‹tjyif zefqif;jcif;udkjiif;y,fI bmomt,l0g'udky,fcsavonf? rm;uPfESifh tif*Jsvfwdk‹twGuf ,if;wifjycsufonf vufv$wfIrjzpfonfh tcGifhaumif;jzpfaeay onf?

95

'g0ifudk rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u csD;-uL;jcif; 'g0ifoDtdk&Donf uGefjrLepf0g'twGuftvGefta&;-uD;ayonf? 'g0if.pmtkyf &dkufxkwfjyD; vaygif;tenf;i,ftwGif; tif*sJvfu rm;ufPodk‹ pmwpfapmifa&;cJh&m “,QKu|Efkyfzwfaeaom 'g0if.pmtkyfonf odyfudkaumif;vGef;ygw,fcifAsm?”78 [k xnfha&;cJh.?

1860=ckESpf 'DZifbmv 19=&ufae‹wGif rm;ufPu tif*sJvfxHodk‹ “'DpmtkyfxJrSm usKyfwdk‹ESpfa,muf&Jh obm0ordkif;tjriftwGuf tajccHawGyg0ifaeygw,f?”[k pm jyefa&;cJhavonf?

rm;uPf.aemufxyfa,mif;&if;wpfOD;jzpfol vmaq;vfodk‹a&;aom 1861=ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 16=&ufae‹pGJygpmwGif “'g0if.pmtkyfonf tvGefta&;ygt&ma&mufyg onf? u|Ekfyftm; vlwef;pm;&kef;uefv+yf&Sm;r+ordkif;twGuf obm0odyH`tajccHudk ay; ygonf?”80[k uGefjrLepf0g'twGuf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.ta&;ygt&ma&mufjcif;udk xkwfaz:xm;ayonf?

rm;ufPu ol.ta&;-uD;qkH; 'g;pfuufyDwmvf (Das Kapital) pmtkyfwGif 'g0iftm;&nfn$ef;I *g&0jyKcJh.? 'g0ifudkay;aom rm;uPf.xdkpmtkyfyxrtapmifwGif rm;ufPuol‹udk,fol t*Fvdyfobm0odyH`ynm&Siftm; “toJESvkH;rScsD;-uL;aeol”[k rSwf csufa&;ay;cJhavonf?81

tif*sJvfuvnf; tjcm;wpfae&mwGif 'g0ifudk csD;-uL;xm;onfudk awG‹&.?

obm0onf 'dkiftmvufwpf(tEkyËdavmr)udkprf;oyfjcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh obm0onf 'dkiftmvufwpftawG;tac:twdkif;jyKrljzpfay:I obm0vGeftiftm;rsm;jzifh

96

jzpfay:jcif;r&Sdacs? TtcsufwGif 'g0ifonf tjcm;olrsm;xuf OD;pGmyxrqkH;awG;awmol jzpfonf[k todtrSwfjyK&ygrnf?82

rmufP0g'. ordkif;tjrif ysufokOf;oGm;jcif; uGefjrLepf0g'udk wnfaxmifcJhaom um;vfrm;uPfonf/ ordkif;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif okH;oyf &mwGif ol‹tay:eufeufeJeJ-oZmoufa&mufcJhaom 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk vdkufzufnD axGr+&Sdatmif n‡dE+dif;jyifqif,lxm;onf? rm;uPf.tqdkt&/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf ordkif; wav#muf tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;jzwfoef;vmcJhI/ xdkajymif;vJaomtqifhrsm;udk owfrSwf ay;aomt*Fg&yfrsm;onf/ ukefxkwfvkyfr+ESifh ukefxkwfvkyfr+t-um;qufoG,fr+rsm;jzpf onf[k qdkonf? Ttjrift& pD;yGm;a&;onf tpp&m&mudk xdef;csKyf.? vl‹ordkif; onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+tqifhrsm;udk jzwfoef;cJh&onf? urBmOD;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ u|ef acwfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ ya'o&mZfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ t&if;&Sifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifh aemufqkH; uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wnf;[laom tqifhrsm;jzpfonf?

odk‹aomfvnf;/ rm;ufP.tqdkjyKcsufjzpfonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhumvydkif;rsm;onf usdK; a-umif;nDnGwfcdkifvkHjcif;r&Sda-umif; jycJhavjyD? ordkif;wGif rnfonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;urS rm;ufPwifjyxm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhrsm;udk jzwfoef;vmjcif;rawG‹&acs? qef‹usif buftjzpf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckckwGif rm;ufPwifjyouJhodk‹aomtpDtpOfr[kwfbJ jzpf ay:Edkifovdk wcsdefwnf;wGifvnf;jzpfay:onfudk awG‹&ayonf? EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. vl‹t zGJ‹tpnf;wpfydkif;u ya'o&mZfpepfuJhodk‹aompepfjzpfay:aepOf/ tjcm;tydkif;wGif t&if; &SifpepfudkusifhokH;aeayonf? xdk‹a-umifh rm;ufPuwifjyouJhodk‹ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dt wdkif; pepfwpfckrSaemufwpfckodk‹ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;r&Sdacs?

aemufwpfckrSm rm;ufPutem*wftwGuf a[mudef;xkwfxm;ovdk rjzpfvmacs? rm;ufP aoqkH;jyD; 10 ESpftwGif; rm;ufP.oDtdk&DonftokH;csIr&a-umif; xif&Sm;vmcJhav onf? rm;ufPu wdk;wufqkH;t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif wpfEdkifiHjyD;wpfEdkifiH uGefjrLepf awmfvSefa&; jzpfay:jzwfoef;-u&vdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhaomfvnf;/ xdkuJhodk‹ rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwpfckwpfavr#rjzpfvmcJhacs? rm;ufP.t-uD;us,fqkH;aomaemuf vdkufjzpfolvDeifu tb,fha-umifh xdka[mudef;twdkif;rjzpfvmonfhta-umif;udk -udK; pm;ajz&Sif;cJhonf? ‚if;aemuf wwd,urBmEdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k xyfqifh a[mudef;xkwfjyefonf? vDeif.a[mudef;tm;vkH;onfvnf; rrSefa-umif; ordkif;u oufaoxlxm;avjyD? ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif uGefjrLepf0g'tkyfcsKyfaeonfh EdkifiHrsm;udk vufwpfzufjzifh vufndK;csKd;a&wGufI&Edkifayonf? xdk‹xufru rm;ufP0g 'tm%m&vmcJhonfha'orsm;Y t-urf;zufjcif;udkom tokH;jyKcJhavonf? rm;ufP0g' a-uG;ausmfxm;ovdk trsm;t-udKuftkH-uGr+t& tm%m&vmcJhjcif;r[kwfay? tm%m&Sif pepfzdESdyfowfjzwfr+jzifh pdk;rdk;vmcJhjcif;om jzpfayonf?

tusOf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf/ r-umao;rDu ausmfvGefcJhonfhordkif;u rm;uPf.tawG;tac: t& a[mudef;xkwfxm;onfh ordkif;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+udk tjyD;ydkify,fcsacszsuf vdkufjyD;jzpfayonf?

rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfuJhodk‹aom &kyf0g'tawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹. ajrmufjrm;pGmaom &kyf0g'Edkif iHa&;usrf;tapmifapmifwGif a&;om;xm;aom “ordkif;udk usdK;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;jzifh t ajz&Smjcif;”"the dialectic of history" ESifh “ordkif;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+” "historical evolution" wdk‹onf/ pma&;olwdk‹. pdwful;,Ofoufoufomv#if jzpf.?

97

tif*sJvfu 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPESpfOD;pvkH;onf wlnD-uonf[k csD;-uL;xm;jyefonf?

“'g0ifu tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrudk obm0ZD0tajctaewGifawG‹&Sdaz:xkwfcJhovdk/ rm;ufPonf vnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrudk vl‹ordkif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+wGif awGŒ&Sdaz:xkwfol jzpfay onf[k qdkcJhonf?83

tif*sJvfu aemufxyfI 'g0if. bmoma&;udkqef‹usifonfhoDtdk&Dudk xkwfaz: csufonf ta&;-uD;a-umif;a&;om;xm;onf?

ol('g0if)u obm0ESifhywfoufI ,ae‹vuf&Sdobm0ZD0avmujzpfonfh= tyif/ wd&pm>ef ESifh aemufqkH;tqifhtjzpfvlom;rsm;onf ESpfoef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmtwGif; wpfpwpfp qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzifh ay:aygufvmcJha-umif; oufaoxlI bmomt,l0g' rsm;.,kH-unfcsufudk wdkufzsufvdkufayonf?84

wpfcsdefwGif tif*sJvfu “arsmuf0HrSvlom;tjzpfajymif;vJ&mwGif tvkyform;wdk‹ .yg0ifr+”[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aomaqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk rnfuJhodk‹ vufcHcJhonfhta-umif;ESifh ywfoufI a&;om;xm;onf?

tar&duefvlrsdK;okawoeynm&Sif uGefa0;Zmuvfu uGefjrLepf0g'wnfaxmif olwdk‹ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk tb,fha-umifh csufcsif;vufiif;vufcH-uonfudk &Sif;jyxm;ay onf?

rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹onf 'g0ifu rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufjcif;pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwfa0vdkuf onfESifhwjydKifwnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vufcHvdkuf-uonf? trSefrSm uGefjrLepfwdk‹tae jzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf vlom;wdk‹ urBmavmuodk‹a&muf&Sday:aygufvmjcif;onf bk&m; oQifa-umifh a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k ajym&efrvdktyfonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk vdktyfae onfESifhtHudkufjzpfaeayonf? olwdk‹.&kyf0g'tawG;tac:udkvnf; axmufcHtm;ay;&m wGif tokH;csEdkifayonf? xdk‹tjyif/ 'g0if. =tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfonf obm0.a&G;cs,fr+ jzifh jzpfay:vmonf= [laom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D t"dy`g,faz:csufuyif/ xdkacwfwGifv$rf;rdk; aeonfh&Sif;vif;csufudk/ odyH`enf;ususapmifhqdkif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rS&&Sdonfh&Sif;vif;csuf [k wifjyxm;onfh “touf[lonfywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk vdkufzufIjzpfay:vmonf” [laom,lqcsuftopfjzifh tpm;xdk;Edkifjyefonf?85

[mygr*~Zif;rS awmfrf bufwJvfu/ rm;ufPESifh'g0ift-um;wGif qufEG,faeaom tajccHtcsufudk atmufygykHpHtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

rm;ufPu 'g0if.pmtkyfudkcsD;-uL;jcif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;abm*aA't&r[kwfacs? 'g0if. ‘urBmonf &kyf0g'oufoufjzpfonf’ [laomtajccHa-umifhjzpfayonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹. tm&kH ig;yg;jzifh apmifh-unfhEdkifjcif;ESifh &kyfavmuESifhrywfoufaom jyifyavmuwdk‹ESifhrywf oufjcif;onf t"dutcsufjzpfavonf? TtcsufwGif 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPwdk‹onf &Jabmf &Jbufppfppf jzpf-u.?86

,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPwdk‹t-um; qufpyfr+onf xif&Sm;I vlwdkif;vuf cHaomtcsufjzpfavjyD? rm;ufP.udk,fa&;&mZ0iftwˆKy`wWdrsm;u Ttcsufudk t&Sif; om;az:jyvsuf&Sd.? Oyrm/ um;vfrm;ufP.twˆKy`wWdwGif Tqufpyfr+udk atmufyg twdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

“'g0ifoDtdk&Donf rm;ufP0g'udk trSefwu,faxmufcHtm;ay;a-umif; oufaowoD wwef;-uD; ay;xm;ayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;(wpfpwpfpajymif;vJr+)tawG;tac:jyef‹ yGm;jcif;u rm;ufP0g'tawG;tac:. taumif;qkH;tajcpdkuf&mjzpfvmjyD; tvkyform;avm u.oifykef;wGif tokH;csae&onfhtqifhjzpfvmcJhayonf? rm;ufP/ tif*sJvfESifh vDeifwdk‹u 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk txl;wvnfwefzdk;xm;-uI/ odyH`enf;t& ta&;yga-umif;udk

98

tpOfn$efjy-uavonf? Todk‹jzifh xdktawG;tac:rsm;onft&Sdeft[kef-uD;pGmjzifh jyef‹yGm; oGm;avawmhonf?87

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99

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100

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101

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102

tvGeftEW&m,f&Sda-umif; pwmvifudkajymjyavonf? pwmvifuvnf; vdkifqifudk. tawG;tac:udk tifrwefpdwf0ifpm;jyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&atmuf&Sd odyH`ynmtoif;rsm; tm;vkH;. t-uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufavonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk t-uD;tus,f xdcdkufapaom TrsdK;ADZqdkif&med,mrudk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;&Sd odyH`ynmt oif;rsm;ESifhausmif;rsm;wGif pwmvifraoqkH;rDumvwpfckvkH;twGif; vufrcHcJh-uacs?

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103

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104

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105

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106

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107

u “bmoma&;udkwdkufzsufonfhppf”twGuf wrifwum pDpOfjcif;jzpfavonf?99 xdk‹ aemuf 1928=ckESpfESifh 1930=ckESpfwGif bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfwdk‹ay;&onfh tcGefudk 10qwdk;vdkufavonf? olwdk‹. tpm;tpmulyGefudk odrf;,lvdkufonf? usef;rma&;t cGifhta&;cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk ydwfvdkufonf? jynfol‹tcGifhta&;wpfckr#cHpm;cGifhr&Sd-uawmh acs? olwdk‹udkzrf;qD;I olwdk‹.&mxl;rSjzKwfum jynfyodk‹ESifxkwfvdkuf-uonf? 1936 =ckESpfavmufwGif AvDaygif; 65 &mcdkifE+ef;ESifh c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; 75 &mcdkifE+ef; udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufavjyD?

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108

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109

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110

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tm%m&&Sdbdk‹twGuf vlwef;pm;tod&SdwJh tvkyform;trsm;pkudk udk,fhbufygatmifvkyf& r,f? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;r&Sdor#umvywfvkH; tm%m&bdk‹vrf;r&Sdbl;?104

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Robert Templer, Pol Pot's Legacy of Horror, The Age, April 18, 1998,

http://dithpran.org/PolPotlegacy.htm =============================================================

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124

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127

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128

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137

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141

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142

eufokH;I pOf;vJjcif;/ tcGifhaumif;,lwwfjcif; ponfwdk‹wGif *k%f,l-uavonf? t ausmf-um;qkH;qdk&S,f'g0if0g'oDtdk&Dorm;jzpfol tar&duefvlrsdK;ygarmuQ tData&mhpf u/ “c&pf,meftvSL*kd%f;. *k%f-uufoa&onf vlydef;vl‹iwkH;rsm;cdkv+HarG;xkwfonfh ae&m jzpfonf?”[k qdk.? xdk‹aemuf “EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uvnf; em;yif;qGH‹tolrsm;udk cdkv+H&m ay;xm;onfhtwGuf/ qGH‹t em;yif;onfhvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;ay:xGef;vmaeayjyD?”[k xyfrH ajymqdkavonf? Taumif;r+rsm;tm;vkH;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;t& obm0tavsmuf zGH‹jzdK;r+udk [ef‹wm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ypfy,f±+wfcsI/ “TurBmudk edAŠmefbkHtjzpftjrefqkH; aqmufwnf&efenf;vrf;rSm/ xdkr#txdwdrf;apmif;olwdk‹udk olwdk‹.ajcvSrf;twdkif; i&J bkHodk‹ vSrf;oGm;-uatmif v$wfxm;oifh.?”123 [lIvnf; a-unmxm;ayonf?

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143

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txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; t&if;&Sifpepfonf vlom;wdk‹udk aiGa-u;ESifh aiGa-u;.tm%mudkom udk;uG,f&ef ac:aqmifoGm;a-umif; awG‹cJh-uayjyD? bmomt,l 0g'rsm;u oGefoifxm;aom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;onf tokH;rus[k cH,l-uI/ tDAdkvl; &Sif;oDtdk&D.-oZmatmufa&mufae-uaom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf &kyf0wˆKtiftm;rsm;udk om tav;xm;-uojzifh arwWmw&m;/ oem;-uifemjcif;ESifh udk,fusdK;pGef‹jcif;rsm;rS a0; uGmoGm;-u.?

,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfwGif vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;vdkvdkonf Tt&if;&Sifpdwfae oabmxm;. -oZmv$rf;rdk;r+atmufwGif a&mufae-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh qif;&JEGrf; yg;ol/ tultnDrJhaeol/ rpGrf;roefolwdk‹udk vSL'gef;jcif;r&Sd-uawmhbJ tumtuG,frJh ypfxm;-ujcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI olwdk‹onf jyif;xefaoma&m*gpGJuyfaevifhupm;/ rnfolur# -uifemw&m;xm;I aq;ukoay;rnfholr&SdbJtoufaoqkH;oGm;onftxd ypfxm;jcif;cHae-u&onf? EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif uav;oli,frsm;udk tvkyfcdkif;apI xdkuav;oli,frsm;onf vlr+zlvkHa&;tcGifhta&;uif;rJhae-uonfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?

,ae‹ tDodk,dkyD,m;EdkifiHwGif rdk;acgifa&&Sm;ojzifh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ae-ujcif; onf/ t&if;&Sifpepfpdwfaeoabmxm; v$rf;rdk;aeaoma-umifhjzpf.? xdkiwfjywfaeol wdk‹udk EdkifiHwumrS tpm;tpmulnDaxmufyHhoifhaomfvnf;/ iwfjywfaeonfhtajctae twdkif; ypfxm;-uayonf?

144

t&if;&Sifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. aemufxyft*Fg&yfwpfckrSm ‚if;twGif;Y rwlnDrr#w r+udk zefwD;jzpfay:apjcif;jzpfonf? Todk‹aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif csrf;om-uG,f0olESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;olt-um; uGm[r+onf -uD;rm;oxuf-uD;rm;vm.? qif;&Jolonf ydkI qif;&JjyD; csrf;om-uG,f0olonf ydkI-uG,f0vmayonf? urBmay:wGif twdk;wufqkH; aomEdkifiHjzpfonfh tar&duefEkdifiHrStp/ t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif tdrf,mrJholoef;ESifhcsDI &Sdaejcif;rSm/ t&if;&Sifudk,fusifhw&m;a-umifh ypfxm;-ujcif;jzpfayonf? trSefrSm tar &duefvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ ‚if;.EdkifiHtwGif;&Sdqif;&Jolqif;&Jom;tm;vkH;udk axmuf yHhumuG,fay;I tvkyfay;Edkifayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vuf&Sdtrsm;vufcHxm;aom pdwfaeoabmxm;udku/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk txufodk‹wufvSrf;cGifhray;acs? olwdk‹ydkrdk -uD;yGm;&eftwGuf xdkqif;&Jom;rsm;.ausmudk eif;&efvdktyfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh ,if; jy\emudkrajz±Sif;-ujcif;jzpf.? Tum; qdk&S,f'g0if0g'. “txufudkwuf&ef eif; wuf&rnfh ckHvdktyfonf”[laomtqdkudk vufawG‹usifhokH;jcif;yifjzpfayonf?

TtqifhwGif/ ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk owdrloifhayonf? ordkif;w av#mufvkH;wGifOpPm"e-uG,f0ap&eftwGuf qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;udk eif;acsI &kyf0wˆK ypPnf;udkomtav;xm;jcif;/ wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;/ udk,fusdK;udkom-unfhjcif;/ vdrf vnfvSnfhjzm;jcif;rsm;&SdcJh.? twdwfumvrsm;wGifvnf; &kyf0wˆKOpPm"eudkom tav; xm;um ESpfoufjrwfEdk;xdkufonfh udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJholrsm; &SdcJh-uonf?

odk‹aomfvnf; 19 &mpkESpf'kwd,ESpfig;q,fydkif;wGif xdkodk‹aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹onf t jriftm;jzifh uGJjym;aomacwfumvodk‹a&muf-uavonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpf 150 twGif; &Sd xdkuJhodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhrdwfuyfcs,foxm;aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh yk*~dKvf rsm;onf uJh&ŒJ±+wfcsjcif;rcH-u&awmhacs? xdkodk‹aom vuQ%mt*Fg&yfrsm;udk obm0ed ,mrtjzpf vufcH-uavonf? Ttcsufjzhif 'g0if0g'onf xdkudk,fusifhw&m;ysuf jym;jcif;ESifhoem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJholwdk‹. rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'wpfckjzpfayonf?

145

a&mbwf tD'D uvm;ufu ,if;tajctaeudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;.?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;onf/ twdkcsKH;ajym&rnfqdkygu/ raumif;r+'kp&dkufjyKol. todw&m;rsm;udk cdkvkHem;aer+ ay;xm;ayonf? rdrd.jydKifbufudk rormqkH; pOf;vJqkH;trltusifhwdk‹jzifh wkH‹ jyefoludk a0zefjypfwifIr&awmhacs? raumif;r+'kp&dkufjyKusifhjcif;udk aumif;onf[k o rkwf-uayonf?129

tdwfcsf tDaemhuvnf; ol. tDAdkvl;&Sif;odk‹r[kwfzefqif;jcif; (Evolution or Creation) [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;ayonf?

ygarmuQ a*s [krf;u Todk‹qdk.? “'g0if0g'onf aumif;r+rsm;udk qufvuf&SifoefEdkifjcif; wefzdk;jzifh worwfwnf;wdkif;wmayonf?”==,if;onfum; awmwd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ &dkif; pdkif;aomtrltusifh “-uD;Edkifi,fn‡if;=tiftm;-uD;oltEdkif&olonf rSef.?” [laomOya' o jzpfonf? toifhawmfqkH;olonf qufvuf&SifoefcGifh&Sdonf [laomt,ltq jzpf.? Om%feDOm%feufjzifhpOf;vJjcif;ESifh&ufpufjcif;/ ol&Jabmenf;jcif;odk‹r[kwfuvdrfus vdrf vnfjcif; tp&dSojzifh rdrdqufvuf&SifoefEdkifatmifjyKjcif;onf xdkyk*~dKvf odk‹r[kwf xdkvlŒtzGJ‹tpnf;twGuf aumif;. rSefuef.?130

u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹cJh-uonfhtwdkif;/ vGefcJhonfh ESpf 150 twGif; urBmay:odk‹ ylyif aomursm;/ cufcJr+rsm;/ em-unf;r+ESifhar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;rsm;udk ,laqmifvmcJh-u olrsm;/ pepfrsm;ESifhtawG;tac:rsm;.aemufuG,fwGif bmomt,l0g'uif;rJhjcif;ESifh 'g0if0g'wdk‹u -oZmanmif;v+HŒaqmfaecJhayonf? xdkraumif;r+'kp&dkufrsdK;pkHudk ,laqmif vmcJholrsm;onf bmomt,l0g'uif;rJholrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olwdk‹. wpfudk,f aumif;avmbtwGuf &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;udk umuG,f&ef 'g0if0g'udk u,fwif &Siftjzpftm;udk;cdkv+H-uavonf? 'g0if. “tiftm;csdeJ‹olaysmufuG,fI/ tiftm;-uD; olqufvuf&Sifoef&rnf”[laom okawoepmwrf;udk olwdk‹.b0tawG;tac:tjzpf cH,l-uayonf?

146

xdkrSwyg; xdkolwdk‹. ypPnf;OpPmrsm;wGif awmif;&rf;aom olqif;&Jtzdk‹vnf;aumif;/

awmif;&rf;jcif;rjyKaomolqif;&Jtzdk‹vnf;aumif;/ a0pka0ykH &Sd.?

(pl&m tvfZm&d,mwf 51;19)

147

urBmhvlom;rsm;tm;vkH;udk axmifajcmufYzrf;xm;ouJhodk‹ zrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k xif-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkaxmifajcmufrsm;onf olwdk‹udk,fwdkiftwGufomv#if jzpfa-umif;udk rod-uay? olwdk‹onf rnfr#yifqufvuftouf&SifaeEdkif&ef-udK;pm; tm;xkwf-uaomfvnf;/ trSefpifppfolwdk‹twGufa&m/ wurBmvkH;twGufa&m/ olwdk‹ydkif qdkifvdkonfht&mrsm;tm;vkH;twGufa&m/ olwdk‹opPmcH,lxm;onfhacgif;aqmifrsm;t wGufa&m/ odk‹r[kwfolwdk‹vufcH,kH-unfonfhtawG;tac:rsm;twGufa&m/ pD&ifcsufcs rnfhw&m;ol-uD;wpfyg;wnf;ESifh t&Sifocifwpfyg;wnf;omv#if &Sd.? tv†m[ft&Sif jrwfonf wefcdk;tm%mESifhjynfhpkHaom w&m;ol-uD;jzpfawmfrl.? tpOftjrJxm0& wnf &Sdawmfrlaomw&m;ol-uD;vnf; jzpfawmfrl.? vlom;rsm;ydkifqdkif&&Sdaom OpPm"ersm;/ tiftm;ESifhtm%mrsm;onf/ olwdk‹.tpGrf;tprsm;jzifh &&Sdvmonfr[kwf? tv†m[f t&Sifjrwfu olwdk‹tm;prf;oyf&ef ay;tyfjcif; jzpf.? rnfolrqdk TurBmavmuonf tiftm;csdeJ‹olwdk‹udk azsmufzsufokwfoifypfI tiftm;-uD;olu pdk;rdk;&ef&kef;uefwdkuf cdkuf-u&onfh ,ifjyifjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfaomfvnf;/ trSefrSm vlom;wdkif;onf ol‹t wGuf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu owfrSwfay;xm;aom prf;oyfcsufabmiftwGif;Yomv#if touf&Sifae-ujcif;jzpfayonf? vlom;rsm;udk tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;ay;I prf;oyf a-umif; atmufyguk&ftmeftm,wfawmfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;ayonf?

{uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf vlwdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹teuf rnfolonf tusifhtrltm;jzifh t aumif;qkH;jzpfonfudk prf;oyfawmfrltHhaomiSg/ yx0Dajray:Y&Sdukefaom t&m0wˆKrsm; udk igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;yx0Dajr. tvSrsm;jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhavonf? (pl&m tvfu[fzf 18;7)

rdrdwdk‹ydkifqdkif&&SdaomOpPm"ersm;onf rdrdwdk‹u “touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf I&&Sdonf”[k oabmydkufxm;olwdk‹onf/ tpm;xdk;Ir&Edkifaom em-unf;r+rsm;ESifh -uKH awG‹-u&I/ rdrdwdk‹onf Avm[if;vif;tokH;rusaomtawG;tac:aemufodk‹ vdkufygcJh -ua-umif; aemifwrvGefb0Y trSefw&m;ESifhxdyfwdkufawG‹qkHaomtcgor,wGif 0rf; enf;a-uuGJjcif;-uD;pGm jzpf-uvdrfhrnf?

148

xdk‹jyifw0 *sEMwftrw okcbkHom;wdk‹onf *s[EMrfi&Jom;wdk‹tm;(Todk‹)[pfac:(ajym qdk)-uukeftHh? “igwdk‹onf igwdk‹.t&Sifjrwfu igwdk‹ESifhxm;&SdawmfrlcJhaom uwdawmf twdkif; rSefuefpGm&&Sd-ujyD? toifwdk‹onfvnf; toifwdk‹.t&Sifjrwfu toifwdk‹ESifh xm;&Sdawmfrlaomuwdtwdkif; rSefuefpGm&&Sd-ujyDavm/” xdktcg ‚if;(*s[EMrfi&Jom;)wdk‹ u “[kwfuJh”[k ajz-um;-uvwWHŒ? xdk‹aemuf [pfatmfolwOD;u ‚if;wdk‹.pyf-um; wGif (Todk‹)[pfatmfajymqdktHh/ rw&m;usL;vGefaomolonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. u&k %mawmfrS uif;a0;-uapom;”?

‚if;jyif “ttf&mzf”Y &Sdolwdk‹u t-uif(rsm;jym;pGmaom)olwdk‹udk [pfatmf-uukeftHh? ‚if;wdk‹onf xdkolwdk‹tm; xdkolwdk‹.trSwftom;jzifh rSwfrd-uukeftHh? (xdk‹aemuf) ‚if; (tjrifhY&Sdol)wdk‹u (T)odk‹ajymqdk-uvwWH‹? “toifwdk‹. toif;tzGJ‹ vlpkrsm;jym;jcif; onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk‹ rmefrmeaxmifv$m;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk‹tzdk‹ tokH;r0ifcJhacsjyDwum;? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;44=45/ 48)

'g0if0g'=t&if;&Sif0g'tawG;tac:rsm;.-oZmatmufodk‹rusa&mufao;olwdk‹ ESifh olwdk‹TurBmavmuY a&muf&Sdtouf&Sifae-u&jcif;.ta-umif;&if;rsm;udk arh aysmufjcif;r&Sd-uao;olwdk‹urlum;/ tjcm;vlom;rsm;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfuzefqif; xm;olrsm;jzpfonf[k jrif-uayonf? tv†m[ft&SifjrwfrStrdef‹&Sdxm;onfhtwdkif;/ vl om;rsm;udk omom,m,m/ cspfcif-uifemjcif;jzifh xdkolwdk‹.tcuftcJ pdwfaomursm; udk z,f&Sm;ay;&ef rdrdwwfEdkifor#pGrf;tm;jzifhulnD-urnfjzpfayonf? olwdk‹onf om ,memaysmfzG,faomyD,0gpmpum;udkomajymqdk-uayonf? rdbrJhuav;oli,frsm;udk ulnDapmifha&Smuf-u.? rusef;rmolrsm;ESifh 'kuQdwrsm;udk ulnDapmifrI umuG,fapmifh a&Smufayonf? Todk‹aomolwdk‹onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfht wdkif;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. rsufpdatmufwGif tjrifhjrwfqkH;olrsm;jzpf-uayonf? ol wdk‹onf OpPm"eudkvnf;pdwf0ifpm;r+r&Sd-uay? vlrsdK;/ tom;ta&mif/ tqifhtwef; vlwef;pm;/ olwyg;.,kH-unfr+ tawG;tac:wdk‹udk pdwf0ifpm;jcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif ‚if; wdk‹a-umifh cGJjcm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd-uacs?

150

'g0if0g'u vl‹avmuodk‹ ,laqmifvmcJhaomt-uD;us,fqkH;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;

r+rSm vlwkd‹udk bmomt,l0g'rSuif;uGmoGm;apjcif;jzpfa-umif; ,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfp&mt a-umif;r&Sdacs? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhudk,fusifhw&m;ESifh pdwf"gwfysufjym;jcif;u vl‹ tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk bmomt,l0g'rS vsifjrefpGm uif;uGmapavonf? ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹. rsufarSmufacwf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;wGif ,if;ysufjym;r+udkjyqdkonfhO"g[&k%ftajrmuf tjrm;&Sdaeayonf?

TtcsufESifhywfoufI tcsdKŒaomvlwdk‹u bmomt,l0g'uif;rJholtajrmuf tjrm;wdk‹onf 'g0if0g'udkyif r-um;bl;olrsm;jzpf-uojzifh/ bmomt,l0g'uif;rJh jcif;twGuf 'g0if0g'udk tjypfrwifoifha-umif;xkacs-uayonf? bmomt,l0g' uif;rJholtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹u 'g0if0g'udkr-um;bl;-ua-umif; rSefygonf? ,QKacwf wGif 'g0if0g'udk umuG,fajymqdkaeol ta&twGufrSm tuef‹towfavmufom&Sday onf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdktuef‹towfavmuftenf;i,fom±Sdonfhvlenf;pkonf/ vl‹tzGJŒtpnf;. tawG;tac:trsm;qkH;udk -udK;udkifn$ef-um;aeolrsm;jzpf-u.? vl‹tzGJŒtpnf;ay:wGifoufa&mufaom olwdk‹.-oZmonf ra&rwGufEdkifavmufaom vlwdk‹xHodk‹ qifhyGm;oufa&mufoGm;ayonf? olwdk‹.urBmhtjrifudk vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; trsm;qkH;tydkif;tay:Y jy@mef;owfrSwfay;EdkifpGrf;&Sd-uayonf? Oyrm/ tausmf-um;qkH; wuUodkvfygarmuQrsm;/ emrnfausmf-um;onfh &kyf&Sif'g&dkufwmtrsm;pk/ urBmausmf-um; vlodrsm;aom pmayxkwfa0&mXme/ owif;pmESifh r*~Zif;t,f'Dwmrsm;onf trsm;tm; jzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;/ bmomt,l0g'uif;rJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh Tuwf oD;uwfowfEdkifaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk vufcHonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;xGufay:vmjcif; jzpf ayonf?

urBmhtDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;teuf a&SŒwef;ajy;aeol [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ZD0aA' yg&*l tm;ef ar,mu vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du ,lxm;aomae&mudk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?

'g0if.acwfrSpwifI/ urBmay:wGif ynmtenf;i,f&Sdolwdkif;onf vlom;onf arsmuf0HrS qif;oufvmonf[k odayonf?==tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf vlwdk‹.awG;ac:&m tydkif;wdkif; jzpfonfh vlwdk‹.tawG;tac:/ vlwdk‹.,kH-unfr+/ vlwdk‹.udk,fusifhw&m; ponfwdk‹tm; vkH;wGif -oZmoufa&mufayonf?131

'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. us,fjyef‹aom-oZmanmif;jcif;onf/ vlwdk‹.b0wpfckvkH;wGif “r+dif;rd”xm;ouJhodk‹jzpfaeayonf? b0tawG‹t-uHKenf;ao;ojzifh/ urBmhtjrifwGif jynfhpkHvkHavmufpGm jyDjyDjyifjyif rawG;awmwwfao;ol vli,frsm;onf TuJhodk‹aom jrLqG,fr+wGif tvG,fulqkH;r+dif;rdEdkif-uayonf? TuJhodk‹aomvli,frsm;udk r*~Zif; pmapmifrsm;/ &kyf&SifZmwfvrf;rsm;/ Zmwfvrf;wdkrsm;ESifh aw;oDcsif;rsm;rSwqifh olwdk‹vdk&modk‹jrLqG,f qJGoGif;&ef tifrwefvG,fulayonf? txl;ojzifh vli,frsm; oif,l-u&onfh ausmif;oifcef;pmynma&;onf ta&;-uD;qkH;jzpfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf ody`Hqefqef oufaotaxmuftxm;twkrsm;jzifh vdrfvnf vSnfhjzm;cJhaomfvnf; ESpfaygif; 150 avmuf vltrsm;u rSefuefonf[k,kH-unfvmcJh -ujcif; jzpfayonf? trSefrSm xdkoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;onf vlwdk‹udk vdrfvnf vSnfhjzm;&ef oufoufxGifxm;onfh odyH`enf;vkH;0rusaom taxmuftxm;rsm; omv#if jzpfayonf?

152

,QKacwfwGif bmomt,l0g'qef‹usifa&;0g'jzef‹r+rsm;onf wdkuf&dkufqef‹usif jcif;r&Sd-ua-umif;udk owdxm;rd-uygvdrfhrnf? rnfolur# bmoma&;udk r,kH-unf oifha-umif;(a±S;uGefjrLepf0g'acwfpm;aecsdefuJhodk‹)yGifhyGifhvif;vif;rajym-uawmhacs? yxrydkif;wGif owdrxm;oabmraygufEdkifonfh cdk;a-umifcdk;0Suf oG,f0dkufaomenf; rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uayonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;/ bmoma&;qdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;/ t rsm;-unfndKaom bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm; ponfwdk‹udk ysuf&,fjyK-uonf? aw; oDcsif;rsm;/ 0wˆKZmwfvrf;rsm;/ &kyf&SifxJwGif Zmwfaumifrsm;ajymqdkaompum;rsm;/ owif;pmacgif;pOfrsm;/ [mopmayrsm;/ umwGef;pmayrsm; ponfwdk‹wGif bmoma&;ESifh rdrdwdk‹. uH-urRmudk r,kHr-unfypfy,faponfh tokH;tE+ef;rsm;udk rodromxnfhoGif; xm;-ujcif;onf enf;vrf;tcsdKŒ jzpf.?

'g0if0g'bmom&yfonf/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk qef‹usifonfhvufeufrsm;wGif trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKaom vufeufjzpfayonf? tcsdKŒrqDrqdkifudpPrsm;wGifyif vlom;wdk‹ qif;oufvmcJhaom bdk;ab;rsm;onf arsmufESifharsmuf0Hrsm;jzpfa-umif; tav;xm;I xnfhoGif;az:jyavh&Sd-uonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.wifjycsufrsm;udk vlom;rsm;ESifhouf qdkifonfhpdwfynmpmayESifhtcsuftvufrsm;wGifyif rodromxnfhoGif;xm;onfh 0gus rsm;udk awG‹Edkifayonf? Todk‹jzifh/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudkwu,fwef;,kH-unfjcif;&Sdr&Sd ar;jref;aomtcg/ bk&m;ociftv†m[ft&SifjrwfESifh bmomt,l0g'wGif,kH-unfygonf [k ajz-um;aomfvnf;/ bmomt,l0g'/ aemifwrvGefb0ESifh vl‹usifh0wfudk apmifhxdef; &efwm0ef&Sdjcif;rsm;udk ayghayghwefwef,lqI/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf &Sda-umif;ESifh tv†m[f ±Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒ&dkao&rnfhta-umif;rsm;udk OD;aESmufY xnfhpOf;pm;jcif;rjyK-u onfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk ,kH-unfjcif; r&SdI a-umuf&GHŒ&dkaojcif;r&Sdolwdk‹onf rnfonfhudpPwGifrqdk tuef‹towfudkrod-ubJ rdrdwdk‹. bdk;ab;rsm;onf wd&pm>efrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh b0wpfckvkH; wGifvnf; wd&pm>efuJhodk‹om aevdk-uayonf?

Oyrm/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒjcif;r&Sdolwdk‹onf olwdk‹.um,uH 0ZD uHwdk‹udk apmifhxdef;I pif-u,fvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhIr&Edkifacs? olwdk‹wGif apmifhxdef; &rnfhtuef‹towf[lIr&Sdacs? tjcm;olrawG‹rjrifygu rnfuJhodk‹yif ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;I udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;jcif;udkrqdk jyKusifh&ef tqifoifh&Sd-uayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf wGif/ txl;ojzifh vli,frsm;ESifh oD;jcm;pDjzpfonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;Y/ uef‹oef‹r+ &Sd-u &efwdkufwGef;csufrsm;ESifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.trdef‹awmftwdkif; udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk apmifhxdef;-u&ef E+d;aqmfcsufrsm;onf t&mra&mufawmhacs? ,if;onfum; 'g0if0g' u bmomt,l0g'rS uif;uGmatmifoifay;aejcif;. &vm'fyifjzpfayonf? rdrdudk,f udk vuf0Jorm;[kowfrSwfxm;olwdk‹onf olwdk‹vkyf-uHjyKusifhaomtjypfrsm;udk rnfol‹ xHr# tajzay;ae&ef rvdktyf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh xdef;a-umif;r+vkH;0r&Sd-uacs? ae‹pOf ESifhtr# tokH;tjzKef;ydkrdk-uD;-uD;jzifh udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+rsm;udk az:jyae-uay onf? vli,fvl&G,f/ rdef;ra,mufsm;ra&G;wdk‹onf olwdk‹.umr&m*qdkif&mb0ESifh ywf oufI/ owif;pmrsm;tm; tao;pdwfajymjy0ef‹-u.? owif;pmrsm;uvnf; xdkuJhodk‹ aomrzG,fr&m [d&d-ooyw&m;uif;rJhonfhudpPrsm;udk tao;pdwfa&;om;az:jy-ujyef onf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlxku rnfodk‹r#trSm;rxif-uacs? rD'D,mowif;avmu wGif tdrfaxmifa&;azgufjyefaemufrD;vif;jcif;ta-umif;udk txl;tav;xm; ajr‡mufyifhI tao;pdwfaz:xkwf-uonf? xdkuJhodk‹jyKusifh-u&efyif jrLqG,fa&;om;-uao;onf? TuJhodk‹aom a&;om;r+udkvnf; vlwdk‹twGuf &dk;aeavjyD? rnfolur# txl;tqef;r

153

xif-uawmhacs? tao;pdwfppfaq;qef;ppf-unfhygu/ vlowfr+rsm;/ jynfhwefqmvkyf ief;rsm;/ vdrfvnfr+rsdK;pkH/ vmbfay;vmbf,ljcif;/ ponfh udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+ 'kp &dkuftm;vkH;.tajccHrSm bmomt,l0g'uif;rJhjcif; jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ bmomt ,l0g'uif;rJhaponfh t"duta-umif;&if;rSm “vlom;onf rawmfwq-uHKIjzpfay:vm onf” [laom 'g0if.vdrfvnfjcif;udk t-urf;zufI ysHESH‹apjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf?

The Lie: Evolution (vdrfvnfr+=tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D) [laompmtkyfudka&;om; ol uif; [Jrfu 'g0if0g'ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?

tu,fI bk&m;ocifae&mwGif rawmfwqjzpfjcif;ESifh -udK;-um;ay:aygufjcif;jzpfpOf [l onfh,kH-unfr+udk tpm;xdk;vdkufonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ trSm;trSefudkcGJjcm;rnfhtajccHrl[lI r&Sdawmhacs? pnf;urf;pnf;rsOf;wdk‹onf oifxkwfcsifovdkxkwfEdkifavjyD? tajccHtjzpf qkyf udkifxm;rnfh y&rwfw&m;/ rl0g'[lI r&Sdawmhay? vlwdk‹onf olwdk‹vdkufemvdkonfh pnf; rsOf;rsm;udk olwdk‹a&;qGJ-uawmhonf?132

emrnfausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm; oDtdk'D,yfpf a'ghAfZefpuD u/ 'g0if0g' . tajccHrljzpfonfh “obm0.a&G;cs,fr+”tawG;tac:onf/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;.udk,f usifhw&m;ysufjym;r+udk qkwf,kwfysufjym;apa-umif; oabmwlayonf?

vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ vlom;wdk‹wGif&Sdonfh raumif;r+'kp&dkuf-uL;vGefjyKrlvdkonfh obm0t*Fg&yfrsm;udk tkyfpkvdkufqef‹usifvdkjcif; odk‹r[kwf wm;jrpfjcif;rsm;jyKI/ ‚if;obm 0t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhqef‹usifbufjzpfonfh oem;-uifemjcif;/ &ufa&mjcif;ESifh olwyg;. aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ vl om;avmuwpfckvkH;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ udk,fusdK;pGef‹Edkifonfhudk,fusifhw &m;rsm;udk tom;ay; -obmay;ae-upOf/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:u b0wGifaysmf &$ifr+udkomy"mexm;jcif;/ &J&ifhjcif;tpm; ol&Jabma-umifjcif;/ vdrfvnfjcif;ESifhacgif;ykHjzwf jcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk tm;ay;.? 133

,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.ywf0ef;usifudk-unfhygu/ ta&;-uD;qkH;ESifh teufeJqkH;udk,f usifhw&m;,dk,Gif;ysufjym;jcif;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'a-umifhay:aygufvmonfhajc&mvuf &mrsm;udk csufcsif;awG‹jrifEdkifayonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk/ vlwdk‹tcsif;csif;,dkif;yif; jcif;ESifhtcsif;csif;qufpyfr+r&SdbJ uif;uif;uGmuGmaexdkifjcif;/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; &dkao av;pm;cspfcifr+uif;rJhjcif;om&Sdonfh wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+/ zGH‹jzdK;r+ESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwf tawG;tac:jzifh twif;&dkufoGif;vsuf&Sdaeayonf? xdkuJhodk‹aomb0udk xkwfvkyfr+ -uD;xGm;wdk;wufa&;twGufjzpfojzifh vufcH&rnf[k ta-umif;jyavh&Sd-uonf? trSef rSm T&vm'frsdK;onf vlom;udk “wd&pm>eftqifh”odk‹oma&mufapjyD;/ wdk;wufa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwf tvsOf;r[kwfacs?

trSefw&m;rSm/ vlom;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;r[kwfonfhtjyif/ rnfonfhwd&pm>ef rSwqifh qif;oufvmcJhjcif;vnf; r[kwfacs? vlom;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu/ tod Om%f/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifwwfjcif;/ aumif;usdK;qdk;jypfcGJjcm;wwfaomtodw&m;/ 0dnmOf ponfwdk‹tjynfhtpkHay;xm;I oD;jcm;zefqif;xm;aom a0ae,sjzpfojzifh/ t jcm;owW0grsm;ESifh rGefjrwfr+t&vnf;aumif;/ t&nftcsif;t&vnf;aumif;/ t&nf taoG;t&vnf;aumif;/ rwlnDuGmjcm;ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'g0if0g'ESifh&kyf0g' udk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹. r+dif;rdoGm;aomvlom;wdk‹onf/ ,if;t&nftcsif; t&nftaoG; rsm;udk arhavsmhxm;vdkufjyD;/ rdrdudk,fudk wd&pm>efrsm;wGifyif rawG‹&onfh ,kwfnHhodrf zsif;jcif;/ udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJhjcif;/ todw&m;uif;rJhjcif; tqifhodk‹ESdrfhcs,lvdkuf ayonf? “usKyfwdk‹u wd&pm>efuaeqif;oufvmw,fqdkawmh/ b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf wd&

154

pm>efrsdK;ADZudkawmh qufcHxm;-urSmygbJ?”[k ajym-uI/ rdrd. todw&m;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh vl‹pdwf"gwftiftm;qkwf,kwfr+twGuf odyH`tajccHudk &Sm-uHjyifqif -uavawmhonf?

'g0if0g'D=tjyKtrlqdkif&modyH`ynm&Sifrsm;onf/ olwdk‹.tawG;tac:rsm;udk T tcsufrS pwif-uI/ vlom;wdk‹. &mZ0wfjypfr+usL;vGefvdkpdwfonf wd&pm>efbdk;ab; rsm;rS qufcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k tqdkjyK-uayonf? Ttqdkudk ausmf-um;aomtDAdkvl;&Sif; 0g'D pwDzif a*s a*gvfu tDwvDvlrsdK; &lyaA'ynm±Sif avmrfb&dkqdk.t-uHay;csuft &/ ol. Ever Since Darwin ('g0ifrSpI aemufydkif;) [laompmtkyf. pum;OD;wGif atmufygtwdkif; tqdkwifoGif;xm;ayonf?

&mZ0wfjypfr+usL;vGefjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh ZD0aA'oDtdk&Drsm;rSm tifrwef&Sm;yg;vSay onf? odk‹aomfvnf; avmrfb&dkqdku tDAdkvl;&Sif;vSnfhuGufjzifh Zmwfvrf;yrmaqG;aEG;xm; ayonf? arG;&myg &mZ0wfaumifrsm;onf pdwWZa&m*gjzpfjcif;ESifhpdwfrESH‹jcif;omr[kwfay? olwdk‹. vGefcJhjyD;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhodk‹ jyefa&mufoGm;-ujcif;jzpfayonf? urBmOD;acwf ESifharsmuf0Hrsm;jzpfaom bdk;ab;rsm;.t*Fg&yfrsm;yg&Sdaom rsdK;ADZrsm;udkqufcHvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? uHqdk;oltcsdKŒrSm arG;vmpuwnf;u xdkrsdK;ADZqufcHvmjcif;Y tajrmuftjrm; usef&Sdae-uayonf? olwdk‹.trltusifhrsm;rSm a&S;,Qif &dkif;pdkif;aeao;onfhacwfumvwGif vdkufzufoifhavsmfrnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfwGif olwdk‹udk 'kp&dkuf&mZ0wf aumifrsm;tjzpfowfrSwf-uayonf? ol‹udk,fol rnfodk‹r#xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh oem; oifhayonf? odkk‹aomfvnf; ol.vkyf&yfrsm;udkrl u|Ekfyfwdk‹u onf;rcHEdkif-uay?134

Twifjycsuft&/ vlom;tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-ujcif;/ tjcm;oludkem-uifap jcif;/ cdk;0Sufjcif;ESifh&efjzpfwdkufcdkuf-ujcif;onf/ arsmuf0Hbdk;ab;rsm;rS rsdK;ADZt& quf cHvmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf? xdk‹a-umifh xdkjypfr+'kp&dkufonf jypfr+usL;vGefol ESifhroufqdkifaoma-umifh xdkoludk cGifhv$wfoifhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?

Twifjycsufudk qufIokH;oyf-unfhygu/ vlom;wdk‹onf usKd;a-umif;qifjcif wkHw&m;ESifh taumif;tqkd;wdk‹udk cGJjcm;qkH;jzwfEdkifonfh todw&m;ESifhpdwf"gwftiftm; rsm;onf t&mra&mufawmhbJ wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ todw&m;uif;rJhI rdrdwdk‹.pdwfaZmt vdktwdkif;om jyKusifhvkyfaqmifolrsm;jzpfonf[k vufcH,kH-unfjcif;jzpfayonf? Tt jriftwdkif;qdkygu/ jcaoFhwpfaumifonf ol.±dkif;pdkif;aoma'goudkrxdef;EdkifbJ onf; cHjcif;[laomaumif;jrwfjcif;udkrodouJhodk‹/ vlom;onfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;jyKusifh onf[k qdkvdk&if;jzpf.? xdkuJhodk‹aomtawG;tac: tjrif&Sdolrsm;udk cdkvkHcGifhay;xm; onfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf rnfodk‹r# at;csrf;om,mr+ESifh vkHjcKHr+&Sdrnfr[kwfonfhtjyif/ pnf;urf;ysufjym; z±dkz&Jjzpfjcif;/ tqufrjywfaomyËdyuQ&Sdjcif;/ wdkufcdkufae-ujcif; rsm;jzifh jynfheufaeonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;jzpfrnfrSm xif&Sm;aeayonf?

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155

&,fomjyKjcif;/ cHpm;r+uif;rJhjcif;/ ol.todw&m;udk tokH;rjyKwwfjcif;/ pnf;urf; pnf;rsOf;tuef‹towfrsm;udk todtrSwfrjyKjcif;/ ponfwdk‹jzifhjynfheufaevdrfhrnf? xdk ol‹wGif olawmfaumif;w&m;ESifh aumif;rGefonfhvuQ%m&Sdrnfr[kwfay? xdkolonf/ zGH‹jzdK;vmaomwd&pm>efwpfaumifjzpfonf[laom ol.ravsmfuefonfhtjrift&/ tjcm; ouf&SdowW0grsm;uJhodk‹ tpm;tpm&Sdjcif;ESifhrsdK;yGm;&efomaqmif&GufI/ olvdktyfonfudk &&Sdonfhtcg/ aysmfjrL;r+udktwwfEdkifqkH;&SmazGI aoqkH;rnfh&ufudkom apmifhar#mfaevdrfh rnf? vltrsm;pkwdk‹onf 'g0if0g'udk tao;pdwfrod-uaomfvnf; olwdk‹onf vl‹avm utwGuf 'g0if0g'u -udKwifjrifxm;aomb0twdkif; aexdkif-uonfudk awG‹jrifEdkifay onf?

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156

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