Ht­lfr­njh­ .................. Vfqr­k Ct­qlt­yc­nh­b­r­t­h­

Jndt­nc­ndt­yysq h­t­lfr­njh­ .................. Hjåb­y K. Blét­h­

Ht­lfr­njh­s .................. Vfqr­k Ah­b­lvfy

Hjpfkb­ Nfh­ujyc­r­b­

Cgt­wb­fkb­c­ns gj b­c­njx­yb­r­fv .................. Vä­h­b­ Äyy Uä­våk

Rä­nb­ Igb­ut­km

Lb­pfqy jåkjér­b­ .................. Lfqfy Ejkdt­h­njy

Gjb­c­r­ ajnjuh­fab­q .................. Äyy Vjyh­j Lét­qr­jåc­

Ht­lfr­njh­ h­ec­c­r­juj b­plfyb­z­ .................. Kb­lb­z­ Djh­jyb­yf

Ht­lfr­njh­ h­ec­c­r­juj Bynt­h­yt­n-b­plfyb­z­ .................. Fkt­r­c­fylh­ Cdb­yjd

Bplfnt­km .................. Léelb­n C. Cb­ut­k

Ukfdysq h­t­lfr­njh­ .................. Léjh­lé Rkä­r­

Nt­ö­yb­x­t­c­r­b­q lb­h­t­r­njh­ .................. Hb­x­fh­l D. Ömñ­r­fåb­

Gjvjo­yb­r­b­ nt­ö­yb­x­t­c­r­juj lb­h­t­r­njh­f .................. Rkj Äkkb­c­

Ht­lr­jkkt­ub­z­ .................. Fkt­r­c­fylh­ At­kmlvfy

Lét­h­t­vb­ A. Reh­nb­y

Rä­nkb­y .Lt­qdb­c­

Rfh­f Uä­kkc­

Yf jå­kjé­rt: Ryan McVay/Taxi/Getty Images

Åñ­h­j vt­éleyfh­jlysö­ b­yajh­vfwb­jyysö­ gh­juh­fvv Ujc­e-lfh­c­ndt­yyjuj lt­gfh­nfvt­ynf CIF b­plft­n gz­nm ä­kt­r­nh­jyysö­ éeh­yfkjd gjl kjujnb­gjv ä­–Éeh­yfk CIF – ≤Är­jyjvb­-x­t­c­r­b­t­ gt­h­c­gt­r­nb­ds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst­ gh­jåkt­vs≥, ≤Djgh­j-c­s lt­vjr­h­fnb­b­≥, ≤Dyt­i­yz­z­ gjkb­nb­r­f CIF≥ b­ ≤CIF: jåo­t­c­ndj b­ wt­yyjc­nb­≥. Jyb­ gjc­dz­o­t­ys fyfkb­pe jc­yjdysö­ gh­jåkt­v, c­ r­jnjh­svb­ c­nfkr­b­dfñ­nc­z­ Cjt­lb­yt­yyst­ Infns b­ vt­éleyfh­jlyjt­ c­jjåo­t­c­ndj, f nfr­ét­ fyfkb­pe jåo­t­c­ndf, wt­yyjc­nt­q, b­lt­q b­ b­yc­nb­nenjd CIF. Rfélsq b­p éeh­yfkjd b­vt­t­n dsö­jlyst­ lfyyst­: njv, c­jjndt­nc­ndeñ­o­b­q x­b­c­ke kt­n jn yfx­fkf b­plfyb­z­, b­ yjvt­h­, c­jjndt­nc­ndeñ­o­b­q jx­t­h­t­lyjve yjvt­h­e éeh­yfkf, b­plfdft­vjuj d nt­r­eo­t­v ujle.

Yjdsq éeh­yfk b­plft­nc­z­ t­ét­vt­c­z­x­yj yf fyukb­qc­r­jv z­psr­t­, f x­t­h­t­p 2-4 yt­lt­kb­ dsö­jlb­n d gt­h­t­djlfö­ yf ah­fywep-c­r­b­q, gjh­neufkmc­r­b­q, h­ec­c­r­b­q b­ b­c­gfyc­r­b­q z­psr­b­. Jnlt­km-yst­ yjvt­h­f geåkb­r­eñ­nc­z­ nfr­ét­ yf fh­fåc­r­jv b­ r­b­nfqc­r­jv, f nfr­ét­ yf lh­eub­ö­ z­psr­fö­ gj vt­h­t­ yt­jåö­jlb­vjc­nb­.

Vyt­yb­z­, dsc­r­fpsdft­vst­ d ä­nb­ö­ éeh­yfkfö­, yt­ jåz­pfnt­km-yj jnh­féfñ­n dpukz­ls b­kb­ gjkb­nb­r­e gh­fdb­nt­kmc­ndf CIF. Ujc­elfh­c­ndt­yysq lt­gfh­nfvt­yn CIF yt­ yt­c­t­n jndt­nc­ndt­y-yjc­nb­ pf c­jlt­h­éfyb­t­ c­fqnjd Bynt­h­yt­nf, yf r­jnjh­st­ t­c­nm c­c­skr­b­ d éeh­yfkfö­, b­kb­ ljc­neg r­ nfr­b­v c­fqnfv; ä­ne jndt­nc­ndt­yyjc­nm yt­c­en b­ö­ b­plfnt­kb­. Éeh­yfkmyst­ c­nfnmb­, ajnjuh­fab­b­ b­ b­kkñ­c­nh­fwb­b­ vjéyj djc­gh­jb­pdjlb­nm b­ gt­h­t­djlb­nm pf gh­t­lt­kfvb­ Cjt­lb­yt­yysö­ Infnjd, t­c­kb­ vfnt­-h­b­fks yt­ c­jgh­jdjélfñ­nc­z­ x­t­nr­b­v er­fpfyb­t­v yf juh­fyb­x­t­-yb­z­, yfkfuft­vst­ fdnjh­c­r­b­v gh­fdjv. D gjc­kt­lyt­v c­kex­ft­ yt­jåö­jlb­vj gjkex­b­nm h­fph­t­i­t­yb­t­ e dkflt­kmwt­d fdnjh­c­r­b­ö­ gh­fd, egjvz­yensö­ d éeh­yfkt­.

Nt­r­eo­b­t­ b­kb­ gh­t­lsleo­b­t­ yjvt­h­f éeh­yfkjd, f nfr­ét­ fyjyc­ åeleo­b­ö­ éeh­yfkjd vjéyj yfqnb­ d yt­c­r­jkmr­b­ö­ ä­kt­r­nh­jyysö­ ajh­vfnfö­ yf c­nh­fyb­wt­ Åñ­h­j vt­éleyfh­jl-ysö­ b­yajh­vfwb­jyysö­ gh­juh­fvv d Bynt­h­yt­nt­ ≤http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm.≥. Rjvvt­ynfh­b­b­ b­ pfvt­x­fyb­z­ yfgh­fdkz­qnt­ d gjc­jkmc­ndj CIF d dfi­t­q c­nh­fyt­ b­kb­ d h­t­-lfr­wb­ñ­ gj flh­t­c­e:

Editor, eJournal USA: Society & Values IIP/T/SV U.S. Department of State 301 4th St. S.W. Washington, D.C. 20547 United States of America E-mail:ejvalues@state.gov

JÅ­OT­CN­DJB WT­Y­Y­JCN­B

Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Ghb­ukf­if­tv df­c jp­yf­rjvb­nm­cz c yjdsv yjvthjv Äktrnhjy­yjuj éehyf­kf­ CIF. Åkf­ujlf­hb­v df­c p­f­ nj, xnj ds ghjzd­kztnt b­ynthtc r dscitve jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ d Cjtlb­ytyysö

Inf­nf­ö. Cjtlb­ytyyst Inf­ns – p­f­vtxf­ntkm­yjt vtcnj lkz p­f­yznb­q b­ ghb­jå­htntyb­z p­yf­yb­q^ Ghjikjq jctym­ñ vjq csy ghb­cnegb­k r extå­t d rjkktlét, nf­r xnj z p­yf­ñ, rf­rjt änj djkyeñott dhtvz lkz cneltynjd b­ xktyjd b­ö ctvtq. Xnj å­s ds yb­ öjntkb­ b­p­exf­nm­, ult å­s ds yb­ öjntkb­ exb­nm­cz – d å­jkm­ijv eyb­dthcb­ntnt, vf­ktym­­rjv b­kb­ chtlytv gj hf­p­vthe rjkktlét, ds yf­qltnt d Cjtlb­yty­ysö Inf­nf­ö gjb­cnb­yt ytjuhf­yb­xtyysq dså­jh djp­vjéyjcntq lkz gjkextyb­z jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z. Yf­lttvcz, xnj lf­yysq éehyf­k gjvjétn df­v cltkf­nm­ gthdsq if­u d änjv yf­ghf­dktyb­b­.

Yf­kb­xb­t å­kf­ujghb­znysö djp­vjéyjcntq gjkextyb­z jå­hf­p­j­df­yb­z änj kb­im­ jlb­y f­huevtyn d gjkm­p­e njuj, xnjå­s exb­nm­cz d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. D änjq cnhf­yt e cneltynjd tcnm­ gjkyf­z cdjå­jlf­ b­yntkktrnef­km­yjuj gjb­crf­, gjkb­nb­xtcrjq gjktvb­rb­ b­ jnrhsnjuj htkb­ub­jp­yjuj, f­hnb­cnb­xtcrjuj b­ öeljétcndtyyjuj cf­vjdshf­étyb­z. Rhjvt njuj, extå­f­ d dep­f­ö änjq cnhf­ys cgjcjå­cn­detn erhtgktyb­ñ lheéå­s b­ dp­f­b­vjgjyb­vf­yb­z chtlb­ cneltynjd hf­p­kb­xysö cnhf­y b­ rekm­neh.

Gjxnb­ dct rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö dsb­uhsdf­ñn jn njuj drkf­lf­, rjnjhsq dyjczn d extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z b­yjcnhf­yyst cneltyns. D 2004­2005 extå­yjv ujle d eyb­dthcb­nt­nf­ö b­ rjkktléf­ö CIF exb­kb­cm­ 565 000 cneltynjd b­p­ 190 cnhf­y. Gjvb­vj dctuj ghjxtuj, vyjub­t f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t eyb­dthcb­ntns gjå­eélf­ñn cdjb­ö cneltynjd hf­cib­hznm­ ujhb­p­jyns ghb­jå­htnf­t­vsö p­yf­yb­q b­ yf­ cjå­cndtyyjv jgsnt p­yf­rjvb­nm­cz c å­juf­ncndjv

lheub­ö rekm­neh, exf­cndez d ghjuhf­vvf­ö gjtp­ljr p­f­ uhf­yb­we b­ jå­extyb­z d p­f­heå­téysö cnhf­yf­ö.

Yf­lttvcz, xnj änjn yjvth Äktrnhjyyjuj éehyf­kf­ gjvjétn df­v ghb­yznm­ htityb­t dkb­nm­cz d hzls cktleñotuj gjrjktyb­z b­yj­cnhf­yysö cneltynjd, gjkexf­ñob­ö jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. C eljdjkm­cndb­tv jéb­lf­tv njuj vjvtynf­, rjulf­ cvjétv jrf­p­f­nm­ df­v hf­leiysq ghb­tv^

C b­crhtyyb­v edf­étyb­tv,

Rf­hty Öm­ñp­Pf­vtcnb­ntkm­ ujcelf­hcndtyyjuj ctrhtnf­hz CIF

gj djghjcf­v jå­otcndtyyjq lb­gkjvf­nb­b­ b­ cdzp­zv c jå­otcndtyyjcnm­ñ

LJÅ­HJ GJÉF­KJDF­N­M^

Rfhty Ömñp, pfvtc­nb­ntkm ujc­e­lfhc­ndtyyjuj c­trhtnfhz CIF gj djghjc­fv ge­å­kb­x­yjq lb­gkjvfnb­b­ b­ c­dzpzv c­ jå­otc­ndtyyjc­nmñ

i Ä-éeh­yfk CIF

Öjxe gjå­kf­ujlf­hb­nm­ df­c p­f­ ghjzdkztvsq df­vb­ b­ynthtc r f­vthb­rf­ycrjq cb­cntvt dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z. Vs ujhlb­v­cz yf­ib­vb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­vb­ b­ rjkktléf­vb­. Jyb­ lf­ñn

jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t cktleñotve gjrjktyb­ñ vb­hjdsö kb­lthjd.Rf­élsq ujl d Cjtlb­ytyyst Inf­ns ghb­tp­éf­ñn exb­nm­cz cjnyb­

nsczx cneltynjd cj dctuj vb­hf­. Byjcnhf­yyst cneltyns dyjczn cdjñ cgtwb­ab­re d cb­cntve

jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z änjq cnhf­ys, jå­juf­of­z cneltyxtcreñ éb­p­ym­ d rjkktléf­ö.

D Fvthb­rt dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t cnhjb­ncz b­yf­xt, xtv d lheub­ö cnhf­yf­ö. D Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö ltqcndetn cb­cntvf­, lkz rjnj­hjq öf­hf­rnthty dscjrb­q ehjdtym­ ltwtynhf­kb­p­f­wb­b­. Änf­ cb­cnt­vf­ ghtljcnf­dkztn cneltynf­v ib­hjrb­q lb­f­gf­p­jy dså­jhf­ vtcnf­ lkz gjkextyb­z jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z – jn å­jkm­ib­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd lj vtcnysö ldeöujlb­xysö rjkktlétq, ghjatccb­jyf­km­yj­ntöyb­xtc­rb­ö exb­kb­o b­ ntöyb­revjd. Ytcvjnhz yf­ nj, xnj Vb­yb­cnthcndj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF jrf­p­sdf­tn dscitve jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ gjllthére b­ ghtljcnf­dkztn tve ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­t, vs yt zdkztvcz wtyn­hf­km­ysv jhuf­yjv eghf­dktyb­z. Rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns gj å­jkm­itq xf­cnb­ aeyrwb­jyb­heñn yf­ jcyjdt cf­vjeghf­dktyb­z b­ jå­kf­lf­ñn p­yf­xb­ntkm­yjq ytp­f­db­cb­vjcnm­ñ b­ cdjå­jljq.

D yytiytv ujle vjz cnf­hif­z ljxm­ yf­xf­kf­ exb­nm­cz yf­ gthdjv rehct d rjkktlét. Vyt å­skj uhecnyj jnnjuj, xnj jyf­ etöf­kf­ b­p­ ljvf­, yj d nj ét dhtvz änj å­sk njn cf­vsq vjvtyn d éb­p­yb­, rjulf­ cthlwt ghtb­cgjkyztncz xedcndjv ujhljcnb­. Z öjxe, xnjå­s dct hjlb­ntkb­ b­vtkb­ djp­vjéyjcnm­ b­cgsnf­nm­ gjljå­yjt xedcndj. Jlyb­v b­p­ jcyjdysö yf­ib­ö ghb­jhb­ntnjd d Vb­yb­cnthcndt jå­hf­­p­jdf­yb­z CIF zdkztncz hf­cib­htyb­t djp­vjéyjcntq. Vs ghjzd­

kztv ndthleñ ghb­dthétyyjcnm­ jrf­p­f­yb­ñ ab­yf­ycjdjq gjvjob­ rf­r vjéyj å­jkm­itve xb­cke exf­ob­öcz c ntv, xnjå­s cå­skf­cm­ b­ö vtxnf­ j gjkextyb­b­ dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z.

Ytlf­dyj z cjp­lf­kf­ yjdeñ rjvb­ccb­ñ, ghb­p­df­yyeñ cjltqcndj­df­nm­ yf­v d hf­p­hf­å­jnrt yf­wb­jyf­km­yjq cnhf­ntub­b­ ghtljcnf­dktyb­z å­jktt ib­hjrb­ö djp­vjéyjcntq d jå­kf­cnb­ dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z. D eckjdb­zö ctujlyziytq ukjå­f­km­yjq ärjyjvb­rb­ kexib­t hf­å­j­xb­t vtcnf­ jnlf­ñncz yf­b­å­jktt rdf­kb­ab­wb­hjdf­yysv hf­å­jnyb­rf­v. Jrjkj 80 ghjwtynjd xb­ckf­ hf­å­jxb­ö vtcn d yf­b­å­jktt hf­p­db­df­ñ­ob­öcz jå­kf­cnzö nhtå­eñn jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, dsöjlzotuj p­f­ ghtltks chtlytuj. F gjnjve d yf­cnjzott dhtvz rf­r yb­rjulf­ ghtélt df­éyj b­vtnm­ dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t.

D änjv yjvtht éehyf­kf­ lf­tncz å­tuksq jå­p­jh cf­vsö hf­p­yj­jå­hf­p­ysö djp­vjéyjcntq lkz gjkextyb­z dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, b­vtñob­öcz d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. Yf­ltñcm­, xnj jy å­eltn df­v gjktp­ysv, f­ tckb­ e df­c gjzdzncz ljgjkyb­ntkm­yst djghjcs, z yf­cnjzntkm­yj cjdtneñ df­v gjctnb­nm­ dtå­­cf­qn http://www.educationusa.state.gov.

DDT­LT­YBT­

Vb­yb­c­nh jå­hfpjdfyb­z CIF Vfhufhtn Cgtkkb­yuc­

ii

Vfh­ufh­tn Cgtk­k­byucVbybcnh­ jå­h­fpjdfybz CIF­

� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

JÅ ÄNJV DS­GECRT­

Fvthb­rf­ycrb­t eyb­dthcb­ntns b­ rjkktléb­, chtlb­ rjnjhsö vjéyj yf­qnb­ cf­vst hf­p­yst nb­gs extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q b­ d rjnjhsö ghtlkf­uf­tncz gjb­cnb­yt ytjuhf­yb­xtyysq yf­å­jh

extå­ysö ghjuhf­vv b­ jå­kf­cntq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, jnhf­éf­ñn vyjuj­jå­hf­p­b­t, njkthf­ynyjt jnyjityb­t r cneltynf­v b­p­ hf­p­ysö cnhf­y, ghtlcnf­dkzñob­ö hf­p­yst rekm­nehs, b­ cnhtvktyb­t r cjdthitycn­de – nj tcnm­ kexitt, xnj ghb­ceot lf­yyjq cnhf­yt d wtkjv. Vs yf­lttvcz, xnj änjn éehyf­k gjvjétn gjntywb­f­km­ysv b­yjcnhf­y­ysv cneltynf­v, f­ nf­rét b­ö hjlb­ntkzv b­ rjycekm­nf­ynf­v kexit jp­yf­rjvb­nm­cz c f­vthb­rf­ycrjq cb­cntvjq dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z. Rhjvt njuj, ghtlkf­uf­tvst cnf­nm­b­ gjp­djkzn gjkexb­nm­ å­jktt gjk­yjt ghtlcnf­dktyb­t jå­ extå­t b­ gjdctlytdyjq éb­p­yb­ cneltynjd d rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö CIF.

Ckeif­z nhelyst ktrwb­b­ gj öb­vb­b­, ghb­jå­htnf­z jgsn ghf­rnb­­xtcrjq hf­å­jns yf­ cnf­éb­hjdrt, gjdsif­z cdjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t gj­chtlcndjv p­f­jxyjuj jå­extyb­z b­ d hf­vrf­ö rehcjd, ghtlkf­uf­tvsö yf­ Bynthytnt, b­kb­ ét cnhtvzcm­ r ljcnb­étyb­ñ cjdthitycndf­ d b­cgjkyb­ntkm­crjv b­creccndt b­kb­ d éb­djgb­cb­, cneltyns d Cjtlb­­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö vjuen yf­qnb­ ghjuhf­vvs b­ extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z, rjnjhst gjp­djkzn b­v gjkyjcnm­ñ htf­kb­p­jdf­nm­ cdjq gjntywb­f­k.

Cb­cntvf­ dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF jnkb­xf­tncz jn å­jkm­ib­ycn­df­ lheub­ö cb­cntv ntv, xnj yt zdkztncz jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­yjq. Rjy­cnb­newb­z CIF cjöhf­yztn p­f­ inf­nf­vb­ dct aeyrwb­b­ eghf­dktyb­z, rjyrhtnyj yt jöf­hf­rnthb­p­jdf­yyst rf­r atlthf­km­yst. Gjänjve d å­jkm­ib­ycndt ckexf­td inf­ns ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm­ p­f­ exhtélt­yb­t eyb­dthcb­ntnjd b­ lheub­ö dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, eghf­dkt­yb­t b­vb­ b­ b­ö htuekb­hjdf­yb­t.

Inf­ns lf­ñn hf­p­htityb­t yf­ cjp­lf­yb­t extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, yj yt lf­ñn b­v yb­rf­rjq f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­b­ b­ yt uf­hf­ynb­heñn rf­xtcndf­ b­ö hf­å­jns. Dvtcnj inf­njd, f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­tq p­f­yb­vf­ñncz xf­cnyst ytrjvvthxtcrb­t jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­. Jlyf­ b­p­ å­jrjdsö dhtp­jr gjcdzot­yf­ änjq ntvt.

D lf­yyjv éehyf­kt lf­tncz jgb­cf­yb­t hf­p­kb­xysö db­ljd dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q CIF, gjckt xtuj gjvtof­ñncz cnf­nm­b­, d rj­njhsö ghb­djlb­ncz å­jktt gjlhjå­yf­z b­yajhvf­wb­z jå­ jnltkm­ysö extå­ysö ghjuhf­vvf­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, f­ nf­rét cnf­nm­b­ j ≤ghtlvtnt b­kb­ jå­kf­cnb­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­≥, cneltyxtcrjq éb­p­yb­ b­ hf­p­kb­xysv f­vthb­rf­ycrb­v cnb­kzv jå­extyb­z. Geå­kb­reñncz vyjujxb­cktyyst ajnj b­ ghtlkf­uf­ñncz ldf­ db­ltjvf­nthb­f­kf­ lkz å­jkm­itq yf­ukzlyjc­nb­. Rhjvt njuj, vs ghtlcnf­dkztv b­yajhvf­wb­ñ j htcehcf­ö lkz cneltynjd, rjnjhsv yeéyf­ gjvjom­ ghb­ dså­jht rjkktléf­, gjlf­xt p­f­zdktyb­q b­ jå­tcgtxtyb­b­ ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­z jå­extyb­z d CIF. Rjy­cekm­nf­wb­jyyst wtynhs gj djghjcf­v jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, ltqcndeñob­t d hf­vrf­ö ghjuhf­vvs ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥, b­ tt dtå­­cf­qn [http://www.educationusa.state.gov/] döjlzn d xb­ckj yf­b­å­jktt gjktp­ysö

htcehcjd. Vs cjdtnetv gjntywb­f­km­ysv b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v b­ f­cgb­hf­ynf­v yf­xb­yf­nm­ ghjwtcc gjlf­xb­ p­f­zdktyb­z, gj rhf­qytq vtht, p­f­ ujl lj rhf­qytuj chjrf­ ghb­tvf­ p­f­zdktyb­q c ntv, xnjå­s gjkexb­nm­ b­ ghtlcnf­db­nm­ dct ytjå­öjlb­vst ljrevtyns j ghjqlty­ysö rehcf­ö b­ ecgtdf­tvjcnb­, f­ nf­rét clf­nm­ ytjå­öjlb­vst ntcns.

Ghb­ cjcnf­dktyb­b­ änjuj yjvthf­ Äktrnhjyyjuj éehyf­kf­ CIF: Jå­otcndj b­ wtyyjcnb­ yf­v gjcnjzyyj yf­gjvb­yf­kb­ j njv å­jkm­­ijv p­yf­xtyb­b­, rjnjhjt b­vttn lkz kñltq jgsn extå­s d rjkktlét. Dct, c rtv vs ujdjhb­kb­, å­tp­ b­crkñxtyb­z ghtlkf­uf­kb­ yf­v, xnjå­s vs yf­gb­cf­kb­ jå­ b­ö rjkktlét b­kb­ j rjkktlét, d rjnjhjv exb­ncz b­kb­ exb­kcz rnj­nj b­p­ xktyjd b­ö ctvm­b­. Pf­dzp­sdf­ñob­t d cnelty­xtcrb­t ujls xtkjdtxtcrb­t cdzp­b­, rjnjhst jcnf­ñncz éb­dsvb­ yf­ ghjnzétyb­b­ vyjub­ö ktn, zdkzñncz df­éysv yf­gjvb­yf­yb­tv j njq hjkb­, rjnjheñ b­uhf­tn jgsn extå­s d éb­p­yb­ xtkjdtrf­. Bå­j änj gthb­jl cnf­yjdktyb­z kb­xyjcnb­, htityb­z ckjéysö b­yntkktrnef­km­­ysö p­f­lf­x b­ gjb­crf­ jå­oyjcnb­ dp­ukzljd b­ b­ynthtcjd.

Vs dscjrj wtyb­v f­rnb­dyeñ gjllthére, jrf­p­f­yyeñ änjve dsgecre éehyf­kf­ ltcznrf­vb­ rjkktlétq, eyb­dthcb­ntnjd b­ lheub­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, rjnjhst ghtljcnf­dkzkb­ yf­v b­yajhvf­wb­ñ, gjcskf­kb­ ajnjuhf­ab­b­ b­ gb­cf­kb­ lkz yf­c cnf­nm­b­. Yf­if­ p­f­lf­xf­ cjcnjzkf­ d njv, xnjå­s, gj djp­vjéyjcnb­, lf­nm­ xb­nf­ntkñ vf­rcb­­vf­km­yj gjkyeñ rf­hnb­ye dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. Jlyf­rj b­cgjkm­p­jdf­yb­t yf­vb­ rjyrhtnyjq b­yajhvf­wb­b­ b­kb­ ajnjuhf­ab­q yt cktletn b­cnjkrjdsdf­nm­ rf­r jljå­htyb­t rf­rj­uj­nj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z b­kb­ rf­rjq­nj jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­.

Dsöjl änjuj yjvthf­ éehyf­kf­ å­sk ghb­ehjxty r ghjdtltyb­ñ Vtéleyf­hjlyjq ytltkb­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, ghtlcnf­dkzñotq cjå­jq cjdvtcnyeñ b­yb­wb­f­nb­de Ujcelf­hcndtyyjuj ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ CIF b­ Vb­yb­cnthcndf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF, rjnjhf­z b­vtkf­ cdjtq wtkm­ñ cjltqcndb­t ghjuhf­vvf­v, kexit gjlujnf­dkb­df­ñob­v f­vthb­rf­ywtd r eckjdb­zv ukjå­f­km­yjq ärjyjvb­rb­ b­ ghb­dktrf­ñob­v å­eleob­ö kb­lthjd p­f­heå­téysö cnhf­y r extå­t, ghb­jå­htntyb­ñ p­yf­yb­q b­ jå­vtye jgsnjv d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. Vtéleyf­hjlyf­z ytltkz jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z 2005 ujlf­ ghjdjlb­kf­cm­ c 14 gj 19 yjzå­hz.

� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

è Lj­åhj­gj­éf­kj­df­nm^

Rf­hty Ömñp, pf­vtc­nb­ntkm uj­c­e­lf­hc­ndtyyj­uj­ c­tRhtnf­hz c­If­ gj­ dj­ghj­c­f­v ge­å­kb­x­yj­q lb­gkj­vf­nb­b­ b­ c­dzpzv c­ j­å­otc­ndtyyj­c­nmñ

èè Ddt­lt­ybt­

vf­huf­htn c­gtkkb­yuc­, vb­yb­c­nh j­å­hf­pj­df­yb­z c­If­

èèè Jåänj­vds­gec­rt­

Nbgs­ext­åys­öpf­dt­lt­ybq

4 Inf­nc­rbt­eybdt­hc­bnt­ns­dCj­t­lbyt­yys­öInf­nf­ö

hj­å­thn Ö. å­he­b­yb­yRc­, ghtpb­ltyn vb­yytc­j­nc­Rj­uj­ e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf­

D nb­gb­xyjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt inf­nf­ jå­exf­ñncz ltcznrb­ nsczx cneltynjd b­ ghtlkf­uf­ñncz cjnyb­ rehcjd.

6 Åj­kmij­qxf­c­nys­qeybdt­hc­bnt­nc­j­åibhyj­q

yf­exyj­-bc­c­kt­lj­df­nt­kmc­rj­qåf­pj­q

létqvc­ df­uyth, ghtpb­ltyn e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf­ Ävj­hb­

Ljcnegyjcnm­ chtlcnd b­p­ xf­cnysö ajyljd gjp­djkztn xf­cn­ysv eyb­dthcb­ntnf­v ghjdjlb­nm­ cvtkst yf­exyst b­p­scrf­yb­z d yjdtqib­ö jå­kf­cnzö.

8 Vt­c­nys­t­ldeöuj­lbxys­t­rj­kkt­lébCIF:

rkñxrds­c­it­vej­åhf­pj­df­ybñlkzvyj­ubö

léj­hlé h. å­j­uup, ghtpb­ltyn f­vthb­Rf­yc­Rj­q f­c­c­j­wb­f­wb­b­ vtc­nysÖ lde­Öuj­lb­x­ysÖ Rj­kktlétq

Ldeöujlb­xyst vtcnyst rjkktléb­ – ghb­dktrf­ntkm­yf­z f­km­nth­yf­nb­df­ lkz ntö, rnj öjxtn gjckt jrjyxf­yb­z chtlytq irjks ghjljkéf­nm­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d extå­yjv p­f­dtltyb­b­, rjnjhjt yf­öj­lb­ncz å­kb­p­rj jn ljvf­, b­ ghb­ änjv cärjyjvb­nm­ p­yf­xb­ntkm­yst chtlcndf­.

10 Cbkf­,j­åec­kj­dkt­yyf­zhf­pyj­j­åhf­pbt­v:

yt­pf­dbc­bvs­qc­t­rnj­hds­c­it­uj­j­åhf­pj­df­ybzCIF

hb­x­f­hl ÄRvf­y, ghtpb­ltyn c­j­dtnf­ ytpf­db­c­b­vsÖ Rj­kktlétq

D ytå­jkm­ib­ö xf­cnysö rjkktléf­ö jå­extyb­t dtltncz d jå­cnf­yjdrt ntcyjuj rjynf­rnf­ vtéle exf­ob­vb­cz b­ ghtgj­lf­df­ntkzvb­.

12 Ds­c­ibt­ext­åys­t­pf­dt­lt­ybzc­ght­j­åkf­lf­ñobv

xbc­kj­vght­lc­nf­dbnt­kt­qvt­ymibyc­nd

D änb­ö rjkktléf­ö jcjå­jt dyb­vf­yb­t eltkztncz exf­ob­vcz, ghtlcnf­dkzñob­v vtym­ib­ycndf­, d njv xb­ckt f­ahj­f­vthb­rf­y­wf­v, kf­nb­yjf­vthb­rf­ywf­v b­ f­vthb­rf­ycrb­v b­yltqwf­v.

15 Gznmlt­c­znkt­nc­gec­nzgj­c­kt­lt­kf­Åhf­eyf­:gj­xt­-

venhf­lbwbj­yyj­f­a­hj­-f­vt­hbrf­yc­rbt­rj­kkt­léb

beybdt­hc­bnt­ns­gj­-ght­éyt­veyt­j­åöj­lbvs­

å­tdthkb­ lÄyb­tk ntqne­v, ghtpb­ltyn Rj­kktléf­ c­gtkvf­yf­

Ghtgjlf­df­ntkm­ ujdjhb­n jå­ eyb­rf­km­yjq hjkb­ gjljå­ysö extå­­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q d ajhvb­hjdf­yb­b­ cf­vjcjp­yf­yb­z f­ahj­f­vthb­­rf­ycrb­ö cneltynjd.

17 Ht­kbubj­pys­t­rj­kkt­léb

lÄdb­l v. j­’Rj­yytkk, ghtpb­ltyn Rf­nj­kb­x­tc­Rj­uj­ e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf­ f­vthb­Rb­

D htkb­ub­jp­ysö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö ghjatccjhf­ eå­téltys, xnj jå­extyb­t d rjyntrcnt dths jå­juf­of­tn dscitt jå­hf­p­j­df­yb­t.

20 Cgt­wbf­kmys­t­ds­c­ibt­ext­åys­t­pf­dt­lt­ybz

vf­qRk létq Ahb­lvf­y, c­j­nhe­lyb­R å­ñhj­ vtéle­yf­hj­lysÖ b­yAj­hvf­wb­j­yysÖ ghj­uhf­vv uj­c­e­lf­hc­ndtyyj­uj­ ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ c­If­Rjkktléb­, eltkzñob­t ukf­dyjt dyb­vf­yb­t ghtlvtnf­v, cdzp­f­y­ysv c b­creccndjv, å­b­p­ytcjv b­kb­ djtyysvb­ yf­erf­vb­, zdkz­ñn cjå­jq njkm­rj ytcrjkm­rj ghb­vthjd extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q cj cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­yysvb­ ghjuhf­vvf­vb­ jå­extyb­z.Åj­rj­dst dhtp­rb: Rkf­ccb­ab­rf­wb­z rjkktlétq; kexib­t dscib­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z Fvthb­rb­; dtleob­t ghjuhf­vvs jå­ext­yb­z å­b­p­ytce b­ b­yétythysv yf­erf­v; ≤Kb­uf­ gkñof­≥ – d ytt döjlzn cnf­htqib­t b­ cf­vst ghtcnb­éyst f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t

DJGHJCS­ LT­VJRHFNBBUJCELFHCNDTYYSQ LTGFHNFVTYN CIF / YJZÅHM 2005 UJLF / NJV 10 / YJVTH 2

www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm

Rj­kkt­lébbeybdt­hc­bnt­ns­dCj­t­lbyt­yys­öInf­nf­ö

� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

eyb­dthcb­ntns b­ rjkktléb­; ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥; Jnvtxf­tv Vtéleyf­hjlyeñ ytltkñ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z

26 Aj­nj­:Cnelt­yxt­c­rf­zébpym

Dpukzyt­vgj­åkbét­

31 Ghj­uhf­vvs­bpext­ybzvt­éleyf­hj­lys­öj­nyj­it­-

ybqdGt­yyc­bkmdf­yc­rj­veybdt­hc­bnt­nt­

vf­qRk létq Ahb­lvf­y, c­j­nhe­lyb­R å­ñhj­ vtéle­yf­hj­lysÖ b­yAj­hvf­wb­j­yysÖ ghj­uhf­vv uj­c­e­lf­hc­ndtyyj­uj­ ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ c­If­Vtélb­cwb­gkb­yf­hyf­z ghjuhf­vvf­ gjp­djkztn ujnjdb­nm­ cnelty­njd lkz hf­å­jns d kñå­jq xf­cnb­ cdtnf­.Åj­rj­dfz dhtp­rf: Rhf­nrb­q jå­p­jh f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­b­ dscib­ö extå­­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q d CIF

33 Byj­c­nhf­yys­t­c­nelt­yns­j­åht­nf­ñnyj­ds­qlj­vb

c­nf­dzngt­ht­lc­j­åj­qukj­åf­kmys­t­pf­lf­xb

hb­x­f­hl Öj­klty, å­sdIb­q lb­htRnj­h gj­ c­dzpzv c­ j­å­otc­ndtyyj­c­­nmñ d ÄhkÖf­v­Rj­kktlét

Exf­ob­tcz b­p­ Fauf­yb­cnf­yf­ b­ Rtyb­b­ hf­ccrf­p­sdf­ñn j cdjtq éb­p­yb­ b­ ecnhtvktyb­zö.

35 Lt­znt­kmyj­c­nmyf­j­åot­c­ndt­yyj­vgj­ghbot­

hj­å­b­y k. qtuth, c­j­nhe­lyb­R å­ñhj­ vtéle­yf­hj­lysÖ b­yAj­hvf­wb­­j­yysÖ ghj­uhf­vv uj­c­e­lf­hc­ndtyyj­uj­ ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ c­If­Dj vyjub­ö rjkktléf­ö e cneltynjd tcnm­ djp­vjéyjcnm­ gjghj­å­jdf­nm­ ctå­z yf­ jå­otcndtyyjv gjghb­ot; exf­cndez d ljå­hjdjkm­­xtcrb­ö b­yb­wb­f­nb­df­ö b­ jrf­p­sdf­z gjllthére vtcnyjve yf­ct­ktyb­ñ, cneltyns vjuen jå­exf­nm­cz yf­ ghf­rnb­rt b­ hf­p­db­df­nm­ d cdjtv cjp­yf­yb­b­ gjnhtå­yjcnm­ ckeétyb­z jå­otcnde.

38 Hf­pyj­j­åhf­pbt­dj­pvj­éyj­c­nt­qgj­kext­ybzj­åhf­pj­-

df­ybzyf­ghbvt­ht­c­t­vbrj­yrht­nys­örj­kkt­lét­q

Htp­ñvt ljrkf­lf­, gjlujnjdktyyjuj cjnhelyb­rf­vb­ gjcjkm­cnd CIF, rjnjhst yt zdkzñncz f­vthb­rf­ycrb­vb­ uhf­élf­yf­vb­, j djp­vjéyjcnzö jå­extyb­z lkz b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd d ctvb­ f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö rjkktléf­ö.

Rf­rlt­qc­ndet­nc­bc­nt­vf­

42 Ds­åj­hj­c­yj­dyj­qc­gt­wbf­kbpf­wbbdrj­kkt­lét­

kb­ylf­ nj­å­f­I, lb­htRnj­h c­ne­ltyx­tc­Rj­q c­ke­éå­s b­yc­nb­ne­nf­ vtéle­yf­hj­lyj­uj­ j­å­hf­pj­df­yb­z

Cgtwb­f­kb­cn lf­tn ghf­rnb­xtcrb­t cjdtns cneltynf­v d rjkkt­léf­ö, rf­r ghf­db­km­yj dså­hf­nm­ lkz ctå­z, xnj b­vtyyj b­p­exf­nm­.Åj­rj­dst dhtp­rb: Dså­jh cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ d rjkktlét b­ dså­jh jå­kf­cnb­ hf­å­jns, Extå­ysq ujl, Nhtå­jdf­yb­z lkz gjkextyb­z cntgtyb­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­, Gjktp­yst dtå­­cf­qns

50 Pf­yznbzdf­elbnj­hbzödnt­xt­ybt­gt­hds­öxt­ns­ht­ö

kt­nj­åext­ybz

kb­ylf­ nj­å­f­I, lb­htRnj­h c­ne­ltyx­tc­Rj­q c­ke­éå­s b­yc­nb­ne­nf­ vtéle­yf­hj­lyj­uj­ j­å­hf­pj­df­yb­z

Fdnjh hf­ccrf­p­sdf­tn j njv, xnj jéb­lf­ñn jn cneltynjd d rjk­ktlét, b­ j ntö ghtlvtnf­ö, rjnjhst b­v yeéyj å­eltn b­p­exf­nm­.Åj­rj­dfz dhtp­rf: Cb­cntvf­ jwtyjr

53 Cnj­bvj­c­nmj­åhf­pj­df­ybzdCj­t­lbyt­yys­öInf­nf­ö

b­yj­c­nhf­yyst c­ne­ltyns d gj­b­c­Rf­Ö Ab­yf­yc­b­hj­df­yb­z e­x­tå­s d c­If­ b­vtñn lj­c­ne­g R b­yAj­hvf­wb­j­yysv htc­e­hc­f­v.Åj­rj­dfz dhtp­rf: Gkf­nf­ p­f­ jå­extyb­t b­ lheub­t gkf­ntéb­ gj chf­d­ytyb­ñ c jå­ob­vb­ hf­cöjlf­vb­ yf­ dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tYf cötvt: Ghb­vthysq å­ñlétn jå­extyb­z d rjkktlét

56 Dj­pvj­éys­t­bc­nj­xybrba­byf­yc­j­dj­qgj­vj­ob

vf­hnb­yf­ Ie­kmwt, c­gtwb­f­kb­c­n gj­ dj­ghj­c­f­v Re­kmne­hs d utyt­hf­kmyj­v Rj­yc­e­kmc­ndt c­If­ d uf­vå­e­hut, uthvf­yb­z

Ab­yf­ycjdf­z gjvjom­ jå­sxyj å­jktt ljcnegyf­ f­cgb­hf­ynf­v, xtv cneltynf­v.

57 Cj­t­lbyt­yys­t­Inf­ns­hf­ls­ghbdt­nc­ndj­df­nmbyj­-

c­nhf­yys­öc­nelt­ynj­ddvt­c­nys­öldeöuj­lbxys­ö

rj­kkt­léf­ö

létyyb­Ath å­thx­f­v, ≤Rj­vvmñyb­nb­ Rj­kktlé nf­qvc­≥, f­vthb­Rf­yc­Rf­z f­c­c­j­wb­f­wb­z vtc­nysÖ lde­Öuj­lb­x­ysÖ Rj­kkt­létq

D lf­yyjq cnf­nm­t, ahf­uvtyns rjnjhjq dp­zns b­p­ uf­p­tns ≤Rjv­vm­ñyb­nb­ Rjkktlé Nf­qvc≥, tcntcndtyyj, htxm­ b­ltn ukf­dysv jå­hf­p­jv j vtcnysö rjkktléf­ö, yj ghb­dtncndb­t ≤Ljå­hj gjéf­­kjdf­nm­^≥ jå­hf­otyj rj dctv b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v dj dctö f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö dep­f­ö.Åj­rj­dfz dhtp­rf: Xnj nf­rjt rjycekm­nf­yn b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd?

59 Åbåkbj­uhf­a­bz

61 Ht­c­ehc­s­Bynt­hyt­nf­

DBLtJJy-kFqy

Xnj pyfXbn åsnm byjcnhfyysv cneltynjv d fvthbrt

Ahfuvtyns dbltj­abkmvf Lfhvencrj­uj­ Rj­kktléf hfccrfp­sdfñn j­ gthdsö vtczwfö ghtåsdfybz byj­cnhfyysö cneltynj­d d Cj­tlbytyysö Infnfö.

http://www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/1105/ijse/ijse1105.htm

� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

INFNCRBT­ EYBDT­HCBNT­NS­ D CJT­LBYT­YYS­Ö INFNFÖ

Hjåt­h­n Ö. Åh­eb­yb­yr­c­

Nb­gs extå­ysö pf­dtltyb­q

Cne­ltyns b­yé­tythyjuj afre­kmntnf Eyb­dthc­b­ntnf infnf Fhb­pjyf hfå­jnfñn yfl c­jplfyb­tv vjltkb­ c­fvjktnf-hjå­jnf, e­ljc­njtyyjq dgjc­ktlc­ndb­b­ yf jlyjv b­p rjyre­hc­jd ghtvb­b­ gjå­tlb­ntkz.

Infncrbt eybdthcbntns j­åsx­yj­ ghbybvfñn nsczx­b cneltynj­d b ghtlkfufñn cntgtyb gj­ cj­nyzv lbcwbgkby d hfp­kbx­ysö j­åkfcnzö. Hj­åthn Ö. Åhebybyrc hfccrfp­sdftn j­ cnherneht åj­kmibö eybdthcbntnj­d infnj­d, öfhfrntht bö abyfycbhj­dfybz b p­yfrj­vbn x­bnfntkz c dj­p­vj­éyj­cnzvb, rj­nj­hst j­yb ghtlj­cnfdkzñn byj­cnhfyysv cneltynfv b ex­tysv. Jy zdkztncz ghtp­bltynj­v Vbyytcj­ncrj­uj­ eybdthcb­ntnf c 2002 u. b cj­cnj­bn x­ktyj­v Cj­dtnf ghj­uhfvvs cnbgty­lbq Aekåhfqnf.

Rhegyst inf­ncrb­t eyb­dthcb­ntns d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö änj eyb­dthcb­ntns, hf­cgjkjétyyst d inf­nf­ö b­ gjke­xf­ñob­t jn yb­ö hf­p­yeñ gjllthére. Änb­ eyb­dthcb­ntns

ghtlcnf­dkzñn cjå­jq djkyeñob­t, lb­yf­vb­xyst b­ gjkm­p­eñob­tcz jxtym­ dscjrjq htgenf­wb­tq wtynhs dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z c eyb­­rf­km­ysvb­ nhf­lb­wb­zvb­ b­ ukeå­jrb­vb­ cdzp­zvb­ c yf­ctktyb­tv inf­nf­. Yj änb­ eyb­dthcb­ntns nf­rét ghb­dktrf­ñn d cdjb­ hzls nf­kf­yns cj dctq cnhf­ys b­ cj dctuj vb­hf­.

Jå­sxyj eyb­dthcb­ntns gjljå­yjuj nb­gf­ ghb­yb­vf­ñn ltcznrb­ nsczx cneltynjd. Jyb­ gjcnf­dkzñn å­jkm­ib­ycndj dsgecryb­rjd cj cntgtyzvb­ dsit å­f­rf­kf­dhf­ b­ c ghjatccb­jyf­km­ysvb­ lb­gkjvf­vb­ d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, f­ nf­rét p­yf­xb­ntkm­yjt xb­ckj dsgecr­

yb­rjd cj cntgtyzvb­ å­f­rf­kf­dhjd. Jå­otq öf­hf­rnthyjq xthnjq å­jkm­ib­ö inf­ncrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd zdkztncz nf­rét yf­kb­xb­t d yb­ö ib­hjrjuj lb­f­gf­p­jyf­ extå­ysö ghjuhf­vv. D rf­xtcndt ghb­vthf­ vjue ghb­dtcnb­ dscitt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t, d rjnjhjv z hf­å­jnf­ñ – Vb­yytcjncrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn. D tuj cneltyxtcrjv ujhjlrt yf­cxb­­nsdf­tncz 50 000 cneltynjd. D änjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt ghtlkf­uf­ñncz cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ gj cjnyzv lb­cwb­gkb­y, b­ jy p­f­yb­vf­tn dtleott gjkjétyb­t d ytdhjkjub­b­ b­ nhf­ycgkf­ynf­wb­jyyjq öb­hehub­b­, ärjyj­vb­rt b­ gjkb­njkjub­b­, cjp­lf­yb­b­ yjdsö vf­nthb­f­kjd b­ yf­yjntöyjkj­ub­b­, ctkm­crjöjp­zqcndtyysö yf­erf­ö b­ ärjkjub­b­.

Inf­ncrb­t eyb­dthcb­ntns b­uhf­ñn jxtym­ df­éyeñ hjkm­ d ärjyjvb­­xtcrjv, rekm­nehyjv b­ jå­otcndtyyjv hf­p­db­nb­b­, b­ vyjub­t b­p­ yb­ö dtlen å­jkm­ieñ b­ccktljdf­ntkm­creñ hf­å­jne. Änb­ eyb­dthcb­ntns döjlzn d xb­ckj jcyjdysö yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crb­ö exhtéltyb­q d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö b­ ghb­yb­vf­ñn exf­cnb­t d vtéleyf­hjl­ysö b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crb­ö ghjuhf­vvf­ö d hf­p­ysö cnhf­yf­ö vb­hf­. Wtksq hzl if­ujd atlthf­km­yjuj ghf­db­ntkm­cndf­, b­vtdib­ö vtcnj dj dnjhjq gjkjdb­yt ÖÈÖ dtrf­, jå­tcgtxb­k inf­nf­v htcehcs yf­ exhtéltyb­t b­ cnhjb­ntkm­cndj eyb­dthcb­ntnjd. Gjzdb­dib­tcz d ht­p­ekm­nf­nt änjuj inf­nyst eyb­dthcb­ntns ghb­p­df­ys jödf­nb­nm­ cdjtq ltzntkm­yjcnm­ñ yf­ctktyb­t inf­nf­, d rjnjhjv jyb­ hf­cgjkjétys, b­ gjvjxm­ tve d tuj ltkf­ö, yf­ghb­vth, d jå­extyb­b­ yjdsv ntöyjkjub­­

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zv, jrf­p­f­yb­b­ gjllthérb­ ctkm­crjve öjp­zqcnde, dj dp­f­b­vjltqcndb­b­ c yf­xf­km­ysvb­ b­ chtlyb­vb­ irjkf­vb­, f­ nf­rét dj dp­f­b­vjltqcndb­b­ c ntvb­, rnj ajhvb­hetn gjkb­nb­re inf­nf­ b­ gjkb­nb­re yf­ vtcnf­ö.

Cntgtym­ b­yntycb­dyjcnb­ yf­exyjq hf­å­jns d inf­ncrb­ö eyb­dth­cb­ntnf­ö hf­p­yf­z. Rf­r ghf­db­kj, uhf­yns b­ rjynhf­rns, ghb­ceélf­t­vst yf­ ghjdtltyb­t yf­exysö b­ccktljdf­yb­q cf­vsv ghtcnb­éysv inf­ncrb­v eyb­dthcb­ntnf­v, tétujlyj cjcnf­dkzñn cjnyb­ vb­kkb­j­yjd ljkkf­hjd. Jå­ütv gjvjob­, gjkexf­tvjq jn inf­njd, hf­p­ysq. Eyb­dthcb­ntns inf­nf­ c å­jkm­ib­vb­ å­ñlétnf­vb­ yf­ ghjdtltyb­t yf­exysö b­ccktljdf­yb­q jå­sxyj gjkexf­ñn jn 10 lj 30 ghjwtynjd cdjb­ö å­ñlétnjd jn inf­nf­, d rjnjhjv jyb­ hf­cgjkjétys. Jcnf­km­­yf­z xf­cnm­ b­ö å­ñlétnf­ gjcnegf­tn d ajhvt gkf­ns p­f­ jå­extyb­t b­ lheub­ö gkf­ntétq, uhf­ynjd/rjynhf­rnjd b­ lf­hjd.

Åkf­ujlf­hz ceotcndeñotq ab­yf­ycjdjq cnherneht d å­jkm­ib­ö inf­ncrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö vyjub­t f­cgb­hf­yns gjkexf­ñn ab­yf­ycj­deñ gjvjom­, hf­å­jnf­z f­ccb­cntynf­vb­ d hf­vrf­ö b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crb­ö uhf­ynjd b­ rjynhf­rnjd. Ytcvjnhz yf­ nj, xnj vyjub­t inf­ncrb­t eyb­­dthcb­ntns cnhtvzncz r gjkextyb­ñ å­jkm­ituj ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­z yf­ cneltyxtcrb­t jå­vtys, ljcneg gjcktlyb­ö r ab­yf­ycjdjq gjvjob­, ghtljcnf­dkztvjq dyt ghtltkjd dsitegjvzyenjuj ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­­yb­z yf­exysö b­ccktljdf­yb­q b­ ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­z d ajhvt uhf­y­njd, yjcb­n jxtym­ juhf­yb­xtyysq öf­hf­rnth. Gjcrjkm­re cneltyns gthdsö xtnshtö rehcjd jå­sxyj yt p­f­yb­vf­ñncz yf­exyjq hf­å­jnjq, ghtljcnf­dktyb­t cnb­gtylb­q b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v, cnhtvzob­v­cz r gjkextyb­ñ cntgtyb­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­, dtcm­vf­ juhf­yb­xtyj.

Åjkm­ib­t inf­ncrb­t eyb­dthcb­ntns yf­öjlzncz d hf­p­ysö hf­qjyf­ö – b­ cjdctv d ytå­jkm­ib­ö ujhjlrf­ö b­ d ujhjlf­ö c vyjujvb­kkb­jy­ysv yf­ctktyb­tv. Vyjub­t eyb­dthcb­ntns b­vtñn rf­vgecs, rjnjhst hf­p­å­hjcf­ys gj dctq nthhb­njhb­b­ inf­nf­. Rhjvt njuj, dj vyjub­ö inf­nf­ö yf­cxb­nsdf­tncz ytcrjkm­rj inf­ncrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd.

Eghf­dkzñn inf­ncrb­vb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­vb­ cjdtns gjgtxb­ntktq, rjnjhst ljkéys d njq b­kb­ b­yjq cntgtyb­ jnxb­nsdf­nm­cz gthtl inf­ncrb­vb­ eghf­dkzñob­vb­ jhuf­yf­vb­. D jnkb­xb­t jn vyjub­ö lheub­ö cnhf­y änb­ f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t eyb­dthcb­ntns yt gjlxb­yzñncz

vb­yb­cnhe jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF, b­ jceotcndktyb­t vth d jå­kf­cnb­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z ltktub­hetncz inf­nf­v. Yj p­ltcm­ tcnm­ jlyj df­éyjt b­crkñxtyb­t – xf­cnb­xyj b­p­ atlthf­km­ysö b­cnjxyb­rjd gjcnegf­tn ab­yf­ycjdf­z gjvjom­ cneltynf­v, b­ xthtp­ atlthf­km­yst dtljvcndf­, nf­rb­t rf­r Yf­wb­jyf­km­ysq yf­exysq ajyl, Yf­wb­jyf­km­yst b­ycnb­­nens p­lhf­djjöhf­ytyb­z b­ vyjub­t lheub­t atlthf­km­yst f­utyncndf­ b­ltn ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­t b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­.

Ytrjnjhst nhf­lb­wb­b­ inf­ncrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö p­yf­xb­ntkm­yj jnkb­xf­ñncz jn nhf­lb­wb­q d lheub­ö cnhf­yf­ö. Lf­ét d änb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö, gjkexf­ñob­ö ab­yf­ycjdeñ gjl­lthére jn inf­nf­, cneltyns jå­sxyj xf­cnb­xyj gkf­nzn p­f­ jå­hf­p­jdf­­yb­t b­ gjrhsdf­ñn lheub­t gkf­ntéb­, cdzp­f­yyst c extå­jq, ghb­xtv änb­ hf­cöjls gjcnjzyyj hf­cnen. D yf­cnjzott dhtvz cneltyns jå­sxyj å­then p­f­qvs d å­f­yrt b­ nf­rb­v jå­hf­p­jv gjvjuf­ñn ctå­t p­f­gkf­nb­nm­ p­f­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t. Dct å­jkm­it b­ å­jkm­it chtlcnd b­p­ xf­cn­ysö ab­yf­ycjdsö b­cnjxyb­rjd b­ltn yf­ ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­t yf­exysö ghjtrnjd, ghtljcnf­dktyb­t cnb­gtylb­q b­ p­f­hf­å­jnyeñ gkf­ne ghj­atccjhjd. Yf­rjytw, å­jkm­ijq b­ynthtc e cneltynjd, dsgecryb­rjd b­ hzljdsö uhf­élf­y dsp­sdf­ñn cneltyxtcrb­t cgjhnb­dyst cjhtdyjdf­­yb­z, b­ ghjdtltyb­t gjljå­ysö cgjhnb­dysö vthjghb­znb­q ghb­yjcb­n

ljgjkyb­ntkm­ysq ljöjl.Chtlb­ dctö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd CIF å­jkm­ib­t eyb­dthcb­ntns inf­­

njd xf­cnj b­vtñn cf­vsq dscjrb­q ghjwtyn b­yjcnhf­yysö cnelty­njd b­ yf­exysö cjnhelyb­rjd. E yf­c d Vb­yytcjncrjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt yf­cxb­nsdf­tncz å­jktt 4500 b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd b­ yf­exysö cjnhelyb­rjd ghb­å­kb­p­b­ntkm­yj b­p­ 130 cnhf­y. Vb­yytcjncrb­q eyb­­dthcb­ntn ghtljcnf­dkztn rjycekm­nf­wb­b­ b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v gj ñhb­lb­xtcrb­v b­ kb­xysv djghjcf­v, gjvjuf­z b­v dså­hf­nm­ rehcs, cjhb­tynb­hjdf­nm­cz d yjdsö eckjdb­zö b­ gjyznm­ f­vthb­rf­y­creñ rekm­nehe djjå­ot b­ eyb­dthcb­ntncreñ rekm­nehe d xf­cnyjcnb­, f­ nf­rét gj djghjcf­v b­vvb­uhf­wb­b­ b­ db­p­jdjuj htéb­vf­, ljgjkyb­­ntkm­yjuj b­p­extyb­z f­yukb­qcrjuj zp­srf­ b­ hf­p­db­nb­z jnyjityb­q c kñlm­vb­ hf­p­ysö rekm­neh. Dj vyjub­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö inf­njd tcnm­ f­yf­kjub­xyst ghjuhf­vvs, gjvjuf­ñob­t b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v hf­p­jå­hf­nm­cz d rf­éeotqcz gjlxf­c ckjéyjq eyb­dthcb­ntncrjq f­l­vb­yb­cnhf­nb­dyjq cb­cntvt b­ f­rf­ltvb­xtcrb­ö nhtå­jdf­yb­zö. Ghf­dlf­, vf­cinf­å­s änb­ö eckeu hf­p­yst d hf­p­ysö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö.

D eckjdb­zö hf­cneotq rjyrehtywb­b­ c lheub­vb­ cnhf­yf­vb­ d ghb­dktxtyb­b­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd yb­ jlb­y b­p­ å­jkm­ib­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö yt vjétn gjp­djkb­nm­ ctå­t jnyjcb­nm­cz r b­ynthtce, rjnjhsq ghjzdkzñn b­yjcnhf­yyst cnelty­ns r extå­t d Fvthb­rt, rf­r r xtve­nj cf­vj cjå­jq hf­p­evtñotvecz. Ctqxf­c inf­ncrb­t eyb­dthcb­ntns eltkzñn dct å­jkm­it b­ å­jkm­it dyb­vf­yb­z ghb­dktxtyb­ñ d cdjb­ f­elb­njhb­b­ kexib­ö cneltynjd cj dctuj vb­hf­. B tckb­ ds gjcnf­db­kb­ gthtl cjå­jq cvtkeñ wtkm­ ghb­jå­htcnb­ p­yf­yb­z d cf­vsö gthtljdsö jå­kf­cnzö yf­erb­ b­ djp­vjé­yjcnm­ hf­å­jnf­nm­ ndjhxtcrb­, z yf­cnjzntkm­yj cjdtneñ df­v b­p­exb­nm­ å­juf­nst djp­vjéyjcnb­, ghtljcnf­dkztvst rhegysvb­ inf­ncrb­vb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­vb­ d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Öjrrtq c­ ifqå­jq zdkztnc­z jlyb­v b­p vyjub­ö db­ljd c­gjhnf, rjnjhsvb­ pfyb­vfñnc­z d Vb­yytc­jnc­rjv e­yb­dthc­b­ntnt.

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� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Létqvc Dfuyth, ghtp­bltyn eybdthcbntnf Ävj­hb d Fnkfynt, infn Léj­hlébf, cx­bnftn, x­nj­ x­fcnyst eybdthcbntns c j­åibhyj­q yfex­yj­­bccktlj­dfntkmcrj­q åfp­j­q j­åkflfñn åj­km­itq abyfycj­dj­q ytp­fdbcbvj­cnmñ, x­tv infncrbt ex­tåyst p­fdtltybz, b gj­änj­ve crj­htt vj­uen ghtlkj­ébnm cneltynfv åj­ktt bynthtcyst ex­tåyst ghj­uhfvvs.

Åjkm­ijt hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­t cb­cntvs f­vthb­rf­ycrjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­­yb­z – änj jlyf­ b­p­ cb­km­ysö tt cnjhjy. D Fvthb­rt vjéyj yf­qnb­ extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t yf­ kñå­jq drec: jn ytå­jkm­ib­ö

rjkktlétq cj dctuj ytcrjkm­rb­vb­ cjnyzvb­ cneltynjd lj å­jkm­ib­ö inf­ncrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd c ltcznrf­vb­ nsczx cneltynjd, b­ jn ldeö­ujlb­xysö vtcnysö rjkktlétq c ghjuhf­vvf­vb­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­­yj­ntöyb­xtcrjuj jå­extyb­z lj ab­yf­ycb­hetvsö xf­cnysv jå­hf­p­jv eyb­dthcb­ntnjd c jå­ib­hyjq yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq å­f­p­jq. Rjyrhtnysq dså­jh extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z dj vyjujv jghtltkztncz gkf­yf­vb­ cneltynjd d jnyjityb­b­ b­ö å­eleotq ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­, b­ö ab­yf­ycjdsvb­ djp­vjéyjcnzvb­ b­ utjuhf­ab­tq. Lheub­vb­ ckjdf­vb­, jy p­f­db­cb­n jn njuj, r xtve e xtkjdtrf­ ghb­p­df­­yb­t, rf­rb­vb­ chtlcndf­vb­ jy hf­cgjkf­uf­tn b­ öjxtn kb­ jy etp­éf­nm­

b­p­ ljvf­. D rjywt rjywjd, df­éytt dctuj, xnjå­s extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t cjjndtncndjdf­kj ecnhtvktyb­zv cf­vjuj cneltynf­.

92 b­p­ 100 rhegytqib­ö f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd zdkzñncz inf­ncrb­vb­, nj tcnm­ ab­yf­ycb­heñncz rf­rb­v­kb­å­j jlyb­v b­p­ gznb­­ltcznb­ jnltkm­ysö inf­njd, f­ yt atlthf­km­ysv ghf­db­ntkm­cndjv, f­ 77 ghjwtynjd cneltynjd d cnhf­yt jå­exf­ñncz d änb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö. B dct ét d å­jkm­ib­ycndt htqnb­yujd xf­cnyst eyb­dth­cb­ntns p­f­yb­vf­ñn gjxnb­ dct b­p­ 25 gthdsö vtcn, p­f­ b­crkñxtyb­tv nhtö­xtnshtö. Nf­r xnj jxtdb­lyj, xnj xf­cnyst eyb­dthcb­ntns c jå­ib­hyjq yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq å­f­p­jq dscjrj jwtyb­df­ñncz rf­r d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, nf­r b­ dj dctv vb­ht.

Yj xnj vs b­vttv d db­le, rjulf­ ujdjhb­v j ≤xf­cnyjv eyb­dthcb­­ntnt c jå­ib­hyjq yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq å­f­p­jq≥, b­ xnj d yb­ö nf­rjuj ghb­dktrf­ntkm­yjuj?

Xf­cnyst eyb­dthcb­ntns, dtleob­t å­jkm­ieñ b­ccktljdf­ntkm­creñ hf­å­jne, ghtlkf­uf­ñn ghjuhf­vvs ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjuj jå­extyb­z (yf­ghb­vth, d jå­kf­cnzö ñhb­cgheltywb­b­, vtlb­wb­ys b­ b­yét­ythyjuj ltkf­) yf­hf­dyt c ghjuhf­vvf­vb­ jå­extyb­z, dtleob­vb­ r gjkextyb­ñ ljrnjhcrjq cntgtyb­ (Ph.D.). Xktys ghjatccjh­crj­ghtgjlf­df­ntkm­crjuj cjcnf­df­, gjvb­vj ghtgjlf­df­yb­z, vyjuj

ÅJKm­IJq xFCNYS­q EYBDT­HCBNT­N C JÅIBHYJq YFExYJ-BCCKT­LJDF-

NT­Km­CRJq ÅFpJq

Lét­qvc­ Dfuyt­h­

Cne­ltynrf ghjdjlb­n b­c­c­ktljdfyb­z d lthvfnjkjub­x­tc­rjq kfå­jhfnjhb­b­ yf vtlb­wb­yc­rjv afre­kmntnt Cnä­yajhlc­rjuj e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf Rfkb­ajhyb­b­.

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� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

dhtvtyb­ eltkzñn yf­exyjq hf­å­jnt. Yf­ cf­vjv ltkt, p­f­hf­å­jnyf­z gkf­nf­ b­ ghjldb­étyb­t gj ckeéå­t ghjatccjhjd d änb­ö p­f­dtltyb­zö jghtltkztncz d hf­dyjq vtht rf­xtcndjv b­ö ghtgjlf­df­yb­z, yf­exyjq ltzntkm­yjcnm­ñ b­ b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq hf­å­jnjq. Yj d inf­ncrb­ö eyb­­dthcb­ntnf­ö njét tcnm­ ghjuhf­vvs ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjuj jå­extyb­z, ghjuhf­vvs jå­extyb­z yf­ gjkextyb­t ljrnjhcrjq cntgtyb­ b­ nf­r ét eltkztncz ljcnf­njxyjt dyb­vf­yb­t yf­ert b­ b­ccktljdf­yb­zv. Nf­r xtv ét jnkb­xf­ñncz xf­cnyst p­f­dtltyb­z?

Cf­vjt ukf­dyjt cjcnjb­n d njv, xnj xf­cnyst eyb­dthcb­ntns jå­sx­yj å­jktt ytp­f­db­cb­vs d ab­yf­ycjdjv jnyjityb­b­. Bö å­ñlétn yt p­f­­db­cb­n jn p­f­rjyjlf­ntkm­ysö jhuf­yjd inf­nf­, f­ chtlcndf­ gjcnegf­ñn jn dsgecryb­rjd, å­kf­ujndjhb­ntkm­ysö ajyljd b­ yf­exysö b­ lheub­ö

ghjatccb­jyf­km­ysö jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­q, rjnjhst gjvjuf­ñn eyb­dthcb­­ntnf­v, ab­yf­ycb­hez ghjuhf­vvs, cnb­gtylb­b­, cjlthéf­yb­t p­lf­yb­q b­ ghjatccjhcrb­t ljkéyjcnb­. Öjnz xb­ckj gjljå­ysö b­cnjxyb­rjd ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­z d inf­ncrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö djp­hf­cnf­tn, yf­kb­xb­t b­ö ctqxf­c ghtljcnf­dkztn xf­cnysv eyb­dthcb­ntnf­v å­jkm­it djp­­vjéyjcntq lkz cjöhf­ytyb­z kb­lthcndf­ b­ lkz cjp­lf­yb­z cgtwb­f­kb­­p­b­hjdf­yysö extå­ysö wtynhjd b­ cgtwb­f­km­ysö ghjuhf­vv d wtkzö ghjdtltyb­z b­ccktljdf­yb­q d yjdsö gthcgtrnb­dysö jå­kf­cntq. B b­vtyyj änj ub­å­rjcnm­ gjp­djkztn cneltynf­v dtcnb­ yf­exyeñ hf­å­jne d nf­rb­ö jå­kf­cnzö, rjnjhst dhzl kb­ yf­qlen gjllthére d lheub­ö vtcnf­ö.

Gjljå­ysv ét jå­hf­p­jv ab­yf­ycjdf­z ytp­f­db­cb­vjcnm­ xf­cnysö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd jn inf­ncrb­ö b­cnjxyb­rjd jnrhsdf­tn b­v å­jkm­­it djp­vjéyjcntq lkz jnrhsnb­z ab­kb­f­kjd d lheub­ö cnhf­yf­ö. R ghb­vthe, éb­ntkb­ inf­nf­ Léjhléb­z dhzl kb­ cjukf­czncz yf­ b­cgjkm­p­jdf­yb­t b­ö yf­kjujdsö chtlcnd lkz jnrhsnb­z extå­yjuj wtynhf­ d Kjyljyt. Yj, crjhtt dctuj, jyb­ jå­hf­leñncz, tckb­ nf­rjq wtynh jnrhjtn xf­cnysq eyb­dthcb­ntn Ävjhb­. D wtkjv, xf­cnysv eyb­dthcb­ntnf­v ghjot jnrhsdf­nm­ p­f­ uhf­yb­wtq b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crb­t wtynhs, f­ nf­rét jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­ gj jrf­p­f­yb­ñ eckeu cneltynf­v b­kb­ ghtljcnf­dktyb­ñ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z. E eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ Ävjhb­, r ghb­vthe, tcnm­ ghjuhf­vvs gj vtéleyf­hjlyjve p­lhf­djjöhf­ytyb­ñ d hf­p­ysö cnhf­yf­ö Fahb­rb­, yf­ Rf­drf­p­t b­ d Fp­b­b­. Åb­p­ytc­ghjuhf­vvs ltqcnde­ñn d hf­p­ysö cnhf­yf­ö Tdhjgs b­ Fp­b­b­. Änb­ ghjuhf­vvs gjp­djkzñn f­vthb­rf­ycrb­v ghjatccjhf­v b­ cneltynf­v rf­r d Fvthb­rt, nf­r b­ p­f­ uhf­yb­wtq, ghb­dktrf­nm­ r cjnhelyb­xtcnde kexib­ö cgtwb­f­kb­cnjd b­p­ lheub­ö cnhf­y.

Yf­rjytw, å­jkm­ib­ycndj xf­cnysö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd d jå­ib­hyjq yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq å­f­p­jq yf­ hf­p­vthf­v ytcrjkm­rj vtym­it, xtv inf­ncrb­t, elf­xyj cjxtnf­z å­jkm­ib­t htcehcs b­ ytå­jkm­ijt xb­ckj ghtgjlf­df­ntktq b­ cneltynjd. Öjnz d kñå­jv b­p­ yf­ib­ö xf­c­nysö b­ inf­ncrb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q ghtljcnf­dkzñncz ghtrhf­c­yst djp­vjéyjcnb­ lkz jå­extyb­z b­ b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq hf­å­jns, d xf­cnysö eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö rf­vgecs gjvtym­it, f­ gjnjve extysv, hf­å­jnf­ñob­v d hf­p­ysö jå­kf­cnzö, ktuxt jå­of­nm­cz – af­rekm­ntns b­ rf­atlhs, rf­r ghf­db­kj, yf­öjlzncz lheu jn lheuf­ yf­ hf­ccnjzyb­b­ gt­itq ghjuekrb­. Df­éytqib­t jnrhsnb­z ctqxf­c cjdthif­ñncz b­vtyyj d öjlt vtélb­cwb­gkb­yf­hyjuj cjnhelyb­xtcndf­, nf­r xnj, djp­vjéyj, ukf­dyjq wtyyjcnm­ñ xf­cnysö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd zdkztncz b­ö cgjcjå­­yjcnm­ gjllthéb­df­nm­ b­ cnb­vekb­hjdf­nm­ cjnhelyb­xtcndj rf­r dyenhb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­, nf­r b­ gj dctve vb­he p­f­ tuj ghtltkf­vb­. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Byjc­nhfyyst c­ne­ltyns b­c­gsnsdfñn yf ghjx­yjc­nm b­ vfytdhtyyjc­nm c­jplfyyjuj b­vb­ hjå­jnf d Vfc­c­fx­e­c­tnc­rjv ntöyjkjub­x­tc­rjv b­yc­nb­ne­nt.

D e­yb­dthc­b­ntnt Ävjhb­ d Fnkfynt, infn Lé­jhlé­b­z, c­ne­ltynrf pfyb­vftnc­z yf c­dté­tv djple­öt.

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Rj­kktléb c ldeöuj­lbx­ysv chj­rj­v j­åex­tybz lfñn ex­fobv­cz dj­p­vj­éyj­cnm yfx­byfnm cdj­t dscitt j­åhfp­j­dfybt d ntö hfqj­yfö, ult j­yb ébden, ghbx­tv x­fcnj­ c vtymibvb hfcöj­­lfvb, x­tv d ex­tåyj­v p­fdtltybb c x­tnshtöuj­lbx­ysv chj­rj­v j­åex­tybz. Ghtp­bltyn Fvthbrfycrj­q fccj­wbfwbb vtcnysö rj­kktlétq Léj­hlé H. Åj­uup­ d j­åobö x­thnfö hfccrfp­sdftn j­å j­cj­åtyyj­cnzö vtcnysö rj­kktlétq, rj­nj­hst ghtdhfofñn bö d ghbdktrfntkmyeñ fkmnthyfnbde lkz cneltynj­d.

Dct å­jkm­it b­ å­jkm­it exf­ob­öcz d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö cxb­nf­ñn, xnj vtcnyst rjkktléb­ vjuen å­snm­ ≤rkñxjv≥ r dscitve jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ. Pf­xtnyst å­f­kks (b­kb­ rhtlb­ns),

rjnjhst cneltyns yf­å­b­hf­ñn p­f­ ldf­ ujlf­ extå­s d yb­ö, p­f­xb­nsdf­ñn­cz gjnjv ghb­ ghjljkétyb­b­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z yf­ gjkextyb­t cntgtyb­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­ d f­rrhtlb­njdf­yysö xtnshtöujlb­xysö rjkktléf­ö. Vtcn­yst rjkktléb­, ult gkf­nf­ p­f­ jå­extyb­t yb­ét, lf­ñn djp­vjéyjcnm­ cneltynf­v cärjyjvb­nm­ chtlcndf­, rjnjhst jyb­ ljkéys gjnhf­nb­nm­ yf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t. Åjktt njuj, gjctof­z vtcnyst rjkktléb­, yf­öjlz­ob­tcz d ytgjchtlcndtyyjq å­kb­p­jcnb­ jn ljvf­, cneltyns vjuen gjkexf­nm­ gjllthére ctvm­b­. Änb­ rjkktléb­ nf­rét gjp­djkzñn gjkexb­nm­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­yst cntgtyb­ vkf­lituj ehjdyz b­kb­ ét ghjagjlujnjdre lkz hf­å­jns d jå­kf­cnzö, yt nhtå­eñob­ö cntgtyb­.

Rhjvt njuj, egjvzyenst rjkktléb­ ghtlkf­uf­ñn rehcs lf­km­ytqit­uj jå­extyb­z b­ b­ylb­db­lef­km­yjuj hf­p­db­nb­z lkz dp­hjcksö.

Vtcnyst rjkktléb­ zdkzñncz cf­vsv å­jkm­ib­v b­ cf­vsv å­sc­nhj hf­cneob­v ctrnjhjv dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. D yf­cnjzott dhtvz yf­ nthhb­njhb­b­ cnhf­ys yf­cxb­nsdf­­tncz gjxnb­ 1200 vtcnysö rjkktlétq, b­vtñob­ö htub­jyf­km­yeñ f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­ñ. Jyb­ jå­ckeéb­df­ñn å­jktt 11 vb­kkb­jyjd cneltynjd (ghb­å­kb­p­b­ntkm­yj 46 ghjwtynjd dctö b­vtñob­öcz d CIF cnelty­njd gthdsö xtnshtö ktn jå­extyb­z yf­ cntgtym­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­).

Vtcnyst rjkktléb­ CIF ghtlkf­uf­ñn b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v p­yf­xb­ntkm­yst dsujls, drkñxf­z djp­vjéyjcnb­ ecjdthitycndjdf­nm­ p­yf­yb­t f­yukb­qcrjuj zp­srf­ b­ jå­htcnb­ å­jktt ukeå­jrjt gjyb­vf­yb­t f­vthb­rf­ycrjq rekm­nehs.

Gjvb­vj dctuj ghjxtuj vtcnyst rjkktléb­ jå­kf­lf­ñn cktleñob­­vb­ ghtb­veotcndf­vb­:

Vtym­ibt hfc­öj­ls yf j­g­kfne j­åextybz. Jyb­ p­yf­xb­ntkm­yj yb­ét, xtv d rjkktléf­ö c xtnshtöujlb­xysv chjrjv jå­extyb­z b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö b­ cjcnf­dkzñn jrjkj 5000 ljkkf­hjd CIF d ujl gj chf­dytyb­ñ c 12 000­20 000 ljkkf­hjd CIF b­kb­ å­jkm­it d extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö c xtnshtöujlb­xysv chjrjv jå­extyb­z.

Dj­p­vj­é­yj­c­nm­ ktu­rj­u­j­ g­thtdj­lf d rj­kktlé­ bkb eyb­dthc­bntn. D Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö ceotcndetn cb­cntvf­ ≤2+2≥,

VT­CNYS­T­ LDEÖUJLBxYS­T­RJKKT­LÉB CIF

≤Rkñ­x­≥ r­ dsc­i­t­ve jåh­fpjdfyb­ñ­ lkz­ vyjub­ö­

Léjh­lé H. Åjuup

Cne­ltyn Je­ä­yc­rjuj vtc­nyjuj rjkktlé­f d in. Jufqj hfå­jnftn yfl x­thnté­jv gkfyb­hjdrb­ ljvf.

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� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

ghtlcnf­dkzñof­z cjå­jq äaatrnb­dyeñ cb­cntve ≤cjxktytyb­z≥ vtéle rjkktlétv c ldeöujlb­xysv chjrjv jå­extyb­z b­ rjkkt­létv c xtnshtöujlb­xysv chjrjv jå­extyb­z b­kb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjv. E å­jkm­ib­ycndf­ vtcnysö rjkktlétq b­vtñncz cjukf­ityb­z c rjkkt­léf­vb­ c xtnshtöujlb­xysv chjrjv jå­extyb­z b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­vb­. Änb­ cjukf­ityb­z uf­hf­ynb­heñn, xnj p­f­xtnyst å­f­kks (rhtlb­ns), gjkextyyst d vtcnyjv rjkktlét, å­elen p­f­xb­nsdf­nm­cz ghb­ ghj­öjéltyb­b­ xtnshtöujlb­xyjq ghjuhf­vvs yf­ gjkextyb­t cntgtyb­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­.

Frrhtlbnj­dfyyst extåyst p­fdtltybz. Dct f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t vtcnyst rjkktléb­, rjkktléb­ c xtnshtöujlb­xysv chjrjv jå­ext­yb­z b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns f­rrhtlb­neñncz jlyb­vb­ b­ ntvb­ ét jhuf­yb­­p­f­wb­zvb­. Djn gjxtve eyb­dthcb­ntns ghb­p­yf­ñn p­f­xtnyst å­f­kks (rhtlb­ns), gjkextyyst d vtcnysö rjkktléf­ö.

Ibhj­rj­t hfp­yj­j­åhfp­bt g­hj­u­hfvv. D vtcnysö rjkktléf­ö ceotcndetn juhjvysq dså­jh jå­kf­cntq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, drkñxf­z nf­rb­t gjgekzhyst ghjatccb­b­, rf­r eghf­dktyb­t å­b­p­ytcjv, cgtwb­f­­kb­cn gj rjvgm­ñnthf­v, b­yétyth b­ vtlb­wb­ycrb­q hf­å­jnyb­r.

Ghtg­j­lfdfybt fyu­kbq­c­rj­u­j­ d rfxtc­ndt dnj­hj­u­j­ zp­srf. Åjkm­ib­ycndj vtcnysö rjkktlétq ghtlkf­uf­ñn ib­hjrb­q yf­å­jh rehcjd f­yukb­qcrjuj zp­srf­ hf­p­yjuj ehjdyz b­ vyjuj ljgjkyb­ntkm­­ysö eckeu lkz njuj, xnjå­s cneltyns c hf­p­yjq gjlujnjdrjq vjukb­ ecgtiyj jdkf­ltdf­nm­ zp­srjv.

Åkfu­j­g­hbznyst ec­kj­dbz lkz g­hbj­åhtntybz p­yfybq­. Vtcnyst rjkktléb­ ghtlkf­uf­ñn jå­extyb­t d rkf­ccf­ö c ytå­jkm­ib­v xb­ckjv cneltynjd, d chtlytv cjcnf­dkzñob­v vtytt 30 xtkjdtr, xnj gjp­djkztn ghtgjlf­df­ntkzv kb­xyj eltkznm­ ljcnf­njxyj dyb­vf­­yb­z rf­éljve jnltkm­yjve cneltyne b­ gjcnjzyyj jrf­p­sdf­nm­ tve gjllthére d jdkf­ltyb­b­ p­yf­yb­zvb­. Yf­ p­f­yznb­zö dscjrf­z ecgt­df­tvjcnm­ rf­éljuj cneltynf­ jå­tcgtxb­df­tncz d htp­ekm­nf­nt nf­rjuj ghtgjlytctyb­z vf­nthb­f­kf­, rjnjhjt exb­nsdf­tn jcjå­tyyjcnb­ tuj ecdjtyb­z cneltynf­vb­ b­ b­ö gjnhtå­yjcnb­. Gjvjom­, jrf­p­sdf­tvf­z cneltynf­v, drkñxf­tn ljgjkyb­ntkm­yst b­ylb­db­lef­km­yst p­f­yz­nb­z, rjycekm­nb­hjdf­yb­t gj b­p­exf­tvsv ghtlvtnf­v, dsgjkytyb­t gb­cm­vtyysö p­f­lf­yb­q, vthjghb­znb­z b­ eckeub­ d rkeå­f­ö b­ wtynhf­ö jå­ckeéb­df­yb­z lkz b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd.

Hfp­yj­j­åhfp­bt. Cneltyns vtcnysö rjkktlétq CIF ltvjyc­nhb­heñn å­juf­ntqitt rekm­nehyjt hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­t b­ ghb­yf­lktéf­n r cf­vsv hf­p­ysv änyb­xtcrb­v uheggf­v. Jyb­ vjuen p­f­gb­cf­nm­cz d cf­vst hf­p­yst rkeå­s b­ rheérb­ b­ exf­cndjdf­nm­ d vthjghb­znb­zö, endthélf­ñob­ö änj hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­t, öf­hf­rnthyjt lkz f­vthb­rf­ycrj­uj jå­otcndf­.

Lj­c­neg­ r rekm­neht CIF. Gjcrjkm­re vtcnyst rjkktléb­ jnhf­éf­ñn éb­p­ym­ hf­qjyjd, d rjnjhsö jyb­ hf­cgjkjétys, b­ xenrj htf­ub­heñn yf­ ytt, jyb­ dctulf­ hf­p­db­df­ñn ukeå­jrb­t cdzp­b­ c vtcn­ysv yf­ctktyb­tv. Änj gjp­djkztn b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v d änb­ö rjkktléf­ö jå­of­nm­cz c f­vthb­rf­ywf­vb­ yf­ghzveñ b­ ghb­jå­htnf­nm­ cf­vjt ytgjchtlcndtyyjt p­yf­yb­t jå­ b­ö rekm­neht.

Vtc­nyst rj­kktlé­b åsdfñn c­fvsö hfp­ysö hfp­vthj­d b hfc­g­j­kj­é­tys d c­fvsö hfp­ysö hfq­j­yfö. Gjljå­yj lheub­v extå­ysv p­f­dtltyb­zv d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, vtcnyst rjkkt­léb­ p­yf­xb­ntkm­yj jnkb­xf­ñncz lheu jn lheuf­. Ytrjnjhst b­p­ yb­ö

å­jkm­ib­t, yf­öjlzncz d rhegysö ujhjlf­ö b­ b­vtñn vyjuj rf­vge­cjd, hf­p­å­hjcf­yysö gj å­jkm­ijq nthhb­njhb­b­, f­ lheub­t ujhf­p­lj vtym­it, hf­cgjkjétys d ctkm­crjq vtcnyjcnb­ b­ jå­ckeéb­df­ñn chf­dyb­ntkm­yj ytå­jkm­ijt xb­ckj cneltynjd. D wtkjv, rjkb­xtcndj b­ hf­cgjkjétyb­t vtcnysö rjkktlétq nf­rjdj, xnj 90 ghjwtynjd yf­ctktyb­z CIF vjukb­ å­s eljå­yj gjctof­nm­ b­ö.

Dslfñobtc­z åsdibt g­bnj­vws. D xb­ckj å­sdib­ö gb­­njvwtd vtcnysö rjkktlétq döjlzn ueå­thyf­njh Rf­kb­ajhyb­b­ Fhyjkm­l Idf­hwtytuuth b­ å­sdib­q ueå­thyf­njh inf­nf­ Vähb­ktyl Gähhb­c Uktyltyb­yu, rjvf­ylb­h cjp­lf­yyjuj YFCF rjcvb­xtcrjuj xtkyjrf­ ≤If­nnk≥ Fqkb­y Rjkkb­yp­, ghjlñcth/htéb­ccth rb­yjct­hb­f­kf­ ≤Pdtp­lyst djqys≥ Léjhlé Kerf­c, rb­yjf­rnths Njv Öäyrc b­ Rkb­yn Bcndel, vjltkm­th Rf­kdb­y Rkf­qy, extysq, b­p­exf­ñob­q utyjv xtkjdtrf­, Rhtqu Dtynth b­ ukf­dysq dhf­x ujcelf­hcndtyyjq ckeéå­s p­lhf­djjöhf­ytyb­z Hb­xf­hl Rf­hvjyf­.

Ljgjkyb­ntkm­yeñ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ jå­ extå­t d vtcnysö rjkktléf­ö CIF cv. gj äktrnhjyyjve f­lhtce: http://www.CC-USA.org b­kb­ d A Guide to Studying at U.S. Community Colleges (Cghf­djxyb­r gj extå­t d vtcnysö rjkktléf­ö CIF), rjnjhsq b­vttncz d vtcnysö rjycekm­nf­wb­jyysö wtynhf­ö ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Cne­ltynfv Wtynhfkmyjuj gb­lvjync­rjuj rjkktlé­f d infnt Ctdthyfz Rfhjkb­yf yhfdb­nc­z b­ö c­ne­ltyx­tc­rfz é­b­pym.

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�0 Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Xfcnyst rj­kktléb c x­tnshtöuj­lbx­ysv chj­rj­v j­åex­tybz j­åtcgtx­bdfñn vyj­uj­j­åhfp­ysq j­gsn gj­kex­tybz j­åhfp­j­dfybz ghtélt dctuj­ lkz cneltynj­d, p­fybvfñoböcz gj­ ghj­uhfvvt j­åex­tybz yf cntgtym åfrfkfdhf. Ghtp­bltyn Cj­dtnf ytp­fdb­cbvsö rj­kktlétq Hbx­fhl Ärvfy hfccrfp­sdftn j­ nj­v, x­nj­ j­nkbx­ftn x­fcnyst bkb ytp­fdbcbvst rj­kktléb j­n infn­crbö rj­kktlétq.

Cf­vjq p­f­vtxf­ntkm­yjq öf­hf­rnthyjq xthnjq dscituj jå­hf­­p­jdf­yb­z CIF zdkztncz tuj hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­t. Ghf­db­ntkm­cndj änjq cnhf­ys yt rjynhjkb­hetn yb­ extå­yst ghjuhf­vvs, yb­

vtnjls ghtgjlf­df­yb­z d rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö CIF. Hjkm­ inf­ncrb­ö jhuf­yjd eghf­dktyb­z nf­rét dtcm­vf­ ytp­yf­xb­ntkm­yf­. B b­vtyyj ≤ytp­f­db­cb­vsq≥ b­kb­ ≤xf­cnysq≥ ctrnjh dscituj jå­hf­p­j­df­yb­z zdkztn cjå­jq cf­vjt cb­km­yjt hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­t ab­kjcjacrb­ö gjlöjljd r jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ, extå­ysö ghjuhf­vv b­ nhf­lb­wb­q. Änjn ctrnjh jödf­nsdf­tn jrjkj 600 ytå­jkm­ib­ö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dth­cb­ntnjd, drkñxf­z d ctå­z vyjub­t b­p­ cf­vsö edf­éf­tvsö dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö.

Jå­hf­nb­nt dyb­vf­yb­t yf­ cktleñob­t öf­hf­rnthyst xthns, cdb­ltntkm­cndeñob­t j yf­kb­xb­b­ hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­z chtlb­ xf­cnysö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd: d rjkktlét Ehcb­yec d in. Gty­cb­km­df­yb­z ghtlkf­uf­tncz vtélb­cwb­gkb­yf­hyf­z ghjuhf­vvf­ lkz gthdjrehcyb­rjd, p­yf­rjvzof­z b­ö c cf­vsvb­ hf­p­ysvb­ nhelf­vb­ gj uevf­yb­nf­hysv b­ jå­otcndtyyj­gjkb­nb­xtcrb­v yf­erf­v; d rjkktlét Ejhhtyf­ Eb­kcjyf­ d in. Ctdthyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­ jn dctö cneltynjd nht­å­etncz dsgjkytyb­t ab­p­b­xtcrjq hf­å­jns gj cjlthéf­yb­ñ lf­yyjuj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z d ljkéyjv gjhzlrt, b­ änj cxb­nf­tncz jlyb­v b­p­ df­éysö rjvgjytynjd extå­yjuj ghjwtccf­; d Yjhnktylcrjv

rjkktlét d in. Db­crjycb­y tuj herjdjlcndj jxtym­ vyjuj ltkf­tn lkz njuj, xnjå­s ghb­db­nm­ cdjb­ö djcgb­nf­yyb­rjd å­thtéyjt jnyjit­yb­t r jrheéf­ñotq chtlt; d rjkktlét Fylthcjyf­­Åhjllecf­ d in. Pf­gf­lyf­z Db­hléb­yb­z yf­å­b­hf­ñn cneltynjd b­p­ rhjitxysö ujhjl­rjd, hf­p­å­hjcf­yysö gj öjkvf­v Pf­gf­lyjq Db­hléb­yb­b­, b­ ujnjdzn vyjub­ö b­p­ yb­ö r yf­exyjq b­ vtlb­wb­ycrjq rf­hm­tht; d jcyjdf­yyjv rdf­rthf­vb­ rjkktlét Ähkötv, rjnjhsq yf­öjlb­ncz d in. Bylb­f­yf­, ljcnb­étyb­t rjyctycecf­ chtlb­ dctö cneltynjd jcnf­tncz jcyjdyjq ajhvjq ghb­yznb­z htityb­q; étycrb­q rjkktlé Cb­lf­h Rhtcn d in. Gtycb­km­df­yb­z, jghjdthuf­tn cnthtjnb­gyjt ghtlcnf­dktyb­t j njv, xnj étyob­yf­v yt lf­yj ghtecgtnm­ d yf­ert, – vyjub­t b­p­ tuj dsgecryb­w cnf­kb­ extysvb­.

Ytcvjnhz yf­ dct b­ö hf­p­kb­xb­z, änb­ 600 ytp­f­db­cb­vsö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd b­vtñn hzl jå­ob­ö xthn:• Dct egjvzyenst rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns zdkzñncz ljdjkm­yj

vf­ktym­rb­vb­, b­ xb­ckj cneltynjd d yb­ö htlrj ghtdsif­tn 3000.• Dct änb­ extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z d jcyjdyjv b­kb­ gjkyjcnm­ñ jhb­tynb­­

hjdf­ys yf­ ghjöjéltyb­t cneltynf­vb­ xtnshtöujlb­xyjuj å­f­p­jdj­uj eyb­dthcb­ntncrjuj rehcf­ yf­ gjkextyb­t cntgtyb­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­, b­ d yb­ö jxtym­ vf­kj f­cgb­hf­yncrb­ö ghjuhf­vv.

• Dct xktys ghjatccjhcrj­ghtgjlf­df­ntkm­crjuj cjcnf­df­ ghjzd­kzñn ndthleñ ghb­dthétyyjcnm­ gtlf­ujub­xtcrjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Ytcvjnhz yf­ nj, xnj å­jkm­ib­ycndj b­p­ ghjatccjhjd p­f­yb­vf­tncz yf­exyjq hf­å­jnjq, jyb­ cxb­nf­ñn tt dnjhjcntgtyyjq gj jnyj­ityb­ñ r cdjtq jcyjdyjq jå­zp­f­yyjcnb­ – ghtgjlf­df­yb­ñ, b­ ghjdjlzn ljkub­t xf­cs cj cneltynf­vb­ rf­r d f­elb­njhb­b­, nf­r b­ p­f­ tt ghtltkf­vb­.

• Vtnjlb­rf­ ghtgjlf­df­yb­z yjcb­n b­ynthf­rnb­dysq öf­hf­rnth, f­rnb­dyj djdktrf­z cneltynjd d ghjwtcc jå­extyb­z.

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�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

• Gjcrjkm­re d änb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö cxb­nf­ñn, xnj p­yf­xb­ntkm­­yf­z xf­cnm­ extå­yjuj ghjwtccf­ b­vttn vtcnj p­f­ ghtltkf­vb­ f­elb­nj­hb­b­, cjp­lf­ñncz jxtym­ vyjuj djp­vjéyjcntq lkz jå­otyb­z vtéle cneltynf­vb­ b­ vtéle cneltynf­vb­ b­ ghjatccjhf­vb­; änj jå­otyb­t hf­ccvf­nhb­df­tncz rf­r df­éysq vtöf­yb­p­v gthtlf­xb­ p­yf­yb­q d extå­­ysö ghjuhf­vvf­ö.

• Änb­ extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z jnrhsnj ujdjhzn j cdjb­ö cb­cntvf­ö wtyyjcntq, ktéf­ob­ö d jcyjdt b­ö ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Byjulf­ b­vb­ zdkzñncz wtyyjcnb­ htkb­ub­jp­yjq ltyjvb­yf­wb­b­, cjp­lf­ditq lf­y­ysq rjkktlé, b­kb­ ét yf­kb­xb­t jghtltktyyjuj jnujkjcrf­ egjvz­yensö wtyyjcntq, tckb­ dthjb­cgjdtlf­yb­t, j rjnjhjv b­ltn htxm­, eét yt b­uhf­tn htif­ñotq hjkb­ d extå­yjv ghjwtcct. Byjulf­ d cb­cntvt wtyyjcnzö yf­öjlb­n jnhf­étyb­t rjyrhtnyf­z gtlf­ujub­xtc­rf­z ab­kjcjab­z. Yf­ghb­vth, ab­kjcjab­z ≤dtkb­rb­ö ryb­u≥ å­jktt dctuj djgkjotyf­ d extå­ysö ghjuhf­vvf­ö Rjkktléf­ Cd. Bjf­yyf­ c tuj ldevz jnltktyb­zvb­ d inf­nt Vähb­ktyl b­ inf­nt Ym­ñ­Vtr­cb­rj. F ≤hf­å­jxf­z≥ ab­kjcjab­z djgkjotyf­ d Rjkktlét Ejhhtyf­ Eb­kcjyf­ b­ Rjkktlét Åthb­f­ d in. Rtynerrb­, ult, gjvb­vj extå­s, cneltyns ljkéys hf­å­jnf­nm­, gjvjuf­z nf­rb­v jå­hf­p­jv cjlthéf­nm­ lf­yyjt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t.

• D änb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö ghtgjlf­df­yb­t jå­otcndtyyj­gjkb­­nb­xtcrb­ö b­ uevf­yb­nf­hysö lb­cwb­gkb­y cxb­nf­tncz xhtp­dsxf­qyj

df­éysv, b­å­j jyj gjvjuf­tn cajhvb­hjdf­nm­ b­p­ dsgecryb­rjd jndtncndtyysö uhf­élf­y cdjtq cnhf­ys, b­ ytdf­éyj, rf­reñ rjy­rhtnyeñ ghjatccb­ñ jyb­ ghb­jå­htnf­ñn.Ghjwtcc ghb­jå­htntyb­z dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, ghtlcnf­dkztvsq

änb­vb­ extå­ysvb­ p­f­dtltyb­zvb­, b­crkñxb­ntkm­yj äaatrnb­dty. Yf­ghb­vth, cnf­nb­cnb­xtcrb­t lf­yyst j ghjwtynt exf­ob­öcz, p­f­rf­y­xb­df­ñob­ö gjkysq rehc jå­extyb­z gj ghjuhf­vvf­v c gjkextyb­tv cntgtyb­, gjrf­p­sdf­ñn, xnj d ytå­jkm­ib­ö xf­cnysö rjkktléf­ö b­ö å­jkm­it, xtv d inf­ncrb­ö, å­jktt rhegysö eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö. B änj yf­å­kñlf­tncz yt njkm­rj chtlb­ cf­vsö nf­kf­ynkb­dsö cneltynjd, yj b­ chtlb­ cneltynjd, gjcnegf­ñob­ö d rjkktlé b­kb­ eyb­dthcb­ntn c å­jktt yb­p­rb­vb­ jwtyrf­vb­, gjkextyysvb­ gj jrjyxf­yb­b­ chtl­ytq irjks, b­kb­ å­jktt yb­p­rb­vb­ gjrf­p­f­ntkzvb­ gj jnå­jhjxyjve ntcne SAT [http://www.collegeboard.com]. Åjktt dscjrb­q ghjwtyn exf­ob­öcz, p­f­rf­yxb­df­ñob­q gjkysq rehc jå­extyb­z gj ghjuhf­v­vf­v c gjkextyb­tv cntgtyb­, jnvtxf­tncz nf­rét d lheub­ö cjwb­f­km­­yj­ärjyjvb­xtcrb­ö uheggf­ö, lkz rjnjhsö öf­hf­rnthys yb­p­rb­t jå­ob­t gjrf­p­f­ntkb­ gjkextyb­z dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z rf­r nf­rjdjuj. R änb­v uheggf­v, yf­ghb­vth, jnyjczncz cneltyns, zdkzñob­tcz gthdsv gjrjktyb­tv d cdjtq ctvm­t, gjkexf­ñob­v jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d rjkktlét, cneltyns, rjnjhst gjvb­vj extå­s dsyeéltys tot b­ hf­å­jnf­nm­ gjkysq hf­å­jxb­q ltym­, b­kb­ cneltyns, ghtlcnf­dkzñob­t hf­p­kb­xyst vtym­ib­ycndf­.

Jå­üzcytyb­t å­jktt dscjrjq äaatrnb­dyjcnb­ ytå­jkm­ib­ö xf­c­nysö dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, gj chf­dytyb­ñ c lheub­vb­ extå­­ysvb­ p­f­dtltyb­zvb­, vjéyj yf­qnb­ d njv, xnj cf­vb­ cneltyns p­ltcm­ ≤exf­cndeñn d ghjwtcct ghb­jå­htntyb­z p­yf­yb­q≥. Léjhlé Reö, herj­djlb­ntkm­ Yf­wb­jyf­km­yjuj jå­cktljdf­yb­z cneltyxtcrjq f­rnb­dyjcnb­ d extå­yjv ghjwtcct, rjnjhjt ghjdjlb­ncz d cjnyzö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, jnvtxf­tn, xnj ecgtö cneltynf­ d rjkktlét p­f­db­cb­n jn njuj, yf­crjkm­rj öjhjij jy p­yf­tn ghtgjlf­df­ntkz, exf­cndetn kb­ jy d hf­å­jnt rheérjd b­ lheub­ö cneltyxtcrb­ö vthjghb­znb­zö, ghjöjlb­n kb­ jy ghf­rnb­re, p­f­gb­cf­kcz kb­ jy yf­ ctvb­yf­hs, ult jn ytuj nhtå­etncz tuj f­rnb­dyjt exf­cnb­t, ecnyst dscnegktyb­z b­ vyj­uj gb­cm­vtyysö hf­å­jn. D vf­ksö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö ceotcndetn å­jkm­if­z dthjznyjcnm­ njuj, xnj änb­ af­rnjhs ghb­cencndeñn, xtv d å­jkm­ib­ö.

Ytå­jkm­ib­t ytp­f­db­cb­vst dscib­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z vjé­yj yf­qnb­ dtp­lt d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­njd – d rhegysö ujhjlf­ö, vf­ktym­rb­ö, f­ nf­rét d ctkm­crb­ö hf­qjyf­ö. Änb­ rjkktléb­ jöjnyj ghb­yb­vf­ñn cneltynjd b­p­ cf­vsö hf­p­ysö ckjtd jå­otcndf­, ghb­dyj­czob­ö d lb­creccb­b­ yf­ ctvb­yf­hf­ö hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­t, nf­kf­yn b­ yjdsq dp­ukzl yf­ dtob­. Dscjrj wtyzncz b­ cneltyns, ltncndj b­ irjkm­yst ujls rjnjhsö ghjikb­ d lheub­ö cnhf­yf­ö, (ghf­dlf­, jå­extyb­t dctu­lf­ dtltncz yf­ f­yukb­qcrjv zp­srt).

Ljgjkyb­ntkm­yeñ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ j kñå­jv b­p­ änb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dt­ltyb­q vjéyj kturj gjkexb­nm­ yf­ b­ö dtå­­cf­qnf­ö. Cjdtn ytp­f­db­cb­­vsö rjkktlétq cjlthéb­n yf­ cdjtv dtå­­cf­qnt [http://www.cic.org/] ccskrb­ yf­ å­jkm­ib­ycndj b­p­ änb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls b gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Cne­ltyns Rjkktlé­f Eä­kkc­kb­ d in. Vfc­c­fx­e­c­tnc­ dvtc­nt c­j c­djb­v ghtgjlfdfntktv e­x­fc­nde­ñn d 24-x­fc­jdjv vfhfajyt – x­ntyb­b­ ghjb­pdt-ltyb­q Itrc­gb­hf.

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Cne­ltyns pyfvtyb­njuj Jå­thkb­yc­rjuj ve­psrfkmyjuj rjkktlé­f d in. Jufqj htgtnb­he­ñn c­ fhutynb­yc­rb­vb­ ve­psrfynfvb­ ghtlc­nfdktyb­t jgths. Änjn rjkktlé­ nfré­t c­yb­c­rfk c­tå­t c­kfde­ ntv, x­nj jlyb­v b­p gthdsö c­nfk ghb­yb­vfnm é­tyob­y b­ fahj-fvthb­rfywtd b­ ghb­c­e­é­lfnm b­v c­ntgtyb­.

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

D änj­q cnfnmt, vfnthbfk lkz rj­nj­hj­q dp­zn c dtå­cfqnj­d b bp­ lheubö bcnj­x­ybrj­d, lftncz byaj­hvfwbz j­ rj­kktléfö c ghtj­åkflfñobv x­bckj­v cneltynj­d, ghtlcnfdkzñobö vtym­ibycndf: fahj­fvthbrfywtd, kfnbyj­fvthbrfywtd b fvthb­rfycrbö byltqwtd.

Rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns, d rjnjhsö exf­ncz ghtb­veotcn­dtyyj ghtlcnf­db­ntkb­ vtym­ib­ycnd – änj tot jlb­y nb­g extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q. Chtlb­ yb­ö vjuen å­snm­ inf­ncrb­t,

xf­cnyst, htkb­ub­jp­yst, vtcnyst rjkktléb­, yj dct jyb­ ltkf­ñn jcjå­sq f­rwtyn yf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ vtym­ib­ycnd. Bcnjhb­xtcrb­ nf­r ckjéb­kjcm­, xnj jyb­ d jcyjdyjv jå­ckeéb­df­ñn rjyrhtnysq ltvju­hf­ab­xtcrb­q rjynb­yutyn cneltynjd, yj änj yt p­yf­xb­n, xnj d yb­ö yt vjuen exb­nm­cz cneltyns, yt ghb­yf­lktéf­ob­t r vtym­ib­ycndf­v. Lf­yyst eyb­dthcb­ntns jnhf­éf­ñn d ctå­t b­ynthtcs jå­otcndf­ d wtkjv. Nhtvz uheggf­vb­ dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, gjlgf­lf­ñ­

ob­ö gjl äne rf­ntujhb­ñ, zdkzñncz nhf­lb­wb­jyyj ytuhb­nzycrb­t, kf­nb­yjf­vthb­rf­ycrb­t rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns b­ extå­yst b­ycnb­nens, jå­ckeéb­df­ñob­t f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtd. Dct jyb­ jå­ütlb­ytys d f­ccjwb­f­wb­b­ b­ rjycjhwb­evs. Ceotcndeñn b­ lhe­ub­t jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­, rjnjhst gjvjuf­ñn dscib­v extå­ysv p­f­dtltyb­­zv jödf­nsdf­nm­ vtym­ib­ycndf­.

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Djn, xnj ujdjhb­ncz d Byb­wb­f­nb­dt Åtkjuj ljvf­ d jnyjityb­b­ nhf­lb­wb­jyyj ytuhb­nzycrb­ö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd:

Lkz f­ahjf­vthb­rf­ycrjuj yf­ctktyb­z, hf­dyj rf­r b­ lkz dctuj yf­hjlf­ änjq cnhf­ys, änb­ eyb­dthcb­ntns zdkzñncz jlyb­v b­p­ b­cnjxyb­rjd p­f­vtxf­ntkm­ysö ljcnb­étyb­q b­ dtkb­rjq ujhljcnb­.

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Vfhib­he­ñob­q jhrtc­nh Eyb­dthc­b­ntnf Uhä­vå­kb­yu d in. Ke­b­pb­fyf; å­kfujlfhz c­djb­v b­c­rkñx­b­ntkmyj é­b­dsv dsc­ne­gktyb­zv c­nfk b­pdtc­nty gj dc­tq c­nhfyt.

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�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Pf­rjy j dscitv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ jn 1965 u. c dytctyysvb­ d ytuj gjghf­drf­vb­ jghtltkztn nhf­lb­wb­jyyj ytuhb­nzycrjt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t rf­r ≤ ... kñå­jq ckjéb­dib­qcz d cb­ke b­cnjhb­xtc­rb­ö ghb­xb­y f­ahjf­vthb­rf­ycrb­q rjkktlé b­kb­ eyb­dthcb­ntn, exhtéltyysq lj 1964 u., jcyjd­ysv yf­p­yf­xtyb­tv rjnjhjuj å­skj b­ jcnf­tncz ghtljcnf­dktyb­t jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z f­ahj­f­vthb­rf­y­wf­v. Bysvb­ ckjdf­vb­, änj extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t, f­rrhtlb­njdf­yyjt jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­ysv cthnb­ab­­rf­wb­jyysv f­utyncndjv, rjnjhjt ghb­p­yf­tncz vb­yb­cnhjv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z rf­r f­dnjhb­ntnyjt b­ yf­ltéyjt d jnyjityb­b­ jwtyrb­ rf­xtcndf­ ghtl­kf­uf­tvjuj jå­extyb­z, b­kb­, gj vytyb­ñ änjuj f­utyncndf­, ghtlghb­yb­vf­ñott hf­p­evyst if­ub­ yf­ genb­ r ljcnb­étyb­ñ f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­b­≥.

Ghjdjp­ukf­if­z 11–17 ctynzå­hz 2005 u. Ytltktq nhf­lb­wb­jyyj f­ahjf­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, Ghtp­b­ltyn Léjhlé Åei djp­lf­k ljkéyjt änb­v extå­ysv p­f­dtltyb­zv jn b­vtyb­ dctq cnhf­ys p­f­ b­ö dscjrb­t cnf­ylf­hns rf­xtcndf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, djcgb­nf­yb­t gjlhf­cnf­ñob­ö gjrjktyb­q d leöt ljcnb­étyb­z ecgtöf­ b­ cjltqcndb­t dsgjkytyb­ñ dp­znjuj yf­ ctå­z f­vthb­rf­ycrjq yf­wb­tq jå­zp­f­ntkm­cndf­ jå­tcgtxb­nm­ dctv hf­dyjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t. Jy crf­p­f­k: ≤Ljå­b­df­zcm­ dscjrb­ö cnf­ylf­hnjd rf­xtcndf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ jå­tcgt­xb­df­z dctv f­vthb­rf­ywf­v hf­dyst djp­vjéyjcnb­ tuj gjkextyb­z, änb­ dscjrj wtyb­vst extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z gjvjuf­ñn jå­tcgtxb­nm­ nf­rjt gjkjétyb­t, ghb­ rjnjhjv dct yf­ib­ uhf­élf­yt cvjuen gjk­yjcnm­ñ htf­kb­p­jdsdf­nm­ cdjq gjntywb­f­k b­ edthtyyj cvjnhtnm­ d å­eleott, rjnjhjt ghb­ytctn å­kf­ujcjcnjzyb­t b­ jceotcndktyb­t yf­­ltél≥. Lf­ktt jy crf­p­f­k: ≤Vs gj ghtéytve cnhtvb­vcz r cjp­lf­yb­ñ nf­rjuj jå­otcndf­, d rjnjhjv rf­élsq xtkjdtr cvjétn djgkjnb­nm­ d éb­p­ym­ dtkb­rjt ghtlyf­p­yf­xtyb­t Fvthb­rb­≥.

Åjkm­ib­ycndj b­p­ ytuhb­nzycrb­ö 105 eyb­dthcb­ntnjd hf­cgjkjét­ys d ñuj­djcnjxysö inf­nf­ö, d Atlthf­km­yjv jrheut Rjkevå­b­z b­ yf­ Db­hub­ycrb­ö jcnhjdf­ö. Chtlb­ yb­ö 40 inf­ncrb­ö xtnshtöujlb­x­ysö rjkktléf­, 11 inf­ncrb­ö ldeöujlb­xysö, 49 xf­cnysö xtnshtö­ujlb­xysö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q b­ 5 xf­cnysö ldeöujlb­xysö rjkkt­létq. Ljgjkyb­ntkm­yeñ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ j yb­ö vjéyj gjxthgyenm­ b­p­ cnf­nm­b­, gjcdzotyyjq Ytltkt nhf­lb­wb­jyyj f­ahjf­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd gj f­lhtce: http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Sep/26-256508.html.

kf­nbyj­f­vt­hbrf­yc­rbt­rj­kkt­lébbeybdt­hc­bnt­ns­

Fccjwb­f­wb­z rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, jå­ckeéb­df­ñob­ö ght­b­veotcndtyyj dsöjlwtd b­p­ Kf­nb­ycrjq Fvthb­rb­, å­skf­ cjp­lf­yf­ d 1986 u. Njulf­ d ytt djikb­ 18 dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, cnf­d­ib­ö exhtlb­ntkzvb­ änjq f­ccjwb­f­wb­b­. D yf­cnjzott dhtvz d Fccj­wb­f­wb­b­ ghtlcnf­dktyj cdsit 400 rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd,

cnhtvzob­öcz jödf­nb­nm­ dscib­v jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tv b­cgf­yjzp­sxysö f­vthb­rf­ywtd d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, Geähnj­Hb­rj, Kf­nb­ycrjq Fvthb­rt b­ Bcgf­yb­b­. Ytcvjnhz yf­ nj, xnj extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z Fc­cjwb­f­wb­b­ kf­nb­yjf­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö rjkktlétq cjcnf­dkzñn vtytt 10 ghjwtynjd dctö dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q cnhf­ys, d yb­ö jå­e­xf­tncz å­jktt nhtö xtndthntq b­cgf­yjzp­sxysö cneltynjd CIF. Fc­cjwb­f­wb­z zdkztncz tlb­ycndtyyjq yf­wb­jyf­km­yjq jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­tq, ghtlcnf­dkzñotq dscib­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z, jå­ckeéb­df­ñob­t b­cgf­yjzp­sxysö f­vthb­rf­ywtd. D 205 rjkktléf­ö, döjlzob­ö d äne jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­ñ, 25 ghjwtynjd cneltynjd zdkzñncz b­cgf­yjzp­sxys­vb­. D lheub­ö rjkktléf­ö­xktyf­ö Fccjwb­f­wb­b­ yf­ b­cgf­yjzp­sxysö f­vthb­rf­ywtd ghb­öjlb­ncz vtytt 25 ghjwtynjd jn jå­otuj xb­ckf­ cneltynjd. Cv.: http://www.hacu.net/hacu/Default_EN.asp.

Bybwbf­nbdf­Åt­kj­uj­lj­vf­dj­nyj­it­ybbds­c­iböext­åys­öpf­dt­lt­ybq

f­vt­hbrf­yc­rböbylt­qwt­d

Ghtp­b­ltyn Åei ghb­p­yf­k ne df­éyeñ hjkm­, rjnjheñ b­uhf­ñn rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns d jå­ob­yf­ö f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtd, b­ 3 b­ñkz 2002 u. gjlgb­cf­k f­lvb­yb­cnhf­nb­dysq erf­p­ 13270 b­ Byb­­wb­f­nb­de Åtkjuj ljvf­ jå­ änb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö. Ghtp­b­ltyn crf­p­f­k:

Rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtd cjltqcn­deñn cjöhf­ytyb­ñ b­cxtp­f­ñob­ö zp­srjdsö b­ rekm­nehysö nhf­lb­wb­q. Tcntcndtyyj, xnj änb­ rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns nf­rét ghtljcnf­dkzñn nsczxf­v cneltynjd dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t, ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjt jå­extyb­t b­ lheub­t chtlcndf­ ärjyjvb­xtcrj­uj hf­p­db­nb­z yf­ nthhb­njhb­zö, ult ghjéb­df­ñn b­yltqws. ...Dct f­vthb­rf­yws p­f­ckeéb­df­ñn gjkextyb­z cf­vjuj kexituj jå­hf­p­j­

Cgjhnb­dyst pfyznb­z c­ne­ltynjd d Rjkktlé­t Cfynf-At d in. Ymñ-Vtrc­b­rj, d rjnjhjv e­x­fnc­z ghtb­ve­otc­ndtyyj kfnb­yjfvthb­rfyws.

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df­yb­z, drkñxf­z ntö, rnj exb­ncz d rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtd.

D Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö yf­cxb­nsdf­tncz 34 rjkktléf­ b­ eyb­dth­cb­ntnf­, ghb­p­yf­yysö atlthf­km­ysvb­ dkf­cnzvb­ d rf­xtcndt extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtd. Hf­cgjkjétyyst d jcyjdyjv yf­ Chtlytv Pf­gf­lt b­ Ñuj­djcnjrt, änb­ rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­nt­ns jå­ckeéb­df­ñn ghb­å­kb­p­b­ntkm­yj 30 000 cneltynjd, p­f­yb­vf­ñob­ö­cz yf­ jxysö jnltktyb­zö b­kb­ gjctof­ñob­ö jnltkm­yst ktrwb­b­ b­ ctvb­yf­hs. Änb­ rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns ghtlkf­uf­ñn ldeöujlb­x­yst ghjuhf­vvs, gjp­djkzñob­t cnf­nm­ rf­ylb­lf­nf­vb­ d å­f­rf­kf­dhs å­jktt xtv gj 200 lb­cwb­gkb­yf­v. F ytrjnjhst b­p­ yb­ö ghtlkf­uf­­ñn ghjuhf­vvs jå­extyb­z c ghb­cdjtyb­tv cntgtytq å­f­rf­kf­dhf­ b­ vf­ub­cnhf­. Rhjvt njuj, egjvzyenst rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns hf­p­hf­å­jnf­kb­ 200 extå­ysö ghjuhf­vv ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq gjlujnjd­rb­ c gjkextyb­tv cthnb­ab­rf­nf­. Ytcvjnhz yf­ nj, xnj änb­ jcjå­st

extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z ghb­yb­vf­ñn njkm­rj rjhtyysö f­vthb­rf­ywtd, jyb­ ltvjycnhb­heñn jlb­y b­p­ eyb­rf­km­ysö f­cgtrnjd dctq cb­cntvs dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d CIF. Ljgjkyb­ntkm­yeñ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ j rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtd vjéyj gjke­xb­nm­ gj äktrnhjyyjve f­lhtce: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2002/07/20020703-16.html. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls b gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Cne­ltyns b­p Öfc­rtkkc­rjuj b­yltqc­rjuj e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf d in. Rfypfc­ e­rhfifñn nhfyc­gfhfyn gthtl gfhfljv.

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�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Åtdthkb Läybtk Ntqnev gbitn j­ hj­kb nhflbwbj­yyj­ ytuhb­nzycrbö rj­kktlétq d aj­hvbhj­dfybb cneltynj­d­fahj­fvthb­rfywtd rfr kbx­yj­cntq b ghtlj­cnfdktybb bv dj­p­vj­éyj­cnb dcnhtx­fnmcz cj­ cneltynfvb hfp­yj­uj­ änybx­tcrj­uj­ b cj­wbfkm­yj­uj­ ghj­bcöj­éltybz, bp­ hfp­ysö rekmneh b c hfp­ysvb ecnf­yj­drfvb b dp­ukzlfvb. Jyf zdkztncz ghtp­bltynj­v Rj­kktléf Cgtkvfyf d u. Fnkfynt, in. Léj­hlébz, b fdnj­hj­v rybub ≤Gj­x­tve dct ytuhbnzycrbt ltnb dctulf cblzn dvtcnt d irj­km­yj­q cnj­kj­dj­q b lheubt åtctls j­ hfct≥ (Åtqcbr åerc, 2003).

Z hjlb­kf­cm­ d 1954 u., dctuj xthtp­ nhb­ vtczwf­ gjckt njuj, rf­r htityb­tv Dthöjdyjuj celf­ gj ltke Åhfey ghj­nbd Cj­dtnf gj­ j­åhfp­j­dfybñ åskf­ jå­üzdktyf­ ytp­f­rjyyjq cb­c­

ntvf­ ctuhtuf­wb­b­ d irjkf­ö gj ghb­ywb­ge ≤hf­p­ltkm­yjt, yj hf­dyjt≥ jå­extyb­t. Z gjzdb­kf­cm­ yf­ cdtn d u. Nf­kkf­öf­ccb­, in. Akjhb­lf­, ult vjq jntw hf­å­jnf­k ghtgjlf­df­ntktv dj Akjhb­lcrjv ctkm­crjöjp­zq­cndtyyjv b­ gjkb­ntöyb­xtcrjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt. Jy öjntk exb­nm­cz d Eyb­dthcb­ntnt inf­nf­ Akjhb­lf­ b­ gjkexb­nm­ nf­v ljrnjhcreñ cntgtym­, yj d 1954 u. d inf­nt Akjhb­lf­ dct tot yt ghb­yb­vf­kb­ ytuhjd d f­cgb­hf­ynehe. Dvtcnj änjuj tve jgkf­nb­kb­ ghjtp­l d

inf­n Gtycb­km­df­yb­z. D 1957 u. tve jy p­f­dthib­k cdjt jå­extyb­t d inf­ncrjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt, b­ tve å­skf­ ghb­cdjtyf­ extyf­z cntgtym­. Xthtp­ ujl jy cnf­k gthdsv ghjatccjhjv­ytuhjv d Åhb­léejnth­crjv inf­ncrjv rjkktlét d u. Åhb­léejntht, in. Vf­ccf­xectnc. Nf­v z b­ hjckf­. Ctqxf­c ghtp­b­ltynjv d Åhb­léejnthcrjv inf­ncrjuj rjkktléf­ dgthdst zdkztncz ghtlcnf­db­ntkm­ wdtnyjuj yf­ctktyb­z, f­ d atdhf­kt 2004 u., z, f­ahj­f­vthb­rf­yrf­, dscnegb­kf­ cj dcnegb­ntkm­­yjq htxm­ñ yf­ rjyathtywb­b­ gj djghjcf­v dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, rjnjhf­z ghjdjlb­kf­cm­ d inf­nt Akjhb­lf­. D 1954 u. ytdjp­vjéyj å­skj lf­ét ghtlcnf­db­nm­ ctå­t yb­ nf­rjuj ghtp­b­ltynf­, yb­ nf­rjuj jhf­njhf­.

Z vyjuj ktn hf­å­jnf­kf­ ghtgjlf­df­ntktv b­ dscnegf­kf­ ghjnb­d hf­cb­p­vf­ d extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö, d rjnjhsö ghtb­veotcndtyyj hf­å­jnf­kb­ å­tkst. Ctqxf­c z ltdznsq gj cxtne ghtp­b­ltyn Rjkktléf­ Cgtkvf­yf­, cnf­htqituj nhf­lb­wb­jyyj ytuhb­nzycrjuj rjkktléf­. F gjnjve z vjue gj­yjdjve cvjnhtnm­ yf­ htityb­t gj ltke Åhfey ghj­nbd Cj­dtnf gj­ j­åhfp­j­dfybñ b­ kexit gjyb­vf­nm­ tuj p­yf­xt­yb­t. Gjljå­yj vyjub­v lheub­v nhf­lb­wb­jyyj ≤xthysv≥ rjkktléf­v b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­v, Rjkktlée Cgtkvf­yf­ ghb­öjlb­ncz rjyrehb­hj­df­nm­ d å­jhm­å­t p­f­ ≤cdjb­ö≥ cneltynjd c ghtb­veotcndtyyj ≤å­tksvb­≥

GzNm­LT­CzN KT­N CGECNz GJCKT­ LT­KF ÅHFEYF:

gjx­t­ve nh­flb­wb­jyyj fah­j-fvt­h­b­r­fyc­r­b­t­ r­jkkt­léb­ b­ eyb­dt­h­c­b­nt­ns gj-gh­t­éyt­ve yt­jåö­jlb­vs

Åt­dt­h­kb­ Lä­yb­t­k Nt­qnev

Cne­ltyn yf c­tvb­yfht jnc­nfb­dftn c­djñ njx­re­ phtyb­z

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�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

extå­ysvb­ p­f­dtltyb­zvb­, rjnjhst hf­ym­it yt ghb­yb­vf­kb­ b­ö r ctå­t yf­ extå­e. Jlyf­rj hjcn rjyrehtywb­b­ ecrjhb­k yf­cnegktyb­t gjkjéb­ntkm­ysö gthtvty d Rjkktlét Cgtkvf­yf­. Gjckt ltkf­ Åhfe­y­f ghtgjlf­df­ntktq cnf­kb­ dct å­jkm­it b­ å­jkm­it gjå­eélf­nm­ äythub­xytt p­f­yb­vf­nm­cz b­ccktljdf­yb­zvb­, b­p­lf­df­nm­ å­jkm­it ryb­u b­ geå­kb­rjdf­nm­ å­jkm­it yf­exysö cnf­ntq, å­skb­ ghtljcnf­dktys yjdst djp­vjéyjcnb­ lkz yf­exyjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­ d wtkjv. Ecgtiyst rf­v­gf­yb­b­ gj cå­jhe chtlcnd jå­tcgtxb­kb­ ab­yf­ycjdeñ cnf­å­b­km­yjcnm­, b­ yf­ nthhb­njhb­b­ rjkktléf­ å­skb­ gjcnhjtys yjdst jå­otéb­nb­z b­ extå­yst rjhgecf­. Dct änj ghb­dtkj r cjp­lf­yb­ñ nf­rjq f­rf­ltvb­­xtcrjq f­nvjcaths, rjnjhf­z ntgthm­ tétujlyj ghb­dktrf­tn d yf­i rjkktlé ghb­å­kb­p­b­ntkm­yj 4000 nf­kf­ynkb­dsö ltdeitr b­ p­f­cnf­dkztn b­ö cjgthyb­xf­nm­ p­f­ 525 vtcn yf­ yf­itv gthdjv rehct.

Gjxtve ét nhf­lb­wb­jyyj ytuhb­nzycrb­t rjkktléb­ yf­gjljå­b­t Rjkktléf­ Cgtkvf­yf­ gj­ghtéytve yt njkm­rj gjlöjlzn vyjub­v cgjcjå­ysv vjkjlsv f­ahj­f­vthb­rf­ywf­v, yj jcnf­ñncz f­km­nthyf­­nb­djq, rjnjhjq jyb­ jnlf­ñn ghtlgjxntyb­t? D dså­jht rjkktléf­ yf­öjlb­n jnhf­étyb­t df­if­ kb­xyjcnm­ – änj ytrjt p­f­zdktyb­t j njv, rf­rb­v ds db­lb­nt ctå­z, rtv ds ctqxf­c zdkztntcm­ b­ rtv yf­ltt­ntcm­ cnf­nm­. Cneltynjd ghb­dktrf­tn extå­yf­z f­nvjcathf­, rjnjhf­z gjvjuf­tn b­v endthlb­nm­ ctå­z b­ hf­p­db­nm­ cdjb­ nf­kf­yns; cneltynjd ghb­dktrf­ñn extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z, ult jyb­ xedcndeñn ctå­z d wtynht extå­yjuj ghjwtccf­.

Ytcrjkm­rj ktn yf­p­f­l, p­f­yb­vf­zcm­ b­p­extyb­tv ajhvb­hjdf­yb­z xedcndf­ hf­cjdjq ghb­yf­lktéyjcnb­ e cneltynjd ytuhb­nzycrb­ö rjkktlétq, dshjcib­ö d ghtb­veotcndtyyj å­tksö hf­qjyf­ö, z cghf­ib­df­kf­ b­ö, gjxtve jyb­ htib­kb­ gjqnb­ exb­nm­cz b­vtyyj nelf­, relf­ gjikb­. Djn xnj crf­p­f­kf­ j cdjtv jgsnt extå­s d f­ahjf­vthb­­rf­ycrjv rjkktlét jlyf­ cneltynrf­: ≤Gjyb­vf­tnt, rjulf­ z b­le gj rf­vgece b­ p­yf­ñ, xnj änjn eyb­dthcb­ntn gjcnhjb­kb­ lkz vtyz, z ltqcndb­ntkm­yj cxf­cnkb­df­≥. D Fvthb­rt yt nf­r vyjuj vtcn, j rjnj­hsö ytuhb­nzyrf­ vjukf­ å­s crf­p­f­nm­ nf­rjt. Ytkm­p­z ytljjwtyb­df­nm­ p­yf­xtyb­z cf­vjendthéltyb­z ghb­ dså­jht rjkktléf­.

Ytcvjnhz yf­ nj, xnj ctujlyz å­jkm­ib­ycndj cneltyxtcrb­ö uj­hjlrjd jnkb­xf­ñncz å­jkm­ib­v hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­tv, xtv änj d 1954 u., extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z dct tot yt gjyb­vf­ñn ghjcneñ b­cnb­ye – ytjå­­

öjlb­vj cjp­lf­df­nm­ dctv cdjb­v cneltynf­v å­kf­ujghb­znyst eckjdb­z lkz vf­rcb­vf­km­yjuj hf­crhsnb­z b­ö b­yntkktrnef­km­yjuj gjntywb­f­kf­ b­ ajhvb­hjdf­yb­z kb­lthcrb­ö rf­xtcnd. Bysvb­ ckjdf­vb­, änj eckj­db­z, cgjcjå­cndeñob­t endthéltyb­ñ cf­vjcjp­yf­yb­z, jghtltktyyjq jå­oyjcnb­ b­ kb­lthcrb­ö rf­xtcnd, jå­tcgtxb­df­ñn ytjå­öjlb­vst ghtlgjcskrb­ lkz äaatrnb­dyjuj ghb­jå­htntyb­z p­yf­yb­q yf­ dctö ehjdyzö jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z.

Ghtndjhtyb­t änb­ö, rf­p­f­kjcm­ å­s, ghjcnsö b­cnb­y d éb­p­ym­ nht­å­etn, xnjå­s vs p­f­lf­df­kb­ lheu lheue nhelyst djghjcs: Yf­ rjuj hf­ccxb­nf­ys cjp­lf­yyst yf­vb­ eckjdb­zö? Rjuj vs egecnb­kb­, hb­cez jå­oeñ rf­hnb­ye jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z? Rf­rb­t å­kf­ujghb­znyst djp­vjéyjcnb­ b­vtñncz lkz ajhvb­hjdf­yb­z jå­oyjcnb­ b­ gjå­eéltyb­z r lb­f­kjue chtlb­ cneltynjd, ghb­yf­lktéf­ob­ö r hf­p­ysv cjwb­j­rekm­nehysv uheggf­v b­ ghb­lthéb­df­ñob­öcz hf­p­ysö njxtr p­htyb­z? Rf­rb­v jå­hf­­p­jv gjdscb­nm­ jå­oeñ f­rnb­dyjcnm­ cneltynjd d extå­yjv ghjwtcct b­ yf­exb­nm­ b­ö kb­lb­hjdf­nm­ d cf­vsö hf­p­ysö cb­nef­wb­zö?

Rf­r cgtwb­f­kb­cnf­ d jå­kf­cnb­ hf­cjdsö jnyjityb­q, vtyz xf­cnj cghf­ib­df­ñn, gjxtve z djp­ukf­dkzñ hf­å­jne cnjkm­ ≤jlyjhjlyjuj≥ extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z, rf­r Rjkktlé Cgtkvf­yf­. Hf­p­evttncz, änjn djghjc cnhjb­ncz yf­ kjéyjq ghtlgjcskrt. Ytcvjnhz yf­ nj, xnj 97 ghjwtynjd yf­ib­ö cneltynjd jnyjczncz r rf­ntujhb­b­ ≤f­ahj­ f­vthb­rf­ywtd≥, rjynb­yutyn cneltynjd ljcnf­njxyj hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­ty. D Rjkktlét Cgtkvf­yf­ exf­ncz cneltyns b­p­ dctö htub­jyjd Cjtlb­­ytyysö Inf­njd b­ vyjub­ö p­f­heå­téysö cnhf­y, b­p­ ghb­ujhjljd b­ ctkm­crb­ö hf­qjyjd, d rjnjhsö d jcyjdyjv éb­den å­tkst, f­ nf­rét b­p­ ujhjlcrb­ö ytuhb­nzycrb­ö rdf­hnf­kjd. Pltcm­ ghtlcnf­dktys dct cj­cnf­dyst xf­cnb­ f­ahb­rf­ycrjq ≤lb­f­cgjhs≥, b­ vyjujjå­hf­p­b­t jgsnf­, f­ nf­rét å­jkm­ijq ghjwtyn ltdeitr­cneltynjr, rjnjhst exf­ncz d änjv rjkktlét, cjp­lf­tn vyjuj å­kf­ujghb­znysö djp­vjéyjcntq lkz lb­f­kjuf­. Ceotcndetn jghtltktyysq gthb­jl d hf­p­db­nb­b­ cf­vjcjp­yf­­yb­z vjkjlsö kñltq, ghtlcnf­dkzñob­ö wdtnyjt yf­ctktyb­t, rjulf­ ≤dyenhb­uheggjdjq≥ lb­f­kju vjétn b­vtnm­ nf­rjt ét å­jkm­ijt p­yf­xt­yb­t, b­, gjéf­keq, gjhjq lf­ét å­jkm­itt p­yf­xtyb­t, xtv ≤vtéuheggj­djq≥ lb­f­kju. B d f­ahjf­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö vjéyj cjp­lf­nm­ eckjdb­z, rjulf­ dtlencz jå­f­ egjvzyensö lb­f­kjuf­.

E vyjub­ö b­p­ yf­c tcnm­ b­ltf­km­yjt ghtlcnf­dktyb­t j rjkktléf­ö, ult dct cneltyns å­elen b­vtnm­ djp­vjéyjcnm­ b­ cnb­veks ljå­b­df­nm­cz dscjrb­ö gjrf­p­f­ntktq d extå­t. Änj ghtlcnf­dktyb­t j vyjujänyb­­xtcrb­ö cjjå­otcndf­ö, ult jnyjityb­z vtéle kñlm­vb­ cnhjzncz yf­ ghb­ywb­gf­ö hf­dtycndf­ b­ cghf­dtlkb­djcnb­. Änj ghtlcnf­dktyb­t jå­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­, cnb­vekb­heñotv yt njkm­rj b­yntkktrnef­km­yjt hf­p­db­­nb­t gentv ajhvb­hjdf­yb­z e cneltynjd cgjcjå­yjcnb­ rhb­nb­xtcrb­ vsckb­nm­, zcyj ujdjhb­nm­, xtnrj gb­cf­nm­, evtkj f­huevtynb­hjdf­nm­, yj b­ lf­ñotv cneltynf­v yf­dsrb­ b­ jgsn exf­cnb­z d éb­p­yb­ jå­otcndf­, rjnjhjt jnkb­xf­tncz b­crkñxb­ntkm­ysv vyjujjå­hf­p­b­tv. Cnjkm­ b­lt­f­km­ysö eckjdb­q lkz jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d ib­hjrjv vf­cinf­å­t yb­rjulf­ yt ceotcndjdf­kj d Fvthb­rt – lf­ b­ yb­ult d vb­ht, yf­crjkm­rj z gjyb­vf­ñ. Yj änf­ vtxnf­ p­f­rkñxf­tn d ctå­t jå­ob­t jxthnf­yb­z å­ele­otuj. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

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D Cj­tlbytyysö Infnfö htkbubj­p­yst rj­kktléb b eybdthcb­ntns gj­­cdj­tve cj­x­tnfñn htkbubj­p­yst b frfltvbx­tcrbt rj­vgj­ytyns. D änj­v j­x­thrt Lädbl J’Rj­yytkk, ghtp­bltyn Rfnj­kbx­tcrj­uj­ eybdthcbntnf Fvthbrb b ghtlctlfntkm yf Rj­yathtywbb Ufhdfhlcrj­uj­ eybdthcbntnf j­ gthcgtrnbdfö htkbubj­p­ysö rj­kktlétq, bp­kfuftn cdj­ñ nj­x­re p­htybz yf nj­, rfr htkbubj­p­yst rj­kktléb j­åj­ufofñn dscitt j­åhfp­j­dfybt. Pf änbv j­x­thrj­v cktleñn j­gbcfybz lheubö htkbubj­p­ysö ex­tåysö p­fdtltybq, rj­nj­hst zhrj­ ltvj­ycnhbheñn hfp­ybwe d gj­löj­lfö r j­åhfp­j­dfybñ chtlb ybö. Ntv, rnj­ bynthtcetn­cz rj­yrhtnyj­q cnhfntubtq bkb abkj­cj­acrj­q rj­ywtgwbtq j­åhfp­j­dfybz nj­uj­ bkb byj­uj­ ex­tåyj­uj­ p­fdtltybz, cktletn yfghzveñ cdzp­fnmcz c ybv lkz gj­kex­tybz bcx­thgsdfñotq byaj­hvfwbb. Vs drkñx­bkb änb cdtltybz d yfcnj­zobq éeh­yfk lkz nj­uj­, x­nj­ås ghtlj­cnfdbnm x­bnfntkzv bcnj­x­ybrb byaj­hvfwbb, f yt htrkfvbhj­dfnm bkb j­lj­åhznm rfreñ­kbåj­ rj­yrhtnyeñ lj­rnhbye bkb ghj­uhfvve.

D eckjdb­zö cb­km­yjuj cjgthyb­xtcndf­ p­f­ ghb­dktxtyb­t cnelty­njd rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö ljkéys ltvjycnhb­hjdf­nm­ cdjtq gjntywb­f­km­yjq rkb­tyne­

ht jcjå­st öf­hf­rnthb­cnb­rb­, rjnjhst ltkf­ñn änb­ extå­yst p­f­dtlt­yb­z eyb­rf­km­ysvb­ b­ ljcnjqysvb­ b­ö dyb­vf­yb­z. Rf­éljt dscitt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t jå­zp­f­ntkm­yj ghtntyletn yf­ ≤cf­vjt dscjrjt rf­xtcndj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z≥ b­ ≤cf­veñ kexieñ ghjuhf­vve jå­extyb­z≥ d njq b­kb­ b­yjq lb­cwb­gkb­yt. Jlyf­rj tcnm­ kb­ tot xnj­nj lheujt, gjp­djkzñott yf­ukzlyj gjrf­p­f­nm­ yf­kb­xb­t e lf­yyjuj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z cdjtuj ≤jnkb­xb­ntkm­yjuj ghb­p­yf­rf­≥? Ghjnb­djgjcnf­dkzz ctå­z cdtncrb­v rjkktléf­v, htkb­ub­jp­yst dscib­t extå­yst p­f­dtlt­yb­z cxb­nf­ñn, xnj änb­v jnkb­xb­ntkm­ysv ghb­p­yf­rjv zdkztncz dthf­.

Ltkj d njv, xnj rjkktlé, ytgjchtlcndtyyj b­cgsnsdf­ñob­q yf­ ctå­t dkb­zyb­t rf­rjq­kb­å­j rjyrhtnyjq htkb­ub­b­ b­kb­ dths, ljdjlb­n lj cdtltyb­z cdtncrjuj extyjuj vb­hf­, xnj htkb­ub­jp­yjt dscitt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t b­vttn ghtlcnf­dktyb­t j cdjtq eyb­­rf­km­yjq hjkb­ b­ ytgjöjétcnb­ yf­ lheub­ö d f­rf­ltvb­xtcrjq chtlt b­ edthtyj d njv, xnj b­vtyyj c gjvjom­ñ dths dyjcb­n d dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t dtcjvsq drkf­l.

HT­KBUBJpYS­T­ RJKKT­LÉBLä­db­l J’Rjyyt­kk, gh­t­pb­lt­yn Rfnjkb­x­t­c­r­juj eyb­dt­h­c­b­nt­nf Fvt­h­b­r­b­

Änjn c­ne­ltyn Rfnjkb­x­tc­rjuj e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf d Dfib­yunjyt yfitk nb­öjt vtc­nj lkz pfyznb­q

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Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t ghjkb­df­tn cdtn yf­ nf­qye ceotcndjdf­yb­t xtkj­dtrf­, f­gtkkb­hez r hf­p­eve. Jyj ghjcdtof­tn ev. Htkb­ub­jp­yjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t ltkf­tn änj gj­lheujve – jyj jghtltkztn jcyjd­yst gf­hf­vtnhs ceotcndjdf­yb­z xtkjdtrf­ xthtp­ Åjuf­, rjnjhsq jnrhsdf­tn ctå­z b­ hf­p­eve, b­ dtht. Jyj ghjcdtof­tn ev b­ leie. Gjchtlcndjv htkb­ub­jp­yjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z vs ljöjlb­v lj b­cnb­ys, gjcnb­éb­vjq hf­p­evjv, yj ljcnegyjq cthlwe dtheñotuj b­ tuj leit b­ jcvscktyyjq yf­ å­jktt ukeå­jrjv ehjdyt. Jlyf­éls z ghj­xb­nf­k, xnj ≤htkb­ub­z – änj, ghtélt dctuj, yt djghjc j af­rnf­ö, f­ djghjc j cvsckf­ö≥.

Htkb­ub­jp­yst rjkktléb­ gsnf­ñncz ghtlcnf­db­nm­ hf­p­ev b­ dthe yt jnltkm­yj lheu jn lheuf­, f­ rf­r cdzp­f­yyst, öjnz b­ jnkb­xyst, rjvgjytynf­ tlb­yjq b­cnb­ys. Bynthtcyj jnvtnb­nm­, xnj e b­cnjrf­ ytrjnjhsö cf­vsö edf­éf­tvsö dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, ljcnb­uib­ö cf­vsö dscjrb­ö htp­ekm­nf­njd d ghtgjlf­df­yb­b­ b­ yf­ert, cnjzn htkb­ub­jp­yst rjyatccb­b­. Jlyf­rj gj rf­rb­v­nj ghb­xb­yf­v c ntxtyb­tv dhtvtyb­ htkb­ub­jp­yf­z jhb­tynf­wb­z änb­ö f­rf­ltvb­xtcrb­ö exhtéltyb­q cnf­kf­ jckf­å­tdf­nm­, b­ gjzdb­kb­cm­ ldt hf­p­kb­xysö vjltkb­ b­ ldf­ hf­p­kb­xysö

gjlöjlf­ r dscitve jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ – ceueå­j cdtncrf­z vjltkm­/cdtn­crb­q gjlöjl b­ htkb­ub­jp­yf­z vjltkm­/htkb­ub­jp­ysq gjlöjl.

Rjulf­ cneltyns b­ b­ö hjlb­ntkb­ dså­b­hf­ñn htkb­ub­jp­ysq rjk­ktlé b­kb­ eyb­dthcb­ntn, jyb­ dså­b­hf­ñn extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t, b­vtñ­ott xtnrj dshf­étyyeñ gjp­b­wb­ñ b­ vb­ccb­ñ, rjnjhst ukeå­jrj eöjlzn cdjb­vb­ rjhyzvb­ d ne b­kb­ b­yeñ htkb­ub­jp­yeñ nhf­lb­wb­ñ. Änf­ nhf­lb­wb­z ljkéyf­ p­f­nhf­ub­df­nm­ dct f­cgtrns lf­yyjuj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z b­ ghjyb­p­sdf­nm­ dcñ tuj hf­å­jne b­ dct tuj vthjghb­z­nb­z. Egjvzyenf­z nhf­lb­wb­z ljkéyf­ xtnrj ghjcvf­nhb­df­nm­cz rf­r yf­ p­f­yznb­zö d extå­yjq f­elb­njhb­b­, nf­r b­ d éb­p­yb­ cneltynjd yf­ rf­vgect. Ghjatccjhf­ b­ lheujq gthcjyf­k änjuj rjkktléf­ b­kb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ ljkéys ghjzdkznm­ ndthleñ ghb­dthétyyjcnm­ jceotcndktyb­ñ änjq vb­ccb­b­, f­ yt ghjcnj nthgb­vj jnyjcb­nm­cz r ytq rf­r r gecnjq ajhvf­km­yjcnb­, zrjå­s yt ghb­yjczotq gjxnb­ yb­rf­rjq gjkm­p­s extå­yjve ghjwtcce b­ dsgjkytyb­ñ lheub­ö p­f­lf­x lf­yyjuj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z. Tckb­ nj b­kb­ b­yjt dscitt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t yf­ cf­vjv ltkt zdkztncz htkb­ub­jp­ysv, nj b­ dyenhb­ ytuj b­ p­f­ tuj ghtltkf­vb­ dctv å­eltn zcyj, xnj änj htkb­ub­jp­yjt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t b­ xnj tuj vb­ccb­z ltqcndb­ntkm­yj ghb­lf­tn ≤ljgjkyb­ntkm­yeñ wtyyjcnm­≥ gjkexf­tvjve d ytv dscitve jå­hf­p­j­df­yb­ñ. Åjktt njuj, änf­ ≤ljgjkyb­ntkm­yf­z wtyyjcnm­≥ ghtlcnf­dkztn cjå­jq ytxnj nf­rjt, xnj ltqcndb­ntkm­yj b­ynthtcetn kñltq, xnj ghb­dktrf­tn b­ö d änj extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t b­ lf­tn b­v nj, xnj jyb­ djcghb­yb­vf­ñn rf­r ytxnj eyb­rf­km­yjt, nj, xnj jyb­ ltqcndb­ntkm­yj öjnzn. Änj b­vttn å­jkm­ijt p­yf­xtyb­t rf­r d b­ö jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­, nf­r b­ d b­ö éb­p­yb­. Cgjcjå­yjcnm­ htkb­ub­jp­ysö rjkktlétq rjyrehb­hj­df­nm­ yf­ hsyrt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d rf­xtcndt htkb­ub­jp­ysö b­ f­rf­ltvb­­xtcrb­ å­jktt cb­km­ysö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q b­ ghtlkf­uf­nm­ kñlzv nj, xnj jyb­ ltqcndb­ntkm­yj öjnzn, yf­ljkuj jå­tcgtxb­n änb­v rjkkt­léf­v dséb­df­yb­t b­ cgjcjå­yjcnm­ dsgjkyznm­ cdjñ vb­ccb­ñ, xnj, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, gjckeéb­n hf­cib­htyb­ñ gjlkb­yyjuj hf­p­yjjå­hf­­p­b­z, zdkzñotujcz jnkb­xb­ntkm­yjq jcjå­tyyjcnm­ñ f­vthb­rf­ycrjuj dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z.

Bvtyyj nf­rjuj gjlöjlf­ ghb­lthéb­df­tncz Rf­njkb­xtcrb­q eyb­dth­cb­ntn Fvthb­rb­ d u. Df­ib­yunjyt, Atlthf­km­ysq jrheu Rjkevå­b­z, – jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­ysq eyb­dthcb­ntn Rf­njkb­xtcrjq wthrdb­ d Cj­tlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls b gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Yf nhtyb­hjdrt dj dhtvz ghjdtltyb­z yfwb­jyfkm-yjuj ne­hyb­hf CIF gj å­fc­rtnå­jke­ c­ne­ltynrf Eyb­dthc­b­ntnf Åä­qkjhf b­p Ctyn-Db­yc­tynf, Jc­nhjdf Dtc­n-Bylb­z, gjljikf gjujdjhb­nm c­ x­ktyfvb­ c­djtq rjvfyls b­p ntöfc­c­rjq irjks ñé­yj-å­fgnb­c­nc­rjq jhb­tynfwb­b­.

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�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Rävåäkkc­rbq­ eybdthc­bntn, dscitt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t ñéysö å­f­gnb­cnjd (ghjntcnf­ynjd) d in. Ctdthyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­, db­lb­n cdjt ghtlyf­p­yf­xtyb­t d njv, xnjå­s cgjcjå­cndjdf­nm­ ajhvb­hjdf­yb­ñ wtkjcnyjq, öhb­cnb­f­ycrb­ jhb­tynb­hjdf­yyjq kb­x­yjcnb­, rjnjhf­z öf­hf­rnthb­p­etncz tlb­ycndjv ntkf­, evf­ b­ leöf­. Änj ghtlgjkf­uf­tn cgjcjå­yjcnm­ dsyjcb­nm­ rhb­nb­xtcrb­t ceélt­yb­z, dscjreñ jwtyre b­yntkktrnef­km­yjuj, rekm­nehyjuj b­ htkb­ub­jp­yjuj yf­cktlb­z, p­f­å­jne j p­ljhjdm­t ntkf­, xenrjt jnyjityb­t r vb­he, gjyb­vf­yb­t gjnhtå­yjcntq jå­otcndf­, b­ hf­å­jne c kñlm­vb­. Eyb­dthcb­ntn db­lb­n ghb­p­df­yb­t xtkjdtrf­ d njv, xnjå­s éb­nm­ dthjñ b­ vb­kjcnm­ñ Åjuf­, yt b­cgsnsdf­z rjyakb­rnf­ vtéle éb­p­ym­ñ d cdtnt dths b­ éb­p­ym­ñ d cdtnt hf­p­evf­.

Eybdthc­bntn Åhfyltq­c­f d in. Vf­ccf­xectnc ghtlcnf­dkztn cjå­jq jlb­y b­p­ cf­vsö vjkjlsö xf­cnysö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd c jå­ib­hyjq yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq å­f­p­jq, f­ nf­rét tlb­ycndtyysq eyb­dthcb­ntn d änjq cnhf­yt, rjnjhjve jrf­p­sdf­ñn ab­­yf­ycjdeñ gjllthére f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t tdhtb­. Cjukf­cyj ljrevtyne, d rjnjhjv jghtltkztncz jcyjdyjt ghtlyf­p­yf­xtyb­t extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z, eyb­dthcb­ntn å­sk jcyjdf­y d 1948 ujle ghb­ gjllthért dctq f­vthb­rf­ycrjq tdhtqcrjq jå­ob­ys rf­r djgkjotyb­t tt dscib­ö änb­xtcrb­ö b­ rekm­nehysö wtyyjcntq, f­ nf­rét rf­r dshf­étyb­t å­kf­ujlf­hyjcnb­ Cjtlb­ytyysv Inf­nf­v d ajhvt, cdb­lt­ntkm­cndeñotq j nhf­lb­wb­jyyjq ghb­dthétyyjcnb­ tdhttd jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ. Yt ghb­yf­lktéf­ yb­ r rf­rjve htkb­ub­jp­yjve, b­ltjkjub­­xtcrjve b­kb­ gjkb­nb­xtcrjve yf­ghf­dktyb­ñ b­ jöjnyj ghb­yb­vf­z cneltynjd b­ ghtgjlf­df­ntktq kñå­jq yf­wb­jyf­km­yjcnb­, htkb­­ub­b­ b­ gjkb­nb­xtcrjq jhb­tynf­wb­b­, Eyb­dthcb­ntn Åhf­yltqcf­ dyjcb­n drkf­l d rekm­nehyjt vyjujjå­hf­p­b­t Fvthb­rb­, ghtljcnf­dkzz dctv hf­dyst djp­vjéyjcnb­ b­ cdjå­jle cf­vjdshf­étyb­z.

Nböj­j­rtfyc­rbq­ kñnthfyc­rbq­ rj­kktlé­ d in. Df­ib­yunjy å­sk jcyjdf­y gjctktywf­vb­­kñnthf­yf­vb­. Änjn rjkktlé gjcnf­db­k gthtl cjå­jq wtkm­ lf­nm­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t ntv, rnj gjcdznb­k cdjñ éb­p­ym­ Åjue, b­ jxtym­ ujhlb­ncz cdjtq eyb­rf­km­yjq extå­­yjq ghjuhf­vvjq, d rjnjhjq gjlxthrb­df­tncz ytjå­öjlb­vf­z hjkm­ dctö tt äktvtynjd b­ f­rnb­dyf­z hjkm­ cneltynjd d ghb­jå­htnt­yb­b­ p­yf­yb­q.

Öfhnaj­hlc­rfz leöj­dyfz c­tvbyfhbz d in. Rjyytrnb­ren å­skf­ jcyjdf­yf­ ghjntcnf­yncrjq öhb­cnb­f­ycrjq ltyjvb­yf­wb­­tq – rjyuhtuf­wb­jyb­cnf­vb­ – gehb­nf­yf­vb­, rjnjhst dscnegf­kb­ p­f­ ytp­f­db­cb­vjcnm­ vtcnysö rjyuhtuf­wb­q, n.t. ghb­öjljd, jn f­yukb­rf­ycrjq wthrdb­. D yf­cnjzott dhtvz d ljgjkytyb­t r ghjuhf­vvf­v gj b­p­extyb­ñ öhb­cnb­f­ycndf­ d änjq ctvb­yf­hb­b­ tcnm­ vf­ub­cnthcrf­z ghjuhf­vvf­ gj b­ckf­ve c gjkextyb­tv p­df­yb­z rf­gtkkf­yf­, rjnjheñ ghtlkf­uf­tn Wtynh gj b­p­extyb­ñ b­ckf­vf­ b­ öhb­cnb­f­yj­vecekm­vf­ycrb­ö jnyjityb­q. Ghtlyf­p­yf­xtyb­tv änjq leöjdyjq ctvb­yf­hb­b­ zdkztncz ckeétyb­t Åjue gjchtlcndjv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, n.t. gjlujnjdrb­ herjdjlb­ntktq, cneltynjd, extysö, f­ nf­rét cf­vb­ö htkb­ub­jp­ysö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q r gjyb­vf­­yb­ñ cjdhtvtyyjuj vyjujrjyatccb­jyf­km­yjuj b­ gkñhf­kb­cnb­xtcrjuj vb­hf­ b­ éb­p­yb­ d änjv vb­ht c dthjq. Änf­ wtkm­ jceot­cndkztncz d hf­vrf­ö jå­extyb­z, ghjdtltyb­z yf­exysö b­ccktljdf­yb­q, b­yajhvb­hjdf­yb­z jå­otcndtyyjcnb­ b­ djdktxtyb­z kñltq d lb­f­kju, f­ nf­rét gentv endthéltyb­z dths d cjwb­f­km­yjv rjyntrcnt b­ jnrhsnjuj b­p­extyb­z rf­r hf­p­yjukf­cb­q, nf­r b­ njxtr cjghb­rjcyjdtyb­z.

�0 Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

D Cj­tlbytyysö Infnfö tcnm rj­kktléb, d rj­nj­hsö cnelty­ns ukeåj­rj­ bp­ex­fñn nj­kmrj­ j­lye j­åkfcnm. Fdnj­h änj­q cnf­nmb lftn rhfnreñ öfhfrnthbcnbre ytcrj­kmrbö ex­tåysö p­fdtltybq, eltkzñobö j­cyj­dyj­t dybvfybt bcreccnde, åbp­ytce bkb dj­tyyj­ve ltke. Vfqrk Ahblvfy – cj­nhelybr Åñhj­ vté­leyfhj­lysö byaj­hvfwbj­yysö ghj­uhfvv Uj­celfhcndtyyj­uj­ ltgfhnfvtynf CIF.

Åjkm­ib­ycndj f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd ghtlkf­uf­ñn ib­­hjrb­q lb­f­gf­p­jy ghtlvtnjd b­ lb­cwb­gkb­y. Yj ytrjnjhst, yf­ghjnb­d, cajrecb­hjdf­ys yf­ xtv­nj jlyjv b­ cnhjzn cdjb­

extå­yst gkf­ys cjjndtncndeñob­v jå­hf­p­jv. Cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hezcm­ d rjyrhtnysö, xtnrj jxthxtyysö jå­kf­cnzö, nf­rb­ö rf­r b­p­jå­hf­p­b­­ntkm­yst b­creccndf­ b­kb­ b­cgjkyb­ntkm­crjt vf­cnthcndj, å­b­p­ytc b­kb­ djtyyjt ltkj, änb­ extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z jcjå­juj ghjab­kz ghtlkf­uf­­ñn cneltynf­v djp­vjéyjcnm­ cjchtljnjxb­nm­ cdjb­ ecb­kb­z yf­ xtv­nj jlyjv. Gjljå­ysq gjlöjl yt zdkztncz b­ltf­km­ysv lkz rf­éljuj

cneltynf­, yj lkz ytrjnjhsö b­p­extyb­t ghf­db­km­yj dså­hf­yyjq ghj­atccb­b­ hf­crhsdf­tn b­ö b­crkñxb­ntkm­yst cgjcjå­yjcnb­, gjp­djkztn b­v ghb­jå­htcnb­ jghtltktyyst yf­dsrb­ b­ lf­tn b­v if­yc jå­otyb­z c ctå­t gjljå­ysvb­ cdthcnyb­rf­vb­. Yb­ét cktletn jgb­cf­yb­t dct kb­im­ ytcrjkm­rb­ö gjljå­ysö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q.

Yf­öjlzof­zcz d Ym­ñ­Qjhrt Léekm­zhlcrf­z vep­srf­km­yf­z irjkf­ ghtlkf­uf­tn cdjb­v cneltynf­v ghjatccb­jyf­km­yeñ gjlujnjdre d vep­srt, f­ nf­rét d lheub­ö cwtyb­xtcrb­ö b­creccndf­ö – nf­ywt b­ lhf­vt. Jyf­ yf­å­b­hf­tn cneltynjd b­p­ 43 inf­njd CIF b­ 43 p­f­heå­té­ysö cnhf­y, b­ xnjå­s nelf­ gjgf­cnm­ cjb­crf­ntkb­ ljkéys ghjqnb­ å­jkm­ijq rjyrehc. D xb­ckt tt p­yf­vtyb­nsö gb­njvwtd nf­rb­t b­cgjk­yb­ntkb­ rkf­ccb­xtcrjq vep­srb­, rf­r Bwöf­r Gthkvf­y, Qj­Qj Vf­ b­ Gb­yxf­c Perthvf­y, léf­p­jdst vep­srf­yns Ntkjyb­ec Vjyr b­ Eb­y­njy Vf­hcf­kb­c b­ djrf­kb­cns – rkf­ccb­xtcrjt cjghf­yj Ktjynb­y Ghf­qc b­ léf­p­jdf­z gtdb­wf­ c b­crkñxb­ntkm­yj ukeå­jrb­v ujkjcjv Yb­yf­ Cb­vjy. C 1971 u. änf­ irjkf­ yf­öjlb­ncz d Kb­yrjkm­yjdcrjv wtynht cwtyb­xtcrb­ö b­creccnd (Kb­yrjkm­y­wtynht), rjnjhsq nf­r­

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Cke­ifntkb­ re­hc­f gj ghjtrnb­hjdfyb­ñ c­ge­nyb­rjd d Djtyyj-vjhc­rjq frfltvb­b­ CIF d in. Vä­hb­ktyl hfå­jnfñn yfl pflfyb­tv dvtc­nt c­j c­djb­v ghtgjlfdfntktv. Ex­fc­nyb­rb­ ä­njq ghjuhfvvs pfge­c­nb­kb­ yf jhå­b­ne­ e­é­t ldf c­ge­nyb­rf.

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ét zdkztncz hjlysv ljvjv lkz ≤Vtn­hjgjkb­nty­jgthf­≥, Ym­ñ­Qjhrcrjuj ab­kf­hvjyb­xtcrjuj jhrtcnhf­, ≤Léf­p­f­ d Kb­yrjkm­y­wtynht≥ b­ djcm­vb­ lheub­ö öeljétcndtyysö jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­q.

Jnyjcb­ntkm­yj yjdjt dscitt extå­­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t Cf­df­yycrb­q rjkktlé b­c­reccndf­ b­ lb­p­f­qyf­ cj inf­å­­rdf­hnb­hjq d u. Cf­df­yyt, in. Léjhléb­z, ujnjdb­n cneltynjd r rf­hm­tht d hf­p­kb­xysö db­­lf­ö b­p­jå­hf­p­b­ntkm­yjuj b­ b­cgjkyb­ntkm­c­rjuj b­creccndf­, lb­p­f­qyt, p­jlxtcndt b­ b­cnjhb­b­ b­creccndf­ b­ f­höb­ntrnehs. Nf­rf­z jhb­tynf­wb­z gjp­djkztn Cf­df­yy­crjve rjkktlée ghtlkf­uf­nm­ cneltynf­v cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­nm­cz gj ghtlvtnf­v, rj­njhst yt dctulf­ yf­qltim­ d lheub­ö rjk­ktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö – htrkf­vf­, lb­p­f­qy, vekm­nb­gkb­rf­wb­z, rjvvthxtc­rf­z ajnjuhf­ab­z. B vyjub­t cneltyns, rjnjhst öjnzn ghb­jå­htcnb­ änb­ ghj­atccb­b­, dscjrj wtyzn djp­vjéyjcnm­ rjywtynhb­hjdf­yyjuj b­p­extyb­z b­vtyyj njuj, xnj jnyjczncz r b­ö å­eleotq cgtwb­f­km­yjcnb­. Ujdjhz ckjdf­vb­ ghtp­b­ltynf­ änjuj rjkkt­léf­ Gjks C. Ejkktc, ≤cneltyns Cf­df­yycrjuj rjkktléf­ cjxtnf­ñn ndjhxtcrjt db­ltyb­t c ntöyb­xtcrb­v vf­cnthcndjv c wtkm­ñ ghtdhf­­otyb­z öeljétcndtyysö p­f­vsckjd d ghjatccb­jyf­km­yst yf­dsrb­, rjnjhst vjuen jå­tcgtxb­nm­ ceotcndjdf­yb­t d å­eleotv≥.

Cneltynjd, cnhtvzob­öcz ghb­jå­htcnb­ cgtwb­f­km­yjcnm­ d jå­kf­cnb­ lb­p­f­qyf­, b­p­jå­hf­p­b­ntkm­yjuj b­kb­ b­cgjkyb­ntkm­crjuj b­creccndf­, ghb­dktrf­ñn nf­rb­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z, rf­r Cf­df­yycrb­q rjkktlé b­ Léekm­zhlcrf­z irjkf­. Lheub­t ét cnf­hf­ñncz ghb­jå­htcnb­ yf­dsrb­, gjp­djkzñob­t ghtecgtnm­ d vb­ht å­b­p­ytcf­ b­kb­ ét d cnhtvb­ntkm­yj hf­p­db­df­ñotvcz ntöyjkjub­xtcrjv ctrnjht. Xf­cnj änb­ cneltyns å­s­df­ñn cnf­hit b­ eét ult­nj hf­å­jnf­ñn. Bö gjnhtå­yjcnb­ eljdktndjhz­tn wtksq hzl rjvvthxtcrb­ö xf­cnysö dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q. Nf­rb­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z, rf­r Eyb­dthcb­ntn LtDhf­q, e rjnjhjuj å­jktt 70 rf­vgecjd b­ rjnjhsq dtltn nf­rét jå­extyb­t d htéb­vt jy­kf­qy, ghtlkf­uf­ñn cdjb­v cneltynf­v ghf­rnb­xtcrb­t p­f­yznb­z, rjnjhst xf­cnj dtlen ghtgjlf­df­ntkb­ yf­ gjkcnf­drb­, zdkzñob­tcz cgtwb­f­kb­cnf­vb­ dscjrjuj rkf­ccf­ d cdjb­ö jå­kf­cnzö b­ hf­å­jnf­ñob­t dyt eyb­dthcb­ntnf­. Rjvvthxtcrb­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z jå­sxyj ghb­­cgjcf­å­kb­df­ñncz r gkjnysv uhf­ab­rf­v hf­å­jns cdjb­ö cneltynjd, e vyjub­ö b­p­ rjnjhsö ctvm­b­, ghjdjlz p­f­yznb­z d dtxthytt dhtvz b­ gj ceå­å­jnf­v b­ djcrhtctym­zv, f­ nf­rét gjå­eélf­z exf­ob­öcz p­f­­gb­csdf­nm­cz yf­ vtym­itt xb­ckj rehcjd b­kb­ ytgjkyst ghjuhf­vvs. Gjkm­p­eñncz gjgekzhyjcnm­ñ nf­rb­t lb­cwb­gkb­ys, rf­r b­yajhvf­nb­­rf­, ghjuhf­vvb­hjdf­yb­t, å­b­p­ytc b­ lheub­t dscjrjntöyjkjub­xtcrb­t jå­kf­cnb­. Ytrjnjhst f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t hf­å­jnjlf­ntkb­ jgkf­xb­df­ñn cdj­b­v cjnhelyb­rf­v gjkyjcnm­ñ b­kb­ xf­cnb­xyj hf­cöjls yf­ lf­km­ytq­itt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t b­ gjkextyb­t vf­ub­cnthcrjq cntgtyb­, xf­ot dctuj, d jå­kf­cnb­ eghf­dktyb­z å­b­p­ytcjv.

Åjkm­ib­ycndj eyb­dthcb­ntnjd CIF zdkzñncz kb­å­j xf­cnysvb­ extå­ysvb­ p­f­dtltyb­zvb­, kb­å­j ab­yf­ycb­heñncz inf­njv b­kb­ ét b­yjulf­ vtcnysvb­ jhuf­yf­vb­ dkf­cnb­. Jlyf­rj atlthf­km­yjt ghf­db­­ntkm­cndj eghf­dkztn djtyysvb­ exb­kb­of­vb­, drkñxf­z Djtyyeñ f­rf­ltvb­ñ CIF, döjlzoeñ d cjcnf­d Ceöjgenysö cb­k, Djtyyj­djp­­leiyjt exb­kb­ot b­ Djtyyj­vjhcreñ f­rf­ltvb­ñ (Djtyyj­vjhcrjt exb­kb­ot) CIF, f­ nf­rét Frf­ltvb­ñ Åthtujdjq jöhf­ys b­ Vjhtöjl­yjt exb­kb­ot njhujdjuj akjnf­.

Yf­ghb­vth, ghb­tv d Djtyyj­vjhcreñ f­rf­ltvb­ñ CIF d u. Fyyf­­gjkb­ct, in. Vähb­ktyl, zdkztncz jxtym­ cnhjub­v, ghb­xtv rf­ltns

Lé­fp-jhrtc­nh Lé­e­kmzhlc­rjq irjks gjl he­rjdjlc­ndjv tuj öe­ljé­tc­ndtyyjuj he­rjdjlb­ntkz Db­rnjhf Ujb­ytc­f.

D Cfdfyyc­rjv rjkktlé­t b­c­re­c­c­ndf b­ lb­pfqyf d in. Lé­jhlé­b­z ghtgj-lfdfntkm b­ c­ne­ltyn yf pfyznb­zö gj ve­kmnb­gkb­rfwb­b­.

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�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

(b­p­dtcnyst gjl yf­p­df­yb­tv uf­hltvf­hb­ys) yf­p­yf­xf­ñncz d änj extå­­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t xktyjv Rjyuhtccf­, ghtp­b­ltynjv b­ db­wt­ghtp­b­lty­njv Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­njd, f­ nf­rét vb­yb­cnhjv Djtyyj­vjhcrjuj akjnf­. Uf­hltvf­hb­ys ljkéys jndtxf­nm­ nhtå­jdf­yb­zv, ghtlüzdkzt­vsv r b­ö djp­hf­cne, ab­p­b­xtcrjve p­ljhjdm­ñ b­ ehjdyñ p­yf­yb­q, f­ nf­rét yt cjcnjznm­ d å­hf­rt. Tot jlyb­v nhtå­jdf­yb­zv zdkztncz yf­kb­xb­t e uf­hltvf­hb­yjd uhf­élf­ycndf­ CIF; ghf­dlf­, d b­ynthtcf­ö hf­p­db­nb­z vtéleyf­hjlysö jnyjityb­q b­ jnyjityb­q vtéle djty­yj­vjhcrb­vb­ akjnf­vb­ d äne f­rf­ltvb­ñ vjuen ghb­yb­vf­nm­cz lj 60 cneltynjd b­p­ p­f­heå­téysö cnhf­y, gjb­vtyyj yf­p­df­yysö vb­yb­cn­hjv jå­jhjys. C 1976 u. ghf­dj gjcnegf­nm­ yf­ extå­e d lf­yyeñ f­rf­­ltvb­ñ gjkexb­kb­ étyob­ys, rjnjhst d dsgecrt 2009 ujlf­ å­elen cjcnf­dkznm­ jlye gzneñ jn jå­otuj xb­ckf­ exf­ob­öcz.

Rf­élsq uf­hltvf­hb­y exb­ncz å­tcgkf­nyj, gjkexf­tn gb­nf­yb­t b­ éb­­km­t gkñc tétvtczxyeñ cnb­gtylb­ñ. D extå­yjq ghjuhf­vvt änjuj exb­kb­of­ ltkf­tncz f­rwtyn yf­ vf­ntvf­nb­re, b­yétythyst yf­erb­, b­ ghb­jå­htntyb­t djtyyj­vjhcrb­ö yf­dsrjd, f­ d rf­xtcndt ghtlvtnf­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ vyjub­t uf­hltvf­hb­ys dså­b­hf­ñn lb­cwb­gkb­ys, cdz­p­f­yyst c vjhtöjlcndjv, nf­rb­t rf­r jrtf­yjuhf­ab­z, f­ähjrjcvb­xtc­rf­z ntöyb­rf­ b­kb­ rjhf­å­tkm­yf­z f­höb­ntrnehf­. Lheub­t d cdjtq extå­t eltkzñn jcyjdyjt dyb­vf­yb­t b­cnjhb­b­, ärjyjvb­xtcrjq yf­ert b­kb­ lheub­v b­vtñob­vcz d extå­yjq ghjuhf­vvt ghtlvtnf­v. Dsgecryb­­rb­ gjkexf­ñn p­df­yb­t kb­å­j äycb­yf­ DVC CIF, kb­å­j dnjhjuj ktqnt­yf­ynf­ djtyyj­vjhcrjq f­db­f­wb­b­ DVC CIF b­ jå­zp­f­ys jnckeéb­nm­ yf­ f­rnb­dyjq djtyyjq ckeéå­t yt vtytt itcnb­ ktn.

Änf­ rjhjnrf­z cghf­drf­ kb­im­ erf­p­sdf­tn yf­ yf­kb­xb­t d Cjtlb­yty­ysö Inf­nf­ö cf­vsö hf­p­ysö djp­vjéyjcntq lkz gjkextyb­z dscit­uj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z. Cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­yyst dscib­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z ljgjkyzñn rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns, eljdktndjhzz gjnhtå­yjcnb­ d lf­km­ytqitv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ nf­rb­ö ytnhf­lb­wb­jyysö rf­ntujhb­q exf­ob­öcz, rf­r cneltyns­dtxthyb­rb­, ctvtqyst kñlb­ c ltnm­vb­ b­ eét hf­å­jnf­ñob­t kñlb­. Ghtlvtns, rjnjhst jyb­ b­p­exf­ñn, å­jktt cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­ys b­ extå­yst ghjuhf­vvs å­jktt cajrecb­hjdf­ys, xnj gjvjuf­tn änb­v d dscitq cntgtyb­ wtktecnhtvktyysv cnelty­nf­v d hf­p­db­nb­b­ cdjb­ö cgjcjå­yjcntq b­ ljcnb­étyb­b­ ghjatccb­j­yf­km­ysö wtktq. ■

Cne­ltyn hfå­jnftn yfl pflfyb­tv gj ntktrjvve­yb­rfwb­jyysv ntöyjkjub­zv d Eyb­dthc­b­ntnt LtDhfq d u. Ällb­c­jy, in. Bkkb­yjqc­.

Cnb­d Vfnntj, AP/WWP

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Rjycekm­nf­yns dctulf­ cjdtneñn gjntywb­f­km­ysv cneltynf­v ds­å­b­hf­nm­ rjkktlé, jcyjdsdf­zcm­ yf­ cjxtnf­yb­b­ xtnshtö gf­hf­vtn­

hjd – ghjuhf­vvs, hf­p­vth, cnjb­vjcnm­ b­ vtcnjgjkjétyb­t. Chtlb­ vyjub­ö vf­nthb­f­kjd, gjvjuf­ñob­ö cneltynf­v cjhb­tynb­hjdf­nm­cz d nsczxf­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q CIF, tcnm­ nf­rb­t, rjnjhst jghtltkz­ñn htqnb­yu njuj b­kb­ b­yjuj rjkktléf­.

• ≤Gb­nthcjyp­≥ b­ ≤Rf­gkf­y≥ – ldt rjvgf­yb­b­, geå­kb­reñob­t b­y­ajhvf­wb­jyyst vf­nthb­f­ks jå­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­. Cghf­djxyb­r rjvgf­­yb­b­ ≤Gb­nthcjyp­≥ yf­p­sdf­tncz Peterson’s Guide to Competitive Colleges (≤Gjgekzhyst rjkktléb­: cghf­djxyb­r rjvgf­yb­b­ ≤Gb­nthcjyp­≥). Rjvgf­yb­z ≤Rf­gkf­y≥ b­p­lf­tn Kaplan Publishing’s Most Interesting Colleges (≤Cf­vst b­ynthtcyst rjkktléb­: cghf­djxyb­r b­p­lf­ntkm­cndf­ ≤Rf­gkf­y≥), b­ 2005 – The Unof­f­icial Unbiased Guide to the 331 Most Interesting Colleges (≤331 cf­vsq b­ynthtcysq rjkktlé d CIF: ytjab­­wb­f­km­ysq jå­ütrnb­dysq cghf­djxyb­r 2005 ujlf­≥).

• Éehyf­kb­cns, gb­ieob­t d dtleob­ö uf­p­tnf­ö nf­rét cjcnf­db­kb­ cdjq cgb­cjr htrjvtyletvsö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q. Kjhty Gjeg, cgt­wb­f­kb­cn gj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ d uf­p­tnt ≤Ym­ñ­Qjhr Nf­qvc≥, jå­yf­hjljdf­k Loren Pope’s Colleges That Change Lives, 40 Schools You Should Know About Even if­ You’re Not a Straight-A Student (Kjhty Gjeg: rjkkt­léb­, cgjcjå­yst b­p­vtyb­nm­ df­ie éb­p­ym­ – 40 extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, j rjnjhsö df­v cktletn p­yf­nm­ lf­ét, tckb­ ds yt jnkb­xyb­r) b­ Äldf­hl Å. Ab­crt, å­sdib­q htlf­rnjh Jnltkf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z uf­p­tns ≤Ym­ñ­Qjhr Nf­qvc≥, dsgecnb­k d cdtn Fiske Guide to Colleges (Cghf­djxyb­r Ab­crt gj rjkktléf­v). Létq Vännm­ñp­ b­p­ uf­p­tns ≤Df­ib­yunjy Gjcn≥ ghb­djlb­n cgb­cjr 10 rjkktlétq, ytgjchtlcndtyyj cktleñob­ö p­f­ cnf­htqib­vb­ b­ yf­b­å­jktt edf­éf­tvsvb­ f­vthb­rf­ycrb­vb­ rjkktléf­­vb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­vb­, döjlzob­vb­ d ≤Kb­ue gkñof­≥ d cdjtq ryb­ut Harvard Schmarvard: Getting Beyond the Ivy League to the College That is Best f­or You (≤Pf­ ghtltkf­vb­ ≤Kb­ub­ gkñof­≥ – rjkktlé, rjnjhsq zdkztncz kexib­v lkz df­c≥).

• Ajyl Ntvgknjyf­ d in. Gtycb­km­df­yb­z dsgecrf­tn The Templeton Guide: Colleges That Encourage Character Development (≤Cghf­djxyb­r Ntvgknjyf­: Rjkktléb­, gjjohzñob­t ajhvb­hjdf­yb­t öf­hf­rnthf­≥).

• Jlb­y b­p­ cnf­htqib­ö rjycekm­nf­ynjd gj rjkktléf­v Ahtlthb­r T. Hf­uu yf­gb­cf­k Rugg’s Recommendations on Colleges (≤Rjkktléb­: htrjvtylf­wb­b­ Hf­uuf­≥). D änjv cghf­djxyb­rt cjlthéb­ncz yt njkm­rj b­yajhvf­wb­z j dtleob­ö rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö, yj b­ j kex­ib­ö af­rekm­ntnf­ö b­ jnltktyb­zö.

• Yale Daily News’s The Insider’s Guide to the Colleges 2005 (≤Cghf­­djxyb­r b­ycf­qlthf­ uf­p­tns ≤Qtqk Ltqkb­ Ym­ñc≥ j rjkktléf­ö p­f­ 2005 u.≥) lkz jghtltktyb­z htqnb­yuf­ å­jktt 300 rjkktlétq b­cgjkm­­p­etn b­yajhvf­wb­ñ, gjkextyyeñ jn cf­vb­ö cneltynjd, f­ yt gjrf­p­f­nt­kb­ d jnxtnf­ö f­lvb­yb­cnhf­wb­b­.

Gjgekzhyst tétytltkm­yb­rb­ nf­rét ghtlkf­uf­ñn cdjb­ htqnb­y­ub­, b­ jyb­ ghb­dktrf­ñn å­jkm­ijt dyb­vf­yb­t. ≤Ñ.C. Ym­ñc äyl Ejhkl Hb­gjhn≥ gjvtcnb­k yf­ cdjb­ö cnhf­yb­wf­ö vf­nthb­f­ks ≤Kexib­t rjk­ktléb­ Fvthb­rb­≥ b­ ≤Kexib­t f­cgb­hf­ynehs Fvthb­rb­≥ [http://www.usnews.com/usnews/home/htm].

Änjn éehyf­k ghb­djlb­n cdjñ rkf­ccb­ab­rf­wb­ñ rjkktlétq b­ jcyjdyeñ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ j yb­ö gj hzle rf­ntujhb­q: jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­­yst eyb­dthcb­ntns (gthtxtym­ d vf­cinf­å­f­ö dctq cnhf­ys); eyb­dthcb­­ntns, ghtlkf­uf­ñob­t ghjuhf­vvs jå­extyb­z yf­ gjkextyb­t cntgtyb­ vf­ub­cnhf­ (gthtxtym­ gj htub­jyf­v); kexib­t extå­yst ghjuhf­vvs gj å­b­p­ytce; kexib­t uevf­yb­nf­hyst rjkktléb­; kexib­t extå­yst ghj­

uhf­vvs gj b­yétythysv yf­erf­v; kexib­t eyb­dthcb­ntns, lf­ñob­t dctcnjhjyytt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t; xtnshtöujlb­xyst rjkktléb­, d rjnj­hsö å­jktt 50 ghjwtynjd cneltynjd b­p­exf­ñn yt njkm­rj uevf­yb­nf­h­yst ghtlvtns (gthtxtym­ gj htub­jyf­v).

B tot jlb­y htcehc – dtå­­cf­qn Åb­å­kb­jntrb­ gj jå­otcndtyysv yf­erf­v b­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ d Bkkb­yjqcrjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt d u. Ehå­f­­yt­If­vgtqy. Änjn cf­qn lf­tn djp­vjéyjcnm­ cdzp­f­nm­cz cj vyjub­vb­ jykf­qyjdsvb­ ckeéå­f­vb­, p­f­yb­vf­ñob­vb­cz htqnb­yujv rjkktlétq, dsqnb­ yf­ lheub­t b­cnjxyb­rb­ b­yajhvf­wb­b­ j rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­­dthcb­ntnf­ö b­ lf­ét gjgf­cnm­ yf­ cf­qns, yf­ rjnjhsö chf­dyb­df­ñncz hf­p­yst htqnb­yub­ b­ jå­ceélf­tncz b­ö wtyyjcnm­. [http://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankings.htm]

Rk­fccbabrfwbz rjk­k­tlétq

Gj cdtltyb­zv éehyf­kf­ ≤Ñ.C. Ym­ñc äyl Ejhkl Hb­gjhn≥, b­p­ cnf­ eyb­­dthcb­ntnjd, xf­cnj yf­p­sdf­tvsö ≤cf­vsvb­ kexib­vb­≥ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­vb­ d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, jlyb­ zdkzñncz inf­ncrb­vb­, f­ lheub­t xf­cnys­vb­. Dct jyb­ b­p­dtcnys dscjrb­v rf­xtcndjv cdjb­ö extå­ysö ghjuhf­vv, htcehcf­vb­ – nf­rb­vb­ rf­r cjdhtvtyyst, öjhjij jå­jheljdf­yyst kf­å­jhf­njhb­b­ b­ å­b­å­kb­jntrb­, b­ ib­hjrjq ctnm­ñ å­sdib­ö gb­njvwtd b­ cgjycjhjd, cdzp­f­yysö c änb­vb­ extå­ysvb­ p­f­dtltyb­zvb­. Lf­yyst eyb­­dthcb­ntns ghtlkf­uf­ñn ib­hjrb­q lb­f­gf­p­jy ghtlvtnjd cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ yf­ ehjdyt å­f­p­jdjuj xtnshtöujlb­xyjuj jå­extyb­z, f­ nf­rét jå­extyb­t d jå­kf­cnzö, gjp­djkzñob­ö gjkexb­nm­ cntgtym­ vf­ub­cnhf­ b­kb­ ljrnjhf­. Vyjub­t b­p­ egjvzyensö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd dtlen jå­ib­hyeñ yf­exyj­b­c­cktljdf­ntkm­creñ hf­å­jne. Cjukf­cyj ≤Ñ.C. Ym­ñc äyl Ejhkl Hb­gjhn≥, 20 kexib­vb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­vb­ d CIF zdkzñncz:

1/2 (ltkzn) Uf­hdf­hlcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn b­ Ghb­ycnjycrb­q eyb­dthcb­­ntn3 Qtkm­crb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn 4 Gtycb­km­df­ycrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn5/6 (ltkzn) Eyb­dthcb­ntn Lm­ñrf­ b­ Cnäyajhlcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn7/8 (ltkzn) Rf­kb­ajhyb­qcrb­q ntöyjkjub­xtcrb­q b­ycnb­nen b­ Vf­ccf­­xectncrb­q ntöyjkjub­xtcrb­q b­ycnb­nen9/10 (ltkzn) Rjkevå­b­qcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn b­ Lf­hnvencrb­q rjkktlé11 Eyb­dthcb­ntn Df­ib­yunjyf­ d u. Ctyn­Keb­ct12 Ctdthj­Pf­gf­lysq eyb­dthcb­ntn13­14 (ltkzn) Rjhytkkcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn b­ Eyb­dthcb­ntn Léjycf­ Öjgrb­ycf­15/16 (ltkzn) Eyb­dthcb­ntn Åhf­eyf­ b­ Xb­rf­ucrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn17 Eyb­dthcb­ntn Hf­qcf­18/19 (ltkzn) Eyb­dthcb­ntn Yjnh­Lf­v b­ Eyb­dthcb­ntn Df­ylthå­b­knf­20/21 (ltkzn) Eyb­dthcb­ntn Ävjhb­ b­ Rf­kb­ajhyb­qcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn – d Åthrkb­.[ht­t­p://www.us­ne­ws­.com/us­ne­ws­/e­du/colle­ge­/rankings­/rankinde­x_

brie­f/php]

Cfvst k­ex­ibt dscibt ex­tå­yst pfdtltybz F­vth­brb

Fiske Guide to Colleges

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Vyjub­t jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­ hf­cgjkf­uf­ñn rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­nt­ns CIF d jghtltktyyjv gjhzlrt, ghjb­p­djlzn b­ö jwtyre

b­ f­yf­kb­p­b­heñn b­ö. R dctjå­otve cjéf­ktyb­ñ, nt, rnj gsnf­ñncz yf­qnb­ rf­rjq­nj rjyctycec chtlb­ b­vtñob­öcz gthtxytq, ytb­p­vtyyj eå­télf­ñncz d njv, xnj änj ytdjp­vjéyj cltkf­nm­. Jyb­ htlrj cjcnf­d­kzñncz gj jlyjve b­ njve ét ghb­ywb­ge ltktyb­z irjk yf­ uheggs, gjkm­p­eñncz jlyb­v b­ ntv ét db­ljv b­cnjxyb­rjd (yf­ghb­vth, jnxtns f­lvb­yb­cnhf­wb­b­) b­kb­ ghb­lthéb­df­ñncz jlyjuj b­ njuj ét jghtltkt­yb­z gjyznb­z dscituj rf­xtcndf­. Nf­r, yf­ghb­vth, yb­ét ghb­djlzncz ldf­ gthtxyz dtleob­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q d ldeö jå­kf­cnzö. Änb­ gthtxyb­ å­skb­ cjcnf­dktys gentv chf­dytyb­z gjhzlrjdsö yjvthjd, lf­yysö rjkktléf­v b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­v hf­p­kb­xysvb­ jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­zvb­, b­ dytctyb­z d gthtxyb­ ntö, rjnjhst dct erf­p­f­kb­ d xb­ckt gthdsö ldf­lwf­nb­. Gthtxyb­ ghb­djlzncz d f­kaf­db­nyjv gjhzlrt.

Byét­yt­hys­t­yf­erb

Änjn gthtxtym­ å­sk gjlujnjdkty yf­ jcyjdt rkf­ccb­ab­rf­wb­b­ gj gjhzlrjdsv yjvthf­v d éehyf­kt ≤Ñ.C. Ym­ñc äyl Ejhkl Hb­gjhn≥

≤Kexib­t rjkktléb­ 2005 u.≥ b­ StudentsReview.com, cjcnf­d­ktyyjq f­cgb­hf­ynf­vb­ Vf­ccf­­xectncrjuj ntöyjkjub­xtcrjuj b­ycnb­nenf­, xnjå­s jndtnb­nm­ yf­

≤djghjcs, rjnjhst cneltyns öjntkb­ å­s p­f­lf­nm­, tckb­ å­s ljcnf­njx­yj lkz änjuj p­yf­kb­≥.

Rjhytkkcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, in. Ym­ñ­QjhrEyb­dthcb­ntn Léjycf­ Öjgrb­ycf­, in. Vähb­ktylVf­ccf­xectncrb­q ntöyjkjub­xtcrb­q b­ycnb­nen, in. Vf­ccf­xectncEyb­dthcb­ntn inf­nf­ Gtycb­km­df­yb­z, in. Gtycb­km­df­yb­zEyb­dthcb­ntn Gthlm­ñ, in. Bylb­f­yf­Htyctkthcrb­q gjkb­ntöyb­xtcrb­q b­ycnb­nen, in. Ym­ñ­Qjhr

Eyb­dthcb­ntn Hf­qcf­, in. Ntöf­cCnäyajhlcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, in. Rf­kb­ajhyb­zNtöf­ccrb­q ctkm­crjöjp­zqcndtyysq b­ gjkb­ntöyb­xtcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn d Rjkktlé Cntqiy, in. Ntöf­cBkkb­yjqcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn d u. Ehå­f­yt­If­vgtqy, in. Bkkb­yjqcDb­hléb­ycrb­q gjkb­ntöyb­xtcrb­q b­ycnb­nen b­ eyb­dthcb­ntn inf­nf­, in. Db­hléb­yb­z.

Åbpyt­c­

Änjn gthtxtym­ å­sk gjlujnjdkty yf­ jcyjdt rkf­ccb­ab­rf­wb­b­ gj gjhzlrjdsv yjvthf­v d éehyf­kt ≤Ñ.C. Ym­ñc äyl Ejhkl Hb­gjhn≥ ≤Kexib­t rjkktléb­ 2005 u.≥, geå­kb­rf­wb­b­ éehyf­kf­ ≤Åb­p­ytc Eb­r≥ ≤Kexib­t irjks å­b­p­ytcf­≥, 2004 u. (gjljå­ysq vf­nthb­f­k geå­kb­re­tncz hf­p­ d ldf­ ujlf­) b­ rkf­ccb­ab­rf­wb­b­ irjk å­b­p­ytcf­ gj gjhzlrj­dsv yjvthf­v, dp­znjq b­p­ éehyf­kf­ ≤Ajhå­c Väuf­p­b­y≥ d 2003 u., rjnj­hf­z jgthb­hetn rhb­nthb­tv cf­vjq dscjrjq ghb­å­skb­, gjkextyyjq jn b­ydtcnb­wb­q, dkjétyysö d jå­extyb­t d rjyrhtnyjv b­ycnb­nent, egjvzyenjv d cgb­crt.

Eyb­dthcb­ntn Rf­hytub­­Vtkkjyf­, in. Gtycb­km­df­yb­zRjhytkkcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, in. Ym­ñ­QjhrEyb­dthcb­ntn Ävjhb­, in. Léjhléb­zVf­ccf­xectncrb­q ntöyjkjub­xtcrb­q b­ycnb­nen, in. Vf­ccf­xectncYm­ñ­Qjhrcrb­q (ujhjlcrjq) eyb­dthcb­ntn, in. Ym­ñ­QjhrVb­xb­uf­ycrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, in. Vb­xb­uf­yCtdthjrf­hjkb­ycrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn d u. Xägtk­Öb­kk, in. Ctdthyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­Gtycb­km­df­ycrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, in. Gtycb­km­df­yb­zEyb­dthcb­ntn inf­nf­ Ntöf­c d u. Jcnb­yt, in. Ntöf­cDb­hléb­ycrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, in. Db­hléb­yb­z

Dt­leo­b­t­ gh­juh­fvvs åfpjdjuj x­t­nsh­t­ö­ujlb­x­yjuj r­eh­c­f jåex­t­yb­z­ d åb­pyt­c­t­ b­ b­yét­yt­h­ysö­ yfer­fö­

≤Kb­ujq gkñof­≥ yf­p­sdf­ñncz djctvm­ cnf­htqib­ö b­ cf­vsö ghtcnb­éysö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. Änb­ dscib­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z p­f­rkñxb­kb­ cjukf­ityb­t j ghtlüzdktyb­b­ jlb­yf­rjdsö nhtå­jdf­­yb­q r cdjb­v cneltynf­v­cgjhncvtyf­v rf­r d cgjhnt, nf­r b­ d extå­t. Gjcrjkm­re d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö lf­yyst rjkktléb­ å­skb­ cjp­lf­ys jlyb­vb­ b­p­ gthdsö, e å­jkm­ib­ycndf­ b­p­ yb­ö b­vtñncz rhf­cb­dst, gjcnhj­tyyst vyjuj ktn yf­p­f­l cneltyxtcrb­t ujhjlrb­, d rjnjhsö cnf­hb­yyst p­lf­yb­z jå­db­ns gkñojv – jncñlf­

yf­p­df­yb­t ≤Kb­uf­ gkñof­≤. Dct djctvm­ rjkktlétq jnyjczncz r kexib­v extå­ysv p­f­dtltyb­zv d cnhf­yt: Eyb­dthcb­ntn Åhf­eyf­, Rjkevå­b­qcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, Rjhytkkcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, Lf­hnvencrb­q rjkktlé, Uf­hdf­hlcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, Gtycb­km­df­ycrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, Ghb­ycnjycrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn b­ Qtkm­crb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn. Bvtyf­ änb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd b­ yf­p­df­yb­t ≥Kb­uf­ gkñof­≤ gj­ghtéytve f­ccjwb­b­heñncz c cf­vsvb­ dscjrb­vb­ ljcnb­étyb­zvb­ d jå­kf­cnb­ f­vthb­rf­ycrjuj dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ dctuj, xnj c yb­v cdzp­f­yj.

Dsc­i­b­t­ ex­t­åyst­ pfdt­lt­yb­z­ ≤Kb­ub­ gkñ­o­f≥

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

“EducationUSA” b­kb­ ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥ ghtlcnf­dkztn cjå­jq ukjå­f­km­yeñ ctnm­, d rjnjheñ döjlzn cdsit 450 rjycekm­nf­wb­jy­ysö b­ b­yajhvf­wb­jyysö wtynhjd d 170 cnhf­yf­ö. Änb­ wtynhs gjllthéb­df­ñncz Åñhj gj ltkf­v jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ rekm­nehs Ujcelf­h­cndtyyjuj ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ CIF. Wtynhs f­rnb­dyj ghjgf­uf­ylb­heñn cb­cntve dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF dj dctv vb­ht, ghtljcnf­dkzz njxyeñ, dctjå­ütvkñoeñ, jå­ütrnb­dyeñ b­ cdjtdhtvtyyeñ b­yajh­vf­wb­ñ j djp­vjéyjcnzö gjkextyb­z jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö b­ jhb­tynb­hez kb­w, b­vtñob­ö ytjå­öjlb­vst lb­gkjvs b­ f­nntcnf­ns, d njv, rf­r b­cgjkm­p­jdf­nm­ änb­ djp­vjéyjcnb­.

D wtynhf­ö ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥ hf­å­jnf­ñn ghjatccb­jyf­km­yst rjycekm­nf­yns, vyjub­t b­p­ rjnjhsö cf­vb­ exb­kb­cm­ d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö b­kb­ ghjöjlb­kb­ cjjndtncndeñoeñ gjlujnjdre d Ujcelf­h­cndtyyjv ltgf­hnf­vtynt d jå­kf­cnb­ dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF b­ b­p­exf­kb­ rjycekm­nf­nb­dysq ghjwtcc. Tétujlyj änb­ rjycekm­nf­yns gjvjuf­ñn ghb­å­kb­p­b­ntkm­yj 25 vb­kkb­jyf­v gjntywb­f­km­ysö b­yj­cnhf­yysö cneltynjd, hf­p­ujdf­hb­df­z c yb­vb­ kb­xyj b­ gj ntktajye, kb­å­j cdzp­sdf­zcm­ c yb­vb­ gj äktrnhjyyjq gjxnt b­ xthtp­ Bynthytn.

Cjnhelyb­rb­ wtynhjd ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥ ghtljcnf­dkzñn b­yj­cnhf­yysv cneltynf­v juhjvysq jå­ütv b­yajhvf­wb­b­. Eckeub­ yf­ dctö änf­gf­ö gjb­crf­ yeéyjuj b­v rjkktléf­ å­tcgkf­nys. Rjycekm­nf­y­ns p­yf­ñn hf­p­kb­xb­z vtéle vyjub­vb­ db­lf­vb­ rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dth­cb­ntnjd CIF b­ vjuen gjcjdtnjdf­nm­, rf­r jghtltkb­nm­ extå­yjt p­f­dt­ltyb­t, rjnjhjt yf­b­kexib­v jå­hf­p­jv jndtxf­tn gjnhtå­yjcnzv njuj b­kb­ b­yjuj xtkjdtrf­ d jå­kf­cnb­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq gjlujnjdrb­. Jyb­ p­yf­ñn, rf­r jhuf­yb­p­jdf­y ghjwtcc ghb­yznb­z yf­ extå­e d CIF, b­ vjuen lf­nm­ rjycekm­nf­wb­ñ gj nf­rb­v djghjcf­v, rf­r ghjöjéltyb­t ntcnjd, yf­gb­cf­yb­t äcct, nhtå­jdf­yb­z r öf­hf­rnthb­cnb­­rf­v b­ djp­vjéyjcnb­ gjkextyb­z ab­yf­ycjdjq gjvjob­.

Gjcrjkm­re rjycekm­nf­yns ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥ gjcnjzyyj gj­kexf­ñn gjcktlyb­t cdtltyb­z jå­ b­p­vtytyb­zö d b­vvb­uhf­wb­jyysö p­f­rjyf­ö CIF b­ nhtå­jdf­yb­zö d cdzp­b­ c jå­tcgtxtyb­tv å­tp­jgf­c­yjcnb­, jyb­ vjuen nf­rét hf­p­üzcyb­nm­, rf­r yeéyj jå­hf­of­nm­cz p­f­ cneltyxtcrjq db­p­jq b­ rf­r ghjöjlb­nm­ cjå­tctljdf­yb­t. Vyjub­t wty­nhs ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥ ghtljcnf­dkzñn cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­yyst eckeub­, nf­rb­t, rf­r jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­z b­ ghjdtltyb­t ctvb­yf­hjd­ghf­rnb­­revjd gj yf­gb­cf­yb­ñ äcct b­ htp­ñvt, gj gjlujnjdrt r jnütp­le b­ gthtdjle ljrevtynjd yf­ f­yukb­qcrb­q zp­sr b­ b­ö p­f­dthtyb­ñ.

Jnvt­x­ft­v yt­lt­kñ­ vt­éleyfh­jlyjuj

jåh­fpjdfyb­z­Ytltkz vtéleyf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z – öjhjib­q gjdjl tot

hf­p­ gjhf­p­vsikznm­ j rjkjccf­km­yjq gjkm­p­t vtéleyf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­­p­jdf­yb­z b­ cneltyxtcrb­ö jå­vtyjd. Änf­ cjdvtcnyf­z b­yb­wb­f­nb­df­ Uj­celf­hcndtyyjuj ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ CIF b­ Vb­yb­cnthcndf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF zdkztncz xf­cnm­ñ yf­ib­ö ecb­kb­q d jceotcndktyb­b­ ghjuhf­vv, ujnjdzob­ö f­vthb­rf­ywtd r eckjdb­zv ukjå­f­km­yjq ärjyjvb­rb­ b­ ghb­dktrf­ñob­ö å­eleob­ö kb­lthjd b­p­ lheub­ö cnhf­y exb­nm­cz d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, xnjå­s ajhvb­hjdf­nm­ yjdst yf­dsrb­ b­ jå­vt­yb­df­nm­cz jgsnjv.

Vs gjjohztv exf­cnb­t dctö jnltkm­ysö kb­w b­ dct exhtéltyb­z, jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­ b­ dtljvcndf­, p­f­b­ynthtcjdf­yyst d vthjghb­znb­zö, ghjdjlb­vsö d hf­vrf­ö vtéleyf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ jå­vtyf­, drkñxf­z irjks, rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns, gjcjkm­cndf­, vtéle­yf­hjlyst jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­, ghtlghb­znb­z, jå­ütlb­ytyb­z b­ vtcnyst jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­.

[http://iew.state.gov/]

Yf­qlb­nt å­kb­éf­qib­q r df­v wtynh ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥ gj äktrnhjyyjve f­lhtce: http://educationusa.state,gov/.

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

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Dsgjkyz­nm gjkex­t­yyjt­ d r­jkkt­lét­ pflfyb­t­ kt­ux­t­, t­c­kb­ yfqnb­ eljåyjt­ vt­c­nj lkz­ h­fåjns. Änb­ c­nelt­yns Rjkkt­léf Cgt­kvfyf yfc­kfélf-ñ­nc­z­ ö­jh­ji­t­q gjujljq d i­n. Léjh­léb­z­.

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Ctcnhs b­p­ Ihb­ Kf­yrb­ Nöf­hf­yuf­ b­ Ähf­yuf­ Ueytnb­kktrt yf­ ajyt ltrjhf­wb­q r jgtht ≤Åjutvf­≥ d Rjkktlét Rjydthc d in. Ñéyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­. Dj dhtvz änjq gjcnf­yjdrb­, cgecnz ytcrjkm­­rj ytltkm­ gjckt weyf­vb­, jyb­ cjå­hf­kb­ 8 000 ljkkf­hjd CIF c ntv, xnjå­s gjvjxm­ gjcnhf­lf­dib­v jn änjuj cnb­öb­qyjuj å­tlcndb­z, b­ yf­ltñncz cjå­hf­nm­ tot å­jkm­it.

Cneltyns Cf­df­yycrjuj rjkktléf­ b­creccndf­ b­ lb­p­f­qyf­, cktdf­, exf­cndeñn d ghjtrnt ≤Éb­djt b­creccndj≥ dj dhtvz ghjdtltyb­z d in. Léjhléb­z tétujlyjuj cneltyxtcrjuj atcnb­df­kz b­creccnd ≤Hb­ceyrb­ yf­ f­caf­km­nt≥.

Cktdf­, xtvgb­jyf­n étyob­y gj aenå­jke ghjå­eélf­tn leö cjgthyb­­xtcndf­ d b­uhjrf­ö b­p­ Eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ Yjnh­Lf­v b­ Rf­kb­ajhyb­qcrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ d Kjc­Fylétktct.

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≤Åf­ktn ajkrkthb­rj lt Cnäyajhl≥ gj vtrcb­rf­ycrb­v vjnb­df­v, cktdf­, b­ tétujlysq atcnb­df­km­ rekm­nehs f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtd, ecnhf­b­df­tvsq cneltynf­vb­ Cnäyajhlcrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­, dyb­p­e, ckeéf­n ghb­vthf­vb­ yf­xf­njq d 70­ö ujlf­ö rekm­nehyjq ghjuhf­vvs, ghb­p­df­yyjq gjvjxm­ cneltynf­v kexit ep­yf­nm­ lheu lheuf­. Atcnb­df­km­ b­yltqwtd cjå­b­hf­ñn å­jktt 30 000 exf­cnyb­rjd cj dctq nthhb­njhb­b­ cnhf­ys.

Änjn cneltyn ghf­rnb­retncz d yf­gb­cf­yb­b­ rb­nf­qcrb­ö b­thjukb­ajd d Rjkktlét Lädb­lcjyf­ d in. Ctdthyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­.

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Rehcf­yns Djtyyj­djp­leiyjuj exb­kb­of­ d in. Rjkjhf­lj ghf­p­lyeñn jrjyxf­yb­t änjuj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z.

Cneltyns­gjkb­njkjub­ Wtynhf­km­yjuj Vb­xb­uf­ycrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­, cktdf­, jå­hf­of­ñncz r p­f­rjyjlf­ntkzv inf­nf­ Vb­xb­uf­y c cthm­tp­ysv ghtlkjétyb­tv j gthtcvjnht ltå­f­nb­hetvjq ghjuhf­vvs ghb­ceéltyb­z cnb­gtylb­q yf­ jcyjdt f­rf­ltvb­xtcrb­ö ljcnb­étyb­q.

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Cneltyns Eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ inf­nf­ Vb­ccb­cb­gb­ cjå­b­hf­ñncz dvtcnt lkz njuj, xnjå­s gjxnb­nm­ gf­vznm­ éthnd yf­gf­ltyb­q nthhjhb­cnjd 11 ctynzå­hz 2001 u.

Vep­srf­yns jhrtcnhf­ Eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ Léjhléb­b­ c å­jkm­ib­v djjleitdktyb­tv b­uhf­ñn yf­ å­f­crtnå­jkm­yjv nehyb­ht.

Cneltynrf­ Vähb­ktylcrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ hf­å­jnf­tn yf­l ghjtrnjv ljvf­, rjnjhsq jå­tcgtxb­df­tncz äktrnhjäythub­­tq c gjvjom­ñ cjkytxysö å­f­nf­htq, ghtlcnf­dktyyjuj yf­ jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­ysq rjyrehc cneltyxtcrb­ö hf­å­jn. Vjltkb­ ytrjnjhsö yjdsö ntöyjkjub­q å­skb­ ghjltvjycnhb­hjdf­ys nsczxf­v kñltq, cjå­hf­dib­öcz yf­ Yf­wb­jyf­km­yjv vjkkt d wtynht Df­ib­yunjyf­.

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Vtélbcwbgkbyfhyfz ghj­uhfvvf d j­lyj­v bp­ yfibö dtleobö eybdthcbntnj­d ghtlkfuftn cneltynfv, ghj­zdkzñobv bynt­htc r vtéleyfhj­lysv j­nyj­itybzv, dj­p­vj­éyj­cnm bp­ex­fnm äne j­åkfcnm, cnfdz gthtl cj­åj­q rj­yrhtnyst wtkb b j­lyj­dht­vtyyj­ uj­nj­dz ctåz r hfåj­nt d åbp­ytct, d cbcntvt eghfdktybz, ex­tåysö p­fdtltybzö b lheubö j­åkfcnzö d cdj­tq cnhfyt b p­f heåtéj­v. Vfqrk Létq Ahblvfy zdkztncz cj­nhelybrj­v Åñhj­ vtéleyfhj­lysö byaj­hvfwbj­yysö ghj­uhfvv Uj­celfhcndtyyj­­uj­ ltgfhnfvtynf CIF.

Cneltyns d eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö CIF jå­sxyj htif­ñn djghjc j cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ r rjywe cdjtuj dnjhjuj ujlf­ jå­extyb­z. D gjcktlytt dhtvz cf­vsv gjgekzhysv ghtlvtnjv cgtwb­f­­

kb­p­f­wb­b­ d Gtycb­km­df­ycrjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt d u. Ab­kf­ltkm­ab­z cnf­­kb­ vtéleyf­hjlyst jnyjityb­z, b­å­j vf­cinf­å­s ärjyjvb­xtcrjq, gjkb­nb­xtcrjq b­ rekm­nehyjq ukjå­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ hf­cnen. Ghjuhf­vvf­ b­p­extyb­z vtéleyf­hjlysö jnyjityb­q – vtélb­cwb­gkb­yf­hyf­z b­ nhtå­etn jn cneltynjd dsgjkytyb­z extå­ysö ghjuhf­vv gj hf­p­ysv ghtlvtnf­v b­ yf­gb­cf­yb­z rehcjdjq hf­å­jns jå­ütvjv d 30­40 cnhf­­yb­w gjl herjdjlcndjv ghtgjlf­df­ntkz.

Yt dct cneltyns, rnj öjnzn cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­nm­cz gj änjve ghtlvtne, gjkexf­ñn nf­reñ djp­vjéyjcnm­. Jyb­ jnå­b­hf­ñncz gj f­rf­ltvb­xtcrb­v gjrf­p­f­ntkzv. E yb­ö ljkéyf­ å­snm­ chtlyzz jwtyrf­ 2,8 (gj irf­kt 4.0) b­ jyb­ ljkéys ghjckeif­nm­ dct nhtå­etvst ghjuhf­vvjq rehcs gj gjkb­njkjub­b­, b­cnjhb­b­ p­f­gf­lyjq wb­db­kb­p­f­­wb­b­ b­ vb­rhj­ b­ vf­rhjärjyjvb­rt b­ clf­nm­ gj yb­ö ärp­f­vtys. Gjc­kt njuj, rf­r cneltynf­v hf­p­htif­ñn cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­nm­cz gj ghtl­vtne vtéleyf­hjlyst jnyjityb­z, jyb­ ljkéys ghjqnb­ jcyjdyjq rehc, d rjnjhjv ltkf­tncz f­rwtyn yf­ ntjhb­b­ vtéleyf­hjlysö jnyjityb­q, vb­hjdjq ärjyjvb­rt, b­cnjhb­b­ lb­gkjvf­nb­b­ b­ vtéle­yf­hjlyjq gjkb­nb­rt, f­ gjnjv dså­hf­nm­ å­jktt ep­rb­t cgtwb­f­km­yst ghtlvtns b­p­ endthéltyyjuj cgb­crf­ rehcjd, cjcnf­dktyyjuj gj htrjvtylf­wb­zv Rjkktléf­ b­creccnd b­ yf­er b­ irjks å­b­p­ytcf­ Df­h­njyf­. Änj lf­tn cneltynf­v juhjvysq yf­å­jh df­hb­f­ynjd, rjulf­ jyb­ cjcnf­dkzñn b­ylb­db­lef­km­yst ghjuhf­vvs extå­s – jn Djcnjxyjq Fp­b­b­ lj f­ynhjgjkjub­b­ b­ vtéleyf­hjlysö ab­yf­ycjd. Yf­kb­xb­t nf­rjuj ib­hjrjuj dså­jhf­ ghtlvtnjd ghb­ b­p­extyb­b­ vtéleyf­hjl­ysö jnyjityb­q ghb­djlb­n r njve, xnj cneltyns dshf­éf­ñn étkf­­yb­t cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­nm­cz tot d rf­rjq­kb­å­j jå­kf­cnb­ – d b­cnjhb­b­, gjkb­njkjub­b­ b­kb­ ärjyjvb­rt.

VT­ÉLEYFHJLYS­T­ JNYJIT­YBz D GT­YCBKm­DFYCRJV EYBDT­HCBNT­NT­

Vfqr­k Lét­q Ah­b­lvfy

Cne­ltyns Gtyc­b­kmdfyc­rjuj e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf (c­ktdf yfghfdj) Kb­db­z He­hfhé­-Ömñutyc­, Vjöfvvfl fkm-Fkb­ b­ Vä­nnmñ Ahb­i c­gtwb­fkb­pb­he­ñnc­z yf b­pe­x­tyb­b­ vté­le­yfhjlysö jnyjityb­q.

dpukz­ytv gj­å­kb­ét

Ah

ä­yr

Gkä­

ynty

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Dct, e rjuj jcyjdyjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­tq zdkzñncz vtéleyf­hjl­yst jnyjityb­z, gb­ien lb­gkjvyeñ hf­å­jne gj ntvt, cdzp­f­yyjq c vtéleyf­hjlysvb­ jnyjityb­zvb­. D xb­ckt cf­vsö gjcktlyb­ö ntv: ≤Hjkm­ b­cnjhb­xtcrjq gf­vznb­ d ldecnjhjyyb­ö jnyjityb­zö vtéle Zgjyb­tq b­ Rb­nf­tv b­ Zgjyb­tq b­ Ñéyjq Rjhttq≥ b­ ≤Nhf­ycyf­wb­j­yf­km­yst rjhgjhf­wb­b­ b­ vtéleyf­hjlyjt ghf­dj, htuekb­heñott jå­kf­cnm­ ltkjdsö jnyjityb­q≥.

Cneltyn gjcktlytuj rehcf­ b­p­ Njhjynj, Rf­yf­lf­, Vännm­ñ Ahb­i p­f­öjntk b­p­exf­nm­ vtéleyf­hjlyst jnyjityb­z, gjnjve xnj änj lf­­df­kj tve djp­vjéyjcnm­ b­p­exf­nm­ cf­vsq ib­hjrb­q rheu ghtlvtnjd. Nf­rjt gjkjétyb­t dtotq jy yf­p­df­k ≤lb­dthcb­ab­rf­wb­z å­f­p­s p­yf­­yb­q≥. Tve jxtym­ gjyhf­db­kcz jlb­y b­p­ dså­hf­yysö b­v rehcjd yf­ af­rekm­ntnt éehyf­kb­cnb­rb­. Änjn rehc yf­p­sdf­tncz ≤CVB b­ ghtp­b­­ltyncndj≥. Cneltyns gjkexb­kb­ chtlcndf­ gjtöf­nm­ b­ gjp­f­yb­vf­nm­cz d jlye b­p­ ghtp­b­ltyncrb­ö å­b­å­kb­jntr – gj cdjtve dså­jhe. Ahb­i gjtöf­k d Åb­å­kb­jntre b­ vep­tq Léjyf­ A. Rtyytlb­ d Åjcnjyt, ult gjlujnjdb­k dscnegktyb­t yf­ ctvb­yf­ht j cdzp­b­ vtéle ghjdjlb­­vjq Rtyytlb­ gjkb­nb­rjq ≤öjkjlyjq djqys≥ b­ tuj gjkb­nb­rjq d jå­kf­cnb­ uhf­élf­ycrb­ö ghf­d. Dgjcktlcndb­b­ änjn ljrkf­l å­sk jgeå­­kb­rjdf­y d cneltyxtcrjv éehyf­kt.

Cneltyn nhtnm­tuj rehcf­ Vjöf­vvf­l f­km­­Fkb­, b­vtñob­q ldjqyjt uhf­élf­ycndj CIF b­ Redtqnf­ b­ dså­hf­dib­q ctå­t ldf­ jcyjdysö ghtlvtnf­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, ljå­f­dkztn, xnj vtéleyf­hjlyst jnyj­ityb­z gjvjuf­ñn tve ≤kb­rdb­lb­hjdf­nm­ hf­p­hsd≥ vtéle tuj ldevz rekm­nehf­vb­ b­ ldevz cnb­kzvb­ éb­p­yb­. Ldf­ yf­ghf­dktyb­z cgtwb­f­­kb­p­f­wb­b­ – vtéleyf­hjlyst jnyjityb­z b­ ahf­ywep­crb­q zp­sr

– dså­hf­kf­ b­ Kb­db­z Hehf­hé­Öm­ñutyc, uhf­élf­yrf­ CIF b­ Åtkm­ub­b­, ctvm­z rjnjhjq gjkexb­kf­ d Fvthb­rt gjkb­nb­xtcrjt eå­téb­ot. Vté­leyf­hjlyst jnyjityb­z ghtlcnf­dkzñncz tq cf­vjq hf­p­evyjq cgt­wb­f­kb­p­f­wb­tq lkz gjlujnjdrb­ r njve, xtv jyf­ öjxtn p­f­yb­vf­nm­cz d å­eleotv – vtéleyf­hjlyjve ghf­de d ghb­vtytyb­b­ r å­tétywf­v.

Cneltyns, dså­hf­dib­t vtéleyf­hjlyst jnyjityb­z jcyjdysv ghtlvtnjv cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ ghb­yb­vf­ñn exf­cnb­t d vyjujxb­ckty­ysö vthjghb­znb­zö, yjczob­ö f­rf­ltvb­xtcrb­q, jå­otcndtyysq b­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­ysq öf­hf­rnth, gjp­djkzñob­q b­v gjlujnjdb­nm­cz d cdjtq å­eleotq rf­hm­tht. Cgjycjhjv vyjub­ö b­p­ änb­ö vthjghb­z­nb­q zdkztncz cjp­lf­yyf­z b­ eghf­dkztvf­z cneltynf­vb­ Cneltyxtcrf­z f­ccjwb­f­wb­z vtéleyf­hjlysö jnyjityb­q. Tt ysytiyb­q ghtp­b­­ltyn Hehf­hé­Öm­ñutyc jnvtxf­tn, xnj änf­ jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­z rf­élsq ujl ghjdjlb­n gjtp­lrb­ d Ym­ñ­Qjhr b­ Df­ib­yunjy, ult cneltyns f­rnb­dyj jå­of­ñncz c ghtgjlf­df­ntkzvb­ ñhb­lb­xtcrb­ö af­rekm­ntnjd b­ f­cgb­hf­yneh dtleob­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd.

Dsgecryb­rb­ Gtycb­km­df­ycrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­, cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­d­ib­tcz d vtéleyf­hjlysö jnyjityb­zö, yf­hf­cödf­n. Jyb­ f­rnb­dyj hf­­å­jnf­ñn dj vyjub­ö jå­kf­cnzö. Jlb­y b­p­ lb­htrnjhjd Ghjuhf­vvs b­p­e­xtyb­z vtéleyf­hjlysö jnyjityb­q Ahäyr Gkäynty cxb­nf­tn, xnj ≤b­vttncz å­jkm­ijq cghjc yf­ ntö, rnj jå­kf­lf­tn p­yf­yb­zvb­ d änjq jå­kf­cnb­, evttn gb­cf­nm­ b­ b­cgjkm­p­jdf­nm­ lheub­t gjktp­yst yf­dsrb­ lkz jwtyrb­ ghjb­cöjlzob­ö d vb­ht b­p­vtytyb­q. Änb­ kñlb­ yeéys d å­b­p­ytct, d ujcelf­hcndtyysö exhtéltyb­zö, d extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­­zö b­ lheub­ö jå­kf­cnzö e ctå­z d cnhf­yt, nf­r b­ p­f­ heå­téjv≥. ■

RHFNRBq JÅpJH FRRHT­LBNFwBB DS­CIBÖ ExT­ÅYS­Ö pFDT­LT­YBq D CIF

≤Frrhtlb­nf­wb­z ghtlcnf­dkztn cjå­jq ytp­f­db­cb­vsq f­yf­kb­p­ rf­xtcndf­ dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, d ghjwtcct rjnjhjuj dyb­vf­ntkm­yj b­p­exf­tncz hf­å­jnf­ rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, f­ nf­rét cjlthéf­yb­t extå­ysö ghjuhf­vv d wtkzö uf­hf­ynb­b­ cnf­ylf­hnjd ghtgjlf­df­­yb­z b­ b­ö gjdsityb­z. Frrhtlb­nf­wb­z d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö ceotcndetn eét å­jktt 100 ktn, b­ ghb­xb­yjq tt ddtltyb­z zdb­kf­cm­ p­f­å­jnf­ j p­f­ob­nt p­ljhjdm­z b­ å­tp­jgf­cyjcnb­ uhf­élf­y b­ ckeétyb­t b­ynthtcf­v jå­otcndf­.

D Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­z jceotcndkztncz xf­cnysvb­ ytrjvvthxtcrb­vb­ jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­zvb­, cgtwb­f­km­yj ghtlyf­p­­yf­xtyysvb­ lkz änjq wtkb­. Fyf­kb­p­ rf­xtcndf­ dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d CIF yt döjlb­n d rjvgtntywb­ñ jhuf­yjd ujcelf­hcndtyyjq dkf­cnb­. D lheub­ö cnhf­yf­ö vthjghb­znb­z, cdzp­f­yyst c f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­tq extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q b­ uf­hf­ynb­tq rf­xtcndf­, jå­sxyj ghjdjlzn­cz ujcelf­hcndtyysvb­ cnhernehf­vb­.

Jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­, jndtncndtyyst p­f­ f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­ñ, b­p­exf­ñn rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns d 50 inf­nf­ö, f­ nf­rét d hzlt lheub­ö cnhf­y. Änb­ jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­ hf­ccvf­nhb­df­ñn nsczxb­ ghjuhf­vv gjlujnjdrb­ gj cf­vsv hf­p­ysv ghjatccb­zv b­ cgtwb­f­km­yjcnzv, drkñxf­z ghf­­dj, å­b­p­ytc, vtlb­wb­ye, cjwb­f­km­yst eckeub­, f­gntxyjt ltkj, uevf­yb­nf­hyst yf­erb­, b­creccndj b­ éehyf­kb­cnb­re≤.

Ceotcndeñn nhb­ db­lf­ jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­q, jndtncndtyysö p­f­ f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­ñ: htub­jyf­km­yst, jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­yst b­ jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­, p­f­yb­vf­ñob­tcz jghtltktyysvb­ ghjatccb­zvb­. Frrhtlb­nf­wb­z ghtcktletn cktleñob­t wtkb­: jå­tcgtxtyb­t uf­hf­ynb­b­ rf­xtcndf­, jght­ltktyb­t yf­kb­xb­z ljcnegf­ r atlthf­km­ysv ajylf­v, eghjotyb­t gthtöjlf­ b­p­ jlyjuj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z d lheujt b­ erhtgktyb­t ljdthb­z hf­å­jnjlf­ntkz r ljrevtynf­v jå­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ b­kb­ kb­wtyp­b­zv, dslf­yysv ntv b­kb­ b­ysv extå­ysv p­f­dtltyb­tv.

[http://www.chea.org/pdf/overview_US_accred_8-03.pdf ]

Léelb­n BnjyGhtp­b­ltyn Cjdtnf­ gj djghjcf­v f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­b­ d jå­kf­cnb­ dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Ytp­fdbcbvsq uevfybnfhysq rj­kktlé Ähköfv d Hbx­vj­ylt, infn Bylbfyf, cnhtvbncz ghtlj­cnfdbnm j­åhfp­j­dfybt, j­n­dtx­fñott cfvsv dscj­rbv cnfylfhnfv. Cj­p­lfyysq rdfrthf­vb rj­kktlé cnfhftncz dj­cgbnsdfnm cdj­bö gbnj­vwtd d leöt gj­bcrf bcnbys b edfétybz r ytq. Ghtgj­lfdfntkb gj­j­ohzñn d cneltynfö frnbdyj­cnm b kñåj­p­yfntkmyj­cnm, f nfrét cj­x­tnfybt byntkktrnefkmysö ecnhtvktybq c ébp­ymñ, d rj­nj­hj­q j­yb j­ncnfbdfñn wtyyj­cnb ukj­åfkmyj­uj­ j­åhfp­j­df­ybz, vbhyj­uj­ hfp­htitybz rj­yakbrnj­d b hfdtycndf kñltq b dscj­rj­ vj­hfkmyj­t gj­dtltybt rfr d rj­kktlét, nfr b gj­ckt tuj­ j­rj­yx­fybz. Hbx­fhl Öj­klty lj­ dsöj­lf yf gtycbñ dj­p­ukfdkzk j­nltk gj­ cdzp­zv c j­åotcndtyyj­cnmñ d rj­kktlét Ähköfv.

Jcnf­yjdb­nt kñå­juj b­yjcnhf­yyjuj cneltynf­ d rjkktlét Ähköf­v b­ ds vjétnt å­snm­ edthtys, xnj gthtl df­vb­ xt­kjdtr c zcysv db­ltyb­tv å­eleotuj. Ytå­jkm­ijq xf­cnysq

uevf­yb­nf­hysq rjkktlé jå­sxyj ghb­dktrf­tn cneltynjd, cnhtvz­

ob­öcz yf­qnb­ ghjcnst b­ vb­hyst htityb­z vb­hjdsö ghjå­ktv. B å­jkm­ib­ycndj b­p­ yb­ö yt ljéb­lf­ñncz gjkextyb­z cntgtyb­ lkz njuj, xnjå­s p­f­yznm­cz b­ö htityb­tv. Léf­df­l Ctgtöhb­ Léjz b­p­ Fa­uf­yb­cnf­yf­ b­ Bdtnn Bccf­h b­p­ Rtyb­b­ d b­ö xb­ckt. Jå­f­ eét yf­ikb­ vyjuj cgjcjå­jd, rf­r ghb­vtyb­nm­ cdjb­ p­yf­yb­z, xnjå­s htib­nm­ cjwb­f­km­yst b­ gjkb­nb­xtcrb­t ghjå­ktvs dj dctv vb­ht.

Byjcnhf­yyst cneltyns xf­cnj kb­xyj cnf­krb­df­ñncz c ytcghf­­dtlkb­djcnm­ñ yf­ hjlb­yt, b­ änj gjlcntub­df­tn b­ö r ltqcndb­zv. Léf­df­l – éb­djq ghb­vth njuj, rf­r yf­ltélf­ b­ cnf­hf­yb­t cgjcjå­ys ghtdp­jqnb­ rf­éeob­tcz b­crkñxb­ntkm­yj nhelysvb­ jå­cnjzntkm­cndf­. D rjywt 1990­ö ujljd vf­kj, xnj cdtnb­kj vf­km­xb­re, csye ytuhf­­vjnysö b­ yb­ob­ö vecekm­vf­y­ib­b­njd, éb­ditve d öf­jct Rf­å­ekf­ b­ ghb­rjdf­yyjve r b­ydf­kb­lyjve rhtcke b­p­­p­f­ gjkb­jvb­tkb­nf­. Ghf­dz­ob­t nf­kb­å­s yt gjjohzkb­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d wtkjv, f­ jcjå­tyyj jå­­hf­p­jdf­yb­t ltdeitr b­ b­ydf­kb­ljd. Bnf­km­zycrb­q dhf­x b­p­ Rhf­cyjuj rhtcnf­ p­f­vtnb­k cgjcjå­yjuj vf­km­xb­rf­ b­ nf­qyj jhuf­yb­p­jdf­k lkz ytuj jå­extyb­t c htgtnb­njhf­vb­. Léf­df­le kturj lf­df­kb­cm­ zp­srb­ b­

BYJCNHFYYS­T­ CNELT­YNS­ JÅHT­NFñ­N YJDS­q LJV B CNFDzN

GT­HT­L CJÅJq UKJÅFKm­YS­T­ pFLFxBHb­x­fh­l Öjklt­y

Frwtyn yf c­ke­é­tyb­b­ kñlzv b­ frnb­dyjq gjpb­wb­b­ d é­b­pyb­, ghb­c­e­ob­t rdfrthc­rjq nhflb­wb­b­, ghb­dktr-kb­ faufyc­rjuj c­ne­ltynf Lé­fdflf Lé­jqe­ b­ rtyb­q-c­re­ñ c­ne­ltynre­ Bdtnn Bc­c­fh d rjkktlé­ Ähköfv d u. Hb­x­vjylt, infn Bylb­fyf.

Njv

Cnh

b­rkfyl

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

rjvgm­ñnths. R nhb­yf­lwf­nb­ ujlf­v jy hf­å­jnf­k d jnltktyb­b­ Rhf­c­yjuj Rhtcnf­ ghjuhf­vvb­cnjv b­ cnf­k levf­nm­ j njv, rf­r cltkf­nm­ cdjñ éb­p­ym­ gjkyjwtyyjq.

Lheéå­f­ Léf­df­lf­ c dhf­xjv b­ c b­nf­km­zycrb­v éehyf­kb­cnjv, c rjnjhsv jy gjp­yf­rjvb­kcz d 2002 ujle gjckt gf­ltyb­z dkf­cnb­ nf­kb­å­jd, gjvjukb­ tve dshdf­nm­cz b­p­ hf­p­heityyjuj Fauf­yb­cnf­yf­ b­ gjcnegb­nm­ d irjke d Nhb­tcnt d Bnf­kb­b­. Rjulf­ jy jrf­yxb­df­k irj­ke c ghjldb­yenjq ghjuhf­vvjq d Nhb­tcnt, jy gjlf­k ljrevtyns d f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t b­ rf­yf­lcrb­t rjkktléb­. Ähköf­v jrf­p­f­kcz jlyb­v b­p­ rjkktlétq c dscjrb­vb­ f­rf­ltvb­xtcrb­vb­ nhtå­jdf­yb­zvb­, rjnjhsq ghb­yzk Léf­df­lf­ b­ ghtlkjéb­dib­ö tve gjkyeñ cnb­gtylb­ñ yf­ jgkf­ne jå­extyb­z.

≤Z jxtym­ hf­l, xnj gjgf­k cñlf­, – ekså­f­tncz Léf­df­l cdjtq ib­hj­rjq ekså­rjq. – Vyt rf­étncz, p­ltcm­ e vtyz tcnm­ ujhf­p­lj å­jkm­it djp­vjéyjcntq hf­å­jnf­nm­ yf­l ntv, xnj lkz vtyz df­éyj, xtv å­skj å­s d å­jkm­ijv eyb­dthcb­ntnt≥. Ctqxf­c, yf­ dnjhjv rehct, jy rjy­wtynhb­hetn dyb­vf­yb­t yf­ b­p­extyb­b­ njxysö yf­er, yj ljgjkyb­ntkm­­yj ckeif­tn ktrwb­b­ gj uevf­yb­nf­hysv b­ jå­otcndtyysv yf­erf­v. ≤Exb­nsdf­z vjq éb­p­ytyysq jgsn, vtyz dct å­jkm­it b­ynthtcetn b­p­extyb­t vb­hf­ c tcntcndtyyj b­cnjhb­xtcrjq njxrb­ p­htyb­z, – jå­üzcyztn Léf­df­l. – Åb­jkjub­z b­p­exf­tn zdktyb­t dyenhb­db­ljdjq b­ vtédb­ljdjq rjyrehtywb­b­. Gjcrjkm­re kñlb­ – änj njét jlb­y b­p­ db­ljd, z hf­ccvf­nhb­df­ñ djghjc c lheujq njxrb­ p­htyb­z: z b­oe cgjcjå­s rjyrehb­hjdf­nm­ gj­xtkjdtxtcrb­≥. Léf­df­l cjå­b­hf­tncz ghjljkéb­nm­ b­p­extyb­t änjuj djghjcf­ d f­cgb­hf­yneht b­ yf­lttncz, d rjywt rjywjd, hf­å­jnf­nm­ d eyb­dthcb­ntnt b­kb­ yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­­ntkm­crjv wtynht.

Léf­df­l ghb­yb­vf­tn f­rnb­dyjt exf­cnb­t d cneltyxtcrjq b­ jå­otcn­dtyyjq éb­p­yb­ yf­ rf­vgect, d njv xb­ckt exf­cndetn d ghjuhf­vvf­ö ≤Rf­r d JJY≥, ult cneltyns b­vb­nb­heñn p­f­ctlf­yb­z rjvb­ccb­q b­ jå­ceéltyb­t vtéleyf­hjlysö ghjå­ktv d JJY, d Vtéleyf­hjlyjq f­vyb­cnb­b­, d rheért gj b­p­extyb­ñ djghjcjd vb­hf­ b­ ukjå­f­km­ysö ghjå­ktv b­ jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­ ≤Cneltyns b­p­ Fp­b­b­≥. Xnjå­s gjvjxm­ ctå­t ab­yf­ycjdj, Léf­df­l dtltn b­ccktljdf­ntkm­creñ hf­å­jne, gsnf­zcm­ ecj­dthitycndjdf­nm­ Ghjuhf­vve b­p­extyb­z djghjcjd vb­hf­ b­ ukjå­f­km­­ysö ghjå­ktv, ghtlkf­uf­tveñ d rjkktlét Ähköf­v.

Ghjiksv ktnjv Léf­df­l cnf­k jlyb­v b­p­ 40 ltktuf­njd jn eyb­dth­cb­ntnjd Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­njd yf­ Zgjyj­f­vthb­rf­ycrjq rjyathty­wb­b­ d Cnäyajhlcrjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt, inf­n Rf­kb­ajhyb­z, f­ gjnjv hf­å­jnf­k d Jå­otcndt f­auf­ycrb­ö ghjatccb­jyf­kjd d Ctdthyjq Fvt­hb­rt dj Ahtvjynt, inf­n Rf­kb­ajhyb­z. D änjv ujle p­f­ cdjñ hf­å­jne Léf­df­l gjkexb­k cneltyxtcrb­q ghb­p­ Yf­wb­jyf­km­yjq f­ccjwb­f­wb­b­ vb­hf­ b­ cghf­dtlkb­djcnb­ ≤p­f­ drkf­l d ecnf­yjdktyb­t vb­hf­ b­ cghf­­dtlkb­djcnb­... dj dctv vb­ht≥. Yf­hzle c änjq yf­uhf­ljq, Léf­df­l gjke­xb­k tot jlye, f­yf­kjub­xyeñ, jn Cneltyxtcrjq rjyathtywb­b­ gj djghjcf­v vb­hf­ d Ujitycrjv rjkktlét d Ujityt, inf­n Bylb­f­yf­.

Ntgthm­, c å­f­uf­éjv f­auf­ycrjuj, b­nf­km­zycrjuj b­ f­vthb­rf­ycrjuj jgsnf­, 20­ktnyb­q Léf­df­l yf­p­sdf­tn ctå­z ≤ukjå­f­km­ysv uhf­élf­yb­­yjv≥, b­ ljå­f­dkztn: ≤Dct, xnj vyt yeéyj ntgthm­, änj – ukjå­f­km­yf­z db­p­f­≥.

Bdtnn Bccf­h exb­ncz yf­ nhtnm­tv rehct d rjkktlét Ähköf­v gj cgtwb­f­km­yjcnb­ vtéleyf­hjlyst ghjå­ktvs. Tt ghb­dktrkb­ d änjv

rjkktlét rekm­nehyjt yf­cktlb­t rdf­rthjd b­ zhrj dshf­étyyst b­ltf­ks ≤ytyf­cb­kb­z, ghjcnjns b­ cjwb­f­km­yjq cghf­dtlkb­djcnb­≥. Bdtnn hjlb­kf­cm­ b­ dshjckf­ d Yf­qhjå­b­ d Rtyb­b­, f­ tt hjlb­ntkb­ – b­ylecs. ≤Lkz vtyz jå­t cnhf­ys hjlyst, öjnz, djp­vjéyj, vyt ytcrjkm­rj å­kb­ét Bylb­z, – ujdjhb­n Bdtnn. – Rjulf­ z ghb­töf­kf­ d Ähköf­v, z levf­kf­, xnj vyt yt gjyhf­db­ncz éb­nm­ d vf­ktym­rjv uj­hjlrt yf­ Chtlytv Pf­gf­lt, – ghb­p­yf­tncz jyf­, – yj änj jrf­p­f­kjcm­ p­f­vtxf­ntkm­yjt vtcnj. Pltcm­ gjb­cnb­yt wf­hb­n leö ep­yf­df­yb­z, b­ d jrheéf­ñob­ö ntå­z kñlzö xedcndetncz ukeå­jrf­z ghtlf­yyjcnm­ ltke jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z≥.

D rjkktlét Ähköf­v Bdtnn cajhvb­hjdf­kf­ jnltktyb­t jhuf­yb­p­f­­wb­b­ ≤Fvthb­rf­yws p­f­ b­yajhvb­hjdf­yyeñ ltvjrhf­nb­ñ≥, rjnjhf­z ghjdjlb­n db­ltjrjyathtywb­b­ cj cneltynf­vb­ b­p­ hf­p­ysö cnhf­y vb­­hf­ lkz jå­ceéltyb­z vb­hjdsö ghjå­ktv b­ yf­öjéltyb­z cjukf­cjdf­y­ysö htityb­q. Ctqxf­c d CIF b­ lheub­ö cnhf­yf­ö ceotcndetn 70 cneltyxtcrb­ö jnltktyb­q änjq jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­. ≤Dct yf­xf­kjcm­, rjulf­ yf­ jlyjq b­p­ tt dcnhtx z gjp­yf­rjvb­kf­cm­ c kñlm­vb­, e rjnjhsö tcnm­ p­f­vtxf­ntkm­yst b­ltb­ j njv, rf­r kexit ghtlcnf­db­nm­ lheub­t cnhf­ys jå­sxysv f­vthb­rf­ywf­v b­ d nj ét dhtvz rf­r cltkf­nm­ chtl­ytuj f­vthb­rf­ywf­ å­jktt gjyznysv kñlzv b­p­ lheub­ö cnhf­y≥.

Gjrf­ xnj p­f­ änjn ujl Bdtnn jhuf­yb­p­jdf­kf­ xtnsht rjyathty­wb­b­, gjp­yf­rjvb­d f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö cneltynjd c b­ö cdthcnyb­rf­vb­ b­p­ nf­rb­ö cnhf­y, rf­r Gf­rb­cnf­y, Fdcnhf­kb­z, Ab­kb­ggb­ys, Ujylehf­c, Ihb­­Kf­yrf­ b­ vyjub­ö lheub­ö. Cneltyns jå­ceélf­kb­ nf­rb­t ntvs, rf­r ≤Dctvb­hyf­z htf­rwb­z yf­ cnb­öb­qyst å­tlcndb­z≥ b­ ≤Ljkéys kb­ Cjtlb­ytyyst Inf­ns cnhtvb­nm­cz hf­p­db­df­nm­ ltvjrhf­nb­ñ p­f­ heå­téjv?≥.

Rf­r b­ Léf­df­l, Bdtnn f­rnb­dyj exf­cndjdf­kf­ d ghjuhf­vvt ≤Rf­r d JJY≥. D ghjikjv ujle dj dhtvz ghjdtltyb­z vthjghb­znb­q änjq jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­b­ d Xb­rf­uj jyf­ ghtlcnf­dkzkf­ Kb­df­y. ≤Xnjå­s ghtl­cnf­dkznm­ b­ynthtcs lheujq cnhf­ys, yeéyj gjyb­vf­nm­ tt uhf­élf­y, yeéyj gjå­snm­ b­vb­, – ujdjhb­n jyf­. – Åjktt njuj, yeéyj exb­nm­cz cjnhelyb­xf­nm­ c lheub­vb­ kñlm­vb­ lkz rjjhlb­yf­wb­b­ ecb­kb­q b­ b­l­nb­ yf­ rjvghjvb­ccs hf­lb­ ljcnb­étyb­z å­kf­uf­ lkz dctö≥.

Bdtnn nf­rét yf­öjlb­n dhtvz lkz p­f­yznb­q kñå­b­vjq vep­srjq – jyf­ gjtn d öjht rjkktléf­ Ähköf­v. Ghjikjq dtcyjq jyf­ ghj­dtkf­ ctvtcnh d Dtyt. ≤Änj å­skj gjnhzcf­ñot, – ujdjhb­n Bdtnn, – Vs gtkb­ d cf­vjv cthlwt Tdhjgs d änb­ö p­yf­vtyb­nsö cjå­jhf­ö. Z yb­rjulf­ änjuj yt p­f­å­ele≥.

Rjulf­ tt cghf­ib­df­ñn j njv, rf­rb­t cf­vst df­éyst ehjrb­ jyf­ dsytckf­ b­p­ extå­s d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, Bdtnn p­f­levxb­dj gjlyb­vf­tn ukf­p­f­ r gjnjkre. ≤Yf­dthyjt, j njv, xnj cf­vjt df­éyjt d éb­p­yb­ xtkjdtrf­ – änj jrheéf­ñob­t tuj kñlb­. Åtp­ cdzp­b­ c jrhe­éf­ñob­vb­ b­ å­tp­ kñå­db­ ns dctuj kb­im­ p­f­nthzyysq jcnhjdjr. Z gjyzkf­, xnj kñlb­ ljkéys p­f­å­jnb­nm­cz lheu j lheut, å­thtxm­ cdjb­ö å­kb­éyb­ö. Vjétn å­snm­, z dctulf­ änj p­yf­kf­, yj d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö z ltqcndb­ntkm­yj änj gjyzkf­≥. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Cj­nhelybr Åñhj­ vtéleyfhj­lysö byaj­hvfwbj­yysö ghj­­uhfvv Uj­celfhcndtyyj­uj­ ltgfhnfvtynf CIF Hj­åby Qtuth hfccrfp­sdftn j­ nj­v, rfr fvthbrfycrbt rj­kktléb b eybdth­cbntns gj­j­ohzñn cneltynj­d r j­åotcndtyyj­q hfåj­nt.

D CIF cb­km­ys nhf­lb­wb­b­ ljå­hjdjkm­xtcrjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Vjkjltém­ c ltncndf­ gjjohzñn yf­öjlb­nm­ cgjcjå­s, rf­r gjvjxm­ å­kb­éyb­v. Yf­ dctq nthhb­njhb­b­ CIF rjkktléb­ b­

eyb­dthcb­ntns ghtljcnf­dkzñn cneltynf­v djp­vjéyjcnb­ exf­cndj­df­nm­ d ljå­hjdjkm­xtcrjq jå­otcndtyyjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Byjulf­ p­f­ änj cneltynf­v lf­ét ghtljcnf­dkztncz f­rf­ltvb­xtcrb­q p­f­xtn, yj xf­ot dctuj yf­uhf­ljq b­v ckeéb­n ghjcnj xedcndj eljdktndjhtyb­z jnnjuj, xnj jyb­ gjvjukb­ rjve­nj – b­ gjyb­vf­yb­t njuj, xnj lf­ét jyb­, vjkjlst kñlb­, vjuen cltkf­nm­ xnj­nj gjktp­yjt. Yf­ukzlysv djgkjotyb­tv änjq rjywtgwb­b­ zdkztncz jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­z ≤Rf­vgec Rjvgf­rn≥, rjnjhf­z yf­ cdjtv dtå­­cf­qnt [http://www.compact.org] öf­hf­rnthb­p­etn ctå­z rf­r ≤jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­yf­z rjf­kb­wb­z htrnjhjd å­jktt xtv 950 rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, ghtlcnf­dkzñob­ö ghb­vthyj 5 vky. cneltynjd, cnhtvzof­zcz hf­p­db­df­nm­ b­ gjjohznm­ jå­otcndtyyeñ ltzntkm­yjcnm­, f­rnb­dyeñ uhf­élf­ycreñ gjp­b­wb­ñ b­ ajhvb­hjdf­yb­t gjnhtå­yjcnb­ ckeétyb­z jå­otcnde d catht dscit­uj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z≥.

C vjvtynf­ cdjtuj jcyjdf­yb­z d 1992 ujle Åñhj gj ajhvb­hj­df­yb­ñ yf­dsrjd jå­otcndtyyjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­ ghb­ Ñéyjvb­ccb­­

cb­gcrjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt (Öf­nnb­cå­thu, in. Vb­ccb­cb­gb­) zdkztncz ljå­hjdjkm­xtcrb­v htcehcysv wtynhjv b­ wtynhjv gj rjjhlb­­yf­wb­b­ jå­otcndtyysö hf­å­jn b­ jå­extyb­ñ cneltynjd yf­dsrf­v jå­otcndtyyjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Tétujlyj cneltyns p­f­nhf­xb­df­ñn yf­ dsgjkytyb­t jå­otcndtyyjq hf­å­jns 20 nsc. xf­cjd. Ecgtdf­t­vjcnm­ d extå­t b­ ckeétyb­t jå­otcnde zdkzñncz ≤rhf­teujkm­ysvb­ rf­vyzvb­≥ ghjuhf­vvs, gjjohzñotq cneltynjd d jå­otcndtyyjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­ yf­ vtcnyjv ehjdyt, d vf­cinf­å­f­ö dctq cnhf­ys b­ dj dctv vb­ht. Ñéyjvb­ccb­cb­gcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn zdkztncz jlyb­v b­p­ itcnb­ dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, rjnjhst d yf­cnjzott dhtvz d gf­hnythcndt c Djcnjxyjvb­xb­uf­ycrb­v eyb­dthcb­ntnjv p­f­yb­­vf­ñncz f­lf­gnf­wb­tq jlyjq b­p­ vjltktq ajhvb­hjdf­yb­z yf­dsrjd jå­otcndtyyjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Yf­ å­f­p­t eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ nf­rét cjp­lf­y b­ aeyrwb­jyb­hetn Vb­ccb­cb­gcrb­q wtynh jå­otcndtyyjq b­ uhf­é­lf­ycrjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­ [http://www.usm.edu/ocsl].

Djn rf­r nhf­rnetn ajhvb­hjdf­yb­t yf­dsrjd jå­otcndtyyjq ltz­ntkm­yjcnb­ Bkkb­yjqcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn (Ehå­f­yf­­If­vgtqy):

≤Jlyjq b­p­ df­éytqib­ö wtktq uevf­yb­nf­hyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­­yb­z zdkztncz gjlujnjdrf­ cneltynjd r p­f­yznb­ñ f­rnb­dyjq uhf­élf­ycrjq gjp­b­wb­b­. Vs ltkf­tv änj, edzp­sdf­z cneltyxtc­reñ jå­otcndtyyeñ ltzntkm­yjcnm­ c extå­ysv ghjwtccjv. Uevf­yb­nf­hyjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t gjvjuf­tn cneltynf­v ajhvb­hj­df­nm­ b­yntkktrnef­km­yeñ b­ cjwb­f­km­yeñ ecnf­yjdre, rjnjhf­z jlyjdhtvtyyj nhtå­etn ghjzdktyb­t ndjhxtcrjuj yf­xf­kf­ b­

JÅoT­CNDT­YYFz LT­zNT­Km­YJCNm­Hjåb­y K. qt­ut­h­

Cne­ltyns Ñé­yjvb­c­c­b­c­b­gc­rjuj b­ Bkkb­yjqc­rjuj e­yb­dthc­b­ntnjd e­c­thlyj nhe­lznc­z yf c­nhjb­ntkm-c­ndt ljvf lkz jhufyb­pfwb­b­ ≤Éb­kmt lkz kñltq≥ d Lé­trc­jyt (in. Vb­c­c­b­c­b­gb­).

Hjlé­

tkb­

j C

jkb­

c­, A

P/W

WP

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

jndtncndtyyjcnb­. Jyf­ zdkztncz ndjhxtcrjq d gkf­yt ujnjdyjc­nb­ ärcgthb­vtynb­hjdf­nm­ c b­ltzvb­, djjå­hf­éf­nm­ yjdst vb­hs b­ cjghjnb­dkznm­cz ghb­dsxrf­v vsiktyb­z. B jyf­ zdkztncz jndtncndtyyjq d gkf­yt cdjb­ö aeylf­vtynf­km­ysö cdzp­tq c htf­km­ysv vb­hjv.

Djn gjxtve nf­r df­éyj cdzp­sdf­nm­ yf­ib­ö cneltynjd c jå­otcn­djv, hf­p­db­df­z b­ö gjnhtå­yjcnm­ ckeéb­nm­ kñlzv. Yf­ghb­vth, p­f­ ldf­ ctvtcnhf­ cneltynf­v yf­ jnltktyb­b­ f­höb­ntrnehyjuj lb­p­f­qyf­ elf­kjcm­ hf­p­hf­å­jnf­nm­ ghjtrn ytljhjujuj, yj ärjyjvb­xyjuj d gkf­yt äythub­b­ ljvf­ lkz ghjuhf­vvs ≤Éb­km­t lkz kñltq≥. Ldb­ée­otq cb­kjq änjuj eyb­rf­km­yjuj ghjtrnf­ å­skj ckjéyjt cjxtnf­yb­t wtyyjcntq b­ dså­jhf­, eöjlzott cdjb­vb­ rjhyzvb­ d uhf­élf­ycreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm­, d gjyb­vf­yb­t njuj, xnj ytjå­öjlb­vj cltkf­nm­ ljvf­ ljcnegysvb­ vf­kjjå­tcgtxtyysv ctvm­zv, yj ghb­ änjv b­cgjkm­p­jdf­nm­ yjdst ntöyjkjub­b­ äythujcå­thtétyb­z≤ [http://www.union.uiuc.edu/ovp/sle/].

D Yjdjq Fyukb­b­ Lf­hnvencrb­q rjkktlé, Dthvjyncrb­q eyb­­dthcb­ntn, Rjkktlé Cd. Vb­öf­b­kf­, Yjhdb­xcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn, If­vgktqycrb­q rjkktlé b­ Rf­cknjycrb­q inf­ncrb­q rjkktlé jå­ütlb­yb­kb­cm­ cj vyjub­vb­ vtcnysvb­ f­lvb­yb­cnhf­nb­dysvb­ b­ jå­otcndtyysvb­ jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­q, xnjå­s cjp­lf­nm­ ghjuhf­vve ≤LHBV≥. D hf­vrf­ö änjq ghjuhf­vvs ltnzv b­p­ vtcnysö vf­kjjå­tcgtxtyysö ctvtq yf­ lkb­ntkm­yjt dhtvz ghtljcnf­dkzñncz yf­cnf­dyb­rb­, rjnj­hst gjvjuf­ñn b­v d extå­t, p­f­yb­vf­ñncz c yb­vb­ cgjhnjv b­ öjlzn

d gjöjls. Änf­ ghjuhf­vvf­ å­skf­ yf­xf­nf­ d Lf­hnvent d 1999 ujle b­ ctqxf­c jceotcndkztncz yf­ dctq nthhb­njhb­b­ inf­nf­. Gf­hnythf­vb­ ghjuhf­vvs zdkzñncz f­lvb­yb­cnhf­nb­dyst jhuf­ys, p­f­yb­vf­ñob­tcz éb­km­tv, jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­z ≤Ltdjxrb­­crf­ens≥ b­ rjvgf­yb­z ≤Åty äyl Léthhb­ f­qcrhb­v≥ [http://www.dreamprogram.org/].

Cb­änkcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn d Cb­änkt (in. Df­ib­yunjy) d yjzå­ht 2005 ujlf­ jhuf­yb­p­jdf­k jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­yeñ rjyathtywb­ñ gj ghjå­ktvt å­tp­ljvyjcnb­ – gzneñ gj cxtne. Änjn eyb­dthcb­ntn gjghjcb­kb­ ghjdtcnb­ nf­rjt vthjghb­znb­t, gjnjve xnj d atdhf­kt 2005 ujlf­ nf­v å­skf­ hf­p­å­b­n gf­kf­njxysq ujhjljr, ghb­ñnb­dib­q yf­ wtksq vtczw 100 å­tp­ljvysö veéxb­y b­ étyob­y. Cb­änkcrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn cnf­k gthdsv eyb­dthcb­ntnjv, jrf­p­f­dib­q å­tp­ljv­ysv gjljå­yeñ gjvjom­. Rjyathtywb­ñ jhuf­yb­p­jdf­kb­ cneltyns änjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ b­ xktys df­ib­yunjycrjuj jnltktyb­z ≤Rf­vgec Rjvgf­rn≥. Änf­ f­ccjwb­f­wb­z jå­ütlb­yztn d cdjb­ö hzlf­ö htrnjhjd rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd in. Df­ib­yunjy, cnhtvzob­öcz gj­dsif­nm­ uhf­élf­ycreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm­ cneltynjd. Gjlhjå­ytt j rjyathtywb­b­ cv. http://www.studentsagainsthunger.org.

Jlyf­ b­p­ jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­yj ghb­p­yf­yysö ghjuhf­vv htf­kb­p­e­tncz d Aehvf­yjdcrjv eyb­dthcb­ntnt d Uhb­ydb­kkt (in. Ñéyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­). Cjukf­cyj b­yajhvf­wb­b­ c dtå­­cf­qnf­ änjuj eyb­dthcb­nt­nf­, ghtlyf­p­yf­xtyyjq lkz å­eleob­ö cneltynjd:

≤Vyjub­t rehcs gj htkb­ub­b­, gtlf­ujub­rt, b­creccnde, ab­kjcj­ab­b­, cjwb­jkjub­b­ b­ gjkb­njkjub­b­ drkñxf­ñn jå­otcndtyyeñ

Cne­ltyn Cb­ä­nkc­rjuj e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf jå­e­x­ftn uke­öjytvjuj d gfkfnjx­yjv ujhjlrt lkz å­tpljvysö yf nthhb­njhb­b­ rfvge­c­f d Cb­ä­nkt (in. Dfib­yunjy).

Nä­l C. Ejhhty, AP/WWP

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

hf­å­jne. Yf­ib­ cneltyns exf­n xb­nf­nm­ ltntq b­p­ vf­kjjå­tcgtxtyysö ctvtq, hf­p­hf­å­f­nsdf­ñn vf­hrtnb­yu lkz vtcnysö ytrjvvthxtcrb­ö jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­q, gjvjuf­ñn ghtlghb­yb­vf­ntkzv d cjcnf­dktyb­b­ å­b­p­­ytc­gkf­yjd≥.

Ajhvb­hjdf­yb­t yf­dsrjd jå­otcndtyyjq hf­å­jns yt ghtrhf­of­tn­cz p­f­ ldthzvb­ f­elb­njhb­b­. Rf­élsq ujl 800 cneltynjd­ljå­hjdjkm­­wtd Aehvf­yjdcrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ hf­å­jnf­ñn d ≤Eyb­dthcb­ntncrjv rjhgect jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z≥, jrf­p­sdf­z gjvjom­ 45 jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­zv, d njv xb­ckt ≤Fhvb­b­ cgf­ctyb­z≥, Wtynhe cgtwb­f­km­yjuj jå­extyb­z lkz ltntq, uheggf­v ≤Kf­nb­yjf­vthb­rf­ycrf­z b­yb­wb­f­nb­df­≥ b­ ≤Ltdjxrb­­crf­ens≥ [http://www.furman.edu/main/community.htm].

Hf­cgjkjétyysq ytgjlf­ktre Ejaajhlcrb­q rjkktlé (Cgf­h­nf­yå­thu, in. Ñéyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­) nf­rét b­vttn cdjñ ghjuhf­vve ajhvb­hjdf­yb­z yf­dsrjd jå­otcndtyyjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Cneltyns änjuj ytå­jkm­ijuj rjkktléf­ uevf­yb­nf­hysö yf­er ljå­hjdjkm­yj exf­cndeñn d hf­p­kb­xysö jå­otcndtyysö ghjtrnf­ö. Jlyb­ hf­å­jnf­ñn cf­vjcnjzntkm­yj, lheub­t – d hf­vrf­ö eyb­dthcb­ntncrb­ö jå­ütlb­yt­yb­q yf­ rf­vgect. Cneltyns Ejaajhlcrjuj rjkktléf­ hf­å­jnf­ñn d å­tcgkf­nysö cnjkjdsö b­ ghb­ñnf­ lkz å­tp­ljvysö, ujnjdz b­ hf­p­lf­df­z gb­oe ujkjlysv. Jyb­ ghtgjlf­ñn d vtcnysö irjkf­ö b­ hf­å­jnf­ñn d vtcnyjq å­tcgkf­nyjq vtlb­wb­ycrjq rkb­yb­rt. Jyb­ lf­hzn hjéltcndtycrb­t gjlf­hrb­ yeélf­ñob­vcz ltnzv b­ gjvjuf­ñn erhf­if­nm­ rf­vgec b­ cdjq ujhjl r ghf­p­lyb­re [http://www.wofford.edu/serviceLearning/default.asp].

Dct rjkktléb­ ghtlkf­uf­ñn ghjuhf­vvs jå­extyb­z c äktvtynf­vb­ jå­otcndtyyjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Gj lf­yysv Fvthb­rf­ycrjq f­ccjwb­f­­wb­b­ vtcnysö rjkktlétq, å­jktt gjkjdb­ys vtcnysö rjkktlétq d CIF nf­rét drkñxb­kb­ gjljå­yst ghjuhf­vvs d cdjb­ extå­yst gkf­ys. Fccjwb­f­wb­z dsgecnb­kf­ hzl geå­kb­rf­wb­q yf­ lf­yyeñ ntve, ldt b­p­ rjnjhsö ghtlcnf­dkzñn jcjå­sq b­ynthtc: Sustaining Service

Learning: The Role of Chief Academic Officers (8 cnhf­yb­w) b­ A Practical Guide for Integrating Civic Responsibility Into the Curriculum (86 cnhf­yb­w). Jå­t geå­­kb­rf­wb­b­ vjéyj yf­qnb­ yf­ dtå­­cf­qnt: http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/ NavigationMenu/ResourceCenter/ Projects_Partnerships/Current/ HorizonsServiceLearningProject/ Publications/Publications.htm

Fkm­å­erthrcrb­q ghjatccb­jyf­km­­yj­ntöyb­xtcrb­q b­ycnb­nen d in. Ym­ñ­Vtrcb­rj gjrf­p­sdf­tn ghb­vth jå­extyb­z jå­otcndtyyjq ltzntkm­yjc­nb­ yf­ ehjdyt vtcnyjuj rjkktléf­. Jy gjkexb­k uhf­yn Rjhgjhf­wb­b­ jå­otyf­­wb­jyf­km­ysö b­ jå­otcndtyysö hf­å­jn, f­ nf­rét vyjuj yf­uhf­l p­f­ p­f­ckeub­ d änjq jå­kf­cnb­. Åjktt 50 vtcnysö f­utyncnd ghtlkf­uf­ñn cneltynf­v änj­

uj b­ycnb­nenf­ hf­å­jnf­nm­ c yb­vb­, b­ jyb­ vjuen, gj cdjtve étkf­yb­ñ, exf­cndjdf­nm­ d vjkjltéysö ghjuhf­vvf­ö, ghjuhf­vvf­ö jrf­p­f­yb­z vtlb­wb­ycrb­ö, cjwb­f­km­ysö b­ ñhb­lb­xtcrb­ö eckeu, p­f­yb­vf­nm­cz jöhf­yjq ktcjd, gjlujnjdrjq b­ ghjdtltyb­tv Cgtwb­f­km­ysö jkb­v­gb­qcrb­ö b­uh, hf­å­jnf­nm­ e rjyuhtccvtyjd b­kb­ ghb­cjtlb­yb­nm­cz r ltzntkm­yjcnb­ d p­f­ob­ne éb­djnysö [http://planet.tvi.cc.nm.us/ ex­perientiallearning/]. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Ajnjuhfab­z ge­å­kb­re­tnc­z c­ hfphtityb­z flvb­yb­c­nhfwb­b­ Ejaajhlc­rjuj rjkktlé­f

Cne­ltyn Ejaajhlc­rjuj rjkktlé­f, in. Ñé­yfz Rfhjkb­yf, gjvjuftn vkflitre­hc­yb­rfv yf pfyznb­zö gj frnthc­rjve­ vfc­nthc­nde­.

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Gj­cj­kmcndf b rj­ycekmcndf CIF ghbybvfñn yf hfåj­ne byj­cnhfyysö uhfélfy lkz nj­uj­, x­nj­ås j­yb bv gj­vj­ufkb d hfp­hfåj­nrt b htfkbp­fwbb j­åhfp­j­dfntkmysö b rekmnehysö ghj­uhfvv, ekex­ifñobö dp­fbvj­gj­ybvfybt. D fghtkt 2005 uj­lf Uj­celfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn j­hufybp­j­dfk ghbtp­l d CIF 18 nfrbö hfåj­nybrj­d yf ex­tåe c gj­ctotybtv rj­kktlétq d u. Ifhkj­nnf (in. Ctdth­yfz Rfhj­kbyf) b tuj­ j­rhtcnyj­cnzö lkz p­yfrj­vcndf c ébp­ymñ b åsnj­v byj­cnhfyysö cneltynj­d. D änj­q cnfnmt gj­ldj­lzncz bnj­ub gj­tp­lrb änj­q uheggs b lftncz j­åott ghtlcnfdktybt j­ hfp­yj­j­åhfp­bb dj­p­vj­éyj­cntq d gj­kex­tybb j­åhfp­j­dfybz d CIF.

Ujhjl If­hkjnnf­ å­sk dså­hf­y gjnjve, xnj jy zdkztncz rhegysv wtynhjv å­f­yrjdcrjq ltzntkm­yjcnb­, chtlcnd vf­ccjdjq b­yajhvf­wb­b­, å­b­p­ytcf­, rekm­nehs b­ nhf­ycgjhnf­ yf­ Ñuj­Djcnjrt CIF b­ ≤ljvjv≥ lkz wtkjuj hzlf­ edf­éf­tvsö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q. 18 exf­cnyb­rjd ghjuhf­vvs å­skb­ hf­p­ltktys yf­ uheggs, rf­élf­z b­p­ rjnjhsö gjctnb­kf­ jlb­y rjkktlé, xnjå­s dcnhtnb­nm­cz cj cneltynf­vb­, gjyf­å­kñ­

lf­nm­ p­f­ extå­ysvb­ p­f­yznb­zvb­, jå­celb­nm­ ljcnegyst cneltynf­v htcehcs b­ ghjå­ktvs, c rjnjhsvb­ jyb­ cnf­krb­df­ñncz, b­ gjkexb­nm­ ghtl­cnf­dktyb­t j éb­p­yb­ b­ å­snt b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd d CIF. Dct änb­ rjkktléb­ dtcm­vf­ p­f­b­ynthtcjdf­ys d ghb­dktxtyb­b­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd b­ gjllthéb­df­ñn htuekzhyj jå­yjdkztvst b­ yf­ukzlyst dtå­­cf­qns c b­yajhvf­wb­tq j ctå­t. Cktleñob­q jnhsdjr c dtå­­cf­qnf­ Lädb­lcjycrjuj rjkktléf­ jkb­wtndjhztn cjå­jq jå­oeñ p­f­b­ynthtcjdf­yyjcnm­ rjkktlétq d b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynf­ö:

≤Jcdtljvktyyjcnm­ j ghjb­cöjlzob­ö d vb­ht cjå­snb­zö b­ jp­f­å­jxtyyjcnm­ ukjå­f­km­ysvb­ ghjå­ktvf­vb­ zdkzñncz df­éyjq cjcnf­dyjq xf­cnm­ñ jå­hf­p­jdf­ntkm­yjuj ghjwtccf­ d Lädb­lcjycrjv rjkktlét. Åelexb­ cneltynjv, rjnjhsq éb­k b­ exb­kcz d lheujq cnhf­yt, ds vjétnt vyjub­v gjltkb­nm­cz cj cneltynf­vb­ b­ ghtgjlf­df­ntkzvb­ yf­ituj rjkktléf­. D ghjwtcct hf­ccvjn­htyb­b­ df­ituj p­f­zdktyb­z vs hf­ccxb­nsdf­tv å­jkm­it ep­yf­nm­ j df­c b­ j df­itv éb­p­ytyyjv jgsnt≥.

Ct­vmext­åys­öpf­dt­lt­ybq

Rj­kktlé­ fååfnc­ndf Åtkvj­yn ghtlcnf­dkztn cjå­jq ytå­jkm­ijq uevf­yb­nf­hysq rjkktlé, d rjnjhjv exb­ncz 1000 cneltynjd. Jy b­p­dtcnty cdjtq ≤ctvtqyjq≥ jå­cnf­yjdrjq b­ cnhtvktyb­tv r ajhvb­hjdf­yb­ñ wtkm­yjq b­ uf­hvjyb­xtcrb­ hf­p­db­njq kb­xyjcnb­. Rjkktlé yf­öjlb­ncz d Åtkvjynt (in. Ctdthyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­), d ytcrjkm­rb­ö vb­yenf­ö tp­ls r p­f­gf­le jn If­hkjnns. Gjå­kb­p­jcnb­ jn ytuj hf­cgjkjétyj f­å­å­f­ncndj Åtkvjyn, jcyjdf­yyjt vjyf­öf­vb­­å­tytlb­rnb­ywf­vb­ [http://www.belmontabbeycollege.edu/].

HFpYJJÅHFpBT­ DJpVJÉYJCNT­q d gjkex­t­yb­b­ jåh­fpjdfyb­z­ yf gh­b­vt­h­t­ c­t­vb­

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�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Wtynhfkm­ysq­ g­blvj­ync­rbq­ rj­kktlé­ – rhegytqib­q vtcnysq rjkktlé d in. Ctdthyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­, d rjnjhjv exb­ncz å­jktt 70 nsc. cneltynjd, exf­cndeñob­ö d å­jktt 100 extå­ysö ghjuhf­vv d ytcrjkm­rb­ö rf­vgecf­ö. Bvtyyj p­ltcm­ ghtp­b­ltyn Léjhlé E. Åei dscnegb­k 5 f­ghtkz 2005 ujlf­ c htxm­ñ j yjdsö b­yb­wb­f­nb­df­ö gj hf­p­db­nb­ñ nheljdsö htcehcjd. Rjkktlé ujhlb­ncz ntv, xnj d ytv exf­ncz b­yjcnhf­y­yst cneltyns b­p­ å­jktt 100 cnhf­y [http://www.cpcc.edu].

Lädblc­j­yc­rbq­ rj­kktlé­ hf­cgjkjéty d Lädb­lcjyt (in. Ct­dthyf­z Rf­hjkb­yf­), ghb­å­kb­p­b­ntkm­yj d 30 vb­yenf­ö tp­ls r ctdthe jn If­hkjnns. Yf­ctktyb­t Lädb­lcjyf­ yf­cxb­nsdf­tn dctuj 8 nsc. xtk. Lädb­lcjycrb­q rjkktlé zdkztncz ytp­f­db­cb­vsv uevf­yb­nf­h­ysv extå­ysv p­f­dtltyb­tv, d rjnjhjv exb­ncz 1600 cneltynjd. Cj dhtvty jcyjdf­yb­z rjkktléf­ d 1837 ujle ghtcdb­nthb­f­yf­vb­ b­p­ tuj cnty dsikj 23 cnb­gtylb­f­nf­ Hjlcf­. Jcjå­juj dyb­vf­yb­z p­f­cke­éb­df­tn jcyjdf­yyf­z 20 ktn yf­p­f­l Ghjuhf­vvf­ vtéleyf­hjlysö b­ccktljdf­yb­q b­v. Lb­yf­ Hf­crf­, yf­p­df­yyf­z d xtcnm­ dsgecryb­rf­ Lädb­lcjycrjuj rjkktléf­, p­f­yb­vf­dituj gjcn ujcelf­hcndtyyjuj ctrhtnf­hz inf­nf­. Lädb­lcjycrb­q rjkktlé å­sk jcyjdf­y rf­r veé­crjt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t, yj ctujlyz cneltynjr d ytv jå­exf­tncz yt vtym­it, xtv cneltynjd [http://www.davidson.edu].

Eybdthc­bntn Lé­j­yc­j­yf b Eäkm­c­f yf­p­sdf­tn ctå­z ≤eyb­dth­cb­ntnjv, reñob­v rf­lhs lkz Fvthb­rb­≥. Eyb­dthcb­ntn b­vttn cdjb­ rf­vgecs d xtnshtö inf­nf­ö; rf­vgec d If­hkjnnt å­sk jnrhsn d 2004 ujle. Eyb­dthcb­ntn ghtlkf­uf­tn ghjuhf­vvs ytgjkyjuj (ldf­ ujlf­) b­ gjkyjuj jå­extyb­z (xtnsht ujlf­ c ghb­cdjtyb­tv extyjq cntgtyb­ å­f­­rf­kf­dhf­) cj cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­tq d jå­kf­cnb­ å­b­p­ytcf­, htcnjhf­yyj­ujcnb­­yb­xyjuj ltkf­ b­ rekb­yf­hyjuj b­creccndf­. Yf­ tuj dtå­­cf­qnt ghtlcnf­d­ktyf­ b­yajhvf­wb­z yf­ 17 zp­srf­ö [http://www.jwu.edu/charlotte].

Ghjatc­c­jh gjvjuftn c­ne­ltyne­ d rjvgmñnthyjv rkfc­c­t Wtynhfkmyjuj gb­lvjync­rjuj rjkktlé­f.

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Cne­ltyns Eyb­dthc­b­ntnf Lé­jyc­jyf b­ Eä­kmc­f ujnjdzn gjrfp dsgtx­rb­ yf ≤Yfwb­jyfkmyjv öktå­yjv c­fvvb­nt≥.

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�0 Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Eybdthc­bntn Lé­j­yc­j­yf R. Cvbnf b­cnjhb­xtcrb­ zdkztncz ytuhb­nzycrb­v eyb­dth­cb­ntnjv. Nf­v exf­ncz 1400 cneltynjd, d hf­cgjhzétyb­b­ rjnjhsö ghjcnjhysq rf­vgec dctuj d vb­kt jn wtynhf­ If­hkjnns. D eyb­dthcb­ntnt wf­hb­n lheétkñå­yf­z f­nvjcathf­, d rjnjhjq cneltynjd cnb­vekb­heñn b­ gtcneñn ghtlf­yyst cdjtve ltke b­ p­f­å­jnkb­dst gtlf­ujub­. Jlyj b­p­ nhtå­jdf­yb­q r cneltynf­v – p­f­yznb­t jå­otcndtyyjq hf­å­jnjq. Eyb­­dthcb­ntn ghtlkf­uf­tn djp­vjéyjcnb­ jå­extyb­z d ltdznb­ p­f­heå­téysö cnhf­yf­ö b­ b­ynth­yf­nehf­ö, f­ nf­rét cnf­éb­hjdrb­ d å­jktt xtv 90 rjvgf­yb­zö [http://www.jcsu.edu/].

Ifhkj­nnc­rbq­ Rebyc­ eybdthc­bntn å­sk jcyjdf­y rf­r étycrf­z ctvb­yf­hb­z. Ctujlyz yf­ ljkñ cneltynjd veécrjuj gjkf­ ghb­öjlb­ncz gjxnb­ 30% cnf­hitrehcyb­rjd änjuj xf­cnyjuj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z, ghtlkf­uf­ñotuj dctjå­ütvkñob­t ghjuhf­vvs jå­extyb­z yf­ ehjdyt vf­ub­cnhf­nehs b­ cdzp­f­yyjuj c Ghtcdb­nthb­f­ycrjq wthrjdm­ñ. Hf­cgjkjétyysq d rhf­cb­djv éb­kjv hf­qjyt ujhjlf­, If­hkjnncrb­q reb­yc­eyb­dthcb­ntn cjxtnf­tn ghjuhf­vve xtnshtöujlb­xyjuj å­f­p­jdjuj jå­extyb­z d jå­kf­cnb­ uevf­yb­nf­h­ysö yf­er gj 24 ghjab­kb­heñob­v lb­cwb­gkb­yf­v. D eyb­dthcb­ntnt exb­ncz ghb­vthyj 2200 cneltynjd, b­ yf­ rf­éljuj gtlf­ujuf­ ghb­öjlb­ncz d chtlytv gj 13 cneltynjd [http://www.queens.edu/].

Ctdthtrfhj­kbyc­rbq­ eybdthc­bntn d Ifhkj­nnt yf­­cxb­nsdf­tn å­jktt 19 500 cneltynjd b­ ghtlkf­uf­tn ghjuhf­vvs jå­extyb­z yf­ ehjdyt å­f­rf­kf­dhf­, vf­ub­cnhf­ b­ ljrnjhf­ yf­er. Tuj cjdhtvtyysq rf­vgec hf­cgjkjéty ghb­vthyj d 10 vb­kzö jn wtynhf­ ujhjlf­ If­hkjnnf­. Änj df­éysq htub­jyf­km­ysq wtynh å­b­p­ytcf­ b­ yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­ntkm­crjq hf­å­jns. D eyb­dthcb­ntnt jå­exf­ñncz cneltyns b­p­ dctö eujkrjd CIF b­ ghb­vthyj 80 p­f­heå­téysö cnhf­y [http://www.uncc.edu/].

Cne­ltyns Ifhkjnnc­rjuj Re­b­yc­ e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf ujnjdznc­z r dsge­c­ryjq wthtvjyb­b­.

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�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Af­rns­Pfxbc­ktybz b p­fzdktybz yf g­hbtv. D hf­p­ysö rjkktléf­ö

– hf­p­yst nhtå­jdf­yb­z r p­f­xb­cktyb­ñ. Lädb­lcjycrb­q rjkktlé b­ If­hkjnncrb­q reb­yc­eyb­dthcb­ntn öf­hf­rnthb­p­eñn ctå­z rf­r b­p­å­b­hf­ntkm­yst extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z. Rjkktlé Få­å­f­ncndf­ Åtkvjyn ltkf­tn egjh yf­ f­rf­ltvb­xtcrjv b­ leöjdyjv hf­p­db­nb­b­, f­ Eyb­dthcb­­ntn Léjycjyf­ R. Cvb­nf­ jxtym­ b­ynthtcetn öf­hf­rnth b­ kb­xyjcnm­ f­å­b­nehb­tynjd, f­ nf­rét b­ö jwtyrb­. E Wtynhf­km­yjuj gb­lvjyncrjuj vtcnyjuj rjkktléf­ tcnm­ ghjuhf­vvs gjxnb­ lkz dctö, yj lf­ktrj yt rf­élsq gjlöjlb­n dctv ghjuhf­vvf­v. Jå­f­ rhegytqib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­z – Ctdthtrf­hjkb­ycrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn d If­hkjnnt b­ Wtynhf­km­ysq gb­lvjyncrb­q rjkktlé – hf­cgjkf­uf­ñn å­juf­nsvb­ htcehcf­vb­, yj rjve­nj vjuen gjrf­p­f­nm­cz ckb­irjv å­jkm­ib­vb­. Jn yf­öjéltyb­z ≤ghf­db­km­yjuj≥ extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z p­f­db­cb­n b­ ecgtö hf­ccvjnhtyb­z p­f­zdktyb­z cneltynf­, b­ tuj ecgtdf­tvjcnm­, b­ tuj kb­xyf­z eljdktndjhtyyjcnm­ gjckt p­f­xb­cktyb­z. E rf­éljuj b­p­ extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q b­vttncz cdjq dtå­­cf­qn, yf­ rjnjhjv ghtlcnf­d­ktyf­ b­yajhvf­wb­z j nhtå­jdf­yb­zö r gjcnegf­ñob­v, ab­yf­ycjdjq gjvjob­ b­, d å­jkm­ib­ycndt ckexf­td, ljgjkyb­ntkm­yst cdtltyb­z lkz b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd.

Ghj­é­bdfybt, g­bnfybt, htc­ehc­s, p­lhfdj­j­öhfytybt b åtp­j­g­fc­yj­c­nm­. Wtynhf­km­ysq gb­lvjyncrb­q rjkktlé, d jnkb­xb­t jn lheub­ö, hf­ccvf­nhb­df­tvsö p­ltcm­ extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q, yt b­vttn cdjtuj jå­otéb­nb­z lkz cneltynjd, yj lheub­t extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z, j rjnjhsö b­ltn htxm­ p­ltcm­, b­vtñn b­ ghtlkf­uf­ñn cneltynf­v b­yajh­vf­wb­ñ j gjhzlrt gjlf­xb­ p­f­zdktyb­q yf­ gjkextyb­t éb­km­z. Eckjdb­z gb­nf­yb­z b­ ghjéb­df­yb­z hf­p­yzncz jn jlyjuj rf­vgecf­ r lheujve, yj å­jkm­ib­ycndj rjkktlétq ghtlkf­uf­ñn cdjb­v cneltynf­v yf­ dså­jh ytcrjkm­rj hf­p­kb­xysö df­hb­f­ynjd, jcjå­tyyj gjckt gthdjuj ujlf­ jå­extyb­z. Dj dctö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö tcnm­ å­b­å­kb­jntrb­ b­ ljcneg r rjvgm­ñnthf­v lkz cneltynjd, b­ dct jyb­ geå­kb­reñn b­yajhvf­­wb­ñ j å­tp­jgf­cyjcnb­ yf­ nthhb­njhb­b­ cdjb­ö rf­vgecjd. Dct extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z nhtå­eñn jn cdjb­ö cneltynjd yf­kb­xb­z vtlb­wb­ycrjq cnhf­öjdrb­, yj ghb­ änjv d rf­élsq b­p­ yb­ö nf­rét hf­cgjkf­uf­tn cdjtq vtlb­wb­ycrjq ckeéå­jq. Tckb­ cneltynf­v nhtå­etncz gjvjom­ d f­lf­gnf­wb­b­ r eckjdb­zv rf­vgecf­, jyb­ vjuen gjkexb­nm­ cjjndtncn­deñoeñ rjycekm­nf­wb­ñ. Cnjb­vjcnm­ b­ ghf­db­kf­ ghjéb­df­yb­z jght­ltkzñncz f­lvb­yb­cnhf­wb­tq rf­éljuj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z jnltkm­yj. D hf­p­ysö rjkktléf­ö ceotcndeñn hf­p­yst hf­cgb­cf­yb­z ktrwb­q b­ ctvb­yf­hjd, rjnjhst b­p­vtyzñncz jn ujlf­ r ujle, gjänjve å­eleob­v cneltynf­v cktletn enjxyznm­ chjrb­ yf­xf­kf­ p­f­yznb­q, clf­xb­ hf­å­jn b­ rf­yb­rek yf­ dtå­­cf­qnf­ö cdjb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q b­kb­ d lheub­ö b­cnjxyb­rf­ö b­yajhvf­wb­b­.

Gj­vj­om­ d extåt. Ytrjnjhst b­p­ hf­ccvf­nhb­df­tvsö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q gjvjuf­ñn cneltynf­v d jå­extyb­b­ f­yukb­qcrjve zp­sre b­kb­ yf­dsrf­v gb­cm­vf­. Åjkm­ib­ycndj å­b­å­kb­jntr ujnjds jrf­p­f­nm­ cneltynf­v gjvjom­ d jcdjtyb­b­ yf­dsrjd gjkm­p­jdf­yb­z htcehcf­vb­ b­ gjb­crf­ b­yajhvf­wb­b­. Dct rjkktléb­ ecnhf­b­df­ñn lkz cdjb­ö dsgecryb­rjd dcnhtxe c gjntywb­f­km­ysvb­ hf­å­jnjlf­ntkzvb­ b­kb­ jrf­p­sdf­ñn b­v b­yeñ gjvjom­ d nheljecnhjqcndt.

Ec­keu­b b j­hu­fybp­fwbb lkz byj­c­nhfyysö c­neltynj­d. Ghb­ dctö rjkktléf­ö tcnm­ cgtwb­f­km­yst å­ñhj, jhuf­yb­p­eñob­t

hf­p­kb­xyst vthjghb­znb­z b­ (b­kb­) f­ccjwb­f­wb­b­ b­ rkeå­s lkz b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd, f­ nf­rét lkz f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö cneltynjd, p­f­b­ynthtcjdf­yysö d lheéå­t c b­yjcnhf­yysvb­ cneltynf­vb­. Ghb­ ytrjnjhsö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö ceotcndeñn jå­ütlb­ytyb­z cnelty­njd gj änyb­xtcrjve b­kb­ utjuhf­ab­xtcrjve ghb­p­yf­re. Ytrjnjhst ckeéå­s nf­rét gjvjuf­ñn b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v gjp­yf­rjvb­nm­cz c vtcnysvb­ cneltynf­vb­ b­ b­ö ctvm­zvb­, xnjå­s ghjdjlb­nm­ c yb­vb­ dhtvz, jcjå­tyyj ghf­p­lyb­rb­ b­ rf­yb­reks. D ytrjnjhsö ckexf­zö cneltynjd b­p­ ytcrjkm­rb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q jå­ckeéb­df­tn jlyf­ vtcnyf­z jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­z – yf­ghb­vth, ≤Ljv b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd≥ d If­hkjnnt, rjnjhf­z ghtljcnf­dkztn b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v djp­­vjéyjcnm­ gjå­kb­ét gjp­yf­rjvb­nm­cz c éb­ntkzvb­ ujhjlf­.

Dthj­bc­g­j­dtlfybt. Rjulf­ b­yjcnhf­yyst ujcnb­, ghb­töf­dib­t d CIF d hf­vrf­ö ghjuhf­vvs Ujcelf­hcndtyyjuj ltgf­hnf­vtynf­, p­f­lf­df­kb­ djghjc j dthjb­cgjdtlf­yb­b­, cneltyns, c rjnjhsvb­ jyb­ dcnhtxf­kb­cm­, b­ rjycekm­nf­yns gj hf­å­jnt c b­yjcnhf­yysvb­ cnelty­nf­vb­ d jlb­y ujkjc ujdjhb­kb­, xnj d rf­éljv extå­yjv p­f­dtltyb­b­ – å­elm­ nj inf­ncrb­q, xf­cnysq b­kb­ htkb­ub­jp­ysq eyb­dthcb­ntn – hf­ls cneltynf­v dctö dthjb­cgjdtlf­yb­q.

Pf­rkñxt­ybt­Xktys uheggs ghb­ikb­ r dsdjle, xnj lf­ét rhf­nrb­q db­p­b­n gj­

vju b­v yt njkm­rj jcdtéb­nm­ d gf­vznb­ vyjub­t af­rns, j rjnjhsö jyb­ xb­nf­kb­ b­kb­ cksif­kb­ lj ghb­tp­lf­ d CIF, yj b­ kexit gjyznm­ f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t htf­kb­b­. Df­éytqib­v ehjrjv cnf­kj nj, xnj d CIF ceotcndetn vyjétcndj hf­p­kb­xysö djp­vjéyjcntq lkz extå­s.

D gjlujnjdrt lf­yyjuj vf­nthb­f­kf­ exf­cndjdf­kb­: Vjöf­vtl Fövtl Få­lf­kkf­ Fövtl b­p­ Ljöb­ (Rf­nf­h); Db­db­f­y Få­lf­kkf­ b­p­ Bthecf­kb­vf­; Gf­hf­crtdb­ Db­dm­ty Fkkb­vjyj b­p­ Vtkm­å­ehyf­ (Fdcnhf­kb­z); Yf­lf­ F. Fkm­­Cjp­t b­p­ Åf­ulf­lf­ (Bhf­r); Vf­qrf­ Åhp­jintr b­p­ Rhf­rjdf­ (Gjkm­­if­); Åjhb­ Åtyltp­e­Dtktc b­p­ Kb­vs (Gthe); Qjcb­nf­ Äreädb­­Fvf­db­ b­p­ Kjvt (Njuj); Fktöf­ylhf­ Äcrjå­jcf­ b­p­ Ähvjcb­km­j (Vtrcb­rf­); Ecf­df­lb­ Rf­ngb­xf­b­ b­p­ Åf­yurjrf­ (Nf­b­kf­yl); Gf­vtkf­ Redf­kb­ b­p­ Kb­kjyudt (Vf­kf­db­); Hf­nyf­ Veröthléb­ b­p­ Xtyyf­b­ (Bylb­z); Vf­hb­z Gf­jkf­ Gb­hb­yb­ b­p­ Hb­vf­ (Bnf­kb­z); Lf­yf­ Gjkxb­rjdf­ b­p­ Åhf­nb­ckf­ds (Ckjdf­wrf­z Htcgeå­kb­rf­); Rf­hb­y Hjcyb­wtr b­p­ Vñyötyf­ (Uthvf­­yb­z); Keb­p­f­ Vf­hb­z Db­f­e b­p­ Udf­ntvf­ks (Udf­ntvf­kf­); Åtf­nhb­c L.G. Db­käqy b­p­ Gjhn­j­Ghtyc (Uf­b­nb­); Rjhytkb­z Dkf­qxe b­p­ Åeöf­htcnf­ (Hevsyb­z) b­ Xéje Öey b­p­ Uef­yxéje (Rb­nf­q). Dct jyb­ p­f­gtxf­nkt­ys yf­ ajnjuhf­ab­b­ dyb­p­e. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

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Rf­R ltqcNdetN cb­cNtvf­

DS­ÅJH GHJUHFVVS­ JÅExT­YBz D RJKKT­LÉT­

Fdnj­h lftn j­ghtltktybt j­cyj­dyj­q cgtwbfkbp­fwbb (major) b dnj­hj­q cgtwbfkbp­fwbb (minor) d frfltvbx­tcrj­v gj­ybvfybb änbö nthvbyj­d b ghtlkfuftn gj­ktp­yst cj­dtns cneltynfv, rj­nj­hst yföj­lzncz d ghj­wtcct dsåj­hf cdj­tq cgtwbfkbp­fwbb. Kbylf Nj­åfi – lbhtrnj­h cneltyx­tcrj­q ckeéås Bycnbnenf vtéleyfhj­lyj­uj­ j­åhfp­j­dfybz.

≤Rfr b å­jkmiby­cn­dj kñ­lt­q, z jxt­y­m öjhjij gjvy­ñ­ ujl,

rjulf z jght­lt­kbkcz cj cgt­wbfkbpfwbt­q. Z n­hb hfpf ghb­

y­bvfk än­j ht­it­y­bt­≥.

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Rjulf­ yeéyj dså­b­hf­nm­ b­p­ cjnty cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­q b­ nsczx rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, rf­r ét gjlcnegb­nm­cz r ds­å­jhe njuj, xnj b­ ult b­p­exf­nm­? Ytrjnjhst cyf­xf­kf­ dså­b­hf­­

ñn, ult exb­nm­cz: d å­jkm­ijv eyb­dthcb­ntnt c hf­p­yjcnjhjyyb­vb­ ghjuhf­vvf­vb­, b­kb­ d vf­ktym­rjv uevf­yb­nf­hyjv rjkktlét, b­kb­, r ghb­vthe, d cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­yyjv p­f­dtltyb­b­ c ghjuhf­vvf­vb­ b­p­ext­yb­z b­yétythyjuj ltkf­, rjvgm­ñnthjd b­kb­ b­yajhvf­nb­rb­; d ujhjlt b­kb­ d ctkm­crjq vtcnyjcnb­; hzljv c gkzétv b­kb­ d ujhf­ö; hzljv c hjlb­ntkm­crb­v ljvjv b­kb­ gjlf­km­it jn ytuj; d p­f­dtltyb­b­, ghtlj­cnf­dkzñotv ab­yf­ycjdeñ gjvjom­, b­kb­ d p­f­dtltyb­b­, ult vjéyj p­f­­yb­vf­nm­cz rjyrhtnysvb­ dytrkf­ccysvb­ p­f­yznb­zvb­, rf­r­nj b­uhf­nm­ d aenå­jkm­yjq rjvf­ylt, b­kb­ hf­å­jnf­nm­ yf­ eyb­dthcb­ntncrjq hf­lb­j­cnf­ywb­b­ b­kb­ d ntktcnelb­b­, d uf­p­tnt, ntf­nht b­kb­ d rb­yjcnelb­b­. Yj vyjub­t, ntv yt vtytt, cyf­xf­kf­ dså­b­hf­ñn cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ, f­ p­f­ntv b­oen extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z, ult tt kexit dctuj b­p­exf­nm­.

D jnkb­xb­t jn cb­cntv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d lheub­ö cnhf­yf­ö, ult cgtwb­f­­kb­p­f­wb­z cneltynf­ jghtltkztncz vf­nthb­f­kjv, b­p­extyysv d chtl­ytq irjkt, b­kb­ jwtyrf­vb­ yf­ dcnegb­ntkm­ysö ärp­f­vtyf­ö, d Fvt­hb­rt cneltyns å­f­p­jdjuj xtnshtöujlb­xyjuj rehcf­, rf­r ghf­db­kj, vjuen dså­b­hf­nm­ kñå­jt extå­yjt p­f­dtltyb­t b­ kñå­eñ ghtlkf­uf­tveñ

Kb­ylf Njåfi­

Uhe­ggs vjue­n å­snm å­jkmib­vb­ b­kb­ vfktymrb­vb­, ajh-vfkmysvb­ b­kb­ ytajhvfkmysvb­. Ghjatc­c­jh e­yb­dth-c­b­ntnf Åhfe­y, in. Hjl-Fqktyl, dtltn pfyznb­z.

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ghjuhf­vve jå­extyb­z. Rjytxyj, d ytrjnjhsö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­­zö, rjnjhst b­p­dtcnys cdjtq b­p­å­b­hf­ntkm­yjcnm­ñ, jxtym­ dscjrb­q rjyrehc b­ njkm­rj ytå­jkm­ijt xb­ckj b­crkñxb­ntkm­yj cgjcjå­ysö ñyjitq b­ ltdeitr c cf­vsvb­ dscjrb­vb­ gjrf­p­f­ntkzvb­ vjuen nelf­ gjcnegb­nm­. Yj lf­ét d vtytt b­p­å­b­hf­ntkm­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö rjyrehc yf­ jnltkm­yst cgtwb­f­km­yjcnb­ – rf­r, yf­ghb­vth, vtlctcnhs b­kb­ b­yétythyjt ltkj – å­eltn dsit b­ nhtå­jdf­yb­z r gjcnegf­ñob­v å­elen å­jktt cnhjub­vb­. Yj, ujdjhz d wtkjv, å­eleob­v cneltynf­v ghtljcnf­dkztncz jxtym­ å­juf­nsq dså­jh.

Xnj­ét­nf­rj­t­c­gt­wbf­kbpf­wbzdrj­kkt­lét­?

Yf­ dtå­­cf­qnt Cnäyajhlcrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ vjéyj ghjxb­nf­nm­ cktleñott: ≤Cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­z – änj jå­kf­cnm­ p­yf­yb­q, d rjnjhjq ds cjå­b­hf­tntcm­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­nm­cz dj dhtvz ghjöjéltyb­z å­f­p­jdj­uj xtnshtöujlb­xyjuj rehcf­ jå­extyb­z. Df­i dså­jh jghtltkztn, rf­rjq ghtlvtn å­eltn p­f­yb­vf­nm­ p­yf­xb­ntkm­yeñ xf­cnm­ df­ituj extå­­yjuj dhtvtyb­ b­ cb­k. Rjulf­ ds ghjqltnt dct nhtå­etvst rehcs gj dså­hf­yyjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, f­ nf­rét dsgjkyb­nt jå­ob­t nhtå­jdf­­yb­z eyb­dthcb­ntnf­, df­v å­eltn ghb­cdjtyf­ cntgtym­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­. Df­if­

cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­z ghtljcnf­db­n df­v djp­vjéyjcnm­ hf­p­db­nm­ df­ib­ yf­dsrb­ b­ ghjzdb­nm­ df­ib­ cgjcjå­yjcnb­ d gjyb­vf­yb­b­ ghtlvtnf­, yf­xb­yf­z c äktvtynf­hyjuj ehjdyz b­ lj cf­vjuj ckjéyjuj. Dså­jh ghtlvtnf­ b­p­extyb­z – änj df­éyjt kb­xyjt htityb­t.≥ [http://www..stanf­ord.edu/~susanz/Majors.html]

Dså­jh cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ hf­dyjcb­kty p­f­rkñxtyb­ñ rjynhf­rnf­ vtéle eyb­dthcb­ntnjv b­ cneltynjv j njv, xnj cneltyn jå­zp­etn­cz ghjqnb­ ghtlgb­cf­yysq rehc jå­extyb­z, cjcnjzob­q b­p­ jå­ob­ö extå­ysö nhtå­jdf­yb­q (n.t., nhtå­jdf­yb­q eyb­dthcb­ntnf­) b­ nhtå­jdf­­yb­q gj extå­yjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­. Lheub­vb­ ckjdf­vb­, ghjuhf­vvf­ jå­extyb­z d eyb­dthcb­ntnt å­eltn cjcnjznm­ yt njkm­rj b­p­ rehcjd gj jcyjdyjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­. Yf­ cf­vjv ltkt, jå­otjå­hf­p­jdf­ntkm­yst ghtlvtns b­kb­ ghtlvtns gj dså­jhe, n.t., ghtlvtns, rjnjhst cneltyn cf­v dså­b­hf­tn b­p­ hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­ysö ghtlkf­uf­tvsö rehcjd rf­r gj cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, nf­r b­ gj lheub­v yf­ghf­dktyb­zv, vjuen cjcnf­dkznm­ lj 50­60 ghjwtynjd dctö ghjöjlb­vsö lb­cwb­gkb­y. Ljkz jå­otjå­hf­p­jdf­ntkm­ysö rehcjd gj jnyjityb­ñ r rehcf­v gj cgtwb­f­km­yjcnb­ p­f­db­cb­n jn eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ b­ dså­hf­yyjq cgtwb­f­kb­­p­f­wb­b­, yj nhtå­jdf­yb­t b­p­exb­nm­ jghtltktyyjt xb­ckj jå­otjå­hf­p­j­df­ntkm­ysö ghtlvtnjd ghb­cencndetn dj dctö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö. Fvthb­rf­ycrf­z cb­cntvf­ å­f­p­jdjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z eöjlb­n rjhyzvb­

Ytvyjuj htue­kb­hjdrb­ – b­ juhjvysq vjnjh pfge­c­rftnc­z d Gtyc­b­kmdfyc­rjv ntöyjkjub­x­tc­rjv rjkktlé­t. Cnb­gtylb­z ä­njuj c­ne­ltynf b­pyfx­fkmyj ab­yfyc­b­hjdfkfc­m b­p c­htlc­nd, pfdtofyysö Åtylé­fvb­yjv Ahfyrkb­yjv.

Gä­n K

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�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

d nhf­lb­wb­b­ uevf­yb­­nf­hyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, b­ jå­otjå­hf­p­jdf­ntkm­­ysv lb­cwb­gkb­yf­v ghb­lf­tncz å­jkm­ijt p­yf­xtyb­t. Wtkm­ kñå­jq xtnshtöujlb­xyjq å­f­p­jdjq ghjuhf­vvs jå­extyb­z yf­ cntgtym­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­ – yf­exb­nm­ cneltynjd vsckb­nm­ rhb­nb­xtcrb­ b­ yf­exb­nm­ b­ö exb­nm­cz, yf­hzle c ghb­jå­htntyb­tv p­yf­yb­q d jnltkm­yjq jå­kf­cnb­ p­yf­yb­q.

Dj vyjub­ö p­f­dtlt­yb­zö cneltyns vjuen dså­hf­nm­ yt njkm­rj jc­yjdyeñ, yj b­ dnjheñ

cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ. Dnjhf­z cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­z jå­sxyj ntcyj cdzp­f­yf­ c jcyjdyjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­tq: r ghb­vthe, cneltyn vjétn b­p­exf­nm­ f­yukb­qcrb­q zp­sr d rf­xtcndt jcyjdyjq b­ lhf­vf­nb­xtcreñ kb­nthf­­nehe d rf­xtcndt dnjhjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, b­kb­ b­cnjhb­ñ d rf­xtcndt jcyjdyjq b­ gjkb­njkjub­ñ d rf­xtcndt dnjhjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, b­kb­ yf­jå­jhjn. Lkz p­f­dthityb­z extå­s ytjå­öjlb­vj ghjqnb­ ytå­jkm­ijt xb­ckj ghtlvtnjd gj dnjhjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, rjnjhst xf­cnj nf­rét p­f­cxb­nsdf­ñncz rf­r jå­zp­f­ntkm­yst ghtlvtns gj jcyjdyjq cgtwb­f­­kb­p­f­wb­b­.

D ytrjnjhsö p­f­dtltyb­zö cneltyns d ntcyjv cjnhelyb­xtcndt c rehf­njhjv vjuen hf­p­hf­å­jnf­nm­ b­ylb­db­lef­km­yeñ ghjuhf­vve cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­. Dct å­jkm­itt xb­ckj cneltynjd dså­b­hf­ñn ldt jcyjdysö cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­. Lheub­vb­ ckjdf­vb­, jyb­ jrf­yxb­df­ñn eyb­­dthcb­ntn, dsgjkyb­d nhtå­jdf­yb­z gj jå­tb­v ghjab­kb­heñob­v ghj­uhf­vvf­v. Cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ vjuen å­snm­ dp­f­b­vjcdzp­f­ys, yf­ghb­vth, rf­r ldt jå­otcndtyyst yf­erb­ – b­cnjhb­z b­ cjwb­jkjub­z, b­kb­ vjuen å­snm­ cjdthityyj hf­p­ysvb­ – crf­étv, å­b­jkjub­z b­ kb­nthf­nehf­. Xf­cnj d dså­jht ldeö jcyjdysö cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­q cneltyns b­cöjlzn b­p­ étkf­yb­z kexit gjlujnjdb­nm­cz r å­eleotq ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq rf­hm­tht b­kb­ ekexib­nm­ cdjb­ if­ycs yf­ gjcnegktyb­t d f­cgb­hf­yne­he. Yj b­yjulf­ dså­jh ldeö cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­q zdkztncz htp­ekm­nf­njv kb­xysö ghb­cnhf­cnb­q. Ytrjnjhst p­f­dtltyb­z gjp­djkzñn ghjöjlb­nm­ jå­t cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ jlyjdhtvtyyj, lheub­t nhtå­eñn gjjxthtlyjuj ghjöjéltyb­z ghjuhf­vv. D jå­otv, dhtvtyb­ yf­ gjkextyb­t cntgt­yb­ gjnhtå­etncz ytvyjuj å­jkm­it, yj cneltynf­v b­ yt ghb­ltncz rf­éleñ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ yf­xb­yf­nm­ c yekz. Pyf­xb­ntkm­yf­z xf­cnm­ jå­otjå­hf­p­jdf­ntkm­ysö ghtlvtnjd b­ lf­ét ytrjnjhst ghtlvtns gj dså­jhe å­elen p­f­cxb­nf­ys lkz dsgjkytyb­z nhtå­jdf­yb­q ghjuhf­vvs dnjhjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­.

Dct p­f­dtltyb­z xtnrj jghtltkzñn nhtå­jdf­yb­z, rjnjhsv cnelty­ns ljkéys cktljdf­nm­ lkz njuj, xnjå­s gjkexb­nm­ cntgtym­. Jå­sxyj rf­élsq ctvtcnh cneltyns dcnhtxf­ñncz c rehf­njhjv, rjnjhsq

gjvjuf­tn b­v dså­hf­nm­ ghtlvtns lkz dsgjkytyb­z nhtå­jdf­yb­q gj ghjuhf­vvt jå­extyb­z. D å­jkm­ib­ycndt eyb­dthcb­ntnjd cneltynf­v nf­rét ghtljcnf­dkzñncz dcgjvjuf­ntkm­yst b­ycnhevtyns, nf­rb­t rf­r rjynhjkm­ysq cgb­cjr nhtå­jdf­yb­q lkz gjkextyb­z cntgtyb­ b­kb­ dsgjkytyb­z ghjuhf­vvs.

Rj­ulf­yf­lj­ds­åbhf­nmc­gt­wbf­kbpf­wbñ?

Ytrjnjhst cneltyns gjcnegf­ñn d rjkktlé, njxyj jghtltkb­d­ib­cm­ c ghtlvtnjv b­p­extyb­z, lheub­t levf­ñn, xnj jghtltkb­kb­cm­, f­ nhtnm­b­ yt b­vtñn yb­rf­rjuj ghtlcnf­dktyb­z, xnj dså­hf­nm­. Åjkm­ib­y­cndj b­p­ yb­ö gjvtyzñn cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ, gj rhf­qytq vtht, jlb­y hf­p­.

Gjcrjkm­re gjxnb­ ldt nhtnb­ cneltynjd d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö dj dhtvz extå­s vtyzñn cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ, f­ ytrjnjhst ghjå­e­ñn ctå­z d xtnshtö b­kb­ gznb­ hf­p­ysö cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­zö, ytrjnj­hst eyb­dthcb­ntns ghtlgjxb­nf­ñn, xnjå­s cneltyns dså­b­hf­kb­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ njkm­rj gjckt yf­xf­kf­ jå­extyb­z. Yj lf­ét d ntö eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö, ult gjcnegf­ñob­t ljkéys erf­p­f­nm­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ ghb­ gjlf­xt ljrevtynjd, jå­sxyj d uhf­at cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ vjéyj

dså­hf­nm­ ≤yt jghtltktyf­≥. Öjnz cneltynf­v lf­tncz juhf­yb­xtyyjt dhtvz yf­ dså­jh cgtwb­f­­

kb­p­f­wb­b­, nf­r rf­r å­jkm­ib­ycndj ghjuhf­vv jå­extyb­z yf­ cntgtym­ å­f­­rf­kf­dhf­ hf­ccxb­nf­ys yf­ xtnsht ujlf­ b­ 120 p­f­xtnysö å­f­kkjd (rht­lb­njd), – cvjnhb­ dhtp­re – xf­cnj e yb­ö dct ét tcnm­ ldf­ ujlf­ yf­ nj, xnjå­s jghtltkb­nm­cz c dså­jhjv b­ ecgtnm­ djdhtvz p­f­dthib­nm­ jå­extyb­t. Rjytxyj, cneltynf­v vtcnysö rjkktlétq (extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q c ldeöktnytq ghjuhf­vvjq jå­extyb­z, gj p­f­dthityb­b­ rjnjhjq ghb­cdf­b­df­tncz cntgtym­ vkf­lituj cgtwb­f­kb­cnf­) ghb­öjlb­n­cz jghtltkznm­cz ujhf­p­lj å­scnhtt. Nf­rét cneltynf­v kexit hf­ym­it jghtltkb­nm­cz cj cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­tq, tckb­ gj dså­hf­yyjq ghjuhf­vvt p­yf­xb­ntkm­yf­z ljkz ghtlvtnjd jnyjcb­ncz r jå­kf­cnb­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­­wb­b­ (r ghb­vthe, ep­rjcgtwb­f­km­yst lb­cwb­gkb­ys b­kb­ ytrjnjhst vtlb­wb­ycrb­t cgtwb­f­km­yjcnb­) b­kb­ nhtå­etn å­jkm­ijuj xb­ckf­ ghtl­

Cne­ltynrf rfatlhs b­c­re­c­c­nd dtltn rjyc­gtrn gj fyfnjvb­b­ d Cfdfyyc­rjv rjkktlé­t b­c­re­c­c­ndf b­ lb­pfqyf, in. Lé­jhlé­b­z.

Pfyb­vfnmc­z, pfyb­vfnmc­z b­ tot hfp pfyb­vfnmc­z – nfrjdf c­e­lmå­f c­ne­ltynjd rfatlhs ve­psrb­ d db­hlé­b­yc­rjv Eyb­dthc­b­ntnt Vä­hb­ Dfib­yunjy

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�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

df­hb­ntkm­ysö rehcjd (å­f­p­jdsö rehcjd, rjnjhst cneltyn jå­zp­f­y ghjqnb­, xnjå­s p­f­gb­cf­nm­cz yf­ ghtlvtn gjdsityyjuj ehjdyz).

Rf­rds­åhf­nmc­gt­wbf­kbpf­wbñ?

Ytrjnjhst cnhf­cnyj edktrf­ñncz jghtltktyysv ghtlvtnjv. Lheub­t ghtecgtdf­kb­ d xtv­nj d chtlytq irjkt. E nhtnm­b­ö tcnm­ wtkm­ d gkf­yt rf­hm­ths, rjnjhf­z jghtltkztn cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ – r ghb­vthe, ghjatccb­z vtlctcnhs, gtlf­ujub­rf­, éb­djgb­cm­ b­kb­ b­y­étythyjt ltkj. Jlyf­rj vyjub­t cneltyns ghjcnj yt jcjp­yf­ñn cdjtuj ghb­p­df­yb­z. Öjnz, vjétn å­snm­, jyb­ ghtlcnf­dkzñn ctå­t, xtv öjntkb­ å­s p­f­yb­vf­nm­cz gjckt jrjyxf­yb­z extå­s, yj jyb­ vjuen gkjöj gjyb­vf­nm­, rf­rb­t ghtlvtns gjvjuen b­v d ljcnb­étyb­b­ b­ö å­eleob­ö wtktq. Rf­r ghf­db­kj, å­jkm­ib­ycnde ghjatccb­q gjlöjlb­n yt jlyf­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­z. Yf­ cf­vjv ltkt, vyjub­t p­f­dtltyb­z ghtle­ghtélf­ñn, xnj dså­jh rf­hm­ths b­ dså­jh cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ – änj ldf­ cjdthityyj hf­p­ysö ghjwtccf­.

Åjkm­ib­ycndj ghtgjlf­df­ntktq gjkf­uf­ñn, xnj d dså­jht cgtwb­f­­kb­p­f­wb­b­ cneltyns ljkéys b­cöjlb­nm­ b­p­ njuj, xtv jyb­ öjnzn p­f­yb­vf­nm­cz, rf­rjds b­ö cgjcjå­yjcnb­ b­ rf­r jyb­ öjnzn exb­nm­cz.

Kexib­t htcehcs, gjvjuf­ñob­t dså­hf­nm­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ, ghtlj­cnf­dkzñncz cf­vb­vb­ rjkktléf­vb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­vb­. Vyjétcndj p­f­dtltyb­q geå­kb­reñn yf­ cdjb­ö dtå­­cf­qnf­ö juhjvyjt rjkb­xtcndj b­yajhvf­wb­b­ b­ b­ycnhevtynjd, ghtlyf­p­yf­xtyysö lkz gjvjob­ d dså­jht cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­. Öjnz ytrjnjhst p­f­dtltyb­z yf­ cdjb­ö cf­qnf­ö ghtljcnf­dkzñn b­yajhvf­wb­ñ, jnyjczoeñcz njkm­rj r b­ö cjå­cndtyysv ghjuhf­vvf­v b­ eckeuf­v, vyjub­t lheub­t ghtlkf­uf­ñn b­yajhvf­wb­ñ, ghb­vtyb­veñ r eckjdb­zv kñå­juj extå­yjuj p­f­dtlt­yb­z (cv. dhtp­re).

Xf­ot dctuj lf­ñncz nf­rb­t cjdtns:• Ep­yf­qnt å­jkm­it j ctå­t. Rf­rb­t df­ib­ cb­km­yst b­ ckf­å­st cnjhj­

ys d jnyjityb­b­ extå­s? Xnj df­v yhf­db­ncz? Xnj df­c b­ynthtcetn? Rf­rb­t e df­c wtyyjcnb­? Xnj ds cjå­b­hf­tntcm­ ltkf­nm­ ytgjchtlcndty­yj gjckt jrjyxf­yb­z eyb­dthcb­ntnf­: b­lnb­ hf­å­jnf­nm­ b­kb­ exb­nm­cz d f­cgb­hf­yneht?

• Cjcnf­dm­nt jwtyre cdjtq kb­xyjcnb­ b­kb­ cdjb­ö b­ynthtcjd. Tckb­ änj ytdjp­vjéyj cltkf­nm­ d df­itq chtlytq irjkt b­kb­ d ujhjlt, jå­hf­nb­ntcm­ d Fvthb­rf­ycrb­q jå­hf­p­jdf­ntkm­ysq b­yajhvf­wb­jyysq b­kb­ rjycekm­nf­wb­jyysq wtynh d df­itq cnhf­yt. D hf­vrf­ö ghj­uhf­vvs EducationUSA ltqcndetn å­jktt 450 nf­rb­ö wtynhjd d 170 hf­p­ysö cnhf­yf­ö. [http://www.educationusa.state.gov]

• Gjctnb­nt dtå­­cf­qns rf­atlh eyb­dthcb­ntnjd; gjcvjnhb­nt, rf­rb­t cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ ghtlkf­uf­ñncz. Jwtyb­nt, rf­rb­t ghtlvtns ghtgjlf­ñncz b­ rf­rjds nhtå­jdf­yb­z lkz gjkextyb­z cntgtyb­. Yt­rjnjhst ghjatccjhf­ b­ ghtgjlf­df­ntkb­ geå­kb­reñn d Bynthytnt extå­yst gkf­ys cdjb­ö rehcjd. Xtv å­jkm­it ds cvjétnt ep­yf­nm­ j rehcf­ö b­ nhtå­jdf­yb­zö gj cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, ntv kexit.

• Rjulf­ ds ghb­tltnt d Cjtlb­ytyyst Inf­ns, gjctnb­nt rf­atlhs d eyb­dthcb­ntnt b­ gjujdjhb­nt c cjnhelyb­rf­vb­, ghtgjlf­df­ntkzvb­ b­ cneltynf­vb­.

• Pf­qlb­nt d wtynhs ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq jhb­tynf­wb­b­ b­ gjcvjn­hb­nt b­yajhvf­wb­ñ j njv, rf­rb­t ljkéyjcnb­ p­f­yzkb­ dsgecryb­rb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ b­ gj rf­rjq cgtwb­f­km­yjcnb­ jyb­ exb­kb­cm­.

• Rjulf­ ds yf­xytnt extå­e, gjghjå­eqnt hf­p­yst rehcs yf­ hf­p­ysö rf­atlhf­ö. Gjp­yf­rjvm­ntcm­ c ghtgjlf­df­ntkzvb­, rjnjhst ghtgjlf­ñn jcyjdyst rehcs gj cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, b­ ep­yf­qnt, xnj p­f­ cneltyns nf­v exf­ncz.

• Tckb­ df­v rf­étncz, xnj ds dså­hf­kb­ yt ne cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ, yt djkyeqntcm­: å­jkm­ib­ycndj cneltynjd d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö vtyzñn cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ. Yt cnjb­n lthéf­nm­cz p­f­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ, rjnjhf­z df­v yt yhf­db­ncz b­kb­ rjnjhf­z df­v yt b­ynthtcyf­.

• Yt genf­qnt dså­jh ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq rf­hm­ths c dså­jhjv cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­. Kñå­f­z cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­z gjlujnjdb­n df­c r p­f­yznb­ñ ytcrjkm­rb­ö hf­p­kb­xysö ljkéyjcntq. Rf­r yf­gb­cf­yj yf­ dtå­­cf­qnt Df­ib­yunjycrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­, ≤dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t gjlujnf­d­kb­df­tn df­c r dsöjle yf­ hsyjr nhelf­, yj yt juhf­yb­xb­df­tn df­c jghtltktyyjq ghjatccb­tq≥. [http://www.washington.edu/students/ugrad/advising/majchoos.html] ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Lä­v

b­fy

Ljdf

hut

qyc­, A

P/W

WP

Cne­ltyn e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf Rfhytub­-Vtkkjyf ghb­rhtgkztn vtlfkm yf ds-b­uhfdie­ñ ghb­p vfib­ye­ å­tp djlb­ntkz, rjnjhe­ñ tuj rjvfylf ghb­dtpkf b­p Gtyyc­b­kmdfyb­b­ yf c­jhtdyjdfyb­z d Ytdfle­.

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

DS­ÅJH CGT­wBFKBpFwBB B DS­ÅJH GHJAT­CCBJYFKm­YJq RFHm­T­HS­

Dså­jh cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ vjétn jrf­p­f­nm­cz ytghjcnsv p­f­­yznb­tv. D Cghfdjxy­brt­ gj cgt­wbfkbpfwbzv Cjdtnf­

rjkktlétq jgb­cf­yj å­jktt 900 cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­q, ghtlkf­uf­t­vsö d 3600 rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö. Öjnz ytrjnjhst ryb­ub­ vjuen gjvjxm­ df­v dså­hf­nm­ gjlöjlzoeñ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­­wb­ñ, cnjb­n nf­rét p­f­ukzyenm­ yf­ dtå­­cf­qns eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, ult vjéyj yf­qnb­ gjktp­yeñ b­ å­tcgkf­nyeñ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ.

Dct rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns geå­kb­reñn gjkyst cgb­c­rb­ djp­vjéysö cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­q b­ ghjuhf­vv jå­extyb­z yf­ cnt­gtym­ d eyb­dthcb­ntncrb­ö cghf­djxyb­rf­ö b­ yf­ cdjb­ö dtå­­cf­q­nf­ö. Xf­cnj jyb­ nf­rét ghtljcnf­dkzñn vyjuj b­yajhvf­wb­b­, b­ycnhevtynjd b­ htcehcjd, gjvjuf­ñob­ö gjyznm­ b­ dså­hf­nm­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­ñ. R ghb­vthe, yf­ cf­qnt eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ Vb­yyt­cjns tcnm­ cktleñof­z b­yajhvf­wb­z j cdzp­b­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ d eyb­dthcb­ntnt b­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq rf­hm­ths d hf­p­ltkt ≤Rjycgtrn gj dså­jhe b­ cvtyt cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­≥. [http://ucs1.ucs.umn.edu/www/majorworkbook.html]

Hfp­yst dbls c­g­twbfkbp­fwbq­Ytrjnjhst cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ ntcyj cdzp­f­ys c jghtltktyysvb­ ghjatccb­zvb­, njulf­ rf­r lheub­t yt ytcen nf­rjq jlyjp­yf­xyjq cdzp­b­. C njxrb­ p­htyb­z gjlujnjdrb­ r rf­hm­tht cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ vjéyj hf­p­ltkb­nm­ yf­ nhb­ rf­ntujhb­b­:

Yt g­hj­atc­c­bj­yfkm­yj­ j­hbtynbhj­dfyystNf­rb­t cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ yt ghtlyf­p­yf­xtys lkz gjlujnjdrb­ r jghtltktyyjq ghjatccb­b­ b­kb­ hf­å­jnt d jghtltktyyjq

jå­kf­cnb­. Nf­rf­z ghjuhf­vvf­ vjétn cnf­nm­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­­yj­jhb­tynb­hjdf­yyjq d cjxtnf­yb­b­ c jgsnjv hf­å­jns b­kb­ nheljdjq ghf­rnb­rjq. D ghb­vth vjéyj ghb­dtcnb­ nf­rb­t cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­, rf­r b­cnjhb­z, gjkb­njkjub­z b­ cjwb­jkjub­z. Lkz ytrjnjhsö änb­ cgtwb­f­km­yjcnb­ zdkzñncz gjlujnjdrjq r jå­extyb­ñ yf­ å­jktt dscjrjv ehjdyt kb­å­j eét d eckjdb­zö hf­å­jns, kb­å­j d f­cgb­hf­yneht.

Ghj­atc­c­bj­yfkm­yj­ j­hbtynbhj­dfyystGhjatccb­jyf­km­yj­jhb­tynb­hjdf­yyst cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ gjluj­nf­dkb­df­ñn cneltynjd r hf­å­jnt d jghtltktyyjq jå­kf­cnb­, yj yt r rjyrhtnyjq ghjatccb­b­. Jå­extyb­t gj nf­rjq ghjuhf­vvt gjlujnjdb­n df­c r hf­å­jnt d rf­xtcndt cnf­éthf­. Öjhjib­vb­ ghb­­vthf­vb­ zdkzñncz éehyf­kb­cnb­rf­, vtytlévtyn b­ vf­ntvf­nb­rf­.

Ghj­atc­c­bj­yfkm­ystÄnb­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ drkñxf­ñn d ctå­z gjlujnjdre r rjy­rhtnyjq hf­å­jnt b­kb­ ghjatccb­b­. Nf­rb­t ghjuhf­vvs xf­cnj hf­ccxb­nf­ys yf­ extå­yeñ gjlujnjdre r gjkextyb­ñ ghjatc­cb­jyf­km­yjq kb­wtyp­b­b­ b­kb­ cthnb­ab­rf­wb­b­. Chtlb­ ghb­vthjd vjéyj ghb­dtcnb­ gtlf­ujub­re, jå­extyb­t yf­ vtlctcnhe b­ b­yétythyjt ltkj.

N­bgjdjq cgbcjr ex­tå­ysö cgtwbfk­bpfwbq

Ctkm­c­rj­t öj­p­zq­c­ndj­Ctkm­crjöjp­zqcndtyyf­z yf­erf­Pjjntöyb­rf­Hf­cntyb­tdjlcndj b­ gjxdjdtltyb­tGhtlghb­yb­vf­ntkm­cndj b­ vtytlévtyn d ctkm­crjv öjp­zqcndtEghf­dktyb­t gf­cnå­b­oysv öjp­zqcndjvVtöf­yb­p­f­wb­z d ctkm­crjv öjp­zqcndtJdjotdjlcndjDtnthb­yf­hb­z

Dsxbc­kbntkm­yfz ntöybrfDsxb­ckb­ntkm­yf­z ntöyb­rf­ b­ b­yajhvf­wb­jyyst ntöyjkjub­b­Ghjuhf­vvb­hjdf­yb­tJå­hf­å­jnrf­ lf­yysöCb­cntvs b­ vtytlévtyn d catht b­yajhvf­wb­jyysö ntöyjkjub­qDsxb­ckb­ntkm­yf­z vf­ntvf­nb­rf­Åb­å­kb­jntrjdtltyb­tVep­tb­ b­ jöhf­yf­ rekm­nehysö wtyyjcntq

Gtlfu­j­u­brfLdezp­sxyjt/vtérekm­nehyjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t

Cgtwb­f­km­yjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tRjycekm­nb­hjdf­yb­tJå­extyb­t dp­hjcksö b­ gthtgjlujnjdrf­Yf­xf­km­yjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tLjirjkm­yjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tJå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d chtlytq irjktJå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d cnf­hib­ö rkf­ccf­ö chtlytq irjksJå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d jå­kf­cnb­ b­creccndf­, vep­srb­ b­ lhf­vf­nehub­b­Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d jå­kf­cnb­ ljvjdjlcndf­Ab­p­rekm­nehyjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t/ ab­nytcc

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d jå­kf­cnb­ yf­erGhjatccb­jyf­km­yjt b­ ghjvsiktyyjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tRjvvthxtcrjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t – å­b­p­ytccGhtgjlf­df­yb­t b­yjcnhf­yysö zp­srjdUevf­yb­nf­hyjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tJå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d jå­kf­cnb­ jå­otcndtyysö yf­erVf­ntvf­nb­xtcrjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tJå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d jå­kf­cnb­ dsxb­ckb­ntkm­yjq ntöyb­rb­Htkb­ub­jp­yjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t

Byé­tythyj­t ltkj­Fdb­f­rjcvb­xtcrf­z b­ f­db­f­wb­jyyf­z ntöyb­rf­Fcnhjyf­dnb­rf­Ctkm­crjöjp­zqcndtyyf­z ntöyb­rf­Fhöb­ntrnehyjt ghjtrnb­hjdf­yb­tÅb­jb­yétythb­zÅb­jvtlb­wb­ycrf­z ntöyjkjub­zNtöyjkjub­z ghjb­p­djlcndf­ rthf­vb­xtcrb­ö b­p­ltkb­qÖb­vb­xtcrb­t ntöyjkjub­b­Cnhjb­ntkm­yjt ltkjNtöyb­rf­ cdzp­b­Dsxb­ckb­ntkm­yf­z ntöyb­rf­Äktrnhb­xtcrjt vf­ib­yjcnhjtyb­tÄktrnhjyb­rf­Byétythyf­z utjkjub­zByétythyf­z utjab­p­b­rf­Ghjvsiktyyf­z ntöyb­rf­ b­ ghjtrnb­hjdf­yb­tNtöyjkjub­z vf­nthb­f­kjdVf­ib­yjcnhjtyb­tVtnf­kkehub­zUjhyf­z ntöyb­rf­ b­ jå­hf­å­jnrf­ vb­ythf­kjdCeljdjt vf­ib­yjcnhjtyb­tRjhf­å­ktcnhjtyb­tZlthyf­z ntöyb­rf­Ytantghjvsckjdjt ltkjUtjltp­b­z b­ rf­hnjuhf­ab­zCb­cntvysq f­yf­kb­p­ b­ cb­cntvyjt ghjtrnb­hjdf­yb­t

Ntöyj­kj­u­bb, c­dzp­fyyst c­ byé­tythysv ltkj­vXthxtyb­tFdnjvjå­b­km­yjt vf­ib­yjcnhjtyb­t b­ ntöyb­rf­Äktrnhjntöyb­rf­Äktrnhjvtöf­yb­rf­Ärjkjub­xtcrb­t ntöyjkjub­b­ b­ ntöyjkjub­b­ äythujcå­thtétyb­zNtöyb­xtcrf­z vtöf­yb­rf­Ntöyjkjub­b­ p­lhf­djjöhf­ytyb­z b­ å­tp­jgf­cyjcnb­ yf­ ghjb­p­djlcndtCnhjb­ntkm­yst ntöyjkjub­b­Fdb­f­wb­z b­ djp­leiyst gthtdjp­rb­Gthtdjp­rb­ b­ cyf­å­étyb­t

Fyu­kbq­c­rbq­ zp­sr b kbnthfnehfFyukb­qcrb­q zp­srRkf­ccb­xtcrf­z kb­nthf­nehf­ b­ rkf­ccb­xtcrjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tChf­dyb­ntkm­yf­z kb­nthf­nehf­Gb­cf­ntkm­crjt vf­cnthcndjKb­yudb­cnb­rf­Fvthb­rf­ycrf­z kb­nthf­nehf­Fyukb­qcrf­z kb­nthf­nehf­Htxm­ b­ hb­njhb­rf­Ntöyb­xtcrjt b­ ltkjdjt gb­cm­vj

Änyj­u­hfabzFahb­rf­yb­cnb­rf­Fvthb­rf­yb­cnb­rf­Änyjuhf­ab­z f­p­b­f­ncrj­ nb­öjjrtf­ycrjuj htub­jyf­Cnhf­yjdtltyb­t – Tdhjgf­Cnhf­yjdtltyb­t – Kf­nb­ycrf­z Fvthb­rf­Cnhf­yjdtltyb­t – Åkb­éyb­q DjcnjrFahj­f­vthb­rf­ycrf­z änyjuhf­ab­zÄnyjuhf­ab­z rjhtyyjuj yf­ctktyb­z Fvthb­rb­Änyjuhf­ab­z kf­nb­yjf­vthb­rf­ywtdBckf­vb­cnb­rf­Belf­b­rf­

Byj­c­nhfyyst zp­srbByjcnhf­yyst zp­srb­ b­ kb­nthf­nehf­Rb­nf­qcrb­q zp­srZgjycrb­q zp­srZp­srb­ Fp­b­b­

Ytvtwrb­q zp­srCrf­ylb­yf­dcrb­t zp­srb­Ahf­ywep­crb­q zp­srBnf­km­zycrb­q zp­srBcgf­ycrb­q zp­srGjhneuf­km­crb­q zp­srKf­nsym­Uhtxtcrb­q zp­srBdhb­nZp­srb­ Åkb­éytuj Djcnjrf­Heccrb­q zp­srCkf­dzycrb­t zp­srb­ (rhjvt heccrjuj)

Jåobt b vté­lbc­wbg­kbyfhyst yferbUevf­yb­nf­hyst yf­erb­Hf­p­htityb­t rjyakb­rnjdBccktljdf­yb­z d jå­kf­cnb­ atvb­yb­p­vf­Jå­otcndjdtltyb­tVtélb­cwb­gkb­yf­hyst yf­erb­Bylb­db­lef­km­yst cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­

VfntvfnbrfVf­ntvf­nb­rf­Frnef­hyf­z vf­ntvf­nb­rf­ (ab­yf­ycjdj­å­eöuf­knthcrb­t hf­cxtns)Ghb­rkf­lyf­z vf­ntvf­nb­rf­Cnf­nb­cnb­rf­

Dj­tyyst yferb b ec­keu­b j­öhfysDjtyyst yf­erb­Eujkjdyf­z ñcnb­wb­z b­ jöhf­yf­ ghf­djgjhzlrf­Ghjnb­djgjéf­hyf­z p­f­ob­nf­ b­ å­tp­jgf­cyjcnm­

Gfhrb b vtc­nf lkz j­nlsöfFlvb­yb­cnhf­wb­z gf­hrjdBccktljdf­yb­z d jå­kf­cnb­ cgjhnf­, jnlsöf­ b­ ljceuf­RjytdjlcndjEghf­dktyb­t jöhf­yjq jrheéf­ñotq chtlsGhjb­p­djlcndj b­ jå­hf­å­jnrf­ ktcf­Ktcyjt öjp­zqcndjVtytlévtyn d jå­kf­cnb­ lb­rjq ghb­hjls b­ hså­yjuj öjp­zqcndf­

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Ärjkjub­zYf­erf­ jå­ jöhf­yt jrheéf­ñotq chtls

Abkj­c­j­abz, htkbu­bz b åj­u­j­c­kj­dbtAb­kjcjab­zHtkb­ub­z b­ å­jujckjdb­tAb­kjcjab­z b­ htkb­ub­zÅb­å­ktqcrb­t zp­srb­Åb­å­kb­b­cnb­rf­Htkb­ub­jp­yjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tLeöjdyf­z vep­srf­Flvb­yb­cnhf­nb­dyj­öjp­zqcndtyyjt eghf­dktyb­t htkb­ub­jp­ysvb­ exhtéltyb­zvb­

Cdzp­b c­ j­åotc­ndtyyj­c­nm­ñ b ñhbc­g­heltywbzEujkjdyf­z ñcnb­wb­z b­ jöhf­yf­ ghf­djgjhzlrf­Cdzp­b­ c jå­otcndtyyjcnm­ñ/ f­lvb­yb­cnhf­wb­zCjwb­f­km­yf­z gjvjom­/cjwb­f­km­yst eckeub­

Yf­xf­km­yjt ñhb­lb­xtcrjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­tGhf­djdf­z gjvjom­

Tc­ntc­ndtyyst yferbÅb­jkjub­zÅb­jöb­vb­zÅb­jab­p­b­rf­Åjnf­yb­rf­Rktnjxyf­z b­ vjktrekzhyf­z å­b­jkjub­zVb­rhjå­b­jkjub­z/å­f­rnthb­jkjub­zPjjkjub­zVjhcrf­z å­b­jkjub­zÅb­jkjub­xtcrb­t cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­Tcntcndjp­yf­yb­tFcnhjyjvb­zFcnhjab­p­b­rf­Bp­extyb­t f­nvjcaths b­ vtntjhjkjub­zÖb­vb­zUtjkjub­zAb­p­b­rf­Yf­erf­ j p­tvkt b­ rjcvjctNtöyjkjub­b­ b­ccktljdf­yb­q

Jåotc­ndtyyst yferbFynhjgjkjub­zFhötjkjub­zRhb­vb­yjkjub­zÄrjyjvb­rf­Utjuhf­ab­zEghf­dktyb­tBcnjhb­zVtéleyf­hjlyst ltkf­/jnyjityb­zGjkb­njkjub­zGcb­öjkjub­zCjwb­jkjub­zEhå­f­yb­cnb­rf­

Bp­j­åhfp­bntkm­yst b bc­g­j­kybntkm­c­­rbt bc­rec­c­ndfHtvtcktyyb­xtcndj b­ recnf­hyjt ghjb­p­djlcndjNf­ytwLb­p­f­qyAjnjuhf­ab­zLhf­vf­nb­xtcrjt b­creccndjRb­ytvf­njuhf­ab­zBp­jå­hf­p­b­ntkm­yst b­creccndf­Vep­srf­Lb­p­f­qy b­ynthm­thf­

(Cgb­cjr cjcnf­dkty A2zcolleges.com.)

Åjkm­ib­ycndj ghjuhf­vv jå­extyb­z yf­ cntgtym­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­ hf­ccxb­nf­ys yf­ xtnsht ujlf­ jxyjuj jå­extyb­z. Gjkextyb­t

cntgtyb­ å­f­rf­kf­dhf­ gjp­djkztn yf­xf­nm­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­yeñ hf­å­jne b­kb­ ghjljkéb­nm­ jå­extyb­t d f­cgb­hf­yneht. Cntgtyb­ vkf­lituj cgtwb­f­kb­cnf­, jå­sxyj ghb­cdf­tvst vtcnysvb­ rjk­ktléf­vb­, hf­ccxb­nf­ys yf­ ldf­ ujlf­ jxyjuj jå­extyb­z. Gjckt gjkextyb­z cntgtyb­ vkf­lituj cgtwb­f­kb­cnf­ vjéyj dsqnb­ yf­ hf­å­jne b­kb­ ghjljkéb­nm­ jå­extyb­t d p­f­dtltyb­b­ c xtnshtöktn­yb­vb­ ghjuhf­vvf­vb­ jå­extyb­z.

D å­jkm­ib­ycndt ckexf­td extå­ysq ujl cjcnjb­n b­p­ ldeö ctvtc­nhjd lkb­yjq d 15 ytltkm­ rf­élsq.✶

Extå­ysq ujl jå­sxyj yf­xb­yf­tncz d f­duecnt b­kb­ ctynzå­ht b­ ghjljkéf­tncz lj vf­z b­kb­ b­ñyz; jå­sxyj d ltrf­å­ht b­kb­ zydf­­ht tcnm­ rjhjnrb­t p­b­vyb­t rf­yb­reks. Jå­extyb­t vjétn ghjöj­lb­nm­ b­ d ktnyb­q ctvtcnh d b­ñyt, b­ñkt b­/b­kb­ f­duecnt, yj, rf­r ghf­db­kj, yf­ å­f­p­jdjv ehjdyt ktnytt jå­extyb­t ytjå­zp­f­ntkm­yj.

Uj­ls j­åextybzGthdsq ujl – freshmanDnjhjq ujl – sophomoreNhtnb­q ujl – juniorXtndthnsq ujl – senior

✶ Chtlb­ lheub­ö hf­cghjcnhf­ytyysö cb­cntv ltktyb­z extå­yj­uj ujlf­ vjéyj yf­p­df­nm­ ≤nhb­vtcnhs≥, ult extå­ysq ujl ltkb­ncz yf­ nhb­ hf­dysö gthb­jlf­ gj 10–12 ytltkm­ rf­élsq, b­ ≤xtndth­nb­≥, ult ujl ltkb­ncz yf­ xtnsht hf­dysö gthb­jlf­ gj 10 ytltkm­ rf­élsq. Lkz jxyjuj jå­extyb­z cneltyn ljkéty gjctof­nm­ p­f­yznb­z öjnz å­s nhb­ b­p­ xtnshtö xtndthntq..

ExT­ÅYS­q UJL

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Lkz gjkextyb­z å­jkm­ib­ycndf­ cntgtytq å­f­rf­kf­dhf­ nhtå­e­tncz yf­å­hf­nm­ 120 p­f­xtnysö å­f­kkjd (≤rhtlb­njd≥) (180,

tckb­ rjkktlé hf­å­jnf­tn gj cb­cntvt c xtndthnzvb­). Vf­huf­htn If­nwvf­y b­p­ Ckeéå­s gj jwtyrt lf­yysö jå­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ d Vb­kejrb­, inf­n Db­crjycb­y, ghtlkf­uf­tn cktleñott jgb­cf­yb­t cb­cntvs ≤rhtlb­njd≥.

Jxyst cneltyns å­f­p­jdjuj rehcf­, rf­r ghf­db­kj, ljkéys gjkexb­nm­ yt vtym­it 15 ≤rhtlb­njd≥ p­f­ ctvtcnh, n.t., 30 ≤rhtlb­­njd≥ p­f­ ujl.

Gthdsq­ u­j­l j­åextybz: jn 1 lj 30 rhtlb­njdDnj­hj­q­ u­j­l j­åextybz: jn 31 lj 60 rhtlb­njdNhtnbq­ u­j­l j­åextybz: jn 61 lj 90 rhtlb­njdXtndthnsq­ u­j­l j­åextybz: jn 91 lj 120 rhtlb­njd

Ntj­htnbxtc­rbq­ rehc­

Jlb­y ≤rhtlb­n≥ hf­dyztncz 50 vb­yenf­v extå­yjuj dhtvtyb­ (d rkf­cct) d ytltkñ yf­ ghjnzétyb­b­ jlyjuj ctvtcnhf­ (15 yt­ltkm­). Åjkm­if­z xf­cnm­ ntjhtnb­xtcrb­ö rehcjd å­f­p­jdjuj ehjdyz ärdb­df­ktynyf­ nhtv b­kb­ xtnshtv rhtlb­nf­v rf­élsq. Nf­rb­v jå­hf­p­jv, lkz ghjöjéltyb­z ≤nhtö­rhtlb­nyjuj≥ rehcf­, cneltyn ljkéty å­eltn ghjdjlb­nm­ yf­ p­f­yznb­zö gj 50 vb­yen nhb­ hf­p­f­ d ytltkñ. E å­jkm­ib­ycndf­ cneltynjd å­f­p­jdjuj ehjdyz d rf­éljv

ctvtcnht gj gznm­ rehcjd, b­ d jå­otq cevvt jyb­ yf­å­b­hf­ñn 15 rhtlb­njd p­f­ ctvtcnh. Nf­rb­v jå­hf­p­jv, cneltyns ghjdjlzn ghb­vthyj 15 xf­cjd d ytltkñ yf­ p­f­yznb­zö. Gjvb­vj dhtvtyb­, ghjdtltyyjuj d rkf­cct, ljgjkyb­ntkm­yjt dhtvz nhf­nb­ncz yf­ gjlujnjdre, d njv xb­ckt, xntyb­t, dsgjkytyb­t ljvf­iyb­ö p­f­lf­yb­q, p­f­yznb­z d å­b­å­kb­jntrt b­ gjlujnjdrf­ r jghjcf­v b­ rjynhjkm­ysv hf­å­jnf­v.

Kfåj­hfnj­hysq­ rehc­, g­hfrnbxtc­rbq­ rehc­ b p­fyznbz d c­nelbb (bc­g­j­kybntkm­c­rj­t bc­rec­c­ndj­,

hbc­j­dfybt, é­bdj­g­bc­m­ b n.g­.)

Jlb­y ≤rhtlb­n≥ ghb­hf­dyb­df­tncz r ldev­xtnshtv 50­vb­­yenysv rkf­ccysv p­f­yznb­zv d ytltkñ d ntxtyb­t jlyjuj ctvtcnhf­. Lheub­vb­ ckjdf­vb­, yf­ p­f­yznb­zö gj kf­å­jhf­njhyjve b­kb­ ghf­rnb­xtcrjve rehce b­kb­ p­f­yznb­zö d cnelb­b­ cneltyns å­elen ghjdjlb­nm­ d ytltkñ d ldf­­xtnsht hf­p­f­ å­jkm­it dhtvtyb­ d rkf­cct, xtv yf­ p­f­yznb­zö gj ntjhtnb­xtcrjve rehce. Dytrkf­c­cyf­z gjlujnjdrf­ ghb­ änjv vb­yb­vf­km­yf­ b­kb­ yt nhtå­etncz djdct. Yf­ghb­vth, lkz ghjöjéltyb­z kf­å­jhf­njhyjuj rehcf­, p­f­ rjnjhsq cneltyn gjkexf­tn ldf­ rhtlb­nf­, ytjå­öjlb­vj å­eltn ghjdjlb­nm­ d kf­å­jhf­njhb­b­, rf­r vb­yb­vev, ldf­ hf­p­f­ d ytltkñ gj ldf­ 50­vb­yenysö gthb­jlf­.

NHT­ÅJDFYBz LKz GJKExT­YBz CNT­GT­YB ÅFRFKFDHF

Pltcm­ gthtxb­cktys njkm­rj ytrjnjhst dtå­­cf­qns f­vthb­rf­y­crb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, ghtljcnf­dkzñob­ö gjktp­yeñ b­yajh­

vf­wb­ñ lkz cneltynjd (cf­qns htrjvtyljdf­ys f­dnjhjv).

Rfkbaj­hybq­c­rbq­ eybdthc­bntn d Åthrkb [http://ls-advise.berkeley.edu/choosingmajor/intro.html] lf­tn jghtltktyb­t, xnj nf­rjt cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­z, hf­ccrf­p­sdf­tn, rf­r gjlujnjdb­nm­cz r dså­j­he cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ b­ gjlf­nm­ p­f­zdktyb­t lj rjywf­ dnjhjuj ujlf­ jå­extyb­z, hf­ccvf­nhb­df­tn ytrjnjhst ytghf­db­km­yst ghtlcnf­dkt­yb­z j cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ b­ dså­jht ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq rf­hm­ths b­ ghtlkf­uf­tn cjdtns cneltynf­v, rf­r jghtltkb­nm­ lkz ctå­z wtkm­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z.

Yf c­fq­nt eybdthc­bntnf Vbyytc­j­ns [http://ucs1.ucs.umn.edu/www/majorworkbook.html] ds yf­qltnt jghtltktyb­t cgtwb­f­­kb­p­f­wb­b­, rjnjhjt lf­tn Léjy Öjkkf­yl. Gthtxb­ckzñncz af­rnj­hs, dkb­zñob­t yf­ dså­jh cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­: b­ynthtcs, yf­dsrb­, wtyyjcnb­ b­ öf­hf­rnthyst ≤nb­gs≥ kb­xyjcntq, rjnjhst gjvjuen cneltynf­v kexit gjyznm­, r rf­rjve nb­ge jyb­ jnyjczncz b­ rf­rb­t cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ vjuen b­v gjljqnb­.

Eybdthc­bntn infnf Jrkföj­vf [http://home.okstate.edu/homepages.nsa/toc/chp15_1] hf­p­hf­å­jnf­k htcehc gjl yf­p­df­yb­tv ≤Gjlujnjdrf­ r dscitve jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ 101≥, ult vjéyj yf­qnb­ vyjuj htrjvtylf­wb­q j njv, xnj ytjå­öjlb­vj cltkf­nm­ lj yf­xf­kf­ extå­s b­ xnj yeéyj p­yf­nm­, rjulf­ yf­xb­yf­ñncz p­f­yznb­z. Nf­v nf­r­ét tcnm­ hf­p­ltk j dså­jht cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­.

Eybdthc­bntn infnf Gtyyc­bkm­dfybz [http://www.psu.edu/dus/md/mdmisper.htm] hf­ccrf­étn j hf­cghjcnhf­ytyysö p­f­å­keé­ltyb­zö d jnyjityb­b­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­q, yf­ghb­vth, j njv, xnj dså­jh cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ b­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjq rf­hm­ths – änj yt jlyj b­ nj ét, b­kb­ xnj dså­jh jlyjq cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­ yt jp­yf­xf­­tn jnrf­p­ jn dctö jcnf­km­ysö.

Gtyc­bkm­dfyc­rbq­ eybdthc­bntn [http://www.college.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_factors.html] ghtlkf­uf­tn cneltynf­v ≤rjyn­hjkm­ysq cgb­cjr≥ lkz njuj, xnjå­s jyb­ cvjukb­ jghtltkb­nm­ cdjb­ b­ynthtcs, vjnb­df­wb­b­ b­ wtkb­.

GJKT­pYS­T­ DT­Å-CFqNS­

�0 Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Nhtåj­dfybz, ghtlüzdkztvst cneltynfv yf p­fyznbzö, p­fdb­czn j­n ghtgj­lfdfntkz b ghtlvtnf, yj­, d wtkj­v, cbcntvf fvthbrfycrj­uj­ dscituj­ j­åhfp­j­dfybz ghtlgj­kfuftn frnbdyj­t ex­fcnbt cneltynf yf ctvbyfhfö b dsgj­kytybt lj­vfiybö p­flfybq yf ghj­nzétybb dctuj­ rehcf. Bnj­uj­dfz j­wtyrf x­fcnj­ j­ghtltkztncz j­nvtnrfvb p­f rj­ynhj­kmyst hfåj­ns d öj­lt ctvtcnhf b p­f ärp­fvty, f nfrét lheubvb gj­rfp­fntkzvb hf­åj­ns gj­ ghtlvtne. Fdnj­h gj­zcyztn ytrj­nj­hst bp­ bcgj­kmp­et­vsö cbcntv j­wtyrb. Kbylf Nj­åfi – lbhtrnj­h cneltyx­tcrj­q ckeéås Bycnbnenf vtéleyfhj­lyj­uj­ j­åhfp­j­dfybz.

D f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö jn cneltynjd jå­sxyj jéb­lf­tncz f­rnb­dyjt exf­cnb­t d extå­yjv ghjwtcct. Öjnz e rf­éljuj ghtgjlf­df­ntkz vjétn å­snm­ cdjq cjå­cndtyysq

cnb­km­ b­ cdjb­ nhtå­jdf­yb­z r cneltynf­v, xf­ot dctuj cneltynf­v ytjå­öjlb­vj å­eltn ghjzdkznm­ f­rnb­dyjcnm­ d extå­t. Rf­r ghf­db­kj, yf­ gthdjv p­f­yznb­b­ ghjatccjh hf­p­lf­tn cneltynf­v extå­ysq gkf­y rehcf­ b­kb­ lf­tn f­lhtc dtå­­cf­qnf­, ult jgeå­kb­rjdf­y extå­ysq gkf­y. D extå­yjv gkf­yt jgb­csdf­ñncz p­f­lf­xb­ rehcf­, dytrkf­ccyjt xntyb­t b­ p­f­lf­yb­z, cb­cntvf­ dscnf­dktyb­z jwtyjr, ghf­db­kf­ jnyjcb­ntkm­yj gjctotyb­z b­ ythtlrj jå­of­z gtlf­ujub­xtcrf­z ab­kjcjab­z b­kb­

gjlöjl ghtgjlf­df­ntkz r ghtgjlf­df­yb­ñ. Chtlb­ hf­cghjcnhf­yty­ysö nhtå­jdf­yb­q, rjnjhsö ghb­lthéb­df­ñncz ghjatccjhf­, vjéyj yf­p­df­nm­ cktleñob­t:

• Cneltyn lj­ké­ty g­j­c­tofnm­ p­fyznbz. Dj vyjub­ö p­f­dt­ltyb­zö cf­vb­ ghjatccjhf­ jghtltkzñn ghf­db­kf­ jnyjcb­ntkm­yj gjctotyb­z p­f­yznb­q. Yj vjétn å­snm­ b­ jå­of­z lkz dctuj p­f­dtlt­yb­z cb­cntvf­ gjctof­tvjcnb­; yf­ghb­vth, cneltyns yt ljkéys ghj­gecrf­nm­ å­jktt nhtö p­f­yznb­q p­f­ ctvtcnh. Ythtlrj, f­ d ytrjnjhsö p­f­dtltyb­zö jå­zp­f­ntkm­yj, p­f­ gjctof­tvjcnm­ñ p­f­yznb­zö cktlzn. Pf­xf­cneñ ghjgecr p­f­yznb­q vjétn jnhf­p­b­nm­cz yf­ b­njujdjq jwty­rt cneltynf­ (cv. dhtp­re). Gjvb­vj änjuj, ytrjnjhst ghtgjlf­df­nt­kb­ ecnhf­b­df­ñn ytjéb­lf­yyst jghjcs. Tckb­ cneltyn ghjgecrf­tn p­f­yznb­t, jy ghjgecrf­tn b­ jghjc, xnj njét vjétn gjdkb­znm­ yf­ b­njujdeñ jwtyre.

• Cneltyn lj­ké­ty åsnm­ g­j­lu­j­nj­dkty r p­fyznbñ. D extå­yjv gkf­yt ghjatccjh, rf­r ghf­db­kj, erf­p­sdf­tn dct p­f­lf­yb­z. Cneltyns ljkéys ghjxb­nf­nm­ hf­ccvf­nhb­df­tvsq vf­nthb­f­k gthtl p­f­yznb­zvb­ b­ å­snm­ d cjcnjzyb­b­ jå­celb­nm­ tuj. Byjulf­ cneltyns ljkéys cjå­hf­nm­cz d uheggs b­ dvtcnt hf­å­jnf­nm­ yf­l p­f­lf­yb­tv. D å­jkm­ib­ycndt herjdjlcnd lkz cneltynjd jnvtxf­tncz, rf­r df­éyj htuekzhyj dsgjkyznm­ p­f­lf­yb­z b­ yt jncnf­df­nm­. Jå­ütv hf­å­jns

pFYzNBz D FELBNJHBzÖ D NT­xT­YBT­ GT­HDS­Ö xT­NS­HT­Ö KT­N JÅExT­YBz

Kb­ylf Njåfi­

Cne­ltyns ljké­ys frnb­dyj e­x­fc­ndjdfnm d jå­c­e­é­ltyb­b­ d rkfc­c­t.

Vfqrk R

jyh

jq, A

P/W

WP

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

vjétn å­snm­ yf­cnjkm­rj å­jkm­ijq, xnj jå­sxyj jncnf­dib­q cneltyn eét yt d cjcnjzyb­b­ ljuyf­nm­ uhegge. Nf­r xnj jxtym­ df­éyj b­lnb­ d yjue cj dctvb­.

• Cneltyn lj­ké­ty dj­dhtvz c­lfdfnm­ dc­t p­flfybz. Jå­sx­yj jwtyrf­ p­f­ p­f­lf­yb­z, clf­yyst c jgjp­lf­yb­tv, å­eltn cyb­étyf­. Ytrjnjhst ghtgjlf­df­ntkb­ yt ghb­yb­vf­ñn p­f­lf­yb­z c jgjp­lf­yb­tv yb­ gjl rf­rb­v ghtlkjujv.

• Cneltyn lj­ké­ty exfc­ndj­dfnm­ d hfåj­nt rkfc­c­f. Yf­ å­jkm­ib­ö ktrwb­zö, ult vjétn å­snm­ å­jkm­it 200 cneltynjd, lb­crec­cb­b­ vtéle ghjatccjhjv b­ cneltynf­vb­ vjuen å­snm­ juhf­yb­xtys. Jlyf­rj yf­ å­jkm­ib­ycndt p­f­yznb­q d uheggf­ö ujhf­p­lj vtym­it yf­hjle, b­ exf­cnb­t d jå­ceéltyb­b­ ythtlrj å­eltn cjcnf­dkznm­ xf­cnm­ b­njujdjq jwtyrb­. Cneltyns ljkéys yt njkm­rj jndtxf­nm­ yf­ djghjcs, yj b­ p­f­lf­df­nm­ b­ö. Pf­lf­xf­ å­jkm­itq xf­cnb­ rehcjd – p­f­­cnf­db­nm­ cneltynjd jcvsckb­nm­ ghjöjlb­vsq vf­nthb­f­k b­ cajhvb­­hjdf­nm­ cjå­cndtyyjt vytyb­t. Lheub­vb­ ckjdf­vb­, cneltyns ljkéys yt ghjcnj dsexb­nm­ vf­nthb­f­k, yj cjcnf­db­nm­, dshf­p­b­nm­ b­ jncnjznm­ cjå­cndtyyjt vytyb­t gj ghtlvtne b­kb­ ntvt.

Yj xnj vjétn élf­nm­ cneltyn jn p­f­yznb­q? D rjkktlét å­eltn cf­vjt hf­p­yjt rjkb­xtcndj hf­p­ysö ghtlvtnjd, rjnjhst ghb­ltncz ghjöjlb­nm­. Yf­ gthdjv rehct ythtlrj yeéyj å­eltn gjctof­nm­ ktrwb­b­, yf­ rjnjhsö ghb­cencndeñn 100 b­ å­jktt cneltynjd. Yf­ nf­rb­ö ktrwb­zö c å­jkm­ib­v xb­ckjv cneltynjd xf­cnj jcdtof­tncz å­jkm­ijq jå­ütv vf­nthb­f­kf­, b­ cneltyns ljkéys nof­ntkm­yj dtcnb­ rjycgtrns. Yf­ nf­rb­ö rehcf­ö vjuen ghjdjlb­nm­cz xf­cnst jghj­cs b­ rjynhjkm­yst hf­å­jns. Djp­vjéyj, cneltyns ljkéys å­elen hf­å­jnf­nm­ d extå­ysö uheggf­ö c vtym­ib­v xb­ckjv cneltynjd, kb­å­j dcnhtxf­zcm­ c ghjatccjhjv kb­xyj, kb­å­j dsgjkyzz p­f­lf­yb­z, gjvt­otyyst d å­f­p­e lf­yysö änjuj ghtlvtnf­.

Ntv yt vtytt, å­jkm­ib­ycndj rehcjd jödf­nsdf­tn ujhf­p­lj vtym­­it cneltynjd – 30–40 xtkjdtr d rkf­cct. B p­ltcm­ jå­otyb­t vtéle cneltynf­vb­ å­eltn jxtym­ df­éyj. C gjdsityb­tv ehjdyz ckjéyjc­nb­ ghtlvtnjd hf­p­vths uheggs evtym­if­ñncz, f­ ytrjnjhst ghtl­vtns ghtgjlf­ñncz yf­ ctvb­yf­hf­ö d uheggf­ö b­p­ 10 b­kb­ vtym­it exf­cnyb­rjd. D nf­rb­ö vf­ktym­rb­ö uheggf­ö rhf­qyt df­éyf­ gjlujnjd­

Cne­ltyns hfå­jnfñn d kfå­jhfnjhb­b­ Djc­njx­yjuj vtyyjyb­nc­rjuj e­yb­dth-c­b­ntnf d Db­hlé­b­yb­b­

Yf­b­å­jktt hf­cghjcnhf­ytyyf­z cb­cntvf­ jwtyjr d Cjtlb­­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö – änj cb­cntvf­ A – F / 0 – 4, ult

A = 4B = 3C = 2D = 1 (f­vthb­rf­ycrf­z rjywtgwb­z)F = 0 (“failure” – yteljdktndjhb­ntkm­yj,

b­yjulf­ yf­p­sdf­tncz E)

Lheu­bt hfc­g­hj­c­nhfytyyst j­wtyrb:I = incomplete (ytp­f­dthityysq)W = withdrawal (jnrf­p­)WU = unofficial withdrawal (ytjab­wb­f­km­ysq jnrf­p­)Audit = ghjckeib­df­yb­t rehcf­ å­tp­ dscnf­dktyb­z

jwtyrb­, å­tp­ gjkextyb­z rhtlb­njd, gjctotyb­t p­f­yznb­q b­ dsgjkytyb­t p­f­lf­yb­q

Pass/Fail = ghjöjéltyb­t rehcf­ c dscnf­dktyb­tv p­f­xtnf­ b­kb­ ytp­f­xtnf­, å­tp­ rjyrhtnyjuj ghjöjlyjuj å­f­kkf­

Pass/No Credit = ghjckeif­nm­ rehc kb­å­j c dscnf­dkt­yb­tv p­f­xtnf­, kb­å­j å­tp­ p­f­xb­cktyb­z rhtlb­nf­; yb­rf­rb­ö jnhb­wf­ntkm­ysö å­f­kkjd

Rf­élsq ghjatccjh ecnf­yf­dkb­df­tn cdjb­ rhb­nthb­b­ lkz jwtyrb­ hf­å­jns cneltynjd b­ dscnf­dktyb­z b­njujdjq jwty­rb­ p­f­ ghtlvtn. Rf­r ghf­db­kj, ghtgjlf­df­ntkb­ jå­üzcyzñn cdjñ cb­cntve dscnf­dktyb­z jwtyrb­ d gthdsq ltym­ p­f­yz­nb­q b­ drkñxf­ñn jgb­cf­yb­t d extå­ysq gkf­y. Pf­xf­cneñ ghjatccjh jå­üzcyb­n, rf­r å­elen jwtyb­df­nm­cz rjynhjkm­­yst b­ rehcjdst hf­å­jns. Jxtym­ htlrj b­njujdf­z jwtyrf­ å­eltn jghtltkznm­cz njkm­rj jlyjq rehcjdjq hf­å­jnjq b­kb­ jlyb­v ärp­f­vtyjv; jå­sxyj jwtyrf­ crkf­lsdf­tncz b­p­ wtkj­uj hzlf­ cjcnf­dkzñob­ö. Jwtyrf­ vjétn crkf­lsdf­nm­cz b­p­ rf­rjq­kb­å­j rjvå­b­yf­wb­b­ cktleñob­ö rhb­nthb­td:

• fi exf­cnb­t d rkf­ccyjq hf­å­jnt• fi jghjcs b­ rjynhjkm­yst hf­å­jns• fi ärp­f­vty d cthtlb­yt ctvtcnhf­• fi b­njujdsq ärp­f­vty• fi b­njujdf­z rehcjdf­z hf­å­jnf­

CBCNT­VF JwT­YJR

Ajnjuhfab­z ghtljc­nfdktyf Djc­njx­ysv vtyyjyb­nc­rb­v e­yb­dthc­b­ntnjv

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

ktyyjcnm­ r p­f­yznb­ñ b­ cgjcjå­yjcnm­ f­rnb­dyj exf­cndjdf­nm­ d hf­å­jnt.Chtlb­ lheub­ö db­ljd p­f­yznb­q vjuen å­snm­ kf­å­jhf­njhyst hf­å­jns,

xf­ot dctuj gj tcntcndtyysv yf­erf­v, wtkm­ñ rjnjhsö zdkztncz ghjdtltyb­t jgsnjd. Cneltyns yf­ jnltktyb­zö b­p­jå­hf­p­b­ntkm­ysö b­creccnd vjuen jéb­lf­nm­, xnj b­p­extyb­t ytrjnjhsö ghtlvtnjd å­eltn ghjöjlb­nm­ d cnelb­b­ b­ å­eltn drkñxf­nm­ rf­r b­ ntjhb­ñ, nf­r b­ ghf­rnb­re dsgjkytyb­z rf­rjuj­kb­å­j ghjtrnf­. Fyf­kjub­xyj änjve, vyjub­t rkf­ccs lkz nf­ywjhjd, f­rnthjd, gtdwjd b­ vep­srf­ynjd å­elen cjchtljnjxtys yf­ eghf­éytyb­zö b­ dscnegktyb­zö.

Cneltyns vjuen ljujdjhb­nm­cz j ghjöjéltyb­b­ ytrjnjhsö rehcjd gj b­ylb­db­lef­km­ysv gkf­yf­v. Jå­sxyj cneltyn dvtcnt c ghjatccjhjv hf­p­hf­å­f­nsdf­tn nf­rjq extå­ysq gkf­y, drkñxf­ñob­q

ghjdtltyb­t b­ccktljdf­yb­q, gjlujnjdre rehcjdjq hf­å­jns b­ hf­cgb­­cf­yb­t dcnhtx c ghjatccjhjv yf­ ghjnzétyb­b­ ctvtcnhf­.

Dct å­jkm­it eyb­dthcb­ntnjd ghtljcnf­dkztn cneltynf­v dså­jh ajhvs jå­extyb­z: jxyst rehcs (kb­xyjt gjctotyb­t) b­kb­ By­nthytn­rehcs (lb­cnf­ywb­jyyjt jå­extyb­t). Ythtlrj cneltyns ghjöjlzn ytrjnjhst rehcs d jxyjq ajhvt, f­ ytrjnjhst – xthtp­ Bynthytn. Yj lf­ét d eckjdb­zö nhf­lb­wb­jyysö p­f­yznb­q ghjatccj­hf­ dct xf­ot gjkm­p­eñncz Bynthytnjv lkz geå­kb­rf­wb­b­ ljgjkyb­­ntkm­yjq b­yajhvf­wb­b­ b­ ljvf­iyb­ö p­f­lf­yb­q, f­ nf­rét hf­p­vtof­ñn d Bynthytnt ccskrb­ yf­ ljgjkyb­ntkm­yst htcehcs. Gjänjve ytjå­öjlb­vj jcdjb­nm­cz c ltqcndeñotq d extå­yjv p­f­dtltyb­b­ äktrnhjyyjq cb­cntvjq.

Lkz ytrjnjhsö cneltynjd xf­cnm­ jå­extyb­z vjétn ghjqnb­ d db­lt nheljdjq ghf­rnb­rb­. Wtkm­ñ nf­rjq ghf­rnb­rb­ zdkztncz gjlrhtgkt­yb­t ntjhtnb­xtcrb­ö p­yf­yb­q ghf­rnb­xtcrb­vb­ yf­dsrf­vb­, f­ nf­rét djp­vjéyjcnm­ lkz cneltynjd jwtyb­nm­, gjlöjlb­n kb­ b­v änf­ jå­kf­cnm­ ltzntkm­yjcnb­. Jå­sxyj cneltyns hf­å­jnf­ñn d rjvgf­yb­zö, ntcyj cdzp­f­yysö c jå­kf­cnm­ñ b­ö cgtwb­f­kb­p­f­wb­b­. Tckb­ p­f­ ghf­rnb­re vjéyj gjkexb­nm­ ≤rhtlb­n≥ d cxtn gjkextyb­z cntgtyb­, njulf­ xf­ot dctuj cneltynf­v ytjå­öjlb­vj exf­cndjdf­nm­ d gthb­jlb­xtcrb­ö dcnht­xf­ö uheggs lkz jå­ceéltyb­z jgsnf­, gjkextyyjuj d öjlt ghf­rnb­­rb­. Ghf­rnb­rf­ vjétn å­snm­ jgkf­xb­df­tvjq, yj å­jkm­if­z xf­cnm­ dct ét

yt jgkf­xb­df­tncz b­kb­ jgkf­xb­df­tncz gj vb­yb­veve. D ytrjnjhsö jå­kf­cnzö, r ghb­vthe, d b­yétythyjv ltkt, cneltynf­v yf­cnjzntkm­yj htrjvtyletncz ghjöjlb­nm­ nheljdeñ ghf­rnb­re yf­ ktnyb­ö rf­yb­­rekf­ö. Rf­r ghf­db­kj, p­f­ ktnyññ ghf­rnb­re extå­ysq ≤rhtlb­n≥ yt p­f­cxb­nsdf­tncz.

Tot jlyf­ äaatrnb­dyf­z vjltkm­ drkñxf­tn hf­å­jne yf­ jå­otcndty­yjv gjghb­ot d ghjuhf­vvs jå­extyb­z b­kb­ ghtljcnf­dkztn cnelty­nf­v djp­vjéyjcnm­ p­f­yb­vf­nm­cz jå­otcndtyyjq hf­å­jnjq d rf­xtcndt äktvtynf­ extå­yjuj gkf­yf­. D jå­otcndtyyjq hf­å­jnt jcjå­jt dyb­vf­­yb­t eltkztncz ghb­vtytyb­ñ gjkextyysö ntjhtnb­xtcrb­ö p­yf­yb­q yf­ ghf­rnb­rt lkz htityb­z ghjå­ktv rjyrhtnyjuj xtkjdtxtcrjuj rjkktrnb­df­. Nf­rf­z ghjuhf­vvf­ ghb­p­df­yf­ yt njkm­rj jrf­p­f­nm­ gjvjom­ kñlzv, cajhvb­hjdf­nm­ e cneltynjd uhf­élf­ycreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm­, yj b­ cgjcjå­cndjdf­nm­ hf­p­db­nb­ñ e yb­ö ghb­dsxtr b­ yf­dsrjd xktyjd ltvjrhf­nb­xtcrjuj jå­otcndf­. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Rjvyfnf d c­ne­ltyx­tc­rjv jå­oté­b­nb­b­ – ä­nj vtc­nj lkz c­yf, e­x­tå­s b­ jnlsöf d Eyb­dthc­b­ntnt Lé­jyc­jyf C. Cvb­nf d Ctdthyjq Rfhjkb­yt

Ajnjuhfab­z ghtljc­nfdktyf Eyb­dthc­b­ntnjv Lé­jyc­jyf C. Cvb­nf

Änb­ c­ne­ltyns å­b­pytc­-irjks Eyb­dthc­b­ntnf Ctdthyjq Rfhjkb­ys d Ifhkjnnt c­ke­ifñn ktrwb­ñ d fe­lb­njhb­b­ d db­lt fvab­ntfnhf – jlyjuj b­p c­fvsö hfpysö nb­gjd fe­lb­njhb­q d fvthb­rfyc­rb­ö rjkktlé­fö.

Eä­ql Åhe­njy/Eyb­dthc­b­ntn Ctdthyjq Rfhjkb­ys Ifhkjnn

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Chtlcndf yf j­åex­tybt åj­kmibycndf fvthbrfycrbö cnelty­nj­d cj­cnfdkzñncz bp­ ctvtqysö cåthtétybq, ccel, uhfynj­d b p­fhfåj­nrj­d. E byj­cnhfyysö cneltynj­d yt dctulf tcnm nfrbt dj­p­vj­éyj­cnb, b d änj­q cnfnmt vs ghtlkfuftv dfv cj­dtns j­ nj­v, ult vj­éyj­ yfqnb byaj­hvfwbñ j­ abyfycj­dj­q gj­llthé­rt.

Exb­nm­cz d f­vthb­rf­ycrjv rjkktlét b­kb­ eyb­dthcb­ntnt jxtym­ ljhjuj. Ujl d jlyjv b­p­ dtleob­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd c xtnshtö­ktnytq ghjuhf­vvjq vjétn cnjb­nm­ lj 50 nsczx ljkkf­hjd,

yt exb­nsdf­z ljgjkyb­ntkm­yst p­f­nhf­ns yf­ éb­km­t, nhf­ycgjhn b­ lhe­ub­t hf­cöjls yf­ éb­p­ym­. Rjytxyj, ceotcndeñn å­jktt ltitdst df­hb­­f­yns d rjkktléf­ö, rjnjhst nf­rét lf­ñn jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t yf­ öjhjitv ehjdyt. Gjctotyb­t å­jkm­itq xf­cnb­ xtnshtöujlb­xysö rjkktlétq jå­jqltncz df­v yt vtytt xtv d 10 nsczx ljkkf­hjd d ujl, f­ vyjub­t gjgf­lf­ñn d rf­ntujhb­ñ jn 20 lj 30 nsczx ljkkf­hjd d ujl. Jgkf­nf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z ltnzv cnf­kf­ jlyjq b­p­ jcyjdysö cnf­ntq hf­cöjljd f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö ctvtq. Vyjub­t yf­xb­yf­ñn jnrkf­lsdf­nm­ cå­thtétyb­z c vjvtynf­ hjéltyb­z ltntq, f­ d ytrjnjhsö inf­nf­ö ltqcndeñn gj­johb­ntkm­yst ghjuhf­vvs yf­ cå­thtuf­ntkm­yst drkf­ls.

Yj ytjå­öjlb­vj jnvtnb­nm­, xnj ghb­ dctq ljhjujdb­p­yt gjkext­yb­z jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, hf­cöjls yf­ ghtljcnf­dktyb­t jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z tot

ét dsit. Cnjb­vjcnm­ cjlthéf­yb­z p­lf­yb­q, jå­jheljdf­yb­z b­ cjnhel­yb­rjd dct dhtvz hf­cntn, f­ c ghb­vtytyb­tv yjdsö ntöyjkjub­q htp­rj djp­hf­cnf­ñn hf­cöjls yf­ kf­å­jhf­njhb­b­ b­ lheub­t cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­­hjdf­yyst p­lf­yb­z. Eyb­dthcb­ntns b­ rjkktléb­ gjcnjzyyj å­jhñncz p­f­ ab­yf­ycjdeñ gjllthére cj cnjhjys jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­q, rjhgjhf­wb­q b­ ghjvsiktyyjcnb­, f­ nf­rét vtcnysö jhuf­yjd eghf­dktyb­z, f­lvb­­yb­cnhf­wb­b­ inf­nf­ b­ atlthf­km­yjuj ghf­db­ntkm­cndf­.

B dct ét lkz å­eleob­ö cneltynjd cnjb­vjcnm­ gjctotyb­z eyb­dth­cb­ntnf­ vjétn dsukzltnm­ geuf­ñot. Ytrjnjhst cneltyns hf­å­jnf­ñn dj dhtvz extå­s d chtlytq irjkt b­kb­ rjkktlét, xnjå­s p­f­hf­å­j­nf­nm­ yf­ jgkf­ne jå­extyb­z d rjkktlét b­kb­ yf­ lheub­t hf­cöjls, nf­rb­t rf­r extå­yb­rb­, nhf­ycgjhn b­kb­ éb­km­t. Xnjå­s djp­vtcnb­nm­ p­f­nhf­ns, rjkktléb­ gjvjuf­ñn cneltynf­v ecnhjb­nm­cz yf­ hf­å­jne kb­å­j yf­ rf­vgect, kb­å­j d hf­qjyt. Jnxf­cnb­ ecgtö vtcnysö rjkkt­létq jå­üzcyztncz ntv, xnj jyb­ gjp­djkzñn hf­å­jnf­ñob­v dp­hjc­ksv exb­nm­cz d dtxthytt dhtvz b­kb­ d dsöjlyst lyb­, kb­å­j rf­rb­v­yb­å­elm­ lheub­v jå­hf­p­jv cjdvtof­nm­ jxyjt b­kb­ p­f­jxyjt jå­extyb­t c hf­å­jnjq yf­ gjkysq b­kb­ ytgjkysq hf­å­jxb­q ltym­. Cj dhtvty Dnjhjq vb­hjdjq djqys å­jkm­ib­v ghtb­veotcndjv ckeéå­s d f­h­vb­b­ å­skf­ jgkf­nf­ jå­extyb­z gj ≤Pf­rjye j GI≥, cjukf­cyj rjnjhjve f­vthb­rf­ycrb­v cjklf­nf­v (rjnjhsö yf­p­sdf­ñn “government issue”, ≤rf­p­tyyjt b­veotcndj≥, cjrhf­otyyj GI) ghtljcnf­dkztncz ab­­

CNJBVJCNm­ JÅHFpJDFYBz D CJT­LBYT­YYS­Ö INFNFÖ

Dsge­c­ryb­rb­ å­kfujlfhzn c­djb­ö vfve­ b­ gfge­ pf dc­t nt é­thnds, yf rjnjhst jyb­ ljké­ys å­skb­ gjqnb­, x­njå­s lfnm b­v jå­hfpjdfyb­t.

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�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

yf­ycjdf­z gjvjom­ lkz gjkextyb­z dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, rjnjhjt b­yf­xt å­skj å­s ytljcnegyj vyjub­v b­p­ änb­ö cjklf­n­dtnthf­yjd.

Ceotcndeñn ldf­ jcyjdysö b­cnjxyb­rf­ ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­z dscit­uj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, gjvb­vj chtlcnd ctvm­b­ b­ cå­thtétyb­q: ccels b­ uhf­yns. Ccels – änj jljkétyyst chtlcndf­, rjnjhst ytjå­öjlb­vj dthyenm­ c ghjwtynf­vb­, öjnz ghjwtyns yf­ cneltyxtcrb­t ccels yb­ét, xtv yf­ ytrjnjhst lheub­t db­ls ccel. Gjckt jrjyxf­yb­z eyb­dthcb­ntnjd vyjub­t hf­å­jnyb­rb­ d gthdst ujls hf­å­jns p­f­yzns dsgkf­njq cneltyxtcrb­ö ljkujd. Uhf­yns, d njv xb­ckt b­ cnb­gtylb­b­ – änj ltym­ub­ d gjlf­hjr, b­ djp­dhf­of­nm­ b­ö yt yeéyj, yj jå­sxyj lkz gjkextyb­z uhf­ynf­ cneltyns ljkéys cjjndtncndjdf­nm­ ytrjnj­hjve rhb­nthb­ñ, rf­r nj gjcnjzyyj gjkexf­nm­ ljcnf­njxyj dscjrb­t jwtyrb­ b­kb­ ljrf­p­f­nm­ ab­yf­ycjdeñ yeéle ctvm­b­. Cnb­gtylb­b­, rf­r ghf­db­kj, yeéyj p­f­ckeéb­nm­, jyb­ ghb­ceélf­ñncz p­f­ ljcnb­étyb­z d extå­t, cgjhnt b­kb­ jå­otcndtyyjq hf­å­jnt b­kb­ gj lheub­v rhb­nt­hb­zv, gjl rjnjhst gjlöjlb­n cneltyn b­kb­ tuj/tt ctvm­z. Ghjwtcc gjb­crf­ b­ jå­hf­otyb­z p­f­ änb­vb­ chtlcndf­vb­ ljcnf­njxyj ckjéty, b­ vjétn lf­ét jngeuyenm­ ctvm­b­. D rjkktléf­ö, chtlyb­ö irjkf­ö b­ lheub­ö jhuf­yb­p­f­wb­zö ceotcndeñn ckeéå­s, jrf­p­sdf­ñob­t gjvjom­ cneltynf­v d gjb­crt b­cnjxyb­rjd ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­z.

Tot å­jktt ckjéysv änjn ghjwtcc rf­étncz cneltynf­v b­p­ lheub­ö cnhf­y, rjnjhst öjnzn exb­nm­cz d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. Dj vyj­ub­ö cnhf­yf­ö jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t å­tcgkf­nyj b­kb­ jxtym­ ltitdj, ujhf­p­lj ltitdkt, xtv d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö. Rf­rb­t df­hb­f­yns ljcnegys b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v, rjnjhst öjnzn exb­nm­cz d Fvthb­rt, yj rjnjhst yt jnrkf­lsdf­kb­ ltym­ub­ yf­ dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t, yf­xb­yf­z c gthdjuj rkf­ccf­ irjks?

D ctynzå­hm­crjv dsgecrt äktrnhjyyjuj éehyf­kf­ p­f­ änjn ujl gjl yf­p­df­yb­tv ≤Lj dcnhtxb­ d CIF≥ [http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0905/ijpe/ijpe0905.htm] jcdtof­kb­cm­ djghjcs cneltynjd j gj­tp­lrf­ö Cjtlb­ytyyst Inf­ns b­, d xf­cnyjcnb­, jcjå­tyyj gjlhjå­yj hf­ccvf­nhb­df­kb­cm­ db­p­jdst djghjcs. Ytycb­ Rtntre, rjycekm­nf­yn gj djghjcf­v jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d cnhf­yf­ö Fahb­rb­, hf­å­jnf­ñof­z d jn­ltktyb­b­ Ujcelf­hcndtyyjuj ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ d Frrht, Uf­yf­, yf­gb­cf­kf­ cnf­nm­ñ ≤Dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF: ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­t≥. Vs ht­

rjvtyletv jp­yf­rjvb­nm­cz c änjq cnf­nm­tq, lf­ b­ cj dctv dsgecrjv. Yb­ét vs ghb­djlb­v jcyjdyst gjkjétyb­z änjq cnf­nm­b­.

Ds öjnb­nt exb­nm­cz d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö? Djp­vjéyj, ds jå­­hf­nb­kb­ dyb­vf­yb­t yf­ nj, xnj cnjb­vjcnm­ jå­extyb­z d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö dsit, xtv d cnhf­yf­ö, ult cb­cntvf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z yf­öjlb­ncz d dtltyb­b­ ujcelf­hcndf­, rjnjhjt wtynhf­kb­p­jdf­yyj eghf­dkztn tñ. Yj vs yf­lttvcz, xnj ds nf­rét p­f­vtnb­kb­, xnj dkjétyyst d f­vthb­­rf­ycrjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t chtlcndf­ ghb­yjczn juhjvyst lb­db­ltyls, nf­r xnj gjkexf­tncz, xnj drkf­lsdf­nm­ ltym­ub­ d gjkextyb­t jå­hf­p­jdf­­yb­z p­ltcm­ dsujlyj.

Djn ytcrjkm­rj cgjcjå­jd rjynhjkb­hjdf­yb­z df­ib­ö hf­cöjljd yf­ jå­extyb­t d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö:• Wtynhs EducationUSA, ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥, gjllthéb­df­tvst

Ujcelf­hcndtyysv ltgf­hnf­vtynjv CIF, cnf­yen df­ib­v jab­wb­­f­km­ysv b­cnjxyb­rjv b­yajhvf­wb­b­. Yf­qnb­ å­kb­éf­qib­q r df­v wtynh EducationUSA vjéyj yf­ cf­qnt www. educationUSA.state.gov/centers.htm.

• D wtynhf­ö EducationUSA cnjb­n gjb­crf­nm­ ldf­ cktleñob­ö b­p­lf­­yb­z: The College Board International Student Handbook, f­ nf­rét ryb­ue b­p­lf­ntkm­cndf­ ≤Gb­nthcjyc≥ Applying to Colleges and Universit-ies in the United States.

• Htcehcs, ghtljcnf­dkztvst f­vthb­rf­ycrb­v ghf­db­ntkm­cndjv: å­jkm­ib­ycndj f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö ujcelf­hcndtyysö ghjuhf­vv ghtl­yf­p­yf­xtyj lkz f­cgb­hf­ynjd. Herjdjlcndj ghjuhf­vvf­vb­ jceot­cndkztncz jnltkf­vb­ gj cdzp­zv c jå­otcndtyyjcnm­ñ d f­vthb­rf­y­crb­ö gjcjkm­cndf­ö b­kb­ Futyncndjv CIF gj vtéleyf­hjlyjve hf­p­db­nb­ñ yf­ jcyjdf­yb­b­ ldecnjhjyyb­ö cjukf­ityb­q.

• Futyncndf­, ghtljcnf­dkzñob­t cnb­gtylb­b­: Jcnjhjéyj^ Ceotcn­detn vyjétcndj af­km­ib­dsö f­utyncnd. Ghb­ jå­otyb­b­ c f­utyncn­df­vb­ cktletn cjå­kñlf­nm­ jcyjdyjt ghf­db­kj: jnyjcb­ntcm­ rhf­qyt jcnjhjéyj r f­utyncndf­v, rjnjhst å­then gkf­ne p­f­ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ, dyt p­f­db­cb­vjcnb­ jn njuj, yf­crjkm­rj dgtxf­nkzñot dsukzlzn b­ö b­p­lf­yb­z b­ yf­crjkm­rj eå­tlb­ntkm­yj p­dexf­n uf­hf­ynb­b­. ■

Gkf­nf­ p­f­ jå­extyb­t – änj njkm­rj yf­xf­kj df­ib­ö rf­gb­nf­kjdkjétyb­q d f­vthb­rf­ycrjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t. Jå­ob­t hf­cöjls nf­rét drkñxf­ñn d ctå­z eyb­dthcb­ntncrb­t dp­yjcs, ytrjnjhst b­p­ rjnjhsö gkf­nzn dct cneltyns, f­ lheub­t cdzp­f­ys c jghtltktyysvb­ dså­hf­yysvb­ ghtlvtnf­vb­. Gjvb­vj änjuj cneltyns jgkf­xb­df­ñn éb­km­t, extå­yb­rb­, ghjxb­t ghb­yf­lkté­yjcnb­, tle, vtlb­wb­ycreñ cnhf­öjdre b­ vtlb­wb­ycrjt jå­ckeéb­df­yb­t, gjdctlytdyst nhf­ycgjhnyst hf­cöjls, d njv xb­ckt, gf­hrjdre, b­ hf­cöjls yf­ gjtp­lrb­ vtéle ljvjv b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjv, gjkm­p­jdf­yb­t ntktajyjv b­ Bynthytnjv b­ lheub­t hf­c­öjls. Rf­r ghf­db­kj, d inf­ncrb­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­zö gkf­nf­ p­f­ jå­extyb­t c b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd dp­b­vf­tncz gj å­jktt dscjrjve nf­hb­ae, rf­r lkz cneltynjd, ghjéb­df­ñob­ö dyt inf­nf­, d rjnjhjv yf­öjlb­ncz p­f­dtltyb­t.

Cnjb­n nf­rét extcnm­ nj, xnj ds drkf­lsdf­tnt cdjt dhtvz, dtlm­ tckb­ ds exb­ntcm­, ds yt hf­å­jnf­tnt, f­ p­yf­xb­n, nthztnt ljöjl. Lf­ét tckb­ cneltyn hf­å­jnf­tn, rf­r ghf­db­kj, änf­ hf­å­jnf­ d ntxtyb­t ytgjkyjq ytltkb­ b­ jgkf­xb­df­tncz yb­ét, xtv hf­å­j­nf­ yf­ gjkyeñ cnf­dre. Yb­étghb­dtltyyf­z nf­å­kb­wf­ lf­tn å­eleob­v cneltynf­v b­ b­ö hjlb­ntkzv jå­oeñ b­ltñ j cnjb­vjcnb­ jå­extyb­z.

GKFNF pF JÅExT­YBT­ B LHEUBT­ GKFNT­ÉB GJ CHFDYT­YBñ­ C JÅoBVB HFCÖJLFVB YF DS­CIT­T­ JÅHFpJDFYBT­

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Dpyjc pf gjlfxe pfzd­kt­ybz

Dcnegbnt­km­yst­ är­pfvt­ys

Gkfnf pf jåext­ybt­

Gjplyzz ht­ubcnhfwbz

Ébkm­t­

Gbnfybt­

Vt­cnysq nhfycgjhn

Gkfnf pf gjkm­pjd­fybt­ cgjhnbd­ysv pfkjvPfvt­yf cnelt­yxt­cr­juj ghjgecr­f

Gjt­plr­f lj eybd­t­hcbnt­nf b jåhfnyj

Ljgjkybnt­km­yst­ hfcöjls yf vfibye

Fd­njvjåbkm­yfz cnhföjd­r­f

Gfhr­jd­r­f

Hfpd­kt­xt­ybz

Vbr­hjabkm­vs

Rct­hjr­jgbb

Gkfnf pf gjkm­pjd­fybt­

åbåkbjnt­r­jq

Ljr­evt­yn, cjlt­héfobq

cd­t­lt­ybz jå jwt­yr­fö

Ext­åybr­b/r­fywt­kzhcr­bt­ ghbyflkt­éyjcnb

Bnjuj

Hf­cöjls Cnjb­vjcnm­Rjkb­xtcndj ctvtcnhjd Bnjuj

Ghb­vthysq å­ñlétn gjctotyb­z rjkktléf­

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

DJpVJÉYS­T­ BCNJxYBRB ABYFYCJDJq GJVJoB

Ärcgthn cj­dtnetn, ult byj­cnhfyyst cneltyns, d j­cj­åtyyj­c­nb fcgbhfyns, vj­uen yfqnb abyfycj­deñ gj­vj­om, b lftn htrj­vtylfwbb, rfr ghfdbkmyj­ cj­cnfdbnm p­fzdktybz. Vfhnbyf Iekmwt – cgtwbfkbcn gj­ dj­ghj­cfv rekmnehs d Utythfkmyj­v rj­ycekmcndt CIF d Ufvåehut, Uthvfybz, b rj­ycekmnfyn gj­ dj­ghj­cfv j­åhfp­j­dfybz d ≤Fvthbrfp­tynhev≥ d Ufvåehut.

Åjktt gznb­cjn nsczx b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd rf­élsq ujl gjcnegf­ñn d f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns. Gj cdtltyb­zv Bycnb­nenf­ vtéleyf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, jrjkj

67 ghjwtynjd b­p­ yb­ö jgb­hf­ñncz yf­ chtlcndf­ ctvm­b­ d jgkf­nt cdjt­uj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d Fvthb­rt. Ntv yt vtytt, jå­hf­otyb­t p­f­ cjjndtncn­deñotq ab­yf­ycjdjq gjvjom­ñ lkz vyjub­ö zdkztncz df­éytqitq xf­cnm­ñ ghjwtccf­ gjlf­xb­ p­f­zdktyb­z. D chtlytv, b­yjcnhf­yysv cne­ltynf­v d Fvthb­rt ghb­ltncz nhf­nb­nm­ jn 16 lj 46,5 nsczx ljkkf­hjd p­f­ extå­ysq ujl yf­ jgkf­ne jå­extyb­z b­ hf­cöjljd yf­ ghjéb­df­yb­t.

Ult­byj­c­nhf­yys­t­c­nelt­yns­vj­uengj­kexbnma­byf­yc­j­deñgj­vj­om?

Gjvb­vj cjå­cndtyysö chtlcnd, jcyjdysvb­ b­cnjxyb­rf­vb­ ab­yf­ycjdjq gjllthérb­ zdkzñncz ghb­yb­vf­ñob­t f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns, ljkz rjnjhsö chtlb­ dctö b­cnjxyb­rjd ab­yf­ycb­hjdf­yb­z cjcnf­dkztn 23 ghjwtynf­, b­ ghf­db­ntkm­cndj b­kb­ eyb­dthcb­ntn yf­ hjlb­yt, ljkz rjnjhsö cjcnf­dkztn 2,4 ghjwtynf­. Jlyf­rj tckb­ chf­dyb­nm­ lf­yyst lkz cneltynjd å­f­p­jdjuj rehcf­ b­ f­cgb­hf­ynjd, rf­hnb­yf­ hf­lb­rf­km­yj vtyztncz. Njkm­rj jrjkj 10 ghjwtynjd b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd å­f­p­jdjuj rehcf­ gjkexf­ñn ab­yf­ycjdeñ gjllthére jn ghb­yb­vf­ñotuj f­vthb­rf­ycrjuj p­f­dt­ltyb­z, yj chtlb­ f­cgb­hf­ynjd änf­ wb­ahf­ cjcnf­dkztn 41 ghjwtyn. Vyjub­t b­p­ f­cgb­hf­ynjd hf­å­jnf­ñn f­ccb­cntynf­vb­ ghjatccjhf­ b­kb­ kf­å­jhf­ynf­vb­ d b­ycnb­nenf­ö c jå­ib­hyjq yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­­ntkm­crjq å­f­p­jq b­kb­ d hf­vrf­ö ljrnjhcrb­ö ghjuhf­vv. Åjktt njuj, ljrnjhcrb­t ghjuhf­vvs hf­cgjkf­uf­ñn å­jkm­ib­vb­ chtlcndf­vb­, xtv vf­ub­cnthcrb­t, f­ rf­atlhs njxysö yf­er – å­jkm­ib­vb­ chtlcndf­vb­, xtv jå­otcndtyyst b­ uevf­yb­nf­hyst. Rf­r ghf­db­kj, å­jkm­it chtlcnd ljcnegyj b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v, gjcnegf­ñob­v yf­ f­rf­ltvb­xtc­rb­t ghjuhf­vvs, xtv yf­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­yst. Yf­ dnjhjv ujle jå­ext­yb­z if­ycs yf­ gjkextyb­t ab­yf­ycjdjq gjvjob­ jn ghb­yb­vf­ñotuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ djp­hf­cnf­ñn.

Rf­rj­uj­hj­lf­a­byf­yc­j­deñgj­vj­omvj­éyj­gj­kexbnmbpf­vt­hbrf­yc­rböbc­nj­xybrj­d?

Byjcnhf­yyst cneltyns å­f­p­jdjuj rehcf­ vjuen jå­hf­nb­nm­cz p­f­ gjkextyb­tv cnb­gtylb­q, xf­cnb­xyj gjrhsdf­ñob­ö hf­cöjls yf­

gkf­ne p­f­ jå­extyb­t, f­ nf­rét vjuen ghtntyljdf­nm­ yf­ gjkextyb­t cnb­­gtylb­q lkz cgjhncvtyjd b­ cneltyxtcrb­ö ccel. Fcgb­hf­yns vjuen hf­å­jnf­nm­ f­ccb­cntynf­vb­ ghjatccjhf­, kf­å­jhf­ynf­vb­, cjnhelyb­rf­vb­ f­lvb­yb­cnhf­wb­b­, f­ nf­rét vjuen jå­hf­nb­nm­cz p­f­ gjkextyb­tv cnb­gty­lb­b­ jn xf­cnyjuj b­kb­ inf­ncrjuj eyb­dthcb­ntnf­. Fcgb­hf­yns nf­rét vjuen dp­znm­ ccele yf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t.

Rf­rghf­dbkmyj­j­åhf­nbnmc­zpf­a­byf­yc­j­dj­qgj­vj­omñ?

Yf­xb­yf­qnt ujnjdb­nm­cz b­ f­yf­kb­p­b­hjdf­nm­ djp­vjéyjcnb­ p­f­å­kf­uj­dhtvtyyj, kexit p­f­ gjknjhf­ ujlf­ lj ghtlgjkf­uf­tvjuj yf­xf­kf­ p­f­yz­nb­q. Ep­yf­qnt, rf­rb­t cnb­gtylb­b­ ghtlkf­uf­tn df­it ghf­db­ntkm­cndj b­ eyb­dthcb­ntn, b­ p­f­å­kf­ujdhtvtyyj gjlf­qnt p­f­zdktyb­t.

Bccktleqnt djp­vjéyjcnb­: gjctnb­nt rjycekm­nf­nb­dysq wtynh, cj­nhelyb­xf­ñob­q c EducationUSA, b­ b­p­exb­nt cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­yyst cghf­djxyb­rb­ gj f­vthb­rf­ycrb­v rjkktléf­v b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­v b­ b­ynthtceñob­v df­c rf­atlhf­v, ult vjéyj ep­yf­nm­, d rf­rjv jå­ütvt ghtljcnf­dkztncz ab­yf­ycjdf­z gjvjom­. Xthtp­ Bynthytn ep­yf­qnt rf­r vjéyj å­jkm­it j 4–6 eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö, d rjnjhst ds cjå­b­hf­t­ntcm­ gjcnegf­nm­. Tckb­ ds f­cgb­hf­yn, yf­qlb­nt d Bynthytnt df­ib­ö å­eleob­ö ghjatccjhjd b­ gjp­yf­rjvm­ntcm­ c yb­vb­ lj njuj, rf­r gj­lf­lb­nt ljrevtyns. Bvtyyj änb­ kñlb­ å­elen ghb­yb­vf­nm­ htityb­t j p­f­xb­cktyb­b­, b­ jyb­ ljkéys gjp­yf­rjvb­nm­cz c df­vb­ lj njuj, rf­r gjkexf­n df­it p­f­zdktyb­t.

Yt cntcyzqntcm­ ghjcb­nm­ ab­yf­ycjdjq gjvjob­. Tckb­ df­v jnrf­­p­f­kb­ d gthdsq hf­p­, yf­gb­ib­nt tot jlb­y p­f­ghjc b­ f­lhtceqnt tuj rjyrhtnyjve xtkjdtre yf­ b­ynthtceñotq df­c rf­atlht b­kb­ d ghb­­tvyjq rjvb­ccb­b­. Tckb­ df­if­ gthdf­z gjgsnrf­ yt elf­kf­cm­, gjp­djyb­­nt b­ ep­yf­qnt, gjxtve df­v jnrf­p­f­kb­, f­ yf­ cktleñob­q ujl gjlf­qnt å­jktt jå­jcyjdf­yyjt p­f­zdktyb­t.

B gjcktlytt, yj yt vtytt df­éyjt: hf­p­vths ab­yf­ycjdjq gj­vjob­ lkz b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd juhf­yb­xtys, b­ p­f­ gjkextyb­t cnb­gtylb­b­ b­ltn jcnhf­z å­jhm­å­f­. Xnjå­s gjdscb­nm­ if­ycs yf­ ecgtö, df­v ghb­ltncz ghjltvjycnhb­hjdf­nm­ dslf­ñob­tcz f­rf­ltvb­xtcrb­t lf­yyst, öjhjitym­rj gjlujnjdb­nm­cz, xnjå­s gjkexb­nm­ dscib­t å­f­k­ks ghb­ ghjöjéltyb­b­ ntcnjd TOEFL, SAT, GMAT b­kb­ GRE, gjl­ndthlb­nm­ yf­kb­xb­t cjå­cndtyysö chtlcnd b­kb­ ghjltvjycnhb­hjdf­nm­ yf­kb­xb­t ltqcndb­ntkm­yjq yeéls d ab­yf­ycjdjq gjvjob­ b­ gjlf­nm­ f­rrehf­nyjt, gjkyjt b­ nof­ntkm­yj gjlujnjdktyyjt p­f­zdktyb­t. ■

Vytybz, dscrfp­sdftvst d lfyyj­q cnfnmt, yt j­åzp­fntkmyj­ j­nhféfñn dp­ukzls bkb gj­kbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.

Vfh­nb­yf Iekmwt­

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Cjtlb­ytyyst Inf­ns hf­ls ghb­dtncndjdf­nm­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd, étkf­ñob­ö gjkexb­nm­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d Fvthb­rt, f­ vb­ccb­b­ CIF p­f­ heå­téjv gjkexb­kb­ erf­p­f­yb­z hf­ccvf­nhb­­

df­nm­ d gthdeñ jxthtlm­ ljrevtyns cneltynjd b­ exf­cnyb­rjd jå­vty­ysö ghjuhf­vv, crf­p­f­kf­ Létyb­c Létrjå­c, gjvjoyb­r p­f­vtcnb­ntkz ujcctrhtnf­hz CIF gj db­p­jdsv djghjcf­v, d öjlt 57­q tétujlyjq rjyathtywb­b­ Yf­wb­jyf­km­yjq f­ccjwb­f­wb­b­ ltzntktq vtéleyf­hjl­yjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z (å­sdif­z Yf­wb­jyf­km­yf­z f­ccjwb­f­wb­z gj ltkf­v b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd), ghjitlitq d 2005 ujle. Jyf­ jnvtnb­kf­, xnj öjnz gjckt nthf­rnjd 11 ctynzå­hz 2001 ujlf­ ytrjnjhst ghjwt­lehs jå­hf­otyb­z p­f­ db­p­jq b­p­vtyb­kb­cm­, ytdthyj å­skj å­s cxb­nf­nm­, xnj änb­ ghjwtlehs cnf­kb­ ytghtjljkb­vsv ghtgzncndb­tv yf­ genb­ jceotcndktyb­z gjtp­ljr d CIF d wtkzö extå­s. ≤Ecnf­htditt jå­ot­cndtyyjt vytyb­t jå­ b­p­vtytyb­zö d db­p­jdsö gjhzlrf­ö hf­p­b­ntkm­yj jnkb­xf­tncz jn ltqcndb­ntkm­yjcnb­, – crf­p­f­kf­ Létrjå­c. – Ujcelf­h­cndtyysq ltgf­hnf­vtyn cnhtvb­ncz gjllthéf­nm­ ghjwtcc, rjnjhsq, rf­r vs yf­lttvcz, å­eltn djp­hjéltyb­t gjnjrf­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cne­ltynjd, exf­cnyb­rjd jå­vtyysö ghjuhf­vv, extysö b­ å­b­p­ytcvtyjd.≥

D cdjtv dscnegktyb­b­ yf­ rjyathtywb­b­ ≤Hjkm­ ujcelf­hcndtyyj­uj ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ d ghb­yznb­b­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd d vtcnyst rjkktléb­ d CIF≥, Létrjå­c ujdjhb­kf­ j njq hjkb­, rjnjheñ csuhf­­kb­ vtcnyst rjkktléb­ d vtéleyf­hjlyjv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­. ≤Z p­yf­ñ, xnj vtcnyst rjkktléb­ dctq cnhf­ys dct ib­ht b­ ib­ht ghtljcnf­d­kzñn b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v p­f­vtxf­ntkm­yst djp­vjéyjcnb­ lkz jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, rjnjhsvb­ jyb­ jå­kf­lf­ñn≥, – crf­p­f­kf­ jyf­.

D jndtn yf­ jgf­ctyb­z ghtlcnf­db­ntktq ldeöujlb­xysö rjkkt­létq, dsp­df­yyst å­sneñob­v vytyb­tv j njv, xnj b­ö gjntywb­­f­km­ysv cneltynf­v xf­cnj jnrf­p­sdf­ñn d db­p­f­ö, Létrjå­c crf­p­f­kf­, xnj Ujcelf­hcndtyysq ltgf­hnf­vtyn yf­gjvyb­k rjycekm­crb­v hf­å­jnyb­rf­v, xnj hf­p­yst extå­yst p­f­dtltyb­z jndtxf­ñn nhtå­jdf­­yb­zv hf­p­ysö cneltynjd. Jyf­ nf­rét jnvtnb­kf­, xnj rjycekm­crb­t hf­å­jnyb­rb­ jå­zp­f­ys hf­ccvf­nhb­df­nm­ rf­élsq ckexf­q jnltkm­yj, yt p­f­å­sdf­z j å­juf­njv hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­b­b­ djp­vjéyjcntq lkz gjkextyb­z jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d CIF.

Létrjå­c ljå­f­db­kf­, xnj c ctynzå­hz 2001 ujlf­ Ujcelf­hcndtyysq ltgf­hnf­vtyn hf­cib­hb­k inf­n rjycekm­crb­ö hf­å­jnyb­rjd yf­ å­jktt xtv 350 vtcn, xnj cgjcjå­cndetn ecrjhtyyjq jå­hf­å­jnrt p­f­zdkt­yb­q yf­ gjkextyb­t cneltyxtcrjq db­p­s, f­ d ysytiyb­q å­ñlétn

drkñxty p­f­ghjc yf­ lf­km­ytqitt hf­cib­htyb­t inf­nf­ tot yf­ 121 vtcnj.

Gjxnb­ dct p­f­zdktyb­z yf­ gjkextyb­t db­p­s – jrjkj 97 ghjwty­njd – jå­hf­å­f­nsdf­ñncz d ntxtyb­t ldeö lytq, f­ ghjwtcc jå­hf­å­jnrb­ 2,5 ghjwtynjd p­f­zdktyb­q, gjlktéf­ob­ö jcjå­jve hf­ccvjnhtyb­ñ gj cjjå­hf­étyb­zv å­tp­jgf­cyjcnb­, å­sk ecrjhty, ljå­f­db­kf­ jyf­. ≤Lkz 2,5 ghjwtynjd p­f­zdb­ntktq, xm­b­ f­yrtns gjlktéf­n jcjå­jq ghjdthrt gj cjjå­hf­étyb­zv yf­wb­jyf­km­yjq å­tp­jgf­cyjcnb­, vs ecrjhb­kb­ ghjwtcc hf­ccvjnhtyb­z, nf­r xnj lf­ét änf­ ytå­jkm­if­z xf­cnm­ p­f­zdb­ntktq vjétn hf­ccxb­nsdf­nm­ yf­ crjhsq jndtn, – crf­p­f­­kf­ Létrjå­c. – Ujl yf­p­f­l hf­ccvjnhtyb­t p­f­zdktyb­z, d rjnjhjv ghb­­cencndjdf­kb­ ≤xedcndb­ntkm­yst≥ ntöyjkjub­b­, p­f­yb­vf­kj, d chtlytv, 74 lyz. Yf­ ctujlyz chtlyb­q chjr jå­hf­å­jnrb­ nf­rb­ö p­f­zdktyb­q cjcnf­dkztn 14 lytq, b­ vs ghjljkéf­tv cjdthitycndjdf­nm­ änjn ghjwtcc≥.

Létrjå­c jnvtnb­kf­, xnj gj lf­yysv Fvthb­rf­ycrjuj b­ycnb­ne­nf­ vtéleyf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d 2003–2004 extå­yjv ujle d f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö jå­exf­kjcm­ å­jktt 572 nsczx b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd. Chtlb­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd å­jkm­it dctuj ghtlcnf­db­ntktq Bylb­b­ b­ Rb­nf­z, b­, öjnz xb­ckj gj­cnegf­ñob­ö d f­vthb­rf­ycrb­t rjkktléb­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd cyb­p­b­kjcm­, Cjtlb­ytyyst Inf­ns gj­ghtéytve ghb­yb­vf­ñn å­jkm­­it cneltynjd b­p­­p­f­ heå­téf­, xtv rf­rf­z­kb­å­j lheuf­z cnhf­yf­.

≤Vs jxtym­ yf­lttvcz, xnj yf­v elf­cncz hf­p­dtznm­ å­sneñob­t d p­f­­heå­téysö cnhf­yf­ö vb­as j njv, xnj Fvthb­rf­ yt hf­lf­ b­yjcnhf­y­ysv cneltynf­v, – ujdjhb­n Létrjå­c. – Änj ghjcnj ytghf­dlf­. Cneltyns jn Vf­crf­nf­ lj Vevå­f­b­ ljkéys p­yf­nm­: tckb­ jyb­ öjnzn exb­nm­cz d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö, yf­if­ ldthm­ jnrhsnf­≥. ■

CJT­LBYT­YYS­T­ INFNS­ HFLS­ GHBDT­NCNDJDFNm­ BYJCNHFYYS­Ö

CNELT­YNJD D VT­CNYS­Ö RJKKT­LÉFÖ

Lét­yyb­at­h­ Åt­h­x­fvJgeåkb­r­jdfyj d ≤Rjvvmñ­yb­nb­ Rjkkt­lé Nfqvc­≥

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

xNJ NFRJT­ RJYCEKm­NFYN BYJCNHFYYS­Ö CNELT­YNJD?

Yf­wb­jyf­km­yjq f­ccjwb­f­wb­b­ ltzntktq vtéleyf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z (å­sdif­z Yf­wb­jyf­km­yf­z f­ccjwb­f­wb­z gj ltkf­v b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd) p­f­yb­vf­tncz ghjgf­uf­yljq vtéle­yf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z. D ryb­ut ≤Ghjatccb­z rjycekm­nf­ynf­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd≥, b­p­lf­yyjq d 2000 ujle b­p­lf­ntkm­cn­djv ≤Bynthrf­kxehf­k ghtcc≥ gjzcyztncz hjkm­ rjycekm­nf­ynf­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd.

Rjycekm­nf­yns b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd hf­å­jnf­ñn cj cneltynf­vb­ b­ extysvb­ dctuj vb­hf­. Jyb­ ghtljcnf­dkzñn b­yajhvf­wb­ñ, ghjuhf­vvs b­ eckeub­, ghb­p­df­yyst cltkf­nm­ ghtå­sdf­yb­t cneltynjd b­ extysö d Fvthb­rt gj djp­vjéyjc­nb­ å­jktt ghjlernb­dysv. Rjycekm­nf­yns ckeéf­n cdzp­eñob­v p­dtyjv vtéle cneltynf­vb­ b­ extysvb­, c jlyjq cnjhjys, b­ dctvb­, c rtv jyb­ cnf­krb­df­ñncz, c lheujq, ghtlcnf­dkzz b­ynthtcs gthdsö b­ rjycekm­nb­hez b­ö cjjndtncndeñob­v jå­hf­p­jv.

Rjycekm­nf­yns b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd hf­å­jnf­ñn yt njkm­rj c hf­p­yjjå­hf­p­yjq uheggjq kñltq, gjlgf­lf­ñob­ö gjl jghtltktyb­t ≤b­yjcnhf­yyst cneltyns≥, yj b­ c f­vthb­rf­ycrb­­

vb­ cneltynf­vb­, ghtgjlf­df­ntkzvb­, vtcnysv yf­ctktyb­tv, cjnhelyb­rf­vb­ f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­ b­yjcnhf­yysö ujcelf­hcndty­ysö exhtéltyb­q b­ c hf­p­kb­xysvb­ f­utyncndf­vb­, rjnjhst cgjycb­heñn ghtå­sdf­yb­t b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd b­ ext­ysö d CIF. Jyb­ gjvjuf­ñn yf­kf­lb­nm­ b­ gjllthéb­df­nm­ rjyc­nhernb­dyst jnyjityb­z vtéle b­yjcnhf­yysvb­ cneltynf­vb­ b­ extysvb­ b­ ghb­yb­vf­ñob­vb­ b­ö f­vthb­rf­ywf­vb­.

Rjycekm­nf­yns b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd cnhtvzncz lj­ytcnb­ dsujls vtéleyf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­ntkm­yjuj jå­vtyf­ lj eyb­dthcb­ntncrb­ö f­lvb­yb­cnhf­wb­q, jå­otcndtyyjcnb­ b­ kñltq dj dctv vb­ht. Jyb­ vjuen gjvjxm­ kñlzv d hf­p­ysö cnhf­yf­ö kexit gjyznm­ kñltq b­p­ lheub­ö cnhf­y b­ ghb­ änjv cnf­nm­ å­jktt njkthf­ynysvb­ b­ å­jktt jnrhsnsvb­ d cdjtv cjp­yf­yb­b­ uhf­élf­yf­vb­ dp­f­b­vjcdzp­f­yyjuj vb­hf­.

Åjktt gjlhjå­yeñ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ vjéyj yf­qnb­ yf­ cf­qnt

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1. Byjc­nhfyysq c­ne­ltyn c­jdtne­tnc­z c­ rjyc­e­kmnfynjv d Djc­njx­yjv vtyyjyb­nc­rjv e­yb­dthc­b­ntnt d Db­hlé­b­yb­b­.

2. Bc­njhb­r Nflé­e­lb­y Uå­flfvjc­b­ b­p Yb­uthb­b­ ghjdtk ujl d rjkktlé­t KtVjqy-Je­ä­y d Ntyytc­c­b­ gj ghjuhfvvt Ae­kå­hfqnf. Änjn b­c­njhb­x­tc­rb­ ytuhb­nzyc­rb­q rjkktlé­ ujhlb­nc­z ntv, x­nj dc­tvb­hyj ghb­pyfyysq c­gtwb­fkb­c­n gj b­c­njhb­b­ b­ re­kmne­ht b­c­kfvf b­ ve­c­e­kmvfyc­rjq wb­db­kb­pfwb­b­ gjltkb­kc­z c­djb­vb­ gjpyfyb­zvb­ c­j c­ne­ltynfvb­.

3. Cne­ltyns b­p Ñé­yjq Rjhtb­ e­x­fc­nde­ñn d jpyfrjvb­ntkm-yjv vthjghb­znb­b­ lkz b­yjc­nhfyysö c­ne­ltynjd d e­yb­dth-c­b­ntnt Vb­c­c­b­c­b­gb­. D öjlt ghjuhfvvs, hfc­c­x­b­nfyyjq yf wtksq ltym, c­ne­ltyns pyfrjvznc­z c­ e­yb­dthc­b­ntnc­rjq é­b­pymñ b­ pfgb­c­sdfñnc­z yf re­hc­s, rjnjhst jyb­ ljké­ys ghjöjlb­nm d gthdsq c­tvtc­nh.

1. 2..

3..

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

Ujcelf­hcndtyysq ltgf­hnf­vtyn CIF. Åñhj gj ltkf­v jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ rekm­nehs. Cthb­z å­hjiñh ≤Tckb­ ds öjnb­nt exb­nm­cz d Cjtlb­yty­ysö Inf­nf­ö≥. Df­ib­yunjy, jrheu Rjkevå­b­z: 2002–2003. ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/pubs.ht­mGthdst nhb­ å­hjiñhs b­p­ änjq dctjå­ütvkñotq cthb­b­ – Åhjiñ­hf­ 1 ≤Åf­p­jdjt xtnshtöujlb­xyjt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t≥, Åhjiñhf­ 2 ≤Fcgb­­hf­ynehf­, ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjt jå­extyb­t b­ yf­exyj­b­ccktljdf­ntkm­c­rf­z hf­å­jnf­≥ b­ Åhjiñhf­ 3 ≤Rhf­nrjchjxyjt jå­extyb­t, ghjuhf­vvs f­yukb­qcrjuj zp­srf­, lb­cnf­ywb­jyyjt (p­f­jxyjt b­kb­ c gjvjom­ñ rjvgm­ñnthf­) jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t b­ f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­z≥ – d yf­cnjzott dhtvz ljcnegys yf­ f­yukb­qcrjv, f­hf­å­crjv, b­cgf­ycrjv, rb­nf­qcrjv, hec­crjv b­ ahf­ywep­crjv zp­srf­ö. Åhjiñhf­ 4 ≤Gjlujnjdrf­ r jnütp­le: ghf­rnb­xtcrf­z b­yajhvf­wb­z j éb­p­yb­ b­ extå­t d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö≥ ljcnegyf­ yf­ f­yukb­qcrjv, rb­nf­qcrjv b­ heccrjv zp­srf­ö. ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/life/pubs.ht­m

Andre­ws, Linda Landis. How to Choose a College Major. Ne­w York: McGraw-Hill Companie­s, 2006. (ujnjdb­ncz r geå­kb­rf­wb­b­)

Ash­le­y, Dwayne­ and Williams, Juan. I’ll Find a Way or Make One: A Trib­ute to Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Ne­w York: Harpe­rTrade­, 2004.

Colle­ge­ Board. International Student Handb­ook 2006. Ne­w York: Th­e­ Colle­ge­ Board, 2005.

Colle­ge­ Board. Trends in College Pricing, 2005. Ne­w York: Th­e­ Colle­ge­ Board, 2005. ht­t­p://www.co­llegebo­ard.co­m/pro­d_do­wnlo­ads/press/co­st­05/ t­rends_co­llege_pricing_05.pdf

Colle­ge­ Board. Trends in Student Aid, 2005. Ne­w York: Th­e­ Colle­ge­ Board, 2005. ht­t­p://www.co­llegebo­ard.co­m/pro­d_do­wnlo­ads/press/co­st­05/ t­rends_aid_05.pdf

Colle­ge­ Board. The College Board Book of Majors. Ne­w York: Th­e­ Colle­ge­ Board, 2004.

CS­IET: Council on S­tandards for Inte­rnational Educational Trave­l. Advisory List of International Educational Travel and Exchange Programs. Ale­xandria, VA: CS­IET, 2005. ht­t­p://www.csiet­.o­rg/mc/page.do­?sit­eP­ageId=748

De­nslow, Lanie­; Tinkh­am, Mary; and Wille­r, Patricia. U.S. Culture Series: Introduction to American Life. Wash­ington, DC: NAF­S­A: Association of Inte­rnational Educators, 2004.ht­t­p://www.nafsa.o­rg/publicat­io­n.sec/int­ernat­io­nal_st­udent­s/u.s._cult­ure_series

F­ore­st, Jame­s J.F­. and Altbach­, Ph­ilip G., e­ds. The Inter­national Handb­ook of Higher Education. Ne­w York: S­pringe­r, 2005.ht­t­p://www.higher-ed.o­rg/handbo­o­k/TOC.pdf

F­ore­st, Jame­s J.F­. and Kinse­r, Ke­vin. Higher Education in the United States: An Encyclopedia. Ne­w York: ABC-CLIO Publish­e­rs, 2002.

Gose­, Be­n e­t al. “Community Colle­ge­s: S­pe­cial Issue­.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 52, no. 10, 28 Octobe­r 2005, pp. B1-B44.

Gre­e­n, Made­le­ine­ and Turlington, Barbara. A Brief Guide to U.S. Higher Education. Wash­ington, DC: Ame­rican Council on Education, 2001.ht­t­p://www.acenet­.edu/bo­o­kst­o­re/pdf/2001_brief_guide.pdf

Gre­e­ne­, Howard e­t al. The Pub­lic Ivies. Ne­w York: Harpe­rTrade­, 2001.

Historically Black Colle­ge­s and Unive­rsitie­s: S­pe­cial S­e­-ction.” Eb­ony, vol. 60, no. 11, S­e­pte­mbe­r 2005, pp. 73–130.

Independent Colleges and Universities: A National Pro­file. Wash­ington, DC: National Association of Inde­pe­nde­nt Colle­ge­s and Unive­rsitie­s, 2004.ht­t­p://www.naicu.edu/pubs/2004P­ro­fi­le.pdf

D änjq å­hjiñht, jgeå­kb­rjdf­yyjq ghb­ gjllthért Yf­wb­jyf­km­­yjq f­ccjwb­f­wb­b­ ytp­f­db­cb­vsö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, Cjdtnf­ ytp­f­db­cb­vsö rjkktlétq b­ Ajylf­ ytp­f­db­cb­vjuj dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z, cjlthéf­ncz af­rns, cnf­nb­cnb­xtcrb­t lf­yyst b­ å­b­j­uhf­ab­b­ cneltynjd b­ cjnhelyb­rjd.

ÅBÅKBJUHFABz

Dsåjh­jx­yst­ geåkb­r­fwb­b­ j dsc­i­t­v jåh­fpjdfyb­b­ d CIF

�0 Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Institute­ of Inte­rnational Education. Funding for United States Study Series: Funding for U.S. Studies: A Scholar­ship Guide for Europeans. Ne­w York: IIE, 2005. ht­t­p://www.iiebo­o­ks.o­rg/funfo­runst­at­.ht­ml

Institute­ of Inte­rnational Education. Funding for United States Study Series: Funding U.S. Studies: Graduate and Postgraduate Opportunities for Latin Americans. Ne­w York: IIE, 2004. ht­t­p://www.iiebo­o­ks.o­rg/funfo­runst­at­.ht­ml

Kalmar, Ge­orge­, e­d. Foreign Studentsí Guide to American Schools, Colleges, and Universities. S­anta Monica, CA: Inte­rnational Education S­e­rvice­, [2005]. ht­t­p://www.ies-ed.co­m/

Lanie­r, Alison Raymond e­t al. Living in the U.S.A. 6th­ e­d. Yarmouth­, ME: Inte­rcultural Pre­ss, 2004.

Latime­r, Jon, e­d. Applying to Colleges and Universities in the United States 1998: A Handb­ook for International Students. Lawre­nce­ville­, NJ: Pe­te­rsonís, 1997.

Lipka, S­ara. “F­ulbrigh­t Conne­cts With­ th­e­ Muslim World.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 52, no. 11, 4 Nove­mbe­r 2005, pp. A47–A49.Drkñxf­tn d ctå­z nf­å­kb­ws b­ nhb­ å­b­juhf­ab­b­ aekå­hf­qnjdcrb­ö cnb­gtylb­f­njd ysytiytuj ujlf­.

Open Doors: Statistics on International Student Mob­ility. Ne­w York: Institute­ of Inte­rnational Education, 2005.Dså­jhjxyst nf­å­kb­ws ljcnegys d Bynthytnt:Open Doors: Report on International Education Exchange: ht­t­p://o­pendo­o­rs.iienet­wo­rk.o­rg/

Rile­y, Naomi S­ch­ae­fe­r. God on th­e­ Quad: How Religious Colleges and the Missionary Generation Are Changing America. Ne­w York: S­t. Martinís Pre­ss, 2005.

Roth­blatt, S­h­e­ldon. The Living Arts: Comparative and His­torical Ref­lections on Lib­eral Education. Wash­ington, DC: Association of Ame­rican Colle­ge­s and Unive­rsitie­s, 2003.

S­mith­e­e­, Mich­ae­l; Gre­e­nblatt, S­idne­y L.; and Eland, Alisa. U.S. Culture Series: U.S. Classroom Culture. Wash­ington, DC: NAF­S­A: Association of Inte­rnational Educators, 2004.ht­t­p://www.nafsa.o­rg/publicat­io­n.sec/int­ernat­io­nal_st­udent­s/u.s._cult­ure_series_1

Twelve Facts That May Surprise You Ab­out America’s Private Colleges and Universities. Wash­ington, DC: National Association of Inde­pe­nde­nt Colle­ge­s and Unive­rsitie­s, 2003.ht­t­p://www.naicu.edu/pubs/NAICU12Fact­sNew.pdf

U.S­. De­partme­nt of S­tate­. Bure­au of Inte­rnational Inform-ation Programs. “Community Colle­ge­s in th­e­ Unite­d S­tate­s.” eJournal USA: U.S. Society & Values, vol. 7, no. 1, June­ 2002, 26 pp.ht­t­p://usinfo­.st­at­e.go­v/jo­urnals/it­sv/0602/ijse/ijse0602.ht­m

U.S­. De­partme­nt of S­tate­. Bure­au of Inte­rnational Inform-ation Programs. “S­e­e­ You in th­e­ U.S­.A.” eJournal USA: Foreign Policy Agenda, vol. 10, no. 2, S­e­pte­mbe­r 2005, 52 pp.ht­t­p://usinfo­.st­at­e.go­v/jo­urnals/it­ps/0905/ijpe/go­ugh.ht­m

U.S­. De­partme­nt of S­tate­. Bure­au of Inte­rnational Inform-ation Programs. “Th­e­ Unite­d S­tate­s in 2005: Wh­o We­ Are­ Today.” eJournal USA: Society & Values, vol. 9, no. 2, De­ce­mbe­r 2004, 48 pp.ht­t­p://usinfo­.st­at­e.go­v/jo­urnals/it­sv/1204/ijse/ijse1204.ht­m

Lheub­t geå­kb­rf­wb­b­ jå­ f­vthb­rf­ycrjv dscitv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ b­ jå­extyb­b­ d CIF vjéyj yf­qnb­ yf­ cktleñob­ö dtå­­cf­qnf­ö, f­ nf­r­ét d å­hjiñhf­ö cthb­b­ ≤Tckb­ ds öjnb­nt exb­nm­cz d Cjtlb­ytyysö Inf­nf­ö≥ (Df­ib­yunjy, jrheu Rjkevå­b­z: 2002–2003):

• Jå­extyb­t d f­cgb­hf­yneht: ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/graduat­e/biblio­.ht­m• Éb­p­ym­ d CIF: ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/life.ht­m• Djp­vjéyjcnb­ lkz extysö: ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/scho­lars/biblio­.ht­m• Byajhvf­wb­z lkz jnütp­éf­ñob­ö: ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/predepart­ure/biblio­.ht­m• Cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­hjdf­yyjt ghjatccb­jyf­km­yjt jå­extyb­t: ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/pro­fessio­nal/biblio­.ht­m• Rhf­nrjchjxyjt jå­extyb­t: ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/st­udy/biblio­.ht­m• Åf­p­jdjt xtnshtöujlb­xyjt jå­extyb­t: ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/undergrad/biblio­.ht­m

Uj­celfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn j­ndtncndtyyj­cnb p­f cj­lthéfybt b yfkbx­bt htcehcj­d lheubö futyncnd b j­hufybp­fwbq, egj­vzyensö dsit. Dct ccskrb yf htcehcs Bynthytnf ghbdj­lzncz gj­ cj­cnj­zybñ yf yj­zåhm 2005 uj­lf.

�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

HT­CEHCS­ BYNT­HYT­NFDsåjh­jx­yst­ dt­å-c­fqns, gjc­dz­o­t­yyst­ dsc­i­t­ve jåh­fpjdfyb­ñ­ d CIF

Uj­c­elf­hc­ndt­yys­qlt­gf­hnf­vt­ynCIF

Åñhj gj ltkf­v jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ rekm­nehs≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/Cyf­å­étyysq gjlp­f­ujkjdrjv ≤Df­i ub­l gj cb­cntvt dscituj jå­­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF≥ dtå­­cf­qn ≤Jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF≥ ghtljcnf­dkztn ≤å­jkm­ijq jå­ütv b­yajhvf­wb­b­ b­ vyjétcndj eckeu b­yjcnhf­yysv cneltynf­v yf­ dctö änf­gf­ö gjb­crf­ rjkktléf­≥. Jy ghtlcnf­dkztn ukjå­f­km­yeñ ctnm­ b­p­ å­jktt xtv 450 b­yajhvf­wb­jyyj­rjycekm­nf­wb­­jyysö wtynhjd [ht­t­p://www.educat­io­nusa.st­at­e.go­v/cent­ers.ht­m] d 170 cnhf­yf­ö. Änb­ wtynhs ≤ghjgf­uf­ylb­heñn dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIF dj dctv vb­ht, ghtljcnf­dkzz njxyeñ, gjkyeñ, jå­ütrnb­d­yeñ b­ f­rnef­km­yeñ b­yajhvf­wb­ñ j djp­vjéyjcnzö gjkextyb­z jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z d CIF b­ cjdtns gj njve, rf­r kexit b­cgjkm­p­jdf­nm­ änb­ djp­vjéyjcnb­, lkz ntö, rnj jndtxf­tn ecnf­yjdktyysv nhtå­jdf­­yb­zv≥. Jnltkm­yst hf­p­ltks cf­qnf­ gjcdzotys djghjcf­v f­rrhtlb­nf­­wb­b­ b­ gjb­crf­ extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z, db­p­jdjq ghjwtleht, ab­yf­y­cjdjq gjvjob­, cnb­gtylb­zv Aekå­hf­qnf­ b­ ghjuhf­vvf­v Åñhj gj ltkf­v jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ rekm­nehs Ujcelf­hcndtyyjuj ltgf­hnf­vtynf­.

Vtéleyf­hjlyf­z ytltkz jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z 2005 ujlf­ht­t­p://iew.st­at­e.go­v/

Cjdvtcnyf­z b­yb­wb­f­nb­df­ Ujcelf­hcndtyyjuj ltgf­hnf­vtynf­ CIF b­ Vb­yb­cnthcndf­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z CIF d wtkzö gjjohtyb­z vtéle­yf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z b­ jå­vtyf­.

Vtéleyf­hjlyst b­yajhvf­wb­jyyst ghjuhf­vvsExtå­f­ d CIFht­t­p://usinfo­.st­at­e.go­v/scv/life_and_cult­ure/educat­io­n/st­udy_in_t­he_us.ht­ml

Åñhj rjycekm­crb­ö ltk: db­p­sht­t­p://t­ravel.st­at­e.go­v/visa/visa_1750.ht­ml

Extå­f­ d CIF: db­p­sht­t­p://www.unit­edst­at­esvisas.go­v/st­udying.ht­ml

Vbybc­nt­hc­ndj­j­åhf­pj­df­ybzCIF

Fvthb­rf­ycrf­z ctnm­ b­yajhvf­wb­b­ jå­ jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ht­t­p://www.ed.go­v/abo­ut­/o­f­fi­ces/list­/jus/int­ernat­io­nal/usnei/ edlit­e-index.ht­ml

Jlb­y b­p­ jcyjdysö htcehcjd jå­ f­vthb­rf­ycrjq cb­cntvt jå­hf­p­jdf­­yb­z, cjp­lf­yysq lkz b­yajhvb­hjdf­yb­z b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynjd, ghb­tp­éf­ñob­ö d CIF gj jå­vtye.

Gjvjom­ cneltynf­v yf­ atlthf­km­yjv ehjdyt: b­yjcnhf­yyst cneltynsht­t­p://st­udent­aid.ed.go­v/P­ORTALS­WebApp/st­udent­s/english/int­l.o­sp

IPEDS­: djp­vjéyjcnb­ extå­s d rjkktléf­öht­t­p://nces.ed.go­v/ipeds/co­o­l/index.asp

Åñhj gj djghjcf­v dscituj b­ ghjatccb­jyf­km­yj­ntöyb­xtcrjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z

Åf­p­f­ lf­yysö gj f­rrhtlb­njdf­yysv extå­ysv p­f­dtltyb­zvht­t­p://o­pe.ed.go­v/accredit­at­io­n/

Ckeéåf­CIFgj­dj­ghj­c­f­vuhf­élf­yc­ndf­

bbvvbuhf­wbb

Rf­r cnf­nm­ cneltynjv dscituj extå­yjuj p­f­dtltyb­z CIF?ht­t­p://uscis.go­v/graphics/ho­wdo­i/academic.ht­m

Hf­lbj­c­nf­ywbz≤Uj­kj­c­Fvt­hbrb≥

Ukjå­f­km­ysq ajhev rjkktlétq Fvthb­rb­ht­t­p://www.vo­anews.co­m/english/AmericanLife/glo­bal_co­llege_ fo­rum.cam

D änjv tétytltkm­yjv hf­lb­jjå­jp­htyb­b­ hf­ccrf­p­sdf­tncz jå­ b­yjcnhf­yysö cneltynf­ö, exf­ob­öcz d hf­p­kb­xysö f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö rjkktléf­ö b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnf­ö.

Åt­ks­qlj­v

Byb­wb­f­nb­df­: dscjrb­t gjrf­p­f­ntkb­ d extå­t chtlb­ kf­nb­yjf­vthb­rf­y­wtdht­t­p://www.yic.go­v/

Byb­wb­f­nb­df­: nhf­lb­wb­jyyj ytuhb­nzycrb­t rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnsht­t­p://www.ed.go­v/abo­ut­/init­s/list­/whhbcu/edlit­e-index.ht­ml

Byb­wb­f­nb­df­: rjkktléb­ b­ eyb­dthcb­ntns lkz f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtdht­t­p://www.ed.go­v/abo­ut­/init­s/list­/wht­c/edlit­e-index.ht­ml

Lheubt­ht­c­ehc­s­

Fvthb­rf­ycrf­z f­ccjwb­f­wb­z vtcnysö rjkktlétqht­t­p://www.aacc.nche.edu/Fvthb­rf­ycrb­q cjdtn gj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñht­t­p://www.acenet­.edu//AM/Templat­e.cam?S­ect­io­n=Ho­me

�� Jå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlfÄ-éeh­yfk CIF

Zdkzzcm­ ukf­dysv jhuf­yjv gj rjjhlb­yf­wb­b­ ltzntkm­yjcnb­ dctö dscib­ö extå­ysö p­f­dtltyb­q cnhf­ys, Fvthb­rf­ycrb­q cjdtn gj jå­­hf­p­jdf­yb­ñ nf­rét gjllthéb­df­tn hzl vtéleyf­hjlysö b­yb­wb­f­nb­d: ht­t­p://www.acenet­.edu/AM/Templat­e.cfm?S­ect­io­n=Int­ernat­io­nal.

Rjycjhwb­ev dscituj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­z lkz f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö b­yltqwtdht­t­p://www.aihec.o­rg/

≤Fvthb­rf­­Vb­lkb­cn älm­ñrtqiyk äyl nhtqyb­yu cthdb­cb­p­ b­yrjh­gjhtqntl≥ht­t­p://www.amideast­.o­rg/

Fccjwb­f­wb­z f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjdht­t­p://www.aacu-edu.o­rg/

≤Rf­vgec Rjvgf­rn≥ht­t­p://www.co­mpact­.o­rg

Jå­otyf­wb­jyf­km­yf­z rjf­kb­wb­z htrnjhjd rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dth­cb­ntnjd, ≤cnhtvzob­öcz hf­p­db­df­nm­ b­ gjjohznm­ jå­otcndtyyeñ ltzntkm­yjcnm­, f­rnb­dyeñ uhf­élf­ycreñ gjp­b­wb­ñ b­ jå­extyb­t, drkñxf­ñott äktvtyns jå­otcndtyyjq hf­å­jns≥.

Cjdtn gj f­rrhtlb­nf­wb­b­ d dscitv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ht­t­p://www.chea.o­rg/

Åf­p­f­ lf­yysö gj f­rrhtlb­njdf­yysv extå­ysv p­f­dtltyb­zv b­ ghjuhf­vvf­v: ht­t­p://www.chea.o­rg/search/default­.asp

Th­e­ Ch­ronicle­ of High­e­r Educationht­t­p://chro­nicle.co­m/

Nhtå­etncz gjlgb­crf­; d cdjå­jlyjv ljcnegt b­vtñncz kb­im­ juhf­yb­­xtyyst vf­nthb­f­ks: ht­t­p://chro­nicle.co­m/free/

Cjdtn rjkktlétqht­t­p://www.co­llegebo­ard.co­m/splash

Vtcnyst rjkktléb­ CIFht­t­p://www.cc-usa.o­rg/

Cjdtn ytp­f­db­cb­vsö rjkktlétqht­t­p://www.cic.o­rg/

Cjdtn gj vtéleyf­hjlysv jå­hf­p­jdf­ntkm­ysv jå­vtyf­vht­t­p://www.ciee.o­rg/

e­duPAS­S­!ht­t­p://www.edupass.o­rg/

Gjhnf­k htcehcjd j dscitv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ht­t­p://www.higher-ed.o­rg/

Kf­nb­yjf­vthb­rf­ycrf­z f­ccjwb­f­wb­z rjkktlétq b­ eyb­dthcb­ntnjdht­t­p://www.hacu.net­/

Bycnb­nen vtéleyf­hjlyjuj jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­zht­t­p://www.iie.o­rg/

Yf­wb­jyf­km­yf­z f­ccjwb­f­wb­z p­f­ hf­dyst djp­vjéyjcnb­ d dscitv jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­b­ht­t­p://www.nafeo­.o­rg/abo­ut­.ht­m

Fccjwb­f­wb­z b­yjcnhf­yysö gtlf­ujujdht­t­p://www.nafsa.o­rg/

Yf­wb­jyf­km­yf­z f­ccjwb­f­wb­z eyb­dthcb­ntnjd inf­njd b­ cgtwb­f­kb­p­b­­hjdf­yysö rjkktlétqht­t­p://www.nasulgc.o­rg/

Ntöf­ccrb­q eyb­dthcb­ntn d Jcnb­yt Dscitt jå­hf­p­jdf­yb­t d CIFht­t­p://www.ut­exas.edu/wo­rld/univ/

Ccskrb­ yf­ dtå­­cf­qns f­vthb­rf­ycrb­ö eyb­dthcb­ntnjd, vtcnysö rjkktlétq, cghf­djxyb­rjd gj rjkktléf­v b­ htub­jyf­km­ysö f­rrht­lb­nf­wb­jyysö f­utyncnd.

Uj­celfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn j­ndtncndtyyj­cnb p­f cj­lthéfybt b yfkbx­bt htcehcj­d lheubö futyncnd b j­hufybp­fwbq, egj­vzyensö dsit. Dct ccskrb yf htcehcs Bynthytnf ghbdj­lzncz gj­ cj­cnj­zybñ yf yj­zåhm 2005 uj­lf.

Ae­nå­jkb­c­ns b­p Ntöfc­c­rjuj e­yb­dthc­b­ntnf njkmrj x­nj jlthé­fkb­ gjå­tle­ d vfnx­t ≤Hjpjdjq x­fib­≥ – jlyjv b­p yfb­å­jktt ghtc­nb­é­ysö gthdtyc­nd ae­nå­jkmysö rjvfyl rjkktlé­tq.

Gjk C

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�� Ä-éeh­yfk CIFJå­ot­cn­dj b wt­y­y­jcn­b / Yjzå­hm 2005 ujlf

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