600 097 ,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp.vl;. ,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp...

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;; nrd;id – 600 097

,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp.vl;,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp.vl;,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp.vl;,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp.vl;....) Kjyhk; Mz;L) Kjyhk; Mz;L) Kjyhk; Mz;L) Kjyhk; Mz;L

2016 2016 2016 2016 – 2017201720172017

ghlk; 7(m) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjpghlk; 7(m) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjpghlk; 7(m) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjpghlk; 7(m) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp----1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)

ghlq;fisghlq;fisghlq;fisghlq;fisj;j;j;j; jahhpj;J jahhpj;J jahhpj;J jahhpj;J toq;FNthh;toq;FNthh;toq;FNthh;toq;FNthh;

myF 1 jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

Kidth;. M.,uhN[];thpKidth;. M.,uhN[];thpKidth;. M.,uhN[];thpKidth;. M.,uhN[];thp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fiyj;jpl;l tiuT kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lj;Jiw

myF 2 fw;gpj;jYf;fhd jpl;lkply;

Kidth;. M.,uhN[];thpKidth;. M.,uhN[];thpKidth;. M.,uhN[];thpKidth;. M.,uhN[];thp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fiyj;jpl;l tiuT kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lj;Jiw

myF 3 fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngWjy;

Kidth;. F.tp[ah>Kidth;. F.tp[ah>Kidth;. F.tp[ah>Kidth;. F.tp[ah> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fiyj;jpl;l tiuT kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lj;Jiw

myF 4 nkhopj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjYk;

Kidth;. F.tp[ah>Kidth;. F.tp[ah>Kidth;. F.tp[ah>Kidth;. F.tp[ah> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fiyj;jpl;l tiuT kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;Lj;Jiw

myF 5 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;

Kidth;.F.ujP];thp>Kidth;.F.ujP];thp>Kidth;.F.ujP];thp>Kidth;.F.ujP];thp> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;;> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fy;tpj;Jiw

myF 6 Nrhjpj;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;

Kidth;. J.ngh. rutzd; >Kidth;. J.ngh. rutzd; >Kidth;. J.ngh. rutzd; >Kidth;. J.ngh. rutzd; > cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> fy;tpj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk;; eph;thfj; Jiw

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;>jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;>jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;>jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

nrd;id.nrd;id.nrd;id.nrd;id.

jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp-1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)

jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk; 2

ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ----7 (m) : jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp7 (m) : jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp7 (m) : jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp7 (m) : jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; (gFjp----1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)1 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;)

myF 1 jkpmyF 1 jkpmyF 1 jkpmyF 1 jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;o; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;o; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;o; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fSk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

Nehf;fq;fs;;:Nehf;fq;fs;;:Nehf;fq;fs;;:Nehf;fq;fs;;:

,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy;> khzt Mrphpah;fs;:

1. jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fisAk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;th;.

2. jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; nghJf;Nfhl;ghLfis mwpe;Jnfhs;th;.

3. gz;;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;gpid czh;e;J gad;gLj;Jth;.

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

jkpofj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fspd; jha;nkhopahf tpsq;Ftjhy;

mJNt Kjd;iknkhopahfTk;> Ml;rpnkhopahfTk; gad;gLj;jp tUk; ,d;iwa

fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpo; kf;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp cyfshtpa epiyapy; gue;J epw;fpd;w

jkpoh;fs; jkpo;nkhopia fw;fpd;wdh;. jkpiof; fw;gpg;gjw;Fg; Gjpa mZFKiwfSk;

fzpdp Nghd;w fUtpfspd; gad;ghLk; tsh;e;J ngUfp tUfpwJ. NkYk; jw;nghOJ

jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ fy;tpahsh; ftdj;ijg; ngw;W tUfpwJ. jkpOf;nfdj; jdp

,izajsKk; gy;fiyf;fofKk; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. ‘jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jy;’ vd;gJ

gz;ila fw;gpj;jy; KiwapypUe;J khWgl;l ,d;iwa fhyg;Nghf;fpw;Nfw;g tsh;e;J tu

Ntz;banjhU JiwahFk;.

jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs; jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs; jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs; jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;

kdpjd; vz;zq;fisg; Ngr;rhYk; vOj;jhYk; ntspaplTk;> mtdpd; rpe;jidj;

jhf;fq;fis czh;thf gilf;fTk; nkhop gad;gLfpwJ. jdpnahUth; Kaw;rpahy;

fpilf;Fk; gilg;Gfs; ahTk; mopah ,lk; ngWgit. mit jha;nkhopahy; kl;LNk

epiyj;J epw;Fk; Mw;wiyg; ngWfpd;wd.

rq;f ,yf;fpak; njhl;L ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; tiu fhzg;gLk; ,yf;fpar;

Ritfis czh;e;J nfhs;sj; jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop ekf;F ,d;wpaikahj

xd;whFk;. vz;zw;w cah; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s nrhw;Rit> nghUl;Rit> vopYzh;T>

xypapdpik> fUj;J kjpg;G> ey;ypay;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpidj; jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop

%yNk Ritj;Jzu KbAk;.



Xh; jkpouhy; jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop %ykhff; fy;tp fw;Fk;NghJ gy;Jiw

E}y;fisAk; fw;Wj; njspa tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ. kdpjd; rKjhaj;Jld; ,ize;J

tho;tjw;Fhpa gz;Gfshd xj;Jioj;jy;> tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy;> gpwh;kPJ kjpg;G itj;jy;>

FOf;fspy; gzpGhpjy;> nghpNahiu kjpj;jy;> gpwUf;F jPq;F nra;ahik> Ntw;Wik

ghuhl;lhik> $btho;jy;> ,dpait NgRjy; Nghd;w kdpj Nea gz;Gfis

jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhopapd; %yNk fw;f ,aYk;. vdNt nkhopapd;

mbg;gilj;jpwd;fisg; ngWjy;> Mf;fg; gilg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;> ,yf;fpar;

RitAzh;jy; gz;ghLs;s rKjha tho;f;iff;F cjTjy; Nghd;w cah; gz;Gfis

xt;nthU jdp kdpjDk; ngw;Wr; rKjha cah;Tf;F tpj;jplg; gad;gLtNj xUthpd;

jha;nkhop. mJNt jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; mbg;gil Nehf;fKkhFk;.

jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kdpjh;fspd; cly;> cs;sk;> mwpT Mfpa %d;wpidAk; tsh;r;rp ngwr;nra;tNj

fy;tp. Foe;ij> jhd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; Nfl;Lk;> NgrpAk; tUk; jha;nkhop mf;Foe;ijap;d;

mf tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> Gw tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Jiz epw;fpwJ. xUtNuhL xUth; njhlh;G

nfhs;sTk;> fUj;Jfisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk;> gpwiug; Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk; nkhopNa

mbg;gilf; fhuzpahfpwJ.

xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mwpit tsh;f;fTk;> kdg;ghd;ikfis cUthf;fTk;>

nkhopg;gw;W> ,dg;gw;W Vw;glTk;> mofpay; czh;T Njhd;wTk; jha;nkhopNa

fhuzkhfpd;wJ. vdNt jdpkdpjdpd; mftsh;r;rpf;Fk;> Gwtsh;r;rpf;Fk;> MSik

tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ek; jha;nkhopahfpa jkpNo Kf;fpa fhuzpahfpwJ. khzth;fspd;

njspthd Ngr;R> vOj;J> rpe;jidahw;wy; Mfpatw;iw nkhopahrphpah;fNs

tsh;j;njLf;f KbAk;. vdNt> jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fshfg;

gpd;tUtdtw;iw tiuaWf;fyhk;.

1. mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;

2. rpe;jidia tsh;j;jy;

3. vz;zj;ij ntspaply;

4. fUj;Jf;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhs;Sjy;

5. fw;gidj;jpwd; tsh;j;jy;

6. gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;jy;

7. ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy;

8. r%fg; gz;ghl;L kugpid mwpjy;

9. xOf;fg;gz;Gfis tsh;j;jy;

10. nkhopg;gw;W tsh;j;jy; kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jy;



1.1.1.1. mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;

jkpo; nkhopia El;gkhfTk;> Jy;ypakhfTk; Nfl;Fk; jpwid tsh;j;jy;>

Ghpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;> xypg;GKiw> mOj;jk;> czh;TfSld; NgRk; jpwid tsh;j;jy;.

nkhopiag; gbf;Fk; NghJ Ntfk;> nghUSzh;jy;> gpioapd;ik Mfpa gbj;jy;

jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy;> Kiwahf vOJjy;> gpioapd;wp vOJjy; Mfpa vOj;Jj;

jpwd;fis tsh;j;jy; vd nkhopapd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fshd Nfl;ly;> NgRjy;> gbj;jy;>

vOJjy; Mfpatw;iw tsh;g;gNj jkpo; nkhopapd; Kjd;ik Nehf;fkhFk;.

,e;jpaf; Fbaurpy; Ngr;RhpikAk; vOj;JhpikAk; mbg;gil chpikfshapd.

nkhopthhp khepyq;fs; mike;jikahy; jha;nkhop Ml;rp Vw;gl;lJ. nghJ tho;Tg; gFjp

KOtjpYk; Ngr;Rj;jkpOk;> mYtyfq;fspy; vOj;Jj; jkpOk; eLtplk; ngw;Ws;sd.

nra;jpj; njhlh;Gr; rhjdq;fshd njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> nra;jpj;jhs;> ,izak;

Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; jha;nkhopapd; vOj;Jj;jkpOk;> Ngr;Rj;jkpOk; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg;

gpbj;Js;sd. vdNt khzth;fs; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngwj; jha;nkhopahd

jkpo; nkhopNa rpwe;j fUtpahf mikfpwJ.

2.2.2.2. rpe;jidia tsh;j;jy;rpe;jidia tsh;j;jy;rpe;jidia tsh;j;jy;rpe;jidia tsh;j;jy;

rpe;jidia tsh;j;jYf;Fg; nghJikf;fUj;J mbg;gilahFk;. nghJikf;

fUj;ij nkhopapdhy;jhd; cUthf;f KbAk;. vdNt rpe;jidf;F nkhop

mbg;gilahfpwJ. rpe;jid tsh;r;rp jha;nkhopapd; %yk; rpwg;gilfpwJ. mwptpay;

mwpQh;fs; gyh; jha;nkhop %yNk fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisr; nra;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. gilg;ghspfs;

gyh; jk; jha;nkhopapNyNa gilj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. kfhd;fSk; kfj;Jtkhd cz;ikfis

jkJ jha;nkhopapNyNa $wpAs;sdh;. jha;nkhopawpitg; ngWkplq;fs; gythf

,Ug;gpDk; jha;nkhopj; jpwid> mJTk; rpe;jid tsh;r;rpf;fhd jha;nkhopj;jpwidg;

ngWkplq;fs; fy;tpf;$lq;fs; vdyhk;.

fiynad;why; czh;r;rpfisf; ftu Ntz;Lk;fiynad;why; czh;r;rpfisf; ftu Ntz;Lk;fiynad;why; czh;r;rpfisf; ftu Ntz;Lk;fiynad;why; czh;r;rpfisf; ftu Ntz;Lk;

fspg;G+l;b mwptpidg;Ngha; ftu Ntz;Lk;:fspg;G+l;b mwptpidg;Ngha; ftu Ntz;Lk;:fspg;G+l;b mwptpidg;Ngha; ftu Ntz;Lk;:fspg;G+l;b mwptpidg;Ngha; ftu Ntz;Lk;:

epiynfhs;shh; rpe;jidia epw;fr; nra;Jepiynfhs;shh; rpe;jidia epw;fr; nra;Jepiynfhs;shh; rpe;jidia epw;fr; nra;Jepiynfhs;shh; rpe;jidia epw;fr; nra;J

ePjpnewp nja;tj;jpePjpnewp nja;tj;jpePjpnewp nja;tj;jpePjpnewp nja;tj;jpidg; G+l;lw; fd;Nwh?idg; G+l;lw; fd;Nwh?idg; G+l;lw; fd;Nwh?idg; G+l;lw; fd;Nwh?

tpiyapy;yhg; ngUikgy cila NjDk;tpiyapy;yhg; ngUikgy cila NjDk;tpiyapy;yhg; ngUikgy cila NjDk;tpiyapy;yhg; ngUikgy cila NjDk;

tpsq;fhj ghitpsq;fhj ghitpsq;fhj ghitpsq;fhj ghi\\\\apNy ghl;ilf; Nfl;Lj;apNy ghl;ilf; Nfl;Lj;apNy ghl;ilf; Nfl;Lj;apNy ghl;ilf; Nfl;Lj;



jiynay;yhk; RSf;Nfw mirj;jpl; lhYk;jiynay;yhk; RSf;Nfw mirj;jpl; lhYk;jiynay;yhk; RSf;Nfw mirj;jpl; lhYk;jiynay;yhk; RSf;Nfw mirj;jpl; lhYk;

jdf;fJNthh; fiyapd;gk; jUt Jz;Nlh? jdf;fJNthh; fiyapd;gk; jUt Jz;Nlh? jdf;fJNthh; fiyapd;gk; jUt Jz;Nlh? jdf;fJNthh; fiyapd;gk; jUt Jz;Nlh? ---- ehkf;fy; ftpQh;.

vz;zq;fSk; vz;zq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w Ngr;Rf;fSk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W

kpfTk; neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilad. mit ,uz;Lk; xd;whfNt mwpaf;$bad. xd;iwg;

gad;gLj;jhky; kw;nwhd;iwg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. vdNt nkhop tsh;r;rpf;Fk; kd

tsh;r;rpf;Fk; gs;spfspy; jha;nkhopg; gapw;rp mspj;jNy Kjd;ikahd NjitahFk;.

nkhop E}y;fisf; fw;gjd; thapyha;f; fUj;Jf;fs; gy Njhd;Wk;. rpe;jidfs; njspT

ngWk;. jha;nkhop thapyhfNt rpe;jidfs; tpsf;;fkiltJld;> fw;w nra;jpfisg;

gpwh;f;Fk; Gyg;gLj;j Kbfpd;wJ. rpe;jidaw;w nray; rpwg;GWtjpy;iy.

kdj;NjnaOk; gy;tifr; rpe;jidf;Fk; nkhopNa mbg;gilahFk;. gioa

epidTfis kPl;lwpaTk;> jpwdha;T nra;aTk;> nfhs;iffis Cfpj;J mwpe;J

nfhs;sTk;> czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;jTk; nkhop gad;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk;

rpe;jidapd;Nwy; nkhopapy;iy> nkhopap;d;Nwy; rpe;jid ,y;iy vd;w fUj;J

njspthFk;.

3.3.3.3. vz;zj;ij ntspaply;vz;zj;ij ntspaply;vz;zj;ij ntspaply;vz;zj;ij ntspaply;

nkhopapd; thapyhfj; jhd; ek; vz;zq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> czh;r;rpfs;

Kjypatw;iwj; njhptpf;f KbfpwJ. Ngr;rhYk;> vOj;jhYk;> gpwh; fUj;Jf;fis mwpa

KbfpwJ. Mjyhy; jha;nkhopia khzhf;fh;fs; jpwikAld; ifahsf;$bathW

fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ez;zpa vz;zq;fSk; njspthd fUj;Jf;fSk; khzhf;fh;fsplk;

Njhd;Wtjw;F Mrphpah; gpd;tUk;gb nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(m) vspaKiwapy; xU nghUisf; Fwpj;Jj; njspthfg; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.

(M) vspaKiwapy; xU nghUisg; gw;wpf; Nfl;fTk;> Nfl;Lg; nghUSzh;Tk; nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(,) xU nghUisj; njspthd Kiwapy; gbf;fTk;> gbj;Jg; nghUs; czuTk; nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(<) xU nghUisg; gw;wpj; njspthd vspa Kiwapy; vOJtjw;F Njitahd

Mw;wy;fis tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

jha;nkhopapy; gbf;fTk;> vOjTkhd gapw;rpfisg; gs;spapy; mspj;J

,t;thw;wy;fis tsh;j;jhy;> mth;fspd; vjph;fhyj;jpw;F nghpJk; Jizahf ,Uf;Fk;.

xU rpwe;j Fbkfdhf tho;tjw;F ,t;thw;wy;fs; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjdthFk;.



nrhy;ypy; cah;T jkpo;r;nrhy;Ny nrhy;ypy; cah;T jkpo;r;nrhy;Ny nrhy;ypy; cah;T jkpo;r;nrhy;Ny nrhy;ypy; cah;T jkpo;r;nrhy;Ny – mij mij mij mij

njhOJ gbj;jbg; ghg;gh.njhOJ gbj;jbg; ghg;gh.njhOJ gbj;jbg; ghg;gh.njhOJ gbj;jbg; ghg;gh. ---- ghujpahhghujpahhghujpahhghujpahh ;; ;;

vz;nghUsthfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd; gpwh;tha; vz;nghUsthfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd; gpwh;tha; vz;nghUsthfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd; gpwh;tha; vz;nghUsthfr; nryr;nrhy;ypj; jhd; gpwh;tha;

Ez;nghUs; fhz;g jwpTEz;nghUs; fhz;g jwpTEz;nghUs; fhz;g jwpTEz;nghUs; fhz;g jwpT. . . . ---- ts;Sth;ts;Sth;ts;Sth;ts;Sth;

gpwh; czUk; tz;zk; vspikahfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. gpwh; El;gkhff; $wpdhYk;

mjid mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

vj;Jiza thapDq; fy;tp aplkwpe;vj;Jiza thapDq; fy;tp aplkwpe;vj;Jiza thapDq; fy;tp aplkwpe;vj;Jiza thapDq; fy;tp aplkwpe;

Ja;j;Jzh; tpy;nydp dpy;yhFk; Ja;j;Jzh; tpy;nydp dpy;yhFk; Ja;j;Jzh; tpy;nydp dpy;yhFk; Ja;j;Jzh; tpy;nydp dpy;yhFk; ---- ca;j;Jzh;e;Jk;ca;j;Jzh;e;Jk;ca;j;Jzh;e;Jk;ca;j;Jzh;e;Jk;

nrhy;td;ik apd;nwdp ndd;dh k/Jz;Nly; nrhy;td;ik apd;nwdp ndd;dh k/Jz;Nly; nrhy;td;ik apd;nwdp ndd;dh k/Jz;Nly; nrhy;td;ik apd;nwdp ndd;dh k/Jz;Nly;

nghd;kyh; ehw;w Kilj;J.nghd;kyh; ehw;w Kilj;J.nghd;kyh; ehw;w Kilj;J.nghd;kyh; ehw;w Kilj;J. ---- ePjpnewp ePjpnewp ePjpnewp ePjpnewp

tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;

fy;tp > vj;Jiza MapDk; - fw;w fy;tp vt;tsT nghpNjahdhYk;> ,lk; mwpe;J

ca;j;J czh;T ,y; vdpd; ,y;yhFk; - E}ypd; ,lk; njhpe;J Muha;e;J czUk;

mwpT ,y;iyahdhy; mf;fy;tp gadw;wjhFk;.

jha;nkhopapy; ey;y Gyik ngw;why; jhd; xUth; jk; czh;r;rpfisj; njspthf

ntspapl KbAk;. jk; czh;r;rpfis ntspapLtjdhy; mth;fSf;Fj; jdpg;gl;l kfpo;r;rp

Vw;gLtJld;> mth;fSila kdk;> xOf;fk; Kjypait gz;gl;L> MSik rpwf;fTk;

,lKz;L. jha;nkhopapYs;s rpwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; kdj;ij tphptilar; nra;J

mth;fSila jdpj;jd;ikiaAk; tsh;f;Fk;. jkpopy; Gj;jpyf;fpaq;fs; gy gbj;J

kfpoTk; jha;nkhopawpT Njit. Ml;rp> eph;thfk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; gygzpfs;

eilngWtjw;Fk; jha;nkhopawpT Njit.

4.4.4.4. fUj;Jf;fisg; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sjy; fUj;Jf;fisg; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sjy; fUj;Jf;fisg; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sjy; fUj;Jf;fisg; gfph;e;Jnfhs;Sjy;

tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthUtUk; ngwf;$ba mDgtq;fis> Ritfis>

fUj;Jf;fis vLj;jpak;Gk; Mw;wiyj; jha;nkhopNa mspf;fty;yJ. ,d;gj;ijAk;>

Jd;gj;ijAk; > nghUl;RitAk;> nrhw;RitiaAk; jha;nkhop %yNk ntspg;gLj;j

,aYk;.

xt;nthUtUk; NtWgl;l tho;f;if Efh;Tfis> mDgtq;fis ntspg;gLj;j

nkhopNa cjTfpwJ. cs;sj;jpy; vz;Zk; vz;zq;fis vLj;jpak;Gk; Mw;wiyj;



jha;nkhop mspf;fty;yJ. mjw;F xsitahh; tpehafg; ngUkhid Ntz;bg;ghLk;

ghliyAk;> ghujpjhrd; ghliyAk; rhd;whff; $wyhk;.

ghYe; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;GkpitghYe; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;GkpitghYe; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;GkpitghYe; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gkpit

ehYq;; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd;ehYq;; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd;ehYq;; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd;ehYq;; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd;

Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr;Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr;Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr;Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr;

rq;fj;jkpo; %d;Wk; jh.rq;fj;jkpo; %d;Wk; jh.rq;fj;jkpo; %d;Wk; jh.rq;fj;jkpo; %d;Wk; jh. ---- xsitahh;xsitahh;xsitahh;xsitahh;

Vio nad;Wk; mbik nad;Wk; Vio nad;Wk; mbik nad;Wk; Vio nad;Wk; mbik nad;Wk; Vio nad;Wk; mbik nad;Wk;

vtDk; ,y;iy [hjpapy;vtDk; ,y;iy [hjpapy;vtDk; ,y;iy [hjpapy;vtDk; ,y;iy [hjpapy;

,opT nfhz;l kdpj nud;g,opT nfhz;l kdpj nud;g,opT nfhz;l kdpj nud;g,opT nfhz;l kdpj nud;gJJJJ

,e;jp ahtpy; ,y;iyNa.,e;jp ahtpy; ,y;iyNa.,e;jp ahtpy; ,y;iyNa.,e;jp ahtpy; ,y;iyNa.

thop fy;tp nry;tk; va;jpthop fy;tp nry;tk; va;jpthop fy;tp nry;tk; va;jpthop fy;tp nry;tk; va;jp

kdk fpo;e;J $bNakdk fpo;e;J $bNakdk fpo;e;J $bNakdk fpo;e;J $bNa

kdpjh; ahUk; xUjp fh;r kdpjh; ahUk; xUjp fh;r kdpjh; ahUk; xUjp fh;r kdpjh; ahUk; xUjp fh;r

khd khf tho;tNk!khd khf tho;tNk!khd khf tho;tNk!khd khf tho;tNk!

… tpLjiy tpLjiytpLjiy tpLjiytpLjiy tpLjiytpLjiy tpLjiy ---- ghujpjhrdghujpjhrdghujpjhrdghujpjhrd ;; ;;

5.5.5.5. fw;gidj;jpwid tsh;j;jy;fw;gidj;jpwid tsh;j;jy;fw;gidj;jpwid tsh;j;jy;fw;gidj;jpwid tsh;j;jy;

cs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpijcs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpijcs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpijcs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpij

,d;g cUntLg;gJ ftpij,d;g cUntLg;gJ ftpij,d;g cUntLg;gJ ftpij,d;g cUntLg;gJ ftpij

njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy;njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy;njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy;njs;sj; njspe;j jkpopy;

njhpe; Jiug;gJ ftnjhpe; Jiug;gJ ftnjhpe; Jiug;gJ ftnjhpe; Jiug;gJ ftpij. pij. pij. pij.

,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; $WfSs; xd;Wk; ftpijf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf Ntz;LtJk;

fw;gidNa MFk;. ekJ fw;gidia ekJ jha;nkhopahk; jkpopy; vLj;Jiug;gJ

rpwe;jJ. ,J ftpijfisf; fdptpj;Jf; fw;Nghhpd; kdj;ij tphpe;j ghh;itapy;

nrYj;JtJ MFk;. ftpijapd; gpw gz;GfSf;nfy;yhk; mbepykha; mNjhL Kbthf

mikfpwJ.



u];fpd; vd;w ftpQh; “fw;gidj; jj;Jtk; mwpTf;F vl;lhjJ. nrhw;fshy; fw;gidj; jj;Jtk; mwpTf;F vl;lhjJ. nrhw;fshy; fw;gidj; jj;Jtk; mwpTf;F vl;lhjJ. nrhw;fshy; fw;gidj; jj;Jtk; mwpTf;F vl;lhjJ. nrhw;fshy;

czh;j;j KbahjJ. mJ mjd; gyd;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;Nl mwpag; czh;j;j KbahjJ. mJ mjd; gyd;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;Nl mwpag; czh;j;j KbahjJ. mJ mjd; gyd;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;Nl mwpag; czh;j;j KbahjJ. mJ mjd; gyd;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;Nl mwpag;

ngWtnjd;gjhFk;ngWtnjd;gjhFk;ngWtnjd;gjhFk;ngWtnjd;gjhFk;” vd;W $wpAs;shh;.

ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspd; fw;gidf;Fr; rhd;WfshfNt rpw;gq;fis> rpd;dq;fis>

Xtpaq;fis> fhtpaq;fis> khlq;fis> $lq;fis> ,d;W ehk; ifahSk;

nghUs;fis> ek;ik> ek; tuyhw;iw> Vd; cyfj;ijNa fhz;fpNwhk;.

,yf;fpaq;fisg; gbf;Fk; NghJ> vz;zw;w fw;gidf; fhl;rpfisf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh! fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh! fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh! fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh! – epd;wd; epd;wd; epd;wd; epd;wd;

fhpaepwe; Njhd;WijNa fhpaepwe; Njhd;WijNa fhpaepwe; Njhd;WijNa fhpaepwe; Njhd;WijNa ee;jyhyh!ee;jyhyh!ee;jyhyh!ee;jyhyh!

ghh;f;Fk; kuq;fnsy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! ghh;f;Fk; kuq;fnsy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! ghh;f;Fk; kuq;fnsy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! ghh;f;Fk; kuq;fnsy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! – epd;wd; epd;wd; epd;wd; epd;wd;

gr;irepwe; Njhd;WijNa ee;jyhyh!gr;irepwe; Njhd;WijNa ee;jyhyh!gr;irepwe; Njhd;WijNa ee;jyhyh!gr;irepwe; Njhd;WijNa ee;jyhyh!

Nfl;Fk; nkhopapnyy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! Nfl;Fk; nkhopapnyy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! Nfl;Fk; nkhopapnyy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! Nfl;Fk; nkhopapnyy;yhk; ee;jyhyh! – epd;wd;epd;wd;epd;wd;epd;wd;

fPj kpirf;Fjlh ee;jyhyh!fPj kpirf;Fjlh ee;jyhyh!fPj kpirf;Fjlh ee;jyhyh!fPj kpirf;Fjlh ee;jyhyh!

jPf;Fs; tpuiy itj;jhy; ee;jyhyh! jPf;Fs; tpuiy itj;jhy; ee;jyhyh! jPf;Fs; tpuiy itj;jhy; ee;jyhyh! jPf;Fs; tpuiy itj;jhy; ee;jyhyh! – epd;idj;epd;idj;epd;idj;epd;idj;

jPz;Lkpd;ge; Njhd;Wjlh ee;jyhyh! jPz;Lkpd;ge; Njhd;Wjlh ee;jyhyh! jPz;Lkpd;ge; Njhd;Wjlh ee;jyhyh! jPz;Lkpd;ge; Njhd;Wjlh ee;jyhyh!

vd;w ghujpahhpd; ghly; thpfs; %yk; mthpd; fw;gidj;jpwid mwpayhk;.

6.6.6.6. gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;jy; gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;jy; gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;jy; gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;jy;

vj;jifa jpwDk; fw;gpg;ghYk; goFjyhYk; ngwtpaYk.; fw;gpg;Gf; fhyj;jpy;

khzth;fs; ngWfpd;w ,yf;fpa Mh;tk;> vf;fUj;ijAk; vopYzh;r;rpAld; EZfp

Nehf;fy;> gbg;Gg; gof;fk;> gbj;jijg; Nghy xd;widj; jhDk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;;

vDk; ngUkpj czh;T Mfpa ce;jy;fis Mrphpah; khzth;f;F cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jk; ,yf;fpa Mh;tj;ijg; nghUj;Nj mthplk; fw;Fk; khzth;f;F ,yf;fpa Mh;tk;

mikAk;. Mrphpah; jk; ,yf;fpa Nehf;fpy; khzth;fisAk; <LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fpaq;fis mtw;wpy; gpd;Gyj; jfty;> mJ toq;Fk; nra;jp> cah;e;j

nghUs;> tifg;ghL> nkhopj;jpwd; tsh;f;Fk; $Wfs; Mfpa Nehf;Fld; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij khzth;f;F czh;j;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ,yf;fpaj;ij khzth; EZfp



Nehf;fpf; fw;Fk;NghJ czh;T NkNyhq;fpg; ghuhl;Lk; kdg;ghq;F cz;lhFk;. ghLnghUs;>

nkhopeil Mfpait mthplk; jhf;fj;ij tpistpf;Fk;. mj;jhf;fk; ,yf;fpaq;fisg;

gbf;Fk; vz;zj;ij J}z;Lk;. ,yf;fpag; gbg;gpd;NghJ fhZk; nghUs; nkhopeilAk;

khzth;jk; cs;sj;jpy; gjpe;J nfhz;ljw;Nfw;g Gjpa gilg;G tbtkhf ntspg;gLk;.

,J ‘Nghyr; nra;jy;’ vd;Dk; gof;fj;jhy; cz;lhtjhFk;.

vz;zpa Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;vz;zpa Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;vz;zpa Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;vz;zpa Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;

ey;yNt vz;zy; Ntz;Lk;ey;yNt vz;zy; Ntz;Lk;ey;yNt vz;zy; Ntz;Lk;ey;yNt vz;zy; Ntz;Lk;

jpz;zpa neQ;rk; Ntz;Lk;jpz;zpa neQ;rk; Ntz;Lk;jpz;zpa neQ;rk; Ntz;Lk;jpz;zpa neQ;rk; Ntz;Lk;

njspe;j ey;ywpT Ntz;Lk;.njspe;j ey;ywpT Ntz;Lk;.njspe;j ey;ywpT Ntz;Lk;.njspe;j ey;ywpT Ntz;Lk;. ---- ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;

vd khzth;fSf;F ey;nyz;zq;fis Cl;b> cah;e;j vz;zj;NjhL mth;fspd;

fUj;Jfis gilf;f gapw;rp mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gilf;Fkhw;wiyf; fl;Liufs;> rpWehlfq;fs;> rpWfijfs;> nra;As;fs;>

nrhw;nghopTfs; Kjypatw;iw vOj;Jg;Ngr;R topfspy; jl;b vOg;gp mJ tsh;tjw;fhd

Kiwapy; mth;fs; cs;sj;ijg; gz;gLj;jptplyhk;. ,jdhy; Mapuj;jpy; xU

khzhf;fdhtJ ,q;qdk; rpwe;J gpw;fhyj;jpy; fk;gdhfNth> ghujpahuhfNth

tpsq;fyhk;.

7.7.7.7. ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy; ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy; ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy; ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; tUk; ghliyg; gbj;J mjd; nghUisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ. mg;ghlypy; cs;s nghUs; eak;> nrhy; eak;> vJif> Nkhid> mzpeak; Mfpatw;iwAk; czh;e;J kfpo;tJ ,yf;fpa eaKzh;e;J ,d;Gwy;.

nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy ---- ,d;gj;,d;gj;,d;gj;,d;gj;

Njd;te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy Njd;te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy Njd;te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy Njd;te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy – vq;fs; vq;fs; vq;fs; vq;fs;

je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy – xUxUxUxU

rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy.rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy.rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy.rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy.

fhtphp njd;ngz;iz ghyhW fhtphp njd;ngz;iz ghyhW fhtphp njd;ngz;iz ghyhW fhtphp njd;ngz;iz ghyhW – jkpo; jkpo; jkpo; jkpo;

fz;lNjhh; itiag; nghUizejp fz;lNjhh; itiag; nghUizejp fz;lNjhh; itiag; nghUizejp fz;lNjhh; itiag; nghUizejp – vd vd vd vd

Nktpa ahW gyNthlj; Nktpa ahW gyNthlj; Nktpa ahW gyNthlj; Nktpa ahW gyNthlj; ---- jpU jpU jpU jpU

Nkdp nropj;j jkpNkdp nropj;j jkpNkdp nropj;j jkpNkdp nropj;j jkpo;ehL.o;ehL.o;ehL.o;ehL.



ePyj; jpiufly; Xuj;jpNy ePyj; jpiufly; Xuj;jpNy ePyj; jpiufly; Xuj;jpNy ePyj; jpiufly; Xuj;jpNy ---- epd;W epd;W epd;W epd;W

epj;jk; jtQ;nra; Fkhpvy;iy epj;jk; jtQ;nra; Fkhpvy;iy epj;jk; jtQ;nra; Fkhpvy;iy epj;jk; jtQ;nra; Fkhpvy;iy – tltltltl

khytd; Fd;wk; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa khytd; Fd;wk; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa khytd; Fd;wk; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa khytd; Fd;wk; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa ---- Gfo;Gfo;Gfo;Gfo;

kz;bf; fplf;Fk; jkpo;ehL.kz;bf; fplf;Fk; jkpo;ehL.kz;bf; fplf;Fk; jkpo;ehL.kz;bf; fplf;Fk; jkpo;ehL.

fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL – Gfo;f;Gfo;f;Gfo;f;Gfo;f;

fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL – ey;y ey;y ey;y ey;y

gy;tpj khapd rhj;jpuj;jpd; gy;tpj khapd rhj;jpuj;jpd; gy;tpj khapd rhj;jpuj;jpd; gy;tpj khapd rhj;jpuj;jpd; ---- kzk; kzk; kzk; kzk;

ghnuq;Fghnuq;Fghnuq;Fghnuq;Fk; tPRe; jkpo;ehL. k; tPRe; jkpo;ehL. k; tPRe; jkpo;ehL. k; tPRe; jkpo;ehL. ---- ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;

ikaf;fUj;J: ikaf;fUj;J: ikaf;fUj;J: ikaf;fUj;J: ‘nre;jkpo; ehL’ vd;W gpwh; nrhy;yf; Nfl;fpd;w NghNj nrtpf;F ,d;gk;

gaf;fpd;wJ. je;ijah; ehL vd;W toq;Ffpd;wNghJ caph; %r;rpy; Gjpa Mw;wy; Njhd;WfpwJ.

tw;whj gy MWfs; Xb ehl;il tsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. njd;Fkhp Kjy; tlNtq;flk;tiu ngUik kpf;f jkpo;ehL.

jkpo;ehL fy;tpahsh; gyuhy; epiwe;jJ: Gfo;f;fk;gdhYk; gy;NtW fiyfshYk; Gfo; gutpaJ.

njhileak;: njhileak;: njhileak;: njhileak;:

vJif:vJif:vJif:vJif: mbNjhWk; Kjw;rPhpd; KjnyOj;Jj; jk;Ks; msnthj;J ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptUtJ mbvJifahFk;.

nreeee; - jeeee;> fhttttphp – Nkttttpa> ePyyyyk; -khyyyytd;> fyyyy;tp – gyyyy;tpj vd mbNjhWk;

vJiffs; te;Js;sd.

,iaGj; njhil:,iaGj; njhil:,iaGj; njhil:,iaGj; njhil:

Xubapy; rPh;NjhWk; filrpapy; epd;w vOj;jhYk; nrhy;yhYk; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ rPh; ,iaGj;njhilahFk;.

ftpijapd; Kjybapy; %d;whk; Vohk; rPh;fspy; NghjpdpNy> fhjpdpNyNghjpdpNy> fhjpdpNyNghjpdpNy> fhjpdpNyNghjpdpNy> fhjpdpNy vd rPh; ,iaGj;njhil eak; ngw;W te;Js;sJ.

Nkhid:Nkhid:Nkhid:Nkhid: Xubapy; rPh;NjhWk; KjnyOj;J xd;wptUtJ rPh;NkhidahFk;.

nrnrnrnre;jkpo; - NjNjNjNjd;> jjjje;ijah; - rrrrf;jp> fhfhfhfhtphp – ffffz;l > NkNkNkNktpa – NkNkNkNkdp> eeeePyk; -

eeeepj;jk;> khkhkhkhytd; - kkkkz;b> ffffy;tp – ffffk;gd; > ggggy;tpj – ghghghghnuq;Fk; vd Kjw;rPhpYk;



Ie;jhk; rPhpYk; KjnyOj;J xd;wp te;J Nkhidj; njhil mike;J ,dpa Xir jUtij mwpayhk;.

mzp:mzp:mzp:mzp: fhtphp Kjypa MWfs; gha;e;J nre;jkpo; ehl;ilr; nropf;fr; nra;jiyAk;> jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;iyfisAk; cs;sJ cs;sthW ,aw;ifj; jd;ikfisf; ftpQh; $wpAs;sjhy; ,f;ftpijapy; ,ay;Getpw;rp mzp gapd;Ws;sJ.

RitRitRitRit:::: fy;tp> jWfz;ik> Gfo;> nfhil Mfpatw;why; Nkk;gl;L epw;Fk; epiyapy; ngUkpjk; Njhd;Wk;. jkpo; nkhopapd; cah;T> jkpo;ehl;bd; nrOik> jkpohpd; fy;tp Mfpatw;why; Nkk;gl;L epw;Fk; jd;ikfis vLj;Jiug;gjhy; ,g;ghlypy; ngUkpjr; Rit tpQ;rp epw;fpwJ.

8.8.8.8. r%fg; gz;ghl;L kur%fg; gz;ghl;L kur%fg; gz;ghl;L kur%fg; gz;ghl;L kugpid mwpjy; gpid mwpjy; gpid mwpjy; gpid mwpjy;

nkhopfs; midj;jpYNk mk;nkhop NgRfpwth;fspd; gz;ilar; rKjha tho;itAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; fw;gjw;Fhpa E}y;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; mit ,yf;fpa kughfTk; tuyhw;W E}yhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> jkpopy; tho;f;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,yf;fz E}ypUg;gJ ek; nkhopapd; jdpg; ngUQ;rpwg;ghFk;. tho;f;iff;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;Jf;fhl;ba ngUik jkpoDilajhFk;. GwehD}W> mfehD}W Nghd;w rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J gz;ilj; jkpoh;fspd; r%f tho;f;ifiaAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk;

njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; “,g;gbj;jhd; Fwpf;Nfhs; tho;f;if thoNtz;Lk;” vd;W

njhy;fhg;gpag; nghUsjpfhuj;jpy; jpl;lkhd Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. jkpoh;fs; tho;f;ifia mftho;f;if > Gwtho;f;if vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpg;gh;. ,d;gk; (m) fhjiyg; gw;wpg; NgRtJ mfg;nghUs;> Nghh;> nfhil> el;G Mfpatw;iw tphpj;Jf; $WtJ Gwk;. mfk; FLk;g tho;f;ifahFk;. Gwk; cyf tho;f;ifahfpa nghJ tho;f;ifahFk;. gpwh; Gyd;fshy; mwpaf; $ba nghUs;fisg; Gwk; vd;Wk>; mDgtpg;gth; kl;Lk; mwpaf;$baJk; VidNahh; Gyd;fSf;F trkhfhjJkhd rpw;wpd;g cs;Szh;r;rpapid mfg;nghUs; vd;Wk; gphpj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,t;tpU nghUs;fisAk; tphpf;Fk; NghJ xt;nthU nghUisAk; VO jpizfshfg; gphpj;J xt;nthU jpizapYk; epfof;$ba epfo;r;rpfisAk; tphpthf $wpAs;sdh;. gz;ila fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;W tiu Njhd;wpAs;s ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gbf;Fk;NghJ mit Neh;KfkhfTk;> kiwKfkhfTk; mt;tf;fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; r%f ,aiyAk; gz;ghl;L kugpidAk; tpsf;Ftij mwpayhk;.

ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfsPh;ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfsPh;ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfsPh;ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfsPh; jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh:jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh:jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh:jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh: NehjYk; jzpjYk; mtw;Nwh ud;dNehjYk; jzpjYk; mtw;Nwh ud;dNehjYk; jzpjYk; mtw;Nwh ud;dNehjYk; jzpjYk; mtw;Nwh ud;d rhjYk; GJt jd;Nw.rhjYk; GJt jd;Nw.rhjYk; GJt jd;Nw.rhjYk; GJt jd;Nw. ----Gwk;Gwk;Gwk;Gwk;----192.192.192.192.

khq;Fb kUjdhh; vd;w Gyth; ghz;ba neLQ;nropaid> “NjtUyfj;jpYs;s mkpo;Nj

fpilj;jhYk; eP ngha; $wkhl;lha;. Njth;fNs giftuhdhYk; gzpakhl;lhh;. Neh;topapy;

tUk; nghUisNa tpUk;Gtha;”> vd;W ghuhl;bAs;shh;.

gz;ghL vd;gJ r%fj;NjhL xl;b thOk; caphpd; Nehf;fkhff; fUjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jidawpe;J nray;gLtjw;F thapyhfj; jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpaNk cjTk;. jdpkdpjDf;Fj; Njitahd rKjha kuGfisAk;> kdg;ghd;ikiaAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaNk mspf;fpwJ.



9.xOf;fg;9.xOf;fg;9.xOf;fg;9.xOf;fg;; gz;Gfis typAWj;jy; ; gz;Gfis typAWj;jy; ; gz;Gfis typAWj;jy; ; gz;Gfis typAWj;jy;

nkhopg;ghlk; thapyhfj;jhd; khzth;fSf;F xOf;fg; gz;Gfis typAWj;j KbAk;. Vnddpy; tho;f;ifAk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaKk; gpd;dpg; gpize;jit> gphpf;f Kbahjit. ,yf;fpak; tho;f;ifapypUe;Nj Njhd;WfpwJ. gpw ghlq;fspy; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; kl;LNk khzth;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; tho;f;iff;F Njitahd md;G> gz;G> nghWik> tplhKaw;rp> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> gpwiu kjpj;jy;> ViofSf;F cjTk; mwnewp> eype;jth;fSf;F ey;tho;T jUjy;> gpw rkaj;jpdiu kjpj;jy; Mfpa xOf;fg;gz;Gfis jkpo;nkhopg; ghlk; %yNk khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;Wj;ju KbAk;.

rpWtFg;gpypUe;Nj khzth;fSf;F ,iwtho;j;Jg; gFjp %yk; ,iwAzh;T Cl;lg;gLfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpoh;fspd; tho;tpay; newpfis xOf;fg; gz;Gfis tsh;f;fpd;wd. rka> ,d> nkhop> rhjp ntwpiaj; J}z;lhj tifapy; midj;J rkag; nghJikf; fUj;Jfis typAWj;jf;$ba ey;nyhOf;fg; gz;Gfis ek; jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo;nkhop fw;gpf;fpwJ.

<jw;Fr; nra;f nghUis mwnewp<jw;Fr; nra;f nghUis mwnewp<jw;Fr; nra;f nghUis mwnewp<jw;Fr; nra;f nghUis mwnewp

Nrh;jw;Fr; nra;f ngUE}iy Nrh;jw;Fr; nra;f ngUE}iy Nrh;jw;Fr; nra;f ngUE}iy Nrh;jw;Fr; nra;f ngUE}iy – ahJk; ahJk; ahJk; ahJk;

mUs;Ghpe;J nrhy;Yf nrhy;iyapk; %d;Wk;mUs;Ghpe;J nrhy;Yf nrhy;iyapk; %d;Wk;mUs;Ghpe;J nrhy;Yf nrhy;iyapk; %d;Wk;mUs;Ghpe;J nrhy;Yf nrhy;iyapk; %d;Wk;

,USyfQ,USyfQ,USyfQ,USyfQ; Nruhj thW.; Nruhj thW.; Nruhj thW.; Nruhj thW. ---- jphpfLfk;jphpfLfk;jphpfLfk;jphpfLfk;....

,y;yhh;f;F <jw;fhfg; nghUisj; NjLjYk;> gpwh; mwtopia mwpe;J elg;gjw;fhfr; rpwe;j E}y;fisr; nra;jYk;> gpwhplk; NgRk;NghJ ,dpikahfg; NgRjYk; ,d;ge; jUtd vd;gjhk;. ,it %d;Wk; ey;nyhOf;fkhFk;.

xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik> ,Of;fj;xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik> ,Of;fj;xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik> ,Of;fj;xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik> ,Of;fj;jpd; jpd; jpd; jpd;

va;Jth; va;jhg; gop.va;Jth; va;jhg; gop.va;Jth; va;jhg; gop.va;Jth; va;jhg; gop. ---- jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws;

10.10.10.10.nkhopg;gw;W kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jy;nkhopg;gw;W kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jy;nkhopg;gw;W kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jy;nkhopg;gw;W kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;j;jy;

nkhopg;gw;wpidAk;> ehl;Lg;gw;wpidAk; jkpo;nra;As;fs; top tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;nfdNt nghUj;jkhd nra;As;fs; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

nkhopg;gw;Wnkhopg;gw;Wnkhopg;gw;Wnkhopg;gw;W

ahkwpe;j nkhoahkwpe;j nkhoahkwpe;j nkhoahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy; pfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy; pfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy; pfspNy jkpo;nkhopNghy;

,dpjht njq;Fk; fhNzhk;>,dpjht njq;Fk; fhNzhk;>,dpjht njq;Fk; fhNzhk;>,dpjht njq;Fk; fhNzhk;>



ghkuuha> tpyq;Ffsha;> cyfidj;Jk; ghkuuha> tpyq;Ffsha;> cyfidj;Jk; ghkuuha> tpyq;Ffsha;> cyfidj;Jk; ghkuuha> tpyq;Ffsha;> cyfidj;Jk;

,fo;r;rpnrhyg; ghd;ik nfl;L,fo;r;rpnrhyg; ghd;ik nfl;L,fo;r;rpnrhyg; ghd;ik nfl;L,fo;r;rpnrhyg; ghd;ik nfl;L

ehkkJ jkponudf; nfhz;bq;F ehkkJ jkponudf; nfhz;bq;F ehkkJ jkponudf; nfhz;bq;F ehkkJ jkponudf; nfhz;bq;F

tho;e;jpLjy; ed;Nwh? nrhy;yPh; !tho;e;jpLjy; ed;Nwh? nrhy;yPh; !tho;e;jpLjy; ed;Nwh? nrhy;yPh; !tho;e;jpLjy; ed;Nwh? nrhy;yPh; !

NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk; NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk; NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk; NjkJuj; jkpNohir cyfnkyhk;

guTk;tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.guTk;tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.guTk;tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.guTk;tif nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ---- ghujpaghujpaghujpaghujpahh;hh;hh;hh;....

fdpapil Vwpa RisAk; fdpapil Vwpa RisAk; fdpapil Vwpa RisAk; fdpapil Vwpa RisAk; ---- Kw;wy;Kw;wy;Kw;wy;Kw;wy;

fioapil Vwpa rhWk;fioapil Vwpa rhWk;fioapil Vwpa rhWk;fioapil Vwpa rhWk;

gdpkyh; Vwpa NjDk; gdpkyh; Vwpa NjDk; gdpkyh; Vwpa NjDk; gdpkyh; Vwpa NjDk; ---- fha;r;Rg; fha;r;Rg; fha;r;Rg; fha;r;Rg;

ghfpil Vwpa RitAk;ghfpil Vwpa RitAk;ghfpil Vwpa RitAk;ghfpil Vwpa RitAk;

edpgR nghopAk; ghYk; edpgR nghopAk; ghYk; edpgR nghopAk; ghYk; edpgR nghopAk; ghYk; ---- njd;id njd;id njd;id njd;id

ey;fpa Fspups ePUk;>ey;fpa Fspups ePUk;>ey;fpa Fspups ePUk;>ey;fpa Fspups ePUk;>

,dpad vd;Ngd; vdpDk; ,dpad vd;Ngd; vdpDk; ,dpad vd;Ngd; vdpDk; ,dpad vd;Ngd; vdpDk; ---- jkpiojkpiojkpiojkpio

vd;Daph; vd;Ngd; fz;Bh;!vd;Daph; vd;Ngd; fz;Bh;!vd;Daph; vd;Ngd; fz;Bh;!vd;Daph; vd;Ngd; fz;Bh;! ---- ghujpjhrd;ghujpjhrd;ghujpjhrd;ghujpjhrd;

vd;w ghujpahh; kw;Wk; ghujpjhrdpd; thpfs; %yk; mtuwpe;j nkhopfSs; jkpNo ,dpik gag;gJ. jkpouhf gpwe;j xt;nthUtUk; jkpo; nkhopia gug;g Ntz;Lk; vd;w nkhopg;gw;wpid czh;j;Jfpwhh;.

ehl;Lg;gw;Wehl;Lg;gw;Wehl;Lg;gw;Wehl;Lg;gw;W

mUQ;rpwg;Gfis milag; ngw;w xU ehL ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;y ehlhf ,Ug;gJ tpag;Gf;Fhpajy;yNt! ,jidNa thd;Gfo; ts;Sth; xU ehl;bw;F ,yf;fzkhf>

ehnld;g ehlh tsj;jd ehly;y ehnld;g ehlh tsj;jd ehly;y ehnld;g ehlh tsj;jd ehly;y ehnld;g ehlh tsj;jd ehly;y

ehl tse;jUk; ehL. ehl tse;jUk; ehL. ehl tse;jUk; ehL. ehl tse;jUk; ehL. ---- jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws;jpUf;Fws;

vd;Dk; Fws;topf; $wpapUg;gJ epidtpy; nfhs;sNtz;baJ.

ghuj Njrnkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;ghuj Njrnkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;ghuj Njrnkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;ghuj Njrnkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;

nts;spg; gdpkiyapd; kPJyhYNthk; nts;spg; gdpkiyapd; kPJyhYNthk; nts;spg; gdpkiyapd; kPJyhYNthk; nts;spg; gdpkiyapd; kPJyhYNthk; ---- mbmbmbmb

Nkiyf; flNkiyf; flNkiyf; flNkiyf; fly; KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;y; KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;y; KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;y; KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;

gs;spj; jykidj;Jk; Nfhapy; nra;FNthk; gs;spj; jykidj;Jk; Nfhapy; nra;FNthk; gs;spj; jykidj;Jk; Nfhapy; nra;FNthk; gs;spj; jykidj;Jk; Nfhapy; nra;FNthk; ---- vq;fs; vq;fs; vq;fs; vq;fs;



ghuj Njr nkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;!ghuj Njr nkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;!ghuj Njr nkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;!ghuj Njr nkd;W Njhs;nfhl;LNthk;!

rpq;fsj; jPtpDf;Nfhh; ghyk; mikg;Nghk; rpq;fsj; jPtpDf;Nfhh; ghyk; mikg;Nghk; rpq;fsj; jPtpDf;Nfhh; ghyk; mikg;Nghk; rpq;fsj; jPtpDf;Nfhh; ghyk; mikg;Nghk;

NrJit NkLWj;jp tPjp rikg;Nghk;NrJit NkLWj;jp tPjp rikg;Nghk;NrJit NkLWj;jp tPjp rikg;Nghk;NrJit NkLWj;jp tPjp rikg;Nghk;

tq;fj;jpy; XbtUk; ePhpd; kpifahy; tq;fj;jpy; XbtUk; ePhpd; kpifahy; tq;fj;jpy; XbtUk; ePhpd; kpifahy; tq;fj;jpy; XbtUk; ePhpd; kpifahy;

itaj;J ehLfspy; gaph; nra;FNthk;itaj;J ehLfspy; gaph; nra;FNthk;itaj;J ehLfspy; gaph; nra;FNthk;itaj;J ehLfspy; gaph; nra;FNthk;

fhrpfhrpfhrpfhrpefh;g; Gyth; NgRk; ciuiaf; efh;g; Gyth; NgRk; ciuiaf; efh;g; Gyth; NgRk; ciuiaf; efh;g; Gyth; NgRk; ciuiaf;

fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;Nfhh; fUtp nra;Nthk;fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;Nfhh; fUtp nra;Nthk;fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;Nfhh; fUtp nra;Nthk;fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;Nfhh; fUtp nra;Nthk;

MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpfjk; nra;Nthk;MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpfjk; nra;Nthk;MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpfjk; nra;Nthk;MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpfjk; nra;Nthk;

Miyfs; itg;Nghk; fy;tp rhiyfs; itg;Nghk;!Miyfs; itg;Nghk; fy;tp rhiyfs; itg;Nghk;!Miyfs; itg;Nghk; fy;tp rhiyfs; itg;Nghk;!Miyfs; itg;Nghk; fy;tp rhiyfs; itg;Nghk;! ----ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;ghujpahh;

vd;W midj;J JiwapYk; Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;bl fhz topKiwfis ghujpahh; $Wk; nkhopia fhZk; nghOJ ehl;Lg;gw;W njspthFk;.

jd;Fy tsh;g;Gk; jkpo; ,d tsh;g;G vDk;jd;Fy tsh;g;Gk; jkpo; ,d tsh;g;G vDk;jd;Fy tsh;g;Gk; jkpo; ,d tsh;g;G vDk;jd;Fy tsh;g;Gk; jkpo; ,d tsh;g;G vDk;

td;nkhopj; jj;Jtk; toq;Fth;f; Fiug;Ngd;td;nkhopj; jj;Jtk; toq;Fth;f; Fiug;Ngd;td;nkhopj; jj;Jtk; toq;Fth;f; Fiug;Ngd;td;nkhopj; jj;Jtk; toq;Fth;f; Fiug;Ngd;

vd;Fy nkd;gJ ,jaj;J ,lk;ngwpd;vd;Fy nkd;gJ ,jaj;J ,lk;ngwpd;vd;Fy nkd;gJ ,jaj;J ,lk;ngwpd;vd;Fy nkd;gJ ,jaj;J ,lk;ngwpd;

jd;nkhop> jd; ,dk; jhq;Fthh; mtuth;. jd;nkhop> jd; ,dk; jhq;Fthh; mtuth;. jd;nkhop> jd; ,dk; jhq;Fthh; mtuth;. jd;nkhop> jd; ,dk; jhq;Fthh; mtuth;. ---- FNyhj;Jq;fd;.FNyhj;Jq;fd;.FNyhj;Jq;fd;.FNyhj;Jq;fd;.

nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; nghJf;Nfhl;ghLfs;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; nghJf;Nfhl;ghLfs;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; nghJf;Nfhl;ghLfs;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; nghJf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

1963k; Mz;L n[Nuhk; GUdh; Kjd; Kjypy; fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;iffs; vd;w nrhy;iy cUthf;fpdhh;. gpd;dh; 1965y; ,r;nrhy; gpugykilaj; njhlq;fpaJ. fw;gpj;jy; tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd cstpay; nfhs;iffs; mbj;jskpl;Ls;sd. kdpjdpd; elj;ijapy; fy;tpahy; kl;LNk khw;;wq;fisf; nfhz;L tuKbAk;. fy;tpAk;> fw;wYk; gphpf;f ,ayhjit. vdNt fw;gpj;jYf;fhd cstpay; nfhs;iffis Mrphpah;fs; filgpbf;f Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

Ngl;lh;rd; vd;gthpd; $w;Wg;gb fw;gpj;jypy; xUq;fpizg;ig cstpay; nfhs;iffNs mspf;fpd;wd. fw;gpj;jYf;Fj; Njitahd Kiwfisf; ifahs cjTfpd;wd. Muha;r;rpf;Fk; mitNa gbepiyfis mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fpdwd. Mrphpag;gapw;rp khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fis cstpay; nfhs;iffNs czh;j;Jfpd;wd. gy cstpaywpQh;fs; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd nfhs;iffis tFj;Js;shh;fs;. mth;fSs; fhf;Nd> GUzh;> gpahN[ MfpNahUila fw;gpj;jYf;fhd cstpay; nfhs;iffs; ,q;F Muhag;gLfpd;wd.



nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;

1.1.1.1. fhf;Ndapd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghLfhf;Ndapd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghLfhf;Ndapd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghLfhf;Ndapd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL

fhf;Nd mtUila “fw;wYf;fhd #oy;” vd;Dk; E}ypy;> fw;wypy; Vw;glf;$ba

vl;Ltifahd fw;wy; khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. NkYk; mit xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sijAk; fz;lwpe;jhh;.

fhf;Ndapd; fw;wy; gbepiyfs;:fhf;Ndapd; fw;wy; gbepiyfs;:fhf;Ndapd; fw;wy; gbepiyfs;:fhf;Ndapd; fw;wy; gbepiyfs;:

,uhgh;l vk;. fhf;Nd fw;wiy vl;L tifahfg; gphpj;Js;shh;. vspikahd fw;wypy; njhlq;fp rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfisj; jPh;f;ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; tiu thpirf;fpukj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. mit

1. FwpaPl;L topf;fw;wy; 2. J}z;ly;-Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy; 3. ,izj;jy; 4. nrhw;fspd; $l;bizg;G 5. NtWghlwpjy; 6. fUj;Jfs; cUthtijf; fw;wy; 7. tpjpiaf; fw;wy; 8. rpf;fiyj; jPh;j;jy;

1. FwpaPl;L topf;fw;wy;:FwpaPl;L topf;fw;wy;:FwpaPl;L topf;fw;wy;:FwpaPl;L topf;fw;wy;: ght;Nyhtpd; Mf;fepiyAWj;jy; nfhs;ifg;gb fw;wypy;>

jdpegh; xU FwpaPl;Lf;Fj; Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jtijf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhd;. 2. J}z;ly;J}z;ly;J}z;ly;J}z;ly;----Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy;:Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy;:Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy;:Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy;: jhh;z;ilf;fpd; Jhz;ly; Jyq;fy; %yk; fw;wy;

NrhjidiaAk;> ];fpd;dhpd; nray; njhlh;Gila Jyq;fiyAk; ,f;fw;wy; Kiwf;Fr; rhd;Wfshff; $wyhk;.

3. ,izg;Gf; fw;wy;:,izg;Gf; fw;wy;:,izg;Gf; fw;wy;:,izg;Gf; fw;wy;: ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l J}z;ly; Jyq;fy;fis ,izg;gjd; %yk; fw;wy; epfo;jy;.

4. nrhw;fspd; $l;bizg;G:nrhw;fspd; $l;bizg;G:nrhw;fspd; $l;bizg;G:nrhw;fspd; $l;bizg;G: nrhw;fisg; nghUj;jkhf ,izj;jiyf; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.

5. NtWghlwpjy;:NtWghlwpjy;:NtWghlwpjy;:NtWghlwpjy;: xNu khjphpahd gy;NtW J}z;ly;fisf; fz;lwpe;J> xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; xt;nthU tifahd Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; NtWghLfis mwpjy;.

6. fUj;Jfs; cUthtijf; fw;wy;:fUj;Jfs; cUthtijf; fw;wy;:fUj;Jfs; cUthtijf; fw;wy;:fUj;Jfs; cUthtijf; fw;wy;: J}z;ly; tiffSf;fpilNa cs;s nghJikg; gz;Gfis czh;e;J> mjdbg;gilapy; nghJikf; fUj;Jfisf; fw;wy;.

7. tpjpiaf; fw;wy;:tpjpiaf; fw;wy;:tpjpiaf; fw;wy;:tpjpiaf; fw;wy;: ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fUj;Jfis ,izj;J> tpjpiaf; fw;Fk; nghOJ> nfhs;iffisf; fw;wYk; epfo;fpwJ.

8. rpf;fiyj; jPh;j;jy;:rpf;fiyj; jPh;j;jy;:rpf;fiyj; jPh;j;jy;:rpf;fiyj; jPh;j;jy;: fhuzkwpjy;> rpe;jid> cw;WNehf;fy;> NtWgLj;Jjy;> nghJikg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w mwpTj; jpwd;fspd; %yk; rpf;fiyj; jPh;f;ff; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; epfo;fpwJ.

fhf;Nd> fw;gpj;jypd; ehd;F Kf;fpaf; $WfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. Mrphpah; jd;Dila fw;gpj;jy; nraypy; ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mwpTWj;jpAs;shh;. mit:

1. Kd;G fw;w ghlg; nghUis epidT $wj; J}z;Ljy;.



2. nghUj;jkhd J}z;liy Neubahf mspj;jy;. 3. eph;zapf;fg;gl;l fw;wy; ,yf;Ffisr; nray;gLj;Jjy;. 4. gpd;D}l;lk; ngWjy;.

Mrphpah;fNs fw;gpj;jy; nghUspd; tbtikg;ghsh;fs;> Nkyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; khzth;fspd; fw;wiy kjpg;gPL nra;gth;fs; vd;W fhf;Nd fUjpdhh;. vdNt fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ Mrphpah;fspd; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jiy cs;slf;fpaJ. fw;gth;fspd; Njitf;Nfw;gf; fw;wy; #oiy xOq;Fg;gLj;JtNj fw;gpj;jy; vdyhk;. fUj;Jfs; cUthtijf; fw;wy;> tpjpiaf; fw;wy;> rpf;fiyj; jPh;j;jy; MfpaitfSf;Nf ngUk;ghyhd gs;spg;ghlq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gij Muha;r;rpapd; %yk; mwpe;jhh; fhf;Nd. vdNt fw;wy; nraypYk; vl;L epiyfis mth; tpthpf;fpwhh;. mit:

1. Cf;Ftpj;jy; 2. Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; 3. Kad;W miljy; 4. tplhJ itj;jpUj;jy; 5. epidT$h;jy; 6. nghJikg;gLj;Jjy; 7. nray;jpwd; 8. gpd;D}l;lk;

fhf;Nd fw;wy; nray; ,ay;ghfNth my;yJ gpd;D}l;lk; ngw;Nwh Kbtila Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhh;.

2.GUzhpd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL2.GUzhpd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL2.GUzhpd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL2.GUzhpd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL

fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;if vd;gJ mwpit miltjw;Fhpa tpjpfisAk;> jpwd;fisAk;> mstpLjy; El;gq;fisAk; tpsf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W GUzh; Rl;bAs;shh;. fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;if ehd;F $Wfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;fpwhh;. mit:

1. fw;wYf;F Kd;Ng tpUk;Gk; epiy:fw;wYf;F Kd;Ng tpUk;Gk; epiy:fw;wYf;F Kd;Ng tpUk;Gk; epiy:fw;wYf;F Kd;Ng tpUk;Gk; epiy: xU Foe;ij gs;spf;F tUk;nghOJ mf;Foe;ij jhNd fw;Fk;gbahd Mh;tj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $ba ghlg; nghUs;fisAk;> mDgtq;fisAk; fw;gpj;jy; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. mwpT mikg;G:mwpT mikg;G:mwpT mikg;G:mwpT mikg;G: fw;Nghuhy; cl;fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;iffs; Fwpg;gpl;l tifapy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. thpirf;fpukk;:thpirf;fpukk;:thpirf;fpukk;:thpirf;fpukk;: ghlg;nghUis mspf;f Ntz;ba thpirKiw gw;wpf; fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;iffs; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

4. tYt+l;Ljy;:tYt+l;Ljy;:tYt+l;Ljy;:tYt+l;Ljy;: fw;gpj;jy; nfhs;if khzth;fis mwpahjitfspypUe;J mwpe;jitfSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; nghOJ vj;jifa tYt+l;lk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. mwpT tsh;r;rp epiyapy; GUzh; %d;W epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mit: 1. nray;gLepiy:nray;gLepiy:nray;gLepiy:nray;gLepiy: fw;wy; nray;fisr; nra;tjd; %yk; epfo;fpwJ. ,jw;F ,U

rf;fu thfdj;ij Xl;bf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tijf; $wyhk;. 2. cUtfepiy: cUtfepiy: cUtfepiy: cUtfepiy: Gyd;fhl;rp top> kdJf;Fs;NsNa rhay;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf;

fw;wy; eilngWfpwJ.



3. FwpaPl;L epiy:FwpaPl;L epiy:FwpaPl;L epiy:FwpaPl;L epiy: nray;fis nkhopahf khw;wp> ,izj;Jf; fw;Fk; epiyNa FwpaPl;L epiy> xUthpd; jw;fUj;J tsh;r;rp> mtUila cyfpYs;s nghUs;fspd; rhay;fisg; nghWj;jJ.

ehk; vt;thW mwpit mspf;fpNwhk;> vt;thW fw;gtiu mtUila fw;wy; epiyf;Nfw;g topelj;JfpNwhk; vd;gjw;Nfw;gNt mwpT tsh;r;rp ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ GUzhpd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

3.gpahN[apd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL3.gpahN[apd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL3.gpahN[apd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL3.gpahN[apd; mwpT tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL

[Pd; gpahN[ vd;Dk; Rtl;]h;yhe;J cstpaywpQh; Foe;ijapd; rpe;jid kw;Wk; mwpT tsh;r;rp gw;wp nghJikf; fUj;Jfis mwptpj;Js;shh;. mtuJ fUj;Jg;gb> Foe;ijapd; taJf;Nfw;g> gy;NtW gbepiyfspy; mwpT tsh;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ. ,tUila mwpTf;Nfhl;ghL mwptpd; vy;iy %yk; kugpay; top kdpjdpd; mwpT %yk; vy;iy> gz;Gfis mwpAk; gz;Gfis Ma;thff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mwpT tsh;r;rpapy; caphpay; kuGf; $WfSk;> #oYk; nfhz;Ls;s ,iltpid gw;wp ,tuJ Muha;r;rp mike;jJ. gpahN[> midj;J mwpT tsh;r;rpAk; %d;W nray;fshy; epfo;tjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mit:

1. jd;tag;gLj;Jjy; 2. nghUe;Jjy; 3.3.3.3. rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy;

1.1.1.1. jd;tag;gLj;Jjy;: jd;tag;gLj;Jjy;: jd;tag;gLj;Jjy;: jd;tag;gLj;Jjy;: Gjpajhfg; ngWk; jfty;fis> jhd; Vw;fdNt ngw;Ws;s

mwpT mikg;Gld; Foe;ij nghUj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;. 2.2.2.2. nghUe;Jjy;: nghUe;Jjy;: nghUe;Jjy;: nghUe;Jjy;: Gjpa jfty;fSf;Nfw;g Vw;fdNt cs;s mwpT mikg;ig khw;wp>

mjNdhL ,iae;J nry;Yjy;. 3.3.3.3. rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy;:rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy;:rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy;:rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy;: jd; tag;gLjYf;Fk;> nghUe;JjYf;Fk; ,ilNa mwptpidr;

nray;gLj;JtjpNy cz;lhFk; rkepiyNa rkepiygLj;jyhFk;. xU Foe;ij Vw;fdNt jhd; cs;s #oYf;Fk;> Gjpa fw;wy; #oYf;Fk; ,ilNa jd;idr; rkepiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. NkNy nrhd;d %d;W nray;fshYk;> Foe;ij jftikg;igg; ngWfpwJ.

gpahN[ Foe;ijapd; mwpT tsh;r;rp epiyfis ehd;F tifahfg; gphpj;Js;shh;.

1. Gydpaf;fepiy (gpwg;G Kjy; 2 taJ tiu) 2. nraYf;F Ke;ija epiy ( 2 Kjy; 7 taJ tiu) 3. gUg;nghUs; nray;gLk; epiy (7 Kjy; 12 taJ tiu) 4. fUj;jpay; epiy (12 taJf;F Nky;)

1.1.1.1. Gydpaf;fepiy: Gydpaf;fepiy: Gydpaf;fepiy: Gydpaf;fepiy: ,e;epiyapy; Foe;ij jdf;nfd;W Xh; cyfj;ij cUthf;fpf;

nfhs;fpwJ. mjpy; mjDila cly; NjitfSk;> Gyd; czh;Tk; Foe;ijapd; fw;wYf;F toptFf;fpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; Foe;ij jd;idr; Rw;wp vd;d epfo;fpwJ vd;W rpe;jpg;gij tpl Gyd;fisf; nfhz;L ,af;fpf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. vl;L khjj;jpw;F gpwF Foe;ij nghUs;fspd; epiyj;j jd;ik gw;wp mwpfpwJ.



mbg;gil epidT Njhd;w Muk;gpj;j cld; gpwiug; NghyNt jhDk; nra;af; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.

2.2.2.2. nraYf;F Ke;ija epiy: nraYf;F Ke;ija epiy: nraYf;F Ke;ija epiy: nraYf;F Ke;ija epiy: ,e;epiyapy; nkhop tsh;r;rp cUthfpwJ. nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nray;fs; gw;wpf; Foe;ij rpe;jpf;f Muk;gpf;fpwJ. ,jpy; fUj;Jf;F Ke;jpaepiy> cs;Szh;T Njhd;Wk; epiy vd;w ,uz;L epiyfSk; mlq;fpAs;sd. mwpTepiy tsh;r;rp vd;gJ nghpath;fisf; fz;L Nghyr;nra;tjhYk;> FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;JtjhYk; epfOk;. Foe;ijapd; fhuzk; fz;lwpjypy; nefpo;r;rpNah> Kd;gpd; khw;wNkh ,Uf;fhJ. Foe;ij jd;id kl;LNk ikakhff; nfhz;L rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gLk;. capuw;w nghUl;fSf;F> capUs;sjhff; Foe;ij ghtpj;Jf;nfhz;L> mtw;NwhL NgRjy;> tpisahLjy; Nghd;w nray;fisr; nra;Ak;.

3.3.3.3. gUg;nghUs; nray;gL epiy: gUg;nghUs; nray;gL epiy: gUg;nghUs; nray;gL epiy: gUg;nghUs; nray;gL epiy: ,e;epiy 7 taJ Kjy; 12 taJ tiu ,Ug;gjhy;> ,e;epiyapy; Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fhuzj;NjhL rpe;jpj;jYk;> jd;dpiy Kidg;Gf; FiwjYk; epfOk;. ,e;epiyapd; Kf;fpaf;$Wfs;:

• gFj;jwpjYk;> njhFj;jwpjYk; eilngWk;.

• rpe;jpg;gjpy; nefpo;r;rp ,Uf;Fk;.

• nghUl;fspd; gaidg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwd; tsUk;.

• thpirg;gLj;jYk;> tifg;gLj;jYk; Foe;ijaplk; epfOk;.

• xU nraypd; Kd; gpd; khw;wq;fisf; Foe;ij czu Muk;gpf;Fk;.

4.4.4.4. fUj;jpay; epiy:fUj;jpay; epiy:fUj;jpay; epiy:fUj;jpay; epiy: ,e;epiyapy; Foe;ij jd; vjphpy; ,y;yhj nghUl;fisAk;> elf;fhj epfo;TfisAk; gw;wpf; fw;gidahfr; rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;Fk;. Foe;ijapd; rpe;jid Kiwg;gbAk;> fhuzq;fs; mbg;gilapYk; xUq;fpizaj; njhlq;Fk;. ,e;epiyapy; gpd;tUk; $Wfs; mike;Js;sd:

• gUg;nghUs; rpe;jid

• Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l jPh;Tfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;

• rpf;fiyj;jPh;j;jy;

• mwpT khw;wk; ngWjy;.

gz;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;Ggz;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;Ggz;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;Ggz;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;G

• nkhop vd;gJ Mjpfhyj;jpy; xypapy; Njhd;wp irif nkhop> xypf;FwpaPl;by; tsh;e;J nkhop vd;w epiyapy; epd;wJ. mJNt gpd; Ngr;Rnkhop> vOj;J nkhop vd;W cah;T ngw;wJ. me;je;j tl;lhu> ,dkf;fs; NgrpaJ mth;fSila jha;nkhopahfpaJ. mjpy; jkpo; nkhop kpfTk; njhd;ikahdJ. vd;gijNa

“fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;wh fhyj;Njfy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;wh fhyj;Njfy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;wh fhyj;Njfy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;wh fhyj;Nj

Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jf;FbKd;Njhd;wpa %j;jf;FbKd;Njhd;wpa %j;jf;FbKd;Njhd;wpa %j;jf;Fb”....

vd;W jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; $WfpwJ.



• gz;ghL vd;gJ kf;fs; thOk; #oYf;Nfw;g mtuth; gpd;gw;wf;$ba xOf;fnewpNa MFk;. mjpy; Fwpg;ghf nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fspd; %yNk me;je;j fhyq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; gz;ghl;bid mwpa KbfpwJ.

• jkpo; nkhopapd; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fNs jkpoh; gz;ghl;bid vLj;Jiuf;Fk; fhyf;fz;zhbahFk;.

• gz;ghl;bid xU jiyKiwapypUe;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;F vLj;Jr;nry;y gz;ghL Xh; Clfkhf nray;gLfpwJ.

• Xh; r%fj;jpd; gz;ghL> mtuth; NgRk; nkhopapd; ntspg;ghl;bd; %yk; rpwg;G kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp ngWfpwJ. mNjNghy; nkhop rpwg;G ngw;why; gz;ghL rpwg;G ngWk;. ,it ,uz;Lk; xU ghyj;jpy nry;Yk; ,iz NfhLfshFk;.

KbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiu

,jd;%yk; kdpjh;fspd; cly;> cs;sk;> mwpT Mfpa %d;wpidAk; tsh;r;rp ngwr; nra;tNj fy;tp vd;gij mwpayhk;. jha;nkhopahfpa jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fisAk;> jkpo;nkhopapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; xt;nthUtUk; mwpe;J nfhs;sKbfpwJ. Foe;ij> jhd; gpwe;jJ Kjy; Nfl;Lk;> NgrpAk; tUk; jha;nkhop mf;Foe;ijapd; mf tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> Gw tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Jiz epw;fpwJ. xUtNuhL xUth; njhlh;G nfhs;sTk;> fUj;Jfisg; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk;> gpwiug; Ghpe;J nfhs;sTk; nkhopNa mbg;gilf; fhuzpahfpwJ vd;gijAk; mjpYk; ek; jha;nkhopahfpa jkpopd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ vd;gijAk; ,t;tpaypd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1. jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; Fwpj;J tphpthd fl;Liu tiuf.

2. nkhopf; fw;gpj;jypd; cstpay; Nfhl;ghLfspy; VNjDk; %d;wpid tpsf;Ff. 3. gz;ghl;bw;Fk; nkhopf;FKs;s njhlh;gpid tpsf;Ff.



myF 2 fw;gpj;jYf;fhd jpl;lkply;myF 2 fw;gpj;jYf;fhd jpl;lkply;myF 2 fw;gpj;jYf;fhd jpl;lkply;myF 2 fw;gpj;jYf;fhd jpl;lkply;

Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:

,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy;> khzt Mrphpah;fs;:

1. ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Nehf;fq;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;th;. 2. GSkpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghl;il gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;th;. 3. myFj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis czh;e;J

gad;gLj;Jth;.


fw;gpj;jiyr; rpwg;ghf;Ftjw;Fk;> ntw;wpfukhf Kbg;gjw;Fk; cs;s jpwTNfhy; tFg;giwg; ghlq;fis xOq;fhfj; jpl;lkpLjNyahFk;. vtw;iwf; fw;gpg;gJ vd;gijAk;> vt;thW fw;gpg;gJ vd;gijAk; Mrphpah; Kd;$l;bNa njspthf mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlk; fw;gpf;fg;gLtjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fisAk;> mg;ghlj;ij khztUf;Ff; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ vt;thW njhlq;FtJ> vt;thW Gjpa nra;jpfis mikg;gJ> ve;nje;jj; Jizf;fUtpfis cgNahfpg;gJ> ghlk; Kbe;jgpd; Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtwpdth vd;W mwpa vt;thW Nrhjid nra;tJ Nghd;w midj;ijAk; Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfs;ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfs;ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfs;ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfs;

ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; nghOJk;> ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; vOJk;nghOJk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba gbepiyfis n`h;ghh;l;bd;n`h;ghh;l;bd;n`h;ghh;l;bd;n`h;ghh;l;bd; vd;gth; tbtikj;jhh;. mg;gbepiyfSf;F n`h;ghh;l;bd; gbepiyfs; vd;W ngah;. mit:

1. Cf;Ftpj;jy; 2. ghltsh;r;rp 3. njhlh;GgLj;Jjy; 4. nghJf;fUj;ij cUthf;Fjy; 5. gad;gLj;Jjy; 6. kPs;ghh;it nra;jy;

1. Cf;Ftpj;jy;:Cf;Ftpj;jy;:Cf;Ftpj;jy;:Cf;Ftpj;jy;: Mrphpah; xU Gjpa ghlg;nghUis khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpg;gjw;F

Kd; mJ gw;wpa mwptpidg; ngWtjw;F khzth;fisj; jahh; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khzth;fs; Mh;tj;Jld; Gjpa nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mth;fisj; jahh; nra;tNj Cf;Ftpj;jy; MFk;. Cf;Ftpf;Fk; topKiwfs;:Cf;Ftpf;Fk; topKiwfs;:Cf;Ftpf;Fk; topKiwfs;:Cf;Ftpf;Fk; topKiwfs;:

• fw;gpj;jy; ghlg;nghUSld; njhlh;Gila Kd;dwptpid khzth;fs; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fsh vd;W Nrhjpj;jy;.

• fw;gpj;jy; ghlg; nghUSld; njhlh;Gila nray;fisAk;> epfo;r;rpfisAk; $Wjy;.

• Jizf;fUtpfs; %yk; Gjpa nra;jpfisj; njhlh;GgLj;Jjy;.



• khzth;fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifNahL Gjpa nra;jpfis ,izj;jy;.

2.2.2.2. ghl tsh;r;rp: ghl tsh;r;rp: ghl tsh;r;rp: ghl tsh;r;rp: khzth;fis Cf;Ftpj;j gpwF ghlj; jiyg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fisj; njspthff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ghlj; jiyg;igf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp ghlj;ijj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlg;nghUspd; tsh;r;rp epiyfspy; khzth;fisg; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ghltsh;r;rpapd; ,ilapy; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fs; khzth;fspd; ghlg;nghUs; mwptpidr; Nrhjpg;gjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. tpdhf;fis tFg;giwapy; cs;s midj;J khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLk;gb jpl;lkpl;L tpdt Ntz;Lk;.

3.3.3.3. njhlh;G gLj;Jjy;: njhlh;G gLj;Jjy;: njhlh;G gLj;Jjy;: njhlh;G gLj;Jjy;: ghl tsh;r;rpapy; mspf;fg;gl;l nra;jpfSf;Fj; njhlh;ghd rhd;Wfisj; njhlh;GgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. nra;jpfisj; njhlh;e;J mspj;Jf; nfhz;Nl nry;yhky; xt;nthU ghlg;nghUSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd tpsf;fj;ij mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nfs;tpf; fhl;rpf; fUtpfisg; ghlj;Jld; ,izj;J xg;Gikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; Kf;fpakhd ghlf;fUj;Jf;fis khzth;fshy; vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;.

4.4.4.4. nghJf;fUj;ij cUthf;Fjy;: nghJf;fUj;ij cUthf;Fjy;: nghJf;fUj;ij cUthf;Fjy;: nghJf;fUj;ij cUthf;Fjy;: Mrphpah; njhlh;GgLj;jypy; tpsf;fg;gl;;l fUj;JfisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; jFe;j Kiwapy; nghJikg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tpjpfisg; nghJikg;gLj;Jjy; %yk; Gjpa fUj;jpidg; ngw ,aYk;.

5.5.5.5. gad;gLj;Jjy;: gad;gLj;Jjy;: gad;gLj;Jjy;: gad;gLj;Jjy;: khzth;fs;> nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUj;Jfis md;whl tho;tpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;;g;Gfisr; Rl;l Ntz;Lk;. nghJf; fUj;Jf;fis #o;epiyAld; ,izf;Fk; NghJ md;whl tho;f;ifNahL xU njhlh;G Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. fw;wy; gapw;rp khw;wk; nra;ag;gLtjhy; fw;wy; epiy ngWfpwJ.

6.6.6.6. kPs;ghh;it: kPs;ghh;it: kPs;ghh;it: kPs;ghh;it: ,J ,Wjpg;gbepiy. kpf Kf;fpakhd ,g;gbepiyapy; khzth;fs; vd;d fw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;fs; vd;gij Mrphpauhy; mse;jwpa KbfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtwp ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;W kjpg;gPL nra;a cjTfpwJ. n`h;ghh;l;bd; gbfs; midj;ijAk; vy;yhg; ghlq;fSf;Fk; vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ. vdNt> rpy ghlq;fSf;F n`h;ghh;l;bapd; gbepiyfspy; cs;s rpy Kf;fpag; gbepiyfs; Mrphpah;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;W typAWj;jg;glyhk;. Mdhy; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlg;nghUspd; jd;ik> khzth;fspd; juk; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g rpy ghlq;fspy; rpy gb epiyfis Kw;wpYkhf xJf;fplTk; nra;ayhk;.

ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Nehf;fq;fisj; jahhp;j;jy; ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Nehf;fq;fisj; jahhp;j;jy; ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Nehf;fq;fisj; jahhp;j;jy; ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Nehf;fq;fisj; jahhp;j;jy;

ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Kjy; mbg;gil ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;. ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ rpy jiyg;Gfspd;fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l ghlg;nghUisf; fw;gpj;J epiwT nra;;aNtz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J ,y;iy. gs;spf;F tUfpd;w xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; xU ePh; nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuk; vd;W fUjp> ek;kplk; cs;s ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;w ePiu mjd; jiyapy; jpzpf;f ,ayhJ. my;yJ xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; fspkz; cUz;ilnadf; fUjp> Mrphpah; vz;zpagb> jkJ fUj;Jfisnay;yhk; mth;fs; kdj;jpy; GFj;jp> mth;fisg; nghk;ikfshf;Fk; rpw;gp Nghy Mrphpah; mikj;JtplTk; KbahJ. gps;isfs; xt;nthd;Wk; capUs;s [Ptd;. mth;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp itf;f



,ayhJ. mth;fs; kpFe;j RWRWg;Gld; nray;gLk; caph;fs;. MfNt mth;fSf;Fg; ghlq;fis fw;gpf;fj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ> mth;fisAk; fw;wy; nraypy; <LgLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt jw;fhy KiwahFk;.

tFg;gpy; gbg;gJ> glf;fhl;rpiaf; fhz;gJ my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs; jahhpg;gJ Nghd;w nray;fs; kdj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtd. ntspgazq;fs; mikg;gJk;> Nrhjidfs; nra;tJk;> nray;jpl;lq;fspy; <LgLtJk; khzth;fis KOJk; <LgLj;Jk; nray;fshFk;. nra;J fhl;Lk; Nrhjidfspy; rpy khztuJ ftdj;ij KOJk; epiyepWj;Jtd. Fwpg;Gfs; vOjpf;nfhs;Sk;gb nra;jy;> khzth;fisr; nraypy; <LgLj;jpdhYk; mr;nray; kpfr;rpwpa msNt ftdj;ij epiyepWj;Jk;.

tFg;gpy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w xt;nthU nraYk; khzth; kdj;jpy; xt;nthUtpj tpistpid Vw;gLj;Jk;. xU ghlg; gFjpapidf; fw;gpf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; nray; xU rpy khztUf;F vjph;ghh;f;Fk; gyid mspf;fyhk;. mNj nray; kw;nwhU rhuhUf;F vt;tpjg; gaDk; mspf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. MfNt ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;F jpl;lkpLk; NghJ gytpjr; nray;fisj; jpl;lkpl;lhy; fw;wy; vy;yh khzthplj;Jk; ,ay;ghf epfOk;.

myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;

myFj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ ghlg;gFjpapd; Xh; myiff; fw;gpf;fj; jpl;lkpLtjhFk;.

Xh; myF vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlf;fUj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.

ehw;gj;ije;J epkplq;fSf;F xU ghlg;gFjpia kl;Lk; Njh;e;njLj;J mjw;Ff; fw;gpf;fj; jpl;lkpLtNj ghlfw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lkpLjy; MFk;. ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lq;fs; MrphpaUf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Jiz Ghpfpd;wd.

myFg; ghlj;jpl;lk;: tiuaiwmyFg; ghlj;jpl;lk;: tiuaiwmyFg; ghlj;jpl;lk;: tiuaiwmyFg; ghlj;jpl;lk;: tiuaiw

ghlg;nghUs; fw;gpj;jYf;Fj; jFe;jthW gphpf;fg;glhky; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Mrphpah; mjidr; rhpahd myFfshfj; jpUj;jp mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpu];ldgpu];ldgpu];ldgpu];ld; vd;gth;

fUj;Jg;gb> “Xh; myF vd;gJ njhlh;Gila ghlf; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;j nghpa Xh; myF vd;gJ njhlh;Gila ghlf; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;j nghpa Xh; myF vd;gJ njhlh;Gila ghlf; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;j nghpa Xh; myF vd;gJ njhlh;Gila ghlf; fUj;Jf;fs; mike;j nghpa ghlg;gFjpahFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; ghlg;gFjpahFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; ghlg;gFjpahFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd; ghlg;gFjpahFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lq;fspd;

njhFg;ghf ,J mikAk;.njhFg;ghf ,J mikAk;.njhFg;ghf ,J mikAk;.njhFg;ghf ,J mikAk;.”

Xh; myFj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpYs;s> xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;Gila ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. myFj;jpl;lk; mg;ghlg;gFjpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ghlNtisfisg; nghWj;J mikayhk;.

ghlg; Gj;jfj;jpYs;s ghlg; gFjpfisj; jdpj;jdpahfg; gphpj;Jf; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ fUj;Jf;fspd; ,ilNa njhlh;gpy;yhky; Nghfyhk;. vdNt> xU Fwpg;gpl;l myfpYs;s gFjpfspd; KOf; fUj;jpidAk; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk;gb myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ey;y myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; jd;ikfs; ey;y myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; jd;ikfs; ey;y myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; jd;ikfs; ey;y myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; jd;ikfs;

1. khzth;fspd; epiy> rKjhar; #oypw;Nfw;g ghlg; gFjpia mikj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.



2. khzth;fspd; Kd;dwpit ikakhf itj;J vspa fw;wy; mDgtq;fs; %yk; mwpar; nra;Ak;gb itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. khzth;fspd; epfo;fhyj; Njitfisg; g+h;j;jp nra;J tskhd tUq;fhyj;jpw;F tif nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

4. ghlg;gFjpapd; tsh;r;rp gbg;gbahf vspikahdjpy; ,Ue;J fbdk; Nehf;fp nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

5. myFj;jpl;lk; fbdkhdjhf ,y;yhky; Mrphpah; NjitfSf;Fk;> nray; KiwfSf;Fk; Vw;g nefpOk; jd;ik cilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; gad;fs;myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; gad;fs;myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; gad;fs;myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; gad;fs;

• fw;gpj;jy; nghJ Nehf;fq;fisAk;> rpwg;G Nehf;fq;fisAk; njspTgLj;Jjy;

• khzth;fspd; Njit> Mh;tk;> kdg;ghq;F Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Mrphpah; jpl;lkpl cjTjy;

• MrphpaUk;> khzth;fSk; ,ize;J Rje;jpur; #o;epiyapy; nray;glj; Jizepw;wy;

• fw;wypy; Mh;tj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;

• fhytpuak; jLf;fg;gLjy;

• khzth;fspd; cs;Szh;Tfisj; J}z;Ljy;

• nray;jpwd; Nkk;gLjy;

• mwpit tho;f;ifr; #o;epiyAld; ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;j cjTjy;

• khzth;fspd; jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsh;j;jy;

• nray;jpl;l NtiyfSf;Fj; jpl;lkpl cjTjy;

• fw;gpg;gpjw;Fj; Njitahd fUtpfisj; jahhpf;f MrphpaUf;F cjTjy;

• ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lj;jpidr; rpwg;ghf mikf;f cjTjy;.

myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jypYs;s gbepiyfs;myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jypYs;s gbepiyfs;myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jypYs;s gbepiyfs;myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jypYs;s gbepiyfs;

Mrphpah; myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpf;Fk; Kd; ghlg;nghUisg; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. myFj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;jypy; cs;s gbepiyfs; gpd;tUkhW:

1. jahhpj;jy;:jahhpj;jy;:jahhpj;jy;:jahhpj;jy;: ,J khzth;fis Mh;tj;Jld; fw;wypy; jahh; nra;a cjTfpwJ. Gjpa jiyg;GfSf;F myFj;jpl;lkpLk; nghOJ tho;f;ifr; #o;epiyAld; ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;tJ ed;W.

2. Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpj;jy;:Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpj;jy;:Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpj;jy;:Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpj;jy;: xU Gjpa myif khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;Fk; Kd;> ve;j mbg;gilapy; fw;gpj;jiyj; njhlq;FtJ vd;gijj; jpl;lkpl khzth;fspd; Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. ghltsh;r;rp:ghltsh;r;rp:ghltsh;r;rp:ghltsh;r;rp: ghlg;nghUisf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs;> nray;fs;> gapw;rp Kiwfs;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; Mfpad jpl;lkplg;gLfpd;wd.

4. njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;:njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;:njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;:njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghl myfpd; fPo; mike;j midj;J cl;jiyg;GfisAk;> Xh; xOq;F Kiwapy; njhFj;Jf;$w myFj;jpl;lk; Jiz nra;fpwJ.

5. kPs;ghh;it:kPs;ghh;it:kPs;ghh;it:kPs;ghh;it: KO myifAk; fw;gpj;j gpwF> fw;gpj;j gFjpfspy; khzth;fspd; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ikia kPz;Lk; kPl;lwptjw;F kPs;ghh;it cjTfpwJ. ghlg;nghUis xl;ba rpW tpdhf;fspd; %yk; kPs;ghh;it nra;ayhk;.



6. kjpg;gpLjy;:kjpg;gpLjy;:kjpg;gpLjy;:kjpg;gpLjy;: ghl ,Wjpapy; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gpLjy; mikfpwJ. kjpg;gpLjypd; KbTfis Muha;e;J mjw;F kPz;Lk; ghlj;ij jpl;lkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. myFj; jpl;lk; vOJjy;myFj; jpl;lk; vOJjy;myFj; jpl;lk; vOJjy;myFj; jpl;lk; vOJjy;

Xh; myFj; jpl;lj;ij vOJtjw;Fg; gy;NtW tbtikg;Gfs; cs;sd. vdpDk; xU ey;y myFj;jpl;lk; fPo;f;fz;l $Wfisg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;;:

• myfpd; jiyg;G

• myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

• ghlj;jiyg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s fUj;Jf;fs;

• ikaf;fUj;J

• fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

• Jizf;fUtpfs;

• fhy msT

• xg;gilg;G

• kjpg;gpLjy; myFj;jpl;lj;jpd; tbtikg;GmyFj;jpl;lj;jpd; tbtikg;GmyFj;jpl;lj;jpd; tbtikg;GmyFj;jpl;lj;jpd; tbtikg;G

khjphpg; gbtk; khjphpg; gbtk; khjphpg; gbtk; khjphpg; gbtk; ----1111 myfpd; ngah; : myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs; : ghlk; : tFg;G : t.t.t.t. vz;.vz;.vz;.vz;.

ghlj; ghlj; ghlj; ghlj; jiyg;Gfs;jiyg;Gfs;jiyg;Gfs;jiyg;Gfs;

ghlq;fspd; ghlq;fspd; ghlq;fspd; ghlq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifvz;zpf;ifvz;zpf;ifvz;zpf;if

ghlg;nghUspd; ghlg;nghUspd; ghlg;nghUspd; ghlg;nghUspd; ikaf;$Wfs;ikaf;$Wfs;ikaf;$Wfs;ikaf;$Wfs;

fw;fw;fw;fw;gpj;jy; gpj;jy; gpj;jy; gpj;jy; Kiwfs;Kiwfs;Kiwfs;Kiwfs;

fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs;fUtpfs;fUtpfs;fUtpfs;

fhy fhy fhy fhy msTmsTmsTmsT

1.1.1.1. 2.2.2.2. 3.3.3.3. 4.4.4.4. 5.5.5.5.

khjphpg;gbtk; 1 I epug;gpa gpd; gbtk; 2d; mbg;gilapy; myFj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

gbtk;gbtk;gbtk;gbtk;----2222 myfpd; ngah; : myfpd; Nehf;fq;fs; : ghlk; : tFg;G :



t.t.t.t. vz;.vz;.vz;.vz;.

ghl ghl ghl ghl cl;fUj;Jfs;cl;fUj;Jfs;cl;fUj;Jfs;cl;fUj;Jfs;

ghlghlghlghl vz;zpf;ifvz;zpf;ifvz;zpf;ifvz;zpf;if

fw;wy; fw;wy; fw;wy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;Kiwfs;Kiwfs;Kiwfs;

xg;gilg;Gfs;xg;gilg;Gfs;xg;gilg;Gfs;xg;gilg;Gfs;

kjpg;gPLfs;kjpg;gPLfs;kjpg;gPLfs;kjpg;gPLfs;

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; tbtikj;jy;ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; tbtikj;jy;ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; tbtikj;jy;ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; tbtikj;jy;

ghlg; nghUSf;F Vw;gTk;> khzth;fspd; juk;> taJ> tFg;G> kdtsh;r;rp> czh;T mbg;gilapYk; tFg;giwr; nray;fis mikf;Fk; jpl;lNk ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lkhFk;.

fhh;lh; tp.Fl;:fhh;lh; tp.Fl;:fhh;lh; tp.Fl;:fhh;lh; tp.Fl;:“fw;gpg;gjw;F Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fis Xh; xOq;F Kiwg;gb mikf;Fk;

jpl;lkhFk;. ,jpy; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs;> gbf;f Ntz;ba Nkw;Nfhs; E}y;fs; kw;Wk;

xg;gilg;Gfs;> tpdhf;fs; Nghd;witfs; mlq;Fk;.”

ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lkpLjypy; mlq;fpghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lkpLjypy; mlq;fpghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lkpLjypy; mlq;fpghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lkpLjypy; mlq;fpAs;s $WfsAs;s $WfsAs;s $WfsAs;s $Wfs;

xU ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; vd;gJ fPo;f;fhZk; $Wfisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• Mrphpahpd; nray;fs;

• Mrphpahpd; ghlg;Gyik

• khzth;fisg; gw;wp Mrphpah; mwpe;jit

• Mrphpah; mwpe;Js;s fy;tp Nehf;fq;fs;

• fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba ghlg;nghUs;

• fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

GSk; vd;ghhpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; tifg;ghLGSk; vd;ghhpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; tifg;ghLGSk; vd;ghhpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; tifg;ghLGSk; vd;ghhpd; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fspd; tifg;ghL

fy;tpahsh;fs; tiuaWj;j Nehf;f tifg;ghL gy ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;Ws; rpwe;jjhf ngQ;rkpd; GSk; tbtikj;jJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,tUila tifg;ghl;by; khzthpd; tsh;r;rp %d;W nghpa gphpTfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit

1. mwpTg; gFjp 2. czh;Tg; gFjp 3. cs-,af;fg; gFjp vdg;gLk;.

mwpTg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; mwpTg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; mwpTg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; mwpTg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;

fy;tpapy; khzth;fs; nra;jpfisg; ghlkhf kl;Lk; fw;fhky; mtw;iwg; Gjpa #o;epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jTk;> tha;g;G fpilj;jhy; mth;fSila Nky;epiyg; gbg;gpw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.



1.1.1.1. mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; mbg;gil mwpitf; Fwpg;gpLk; ,jpy; fUj;Jfs;> Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;Sjiy Fwpg;gpLtJ. epidthw;wiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

2.2.2.2. Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy; nra;jpfSf;F tpsf;fk; $Wjy;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUjy;> nra;jpfisj; njhlh;GgLj;Jjy; Nghd;w tptuq;fis mlf;fpaJ.

3.3.3.3. gad;gLj;Jjy; gad;gLj;Jjy; gad;gLj;Jjy; gad;gLj;Jjy; fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fNk ngw;w mwpitg; Gjpa #oypy; gad;gLj;Jjy; MFk;. ,J khzth;fspd; gilg;ghw;wiy Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;glf;$bajhFk;.

4.4.4.4. gFj;jhuha;jy; gFj;jhuha;jy; gFj;jhuha;jy; gFj;jhuha;jy; nghJthd fUj;Jfspy; ,Ue;J mjd; gFjpfisg; gy;NtW gphpTfshfg; gphpj;J> me;j gphpTfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;Gfis mwpar; nrhy;tJ MFk;.

5.5.5.5. njhFj;jhuha;jy;njhFj;jhuha;jy;njhFj;jhuha;jy;njhFj;jhuha;jy; xU jiyg;gpy; mike;j jdpj;jdp nra;jpfis xUq;fpizj;J nghJf; fUj;Jfis nra;jpfis mikf;Fk; jpwd; MFk;. gFj;jYf;F Neh; vjpuhd nray; MFk;.

6.6.6.6. kjpg;gpLjy; kjpg;gpLjy; kjpg;gpLjy; kjpg;gpLjy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; epfo;tpid mwpa mstpLjiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gpLjy; eilngWfpd;wJ.

czh;Tg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; czh;Tg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; czh;Tg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; czh;Tg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;

khzth;fspd; kd vOr;rpia tsh;f;fpd;wd. ,J mbg;gilapy; khzth;fSila ghuhl;Lzh;it tsh;j;J> mth;fSf;F fUj;Jfspd; kPJ Mh;tj;ij Vw;gLj;jp mtw;iw ed;Fzh;e;J Muha;r;rp nra;Ak; kdg;ghd;ikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ

1.1.1.1. Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; rpy #o;epiyfisAk;> J}z;ly;fisAk; Mh;tj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd czh;El;gk; MFk;. J}z;liyg;ngw Ntz;Lkhapd; ftdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ftdk; J}z;liy ePl;bf;fpwJ.

2.2.2.2. Jyq;fy;Jyq;fy;Jyq;fy;Jyq;fy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l nray;> Gyd;fshy; ed;F czug;gl;lgpd; njhlh;e;J Jyq;fy; eilngWk;. ,e;epiy njhlh;e;J ftdj;Jld; Jyq;fSf;fhf vOr;rp miltjhFk;.

3.3.3.3. kjpg;gspj;jy; kjpg;gspj;jy; kjpg;gspj;jy; kjpg;gspj;jy; kjpg;gspj;jy; vd;gJ xU nraiyg; gw;wp kjpg;gpLjy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. kjpg;gspj;jypy; kjpg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> kjpg;gpw;F Kd;Dhpik nfhLj;jy;> nghWg;Gzh;jy; vd;w %d;W $Wfs; cs;sd.

4.4.4.4. xOq;fg;gLj;jy; xOq;fg;gLj;jy; xOq;fg;gLj;jy; xOq;fg;gLj;jy; kjpg;gpLjypy; fpilj;j nra;jpfis ,izj;J KbTfis cUthf;FtJ xOq;Fg;gLj;JjyhFk;.



5. gz;ghf;Fjy; gz;ghf;Fjy; gz;ghf;Fjy; gz;ghf;Fjy;

,J gz;gpid tsh;j;jy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. rhpahd kjpg;gpLjypypUe;J xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;l nra;jpfisj; njhlh;e;J gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ik tho;f;ifapy; gz;ghf cUthfpwJ.

cscscscs----,af;fg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; ,af;fg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; ,af;fg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs; ,af;fg;Gyk; rhh;e;j Nehf;fq;fs;

,J kd ,af;fj;Jld; cly; jirfs; xUq;fpiztjhy; nra;ag;gLk;> kdg;ghq;fpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; nray;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

1.1.1.1. Gyf;fhl;rp Gyf;fhl;rp Gyf;fhl;rp Gyf;fhl;rp cw;WNehf;Fjy; jpwd;> gpur;ridia czUjy; jpwd; kw;Wk; Ra Mh;tj;ij tsh;j;jy; jpwd; Mfpaitfisg; Gyd; fhl;rp nray;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

2.2.2.2. Nghyr;nra;jy; Nghyr;nra;jy; Nghyr;nra;jy; Nghyr;nra;jy; jpUk;gj;jpUk;g> xNu khjphpahd nray;fis epfo;j;Jtjw;Fk;> rpe;jid mbg;gilapy; xj;jpirTr; nray;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; ,g;gFjp fhuzkhfpwJ.

3.3.3.3. jhNd nra;jy; jhNd nra;jy; jhNd nra;jy; jhNd nra;jy; #o;epiyf;F cfe;jthW Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;jp mNj khjphpahd Mdhy; khWgl;l topKiwfis cs;slf;fpa nray;fs; ahTk; ,g;gFjpiar; Nrh;;e;jJ.

4.4.4.4. Jy;ypakhfr; nra;jy; Jy;ypakhfr; nra;jy; Jy;ypakhfr; nra;jy; Jy;ypakhfr; nra;jy; ,jpy; Nrhjidfs; mikj;jypy; nghUj;jKilik> nraw;gLj;Jjypy; Jy;ypak;> fUtpfisj; jtwpd;wpf; ifahSk; jpwd; Mfpait mlq;Fk;.

5.5.5.5. fifififiyahf;fy; yahf;fy; yahf;fy; yahf;fy; fiyahf;fypy; jh;f;fhPjpahd rpe;jid> fzf;fpLjy; jpwd;> kdj;jpwd; Nghd;w cl;$Wfs; mlq;Fk;.

6.6.6.6. ,ay;ghf;Fjy;,ay;ghf;Fjy;,ay;ghf;Fjy;,ay;ghf;Fjy; xU nraiyj; jpUk;gj;jpUk;gr; nra;Ak; NghJ mJ ,ay;ghd gof;fkhfptpLfpwJ. ntw;wp miljy; jpwd;> gy;tif nray;fis eph;tfpj;jy; jpwd;> xUq;fpizj;jy; jpwd; Nghd;w cl;$Wfs; ,jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ehd;F fl;l fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;l ml;ltizapd; mikg;Gehd;F fl;l fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;l ml;ltizapd; mikg;Gehd;F fl;l fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;l ml;ltizapd; mikg;Gehd;F fl;l fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;l ml;ltizapd; mikg;G

xt;nthU MrphpaUk; tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;F Kd;ghf> Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fw;gpj;jy; nray;fis ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lg; ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lj;ij vOj Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; fw;gpj;jypd; etPd El;gq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; gpd;tUk; tbtj;jpy; vy;NyhuhYk; vOjg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; tbtikg;Gghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; tbtikg;Gghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; tbtikg;Gghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; tbtikg;G

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mDgtq;fs; Nehf;fq;fisg; nghWj;Jk;> Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;fhd fw;wy; mDgtq;fs; ghlg;nghUisg; nghWj;Jk; mbg;gilapy; mikfpd;wd. Nehf;fq;fspd; milit mse;jwpa kjpg;gpLjy; gad;gLfpwJ. vdNt ghlg;nghUs;> Nehf;ff;$Wfs;> fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;> kjpg;gPL Mfpa ehd;Fk; thpir mbg;gilapy; njhlh;Gilad. 45 epkplq;fSf;fhd ghlg;nghUs; rpWrpW gFjpahfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mrphpah; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij vOJtjw;F Kd; mg;ghlg;gFjpiag; gw;wpa



Mo;e;j mwpitg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba ghlg;gFjpia ed;F gbj;Jg; nghUSzh;;e;j gpd;dh; jhd; ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;ij vOj Ntz;Lk;.

fw;gpj;jy;fw;gpj;jy;fw;gpj;jy;fw;gpj;jy;

fw;gp;j;jy; vd;gJ khztUila elj;ijapy; (mwpTg;Gyk;> czh;Tg;Gyk;> clypaf;fg; Gyk; Mfpa Gyq;fspy;) khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Mrphpah; tFg;giwapy; toq;Ffpd;w nra;iffSk; nray;fSk; MFk;.

,d;W> nghJthf Mrphpah;fs; fw;gpg;gjw;F Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk;> Foe;ij ikaf; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk; tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

fw;wy;fw;wy;fw;wy;fw;wy;

MrphpauJ nray;fspd; J}z;lypdhy;> khzth;fspd; elj;ijfspy; ntspg;gLk; epue;jukhd khw;wq;fs; fw;wy; vdg;gLk;. xU ghlj;ijf; fw;w gpd;G khzth;fs; ntspg;gLj;Jk; elj;ijfis Mrphpah; fz;zhy; ghh;f;f ,aYk;;;: me;elj;ijfisr; rpy msTNfhy;fshy; msf;f KbAk;. nghJthf> khzth;fs; jhq;fs; fw;wijg; NgRjy;> vOJjy;> xg;gpj;jy;> nra;J fhl;Ljy; Nghd;w elj;ijfspy; ntspg;gL;j;Jth;.

fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; ehd;F Kf;fpa $Wfs;fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; ehd;F Kf;fpa $Wfs;fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; ehd;F Kf;fpa $Wfs;fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; ehd;F Kf;fpa $Wfs;

Xh; Mrphpah; jdJ fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lj;ij ehd;F $Wfs; cs;s Kiwapy; vOjpj; jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1. ghlg;nghUs;:ghlg;nghUs;:ghlg;nghUs;:ghlg;nghUs;: xU ghlj;jpy; Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;f tpUk;Gk; kpf Kf;fpa ghlf;fUj;Jf;fs; ghlg;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,ijf; fw;gpg;gjhy; xU khzthplk; mwpjy; Gyk;> czh;Tg; Gyk;> clypaf;fg; Gyk; Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ> khzth;fsplk; mwpT> czh;T> jpwd; Mfpad tsh;r;rp milfpd;wd.

2. elj;ij tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;:elj;ij tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;:elj;ij tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;:elj;ij tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;: ghlj;ijf; fw;Fk; khzthplk; Vw;gLk; elj;ijapd; tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L vOj Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf> elj;ij tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ fz;zhy; fhzf;$ba nray; rhh;e;j tpidr;

nrhw;fisj; ‘jy;’ tpFjp gad;gLj;jp vOj Ntz;Lk;. (v.fh. $W-$Wjy;> vOJ-

vOJjy;> ghL-ghLjy;> tiu-tiujy;> xg;gpL-xg;gpLjy;> xg;gp-xg;gpj;jy;.) 3. fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;:fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;:fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;:fw;wy; mDgtq;fs;: fw;wy; mDgtq;;fs; vd;gJ xU ghlg;nghUisf; fw;f

tFg;giwapy; Mrphpah;> khzth; Mfpa ,UtUk; nra;Ak; nray;fshy; fpilf;Fk; gapw;rpfshFk;. Mrphpah; fw;gpf;f tpUk;Gk; ghlg;nghUis vg;gb fw;gpf;fg; Nghfpwhh; vd;w Fwpg;Gfs; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.(,J Mrphpah; nray;) fw;gpj;j ghlg;nghUis khzth;fs; fw;gjw;Fr; nra;Ak; gapw;rpfs; vd;ndd;d vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; (,J khzth; nray;.)

4. kjpg;gPL:kjpg;gPL:kjpg;gPL:kjpg;gPL: tFg;gpy; khzth;fs; ngw;w fw;wy; mDgtq;fspd; fhuzkhf mth;fspilNa fw;wy; epfo;e;Js;sjh vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf> Mrphpah; vd;ndd;d Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;ghh; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. xU ey;y fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; Neh;Nfhl;L cwtpy; fPo;f;fz;lthW mikAk;.



ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; ---- khjphpg;gbtk;khjphpg;gbtk;khjphpg;gbtk;khjphpg;gbtk;

khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; : tFg;GtFg;GtFg;GtFg;G / gphpT/ gphpT/ gphpT/ gphpT kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; : gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah; : ghlkghlkghlkghlk; : myFmyFmyFmyF : jiyg;G jiyg;G jiyg;G jiyg;G :

fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;: fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;: fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;: fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;:

khzthkhzthkhzthkhzth;;;;

� …………………………………………epidT$h;jy;

� …………………………………………tpsf;Fjy;

� …………………………………………cjhuzk; jUjy;

� …………………………………………thpirg;gLj;jpf; $Wjy;

� …………………………………………NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;Ljy;

� …………………………………………Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy;

topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs; topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs; topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs; topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs; / tsq;fs;: tsq;fs;: tsq;fs;: tsq;fs;:

,Ughpkhd> Kg;ghpkhz khjphpfs;> tiuglq;fs;> Royl;ilfs;> nrhy;Nyzp> glj;njhFg;G Nghd;;w topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; tsq;fisg; gl;baypLjy;.

fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT : fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT : fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT : fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT :

khzth;fisf; fw;wYf;Fj; jahh;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> ghlg;nghUs; njhlh;ghd Kd;dwpitr; Nrhjpg;gjw;fhfTk; Mrphpah; khzth;fis vspikahd tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; fw;wypd; fw;wypd; fw;wypd; fw;wypd; elj;ijf; $Wfs;elj;ijf; $Wfs;elj;ijf; $Wfs;elj;ijf; $Wfs;

fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk;

kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL

njhlh; nray;ghLfs; (VNjDk;): njhlh; nray;ghLfs; (VNjDk;): njhlh; nray;ghLfs; (VNjDk;): njhlh; nray;ghLfs; (VNjDk;):

topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk;

ehd;F fl;l ml;ltizapd;gb khjphp fw;gpg;ehd;F fl;l ml;ltizapd;gb khjphp fw;gpg;ehd;F fl;l ml;ltizapd;gb khjphp fw;gpg;ehd;F fl;l ml;ltizapd;gb khjphp fw;gpg;Gj; jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;Gj; jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;Gj; jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;Gj; jpl;lk; jahhpj;jy;




ghlq;fw;gpf;fr; nry;Yk; Mrphpah;> tFg;giwf;Fr; nry;YKd; ghlg;gFjp njhlh;ghf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nray;fis Kd; $l;bNa jpl;lkpl;L vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Jizf;ifNaNl ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; MFk;. ,J khzth;fs; mila Ntz;ba fw;wy; tpisTfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> GSkpd; fw;wy; Nfhl;ghLfis gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; Mrphpah; fw;gpj;jiy njhlq;FKd; vij> vt;thW> vg;gbf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak; vd;gij mwpayhk;. ,J fhytpuaj;ijj; jLg;gJld;> tFg;giw Ntiyfis thpirahfTk;> xOq;fhfTk; nray;gLj;j cjTk;.

(ciueil) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk;(ciueil) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk;(ciueil) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk;(ciueil) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk;

khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; : xxxxxxx gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah; : rhujh Nky;epiyg;gs;sp

tFg;GtFg;GtFg;GtFg;G/gphpT/gphpT/gphpT/gphpT kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; : xd;gjhk; tFg;G ‘m’ gphpT

ghlkghlkghlkghlk; : ciueil myFmyFmyFmyF : czNt kUe;J jiyg;G jiyg;G jiyg;G jiyg;G : cztpd; ,d;wpaikahik


khzth;:khzth;:khzth;:khzth;:

� czNt kUe;J ghlj;jpy; cztpd; ,d;wpaikahik vd;w ghlg;gFjpia thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthh.thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthh.thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthh.thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthh.;

� cly;eyk;> cseyk; ngWk; Kiwfisg;gw;wp fw;gpj;jg; ghlg;gFjpapy; Mrphpah; Nfl;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;Fg; gjpYgjpYgjpYgjpYiug;ghh;.iug;ghh;.iug;ghh;.iug;ghh;.

� nghUe;jpa czT> nghUe;jh czit jdJ nrhe;j thf;fpaj;jpy; vOJthhnrhe;j thf;fpaj;jpy; vOJthhnrhe;j thf;fpaj;jpy; vOJthhnrhe;j thf;fpaj;jpy; vOJthh;.

� jtph;f;f Ntz;ba czT tiffis fz;lwpe;J vOJthhfz;lwpe;J vOJthhfz;lwpe;J vOJthhfz;lwpe;J vOJthh;.

� cztpd; ,d;wpaikahikg; ghlg;gFjpia njhFj;Jf;$Wthh;njhFj;Jf;$Wthh;njhFj;Jf;$Wthh;njhFj;Jf;$Wthh;.

topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;/ tsq;fs;:tsq;fs;:tsq;fs;:tsq;fs;:

� rkr;rPh; czT - tiuglj;jhs;

� czT mtw;wpd; gad;fs; - nghUj;jl;il

� kUe;jhd czTg; nghUl;fs; - khjphpfs;

� Neha;fSk;> Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;JfSk; - Royl;il

fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT :fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT :fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT :fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT :

Mrphpah; fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fs; %yk; khzth;fspd; Ke;ija mwptpid Nrhjpj;jy;

cq;fSf;F njhpe;j kUe;J tiffs; ahit? cztpy; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; cz;lh?



cztpy; cs;s kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; rpy $Wf.

ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; /fUj;JfUj;JfUj;JfUj;J

fw;wypd; fw;wypd; fw;wypd; fw;wypd; elj;ijf; elj;ijf; elj;ijf; elj;ijf; $Wfs;$Wfs;$Wfs;$Wfs;

fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk; kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL

kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; cztpd; ,d;wpaikahik ,aw;if czT Kiw Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs;

thrpj;jy; $Wjy; epidT$h;jy; vOJjy; thrpj;jy;> tpsf;fpf;$Wjy;vOJjy; thrpj;jy; njspthf;Fjy; vOJjy; thrpj;jy;> cjhuzk; $Wjy;> vOJjy;

Mrphpah; cztpy; cs;s kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; vitnait vd tpdTfpwhh;. Mrphpah; jahhpj;j thrpg;G> fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy.; khzth;fs;; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fis epidT $h;fpd;wdh;. Mrphpah; cztpd; ,d;wpaik-ahikia tpsf;fpf;$Wfpwhh;. fUk;gyifapy; vOJfpwhh;. khzth;fs; Nfl;Lf; Fwpg;ngLf;-fpd;wdh;. czT cz;z Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij thrpj;Jg; goFfpd;wdh.; Mrphpah; ,aw;if czT Kiw-apidAk;> ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;j gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; njspthf thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lfpwhh;. czTk; mtw;wpd; gad;fSk; vOjpa nghUj;jl;ilia fhl;Lfpwhhh;.; khzth;fs; ,aw;if czit filgpbg;gjd; %yk; fpilf;ff;-$ba cly; eyj;ijAk;> cs-eyj;ijAk; FOthf mkh;e;J thrpj;J goFfpd;wdh;. Mrphpah; Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;J nghUl;fSf;F cjhuzk; $wp khjphpfisf; fhl;Lfpwhh;;. khzth;fs; Neha; ePf;Fk; khjphp kUe;Jfisf; ftdpj;J

1.kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk; czTg; nghUl;fSf;F ,uz;L cjhuzk; $Wf. 2. kUe;jhd czTg; nghUl;fspd; ngah;fis vOjp;f;fhl;Lf. 1.clYf;F typik jU- git ahit? 2.cztpd; ,d;wpaikahikia thrpj;Jf;-fhl;Lf. 3.cztpd; ,d;wpaik -ahikia Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOJf. 1.,aw;ifahd czT Kiwapd; gaidf; $Wf. 2.cly;eyk; ngWk; Kiwiaf; $Wf. 3.cseyk; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis vOjpf;fhl;Lf. 1.Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;Sf;F ,uz;L cjhuzk; jUf. 2. Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;Jfs; ghlg;gFjpia



ehk; cz;z Ntz;ba czT Jhpj czTKiw rhptpfpj czTfs; fw;gpj;j ghlg; gFjpapYs;s Kf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;fs;

thrpj;jy;> thpirg;gLj;jp;f; $wy;> vOJjy thrpj;jy; Rl;bf;$Wjy; vOJjy; thrpj;jy; gl;baypl;Lf; $wy;; njhFj;Jf; $wy; RUf;fpf;$wy;

NkYk; rpytw;iw cjhuzkhff; $Wfpd;wdh;. Mrphpah; ehs;NjhWk; ehk; cz;z Ntz;ba czT Kiwfis tiuglj;jhs; %yk; thpirg;gLj;jp;f; $Wfpwhh.; khzth;fs; Mrphpah; thrpg;gij ftdpj;Jf; FOthfg; gphpe;J thrpj;Jg; goFfpd;wdh;. Mrphpah; jtph;f;f Ntz;ba czT tiffis Rl;bf;$Wfpwhh;. khzth;fs; Mrphpah; $wpa Jhpj czTfspd; jPq;fpid FOTld; Ngrpg;gfph;e;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Mrphpah; tiuglj;jhspy; rkr;rPh; cztpid gl;baypl;L thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. fUk;gyifapy; vOJfpwhh;. khzth;fs; ekJ clypw;Nfw;w rhptpfpj czTfis tpsf;fpf; $Wfpwhh;. gbj;j ghlg;gFjpapYs;s Kf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;fisr; RUf;fpAk; njhFj;Jk; nrhy;yp khzth;fs; FOthfg; gapw;rp nra;fpd;wdh;.

thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lf. 1.fhiyapy; ehk; cz;z Ntz;ba czT tiffisf; $Wf. 2.,utpy; ehk; cz;z Ntz;ba czT Kiwfis vOjpf;fhl;Lf. 1.clypw;F nghUe;Jk; nghUe;jh czTfisf; Rl;bf;$Wf. 2.jtph;f;f Ntz;ba czT KiwfSf;F ,uz;L cjhuzk; jUf. 3.Jhpj czTKiwapd; jPq;fpidg; gw;wp vOJf. 1.rkr;rPh; czT vd;why; vd;d? 2.rhptpj tpfpj cztpw;F cjhuzk; jUf. 3.clypw;Nfw;w rhptpj czT gl;baiy vOJf. fw;gpj;j ghlg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J cztpd; ,d;wpaikahikg; gw;wp njhFj;Jr; nrhy;Yf. 2.fw;gpj;j ghlg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J czNt kUe;J gw;wp RUf;fp vOJf.




fw;gpj;j ghlg;gFjpapd; mbg;gilapy;

1. cztpd; ,d;wpahikia gw;wp xU rpW fl;Liu tiuf.

2. kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk; czTg; nghUl;fisg; gw;wp cd; tPl;by; cs;s

nghpath;fsplk; Nfl;L vOjp tUf.

3. nghUe;Jk;-nghUe;jh czTg; nghUl;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfis

ehspjo;fspypUe;J Nrfhpj;J tUf.

topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khkhkhkhzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; zt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; zt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; zt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk;

(nra;As;) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; (nra;As;) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; (nra;As;) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; (nra;As;) ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk;

khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; khzt Mrphpah; ngah; : xxxxxxx

gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah;gs;spapd; ngah; : rhujh Nky;epiyg;gs;sp

tFg;GtFg;GtFg;GtFg;G/gphpT/gphpT/gphpT/gphpT kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; kw;Wk; fhyk; : xd;gjhk; tFg;G ‘m’ gphpT

ghlkghlkghlkghlk; : nra;As;

myFmyFmyFmyF : ghQ;rhyp rgjk;

jijijijiyg;G yg;G yg;G yg;G : tpJuidj; J}Jtply;


khzth;:khzth;:khzth;:khzth;:

� ghujpahh; gw;wpa Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.Mrphpah; Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.

� ghQ;rhyp rgjj;jpd; E}w;Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.E}w;Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.E}w;Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.E}w;Fwpg;gpidf; $Wthh;.

� ‘tpJuidj; J}Jtply;’ nra;Ais xypeak; Njhd;w thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthhthrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthhthrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthhthrpj;Jf;fhl;Lthh;.

� ‘jk;gp’ vdj;njhlq;Fk; nra;AspYs;s Gjpa nrhw;fSf;F nrhw;nghUisf; nrhw;nghUisf; nrhw;nghUisf; nrhw;nghUisf;

$Wthh;$Wthh;$Wthh;$Wthh;.

� nra;Aspd; ikaf; fUj;jpid tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;.

� nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fSf;F ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;gpid njspthf njspthf njspthf njspthf

vLj;Jiug;ghhvLj;Jiug;ghhvLj;Jiug;ghhvLj;Jiug;ghh;.

� nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fSf;F gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzj;ij Rl;bf;fhl;Lthh;Rl;bf;fhl;Lthh;Rl;bf;fhl;Lthh;Rl;bf;fhl;Lthh;.

� nra;Aspd; fUj;jpid njhFj;Jf; $WthnjhFj;Jf; $WthnjhFj;Jf; $WthnjhFj;Jf; $Wthh;h;h;h;.



topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;topfhl;lYf;F Njitg;gLk; Mjhuq;fs;/ tsq;fs;: tsq;fs;: tsq;fs;: tsq;fs;:

� ghujpahh; gw;wpa Fwpg;G (my;yJ) cUtg;glk; - tiuglj;jhs;

� mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; - nghUj;jl;il

� ,e;jpu khefh; kz;lgk; - khjphp

fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT : fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT : fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT : fw;gtUf;fhd Ke;ija mwpT :

Mrphpah; fPo;f;fhZk; tpdhf;fs; %yk; khzth;fspd; Ke;ija mwptpid Nrhjpj;jy;

kfhghujk; ahiug; gw;wpa fij vd;W njhpAkh?

ghz;lth;fspd; ngah;fisf; $Wf.

ghz;lth;fspd; kidtp ahh;?

jpnusgjpapd; NtW ngah; vd;d?

ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; ghlg;nghUs; /fUj;JfUj;JfUj;JfUj;J

fw;wypd; fw;wypd; fw;wypd; fw;wypd; elj;ij elj;ij elj;ij elj;ij $Wfs;$Wfs;$Wfs;$Wfs;

fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk;fw;wy; mDgtk; kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G E}y; Fwpg;G

epidT $h;jy;> Mrphpah; Fwpg;G $Wjy; E}w;Fwpg;G $Wjy;

Mrphpah; tiuglj;jhsp-ypUe;J ghujpahiug; gw;wp $Wfpwhh;. khzth;fs; tiuglj;jhis ghh;j;J ghujpahh; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis epidT- $h;fpd;wdh;. Mrphpah; thrpg;G ml;ilapypUe;J E}w;Fwpg;gpidf; $Wfpwhh;. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; E}ypd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa E}w;Fwpg;gpid khzth;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; gbf;fpd;wdh;.

ghujpahh; gw;wpr; rpy Fwpg;Gfisf; $Wf. 1.ghQ;rhyp rgjk; vd;Dk; E}y; ve;j E}iyj; jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ? 2. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; E}y; Fwpg;gpidf; $Wf.



‘jk;gp’ vdj;

njhlq;Fk; nra;As; nra;Aspy; cs;s Gjpa nrhw;fs; nra;Aspd; nghUs; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

xypeak; Njhd;w thrpj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; nrhw;nghUs; $Wjy; nra;Aspd; ikaf; fUj;jpidf; $Wjy; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;jy; Rl;bf; fhl;Ljy;

Mrphpah; nra;Ais xypeak; Njhd;w thrpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. khzth;fs; rpW FOf;fshfg; gphpe;J xypeaj;Jld; thrpj;Jg; goFfpd;wdh;. Mrphpah; nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngw;w klg;gpb> fspf;f> Ee;ij Nghd;w Gjpa nrhw;fSf;F nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk; $Wfpwhh;. khzth;fs; nra;AspypYs;s Gjpa nrhw;fSf;F nghUs; tpsf;fk; nrhy;ypAk;> vOjpAk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. Mrphpah; nra;Aspd; ikaf; fUj;jpidf; $Wfpwhh;. mij khzth;fs; Fwpg;Nghl;by; vOJfpd;wdh;. vOjpaij khzth;fs; FOthfr; Nrh;e;J gbj;J kfpo;fpd;wdh Mrphpah; nra;Aspy; tUk; nrhw;fSf;F ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gpid njspthf vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;. khzth;fs; nra;Aspy; tUk; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gfis ifNal;by; vOJfpd;wdh;.

‘jk;gp’ vdj; njhlq;Fk;

nra;Ais xypeak; Njhd;w thrpj;Jfhl;Lf.

1.klg;gpb> Ee;ij –

nghUs; tpsf;fk; $Wf. 2. fspf;f- vd;gjd; nghUis fUk;gyifapy; vOJf.

1.‘jk;gp’ vdj;

njhlq;Fk; nra;Ais xypeak; Njhd;w thrpj;Jf;fhl;Lf. 2.nra;Aspd; ikaf; fUj;jpidf; $Wf.

1.‘khefh;’ - ,yf;fzf;

Fwpg;G $Wf.

2.‘rhh;e;jth;’ -

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;Gf; $Wf.

1.fle;J – gFgj

cWg;gpyf;fzk; $Wf.



fw;gpj;j nra;As; gFjpapd; Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fs;

njhFj;Jf; $Wjy; RUf;fkhff; $Wjy;

Mrphpah; nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fSf;F gFgj ,yf;fzj;jpid fUk;gyifapy; Rl;bf;fhl;b tpsf;fk; mspg;ghh;. khzth;fs; mt;tpyf;fzj;ij ed;F ftdpj;J jdJ Fwpg;Ngl;by; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;thh;. gbj;j nra;As; ghlg;gFjpapYs;s Kf;fpaf; fUj;Jf;fisr; RUf;fpAk; njhFj;Jk; nrhy;yp khzth;fs; FOthfg; gapw;rp nra;fpd;wdh;.

2.nry;thd; - gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzj;ij Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOjpf;fhl;Lf. 1.tpJuidj; J}Jtply; nra;As; gFjpapd; fUj;jpid RUf;fkhff; $Wf. 2.tpJud; topapy; fz;l fhl;rpfis njhFj;Jf; $Wf.


fw;gpj;j ghlg;gFjpapd; mbg;gilapy;

1. kfhghujf; fijia %y E}ypypUe;J my;yJ nghpNahh;fsplk; Nfl;Lj;

njhpe;J tUf.

2. ghujpahhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpidg; gw;wp xU rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

3. #o;r;rpr; rUf;fj;jpd; fijr; RUf;fj;ij fye;Jiuahly; nra;f.

topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; topfhl;b Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk; khzt Mrphpah; ifnahg;gk;


1.1.1.1. n`h;ghh;bd; ghlk; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd gbepiyfis tpsf;Ff.

2.2.2.2. myFj;jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? xd;gjhk; tFg;G ghlj;jpw;F myFj;jpl;lk; xd;W

jahhpf;f.

3.3.3.3. GSkpd; fw;gpj;jy; tifg;ghl;bid tpsf;Ff.

4.4.4.4. xd;gjhk; tFg;G nra;As; ghlk; xd;wpw;F ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj;jpl;lk; xd;W jahhpf;f.



ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;

• fiyr;nry;tp.nt >(2014) fiyr;nry;tp.nt >(2014) fiyr;nry;tp.nt >(2014) fiyr;nry;tp.nt >(2014) nghJj;jkpo; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;> <NuhL: rQ;rPt;

ntspaPL.

• godpNtY.Qh (2011)>godpNtY.Qh (2011)>godpNtY.Qh (2011)>godpNtY.Qh (2011)>nre;jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; nghJj;jkpo;> jQ;rht+h;: ejpgg;sp\u;].;

• NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.NtZNfhghy; ,.gh. (2014)> ige;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> nrd;id: rhujh

gjpg;gfk;.

• kfhftp ghujpahh;kfhftp ghujpahh;kfhftp ghujpahh;kfhftp ghujpahh; >(1997)> ghujpahh; ghly;fs; > nrd;id: Fkud; gjpg;gfk;.

• Gyth; Foe;iGyth; Foe;iGyth; Foe;iGyth; Foe;ij>j>j>j> (2007)> ePjpf;fsQ;rpak;> nrd;id: rhujh gjpg;gfk;

• th.nr.Foe;ijrhkth.nr.Foe;ijrhkth.nr.Foe;ijrhkth.nr.Foe;ijrhkp> ,J fy;tp Afk;> nrd;id: ghujp gjpg;gfk;.



myFmyFmyFmyF–3333 fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngWjy;fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngWjy;fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngWjy;fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspy; gapw;rp ngWjy;

Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;

,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;wg; gpd;du; khzt Mrphpau;fs;>

o jkpo; nkhop fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

o FWepiyf;; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfisg; gpd;gw;Wtu;.

o ciueil> fl;Liuf; fw;gpj;jYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtu;.

o nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Fupa rpwg;G cj;jpia Nkw;;nfhs;tu;.

o ,yf;fzj;jpd; ,dpikia vLj;Jiug;gu;.


fw;gpj;jy; xU jpwd; kl;Lkd;W@ fiyAkhFk;.E}ywpT kl;LNk fw;gpj;jy; jpwid tsHj;J tplhJ. NgUe;J Xl;lf; fw;gtH> NgUe;jpd; cWg;Gfs;> ,af;fk; Mfpad gw;wpa nra;jpfs; mlq;fpa E}iyg; gbj;J milT ngw;W tpl;Nlh> NgUe;J Xl;lypy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fs; vd;gJ gw;wp E}ystpy; njupe;Jnfhz;Nlh NgUe;ij Xl;btpl KbahJ. NgUe;J Xl;Lk; jpwd;> NgUe;J xl;bg; ghHj;Jg; goFtpg;NghH mwpTiufshYk; goFNthH Kidg;ghYk; eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fis vjpHnfhs;Sk; jpwj;jhYk; ngWtjhFk;.mNjg;Nghy; fw;gpj;jy; jpwDk; mj;jd;ikaNj!MrpupaH fy;tp ngWk; ehs;fspy; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fspYk; gbepiyfspYk; gapw;rp ngwy;> ciueil >nra;As;> ,yf;fzk;> fl;Liu Mfpadfw;gpf;fg; gapw;rp ngw;why; vjpHehspy; fw;wiyj; jaf;fkpd;wp fw;gpf;f ,aYk; Cf;fk; gpwf;Fk;. Cf;Ftpf;Fk; ,tw;iw> MrpupaH fy;tp ngWk; fhyj;J mwpe;J NjHtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; fw;gpj;jy; ---- tpsf;tpsf;tpsf;tpsf;fk;fk;fk;fk;

“khztUf;F mwpitg; Gfl;Lk; Nehf;fpy;> Mrpupau; khztUf;fpilNa epfOk;

Clhl;lNk fw;gpj;jy;”vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.khztd; kdj;jpy; epiyngwr; nra;aNtz;Lkhapd;>Ik;Gyd;fSk; czUkhWfw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghl;by; gy;NtW fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis xUq;fpizj;J VNjDk; xU ghlg;nghUis tpsf;FtJ rpwe;jJ MFk;.

fw;gpg;G elj;ijfshf ntspg;gLk; nray;fisf; fy;tpahsHfs; jj;jk; mZFKiwfSf;F Vw;g tifg; gLj;jpAs;sdH. mtw;iwf; fw;gpj;jy; Mw;wy; vd;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfs; vd;Wk; nfhs;tH.

Kf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;syKf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;syKf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;syKf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;;;;

Kf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fshf fPo;fz;lj; jpwd;fs; mikfpd;wd.mit:

1. njhlq;Fjy; jpwd; 2. tpsf;Fjy; jpwd; 3. nghopg;Giuj; jpwd; 4. tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd; 5. Jhz;ly; khw;Wj; jpwd; 6. nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj; jpwd;



7. tYTl;ly; jpwd; 8. Kbf;Fk; jpwd; 9. ruskhfg; NgRk; jpwd;

,it> xd;gJ jpwd;fisAk; Mrpupa khztu; ngWtjw;fhff; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;

fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiwapy; ghlj;ijj; njhlq;Fk; Kiw rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. ghl mwpKfk; nra;Ak; jd;ikahy;> MrpupaH rpyH khztHfspd; ftdj;ij

mg;ghlk; KOtJk; <Hj;J tpLfpd;wdH. “ey;y njhlf;fk; ghjpg; gzpia Kbj;jjw;F

xg;ghFk;" vd;gJ fw;gpj;jypYk; nghUj;jkhf mikfpwJ.

• Kd;dwpTj; njhlHKd;dwpTj; njhlHKd;dwpTj; njhlHKd;dwpTj; njhlH

Gjpa mwpit Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vspa nrayd;W. vdNt> Gjpa mwpTg;gFjpiaf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;Fk; nghOJ khztHfsJ Ke;ija mwpitAk; jFe;j Kiwapy; ,izj;Jj; jUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Vw;w tpil je;jikVw;w tpil je;jikVw;w tpil je;jikVw;w tpil je;jik

Kd;G ngw;w mwpit epidt+l;LjYf;fhf tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLk;nghOJ> mtw;wpy; Vw;w tpil je;jjid vj;jid vd mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. Vw;w tpil je;jit kpFjpahapUg;gpd; ghlk; ed;F njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ vd;Wk;> Vw;w tpilfs; ,y;iyahapd; njhlf;fk; rupapy;iy vd;Wk; ehk; mwpayhk;.

• njhlHr;rpnjhlHr;rpnjhlHr;rpnjhlHr;rp

MrpupaH $Wk; njhlHfs;%yk;> ngWk; Gjpa mwpT> khztHfs; Vw;nfdNt ngw;w mwptpd; njhlHr;rp Nghd;wjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. njhlHfs;> mj; njhlHr;rpia czHj;Jfpd;wdth vd;W mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ij> mLj;j fUj;J njhlHe;J ,ay;ghf mikAkhW Ngr;R mikjiyNa njhlHr;rp vd;fpNwhk;.

• nghUj;jkhd njhlH nghUj;jkhd njhlH nghUj;jkhd njhlH nghUj;jkhd njhlH ---- Gwk;ghd njhlHGwk;ghd njhlHGwk;ghd njhlHGwk;ghd njhlH

nghUj;jkhd njhlHfs; kpFjpahf tUk;gbAk;> ghl Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkpy;yhj njhlHfs; tuhjgbAk; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• njhlq;FKiwnjhlq;FKiwnjhlq;FKiwnjhlq;FKiw

� Gjpa ghlj;Jld; xg;GikAila fUj;Jfisf; $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;

� tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L tpilfis tutioj;Jj; njhlq;Fjy;.

� tpsf;Fjy;> tUzpj;jy;> nrhw;nghopTfs; %yk; njhlq;Fjy;.

� Fijf; $wp; njhlq;Fjy;.

� ebj;jy; Kiw %yk; njhlq;Fjy;

� Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhlq;Fjy;

� nra;Jfhl;ly; %yk; njhlq;Fjy;



vdg; ghlj; jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpj; njhlq;Fjy; rpwg;GilaJ vdg; gapw;rpngw;w MrpupaH gyH jk; gl;lwptpdhy; $Wfpd;wdH.

tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;

MrpupaH ghlk; fw;gpj;jypy;> tpsf;Fjy; jpwd; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ. jpwk;ngw tpsf;Fjy; eilngw;why;> khztHfs; ghlg;nghUis ed;F czHthHfs;.

tFg;giwapy; tpsf;FjYf;F epiwa tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. ~vt;thW> vg;NghJ> ahH> vit> Vd;> vg;gb> vJ| vd;Dk; tpdhf;fis vOg;gp tpsf;Ftjhy;> mtw;wpw;F cupa tpiliar; nrhy;Ytjhy; khztHfs; tpsf;fk; ngWfpd;wdH.nkhopg;ghlj;jpy; ghly;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJk;> tpsf;fq;fs; kpFjpahf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. vdNt> tpsf;Fjypy; jpwd;ngWjy; ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.

• njhlq;Fk; njhlHnjhlq;Fk; njhlHnjhlq;Fk; njhlHnjhlq;Fk; njhlH

ghlg;gFjp vitahapDk; rup> tpsf;Fk;NghJ njhlq;FnjhlH ikaf;fUj;ij cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vjidg;gw;wp tpsf;f ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gjidj; njhlq;Fk;nghONj mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ,izg;Gr; nrhw;,izg;Gr; nrhw;,izg;Gr; nrhw;,izg;Gr; nrhw;fs;fs;fs;fs;

xd;iw tpsf;Fk;NghJ> xU fUj;NjhL kw;nwhU fUj;ij ,izj;J> ,iaGgLj;jpf; $Wtjw;F ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;JNthk;. mj;jifa ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fSs; Vw;wtw;iw ,lkwpe;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rpy njhlH ,izg;Gr;nrhw;fs;> fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Mdhy;> MfNt> mt;thW> ,t;thW>

mNjhL> Mifahy;> vdNt> gpd;dH>

gpd;> Kd;> Vnddpy;> vg;gbnadpy;>

vt;thnwdpy;> ,jd; fhuzkhf> ,jpypUe;J>

,J njhlHghf> mjd; fhuzkhf> ,jd; tpisthf>

mj;jifa> ,g;gbapUg;gpd;> ,y;yhjpUe;jhy;>

,jdhy;> ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> mNjhL$l.

• Kw;Wtpf;Fk;njhlHKw;Wtpf;Fk;njhlHKw;Wtpf;Fk;njhlHKw;Wtpf;Fk;njhlH

fw;gpj;jy; gFjp vg;gb ey;y njhlf;fk; mikfpwNjh> mNjNghd;W njspthf KbT ngWjYk; Ntz;Lk;. KbTngWjy; jpwk;gl mike;jhy;> khztHfs; fw;wtw;iwj; njhFj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

• tpsf;Fjypy; tpdhf;fs;tpsf;Fjypy; tpdhf;fs;tpsf;Fjypy; tpdhf;fs;tpsf;Fjypy; tpdhf;fs;



tpsf;Fjypy; mike;j tpdhf;fs; midj;Jk; Vw;w tpilfs; ngWkhapd;> tpsf;Fjy; jpwk;gl eilngw;wJ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

3. nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;3. nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;3. nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;3. nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;

nra;ASf;F ciueil tbtpy; nghUs; tpsf;fk; mikAk;.,J nra;ASf;Nf

nghUj;jKilajhFk;.“nra;As; Kjypatw;wpd; nghUisj; jpul;b> njhFj;Jf;

$Wjy;nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;” vdg;gLk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L>vLj;Jf;fhl;L>vLj;Jf;fhl;L>vLj;Jf;fhl;L>“njhl;lidj; J}Wk; kzw;Nfzp khe;ju;f;Ff;

fw;widj;J}Wk; mwpT”.

nghopg;Giunghopg;Giunghopg;Giunghopg;Giu

kzpypd;fz; Nfzp Njhz;ba mstpw;F ePh; CWk; mJ Nghy kf;fSf;Ff; fw;w mstpw;F Vw;g mwpT kpFjpahFk;.

4.tpdhf;Nfl;ly; jpwd;4.tpdhf;Nfl;ly; jpwd;4.tpdhf;Nfl;ly; jpwd;4.tpdhf;Nfl;ly; jpwd;

Mrpupau; fw;gpj;jYf;F cWJizahf miktJ tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;; MFk;. ghlg;nghUisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F mtH tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fpd;whH. mtw;iwf; fw;gpj;jy; tpdhf;fs; vd;gH. fw;gpj;j gpd;dH mtHfs; ghlg; nghUis ed;F mwpe;Js;sduh vd mwpaTk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fpd;whH. mtw;iwj; NjHe;jwp tpdhf;fs; vd;gH. ,t;thW tpdhf;fis MrpupaH kpFjpAk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH.

vjpHghHf;Fk; tpilfisg; nghWj;J tpdhf;fisg; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;.

• vspa epiy tpdhf;fs;>vspa epiy tpdhf;fs;>vspa epiy tpdhf;fs;>vspa epiy tpdhf;fs;>

vspa epiy tpdhf;fs; epidthw;wiy ikakhff; nfhz;L tpil ngWtd. Vw;nfdNt ,Uf;Fk; mwpT epiyiar; Nrhjpg;gd. ,t;tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfspy; khztuJf; fUj;Jfs; ntspahtjpy;iy.

• ,ilepiy tpdhf;fs;>,ilepiy tpdhf;fs;>,ilepiy tpdhf;fs;>,ilepiy tpdhf;fs;>

,it fUj;JzHjy; epiyapy; tpilfisg; ngWtd. xU njhlupd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;> njhlupd; nghUs; czHe;J xg;gply; Nghd;wit ,e;j tifiar; rhUk;.khztHjk; mwpitg; Gjpa #o;epiyapy; gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ikahdtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; tpdhf;fis ,ilepiy tpdhf;fs; vd;gu;.

• caHepiy tpdhf;fs;caHepiy tpdhf;fs;caHepiy tpdhf;fs;caHepiy tpdhf;fs;

caHepiy tpdhf;fs; khztH mwpe;jjpypUe;J mjw;F mg;ghw;gl;l mwpTg; gFjpfis milaj; J}z;LtdthFk;. jhq;fs; ngw;w mwptpdpd;W NkYk; nrd;W gFj;jy;> njhFj;jy;> kjpg;gpLjy; Nghd;w tw;iwr; nra;J tpil jUk;gbahf ,it mikAk;. GjpHjPHj;jy;> Kd;$l;bNa ca;j;JzHjy;> jPHkhdpj;jy;> jhNd gilf;Fkhw;wiyj; jUjy; Nghd;wit caH epiy tpdhf;fshy; tpistdthk;.NkYk;



� mwpT epiy tpdhf;fs;

� fUj;JzHjy; tpdhf;fs;

� mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpdhf;fs;

� rpe;jid tpdhf;fs;

,t;tif tpdhf;fSs; mwpT epiy tpdhf;fis>vspa epiy tpdhf;fs; vd;Wk;> fUj;JzHjy;> mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w tpdhf;fis ,ilepiy tpdhf;fs; vd;Wk;> rpe;jid tpdhf;fis caHepiy tpdhf;fs; vd;Wk; $Wtu;.

5.J}z;ly; khw;Wj; jpwd;5.J}z;ly; khw;Wj; jpwd;5.J}z;ly; khw;Wj; jpwd;5.J}z;ly; khw;Wj; jpwd;

,j;jpwd; gy;tif J}z;ly; vdTk; ngaH ngWk;. mit:

• MrpupaH ,l khw;wkMrpupaH ,l khw;wkMrpupaH ,l khw;wkMrpupaH ,l khw;wk;

MrpupaH xNu ,lj;jpy; epiyahf epd;W fw;gpf;fhky; efUjy; Ntz;Lk;. fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy;> khztHfs; mUNf nrd;W ghuhl;ly;> ehl;Lg;glj;jpy; XH ,lj;ijf; fhl;Ljy;> Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhuplk; nry;Yjy; Nghd;w nray;fs; ,lepiykhw;wk; my;yJ mirT vdg;gLk;.

• nka;g;ghLfs;nka;g;ghLfs;nka;g;ghLfs;nka;g;ghLfs;

ghlg;nghUspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g czHTfis MrpupaH ntspg;gLj;JtJk;> iriffisg; gad; gLj;JtJk; cz;L. ,tw;iwNa nka;g;ghL vd;gH. ~FWfyhdJ> mfd;wJ> cUz;ilahdJ> ePskhdJ| vd;Dk; njhlHfisf; $Wk;NghJ> MrpupaH iriffisf; fhl;LtJk;> czHTfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ Kfk; Rspj;jy;> KfkyHr;rp Mfpatw;iw Kff;Fwpfshy; fhl;LtJk; nka;g;ghLfisNa rhUk;. vdNt> czHit ntspapLk;NghJk;> msT> ,af;fk;> tbtk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;NghJk; nka;g;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. nrhw;fNshL$l> nka;g;ghLfSk; ,izAk;NghJ ftd <Hg;igAk;> ftd epiyg;igAk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpwJ. iffshy; kl;Lkd;wp> jiy> cly; Mfpa cWg;Gfspd; %yKk; nka;g;ghLfs; Njhd;WkhW nra;ayhk;.

• Fuy; Vw;wj; jho;TFuy; Vw;wj; jho;TFuy; Vw;wj; jho;TFuy; Vw;wj; jho;T

xNu rPuhd Ngr;R> xypg;G vd;gJ rypg;Gj; jd;ikiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. mjd; fhuzkhff; ftdk; epiyf;fhJ@ fw;wYk; epfohJ. vdNt> fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ Fuypy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> khWjy;fs; Ntz;Lk;. tPu ciuiag; gbf;Fk;nghOJk;> ,uf;f czHr;rpgw;wpf; $Wk; nghOJk;> Nfhgj;ij czHj;Jk; nrhw;fisg; gbf;Fk; nghOJk; Fuypy; Vw;wj;jho;T Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;. tpdh> czHr;rp thf;fpaq;fis mit ntspg;gLj;Jk; czHTf;F Vw;g xypf;f Ntz;Lk;. capHg;GlDk; czHTlDk; Fuy; xypapy; Vw;w ,lq;fspy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; mike;jhy;> ftd <Hg;G Vw;gl;L> fw;wy; kpf mjpf mstpy; eilngWk;.

• ftdk; <Hj;jy;ftdk; <Hj;jy;ftdk; <Hj;jy;ftdk; <Hj;jy;

MrpupaH ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ>“,g;nghOJ nrhy;tJ kpfKf;fpak; ftdpAq;fs;"

vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; %yk; khztHfspd; ftdj;ij <Hf;fyhk;@ my;yJ nrhw;fspy; mOj;jk; nfhLj;Jk; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpatw;Ws; rpytw;iw mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bAk;



tz;zq;fshy; vOjpf;fhl;bAk; khztHfs; ftdj;ij <Hf;fyhk;. tiuglk;> glk; Mfpatw;wpy; Rl;bf;fhl;LjYk; khztHfspd; ftdk; <Hj;jYf;Nf ahFk;. ,t;thW gytopfspy; khztHfs; ftdj;ij <Hf;fyhk;.

• ,iltpid khw;wk,iltpid khw;wk,iltpid khw;wk,iltpid khw;wk;

fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ MrpupaH NgRfpwhH@ khztHfs; Nfl;fpd;wdH. vdNt> fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ jhk; nray;gLtNjhL> khztHfSk; nray;glj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. khztHfsplk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L> mtHfisg; gjpy; $wr;nra;jy;> khztHfisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjr; nra;jy;> xUtiu tpdh Nfl;fr;nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; khztHfs; nray;gl tha;g;gspf;fyhk;. ,JNt ~tpidkhw;wk;| vdg;gLk;. ,jid ~,il tpidkhw;wk;| vdTk;> ~khztH gq;fspg;G| vd;Wk; $WtH. ,t;tpid khw;wj;ij>

MrpupaH - tFg;G MrpupaH - khztH

khztH - khztH vd;Dk; mikg;gpy; nfhs;syhk;

• epWj;jk;epWj;jk;epWj;jk;epWj;jk;

MrpupaH njhlHe;J Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ ,ilapy; rw;Wg; Ngr;ir epWj;jpdhy;..... khztHfs; midtUk; ftdpf;fj; njhlq;FtH. tpsf;fk; jUk;NghNjh> epfo;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghNjh> tpdhf;fs; Nfl;Fk;NghNjh> njhlHe;J Ngrpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNjh> jpl;lkpl;L Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Ngr;R epWj;jk; nra;tJ ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;JtNjhL rpe;jidiaAk; J}z;Lk;.

• Gyd; khw;wkGyd; khw;wkGyd; khw;wkGyd; khw;wk;

tFg;gpy; MrpupaH NgRk;nghOJ khztHfs; Nfl;fpd;wdH. khztHfsJ nrtpg;Gyd; (Nfl;ly;) gad;gLfpwJ. fUk;gyifapy; vOJk;nghOJk;> glq;fisf; fhl;Lk;nghOJk;> nghUs;fisf; fhl;Lk;nghOJk; mtw;iwg; ghHf;fpd;wdH. mg;nghOJ khztHfsJ fl;Gyd; (ghHj;jy;) gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW nrtpg;GyDk; fl;GyDk; (Nfl;ly;> ghHj;jy;) nray;gl tha;g;gspg;gNj ~Gyd;khw;wk;| vdg;gLk;.

ve;jg; ghlkhf ,Ue;jhYk; fhl;rp> Nfs;tp mikg;gpy; fw;gpj;jy; epfo;e;jhy; fw;wy; rpwg;GWk;. fhl;rp - Nfs;tp epfo;Tfs; khwpkhwp mikjy; ey;yJ. fPo; tFg;Gfspy; KfHjy; GyidAk;> njhLjy; GyidAk; ifahSk; tha;g;G Vw;gbd;> MrpupaH mtw;iwAk; ed;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW miktjidg; ~Gyd;tifj; J}z;ly; khw;wk;| vd;Wk;> RUf;fkhfg; ~Gyd;khw;wk;| vd;Wk; $WtH.

6.nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj; jpwd; my;yJ irif nkhopj;jpwd;6.nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj; jpwd; my;yJ irif nkhopj;jpwd;6.nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj; jpwd; my;yJ irif nkhopj;jpwd;6.nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj; jpwd; my;yJ irif nkhopj;jpwd;

MrpupaH fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ tFg;giwapy; mtUila Njhw;wk;> nkha;g;ghL Kjypad khztupd; ftdpj;jiyAk; fw;wiyAk; Cf;Ftpg;gdthFk;.

MrpupaH khztHfs; ftdpg;gij cWjpnra;aTk; fw;gpg;gpd; ghy; khztHfs; <Hf;fTk; gy cj;jpfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; nka;g;ghLfs; rpwg;gplk; tfpf;fpd;wd. nka;g;ghLfspd; %yk; MrpupaH gy fUj;Jfis typikahf czHe;j KbAk;.



,tw;iw “irifnkhop" vdTk; $WtH. tFg;gpy; 40 Nkw;gl;l khztHfs;

,Uf;fpd;w #oypy; MrpupaH xt;nthU khztiuAk; ngaupl;L miof;f Kbahj #oypy; tpuyhy; Rl;b miof;fyhk;.

tFg;giwapy; ftdpf;fhJ FWk;G nra;Ak; khztHfis MrpupaH jk; ghHitapdhy; vr;rupf;if ,aYk;.

tpuiy ePl;Ljy;> nrhLf;Fjy;> Kfj;ij jpUg;Gjy;> khztupd; Jyq;fSf;F Vw;g Kfg;ghtizfis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> Xuf;fz;zhy; ghHj;jy;> Kiwj;J ghHj;jy; Nghd;w irifnkhopfSk; MrpupaUf;F NjitahFk;.

MrpupaH xNu Nghf;fpy; ciuahb nfhz;L ,Uf;fhky; mt;tg;NghJ nka;g;nghUs; %yk; ghlk; nghUf;F Vw;w Ritfis ntspg;gLj;JtjYk; fw;gpj;jiy tsg;gLj;j KbAk;. RUq;f$wpd; tFg;giw MrpupaH jdp ebg;G epfo;j;Jk; xU NkilahFk;.

7.tYt+l;ly; jpwd;7.tYt+l;ly; jpwd;7.tYt+l;ly; jpwd;7.tYt+l;ly; jpwd;

MrpupaH tFg;gpy; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fpd;whH. tpdhf;fSf;F khztH tpil aspf;fpd;wdH. kpfr; rupahd tpil mspf;fpd;wNghJ MrpupaH xd;Wk; nrhy;yhJ> mLj;J NtW tpdh Nfl;lhy; khztH kfpo;r;rp milahH. fw;wypy; Cf;fk; ngwhH. rupahd tpilahdJ Mrpupauhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd MrpupaH nrhy;yhNyh> gpw Fwpg;GfshNyh njuptpg;gpd; khztH kfpo;TWtH. mt;thW ed;F gbj;J Kiwahf tpilaspj;jYf;F MrpupauJ nray; tYt+l;LfpwJ. mjid ~tYt+l;b| vd;gH. ghuhl;ly; vd;Wk; $wyhk;.

tYt+l;bfs; rupahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg; gLkhdhy;>

• jq;fs; tpil rup vd;W njupe;J nfhs;s tha;g;G cz;L.

� NkYk; gbf;f khztiuj; J}z;Lk;

� khztH eLtpy; r%f Vw;G epfo;tjhy; fw;wy; #oypy; tpUg;gk; Vw;gLk;.

� khztUf;F kfpo;r;rp Vw;gLk;

� ey;y nray;fs;> elj;ijfs; tYg;gLk;

� tFg;G eilKiwr; nraypy; khztH gq;Nfw;G kpFjpahFk;

� mLj;J tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis vjpHNehf;fr; nra;Ak;. ,jdhy; ftdk; ngUFk;.

Mdhy;> vjpHkiwapyhd tYt+l;bfs; (jtW-jg;G-rupapy;iy Nghd;wit) fw;wYf;Fj; JizGupt jpy;iy@ ,jdhy; khztH NtnwhU epiyapy; tpiljuj; jaq;fpg; gpd; thq;fp tpLtH. vdNt tYt+l;bfisg; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; fw;wy; rpwf;Fk;. Njitapy;yhj NghJk;> mjpfkhfTk; ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy; $lhJ.

tYt+l;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ fPo; cs;s fUj;Jfis kdj;jpy; nfhs;tJ ed;W.

1. tYt+l;bfis khztH gyUk; ngWkhW nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpyH kl;LNk ngw;why;> ehsiltpy; kw;wtHfs; tpil jUtjpy; fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhHfs;.



2. tYt+l;bfspy; gytw;iwAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. tpilapd; juj;jpw;Nfw;g> ,tw;wpd; jFjpAk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; khztH MHtk; Fiwe;J tpLk;.

3. tYt+l;bfisf; fz;lgb gad;gLj;Jjy; rpwe;jjd;W. mt;thwhapd; ,jd; tY Fiwe;JtpLk;.

• nkhopr; rhHGila tYt+l;bfs;nkhopr; rhHGila tYt+l;bfs;nkhopr; rhHGila tYt+l;bfs;nkhopr; rhHGila tYt+l;bfs;

khztH rupahd tpilaspf;Fk; NghJ> ed;W> rup> kpf ed;W. mUik> Mfh> kpf mUik> rpwg;ghdJ> moF> Mk; NkYk; njhlHf> NkYk; nrhy;Yf... Kjypa njhlHfs; nkhopr; rhHGila tYt+l;bfshk;. ,tw;iw MrpupaH ed;F gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• jpUk;gf; $wy;jpUk;gf; $wy;jpUk;gf; $wy;jpUk;gf; $wy;

khztH $Wk; rupahd tpilia MrpupaH Nfl;L mjid tFg;G KOikf;Fk;

jpUk;gf; $WfpwhH. mg;gbf; $Wk; nghOJ khztd;>“jd; tpilia> khztH

midtUk; mwpa MrpupaH $wpdhH" vd;W kfpo;fpwhd;. ,t;thWk; ghuhl;lyhk;.

• NtW tifapy; $wyNtW tifapy; $wyNtW tifapy; $wyNtW tifapy; $wy;

khztd; XusT rupahd tpil $wpdhy;> MrpupaH mijj; jpUj;jpr; nrk;ikahf;fpf; $wyhk;. jd;Dila tpilapYs;s nrhw;fisNa gad;gLj;jp MrpupaH tpsf;fpdhH vd;W mwpe;J khztd; kfpo;thd;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L>

M: ehfupfj;Jf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?

kh: ehfupfk; vd;gJ Gw xOf;fk;. gz;ghL vd;gJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthdJ.

M: ehfupfk; vd;gJ Gw xOf;fk; gz;ghL vd;gJ mf xOf;fk;. GwxOf;fk; ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLk;. mf xOf;fk; kdpj ,dj;Jf;Nf nghJthdJ.

,t;thW khztd; tpilia Vw;W NtWtifapy; $wyhk;.

• nkhopr; rhHGil xypfsnkhopr; rhHGil xypfsnkhopr; rhHGil xypfsnkhopr; rhHGil xypfs;

khztd; tpil $Wk; NghJ MrpupaH ~k;| ~k;|vdf; $wp khztid NkYk; tpiliaf; $Wk;gb nra;jNy nkhopr; rhHGil xypahFk;.

• cjTk; iriff; FwpfscjTk; iriff; FwpfscjTk; iriff; FwpfscjTk; iriff; Fwpfs;;;;

khztd; rupahd tpil $Wk; NghJ MrpupaH jk; jiyairg;ghy; Vw;wy;> rpwpJ Gd;KWty; nra;J NkNy nrhy;Yk;gb ifahy; fhl;Ljy;> mUNf nrd;W jl;bf; nfhLj;jy; Nghd;wd khztidg; ghuhl;Lk; iriff; Fwpfshk;.

8.Kbf;Fk; jpwd;8.Kbf;Fk; jpwd;8.Kbf;Fk; jpwd;8.Kbf;Fk; jpwd;

fw;gpf;Fk; xU ghlj;jpd; ghlg;gFjpapd; rpwg;ghd fUj;Jfs;> nfhs;iffs; fw;gpf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld vd;Dk; epiy Njhd;Wk;NghJ mtw;iw Kbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ fw;wYf;Fg; ngUe;Jizg; GupAk;. mt;thW Kbj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nghOJjhd; ghlq;



fw;NghUf;F xU epiwT Vw;gLk;. Kbf;Fe; jpwdpd; cl;$Wfshff; fPo; cs;sdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.

• fUj;JfifUj;JfifUj;JfifUj;Jfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;sj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;sj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;sj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy;

ghlk; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; nghOJ MrpupaUk;> khztUk; gy fUj;Jfisf; $wpapUf;fyhk;. ghl ,Wjpapy; mtw;iwj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; fw;NghH vtw;iw ehk; fw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhk; vd;W mwpe;J> mwpit xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

• Gjpa mwpitg; gadGjpa mwpitg; gadGjpa mwpitg; gadGjpa mwpitg; gad;gLj;j tha;g;G;gLj;j tha;g;G;gLj;j tha;g;G;gLj;j tha;g;G

Gjpa nra;jp> fUj;J> tpjpfs; fw;gpf;fg; gl;bUf;Fkhapd; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tha;g;Gfisf; Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. ,d;dpd;d #o;epiyapy; ,d;dpd;d tifapy; ,e;jg; Gjpa mwpitg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vdf; $wp mt;tpj tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. jhq;fs; Nfl;Nlh> ghHj;Njh ngw;w mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJjhd; mjid mtHfs; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

• Kd;dwpTld; ,izg;GKd;dwpTld; ,izg;GKd;dwpTld; ,izg;GKd;dwpTld; ,izg;G

ghl Ntisapy; fw;w Gjpa mwpit khztupilNa Kd;dH mJ njhlHghf Vw;nfdNt cs;s mwpTld; ,izj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ,izj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nghOJ me;jg; Gjpa mwpT njspthf czug;gl KbAk;. khztH mwptpy; tsHr;rp ngw;wjhf czu KbAk;.

• NkYk; fw;wYf;F tha;g;GNkYk; fw;wYf;F tha;g;GNkYk; fw;wYf;F tha;g;GNkYk; fw;wYf;F tha;g;G

khztH ngw;w Gjpa mwpit> mLj;Jg; ngwg; NghFk; mwpNthL njhlHGgLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d;dpd;dtw;iw mwpe;J nfhz;BHfs;@ ,tw;iwj; njhlHe;J> ,d;dpd;dtw;iw ePq;fs; NkYk; mwpe;J nfhs;tPHfs; vd;W $Wk; nghOJ khztH mwpT epiyapy; nkd;NkYk; tsHr;rp ngwj; jahuhfpwhHfs;.

rpwg;ghfg; ghlk; Kbj;jiyf; FWfpa njhFg;G vd;W $wyhk;. fw;gpj;jypd; rhuk; vd;W miof;fyhk;. ghl ,Wjpapy; jhd; ,t;thW Kbj;jiyj; jpul;bj; juy; Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. ghlkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jfisf; nfhz;l ghlg; gFjpfshf tpsq;Fk;. mg;ghlg;gFjpfis vy;iyahff; nfhz;L mt;nty;iyf;Fl;gl;l gFjpia clNdNa Kbj;J tplyhk;. mt;thW Kbg;gJ ,d;Dk; rpwg;Gila jhFk;.

,t;thW nra;tjhy;> jpl;lkpl;l ghlk; ghlg;gFjp epiwT ngWk;NghJ khztH ngw;w Gjpa mwpT njspT ngWfpd;wJ. mt;twpitg; gad;gLj;jj; J}z;ly; NeupLfpwJ. NkYk;> ,t;thW Kbj;jy; khztupilNa xU rhjidiar; nra;j czHitj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

9. ruskhfg; NgRk; jpwd;9. ruskhfg; NgRk; jpwd;9. ruskhfg; NgRk; jpwd;9. ruskhfg; NgRk; jpwd;

Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; ; ; ; ruskhf Ngr fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.jq;Fjilapd;wp NgRjy; ed;W. Nfl;gtu;fs; vspjhf Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; thu;j;ijfisf; $Wjy; rpwe;jJ.Ngr;R cWg;Gfisr; ruptu gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mNjhL nrhy; mikg;igg; Gupe;J itj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.



NgRk;NghJ jiyia epkpu;j;J NgRtJ rpwe;jJ>thia NghjpasT jpwe;J> cq;fs; fOj;J>jhil>cjLfs;>Kf jirfs;>njhz;il jirfs; Mfpatw;iw jsu;j;j goFq;fs;.cq;fs; epiyiar; Nrhjpj;jwptjw;F>rj;jkhf thrpj;Jg; ghu;g;gJ cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.

fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) gpd; tUk; gFjpapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) gpd; tUk; gFjpapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) gpd; tUk; gFjpapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) gpd; tUk; gFjpapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jyFWepiyf; fw;gpj;jyFWepiyf; fw;gpj;jyFWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpa gbfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;pd; Kf;fpa gbfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;pd; Kf;fpa gbfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;pd; Kf;fpa gbfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy;

FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; gbepiyfs; gpd;tUkhW mike;Js;sd. mit:

1. Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy; 2. ghlf; fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy; 3. ,iltpidg; Ngr;R 4. kPsr; rpe;jpj;jy; 5. njhFj;Jf; $wy;

1.1.1.1. Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;

fw;wYf;F MjhukhfTk; fw;gpj;jYf;F cWJizahfTk; miktJ Cf;Ftpj;jy; MFk;.rpW ghlk;(Mini lesson) fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ ghlj;ij Kd;G mwpe;j nra;jpfSld; epidTg; gLj;jp fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.Cf;fg;gLj;jp> ey; ciuahbf; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlNk rpwg;ghd fw;wYf;F toptFf;Fk;. ,e;jg;gbepiy>fw;Nghu; midtupd;; kdepiyr; rpjwhky; jq;fspd; KOftdj;ijAk; xUKfg;gLj;JtjhFk;. NkYk; fw;wYf;F Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;LtjhFk;.

2. ghlf;fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;2. ghlf;fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;2. ghlf;fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;2. ghlf;fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;

Cf;Ftpj;j gpd; fw;gpf;fg;NghFk; ghlj;jpd; jiyg;gpidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp gpwF ghlj; jiyg;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fis khztu;fSf;Fj; njspthfg; GupAk; tz;zk; vLj;Jf; $w Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ehSk; tsu;e;J tUk; jfty; njhopy; El;gk;(PPT) nfhz;Lk; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

“ghlj; njhlf;f NtisapypUe;J epiwT tiur;nry;Yk; fw;gpj;jy;

tsu;r;rpiag;ghlf;fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;” vd gl;lwpT kpf;f fy;tpahsu; $Wfpd;wdu;”.

ghl tsu;r;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf miktJ> fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;ij ed;Fg; Gupe;J nfhs;SjyhFk;. ,jd; njhlu;r;rpahf cs; tsu;r;rpfisf; nfhz;L mikAk;. fw;gpf;Fk; Jizf;fUtpfs; nfhz;L fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw> fhl;rpg; nghUspypUe;J fUj;Jg; nghUSf;Fr; nry;Yjy;>njsptpypUe;J rpf;fYf;Fr; nry;Yjy; vd;gjhf mikAk;.

3. ,il3. ,il3. ,il3. ,iltpidg; Ngr;Rtpidg; Ngr;Rtpidg; Ngr;Rtpidg; Ngr;R

,iltpid vd;gJ fw;gpj;jy; fw;wy; ,ilNa epfOk; nrhy;yhly;(Discourse)

MFk;.“Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; fw;gpj;jy; nraiy Nehf;fpa gpd;du>; fw;gtUf;F Vw;gLk; Iaq;fisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtu; Nkw;nfhz;l fw;gpg;G Kiwfspd; mbg;gilf;

fhuzq;fis mwptjw;Fk; gad;gLtjhFk;”.MrpupaUld; fye;JiuahLfpwNghJ



tho;f;ifNahLj; njhlu;Gila Gjpa nra;jpfisf; fw;Nghu; mwpa tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> ,iltpidf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy mr;rkpd;wp fw;gpf;f Mrpupa khztupilNa toptFf;fpwJ. khztHfspd; gq;fspg;G Vw;gLfp;.

4. kPsr;rpe4. kPsr;rpe4. kPsr;rpe4. kPsr;rpe;jpj;jy;;jpj;jy;;jpj;jy;;jpj;jy;

kPsr;rpe;jpj;jy; vd;gJ fw;wtw;iw kPz;Lk; rpe;jidapy; Vw;WjyhFk;. ghlj;jpypUe;J fpsu; tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L fw;NghiukPsr; rpe;jpf;fr;nra;aKbAk;> kPsr; rpe;jpg;gjd; thapyhfg; Gjpadtw;iw cUthf;Fk; jpwd; Vw;gLfpwJ.

5.njhFj;Jf;$wy;5.njhFj;Jf;$wy;5.njhFj;Jf;$wy;5.njhFj;Jf;$wy;

“njhFg;G” vd;gJ ghl Kbg;G MFk;.rpW ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy; elj;jpa midj;Jf; fUj;JfisAk; njhFj;Jf; $WtjhFk;.

fw;gpj;jy; gbfis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp fw;gpj;jy; gbfis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp fw;gpj;jy; gbfis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp fw;gpj;jy; gbfis ,izj;Jf; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; (rpW ghlk; elj;Jjy;) gapw;rp

ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) ngWjy; (20 kzpj;Jspfs;) – FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;Dhl;lk; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;Dhl;lk; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;Dhl;lk; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;Dhl;lk; toq;Fjy; gpd; tUkhW miketoq;Fjy; gpd; tUkhW miketoq;Fjy; gpd; tUkhW miketoq;Fjy; gpd; tUkhW mike;Js;sJ.;Js;sJ.;Js;sJ.;Js;sJ.

FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; ---- tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;tpsf;fk;

• ,J ghlk; fw;gpg;Gj; jpwd;fisg; ngWtjw;Fupa xU gapw;rp cj;jpahFk;.

• ,J eilKiwapyhd fw;wy; #o;epiyfis Vw;gLj;jp fw;wy; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.

• ,J fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Mo;e;j jpwid cUthf;FfpwJ.

• ngupa ghlj;ijf; fw;gjw;F Kd;Ndhl;lkhd gapw;rpahf ,J tpsq;FfpwJ.

• rpy epkplq;fspy; fw;gpf;Fk; Nghf;fhFk; Mdhy; ,J gpd;dhspy; tFg;giwapy; ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;f topfhl;LfpwJ.

• ,g;gapw;rp 20 epkplq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tJ tof;fkhFk;.

• ,f;fw;gpg;Gf; fhyk; 20 epkplq;fNs MapDk; Kiwahd fw;gpj;jYf;F rpwe;j mbg;gilia mikj;Jj; jUfpwJ.

rpW ghlk; (Mini Lesson) rpW ghlk; (Mini Lesson) rpW ghlk; (Mini Lesson) rpW ghlk; (Mini Lesson) ----khjpupkhjpupkhjpupkhjpup

khzt Mrpupau; ngau;:khzt Mrpupau; ngau;:khzt Mrpupau; ngau;:khzt Mrpupau; ngau;:………………....

ghlk;: jkpo;ghlk;: jkpo;ghlk;: jkpo;ghlk;: jkpo;

jiyg;G: jpUf;Fws;jiyg;G: jpUf;Fws;jiyg;G: jpUf;Fws;jiyg;G: jpUf;Fws;

cl;jiyg;G: xOf;fKilik (Kjy; jpUf;Fws;)cl;jiyg;G: xOf;fKilik (Kjy; jpUf;Fws;)cl;jiyg;G: xOf;fKilik (Kjy; jpUf;Fws;)cl;jiyg;G: xOf;fKilik (Kjy; jpUf;Fws;)

Njjp:Njjp:Njjp:Njjp:…………………

fhyk;:fhiy 10.00kzp Kjy; 10.20 tiufhyk;:fhiy 10.00kzp Kjy; 10.20 tiufhyk;:fhiy 10.00kzp Kjy; 10.20 tiufhyk;:fhiy 10.00kzp Kjy; 10.20 tiu



Nehf;fq;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fq;fs;

nkhopg;ghlj;jpy; fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fis nkhopj;jpwd;> ghlg;nghUs; Mfpad rhu;e;J jdpj;jdpNa tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;.

o jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;Gfisg; vLj;Jiuj;jy;.

o Fwspy; mike;Js;s fhuz>fhupa nkhop mikg;gpidg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

o jpUts;Stupd; ngUikia czu;j;Jk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisj; jUjy;;

o xOf;fj;jpd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; $wy;.

o ey;nyhOf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. Jizf; fUtpfs;Jizf; fUtpfs;Jizf; fUtpfs;Jizf; fUtpfs;

� gtu; ghapz;l; eOtk; (PPT)

� kpd; ml;ilfspy; nrhw; - nghUs;

Kjypad .,it cs;slf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g Jizf;fUtpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;fpd;wd.

cs;slf;f tiuT :xOf;fKilik(Kjy; nra;As; kl;Lk;)cs;slf;f tiuT :xOf;fKilik(Kjy; nra;As; kl;Lk;)cs;slf;f tiuT :xOf;fKilik(Kjy; nra;As; kl;Lk;)cs;slf;f tiuT :xOf;fKilik(Kjy; nra;As; kl;Lk;)

� Fws; ntz;ghtpd; mikg;G.

� jpUf;Fws;> jpUts;Stupd; ngUik.

� xOf;fj;jpd; rpwg;G –tpsf;fk;

� tho;f;ifNahL ,iaGg; gLj;jp xOf;f cau;itf; fw;gpj;jy;;;; fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fs;:fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fs;:fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fs;:fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fs;:

� njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;

� tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;

� nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;

� tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;

� gy;tifj;J}z;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;

� Kbf;Fk; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;gpj;jy; Kiwfw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk; nray;ghLfSk;fSk; nray;ghLfSk;fSk; nray;ghLfSk;fSk; nray;ghLfSk;

1.1.1.1. Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;

tzf;fk; khztu;fNs>tzf;fk; khztu;fNs>tzf;fk; khztu;fNs>tzf;fk; khztu;fNs> Mrpupah;: cq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j gjpnzd; fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fs; Fwpj;Jf; $Wq;fs;? khzth;: ehybahu;>jpupfLfk;>,d;dh ehw;gJ>,dpait ehw;gJ>Vyhjp>ehd;kzpf;fbif>jpUf;Fws;. Mrpupah;: jpUts;Stu; rpiyia vq;nfy;yhk; ghu;j;jpUf;fpwPu;fs;? khzth;: nrd;id ts;Stu; Nfhl;lk;>fd;dpahFkup flypy; 133 mb cau

rpiy……. Mrpupah;:jpUf;Fws; vg;ghtifapy; mike;Js;sJ? khzth;: jpUf;Fws; Fws; ntz;gh mikg;gpy; cs;sJ. Mrpupah: jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s mjpfhuq;fis $Wf? khzth;: jpUf;Fws; 133 mjpfhuq;fs; MFk;. Mrpupah;: jpUf;Fws; vj;Jizg; gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ? $Wf.



khzth;: jpUf;Fws; 3 gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mrpupah;: mwj;Jg;ghypy; xOf;fKilik ve;j mjpfhuj;jpy;; cs;sd. khzth;;;: xOf;fKilik 14 tJ mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;sJ.

Mrpupah;: ,d;iwa tFg;gpy; jpUf;Fwspy; “xOf;fKilik” gw;wp gbg;Nghk;. ((((njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;)njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;)njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;)njhlq;Fjy; jpwd;)

2.2.2.2. ghlf; fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;ghlf; fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;ghlf; fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;ghlf; fUj;Jfis toq;Fjy;

Mrpupah; : Fws; ntz;gh vd;gJ ntz;gh tifapd; ,uz;L mb cs;tifahFk;.,t;tifapd; mbg;gilapy; miktJ jpUf;Fws; MFk;. (tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;)(tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;)(tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;)(tpsf;Fjy; jpwd;)

Mrpupah;: jpUf;Fwspy; “xof;fKilik” mjpfhuj;jpd; Kjy; jpUf;Fws;>

“xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd;> xOf;fk;

caphpDk; xk;gg; gLk;”

- vd;gjhFk;

nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;: xUtw;F midj;Jr; rpwg;GfisAk; jUtJ xOf;fNk; Mjyhy;> mt;nthOf;fj;ij capupDk; Nkyhdjhff; fUjpf; fhj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

(nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;)(nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;)(nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;)(nghopg;Giuj; jpwd;)

ek; xt;nthUtUila tho;f;ifapYk; xOf;fNk jiyr;rpwe;j fUtpahFk;.

3.3.3.3. ,iltpid,iltpid,iltpid,iltpid

Mrpupau; : ,j;jpUf;Fwspy; kpFjpahf mike;Js;s nrhy; vJ?

khztu; : xOf;fk;

Mrpupau; : capiu tpl kpFjpahf ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vJ?

khztu;: capiu tpl kpFjpahf ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ xOf;fkhFk;.

Mrpupau; : Xk;gg;gLk; vd;gjd; nghUs;?

khztu;: ghJfhf;fg;gLjy;

(tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;)(tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;)(tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;)(tpdhf; Nfl;ly; jpwd;)

4.4.4.4. kPsr;rpe;jpj;jy;kPsr;rpe;jpj;jy;kPsr;rpe;jpj;jy;kPsr;rpe;jpj;jy;

Mrpupau; :Fws; ntz;gh vd;why; vd;d?

Mrpupau; :jpUf;Fws; cdf;Fj; njupe;j jpUf;Fwisf; $Wf.

Mrpupau; :xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd; - ,t;tbapy; $wg;gLtJ xOf;fj;jpd;

rpwg;gh?Njitah?



Mrpupau;:jpUf;Fwisg; gbj;J fhz;gpf;f.

Mrpupau;: k;k;k;…………(gy;tifj;J}z;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd; gy;tifj;J}z;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd; gy;tifj;J}z;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd; gy;tifj;J}z;ly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd; ----irif nkhopirif nkhopirif nkhopirif nkhop))))

5.5.5.5. njhFj;Jf;$wy;(Mrpupau; ikaf; fUj;ijj; njhFj;Jf; $wy;)njhFj;Jf;$wy;(Mrpupau; ikaf; fUj;ijj; njhFj;Jf; $wy;)njhFj;Jf;$wy;(Mrpupau; ikaf; fUj;ijj; njhFj;Jf; $wy;)njhFj;Jf;$wy;(Mrpupau; ikaf; fUj;ijj; njhFj;Jf; $wy;)

“cyfg; nghJkiw” vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J 1330 jpUf;Fws;fis cilaJ. nja;tg;Gytu; jpUts;Stu; xOf;fj;ij capupDk; Nkyhdjhff; $Wfpwhu;. ,jdhy;

tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fj;ijf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;;.”

( Kbf;Fk; jpwd;)( Kbf;Fk; jpwd;)( Kbf;Fk; jpwd;)( Kbf;Fk; jpwd;)

----------------------------------------------------

FWepiyg; ghlj;ij> gapw;rp ngUk; Nehf;fpy; goFtNj tFg;giw capNuhl;lk; MFk;.MrpupaH fy;tp ngWNthH> gy;NtW fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisAk; gbepiyfisAk; xUq;fpizj;J rpW ghlk; xd;wpizj; jahH nra;J fw;gpj;jiyg; goFtu;. FWepiyg; fw;gpj;jiyf; Fiwe;jJ 20 epkpl mstpyhtJ goFjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ij tFg;giw capNuhl;lk; vdTk; $wyhk;. tFg;giw capNuhl;lj;ij MrpupaH fy;tpahsH fzpg;gJ gad;juj; jf;fjha; mikAk;.nfhLf;fg;gl;l gbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp>FWepiy fw;gpj;jYf;fhd gpd;D}l;lk; ngwyhk;. MrpupaUk; cld; gapy;NthUk; FWepiy fw;gpg;gpid cw;WNehf;fp gpd;D}l;lk; toq;FtJ rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sg; gbtq;fspy; cs;s $Wfs; rpW ghlj;ijf;fw;gpf;f Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jpwd;fisf; fzpg;gjw;F cupajhFk;.

FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;D}l;lk; toq;Fk; gbtk;FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;D}l;lk; toq;Fk; gbtk;FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;D}l;lk; toq;Fk; gbtk;FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jiy cw;WNehf;fpg; gpd;D}l;lk; toq;Fk; gbtk;

FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpFWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpFWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpFWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rp

fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis xUq;fpizj;jy;

cld; gapy;NthH / MrpupaH fzpg;G

Fwpg;G: ,g;gbtj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ntspg;gLk; fw;wy; $WfSf;F vjpNu

nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; (�) ,f;Fwpapl;Lf; fhl;Lf.

kjpg;gpLjy; : ruhrup = 1> ed;W = 2> kpf ed;W = 3

khzt MrpupaH ngaH: fhyk;: 20 kzpj; Jspfs;

fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fs; ruhrup ed;W kpf ed;W nkhj;jk;

njhlq;Fjy; tpsf;Fjy;

tpdTjy;

gy;tifj; J}z;ly;



nkhopr;rhuhf; Fwpg;Gj; jpwd; my;yJ irif njhopj;jpwd;

tYt+l;ly;

Kbj;jy; ruskhfg; NgRjy;

nkhj;jk;

kjpg;ngz; tPr;R : 8-24

rpWepiy fw;gpj;jypd; nghJ fzpg;G

ruhrup: ed;W: kpf ed;W:

kjpg;ngz;fis EZFjy;

ruhrup : 8

ed;W : 9-16

kpf ed;W : 17-24

cw;WNehf;Fgtu; ifnahg;gk;

FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpapd; fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfis xUq;fpizj;jy; gbtk;FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpapd; fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfis xUq;fpizj;jy; gbtk;FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpapd; fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfis xUq;fpizj;jy; gbtk;FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpapd; fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfis xUq;fpizj;jy; gbtk;

fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fis xUq;fpizj;jy;

cld; gapy;NthH / MrpupaH fzpg;G

Fwpg;G: (�) ,f;Fwpia ,Lf.

kjpg;gpLjy; : ruhrup = 1> ed;W = 2> kpf ed;W = 3

khzt MrpupaH ngaH: fhyk;: 20 kzpj;Jspfs;

fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfs;

ruhrup ed;W kpf ed;W nkhj;jk;

Cf;Ftpj;jy;

toq;FFjy;

,iltpidg;Ngr;R rpe;jidapy; Vw;wy;

njhFj;jy;

nkhj;jk;

kjpg;ngz; tPr;R: 5-15



fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfspd; nghJf; fzpg;G

ruhrup: ed;W: kpf ed;W:

kjpg;ngz;fis EZFjy;

ruhrup : 5

ed;W : 6-10

kpf ed;W : 11-15

cw;WNehf;Fgtu; ifnahg;gk;

ciueil fw;gpj;jy;ciueil fw;gpj;jy;ciueil fw;gpj;jy;ciueil fw;gpj;jy;

,jpy;>ciueilapd; nghUs; >ciueilf; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk; > ciueil fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs; > nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy; > mUQ;nrhw;fisf; fw;gpj;jy; >nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfs; Mfpad tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ciueilapd; nghUs;ciueilapd; nghUs;ciueilapd; nghUs;ciueilapd; nghUs;

ghlE}ypy; kpfg; ngUkstpy; ,lk;ngWk; nkhoptbtk; ciueilahFk;. fl;Liu>ciuahly;>ehlfk; Mfpad ghlE}y;fspy; ciueil tbtpy; ,lk;ngWk; tbtq;fshFk;.,tw;Ws; Xt;nthd;Wk; nkhopf; fy;tpapy; nkhopj;jpwd; tsh;r;rpf;Fg; nghUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ> eilKiwg; gad;ghL fUjpAk;> gy ,yf;fpa tbtq;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s ikahYk; ciueil nkhopf; fy;tpapd; ,d;wpaikahj tbtkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

ciueil fw;gpciueil fw;gpciueil fw;gpciueil fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;j;jypd; Nehf;fk;j;jypd; Nehf;fk;j;jypd; Nehf;fk;

o nkhopj; J}a;ik mwpjy;

o nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk; miljy;

o gpioawg; NgRk; vOJk; jpwd; ngWjy;

o eilKiw ,yf;fzj;jpy; gapw;rp ngwy;

o xypaiktpid mwpjy;

o nrhy; kugpid mwpjy;.

o ghlg;gFjpapd; ikaf;fUj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;sy;

o nrhw;nwhlu; mwpjy;

o gj;jp mikf;Fk; tpjj;jpid mwpjy;

ciueil fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;ciueil fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;ciueil fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;ciueil fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;

xt;NthH ciueilg; ghlj;ijAk; khztH tpUk;gp Vw;Fk; tz;zk; jf;f MHt%l;bj; njhlq;fpf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ ghlj;jpw;Nfw;g Kiwfis



MrpupaH tFj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; ed;W. vdpDk; nghJthfg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;Fupa fw;gpj;jy; gbfs; tUkhW:-

• MHt%l;ly;MHt%l;ly;MHt%l;ly;MHt%l;ly;

khztHfSld; ,ay;ghd #o;epiyapy; ciuahlj; njhlq;fpg; ghlj;Jf;Nfw;g fUj;Jfis epidt+l;lyhk;. ghlf; fUj;Jfis tpUk;gp Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Nfw;w nra;jpfisf; $wp MHt%l;lyhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ~khky;yGuk;| vd xU ghlk; ,Ug;gjhff; nfhs;Nthk;. ,q;F gy mofhd rpw;gq;fspd; glq;fisf; fhl;br; rpw;gf;fiy rpwg;Gg; gw;wp khztuplk; ciuahLjy; MHt%l;Ljyhf mikAk;.

• Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

Nkw;$wpathW ghlj;jpw;Nfw;w nra;jpfisf; $wp MHt%l;ba gpd;dH> mf;Fwpf;fg;gl;l ghlj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd Kd;Diuiaf; $w Ntz;Lk;. rpy ghlq;fspy; MHt %l;Ljypy; $Wk; nra;jpfNs Kd;Diuahf mikjy; $Lk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ~khky;yGuk;| ghlj;jpw;F MHt%l;ba gpd;dH khky;yGuk; gw;wpAk;> gy;yt kd;dH gw;wpAk; $Wjy; ghl Kd;Diuahf mikAk;.

Fwpg;G:Fwpg;G:Fwpg;G:Fwpg;G:---- MHt%l;ly;> ghl Kd;Diu Mfpait xt;NthH ciueilg; ghlj;ijAk; Gjpjhfj; njhlq;Fk; nghOJ Nkw; nfhs;sg;gLk;. njhlH ghlkhf mikapd; Kd; ele;j ghlg; gFjpapy; rpy tpdhf;fs; Nfl;Lf; fw;w ghlg;gFjpg; nghUis epidt+l;bj; njhlHe;J fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ghlg;gFjpia MrpupaH gbj;jyghlg;gFjpia MrpupaH gbj;jyghlg;gFjpia MrpupaH gbj;jyghlg;gFjpia MrpupaH gbj;jy;

mLj;J> MrpupaH Gjpa ghlg; gFjpiag; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ciueilg; ghlk; KOikAk; gbf;f Ntz;ba jpy;iy. jhk; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;jpy; mg;ghl Ntisapy; vj;jid gj;jpfisf; fw;gpf;fpwhNuh mtw;iw kl;Lk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaH ,UKiw gbj;Jf; fhl;Ljy; ed;W. gpd;dH> gj;jp gj;jpahfg; gbj;Jf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW xU gj;jpiag; gbf;fj; njhlq;FKd; khztuplk; ~ehd; Kjw;gj;jpiag; gbj;jJk;> mjd; ikaf; fUj;J ahJ vd cq;fisf; Nfl;Ngd; gFjpia ed;F ftdpf;f|> vd;W $wpg; gbj;jy; ed;W. mtHfsplk; ikaf;fUj;ijj; jFe;j tpdhf;fs; %yk; tutiof;f Kay Ntz;Lk;. Kbatpy;iynadpy; Neuj;ij tPzhf;fhJ MrpupaH ikaf; fUj;ijf; $wpf; fUk;gyifapy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

• nra;jpfisf; $wp tpsf;Fjy;nra;jpfisf; $wp tpsf;Fjy;nra;jpfisf; $wp tpsf;Fjy;nra;jpfisf; $wp tpsf;Fjy;

gj;jpiag; gbj;J mjd; ikaf; fUj;ij khztuplkpUe;J tutioj;Njh> MrpupaNu $wpNah fUk;gyifapy; vOjpa gpd;dH xt;nthU thf;fpakhfg; gbj;Jg; Gjpa nrhw;fisAk;> nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;Nfhshf NtW E}y;fspypUe;J rpy mbfs; nfhLf;fg; ngw;wpUg;gpd; me;E}y; gw;wpa Fwpg;G> Nkw;NfhshfTs;s mbfs; jtpu mr;nra;Aspd; gpw mbfs; Mfpatw;iwf; $w Ntz;Lk;.

ghlf; fUj;Jfis kl;Lk; mg;gbNa tpsf;fpr; nry;yhJ tho;f;ifAld; njhlHG gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; jFe;j ehl;Lg;glk;. gpwehl;Lf; fhl;rpg;



glq;fs;> nghUs;fs;> ,lq;fspd; glq;fs; Nghd;w Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;

ghlg;gFjpapd; fUj;J> nra;Al; gFjpapy; ,Ug;gpd; mj;Jld; ,izj;Jk;> ,yf;fz tpjpfisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Vw;wjhf ,Ug;gpd;> ,yf;fzg; ghlj;Jld; ,izj;Jk; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mwptpay; nra;jpfs;> tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; ,Ug;gpd; mt;tg;ghlq;fSld; ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; ed;W. ,t;thW ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; khztUf;Fg; ghlj;jpy; MHt%l;LtJld;> ghlg;nghUs; kdj;jpy; ed;F gjpaTk; cjTk;.

• nkhopg; gapw;rpasnkhopg; gapw;rpasnkhopg; gapw;rpasnkhopg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;pj;jy;pj;jy;pj;jy;

xU ghlNtisapy; fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba gFjpiaf; fw;gpf;Fk; nghONj mupa nrhw;fis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;fr; nra;jy;> njhlHfis thf;fpaq;fspy; mikf;fr; nra;jy;> kuGj; njhlHfs;> gonkhopfs;> ctikfs; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw mikj;J thf;fpaq;fs; vOjr; nra;jy; Kjypa nkhopg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; thf;fpa tiffisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b thf;fpa khw;wq;fs; gapw;rpAk; mspf;fyhk;. cld;ghL-vjpHkiw> nra;jp-tpag;G> NeH$w;W-maw;$w;W> nra;tpid-nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpa khw;wq;fs; tFg;G epiyf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; ,k;nkhopg; gapw;rpapy; ,lk; ngWk;. ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; nkhopg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; khztH nkhopj;jpwd; ngwg;ngupJk; cjTk;.

• khzhf;fiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy;khzhf;fiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy;khzhf;fiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy;khzhf;fiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy;

ngUk;ghyhd MrpupaHfs; jhk; ghlg;gFjpiag; gbj;jJk; rpy khztiug; gbf;fr; nra;fpd;wdH. ,k;Kiw mj;Jiz rpwe;jjd;W. Vnddpy;> Gjpa ghlg;gFjpapy; Gjpa nrhw;fSk;> mUQ;nrhw;nwhlHfSk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ghlg;gFjpapd; fUj;Jk; Gjpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. Gjpa nrhw;fis xypg;gjpy; rpf;fy; Vw;gLk;. nghUs; tpsq;Fk; gFjpiar; NrHj;Jg; gbg;gjpYk; khztH jtW nra;jy; $Lk;. Mjypd;> mg;gj;jp KOikiaAk; MrpupaH ed;F fw;gpj;j gpd;dNu khztiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;Jizf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ MrpupaH Jizf;fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mupa nrhw;fis vOjpf; fhl;lTk;> Gjpa nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; vOjTk;> nrhw;fisg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;lTk; MrpupaH fUk;gyifiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. NtWghL czHj;jTk;> ftdj;ij ,Of;fTk; tz;zq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; ed;W.

CH ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; fhl;lTk;> nry;Yk; topiaf; fhl;lTk;> ehl;bd; vy;iyfisAk; fhl;lTk;> ehl;Lg; glq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW ghlg;nghUSf;Nfw;w Jizf;fUtpfis MrpupaH jFe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jjy; ed;W.

• ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;

ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;J Kbj;j gpd;dH> fw;gpj;j gFjpia mwpe;J nfhz;lduh vdj; NjHe;jwpa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jidNa ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy; vd;Nghk;. Gjpa nrhw;fspd; nghUs; Nfl;ly;> nrhw;fis> njhlHfis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikf;fr; nra;jy;> ghlf; fUj;J gw;wpa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly; Mfpad jpUg;Gjypy; mlq;Fk;. ghlj;ijf;



fw;gpj;j gpd;dH MrpupaH fl;lhakhfj; jpUg;Gjy; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;ly; Ntz;Lk;. ,J ey;y tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpahfTk; mikAk;.

• fUk;gyif NtiyfUk;gyif NtiyfUk;gyif NtiyfUk;gyif Ntiy

ghlj;jpw;FMHt%l;ba gpd;dH ghlj;jiyg;gpidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. gj;jpapd; ikaf; fUj;J vOJjy;> mUQ;nrhw;fSk; nghUSk; vOJjy;> nrhw;fisg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;> y>s>o> xypNtw;Wikahy; nghUs; NtWgLk; nrhw;fis vOjpf; fhl;Ljy;> Njitahd glk; tiue;J fhl;Ljy; Kjypa gy nray;fs; fUk;gyif Ntiyahf mikAk;> fhjhy; Nfl;gijtplf; fz;zhy; ghHg;gJ nra;jp kdj;jpy; ed;F Gjpa cjTtjhy; MrpupaH fUk;gyifiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• tPl;L NtiytPl;L NtiytPl;L NtiytPl;L Ntiy

ghl ,Wjpapy; jpUg;Gjy; tpdhf;fshff; Nfl;l tw;wpw;F khzhf;fH tha;nkhopahf tpil $wpdH. mt;tpdhf;fSf;F tPl;by; tpil vOjp tUk;gb tPl;L Ntiyahff; nfhLf;fyhk;. mjd; %yk; khztH vOj;Jg; gapw;rp ngWtH. tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilfisg; gbj;J tur; nra;ayhk;. mtHfsJ kdg;ghl Mw;wy; tsUk;. ,t;thW nkhog; ghlj;jpy; tPl;L Ntiy mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ciueil> nra;As; vd;gd tbtk; gw;wpa NtWghl;il czHj;Jtd. tuyhW> kUj;Jtk;> Nrhjplk;> ,yf;fpak; Nghd;wit nghUs; gw;wpa NtWghl;il czu;j;Jtd. tuyhW nra;As; eilapYk; ciueilapYk; mikAk;. goq;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; nra;As; tbtj;jpNyNa mike;jd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mit ciueilapYk; mikfpd;wd. rpWfij> Gjpdk;> gazf; fl;Liu Kjypad ciueilapYk; mikfpd;wd. rpWfij> Gjpdk;> gazf; fl;Liu Kjypad ciueil ,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;.

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy;

xUtH kpFjpahd nrhw;fis mwpe;jpUe;jhy;jhd; gpwH NgRtijf; Nfl;lwpaTk;> Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;jwpaTk; KbAk;. ,t;thW nra;jpfisAk; fUj;JfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; nrhy; njhFjpia mwpe;j nrhw; fsQ;rpak; vd;gH. fUj;JfisAk;> czHr;rpiaAk; ntspgLj;Jk; nrhy; njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw; fsQ;rpak; vd;gH. ,t;thW mwpe;j nrhw;fsQ;rpak; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fsQ;rpak; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. mwpe;j nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ij kpFjpg;gLj;JtJld; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fsQ;rpakhf khw;WtNj nkhopg; ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Fk; Kiwfisg; nghJ Nehf;fq;fspd; ,Wjpapy; gbj;jPHfs;. mtw;Ws; Vw;w Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mUQ;nrhw;fisf; fw;gpj;jy;mUQ;nrhw;fisf; fw;gpj;jy;mUQ;nrhw;fisf; fw;gpj;jy;mUQ;nrhw;fisf; fw;gpj;jy;

ve;j xU ciueil ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJk; mjpy; mike;Js;s Gjpar; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahd vspa nrhw;fisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfs;nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfs;nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfs;nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfs;

ciueilg; ghlk; fw;gpj;jypd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fNk nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk; nra;tJ md;whl khztu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.



khztu;fs; tpiuthfg; gbf;f ,r;nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk; cjTfpwJ. xU nrhy; gy nghUs; cila nrhw;fis khztu;f;F vOj gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nra;As; fw;gpj;jy;;nra;As; fw;gpj;jy;;nra;As; fw;gpj;jy;;nra;As; fw;gpj;jy;;

,jpy; nra;Aspd; nghUs; - nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk; - nra;As; fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs; - nra;As; fw;gpj;jiy ,dpikahf;Fk; Kiwfs; Mfpad tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nra;As; nghUs;nra;As; nghUs;nra;As; nghUs;nra;As; nghUs;

nra;As; vd;gJ vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nghUs; tpsq;fr; RUf;fkhfr; nra;ag;gLtJ.Xiria mbg;gilahf nfhz;Lg; ghlg;gLtJ nra;As;. ,J xU ,yf;fz tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;Nl mikaNtz;Lk;. nra;As; Xir eak; kpf;fjhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;

o ,yf;fpa eak; $wy;

o fw;gid Mw;wiy tsu;j;jy;

o nrhw;Ritf; $wy;

o njhil eak; mwpjy;

o ,iwAzu;tpid Cl;ly;

o mzp eyk; fhzy;

o moFzu;r;rpia tsu;j;jy;

o ehl;Lg; gw;wpid tsu;j;jy;

o nkhopg;gw;wpid tsu;j;jy;

o gz;ghl;bidg; Nghw;wy;

o Xir eak; ngwy;

nra;As; gFjpapYs;s gDty;fis %d;W tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit nra;As;> ftpij> mUl;ghly; vd;gdthk;. xt;nthU tifr; nra;AisAk;> jdpj;jdpg; ghly;fisAk; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ> rpwg;G Nehf;fk; ghliyg; nghUj;J NtWNtwhf mikAk;. vdNt> rpwg;G Nehf;fq;fs; mt;tg; ghliyg; nghWj;J mikAk;@

nra;As; fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jypYs;s gbfs;

nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fs;> ciueiliaf; fw;gpf;Fk; Nehf;fq;fspdpd;Wk; NtWgl;lit. vdNt> nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk;Kiw> me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;Aspd; fUj;JzHjYf;F ,k;Kiwfs; Njit. vdpDk;> nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ> gjTiu nghopg;Giu $WjiyNa Kjd;ikahd Ntiyahff; nfhs;Sjy;$lhJ. ,tw;wpw;F khwhf> nra;As; fUj;JzHjy;> czHr;rpapy; xd;WgLjy;> eak; czHe;J Nghw;Wjy;> ghbg;ghb ,d;gkiljy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSk; epiwNtWk;tz;zk; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ fPOs;s Kiwfspy; Vw;Gilatw;iwf; ifahsyhk;.

nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Nfw;w #o;epiyaikj;jy;nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Nfw;w #o;epiyaikj;jy;nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Nfw;w #o;epiyaikj;jy;nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Nfw;w #o;epiyaikj;jy;

ve;jr; nra;AisAk; khztHfSf;Ff; fw;gpf;Fk;Kd;G jFe;j #o;epiyia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpf;ftpUf;Fk; nra;Aspd;fUj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw



MHtj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwk;> gs;S> FwtQ;rp> fyk;gfk; Kjyhd rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xU gFjpapidNah> jdpg;ghly;fisNah> tUzidg; ghly;fisNah fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ ,J rpwe;j KiwahFk;.

· Kd;Diu $wy;Kd;Diu $wy;Kd;Diu $wy;Kd;Diu $wy;

jFe;j #o;epiyaikj;j gpd;dH> fw;gpf;f vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nra;As;> vr;nra;As; gFjpapd; njhlHr;rp vd;gijr; nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. njhlHepiyr; nra;As; gFjpahapd; Kd;fijg; gFjpiaf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. jdpg; ghlyhapd;> mg;ghly; ghlg;ngw;w #oy; epfo;r;rpiaf; $wy; Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; Njitahd Kd;Diuiaf; $wpr; nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

· nra;Ais ,yf;fpak; eak; Njhd;wg; gbj;jynra;Ais ,yf;fpak; eak; Njhd;wg; gbj;jynra;Ais ,yf;fpak; eak; Njhd;wg; gbj;jynra;Ais ,yf;fpak; eak; Njhd;wg; gbj;jy;

ghlg;gFjpaha; mike;j nra;Aisf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fupa #o;epiyia cUthf;fpagpd;dH> Kjd;Kjy; mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;NghJ mjid ,irAld; ghLjy; rpwe;jJ. ciueiliag; gbg;gJNghy; gbj;jhy;> nrhw;fspd; xyp eaj;jpid khztHfs; czu KbahJ. ,irAld; ghLjypy; jFe;j jpwik jkf;fpy;iynad MrpupaH fUjpdhy;> rPHgpupj;Jr; re;jmikg;NghL Fuy; Vw;wj;jho;Tld; gbj;Jf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJ jhd; ciueilapdpd;Wk; nra;As; NtWgl;lJ vd;gjid khztHfs; czHtH.

· fw;gpj;jiyj; njhlUk;Kiwfw;gpj;jiyj; njhlUk;Kiwfw;gpj;jiyj; njhlUk;Kiwfw;gpj;jiyj; njhlUk;Kiw

fw;gpf;f vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nra;Al;Fupa Xirapy; gbj;Jf; fhl;ba gpd;dH> nra;Al; fUj;ij> ghlypd; czHr;rpia> khztHfs; mwpar;nra;tJld;> mjd; eaj;jpidAk; czuj; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; kpfr;rpwe;j> Rit kpFe;j gFjpahFk;. MrpupaH nra;As; eaj;jpy; <Lgl;L ciug;gjhYk;> khztHfs; njhlHe;J Nfl;L tUtjhYk; nra;As;eak; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

· ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;ghlj;ijj; jpUg;Gjy;

nra;Aisf; fw;gpj;J Kbj;jgpd;dH> rpy tpdhf;fis vOg;gp> khztHfis ghly; fUj;ij KOikahff; $wr; nra;ayhk;. ctikiag; nghUnshL nghUj;jpf;fhl;lr; nra;ayhk;. mUQ;nrhw;fSf;Fg; nghUs; $Wk;gb Nfl;fyhk;. ,itaidj;Jk;> jpUg;Gjy; tpdhf;fshf mikAk;.

· Jizf;fUtpJizf;fUtpJizf;fUtpJizf;fUtp

nra;As; gFjpiaf; fw;gpg;gjw;Fj; jahupj;j Jizf;fUtpfis cupa ,lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;As;gFjp ,lk;ngw;w E}iyg; gw;wpa fhyf;fzpg;Gr; nra;jpfs; ,Ug;gpd;> mtw;iw Kjypy; Rl;bf;fhl;b> vf;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa E}iyg; gbf;fpNwhk; vd mwpar;nra;ayhk;. E}y; tpsf;fg; ghlj;ijf; fhl;b> mjpy; vg;gFjpia ehk; gbf;fpNwhk; vdf; $wpg; ghlj;ijj; njhlq;fyhk;. rpNyil eak; mike;j ghlg;gFjp jf;f tpsf;fg; glq;fisj; Jizf;fUtpfshfg; ngw;wpUf;Fkhapd;> xt;NthH mbia tpsf;Fk;nghOJk;> njhlupd; ,U nghUs;fisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fisf; fhl;b tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Jizf;fUtpfis MrpupaH jf;fKiwapy; ifahz;L ghlj;ijr; rpwg;ghff; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

· tPl;L NtiytPl;L NtiytPl;L NtiytPl;L Ntiy

nra;Aisf; fw;gpj;J Kbj;jgpd;dH> khztHfSf;F tPl;L Ntiyahfr; rpy gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tpdhf;fisf; fUj;JzH tpdhf;fs;> eaKzH tpdhf;fs;> nra;Kiw Ntiy tpdhf;fs; vd %tifahf mikf;fyhk;. njhlHfspd;



nghUisNah> ghly; fUj;ijNah vOjptur; nra;jy; fUj;JzH tpdhf;fs; tifiar; rhHe;jit ahFk;. eaKs;s njhlHfis vLj;njOJjy;> vJifj; njhlHfis vOJjy; Nghd;wit eaKzH tpdhf;fs; tifiar; rhUk;. nra;As; fUj;Jf;Nfw;w glk; tiuar;nra;jy;> rpNyilia tpsf;fg;glk; tiuar;nra;jy;> fhl;rpiag; glkhf tiuar;nra;jy; Nghd;wit nra;Kiw Ntiyg; gapw;rpiar; NrHe;jitahFk;. jFe;j tPl;LNtiyia Kd;djhfNt MrpupaH jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhLj;J> ghlypd; fUj;ijAk; eaj;ijAk; khztHfs; czu cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nra;As; fw;gpj;jiy ,dpikahf;Fk; Kiwfs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jiy ,dpikahf;Fk; Kiwfs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jiy ,dpikahf;Fk; Kiwfs;nra;As; fw;gpj;jiy ,dpikahf;Fk; Kiwfs;

· MrpupaH tuyhW $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;MrpupaH tuyhW $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;MrpupaH tuyhW $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;MrpupaH tuyhW $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;

gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; vr; nra;Aisf; fw;gpg;gjhapDk; mjidg; gilj;j MrpupaH tuyhw;iwf; $wpNa fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;FtH. MrpupaH tuyhW> mtupaw;wpa gpwE}y;fs;> mtH fhyj;Jg; gpwGytHfs;> Mjupj;j ts;sy;> mtuJ fhyk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; $wp Kbj;Jtpl;Lr; nra;As; gFjpiaj; njhlq;Fk;nghOJ> khztHfs; fisg;giltH. Fwpg;gpl;l Mrpupaupd; tuyhw;iw mwpa Ntz;Lnkd;w MHtk; khztHfs; cs;sj;jpy; vohjhifahy;> mr;nra;jpfs; rypg;Gj; jUtdthf mikAk;. vdNt> MrpupaH tuyhw;iwf; $wpr; nra;As; gFjpiaj; njhlq;Fk;Kiw rpwe;jjd;W. mt;thwhapd; MrpupaH gw;wpa Fwpg;ig vg;nghOJ $Wtnjd;w tpdh vOkd;Nwh? nra;Aisf; fw;gpj;jgpd;> ,Wjpapy;> ~,t;tsT RitkpFe;j ghliyg; ghbatH ahH njupAkh?| vd;w tpdhit naOg;gp MHt%l;b> mtH tuyhw;iwf; $wyhk;. njhlf;fepiy tFg;Gfspy;> MrpupaH gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; FiwthfTk;> caH tFg;Gfspy; me;j MrpupaH fhyj;Jg; gpwGytHfs;> E}ypaw;wpa tuyhWNghd;w Fwpg;GfSld; tpupthfTk; $Wjy; ed;W.

· mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fpj; njhlq;Fjy;mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fpj; njhlq;Fjy;mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fpj; njhlq;Fjy;mUQ;nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fpj; njhlq;Fjy;

rpy MrpupaHfs;> fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mUQ;nrhw;fs; midj;ijAk; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp> mtw;wpw;Fg; nghUs;fisf; $wptpl;Lr; nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;fpd;wdH. ,k;Kiwapy; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ nra;Aisg; gbj;jJk; khztHfs; nghUs; czHe;J nfhs;tH vd vjpHghHf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy;> xUtpjj; njhlHGkw;w epiyapy; rpy nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUs;fisAk; Kjypy; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;Ftjhy;> khztHfSf;Fr; rypg;Gj; Njhd;Wk;. md;wpAk;> nrhw;fs; jdpg;gl;lKiwapy; czHj;Jk; nghUSk;> nra;Aspy; mJ mike;j ,lj;ijnahl;b czHj;Jk; nghUSk; NtWgLjy; $Lk;. Mjypd;> ,k;KiwAk; rpwe;jjd;W. nra;Aisf; fw;gpj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;fpd;wepiyapy;> ghlypd; fUj;ij czHe;J Nghw;Wtjw;Nfw;w tifapy;> mjpy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;s mUQ;nrhw;fspd; nghUis czHj;JjNy ed;W.

· gpd;dzp $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;gpd;dzp $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;gpd;dzp $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;gpd;dzp $wpj; njhlq;Fjy;

ftpQupd; czHr;rp mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wfpw nra;As;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyapy; cUg;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mr; #o;epiyia nkhopMrpupaH mwpe;J tpsf;fp> mjd;gpd; nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;fyhk;. ,JNt> #o;epiy $wpj; njhlq;Fk; KiwahFk;. ftpQH ve;jr; #o;epiyapy; nra;Aisg; ghbdhH vd mwpe;Jnfhz;lhy;> nra;Aspd; czHr;rpiag; ngWjYk;> eak; czHe;J Nghw;WjYk; vspikahFk;. ,J rpwe;jnjhU



KiwNa. ngUk;ghYk; jdpg;ghly; nra;As;fis ,k;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpj; njhlq;fyhk;. ,it jtpu> gpwnra;As;fSf;F ,k;Kiw nghUe;Jk; vd;W $Wtjw;fpy;iy. Mjypd;> jdpg; ghly;fshf mike;j nra;As;ePq;fyhf NtW nra;As;fSf;F> NtW jFe;j Kiwiaf; ifahs Ntz;Lk;.

· MHt%l;bj; njhlq;Fjy;MHt%l;bj; njhlq;Fjy;MHt%l;bj; njhlq;Fjy;MHt%l;bj; njhlq;Fjy;

fw;gpf;f ,Uf;fpd;w nra;Aspd; fUj;jpid mwpe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;w MHtj;ij khztHfsplj;jpy; vOg;gpg; gpd;dHr; nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;FjNy MHt%l;bj; njhlq;Fjy; KiwahFk;. ,jw;Fj; jFe;j #o;epiyia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt>,jidr; #o;epiyaikj;Jj; njhlq;Fk;Kiw vd;Wk; $wyhk;.

Vnddpy;> jFe;j #o;epiy aike;jhy;jhd;> khztHfSf;Fr; nra;Aisg; gbf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w MHtk; vOk;. njhlHepiyr; nra;As;fspd; xU gFjpapidNah> Fwk;> FwtQ;rp> fyk;gfk; Mfpa rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspd; xU gFjpapidNah> tUzidr; nra;As;fisNah fw;gpf;f ,J rpwe;j KiwahFk;. ,yf;fpaq;fspd; RitkpFe;j gFjpfis ed;F tpsf;Ftjd;%yk; MHt%l;lyhk;. khztHfSf;Fr; rpwe;j MHtj;ijj; J}z;btpLNthkhapd; ghlg; gFjpahfTs;s nra;As;fisg; gbg;gjpy; ngUtpUg;gj;Jld; <LgLtH. mj;Jld; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l fhtpaj;jpd; gpw gFjpfisNah> mf;ftpQH ,aw;wpa NtW E}y;fisNah gbf;fTk; Kw;gLtH.

· gpupj;Jf; $Wk;Kiwgpupj;Jf; $Wk;Kiwgpupj;Jf; $Wk;Kiwgpupj;Jf; $Wk;Kiw

nra;Aisg; gbj;J> gjTiu> nghopg;Giu> fUj;Jiu> ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G> njhil eak;> mzp eak; vdg; gpupj;Jg; gpupj;Jr; nra;Aisf; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwiag; gpupj;Jf;$Wk; Kiwnad;gH. ,k;Kiw nra;Aisf; fw;gpj;jYf;F Vw;w rpwe;j Kiwad;W. vdpDk;> kpff; fbdkhd nra;Al;fs; ,k;Kiwahy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jkpo;nkhop fy;tpapy; rpwg;gplk; ngWtJ nra;As; fw;gpg;gjhfk;. Ke;ija ghlj;jpy; $wg;gl;l nkhop fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; gy nra;As; fw;gjhy; epiwNtW fpd;wd. nra;As; ghlq;fis fw;gpf;fhky; jkpo; nkhop fy;tp epiwT ngwhJ. Mifahy; nra;As; fw;gpg;G KiwfSk;> Nehf;fq;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.NkYk;>

ciueil>nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; NtWghLfs;ciueil>nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; NtWghLfs;ciueil>nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; NtWghLfs;ciueil>nra;As; fw;gpj;jypd; NtWghLfs;

nra;As;nra;As;nra;As;nra;As; ciueilciueilciueilciueil

1.Xir eak;> nrhw;Rit>nghUs;Rit>moFzu;T Mfpatw;wpd; topahf khztu;fspd; gz;ghl;il tsu;g;gJ nra;As; ghlj;jpd; rPhpa Nehf;fkhFk;.

Xypaikjp> nrhy; kuG> njhlu; kuG>gj;jp kuG>nkhopj;J}a;ik>nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk;> eilKiw ,yf;fzk; Mfpatw;wpd; thapyhf khztu;fspd; nkhopawpit tsu;j;J KOik ngwr;nra;J ciueilg; ghlj;jpd; cahpa Nehf;fkhFk;.

2. nra;Al; ghlj;jpy; eaKzu;e;J Nghw;Wjy; jiyaha Nehf;fk;.

ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; nrhw;fsQ;rpak; ngUf;FjYk;> nrhy;yhl;rpj;jpwd; tsu;j;jYk; jiyaha Nehf;fq;fs;.

3.nra;Aspy; nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; ciu nrhy;t; ciueilahf;FtJ

ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; nrhy;tJ> nrhw;fisj; njhlu;fspy;



nra;Al; gbg;igr; Ritaw;wjhf;Fk;. mikf;fr;nra;tJ Nghd;wit gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.

4. nra;Al; ghlj;ij Mrphpau; ,irAld; gbj;J>eakhd gFjpfisf; $wp kfpo> khztu;fs; mt;tofpy; <LgLtu;.

ciueilg; ghlj;ijg; gj;jp gj;jpahfg; gbj;J Mrphpau; tpsf;fpr; nrhy;thu;.

5. nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhy;ypd; gz;Gg;nghUs; rpwg;gplk; ngWk;. mjid tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; nrhy;ypd; Neu;nghUSf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; mspf;fg;gLk;.

6.nra;Al; xypeak; czu;e;J kfpo Ntz;Lkhifahy;> tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy; rpwg;gplk; ngWk;.

ciueilg; ghlj;jpy; fUj;Jzu;jy; Nehf;fkhifahy;> tha;f;Fl; gbj;jy; gbg;gbahfr; rpwg;gplk; ngWk;.

,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jy;,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jy;,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jy;,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jy;

,jpy; ,yf;fzj;jpd; nghUs; - ,yf;fzk; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs; - ,yf;fzk; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;: tpjptUKiw>tpjptpsf;FKiw - ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ij ,dpikahf;Fjy; Mfpad tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;fzj;jd; nghUs;,yf;fzj;jd; nghUs;,yf;fzj;jd; nghUs;,yf;fzj;jd; nghUs;

xU nkhopapd; gad;ghl;L tpjpfis ,yf;fzk; vdyhk;. nkhopapd; mikg;igAk; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijAk; tiuaiw nra;Ak; tpjpfisr; Rl;LfpwJ.nkhopf;F ,yf;fhfg; nghUe;jpa ,ay;jid ,yf;fznkdj; jkpo;g; ngupNahu; toq;Ftu;.

jkpo; nkhop>,aw;wkpo;>,irj;jkpo;>ehlfj;jkpo; vd 3 gpupTfis cilaJ.,itNa Kj;jkpo; vd miof;fg;gl fhuzkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. nra;As;>ciueil Mfpatw;wpd; ,aw;wkpohFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak; ,aw;wkpopy; fpilj;Js;s kpfg;gioa ,yf;fz E}yhFk;.

,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;,yf;fzk;fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;

• gpioapy;yhky; NgRtjw;Fk; vOJtjw;Fk; vLj;Jiuj;jy;.

• eilKiw vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisf; $Wjy;.

• fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;wij ciuj;jy;.

• xyp mikg;G> nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;G ,yf;fz tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; czuitj;jy;. ,yf;fzk;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;,yf;fzk;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;,yf;fzk;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;,yf;fzk;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;

,yf;fz fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ tpjptUKiw >tpjptpsf;F Kiw Mfpa ,U Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;Nwhk;. mt;tpU KiwfisAk; gw;wp tpupthf mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

• tpjptU KiwtpjptU KiwtpjptU KiwtpjptU Kiw

khztHfSf;Fj; njupe;j vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisf; nfhz;L mtw;wpilNaAs;s xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis Muha;e;J xU nghJ tpjpapid tUtpj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; tpjptU



KiwahFk;. tpjpapid Kjypy; $whJ khztH tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;nwhlHfspypUe;J khztHfNs tpjpapid mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;tjhy; ,J rpwe;j KiwahfpwJ. rpwe;j Ngr;R Kiwapy;> jpUe;jpa vOj;J Kiwapy; mike;Js;s ,ay;gpid tiuaWj;Jf; $WtNj> ,yf;fz tpjpnad;gjidAk; khztH ew;FzHtH.

nrhw;nwhlHfis my;yJ vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJtjw;F khztuplk; ,ay;ghf ciuahLtJ Nghy; MrpupaH njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. ciuahlypd; ,ilNa rpy njhlHfis MrpupaH jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> khztH m/J ,ay;ghf Vw;gl;ljhf vd;Dk; gbaikjy; ed;W. ,t;thW mikapd; ghlk; Ritkpf;fjhf tpsq;Fk;.

MrpupaH xU epfo;r;rpiaf; $Wtjhfj; njhlq;fyhk; “tUk; topapy; xU rpWtd;

khkuj;jpd; kPJ fy;nywpe;jhd;@ Njhl;lf;fhud; tUtJ fz;L Xbdhd;@ fPNo tpOe;jhd; mtd; fhnyhbe;jJ..." ,t;thW rpytw;iwr; nrhy;yp epWj;jpr; rpWtd; vd;d nra;jhd;? fy;nywpe;jhd; vd;Dk; mtDf;F vd;d NeHe;jJ? fhnyhbe;jJ vd;W tpdhf;fs; %yk; tpil tutioj;Jj; jdpj;jdpNa fUk;gyifapy; vOjpg; gpupj;J vOjr; nra;ayhk;. fy; vwpe;jhd;. fhy; xbe;jJ vdTk; vOJtH. ,jidj; njhlHe;J nghd;dhir> jd;dpay;T> ngha;Aly;> gy;yhz;L Nghd;w njhlHfisAk; gapUaHe;jJ. thafd;wJ> gokpdpj;jJ Nghd;w njhlHfisAk; fUk;gyifapy; tifg;gLj;jp vOjyhk;. epiy nkhopapy; jdpf;Fwpypd; gpd; tUk; xw;W> tUnkhop Kjypy; capH te;jhy;

,ul;bf;Fk; jd;ikia mtHfisNa $wr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpapy; “jdpf; Fwpy;

Kd; xw;W capHtupd; ,ul;Lk;" vd;Dk; tpjpapidf; $wr; nra;ayhk;.

tpjptU Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;tpjptU Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;tpjptU Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;tpjptU Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;

,t;tpjptU Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpg;gjpy; gy ed;ikfs; cs;sd. (1) khztHfs; jhq;fs; mwpe;j gy nrha;jpfspypUe;J> mwpahj xU nghJ tpjpapid mwpe;J nfhs;tH. fw;gpj;jypy; njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fr; nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w cstpay; nfhs;iff;F ,J nghUj;jkhAs;sJ. (2) khztH Gjpa tpjpapidj; jhNk vz;zpg; ghHj;J mwpe;J nfhs;tjhy; mtHfs; kdj;jpy; mJ ed;whfg; gjpfpwJ (3) ,k;Kiwapy; khztHfSf;Fg; ghlj;jpy; MHtk; Vw;gLfpwJ. jhq;fshfNt xU tpjpiaf; fz;L gpbj;jjhf czHr;rp Vw;gLtjhy; mtHfsJ jd;dk;gpf;if tsHfpwJ.

,k;Kiwapd; %yk; fw;gpg;gjpy; rpy FiwfSk; cs;sd. (1) ,k;Kiwapd;gb gy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisg; ghHj;J> khztH xt;nthU nghJtpjpapid mwptjw;F ePz;l NeukhFk;. (2) ,k;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wpf; fw;gpj;jhy; khztH ngw Ntz;ba ,yf;fz mwpT KOikiaAk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; fw;gpj;J Kbj;jy; ,ayhjjhFk;. (3) khztidf; ~fz;L gpbg;Nghd;| epiyapy; itj;J> vLj;Jf; fhl;lfs; %yk; mtidNa nghJ tpjpapidf; fz;Lgpbf;fr; nra;tjw;F MrpupaH jdpj;jdpik tha;e;jtuhjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; MrpupaH xU ghlj; jiyg;Gf;Nf ePz;l Neuk; jahupj;jy; Njitg;gLk;.

tpjptpsf;F Kiwtpjptpsf;F Kiwtpjptpsf;F Kiwtpjptpsf;F Kiw:

khztHfNs vspjpy; fz;Lzu Kbahj rpy tpjpfis MrpupaH tpjptpsf;F Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fyhk;. ,yf;fz tpjpnahd;iwf; $wp mjidg; gy vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs; %yk; tpsf;Fjy; tpjptpsf;F KiwahFk; ,k;KiwNa goq;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fzk; fw;gpj;jypy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l KiwahFk;.



nka;aPw;Wg; GzHr;rpapy; z> fu> d fu <w;Wg; GzHr;rpiaf; $Wk; ed;D}y; tpjp>

“z d ty;ypdk; tul;lwTk;> gpwtupd;

,ay;GkhFk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk;@ my;topf;F

midj;J nka;tupDk; ,ay;ghFk;Nk"

vd;W $wp> mjd; gpd;dH xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; vLj;Jf; fhl;L nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpapy; ty;ypdk; tu zfu nka;-lfu nka;ahfTk;> dfu nka; wfu nka;ahfTk; khWk;.

kz; + Flk; - kl;Flk;@ nghd; + Flk; - nghw;Flk;.

Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpapy; nky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk; tuzfuKk;> dfuKk; ,ay;ghfNtapUf;Fk;.

kz; + kiy - kz;kiy@ nghd; + td;ik - nghd;td;ik

mt;topg; GzHr;rpapy; tUnkhop Kjypy; %tpdKk; tuzfuKk;> dfuKk; ,ay;ghfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

nghd; rpwe;jJ@ tpz; epiwe;jJ.

,t;thW tpjpiaf; $wp vLj;Jf; fhl;bd; %yk; tpsf;fpr; nry;tjhy; tUk; ed;ikfshtd:

(1) ,yf;fzg; ghlg;gFjpia kpf tpiuthff; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

(2) ,yf;fz tpjpfSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfSk; E}ypy; nfhLf;fg; gl;bUg;gjhy; MrpupaH kpf vspjhff; fw;gpj;jy; $Lk;@ ePz;l Neuj; jahupg;G Njitapy;iy.

tpjptpsf;F Kiwapy; rpy FiwfSk; cs;sd

(1) fw;gpj;jypy; njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fr; nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; cstpay; nfhs;iff;F ,k;Kiw Kw;wpYk; khwhdJ. (2) MrpupaH ,yf;fz tpjpia tpiuthff; fw;Wf; nfhLj;J tplyhk;. Mdhy;> khztH tpjpia ed;whf mwpe;J nfhz;lhHfs; vd;W cwjpahfr; nrhy;y KbahJ. (3) ,k;Kiwapd; gb MrpupaH nrhy;tij khztH Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUg;gijj; jtpu NtW Ntiy nra;tjpy;iy. Mjyhy;> fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ,yf;fz mwpT neLehs;fSf;F epiyj;jpUf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;tjw;fpy;iy.

tpjptpsf;F Kiw> tpjptUKiw Mfpa ,U KiwfspYk; FiwfSk;> epiwfSk; cs;sd. MrpupaH ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ xt;nthU gFjpf;Fk; Vw;w Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpjptU KiwAk;> tpjp tpsf;F KiwAk; fye;jnjhU Kiwg;gb fw;gpj;jYk; eyk; gag;gjhFk;.

,UKiwfSf;FKs;s NtWghLfs;



tpjptpsf;F Kiwtpjptpsf;F Kiwtpjptpsf;F Kiwtpjptpsf;F Kiw tpjptU KiwtpjptU KiwtpjptU KiwtpjptU Kiw

1. nghJ tpjpiaf; $wp vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfis tpsf;FfpwJ.

1.vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisf; $wp mtw;wpdpd;Wk; nghJ tpjpia mikf;fpwJ.

2. Gjpa mwpT KjypNyNa toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. ghl Kbtpy; Gjpa mwpT ngWfpd;wdH.

3. tpiuthff; fw;gpf;fyhk;. fhyr; nryT FiwT.

3.nkJthfr; nry;Yk; Kiw Neuk; mjpfkhFk;.

4. ngWk; ,yf;fz mwpT cWjpahf epiy ngw;wpUf;Fk; vdf; $w KbahJ.

4.ngw;w ,yf;fz mwpT cWjpahf epiy ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

5. njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fr; nry;Yjy; Nghd;w csE}y; nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;wKiwad;W.

5.csE}y; nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;wKiw.

6. Ra rpe;jidf;F ,lkpy;iy 6. rpe;jid nra;J nghJ tpjpiaf; fz;L gpbg;gjhy; jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsHf;fpd;wJ.

7. ,yf;fz E}ypy; cs;s E}w;ghtpidAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfisAk; $Wtjhy; MrpupaH Ntiy vspjhfpd;wJ.

7. khzhf;fH jk; taJf;Fk; mwpT epiyf;Fk; Vw;g vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfisj; jahupf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; MrpupaUf;F Ntiy mjpfkhfpd;wJ.

,yf;fzg; ghlj;ij ,dpikahf;fy;,yf;fzg; ghlj;ij ,dpikahf;fy;,yf;fzg; ghlj;ij ,dpikahf;fy;,yf;fzg; ghlj;ij ,dpikahf;fy;

kf;fs; jq;fsplk; ,ay;ghf mike;jpUe;j xypnaOg;gk; jpwidr; rpwpJ rpwpjhfg; nghUs; jUk; xd;whfr; nra;J nkhopiag; gilj;Jf; nfhz;ldH vdf; fz;Nlhk;. xypf; FwpaPLfs; nrg;gkile;jgpd; Ngr;R nkhop cz;lhapw;W. fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y kf;fs; jk nrtpfshy; czuty;y xyptbtkhd FwpaPLfSf;Ff; fz;fshy; mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba tuptbtf; FwpaPLfis mikf;f Kad;W ntw;wp ngw;wdH. ,jd; tpisthf vOj;J nkhop cz;lhapw;W. Ke;ijNahH Ngrp te;j mNj Kiwapy; Ngrp xUtUld; xUtH fye;J gofpdH. ve;jr; nrhy;iy> vg;nghUspy;> caHe;NjhH toq;fp te;jdNuh mr;nrhy;iy mNj nghUspy; kw;wtUk; toq;fpd.;

~vs;spdpd;Wk; vz;nza; vLg;gJ Nghd;W ,yf;fpaj; jpdpd;Wk; vLf;fg;gLtJ ,yf;fzk;| vd;W ~Ngufj;jpak; E}y; $Wfpd;wJ. vd; ey;y vs;shf ,Ug;gpd;> vz;nza; ey;yjhf miktJ Nghd;W ,yf;fpak; rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gpd; ,yf;fzKk; rpwe;j xd;whf mikAk; vd;gJ njspT. ed;D}y; ,aw;wpa ~gtze;jp KdptUk;| ~,yf;fpak; fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk; ,ay;gypd;| vd;W $wpAs;shH.

,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk; ---- Njd;Njd;Njd;Njd;

NtW rpyH ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;L nkd;fpd;wdH. ,g;ghlj;jpy; khztH ey;y NjHr;rp ngWjy; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;Wk;> ,yf;fzg; ghlj;jpy; NjHr;rp ngw;w gpd;Ng ,yf;fpak; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; ,tHfs; $Wfpd;wdH. goq;fhyj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y; fw;w gpd;Ng ,yf;fpak; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l njd;gijAk;> rpy ehLfspy; njhlf;fg; gs;spfis ,yf;fzg; gs;spfs; vd;Nw



mioj;jikiaAk; ,tHfs; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wdH. ,yf;fz tpjpfis Kiwahfg; gapyhtpby; nkhopiar; nrk;ikAwf; fw;wjhff; nfhs;sy; KbahJ. vdNt ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ij midj;J tFg;GfspYk; xU jdpg;ghlkhff; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tHfs; fUj;jhFk;.

~,yf;fzk; Njd;| vd;ghUf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyapy; rpyH nkhopiag; gpioawg; NgrTk;> vOjTk; Njitg;gLk; ,yf;fz mwpitg; ghlj;NjhL ,izj;Jf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W nrhy;fpd;wdH. nkhopawpit cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,yf;fzk; xU JizahfNt cs;sJ vd;gjid ehk; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fzk; vd;gJ nkhopapd; nghJ tpjpfisf; $Wtjhy; mtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba gUtj;jpy; ,yf;fz mwpT toq;fg; gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W nfhs;syhk;. Kiwahd ,yf;fzg; ghlk; njhlq;fg; ngWtjw;F Kd; ,yf;fzg; ghlj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhw;fis> mwpKfg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l Fiwfs; NeuhjthW ,yf;fzg; ghlj;ijf; fw;gpj;jhy; ,yf;fzg; ghlk; khzhf;fH tpUk;gpf; fw;Fk; ,dpa ghlkhf khWk;. fPo; cs;stw;Wf;F MrpupaH rpwg;Gf; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; ed;W.mit:

� tho;f;ifNahL ,ize;j vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs; $Wjy;.

� ciueil> nra;As; ghlj;NjhL ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;.

� Royl;ilfs;> tpsf;f ml;ilfs; Nghd;w Jizf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

� ,yf;fz tpjpfis khzhf;fH tpUk;Gk; nky;ypir nkl;Lfspy; mikj;Jf; $Wjy;.

� tpisahl;L Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

� ngUk;ghd;ikAk; tpjptUKiwiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

� MrpupaH ,yf;fzg; ghlj;jpy; <LghLf; nfhz;L NguhHtj;Jld; fw;gpj;jy;.

fl;Liu fw;gpj;jy;fl;Liu fw;gpj;jy;fl;Liu fw;gpj;jy;fl;Liu fw;gpj;jy;

,jpy; fl;Liuapd;;;; nghUs; >fl;LiuapDila tiffs;> Fwpg;Gfisnahl;b fl;Liu vOJjy;>topfhl;Ljiynahl;b fl;Liu tiujy;> nrhe;jkhff; fl;Liu tiujy; Mfpad tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fl;Liuapd; nghUs;fl;Liuapd; nghUs;fl;Liuapd; nghUs;fl;Liuapd; nghUs;

“cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wtijf; fl;Liug;gJ fl;Liu”. moF epuk;gpa jd;ikiaf; fl;loF vd;W nrhy;tJ Nghd;W mikg;goF epuk;gpa ciuiaf; fl;Liu vd;fpNwhk;. RUf;fkhff; $wpdhy;> Fwpg;gpl;l xU nghUisg; gw;wp xU fl;Lf; Nfhg;Gld; ahtiuAk; ftUk; Kiwapy; mikf;fg; gLtijf; fl;Liu vdyhk;.

xUtuJ Ngr;R vjpNu Nfl;gtiuj; jk; ghy; gpzpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NfshjtUk; mtH Ngr;irf; Nfl;f tpUk;g Ntz;Lk;. ,JNt Ngr;rhw;wYf;F moF vd;W ts;StH $Wk; ,yf;fzk; vOj;jhw;wYf;Fk; nghUe;JtjhFk;. NkYk;> xU rpwe;j fl;LiuahdJ gilg;ghspapd; mwpthw;wiy ntspg;gLj;JtNjhL gbg;Nghupd; rpe;jidiaAk; J}z;Ltjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.



ek; cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; fUj;Jfis ntspaplTk; nra;jpfisg; gpwUf;Ff; $wTk; ek; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sTk; ehk; Ngr;irAk; vOj;ijAk; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. ,tw;Ws; vOJjy; vd;gJ jdpj;jpwd;> vy;yhuhYk; vspjpy; ifahs Kbahj xU jpwd;. Mjypd; vOJjy; jpwid tsHf;Fk; fl;Liug; gapw;rp vd;gJ nkhopg; ghlj;jpy; XH ,d;wpaikahj ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

fl;LiuapDila tiffs;fl;LiuapDila tiffs;fl;LiuapDila tiffs;fl;LiuapDila tiffs;

• glf; fl;Liuglf; fl;Liuglf; fl;Liuglf; fl;Liu

xU fij epfo;r;rpfisg; glq;fshf mikj;J> mg;glq;fisg; ghHj;J epfo;r;rp Kiwg;gb vOjr; nra;tJ glf; fl;LiuahFk;. ,t;tpjkhfg; glq;fs; fij $Wtdthf mikahky; xU epfo;r;rpiaf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; mikayhk;. ,uapy; epiyaf; fhl;rp. tPL neUg;Gg; gpbj;J vupjYk; kf;fs; jPaizj;jYk;> kio nts;sf; fhl;rp - Nghd;w fhl;rpfisg; glq;fshff; fhl;b mit Fwpj;J xU gj;jp vOjr; nra;jy; glf; fl;Liuahf mikAk;. khztH jk; fw;gidapy; epfo;r;rpfis vz;zpg; ghuhJ NeNu xU fhl;rpiag; ghHg;gjhy; mJ Fwpj;J vOJtJ vspjhfpwJ.

• fijf; fl;Liufijf; fl;Liufijf; fl;Liufijf; fl;Liu

njhlf;f epiyapy; fijfis vOJtJ khztH kdk; tpUk;gp <LgLk; xU nrayhFk;. vdNt> Rit kpf;f fijfisf; $wp mtw;iw vOjr; nra;ayhk;. Kjy; epiyahff; fijiar; RUf;fkhff; $wyhk;. my;yJ XupU Kiw gbj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;. mijf; Nfl;l khztH fij epfo;r;rp> njhlH midj;ijAk; mwptH. Mjyhy;> mtHfs; vspjhf vOJtH. ,uz;lhk; epiyahf> fij KOtijAk; $whky; ,d;wpaikahJ Njitg;gLk; Fwpg;GfisAk; njhlHfisAk; $wpf; fijiaf; $WtH. gpd;dH> khztiu vOjr; nra;ayhk;. %d;whtJ epiyahf fijapd; Fwpg;Gfs; njhlHr;rpahfTk;> kpFjpahfTk; ,uhky; fijj; njhlHigf; Fwpf;Fk; XupU nrhw;fshf mikAk;. mtw;wpd; cjtp nfhz;L khztH fijia vOJtH.

fijf; fl;Liufis Kjypy; vOjg; gof;Ftjhy; khztH Vw;w nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jTk;> njhlHr;rpahf vOjTk;> epfo;r;rpfSf;F Vw;g gj;jp gpupf;fTk; gapw;rp ngWtH. mtHfs; nkhopj;jpwd; tsUk;.

• rpe;jidf; fl;Liu (m) tpsf;ff; fl;Liurpe;jidf; fl;Liu (m) tpsf;ff; fl;Liurpe;jidf; fl;Liu (m) tpsf;ff; fl;Liurpe;jidf; fl;Liu (m) tpsf;ff; fl;Liu

xU nghUisg; gw;wpg; gy fUj;Jfisj; jpul;b ed;F rpe;jpj;J vOjg; ngWtJ fUj;jpay; fl;Liuahk;. ,jidr; rpe;jidf; fl;Liu vd;Wk; $WtH. ,it gz;ghL> murpay;> r%fk; ,tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpwf;Fk;. md;Gilik> tha;ik> ehl;Lg;gw;W> nkhopg;gw;W> Kaw;rp> nry;tk;> fy;tp> ehl;L xUikg;ghL Kjyhd gy jiyg;Gfspy; vOjg; ngWk;.

gy E}y;fspy; gbj;j fUj;JfSld; jhNk rpe;jpj;J mwpe;J nfhz;l fUj;JfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; thapyhf miktjhy; ,it tUzidf; fl;Liu vOJjiy tpl mupadthk;. jk; fUj;Jf;Nfw;w njhlHfis mikj;jy;> Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ljy;> tpsf;fk; jUjy; Kjyhdit ,tw;wpy; ,lk; ngWk;.



• tpthjf; fl;Liu (m) jUf;fpay; fl;Liutpthjf; fl;Liu (m) jUf;fpay; fl;Liutpthjf; fl;Liu (m) jUf;fpay; fl;Liutpthjf; fl;Liu (m) jUf;fpay; fl;Liu

xU nghUs; Fwpj;J mjd; jd;ikfisAk; mJ gad;gLk tpjj;ijAk; vOJtJ vspjhf mikjy; $Lk;. Mdhy; xU nghUs; Njitah> Njitapy;iyah vd MuhAk; nghOJ mjw;Fupa fhuzq;fisf; $wy; Ntz;Lk;. xU nray; ed;ik jUkh> jPik jUkh vd Ma;e;J ,Ugf;ff; fUj;J Fwpj;Jk; vOJjy; tpthjf; fl;Liu my;yJ jUf;fpay; fl;LiuahFk;. mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfshy; ed;ikah> jPikah? mZthw;wy; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg; gLtJ Mf;fj;jpw;fh> mopTf;fh Nghd;w fl;Liufs; jUf;fpay; fl;Liufshk;.

• tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liutuyhw;Wf; fl;Liutuyhw;Wf; fl;Liutuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu

fy;tpawpit tpuptilar; nra;tJ tuyhW. tuyhw;iwj jdp kdpjupd; tuyhW> ehl;L tuyhW> rKjha tuyhW> ehfupf tuyhW vdg; gytifg; gLj;jyhk;. ,t;tuyhw;iwg; gbg;gjdhy; xU ehlbd; gz;ila tuyhw;iw ehk; mwpayhk;. kf;fs; tho;f;ifia mwpayhk;. rhd;NwhH xUtupd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwg; gbg;gjd; %yk; ek;ik ehk; newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. ehl;L tuyhw;W mwpthy; ekf;F ehl;Lg; gw;Wk;> nkhopg; gw;Wk; cz;lhfpd;wd.

tuyhw;wf; fl;Liu ,U tifg;gLk;. xUtuJ tho;f;ifiag; gpwH vOJk; nghOJ mJ ~tho;f;if tuyhW| vdTk;> xUtuJ tho;f;ifiaj; jhNk $WtJ Nghy; miktJ ~jd; tuyhW| vdTk; miof;fg; ngWk;. gs;spfspy; kf;fs; ahtUk; gpd;gw;wj; jf;f Kiwapy; tho;thq;F tho;e;j rhd;NwhHfspd; tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;njOJk; fl;Liufis vOjr; nra;ayhk;.

tho;f;if tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liuia vOjg; GFk; rhd;Nwhupd; gpwg;G> ngw;NwhH> ,sik tho;T> fy;tpg; gzpGupjy;> ,y;tho;T> Mw;wpa mUe;njhz;Lfs;> Nghw;Wjw;Fupa gz;G eyd;fs;> ngw;w rpwg;Gfs;> KbTiu vd tFj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liufs; fijf; fl;Liufis tplr;rw;W caHe;j epiyapy; cs;sdthFk;. epfo;r;rpfs; Fwpg;Gfisj; jpul;bg; gz;G eyd;fisAk; tpsf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; fijf; fl;Liufisj; njhlHe;J ,t;tiff; fl;Liufs; vOjg; gapw;rpaspf;fyhk;.

• tUzidf; fl;LiutUzidf; fl;LiutUzidf; fl;LiutUzidf; fl;Liu

xU nghUis tUzpj;Jf; $WtJ tUzidf; fl;Liu vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfs;> ehL> efuk;> kiy> MW> fly;>Nkfk;> kio> gUtfhyq;fs; gw;wpAk;> Jsrpr; nrb> ky;ypiff; nfhb> Ntg;g kuk; Kjyhd kuk; nrb nfhbfs; gw;wpAk;> ,Uk;G> jq;fk; Kjyhd cNyhfq;fs; gw;wpAk; vOjyhk;. NkYk;> ,e;jpa ehL> jkpo; ehL> nrd;id> jpUney;Ntyp> ts;StH Nfhl;lk; Kjyhd ehL efuq;fs;> rpwg;ghd ,lq;fs; gw;wpAk; vOjyhk;.

tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liu> fijf; fl;Liufis tpl ,t; tUzidf; fl;Liufs; rw;W caHe;j epiyapy; cs;sd thFk;. tUzidf;F Vw;w njhlHfisj; NjHe;njLj;jy;> fw;gidj; jpwNdhL tUzpj;jy; Nghd;wit ,tw;wpy; ,lk; ngWk;. tpag;G thf;fpaq;fs;> tpdh thf;fpaq;fs;> cld;ghL> vjpHkiw thf;fpaq;fs; vdg; gytif thf;fpaq;fisg;



gad;gLj;j NeupLk;. vdNt> tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liufis vOJtjpy; XusT gapw;rp ngw;w gpd;dH ,t;tUzidf; fl;Liufis vOjr; nra;ayhk;.

(vLj;Jf; fhl;L)

~kapy;| gw;wpa tUzidf; fl;Liuf;Fupa Fwpg;Gfs; fPo; cs;sthW mikayhk;.

Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu: ,aw;ifr; nry;tk;-gwitfspd; jd;ik kapypd; jdpr; rpwg;G.

nghUSiu:nghUSiu:nghUSiu:nghUSiu: Njhw;wk;-MLk; moF-fz;Zf;F tpOe;J-czTk; ciwtplKk;-gz;Gk; gaDk;-,yf;fp aj;jpy; kapy;.

KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu: ehl;bag; gwit-ehl;Lg; gwit.

• ciuahly; fl;Liuciuahly; fl;Liuciuahly; fl;Liuciuahly; fl;Liu

xU nghUs; Fwpj;Jr; nra;jpfisj; njhlHr;rpahf vOJtijtpl mf;fUj;Jfis ,UtH NgRtJ Nghy ciuahlyhf mikg;gJ gbg;gjw;Fr; RitahapUf;Fk;. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf> ~mQ;ryfk; Mw;Wk; gzpfs;| gw;wpj; njhlHr;rpahf vOJtijtpl xt;nthU Jiw gw;wp xUtH tpdhf;fs; Nfl;gjhfTk; kw;wtH tpil nrhy;tjhfTk; miktJ ciuahlyhFk;. ,jidNa ciuahly; fl;Liu vd;gH. tpohf;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;> Gjpa nghUs;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Nghd;wit ciuahly; fl;Liuf;F Vw;witahk;.

Fwpg;Gfisnahl;bf; fl;Liu vOJjy;Fwpg;Gfisnahl;bf; fl;Liu vOJjy;Fwpg;Gfisnahl;bf; fl;Liu vOJjy;Fwpg;Gfisnahl;bf; fl;Liu vOJjy;

jpul;ba nra;jpfis mg;gbNa vOjp itj;jhy;> vOj ,Uf;Fk; jiyg;Gf;F Ntz;ba nra;jpapid> my;yJ Nkw;Nfhis vLj;jhSjw;Fr; rw;W rpukk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt mtw;iw tifg;gLj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nkhop Fwpj;jit> tuyhW gw;wpait> mwptpay; njhlHghdit> fzpjk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;> Gtpapay; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; vdg;ghl thupahf tifg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. my;yJ cld;ghlhdit> tpohf;fs; gw;wpait> ,yf;fpak; njhlHghdit vd tifg;gLj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Vw;w jiyg;Gfspy; nra;jpfis tifg;gLj;jp vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTjy; fl;Liug; ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;whFk;.

xU gonkhopapd; tpsf;fj;ijNah> ctikapd; tpsf;fj;ijNah gbj;J Kbj;jJk; Fwpg;Ngl;by; gonkhopiaNah> ctikiaNah vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ehk; vOJk; fl;Liuapy; mjid vLj;jhSk; nghOJ mjid tpupj;J vOjj; njupjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Nj Nghd;W ntt;NtW jiyg;Gfspy; nra;jpfisj; jpul;Lk; nghOJ mtw;iwr; RUf;fkhf XupU njhlHfspy; vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. Njitahd NghJ mjid tpupj;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW tpupj;J vOJk; nghOJ vLj;Jf; fhl;L $wp tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. nra;jpfis tpupj;J vOJk; jpwid xU Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L ehk; khzhf;fiug; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

toptoptoptopfhl;Ljiynahl;bf; fl;Liu tiujy;fhl;Ljiynahl;bf; fl;Liu tiujy;fhl;Ljiynahl;bf; fl;Liu tiujy;fhl;Ljiynahl;bf; fl;Liu tiujy;

khzhf;fiuf;fl;Liu vOjr; nrhy;Yk; nghOJ mtHfs; #oypy; cs;s nghUs;fisg; gw;wpAk;> gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;l epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpAk;> gbj;Njh> Nfl;Nlh mwpe;j nra;jpfisg; gw;wpAk; vOjr; nrhy;fpd;Nwhk;. njhlf;f epiyapy; fUj;Jg; nghUs;fis tplf; fhl;rpg; nghUs;fSf;F Kjyplk; jUfpd;Nwhk;. jhq;fs; vLj;Jf;



nfhz;l jiyg;G gw;wpa nra;jpfis KOikahf mwpe;jpUf;fpwhHfsh vd;gij tpdhf;fs; %yk; mwpe;J Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;J mtw;iwj; njhFj;J mwpar; nra;fpd;Nwhk;. ,t;thW nra;jpfisj; jpul;bj; njhFj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;S jiyNa nra;jpfspd; njhif vd;fpNwhk;. nra;jpfisf;j; njhFg;gjw;F khzhf;fH fiyf; fsQ;rpaq;fs;> nra;jpj; njhFg;Gfs; mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp> Nghd;w E}y;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F MrpupaH mtHfSf;F gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW gy E}y;fspypUe;J jpul;ba nra;jpfisj; jdpahff; Fwpj;J itj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fl;Liuapy; mika Ntz;ba nra;jpiag; gyuplk; Nfl;Nlh> Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;Njh khzhf;fH mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdH. mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jk; NghJ khzhf;fuplKs;s fUj;jhok;> mtHfsplKs;s nrhw;fsQ;rpak; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g mtuJ eilaikAk;> gpw MrpupaUila njhlHfis kdg;ghlk; nra;J mg;gbNa vOJjiyj; jtpHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gonkhopfs;> ctikfs;> tUzidj; njhlHfs;> Nkw;Nfhs; njhlHfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr; rpWrpW thf;fpaq;fs; vOjg; gapw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk; mt;thwhapd; fUj;J tsj;Jf;Fk; nrhy; tsj;Jf;Fk; Vw;gj; jdpeil mikAk;.

E}y;fisAk; fl;LiufisAk; gbf;Fk; NghJ khzhf;fH jk; cs;sk; fUtk; nrhw;nwhlHfs;> tUzidj; njhlHfs;> kuGj; njhlHfs; Mfpatw;iw xU Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOjp tur; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;Ak; nghOJ mupa nrhy;yhl;rpfis mtHfs; mwptH. ,j;jifa gof;fk; khzhf;fH fUj;ij typAWj;jTk; cjTk;. vdNt khzhf;fH jk; nra;jpawpit tsHj;jw;Fk; nkhopj; jpwid tsHj;jw;Fk; top fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

nrhe;jkhff; fl;Liu tiujy;nrhe;jkhff; fl;Liu tiujy;nrhe;jkhff; fl;Liu tiujy;nrhe;jkhff; fl;Liu tiujy;

khzhf;fH ,ay;ghfNt fw;gidahw;wy; kpf;ftHfs;. mt;thw;wy; ntspg;gLk; tz;zk;> tFg;G epiyf;F Vw;w jiyg;Gfisf; nfhLj;J vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fiwf; fijfis Kbj;jy;> xU nghUs; jd; tuyhW (fw;gid) $WtJ Nghy; vOJjy; Nghd;wit khztH jk; fw;gidj; jpwidg; ngupJk; tsHf;Fk;. xt;Nthuhz;Lk; Xupuz;L fl;Liufs; fw;gidj; jpwid tsHg;gdthf nrhe;jkhf fl;Liu mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.

xU nghUs; Fwpj;J Muha;r;rp nra;J vOJtJ Ma;Tf; fl;Liu. E}y; my;yJ Mf;fpNahH fhyk; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp> caHe;j E}y;fspd; xj;j fUj;Jfs; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp> rpwe;j E}y;fspd; ctik> nrhy;> mzpfs;> ahg;G epiy gw;wpa Muha;r;rp ahTk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; mlq;Fk;.

fl;Liu vOJtjw;F fl;Liuj; jiyg;G gw;wpa nra;jpapidAk;> mr;nra;jpapid ntspapLk; nkhopj; jpwidAk; khztH ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt khzhf;fHfisg; gy E}y;fisg; gbf;Fk; gb J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;G E}yfj;jpy; gy;tpjkhd E}y;fis mikj;Jg; gbf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpwe;j fl;Liufis MrpupaH tFg;gpy; gbj;Jk; fhl;lyhk;. ,t;thW khztH nra;jptsj;ijg; ngUf;FtJld; mtHfs; nkhopj;jpwd; ngwTk; top fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.



khztH jhk; $w epidf;Fk; nra;jpfis Kiwahff; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. fUj;Jf;Nfw;g mjid xU gj;jpahf mikj;J> gj;jpapd; ikaf; fUj;Jf;Nfw;g gpw nrhw;nwhlHfis vOJk; jpwDk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nrhe;jkhfnrhe;jkhfnrhe;jkhfnrhe;jkhf fl;Liu vOJk; Kiwfl;Liu vOJk; Kiwfl;Liu vOJk; Kiwfl;Liu vOJk; Kiw

khzhf;fiuf; fl;Liu vOjr; nra;jYf;F MrpupaH rpy top Kiwfisf; ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;. Kjd; Kjy; tFg;G epiyf;Nfw;w fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfisj; NjHe;njLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH mj;jiyg;G gw;wp khztUld; ciuahb tha; nkhopf; fl;Liuahf mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dHj; Njitahd nra;jpfisj; jpul;lr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dH> fl;Liuapy; toq;fg;gLk; fUj;JfSf;Nfw;gg; gj;jp gpupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;nwhlH mikg;G> nkhopeil Nghd;wtw;iwr; Rl;bf; fhl;b vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthd;iwg; gw;wpAk; RUf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

� fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfl;Liuj; jiyg;Gfl;Liuj; jiyg;G

XH ,lj;jpy; gapw;rp vd;Dk;> ehSk; Fwpg;gpl;l gpd;dH> fl;Liuj; jiyg;ig gf;fj;jpd; eLg;gFjpapy; rw;Wg; ngupa vOj;Jfspy; vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mbf;Nfhbl;Lk; fhl;lyhk;.

� tha;nkhopg; gapw;rptha;nkhopg; gapw;rptha;nkhopg; gapw;rptha;nkhopg; gapw;rp

fl;Liu ghlNtis ,U ghl Ntisfhsf mikayhk;. Kjy; ghlNtisapy; jiyg;G gw;wpf; Foe;ijfsplk; ciuahbf; fl;Liug; nghUisg; gw;wpa midj;Jr; nra;jpfisAk; midtUk; mwpar; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nra;jpfis tutiof;Fk; nghONj Kd;Diuahff; $wNtz;bait> fl;Liug; nghUspy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;bait. KbTiuahff; $w Ntz;bait vdg; gpupj;Jf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

� nra;jpfisj; jpul;Ljy;nra;jpfisj; jpul;Ljy;nra;jpfisj; jpul;Ljy;nra;jpfisj; jpul;Ljy;

fl;Liuapy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;ba nra;jpfisg; gw;wp ciuahLk; nghOJ NkYk; Njitahd nra;jpfis ve;nje;j E}y;fisg; ghHj;Jj; jpul;bf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLjy; ed;W. vLj;Jf; fhl;£f> ~nra;jpj; jhs;fs;| gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOJtjhapd;> Kjd; Kjy; nra;jpj;jhs; vg;nghOJ ntspaplg; ngw;wJ> ntspapl;ltH ahH vdf;fiyf; fsQ;rpak; ghHj;Jr; nra;jp jpul;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liuf;Fj; Njitahd Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> gonkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; E}y;fisg; ghHj;J vOjp itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

� gj;jp gpupj;jy;gj;jp gpupj;jy;gj;jp gpupj;jy;gj;jp gpupj;jy;

nra;jpiaj; jpul;ba gpwF fl;Liuiag; gFjpfshfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. Kd;Diu> nghUs;> KbTiu vd %d;W gFjpfshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthd;wpYk; vt;ntr; nra;jpfis ,lk; ngwy; Ntz;Lnkdf; Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk; jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nghUs; gFjpapy; gy fUj;Jfisf; $w Ntz;bajpUf;Fk;. xt;nthU fUj;Jf;Fk; xU gj;jpahf mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW Kd;Diu xU gj;jp> nghUs;> fl;Liuj; jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g ehd;ife;J gj;jpfs;> KbTiu xUgj;jp vdg;gpupj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

• nrhw;nwhlH mikg;Gnrhw;nwhlH mikg;Gnrhw;nwhlH mikg;Gnrhw;nwhlH mikg;G Nkw;$wpathW gj;jpaikf;Fk; nghOJ kpfkpf Kf;fpakhd ,lq;fspy; vt;tifahd nrhw;nwhlH mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;



ed;W. tpag;G thf;fpak;> tpdh thf;fpak;> cld;ghL vjpHkiw thf;fpaq;fs;> ctikfs;> gonkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

� nkhopeilnkhopeilnkhopeilnkhopeil

fl;Liuapd; nkhopeil ed;fika Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liug; nghUis ed;FzHe;J ciuahLk; nghOJ (tha; nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; NghJ) gad;gLj;jpa nrhw;fisAk;> njhlHfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW vOJ Kw;gbd; jk; czHr;rpf;Fk; nrhy; tsj;Jf;Fk; Vw;gj;jpdp eil mikAk;.

� Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;Nkw;Nfhs;

fl;Liuapy; jhk; vOJk; fUj;ij cWjpg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf mq;fq;Nf jf;f Nkw;Nfhs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;Nfhis vOjpa gpwF milg;Gf;Fwpapy; Nkw;Nfhisf; $wpa MrpupaH my;yJ NkwNfhs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}iyf; Fwpf;fyhk;. ,t;thW vOjg;gLk; fl;Liu kpfr; rpwe;j fl;Liuahf mikAk;.

� kPs;ghHitapLjkPs;ghHitapLjkPs;ghHitapLjkPs;ghHitapLjy;y;y;y;

vg;nghUisg; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOjpdhYk;> vOjp Kbj;jgpd; mjidg; gbj;Jg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. kuGg; gpio> ,yf;fzg; gpio> vOj;Jg; gpio> re;jpg; gpio Mfpait ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw ePf;Ftjw;F kPs;ghHit gad;gLk;. Mjypd; kPs;ghHitapLjiy XH ,d;wpaikahg; gzpahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

� ifnaOj;JifnaOj;JifnaOj;JifnaOj;J

fl;Liuapy; nrhy;yg;gLk; fUj;J vt;tsT caHe;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> vOJNthupd; ifnaOj;J ed;whf mikatpy;iyahapd; mJ gadw;wjhfp tpLk;. fUj;NjhL ifnaOj;Jk; rpwg;ghf ,Ug;gpd; ~nghd;kyH ehw;wk; ngw;wJ| Nghy; fl;Liu NkYk; rpwg;GilajhFk;.

fl;Liu vOJk; gapw;rpahfl;Liu vOJk; gapw;rpahfl;Liu vOJk; gapw;rpahfl;Liu vOJk; gapw;rpahy; ed;ikfs;y; ed;ikfs;y; ed;ikfs;y; ed;ikfs;

� nra;jpapidj; njhlHghf vz;zp xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf Kiwahf vOJtjw;Fj; Jiz nra;fpd;wJ.

� ve;jg; nghUs; gw;wp vOJk; nghOJk; jf;f Kd;Diu aikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;. ,Wjpapy; rpwg;ghf Kbj;Jf; $Wtjw;Fk; gapw;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

� xt;nthU fUj;Jf;Fk; xUgj;jpaikj;J mjidj;jf;f vLj;Jf; fhl;LfSlDk;> tpsf;fkhfTk; vOJtjpy; khztHmwpT ngWfpd;wdH.

� jhk; fw;Wf; nfhz;l njhluikg;G Kiwapidg; gpd;gw;wp nkhop kuG nflhky; vOJtjpy; gapw;rp jUfpd;wJ.

� nra;jp thf;fpak;> tpdh thf;fpak;> tpag;G thf;fpak; cld;ghL> vjpHkiw thf;fpaq;fs; vd khztH fw;w gy thf;fpaq;fisg; gad;gLj;j tha;g;Gj; jUfpd;wJ.

� xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs; gw;wpf; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy;> Fwpj;j mstpy; vOJk; gapw;rp mspf;fpd;wJ.

� khztHfs; jhq;fs; mwpe;j nrhw;fisnay;yhk; gad;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fshf khw;wpj; jk; nrhy;yhl;rpj; jpwidg; ngUf;f cjTfpd;wJ.



� khztHfs; gy E}y;fspy; mofhff; $wg;gl;l fUj;Jfis Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;lTk; tha;g;gspf;fpd;wJ.

� vy;yhf; fUj;JfisAk; jhNk vz;zpg; ghHj;Jj; jk; czHr;rpf;Nfw;gr; nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLj;J vOJtjhy; mtHfSf;nfd;Nw jdpahf xU nkhopeil cUthfpd;wJ.

� jd; fUj;Jfisj; jpwikahf vOjpg; gpwiug; gbf;fr; nra;tjhy; khztHf;F kdepiwT Vw;gLtNjhL jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; cz;lhfpd;wJ.


,t;tyF thapyhf Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd jpwd;fisAk; gbepiyfisAk; mwpaKbfpwJ. NkYk; ciueil >nra;As;> ,yf;fzk;> fl;Liu Mfpadfw;gpf;fg; gapw;rp ngwy;. vjpHehspy; fw;wiyj; jaf;fkpd;wp fw;gpf;f MrpupaH fy;tp ngWk; fhyj;J ,r;nra;jpfis mwptJ ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.


1.tFg;giwapy; MrpupaH gad;gLj;Jk; nkhopr; rhu Fwpg;Gfspy; NjitapidAk;>gad;ghl;bidAk; tpthjpf;f.

2. nra;As; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk;> ciueil fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?

3.,yf;fzk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapid tpsf;Ff.

4.MrpupaH fy;tpapd; NghJ toq;fg;gLk; fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpfs; gw;wp tpupj;Jiuf;f.

5.FWepiyf; fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfs;



myF myF myF myF – 4444 nkhopj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjnkhopj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjnkhopj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjnkhopj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjYk;Yk;Yk;Yk;


,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;wg; gpd;du; khzt Mrphpau;fs;;

o cl;nfhs;Sk; (Nfl;ly;>gbj;jy;) jpwd;fis vLj;Jiug;gu;.

o ntspapLk; jpwd;fis (NgRjy;>vOJjy;) vLj;Jiug;gu;.

o gilg;ghw;wy; jpwd;fis tsu;g;gu;.

o nkhopj;jpwd;fis kjpg;gpLtu;.


nkhopg;ghlk; xU jpwd; ghlk;. nkhopf; fy;tp ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 1.nkhopiaf; fw;gJ. 2. nkhopapy; mike;j ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gJ. nkhopiaf; fw;w gpd;dHjhd; nkhopapYs;s ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;ftpaYk;. nkhopiaf; fw;Fk; Nghf;fpd;; Kjy;gb> mbg;gilj; jpwd;fisg; ngWjyhFk;. nkhopapd; gad; xUtUf;Ff; Fiwtpd;wpf; fpilf;f> mbg;gilj; jpwd;fisj; njhlf;fj;jpYk; caHepiyapYk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

nkhopapd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fs;> mit ngwg;gLfpd;w epiyapy;> nfhs;jpwd;> ntspapL jpwd; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. Nfl;lYk; gbj;jYk; nfhs;jpwd;fs;. NgRjYk; vOJjYk; ntspapL jpwd;fs;. ,it: Nfl;ly;> NgRjy;> gbj;jy;> vOJjy; vd tupirg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

fy;tp Vw;ghl;by;> jkpo;nkhopf; fy;tp> njhlf;f epiy tFg;GfspypUe;Nj ,lk;ngWtjhy; ,e;ehd;F jpwd;fSk;> jha;nkhopr; #oypYk; eilKiwg; gad;ghl;L mbg;gilapYk; njhlf;fepiy tFg;GfspypUe;J tsHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nfl;ly; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;Nfl;ly; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;Nfl;ly; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;Nfl;ly; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;

xypiaf; fhJ Vw;Fk; nray; Nfl;ly; vdg;gLk;. ,J capupay; topj; jug;gl;l tiuaiwahFk;. fy;tpapy; Nfl;ly; vd;gJ NkYk; gue;Jgl;l nghUisf; nfhz;lJ. ntspg;gLk; xypfisr; nrtpapy; Vw;W> mtw;wpw;Fupa nghUis czHtJNt Nfl;ly; MFk;. Nfl;lypd;NghJ capuw;w nraYk; mr;nrayhy; cstpay; ,af;fKk; eilngWfpd;wd. ,U nray;fSk; ,ize;j Nfl;liyr; nrtpkLj;jy; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. xypfshy; Md vOj;Jfs;> vOj;Jfisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fs;> nrhw;fshy; mike;j thf;fpaq;fs;> thf;fpaq;fshy; ntspg;gLk; nghUs; Mfpadtw;iwf; nfhz;lNj nkhop. ,k;nkhopiaf; fw;gjw;F Kjy;epiy thapy; nrtpNa.

“nry;tj;Js; nry;tk; nrtpr;nry;tk; mr;nry;tk;

nry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy.”

vd ts;StUk; nrtpapd; ,d;wpaikahikia typAWj;jpAs;shH. nrtp mwpTf;F xypia Vw;gjw;fhf kl;Lkd;wp> mwpitg; ngWk; thapyhfTk; tpsq;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fUjpa ts;StH>

“Nfl;gpDk; Nfshj; jifaNt Nfs;tpahy;



Njhl;fg; glhj nrtp”

vdf; $wpdhH.

Nfl;ly; jpwdpd; nghUs;Nfl;ly; jpwdpd; nghUs;Nfl;ly; jpwdpd; nghUs;Nfl;ly; jpwdpd; nghUs;

Ik;nghwpfisf; fw;wpypd; thapy;fs; vd;gH. Ik;nghwpfSs; xd;W nrtp. nrtpNa Nfl;lYf;FupaJ. eilKiw tho;f;ifapYk;> fy;tpf; fhyj;jpYk; Nfl;lYf;Nf tha;g;Gfs; kpFjpahf Vw;gLfpd;wd. Nfl;ly; topjhd; fw;wypd; ngUk;gFjp epfo;fpwJ. fw;gjpy; 80 tpOf;fhl;bw;FNky; Nfl;ly;top epfo;fpwJ.

vdNt> fw;wypd; msit Nkk;gLj;jf; Nfl;ly; jpwd; tsHr;rp ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

• NgRtjw;F Kd;nray;NgRtjw;F Kd;nray;NgRtjw;F Kd;nray;NgRtjw;F Kd;nray;

ngw;NwhUk; kw;NwhUk; NgRtijf; Foe;ij Nfl;fpwJ. Nfl;l gpd;dH mJ Ngr KidfpwJ. Foe;ijapd; Nfl;ly; mstpidg; nghUj;Nj> nkhopiag; NgRk; msTk; jpwDk; mikfpd;wd. vtUk; Ngrhj #oypy; Foe;ij tsUkhapd;> mJ CikahfptpLk;.

• NgRjy; njhlHGNgRjy; njhlHGNgRjy; njhlHGNgRjy; njhlHG

NgRjy; jpwd; ngWtjw;Ff; Nfl;ly; ,d;wpaikahjJ Nghy> Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHg;gjw;F ~NgRjy;| epfo;T ,d;wpaikahjJ. Nfl;lyhy; NgRjy; jpwDk;> NgRjyhy; Nfl;ly; jpwDk; tsHtd. ,k;kWjiyg; Nghf;F> Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHf;Fk; Kiwfis tFg;gjw;F topfhl;LfpwJ.

• NgRjypy; tpisit Vw;gLj;jy;NgRjypy; tpisit Vw;gLj;jy;NgRjypy; tpisit Vw;gLj;jy;NgRjypy; tpisit Vw;gLj;jy;

xU nkhop> mk;nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; midtuhYk; xNu jd;ikaha;g; Ngrg;gLtjpy;iy. ney;iy khtl;lj;jtH Ngr;Rf;Fk; nrd;id efuj;jtH Ngr;rpw;Fk; NtWghL fhzg;gLk;. jkpo;nkhopia xUtH NgRfpd;w Nghf;fpypUe;J> ve;j khtl;lj;jtH vdf; fzpf;f KbfpwJ.

• Nfl;ly; #oy; ,ay;Gfs;Nfl;ly; #oy; ,ay;Gfs;Nfl;ly; #oy; ,ay;Gfs;Nfl;ly; #oy; ,ay;Gfs;

eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; Nfl;ly; #oy;fspd; ,ay;Gfshf 1. ,ay;ghf Ngr;R my;yJ ciuahLjy;> 2. Nfl;NghH vjpHghHg;Gk; Nehf;fKk;> 3. ghHj;jYk; Nfl;lYk; ,izjy;> 4. Nfl;Fk; Nghf;fpy; Jyq;fy;> 5. NgRgtiu <Hj;jy; Mfpad mwpag;gLfpd;wd.

Nfl;ly; topNa fw;wy;Nfl;ly; topNa fw;wy;Nfl;ly; topNa fw;wy;Nfl;ly; topNa fw;wy;

gd;ndLq; fhykhff; fijr; nrhy;Yjy;> ghlr; nrhy;Yjy;> ghbf; fhl;ly;> ebf;fr; nrhy;Yjy; Kjypad MrpupaHfshy; njhlf;f tFg;Gfspy; toq;fg;gLk; goF nray;fshFk;. ,it KjypU tFg;Gf; Foe;ijfisf; Nfl;lypy; <LgLj;JtdthFk;.;. KjypU tFg;Gfspy; ,tw;iwf; Foe;ijfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;tNjhL epiwTngw Ntz;Lk;.



• fl;lisfisf; Nfl;Lr; nrfl;lisfisf; Nfl;Lr; nrfl;lisfisf; Nfl;Lr; nrfl;lisfisf; Nfl;Lr; nray;gLjy;ay;gLjy;ay;gLjy;ay;gLjy;

Nfl;ly; epfOk;NghJ> Nfl;gtH clDf;Fld; Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; Nghf;fpduhf ,Ug;gH. (Nfl;lypd; jd;ik) ,j;jd;ikiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;gLk; goF nray;fSs; xd;W fl;lisfisf; Nfl;Lr; nray;gLjy; MFk;. ,r;nray;ghl;by;> MrpupaH Foe;ijfspd; KjpHr;rpf;F Vw;gf; fl;lisfis ,LtH.

xU fw;wy; gFjpapy; mlq;fpAs;stw;wpy; fw;wy; rpwg;Gf;Fupatw;iw kl;Lk; Nehf;Fk; nray; NkNyhl;lk; MFk;. vjidAk; xJf;fhJ KOikahf Nehf;Fk; nray; cs;Nshl;lk;. ~NkNyhl;l cs;Nshl;lg;| goF nraypy;> Nfl;ly; gFjpia khztHfSf;Fg; gbj;Jf; fhl;b> mtw;wpypUe;J nghJf;fUj;J gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;l nra;jpfisg; gw;wpAk; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;;.fw;wy; gFjpfspd; nrhw;fsQ;rpak;> nghUs; Mfpatw;wpd; fbd epiy Nehf;fp> mtw;iw cupa tFg;Gfspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

neLe;Jyq;fy;> tpupTj; Jyq;fy; rhHe;j goF nray;fs;> Nky;epiy tFg;GfSf;Nf nghUj;jKiladthFk;. nray;ghLfs; midj;jpYk; Nfl;ly; gFjp MrpupauhNyh> xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlh topNah khztHfSf;F Kjypy; toq;fg;gl;L> gpd;dH nray;ghLfspy; mtHfis <LgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fl;lisfisf; Nfl;ly; epfOk;NghJ> Nfl;Fk; khztHfs; clDf;Fld; Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jgtuhf ,Ug;ghHfs;. ,g; gapw;rpfis tpisahl;L Kiwapy; toq;fyhk;.

Nfl;ly; gof;fj;jpid tsHj;jy;Nfl;ly; gof;fj;jpid tsHj;jy;Nfl;ly; gof;fj;jpid tsHj;jy;Nfl;ly; gof;fj;jpid tsHj;jy;

eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; Nfl;lypd; ,ay;Gfshff; fhzg; gl;ltw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> tFg;giwf; fw;gpg;gpYk; mtw;iw cUthf;fpdhy; Nfl;ly;jpwd; tsUk; tha;g;Gfs; kpFjpahFk;. xU Kidapy; Nfl;ly; jpwd; tsHtjw;F> kWKidapy; NgRjy; my;yJ Ngr;R Njit. mg;Ngr;R eilKiw tho;f;ifNahL nghUe;jpajhf ,Uj;jy; rpwg;G. MrpupaH NgRjiy khztHfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;tjhy; kl;Lk;> Nfl;ly; jpwd; tsHe;JtplhJ. ghlE}ypypUe;J xU gFjpia cuf;fg; gbg;gJ> Kiwahff; Nfl;ly; ghlg; nghUs; MfhJ. mJ Nfl;ly; ,ay;Gfis epiwT nra;ahJ@ Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHf;fTk; gad;glhJ. ,ay;ghd> jq;Fjilaw;w Ngr;Nr> Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHf;fg; gad;gLk;.

Nfl;ly; #oypid Vw;gLj;Jk; MrpupaH> khztHfs; midtupd; ghHitapy; glNtz;Lk;. Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHg;gjw;F> tof;fkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; xypg;gjpT ehlhittpl> xspg;gjpT ehlh rpwe;jjhFk;. xspg;gjpT ehlh gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ NgRgtH> Nfl;gtH ghHitapy; gLfpwhH. vdNt> xspg;gjpT ehlhitg; ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Nfl;lYk; Jyq;fYk; clDf;Fld; elf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs;. Nfl;lYf;fhd ghlg;nghUis toq;Fk;NghJ> Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jk; tha;g;gpid khztHfSf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.



nrhy;tijf; Nfl;Lj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;Yjy;nrhy;tijf; Nfl;Lj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;Yjy;nrhy;tijf; Nfl;Lj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;Yjy;nrhy;tijf; Nfl;Lj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;Yjy;

,jpy; ~Nfl;ly;| vd;gjidg; NgRjiyf; Nfl;ly;> gbj;jiyf; Nfl;ly; vd ,Utifahff; $wyhk;. gbj;jypd;NghJ> nkhopapd; vOj;J tbtj;ijg; gbf;fpNwhk;. mJ jpUe;jpa tbtpy;> nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;. Ngr;R tbtpy; nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; fye;jpUf;Fk;. NgRgtUila ,ay;Gfisf;nfhz;L Nehf;fpdhy;> nrhw;rpijT> ,Wjp tpOq;fy;> ,ilnaOj;J tpOq;fy; Nghd;wd mike;jpUf;ff; fhzyhk;. vdNt> NgRjiyf; Nfl;L mwptjw;Fk;> gbj;jiyf; Nfl;L mwptjw;Fk; khztHfisg; gof;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• NgRjiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;NgRjiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;NgRjiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;NgRjiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;

njhlf;fepiy tFg;Gfspy; khztHfsJ FLk;gk;> CH> CHj; jpUtpoh Nghd;wd Fwpj;J mtHfs; mwpe;j jiyg;Gfisg; gw;wpg; Ngrp> mtHfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dHr; rpWrpW tpdhf;fs; %yk;> khztHfs; Nfl;lijj; NjHe;jwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. eLepiy tFg;Gfspy; nghJj;jiyg;Gfisg; gw;wpg; Ngryhk;@ fijfisf; $wyhk;@ jiyg;Gfspd; fUj;Jfs; gw;wpAk;> fij epfo;r;rpfs; gw;wpAk; tpdhf;fs; %yk; NjHe;jwpayhk;.

• gbj;jiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;gbj;jiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;gbj;jiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;gbj;jiyf; Nfl;lwpjy;

gs;spapy; xt;nthU tFg;Gf;Fk; jkpo;g; ghlE}y; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlE}ypy; cs;s ciueilg; ghlj;ijg; gbj;J> khztHfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpwF> rpWrpW tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fyhk;. eLepiyg; gs;spfspy; ghlE}y;fisg; gad;gLj;JtNjhL> E}y;epiyaj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l nghJ E}y;fspypUe;Jk; xU rpy gFjpfisg; gbj;Jf;fhl;b khztHfisf; Nfl;fr; nra;ayhk;. gpd;dHr; rpWrpW tpdhf;fs; thapyhf khztHfs; Nfl;ltw;iwj; NjHe;jwpayhk;.

• fijiaAk; ghl;ilAk; Nfl;ly;fijiaAk; ghl;ilAk; Nfl;ly;fijiaAk; ghl;ilAk; Nfl;ly;fijiaAk; ghl;ilAk; Nfl;ly;

MrpupaH fij nrhy;Yjy;> khztHfis mtHfSf;Fs;Ns FOthfg; Ngrr; nra;jy;> ghlr; nra;jy;> ebf;fr; nra;jy; Nghd;wit. gad; tpisit kpFjpahf;Fk; Nfl;ly; gapw;rpfshFk;.

MrpupaH fij $Wk;NghJ> khztHfSf;F Vw;nfdNt mwpKfkhd fijfisAk; mwpKfkhfhj fijfisAk; $wyhk;. mg;NghJ jk;ik khztHfNshL xUtuhf Mf;fpf;nfhz;L $wNtz;Lk;@ Fuypy; Vw;wj;jho;T> nka;g;ghL> ebg;G Nghd;wit ntspg;gLkhW ghHj;Jf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;> khztHfspd; Nfl;Fk; jpwd; mjpfupf;Fk;.

ghly;fs; %yKk; Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHf;fyhk;. ,jw;F Xir eaKs;s vspa re;jg; ghly;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; ghbf;fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. khztHfisg; ghlitj;Jk; Nfl;ly; jpwid tsHf;fyhk;.

• njhiy> miyNgrpapy; Ngrpg;goFjy;njhiy> miyNgrpapy; Ngrpg;goFjy;njhiy> miyNgrpapy; Ngrpg;goFjy;njhiy> miyNgrpapy; Ngrpg;goFjy;

xUtH Ngr;ir Neupy; Nfl;gij tpl njhiyNgrp my;yJ miyNgrpapy; Nfl;gJ rw;W rpf;fy; epiwe;jJ MFk;. Neupy; Nfl;Fk; NghJ NgRgtupd; nka;g;ghLfs; fUj;Jzu



cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; njhiyNgrpapNyh> miyNgrpapNyh Nfl;Fk;NghJ me;j tha;g;G ,y;iy. NkYk; mg;Ngr;Rfs; xU nghJthd Ntfj;jpy; mikAk; Nfl;gtUila my;yJ NgRgtUila Rw;W#oy; ,iur;ryhy; vy;yh nrhw;fSk; njspthf ,Uf;fhJ. vdNt Kd;gpd; Nfl;fg;gLfpd;w nrhw;fis nfhz;L Cfpj;J rpy nrhw;fis njupa Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt NgRgtuplk; jhk; Nfl;lij jpUk;gpr;nrhy;yp kPz;Lk; Nfl;f njhlq;fpdhy; Nfl;ly; KOik ngWk;. njhiyNgrp my;yJ miyNgrpapy; Nfl;Fk; gapw;rp mspf;f ciuahly; tbtpy; gapw;rpfis mikf;fyhk;.

nrhy;tijf; Nfl;L vOJjy;nrhy;tijf; Nfl;L vOJjy;nrhy;tijf; Nfl;L vOJjy;nrhy;tijf; Nfl;L vOJjy;

tFg;giwapy; MrpupaH VNjDk; xU gFjpia ghlE}ypUe;J gbj;Nj jhkhf njhlHfisf; $wpNa khztHfisf; Nfl;f nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nfl;Fk; Nghf;fpy; mt;tg;NghJ $Wtij epWj;jp $wpag;gFjpia vOjr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. Kjy; ,U tFg;Gfspy; xt;nthU nrhy;yhf $wp vOjr; nrhy;Yjy; %d;whk; tFg;gpy; njhlH> njhluhf $wp vOjr; nrhy;Yjy;> ehd;F Ie;J tFg;Gfspy; thf;fpak;> thf;fpakhf $wp vOj nrhy;Yjy;> vd vOJk; gapw;rpapy; fbd jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jyhk;. Nky; tFg;Gfspy; MrpupaH> xU gj;jpia gbf;f mjpy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s Kjd;ikahd Fwpg;Gfis khztHfis vOj nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nfl;ly; gapw;rpapy; ,it Nghd;w goF nray;fs; eilKiwapy; mwpjhfp tUfpd;wd. Mjyhy; khztHfSf;F gpw nkhop jpwd;fs; Vw;gLtjpYk; rpf;fy;fs; NeHfpd;wd.

• njhlH mWe;J Nfl;ly;njhlH mWe;J Nfl;ly;njhlH mWe;J Nfl;ly;njhlH mWe;J Nfl;ly;

XH ciugFjpahy; ntt;ntW gFjpfis ntt;ntW khztHfis Nfl;f nra;J gpd;dH Nfl;lg; gFjpfis xd;Wr; NrHj;J Kiwahf KOikg;gLj;JtJ njhlH mWe;J Nfl;ly; gapw;rpahFk;.

tFg;giwapy; ,g;gapw;rpia Nkw;;nfhs;s ,UtH> ,Utuhf FOf;fs; gpupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. FOtpy; xUtH ciugFjpia $Wk;NghJ gpupnjhUtH $Wtijf; Nfl;L vOj Ntz;Lk;. gpwF tFg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; NrHe;J jdpj;jdpNa vOjg;gl;l ciugFjpia xd;wpizj;J KOikahf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Neu; gLj;jpf; Nfl;ly;Neu; gLj;jpf; Nfl;ly;Neu; gLj;jpf; Nfl;ly;Neu; gLj;jpf; Nfl;ly;

vOj;J nkhopAk; jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cupajhapDk;>NeUf;F Neu; jfty; gupkhw;wk; epfo;fpwJ.NeUf;F Neu; jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;Fupa NgRjy; gpwtifj; jfty; gupkhw;wj;ij tpl tpisg;gad; kpf;fJ.xUtu; Neupy; jUk; jfty;fs; vOj;J topj;jUk; jfty;fis tplg; ghjpg;ig mjpfkhf;Fk;. NgRk; Ngr;Rf; fhw;NwhL nrd;whYk; cs;sj;ij CLUt ty;yjhFk;. Neu;gLj;jpf; Nfl;Fk; NghJ NgRjy; jpwd; kpf;Nfhupd; Ngr;rpy; ntspg;gLk; czu;Tfisf; fy;yhjhUk; czu KbAk;.

Nfl;ly; jpwid kjpg;gply;Nfl;ly; jpwid kjpg;gply;Nfl;ly; jpwid kjpg;gply;Nfl;ly; jpwid kjpg;gply;

Nfl;lYf;Fupa ghlg;nghUs; vk;Kiwapy; toq;fg;gl;lhYk; Nfl;lypd; NghNj> Nfl;ly; jpwd; ngWfpd;wdH vd mwpa> cupa NjHT my;yJ NjHNthL ,ize;j nray;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.



goF nray;fSk; NjHe;jwp KiwfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHGilait. ,tw;Ws; xd;iwr; rpwpJ khw;wj;Jld; tbtikj;jhy; gpwpnjhd;whfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ngw;w mwpT kdj;jpy; gjptjw;fhfg; gad;gLgit goF nray;fshFk;. khztH <Lgl;Lr; nra;Ak; NtiyahFk;. goF nray;fspd; NghJ MrpupaH tpsf;fTiu> newpAiu> JizAiu Nghd;wtw;iw toq;FfpwhH. goF nray;fNs NjHT Kiwfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> MrpupaH newpAiu kw;Wk; Fwpg;Giu toq;FtNjhL nray;fspy; <LgLk; jd;ikf;F Vw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; my;yJ juf;FwpaPLfis toq;FfpwhH.

goF nray;fspy; khztHfspd; <LghL Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. NjHtpy; khztH milT Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. goF nray;fspy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;> nray; Jizfs; Mfpad toq;fg;gLk;. Mdhy;> NjHtpy; newpTiufNsh> Fwpg;GfNsh jhd; toq;fg;gLk;.

NgRjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jyNgRjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jyNgRjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jyNgRjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;

nkhopg;ghlj;jpd; jiyaha Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;W nkhopiaj; jpwikahfg; Ngrg;gapw;WjyhFk;. Ngr;R> tha;nkhopahjyhy;> Ngr;Rg;gapw;rpia tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp vdTk; $WtH. Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ngWtjw;F khztHfisg; NgRk; nray;fspy; <Lglr; nra;J> ey;y topiaf;fhl;b> njhlHe;J ey;y gapw;rpAk; mspj;Jg; Ngr;Rj; jpwd;ngwr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jidNa tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp vdTk; $WtH.


• jpUj;jkhfg; NgRjy;

• njspTld; NgRjy;

• mr;rkpd;wp NgRjy;

• czu;Tld; NgRjy;

• gpioapd;wpg; NgRjy;

• nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; ePf;fpg; NgRjy;

• tl;lhu tof;if ePf;fpNgRjy;

• gFj;jwpTld; NgRjy;

,d;wpaikahik,d;wpaikahik,d;wpaikahik,d;wpaikahik

gs;spf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dNu> gps;isfs; jk; tPl;bYs;NshH> mf;fk;gf;fj;jpYs;NshH> cw;whH cwtpdH KjypNahUld; goFk; #oy;fspy; NgRjy; jpwidg; ngWfpd;wdH. vdpDk;> mtHfs; Ngr;rpy; gy FiwghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;. mtw;iwg; Nghf;FjYk; NgRjy; jpwid tsHj;jYk; ,d;wpaikahjd thFk;.



khztHfs;> Kd;Df;Fg;gpd; Kuzpd;wpj; njspthfg; NgrTk;> jaq;fpj; jaq;fp xt;nthU nrhy;yhfg; Ngrhky; tpiuthfg; NgrTk;> tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp ,d;wpaikahj jhFk;. tpiuthfg; NgRk;nghOJ> nghUs; tpsq;Fk;

gbahfj; jFe;j ,lq;fspy; epWj;jp> %r;R thq;fTk; Vw;w gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vspikahfTk; jd;dpidg;gpd;wpAk; ,ay;ghfTk; NgRtjw;F tha;nkhopg; gapw;rp tha;g;G jUfpwJ. ~nre;jkpOk; ehg;gof;fk;| vd;Dk; njhlH> gapw;rpapdhy;jhd; nkhopia ed;whfg; Ngryhk; vd;Dk; fUj;ijNa typAWj;JfpwJ.

tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:

tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW mikAk;. mit:

• jpUj;jkhfg; NgRjyjpUj;jkhfg; NgRjyjpUj;jkhfg; NgRjyjpUj;jkhfg; NgRjy;

Kjypy; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf xypf;ff; fw;Wj; juNtz;Lk;. gpd;dHj; jpUj;jkhfj; njhlHe;J NgrTk; gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. $w vLj;Jf;nfhz;l fUj;Jk;> mjw;Nfw;w nrhw;fSk; mtw;wpd; rupahd xypg;Gk; nghUj;jkhf mikAk;NghJ jpUj;jk; Vw;gLk;. njhlHfs; nghUj;jkhf mikahtpby;> Nfl;gtUf;Fj; njspthff; fUj;J tpsq;fhJ@ Fog;gNk Vw;gLk;. Mjypd;> jpUj;jkhfg; Ngrg; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• mOj;jkhfg; NgRjy;mOj;jkhfg; NgRjy;mOj;jkhfg; NgRjy;mOj;jkhfg; NgRjy;

rhjhuzkhf ehk; NgRk;nghOJ> rpy fUj;Jfisf; $w tpUk;GfpNwhk;. Nfl;gtH ve;jf; fUj;ij mwpa Ntz;LNkh> mf;fUj;ijf; $Wk; nrhw;fspy; mOj;jk; nfhLj;Jg; NgRfpNwhk;. Nfl;gtupd; ftdk; mjpy; nry;tjhy;> fUj;ij czHfpwhH. ~Ntyd; xd;gJ kzpf;Fg; gs;spf;Fg; Nghdhd;| vd;W $Wk;NghJ> ~xd;gJ kzpf;F| vd;gjpy; mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpwnghOJ> vj;jid kzpf;Fg; Nghdhd; vd;gijf; $w tpUk;GfpNwhk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ~Ntyd; xd;gJ kzpf;Fg; gs;spf;Fg; Nghdhd;| vd;gjpy; ~gs;spf;F| vd;gjpy; mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpwNghJ> vq;Nf Nghdhd; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,t;thW NgRk;nghOJ> xNu Fuypy; nrhw;fis xypf;fhky;> njuptpf;f Ntz;ba fUj;J mlq;fpa nrhw;fspy; mOj;jk; nfhLj;Jg; Ngrg;gof;f Ntz;Lk;.

• njspTld; NgRjy;njspTld; NgRjy;njspTld; NgRjy;njspTld; NgRjy;

khztHfs; nrhy;y Ntz;ba fUj;Jfisj; njspthfr; nrhy;yg; gapw;rp mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;rpy; Iaj;jpw;Nfh> jpupGf;Nfh ,lkpUj;jy; $lhJ. njsptw;w njhlH mikjYf;F XH vLj;Jf;fhl;L> vWk;G tuk; Nfl;l fij! kf;fs; fhyhy; eRf;fpAk; ifahy; Nja;j;Jk; gy vWk;Gfisf; nfhd;WtpLfpd;wdH. ,t;thW Jd;gg;gl;l

vWk;G> jtkpUe;J ,iwtid tzq;fp> “ehd; fbj;jJk; kdpjd; rhf Ntz;Lk;" vd;W

tuk; Nfl;f tpUk;gpajhk;. Mdhy;> vjpupy; Njhd;wpa ,iwtdplk; gjw;wj;NjhL “ehd;

fbj;jJk; rhf Ntz;Lk;" vd;W tuk; Nfl;ljhk;. mjdhNyjhd; vWk;G fbj;jJk; mjid mbj;Jf; nfhd;WtpLtjhff; fij $WtH. ~ehd; fbj;jJk; kdpjd; rhf Ntz;Lk;| vd;W tuk; Nfl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> vWk;G Nfl;ljpy; tuj;jpd; nghUNs khwptpl;lJ. ,J njsptw;w Ngr;rhy; Vw;gl;lepiy. nghUj;jkhd vspa nrhw;fisf; ifahSjy;> Nfhitg;gLj;jpg; NgRjy;> fhuz fhupaj; njhlHGgLj;jpg; NgRjy;> ,Wjpapy; RUf;fk; $wy; Mfpait Ngr;rpy; njspitr; NrHf;Fk;.



• mr;rKk; $r;rKkpd;wpg; NgRjy;mr;rKk; $r;rKkpd;wpg; NgRjy;mr;rKk; $r;rKkpd;wpg; NgRjy;mr;rKk; $r;rKkpd;wpg; NgRjy;

• xU kd;wj;jpNyh> mitapNyh Nkil Vwpg; NgRk;nghOJ gyUf;Ff; $r;rk; Vw;gLk;@ rpyUf;F mr;rk; Vw;gLk;. Mdhy;> gy khztHfSf;F Mrpupauplk; NgRk;nghONj mr;rKk; $r;rKk; Vw;gLtJz;L. mjdhy; nra;jpfis KiwahfTk; njspthfTk; $wKbahky; ,lHg;gLthHfs;. khztHfis MrpupaH mUNf mioj;J> md;NghL Ngrp> ,ay;ghd #o;epiyia cz;lhf;fpdhy; khztHfsJ $r;rk; mfYk;.

• mstwpe;J NgRjy;mstwpe;J NgRjy;mstwpe;J NgRjy;mstwpe;J NgRjy;

NgRtJ> ,aw;ifahd tpiuTld; $bajhf> ,ay;ghdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kpfkpf epjhdkhfg; Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;NghUf;Fr; rypg;Gk; fisg;Gk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt> gpwUf;Fg; GupAk;gb> Vw;w tpiuTld; Ngrg; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;R kpfkpf tpiuthf mikAkhdhy;> Nfl;gtUf;Ff; fUj;J tpsq;fhJ Ngha;tpLk;. mjdhy;> gpiofSk; Vw;glyhk;.

• czu;Tld; Ngczu;Tld; Ngczu;Tld; Ngczu;Tld; NgRjy;Rjy;Rjy;Rjy;

Ngr;rpid kw;wtH ftdj;Jld; Nfl;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;> NgRtJ capHg;G cs;sjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ngr;Rf;F capHg;Gj; jUtd Fuypd; Vw;wj; jho;T> eifr;Rit> msNthL NgRjy; Mfpad. Ngrg;gLk; nghUspd; jd;ik> Nfl;gtupd; kdg;gf;Ftk; Mfpatw;wpw;Nfw;g tpiuT khWk;. fzf;Fg; ghlj;ij tpsf;Fk;nghOJ tpiuT ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. Mdhy;> fij nrhy;Yk;nghOJ> ,lj;jpw;F Vw;whw;Nghy; tpiuthfTk; nkJthfTk; $w Ntz;Lk;.

• gpioapd;wp Ngrpg; goFjy;gpioapd;wp Ngrpg; goFjy;gpioapd;wp Ngrpg; goFjy;gpioapd;wp Ngrpg; goFjy;

tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd;NghJ gpioahd xypfisAk; nfhr;irr; nrhw;fisAk; ePf;fpg;Ngrg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it jtpu> fUj;Jfis Kiwahff; $whik> Kd;Df;Fg;gpd; Kuz;glg; NgRjy; Mfpa gpiofSk; khztHfs; Ngr;rpy; vOjy;$Lk;. tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpaspf;FKd;dH> fUj;Jfis epuy;gl vOjpitj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;> vtw;iw Kd;dHf; $w Ntz;Lk;> vtw;iwg; gpd;dHf; $w Ntz;Lk; vdj; jpl;lkplr; nra;jy;> gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpioapd;wpg; Ngrg; gof;Fjy;> tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpaspg;gjd; Nehf;fq;fSs; xd;whFk;.

• nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk;nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk;nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk;nrhw;fsQ;rpag; ngUf;fk;

nrhw;fspd; njhFjp vdg; nghUs;gLk; nrhy; ~nrhw;fsQ;rpak;|. nkhopiaf; ifahStjw;F mjDs; mike;j nrhw;fspd; mwpT ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. nkhopapd; $Wfshf vOj;J> nrhy;> njhlH Nghd;wd ,Ug;gpDk; nghUs; KOikahfj; jUk; nkhopapd; myF nrhy;yhFk;. NkYk; fUj;jpidr; rpe;jidapy; gjpg;gjw;Fupa nkhopf; $W nrhy;yhFk;. xU nkhopapYs;s vOj;Jfs;> njhlH mikg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mwpahj epiyapYk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L XusT me;j nkhopiaf; ifahd KbAk;. nghUz;ikfs; nrhw;fis myfhff; nfhz;Nl mikf;fpd;wd. nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;f> fw;gpj;jy; epiyapy; mtw;wpd; xypg;G> nghUs; $Wfs; kw;Wk; njhlHGfs;



Mfpatw;iw mwptNjhL mtw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; KiwfisAk; nrhw;fsQ;rpa mwpitj; NjHe;jwp KiwfisAk; MrpupaHfs; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nghUs; jUk; KOikf; $whf mikAk; nrhw;fis xypg;G> Njhw;wk;> gad;ghL> nghUl; $Wfs;> nghUs; njhlHGfs;> cUthf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; nghUe;jpa ey;ypay;Gfs;jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; nghUe;jpa ey;ypay;Gfs;jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; nghUe;jpa ey;ypay;Gfs;jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; nghUe;jpa ey;ypay;Gfs;

ed;whff; fy;tp fw;W> mwptpy; rpwe;jtiug; nghd;kyUf;F xg;ghff; $WtH. mwptpy; epiwe;J rpwe;j mtH> jk; fUj;ij vLj;Jf;$Wk; nkhopj;jpwidAk; ngWthuhapd;> mg; nghd;kyH> kzKk; ngw;Wr; rpwg;igg; ngw;wjw;Fr; rkkhFk; vd;W $WtH. mjidNa ehk; jpUe;jpa Ngr;R vd;fpNwhk;. ~fy;tpf;foF frlw nkhopjy;| md;Nwh? ,dpj; jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; ey;ypay;Gfisg; gpd;tUkhW.

• njspthd xypg;Gnjspthd xypg;Gnjspthd xypg;Gnjspthd xypg;G jkpo;nkhopapy; Vwj;jho xj;j XirAila vOj;Jfs; cs;sd. y> s> o / d> e> z / u> w Nghd;w vOj;Jfs; mike;j nrhw;fis xypf;Fk;nghOJ> kpFe;j ftdj;Jld; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,y;iynadpy; nghUs; khWgLk;. ngUk;gpio Vw;gLk;. ~ed;whfg; ghHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;| vd;gij ~ed;whfg; ghHj;Jf; nfhy;y Ntz;Lk;| vdf; $wpdhy; vj;Jiz jPik tpisAk;! xyp jtwhapd;> nkhopapd; capNu NghdJNghyhFk;. rpwe;j Ngr;R> njspthd xypg;Gk; jpUj;jkhd cr;rupg;Gk; cilajha; tpsq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Fuypy; Vw;wj;jho;TFuypy; Vw;wj;jho;TFuypy; Vw;wj;jho;TFuypy; Vw;wj;jho;T

fUj;Jfisf; $Wk;nghOJ> xNu Fuypy; NgRtjhy; Nfl;gtHf;Fr; rypg;G Vw;gLk;. mJ kl;Lkd;W@ Vw;w czHr;rpNahL mtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; KbahJ. rpdj;Jld; Ngrg;gLfpd;w njhlHfisAk;> ,uq;fp Ntz;Ljy; czHr;rpNahL Ngrg;gLk; njhlHfisAk; Fuy; Vw;wj; jho;thy; czHj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW NgRq;fhy;> Nfl;NghH tpUk;gpf; Nfl;gH. vdNt> Fuy; Vw;wj;jho;Tld; NgRjy; jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; ey;ypay; ghFk;.

• ntw;Wr; nrhy; jpd;ikntw;Wr; nrhy; jpd;ikntw;Wr; nrhy; jpd;ikntw;Wr; nrhy; jpd;ik

njhlHr;rpahfg; NgRk;nghOJ> rpy Foe;ijfs; Njitapy;yhj> nghUsw;w nrhw;fis ,ilapilNa NrHj;Jg; NgRtH. fUj;jpidj; njhlHghff; $w KbahikahYk;> czHr;rp kpFjpahYk; ,t;thW Vw;glf; $Lk;. ~Mq;........> Mq;.........| vd;Dk; ~Ck;.....> Ck;......| vd;Wk; rpy xypfisg; Ngr;rpd; ,ilapilNa vOg;GjYz;L. Ntz;lhj xypfisg; NghyNt Njitaw;w nrhw;fisAk; rpyH NrHj;Jg; NgRtH. ~te;J.......> te;J........|> ~mg;Gwkh..........| ~ghUq;f......| ~vd;ndd;dh......| Nghd;w gy nrhw;fs; Njitaw;wdtha;g; Ngr;rpd; ,ilNa toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; NgRk;nghOJ vz;zpg; ghHj;J ,tw;iwj; jtpHf;fhjjhy;> ngupNahH rpyuJ Ngr;rpYk; ehk; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;.



• nfhr;ir jtpHj;jy;nfhr;ir jtpHj;jy;nfhr;ir jtpHj;jy;nfhr;ir jtpHj;jy;

gbf;fhj nrd;idg; ghku kf;fs; “g\; jz;zpa vLj; %Q; fOtpfpdh> [y;G Gbr;rp

Nghr;" vd;W Ngr;R tof;fpy; nrhw;fisr; rpijj;Jg; NgRtH. (gr;rj; jz;zpa vLj;J %Q;rpiaf; fOtpf; nfhz;lhd;. mjdhy; [yNjh\k; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ). ,t;tifr; nrhw;fisf; nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; vd;gH. ~,J garh> Gr;rh> gr;j; jz;zp Fl;r;Nrd;> ~rq;fpNa mj;JfpZ Xbg;g+l;lhd;| vd;gd nfhr;irr; nrhw;fs; mike;j njhlHfshk;. ~Ngha; tpl;lhd;| vd;gijg; ~g+l;lhd;| vd;gJNghy tpiuthfg; NgRtjhYk; nrhw;fs; nfhr;irahf khwyhk;. nfhr;ir tbtq;fisAk; jpUe;jpa tbtq;fisAk; xypj;Jf;

• NtfKld; NgRjy;NtfKld; NgRjy;NtfKld; NgRjy;NtfKld; NgRjy;

Ntfkhd NgRjypy; Vw;gLtJ nrhy; neUf;fk;> my;yJ nrhw;nrwpT vd;gJk; Fw;wkhFk;. mjdhy;> nrhy; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> nrhw;fspd; jpUe;jpa tbtk; rpije;Jk; Nghfyhk;. ~nfhz;L th| vd;gJ ~nfhz;lh| vdTk; ~Nfl;BHfsh| vd;gJ ~Nfl;bash| vdTk; tpiuthd Ngr;rpy; mikAk;. ,g; gpiofisj; jtpHf;f> epWj;jp epjhdkhd Ntfj;Jld; Ngrg; gapw;rp ju Ntz;Lk;.

• gpioapd;wpg; Ngrg; goFjy;gpioapd;wpg; Ngrg; goFjy;gpioapd;wpg; Ngrg; goFjy;gpioapd;wpg; Ngrg; goFjy;

nrhw;fisj; jtwhff; Nfl;gjhYk;> jtwhf xypg;gjhYk; khztHfs; gpioglg; NgRthHfs;. tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpapd;NghJ gpioahd xypfisAk; nfhr;irr; nrhw;fisAk; ePf;fpg;Ngrg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it jtpu> fUj;Jfis Kiwahff; $whik> Kd;Df;Fg;gpd; Kuz;glg; NgRjy; Mfpa gpiofSk; khztHfs; Ngr;rpy; vOjy;$Lk;.

• jpUe;jpa Ngr;RjpUe;jpa Ngr;RjpUe;jpa Ngr;RjpUe;jpa Ngr;R

jk; cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; fUj;Jfis> nrhy;y tpUk;Gk; jfty;fis kw;wtUf;F vLj;Jf; $Wk; Nehf;fj;Jld; kf;fshy; gilj;Jf; nfhs;sg; ngw;wNj nkhop. njspthd xypg;G> jpUj;jkhd cr;rupg;G> ,lj;jpw;F Vw;w Fuy; vLg;G Mfpatw;iwj; jpUe;jpa Ngr;rpd; ey;ypay;Gfshff; nfhs;syhk;. NgRk;nghOJ tpiuT> mr;rk;> $r;rk;> glglg;G Kjypad ,y;yhky; jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL> czHr;rp ntspg;gLk; tifapy; Ngrpdhy;>

Ngr;R rpwg;gilAk;. NgRfpw Ngr;rpYk; ,yf;fz E}yhH $Wk; “$wpaJ $wy;>

khWnfhsf; $wy;> Fd;wf; $wy;> kpifglf; $wy;> ntw;nwdj; njhLj;jy;> nrd;W Nja;e;jpWjy;> t*cr;nrhy; GzHj;jy;> kaq;fitj;jy; kw;nwhd;W tpupj;jy;" Kjypa Fw;wq;fis ePf;fNtz;Lk;.

jpUj;jkpy;yhg; Ngr;rpy; njd;gLk; Fiwfs;jpUj;jkpy;yhg; Ngr;rpy; njd;gLk; Fiwfs;jpUj;jkpy;yhg; Ngr;rpy; njd;gLk; Fiwfs;jpUj;jkpy;yhg; Ngr;rpy; njd;gLk; Fiwfs;

• jpUj;jkpy;yhg; xypg;GjpUj;jkpy;yhg; xypg;GjpUj;jkpy;yhg; xypg;GjpUj;jkpy;yhg; xypg;G

rpyH NgRfpd;wnghOJ vOj;Jfisj; jpUj;jkhf xypg;gjpy;iy. ngUk;ghd;ikAk; d/z y/s/o Mfpa vOj;Jfs; mlq;fpa nrhw;fisg; NgRk;nghOJ gpio nra;tH. rpW Foe;ijfshf ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ ,it jpUj;jk; ngwhtpbd; ngupatHfshd gpd;G jpUj;j Kbahkw; Ngha;tpLfpwJ. ,t;thW jpUj;jkpd;wp xypg;gjhy; nrhy; Fwpf;fpd;w nghUs; khwptplTk; $Lk;. kdk; vd;gij kzk; vd;Wk;> moF vd;gij myF vd;Wk; xypj;jy;



gpioapd;Nwh? ,t;thW gpio Vw;glhky; ,Uf;fg; nghUs; NtWghL fhl;Lk; rpwg;nghypfs; mlq;fpa njhlHfis vOjpg; gbf;fr; nra;J gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Fuy; Vw;wj;jho;TFuy; Vw;wj;jho;TFuy; Vw;wj;jho;TFuy; Vw;wj;jho;T

$wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;Nfw;wthWk; gFjpapd; czHr;rpf; Nfw;wthWk; Fuy; Vw;wj;jho;Tld; NgrhjJ xU ngUk; FiwahFk;. xU Nkw;NfhisAk; gFjpiaAk; xNu Fuypy; NgRtjhy; fUj;J tpsf;fk; Vw;glhJ. NkYk; Fuiy khw;wpf; nfhz;L fufuj;j FuypNyh> nky;ypa FuypNyh NgRtJk; xU FiwNaahFk;.

• nfhLQ;nrhy;nfhLQ;nrhy;nfhLQ;nrhy;nfhLQ;nrhy;

jkpo;ehl;bd; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; toq;Fk; nrhw;fisr; nre;jkpo; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; xU gFjpapy; kl;LNk toq;Fk; nrhw;fisf; nfhLe;jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; $WtH. ,tw;iwNa tl;lhu tof;Fr; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; $WtJz;L. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; rikayiwia mLf;fis vd;Wk;> neUg;igf; ~fq;F| vd;Wk; toq;FtH. jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpdH rhf;filia Nkhup vd;Wk;> cg;ig tyzk; vd;Wk; toq;FtH. ,t;thifahd nfhLQ; nrhw;fisj; jtpHj;J midtUk; mwpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba nre;jkpo; nrhw;fisg; Ngrg; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Ntfk;Ntfk;Ntfk;Ntfk;

Ntfkhf Ngr;rpy; Vw;gLtJ nrhy; neUf;fk; my;yJ nrhw; nrwpT vd;Dk; Fw;wkhFk;. mjdhy; nrhy; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> nrhw;fspd; jpUe;jpa tbtk; rpije;Jk; Nghfyhk;. ~nfhz;L th| vd;gJ ~nfhz;lh| vdTk; Nfl;BHfsh vd;gJ ~Nfl;sh| vdTk; tpiuthd Ngr;rpy; mikAk;. ,g;gpiofisj; jtpHf;f epWj;jp epjhdkhd Ntfj;Jld; Ngrg; gapw;rp ju Ntz;Lk;.

• mr;rk;> $r;rk;mr;rk;> $r;rk;mr;rk;> $r;rk;mr;rk;> $r;rk;

mwpe;jtHfsha; ,Ug;gpDk; gyH Kd;dpiyapy; jdpahf epd;Wk;> mwpahjtH Kd;dpiyapYk; NgRtjw;Fr; rpyH $r;rg;gLtH. mtHfl;F mr;rKk; Vw;gLjy; $Lk;. mjdhy; glglg;gha;g; NgRtH@ my;yJ xd;Wf;nfhd;W khw;wpg; NgRtH mjdhy; NgRk;nghOJ mr;rlj. $r;rk; Vw;gLtJ xU FiwahFk;.

• fhy jhkjkfhy jhkjkfhy jhkjkfhy jhkjk;

rpyH NgRk;nghOJ ,ilapy; epWj;jp epWj;jpf; fhy jhkjk; nra;J NgRtH@ fUj;Jfis xOq;Fglj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;shjjhYk;> rigiaf; fz;L Vw;gLk; mr;rj;jhYk; ,t;thW epWj;jpg; NgRjy; Vw;glyhk;. mt;thW NgRtjhy; Nfl;gtUf;Fr; rypg;G Vw;gLtJld; fUj;JfisAk; Kiwahff; Nfl;L mwpa KbahJ.

• jf;f nrjf;f nrjf;f nrjf;f nrhy; ,d;ikhy; ,d;ikhy; ,d;ikhy; ,d;ik

ts;StH nrhy;td;ik gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wnghOJ

~nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;yw;f

nrhy;ypw; gadpyhr; nrhy;|



vdg; ghbAs;shH. fUj;Jf;Nfw;w gaDila nrhw;fisj; NjHe;J vLj;Jg; Ngrhik xU ngUq;Fiwahf mike;JtpLk;.

• czHr;rpczHr;rpczHr;rpczHr;rp

nrhy;Yfpd;w fUj;NjhLk; mjd; czHr;rpNahLk; xd;Wgl;Lg; NgrhJ XNu Fuypy; NgRjy; xU FiwahFk;. Nfl;gtHf;F rypg;G Vw;gLk;.

• nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;

vOtha;> gadpiy nghUj;jkpd;ik. xU njhlupy; vOtha;f;Nfw;wgb gpw nrhw;fs; mikf;fhik. nkhopapd; kugwpe;J njhlHfisg; gad;gLj;jhik> nrhw;fspy; rpy vOj;Jfis xypf;fhJ tpLjy; Kjypad nrhw;nwhlH Fww;q;fshk;. ,it Vw;glhJ NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fs;gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fs;gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fs;gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fs;

ed;D}y; vd;Dk; ,yf;fz E}iyj; je;j gtze;jp KdptH xU E}ypy; Vw;gLk; gj;Jtiff; Fw;wq;fissj; njhFj;Jf; $wpAs;shH. mit Ngr;Rf;Fk; nghUj;jkhditahk;. fUj;ijf; FiwTglf; $Wjy;> mjpfkhf tpsf;Fjy;> $wpaij kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; $Wjy;> Kd;Df;Fg;gpd; Kuz;glf; $Wjy;> Fw;wKila nrhw;fisf; $Wjy;> ,JNth mJNth vd kaf;fk; Vw;gLk;gb NgRjy;> fUj;Jr; nrwpT ,y;yhjJ ntWk; nrhw;fisj; njhFj;jy;> xd;iwf; $wj; njhlq;fp kw;nwhw;iwg; gw;wpg; NgRjy;> Kjypy; tpupthfj; njhlq;fpg; Nghfg; Nghff; fUj;J Fiwe;J tUjy;> nrhw;fspypUe;Jk; xU gaDk; ,y;yhJ Nghjy; Mfpad gj;Jf; Fw;wq;fshFk;. ,it Vw;glhky; ghHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

• cly;eyf; FiwTcly;eyf; FiwTcly;eyf; FiwTcly;eyf; FiwT

cly; cWg;Gfspd; FiwghLfshYk;> cly; eyf; FiwthYk; jpUj;jkpy;yhg Ngr;R Vw;gl topAz;L. %f;fpy; rij tsHr;rp> njhz;ilapy; rij tsHr;rp> jpf;Ftha; Nghd;wit jpUj;jkpy;yhg; Ngr;Rf;Ff; fhuzq;fshy; mikayhk;.

eh nefpo; gapw;rpfseh nefpo; gapw;rpfseh nefpo; gapw;rpfseh nefpo; gapw;rpfs;

xNu tifahd nrhw;fs; my;yJ xypfisg; gyKiwf; $WkhW nra;jy; eh nefpo; gapw;rpahFk;. ,jdhy;> ehtpd; Edp NkYk; fPOkhf mire;J mt;nthypf;Fupa ,lj;jpy; mikAk; gapw;rp ngWk;. xypia vOg;Gk; Kiw jpUj;jkilAk;.

u> u> u> u> u> u> uh

y y y y y y yh

s s s s s s sh vd;W mfu xypAlDk;> gpd;dH>

up> up> up> up> up> up> uP

op op op op op op oP

dp dp dp dp dp dp dP



zp zp zp zp zp zp zP vd;W ,fu xypAlDk; ,t;thW ntt;ntW capnuOj;Jld; NrHj;Jf; $wr; nra;J gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. xNu xyp gyKiw mike;j nrhw;fs; $wy;

~y| xyp

(m) mtd; ey;ytd; my;yd;

nrhy;nyhd;W nrhy;Nyd;

fy;ypypUe;J vLj;jhd;

(M) ~s| xyp

js;Sk; cs;sk;

js;shbj; js;shbr; nrd;whd;

gs;sj;jpy; cs;s Ks;nsL

(,) ~o| xyp

fPNo tpOe;J mOjhd;

Viof;fpotd; thiog;gok; tOf;fp tpOe;jhd;

nfhO nfhOj;j thio

(<) ~w| xyp

fhw;wpy; fPw;W tpOe;jJ

Cw;W ePH nfhz;L th

fhw;W jpir khwp khwp tPrpaJ.

,k;Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp khzhf;fUf;F tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpaspj;J Ngr;rpy; ty;ytuhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

eh gpwo; gapw;rpfseh gpwo; gapw;rpfseh gpwo; gapw;rpfseh gpwo; gapw;rpfs;

Vwj;jho xj;j xypAila nrhw;fs; mLj;jLj;J tUk; nrhw;fs; mike;j njhlHfis tpiuthfTk; gpioapd;wpAk; $WkhW gapw;rpaspg;gJjhd; eh gpwo; gapw;rpahFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; fPo; cs;s njhlHfisf; $wr; nra;ayhk;.

� mtDk; mtSk; mtYk; njs;S khTk; jpd;whHfs;.

� Nky; VO Xiy> fPo; VO Xiy Mfg; gjpdhd;F Xiy.

� tpy;NtUotH gif nfhspDk; nfhs;sw;f nrhy;NyUotH gif.



� gyhg;gok; gOj;Jg; gs;sj;jpy; tpOe;jJ.

� kdk; ,ire;j kzk;.

� gzk; gok; gzk;> gok; gdk; gok;.

vOj;Jfspd; xyp NtWghl;lhy; nghUs; NtWgLk;. mjid khztH xyp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F jtiy> jtis vdr; nrhw;fisr; $wr;nra;tJld; mtw;wpd; nghUs; czUk; tz;zk; njhlHfspd; mikj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

� jz;zPH vLg;gJ jtiy

� jz;zPupy; ,Ug;gJ jtis

� this vd;gJ kPdpd; ngaH

� thio vd;gJ kuj;jpd; ngaH

,it Nghd;w tiy> tis> typ/tsp/top> xyp/xsp/xop> $iu/$iw> ,uq;F/,wq;F Kjyhdtw;iw thf;fpaq;fspy; mikj;Jf; $wpdhy; xypg;G mwptJld; nghUSk; mwptH.

NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;Fk; gapw;rpfs;NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;Fk; gapw;rpfs;NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;Fk; gapw;rpfs;NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;Fk; gapw;rpfs;

kpf tpiuthfg; Ngrpdhy;> ehk; vd;d NgrpNdhk; vd;gjidf; Nfl;gtH mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ. kpf nkJthfg; Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;gtUf;Fr; rypg;G cz;lhFk;. vdNt> $wg;gLk; nra;jpf;F Vw;w Ntfj;Jld;> nghUs; tpsq;Fk; gFjpfspy; epWj;jpg; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. Njitahd Ntfj;NjhL tpNtfkhTk; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkilapy; NgRk;NghJ> xNu Fuypy; czHr;rpapd;wpg; Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;NghUf;Fr; rypg;G Vw;gLk;. czHr;rpaw;w Ngr;R> cg;gpy;yh czTf;Fr; rkk; vdyhk;. Nfhgj;ij czHj;Jk; nrhw;fisf; $Wk;nghOJk;> ,uf;f czHr;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jk; nghOJk; me;je;j czHr;rpf;Nfw;gg; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW NgRtjw;Fj; jhk; NgRk; fUj;JfSlDk;> nra;jpfSlDk; NgRgtH xd;Wgl;ltuhjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Ngr;rpy; mikjpNgr;rpy; mikjpNgr;rpy; mikjpNgr;rpy; mikjp

rpyH czHr;rp tag;gl;Lg; glglg;Gld; NgRtH. mt;thW Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;gtH fUj;jpid ed;F czHe;J nfhs;Sjy; KbahJ. vdNt> mikjpahfg; NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;. xUtH NgrtpUf;Fk; fUj;Jfis> nra;jpfisg; gw;wp ed;F mwpthuhapd;> mtUf;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;if Vw;gLk;. mg;nghOJ mtH mikjpahff; fUj;Jfis vLj;Jf; $WthH.

• eilAk; nkhopAk;eilAk; nkhopAk;eilAk; nkhopAk;eilAk; nkhopAk;

• xUtUila fUj;J tsj;Jf;Fk; czHr;rpf;Fk; Vw;g mtUila nkhopAk; eilAk; mikAk;. mtiug;Nghy; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. ,tiug;Nghy; NgrNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; vz;zj;Jld; njhlHfisg; Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhy; mJ ,ay;ghd Ngr;rhf mikahJ. fUj;Jfis xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhz;lgpd;> rpWrpW njhlHfs;%yk;



mtw;iw ntspapl Ntz;Lk;. jkpopy; NgRk;nghOJ> J}a jkpo;r; nrhw;fisf; ifahSjy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Fw;wkpy;yhJ fUj;Jf; Nfhitahfg; NgRjy;Fw;wkpy;yhJ fUj;Jf; Nfhitahfg; NgRjy;Fw;wkpy;yhJ fUj;Jf; Nfhitahfg; NgRjy;Fw;wkpy;yhJ fUj;Jf; Nfhitahfg; NgRjy;

Kd;dHf; $wpagb xypg;Gf; Fw;wNkh> nrhw; Fw;wNkh> nghUs; Fw;wNkh> Kd;gpd; Kuzhfg; NgRk; Fw;wNkh mikahJ NgRtNj jpUe;jpa Ngr;rhFk;. Ngrj; njhlq;FKd; fUj;Jfis tupirg;gLj;jp itj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. Kjypy; $wNtz;ba fUj;Jfis KjypYk;> njhlHe;J$w Ntz;batw;iw ,ilapYk;> ,Wjpapy; $w Ntz;batw;iw ,WjpapYk; $WjNy fUj;ijf; Nfhitglg; NgRjyhFk;.

• gj;J moF nghUe;Jjy;gj;J moF nghUe;Jjy;gj;J moF nghUe;Jjy;gj;J moF nghUe;Jjy;

ed;D}y; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gkpf;f jkpo; ,yf;fzk; je;j gtze;jp KdptH> xU E}ypy; nghUe;jpapUf;f Ntz;ba gj;J moFfisf; $wpAs;shH. mit mLj;J tUk; ,aypy; tpupTiu Kiwapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ctikfSk; Nkw;Nfhs;fctikfSk; Nkw;Nfhs;fctikfSk; Nkw;Nfhs;fctikfSk; Nkw;Nfhs;fSk;Sk;Sk;Sk;

“jiytDk; jiytpAk; xd;Wgl;L tho;e;jdH" vd;gijtpl> “mtHfs; efKk;

rijAk; Nghy> kyUk; kzKk;Nghy tho;e;jdH" vdf; $WtJ RitAilajhf cs;sjd;Nwh? ey;y nghUj;jkhd ctikfs; Ngr;rpy; miktJ rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> fUj;ijf; $Wk;nghOJ> rpwe;j rhd;NwhH vOjpa E}ypypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs;

$WtJ vd;gJ mtUila Ngr;Rf;F XH cWjpiar; NrHf;Fk;. “ez;gUf;Fj; Jd;gk;

Vw;gl;lhy; ehk; clNd nrd;W cjtNtz;Lk;" vd;W ntWikahff; $whJ>

“cLf;if ,oe;jtd; ifNghy Mq;Nf

,Lf;fz; fistjhk; el;G"

vd thd;Gfo; ts;StH $wpAs;shH vd Nkw;Nfhs; $WtJ Ngr;irr; RitAilajhf;Fk;.

• ew;gz;Gfs;ew;gz;Gfs;ew;gz;Gfs;ew;gz;Gfs;

xUtuJ Ngr;R Nfl;gtiuj; jk;ghy; <Hg;gjhf> fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nfl;gtHghy; md;NghL> ,dpikahd nrhw;fis eifr;Rit fye;J Ngrpdhy;> Nfl;gtH ,d;gk; ngWtH@ Ngr;rpy; <LghL fhl;LtH. ts;StH nrhy;yhw;wiyg; gw;wpf; $Wk;nghOJ>

“Nfl;lhHg; gpzpf;Fk; jifatha;f; NfshUk;

Ntl;g nkhoptjhk; nrhy;"

vd;W jpUts;Stu; njspTglf; $wpAs;shH. vdNt> xUtuJ Ngr;R> Nfl;gtiug; gpzpg;gjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njspayhk;.



• jf;f nrhy; ,d;ikjf;f nrhy; ,d;ikjf;f nrhy; ,d;ikjf;f nrhy; ,d;ik

~xUtDf;Fg; Ngr;rhw;wy; iftug; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;| vd;gjid tpsf;fte;j ts;StH ~nrhy;td;ik| gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wnghOJ>

“nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;yw;f

nrhy;ypw; gadpyhr; nrhy;"

vdg; ghbAs;shH. ~fUj;Jf;Nfw;w gaDila nrhw;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; Ngrhik> xU ngUq;Fiwahf mike;J tpLk;| vd;gNj ,t;thW njspTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

czHr;rpczHr;rpczHr;rpczHr;rp

nrhy;Yfpd;w fUj;NjhLk; mjd; czHr;rpNahLk; xd;Wgl;Lg; NgrhJ> xNu Fuypy; NgRjy; vd;gJ ngUq;FiwahFk;. czHr;rpaw;w Ngr;R> Nfl;gtHf;Fr; rypg;igNa Vw;gLj;Jk;.

• nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs;

nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fSs; jtpHf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ vOtha;> gadpiy nghUj;jkpd;ikNaahFk;. xU njhlupy; vOtha;f;F Vw;wgb gpw nrhw;fis mikf;fhik> nkhopapd; kuGmwpe;J njhlHfisg; gad;gLj;jhik> nrhw;fspy; rpy vOj;Jfis xypf;fhJ tpl;LtpLjy; Kjypad nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fshFk;. ,t;tifr; nrhw;nwhlHf; Fw;wq;fs; Vw;glhJ NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;.

khztHfkhztHfkhztHfkhztHfs; ngw Ntz;ba nkhopj;jpwd;fs;s; ngw Ntz;ba nkhopj;jpwd;fs;s; ngw Ntz;ba nkhopj;jpwd;fs;s; ngw Ntz;ba nkhopj;jpwd;fs;

� nghUj;jkhd milnkhopr; nrhw;fs;> cupa fiyr; nrhw;fs; fye;J NgRjy;.

� gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fisf; fythJ NgRjy;.

� tuNtw;Giu> ghuhl;Liu> ed;wpAiu Mw;wy;.

� fye;Jiuahly;.

� khztHfs; nray;ghLfs;

� nghUj;jkhd jiyg;Gfspy; Ngrr; nra;jy;.

� Kd; jahupg;Gila nrhw;nghopTfisg; Ngrr;nra;J - nrhw;nghoptpy; Nkw;Nfhs;> fUj;J typAWj;jy;> VJf;fs; fhl;ly; Nghd;w $Wfis mikj;Jg; Ngrr; nra;jy;.

NgRjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;NgRjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;NgRjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;NgRjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;

nrhw;fsQ;rpaj;ijg; ngUf;fk; topfs; gy. mit NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;fg; gad;gLtdthFk;. mit KiwNa> 1. glk; ghHj;J tpsf;Fjy;> 2. nranyjpuhfg; NgRjy;> 3. njhlH epfo;thfg; NgRjy;> 4. nrhy; tpsf;fg; GidT> 5. #o;epiyfs;g;



Ngr;R> 6. ghj;jpug; GidT> 7. gl;bkd;wk; ,g; goF nray;fs; NgRjy; jpwid tsHg;gdthFk;. ,it tFg;gpw;Nfw;gj; jug;gLj;jg;gl;L toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• glk; ghHjglk; ghHjglk; ghHjglk; ghHj;J tpsf;Fjy;;J tpsf;Fjy;;J tpsf;Fjy;;J tpsf;Fjy;

glk; ghHj;J tpsf;fk; nrhy;Yk; goF nray;> njhlf;f tFg;GfSf;F kl;Lky;yhky; eLepiy> Nky;epiyg; gs;sp khztHfSf;Fk; toq;fg;glyhk;.

• nranyjpuhfg; Ngr;Rnranyjpuhfg; Ngr;Rnranyjpuhfg; Ngr;Rnranyjpuhfg; Ngr;R

~nranyjpuhfg; NgRjy;| vDk; goF nraypy;> ,UtH Ngr Ntz;Lk;. xUtH NgRtjw;F khw;Wiuahf ,d;ndhUtH Ngr Ntz;Lk;. khw;Wiu> vjpHkiwf; $w;W> vjpHr;nrhy; $w;W> me;jhjpf; $w;W> thf;fpa msT khw;Wk; Nghd;wdthf mikayhk;. khw;Wiuiag; ghlg; nghUs; Njitf;Nfw;g cUthf;fyhk;.

v-fh: vjpHkiwf; $w;W

xUtH: New;W ehd; gbj;Njd;.

kw;nwhUtH: New;W ehd; gbf;ftpy;iy.

• njhlH epfo;Tg;njhlH epfo;Tg;njhlH epfo;Tg;njhlH epfo;Tg; Ngr;RNgr;RNgr;RNgr;R

,UtH gq;Nfw;fj; jf;fthW NkNy fhl;lg;ngw;w goF nray;fisf; FOtpw;Fk; tbtikf;fyhk;. tupir Kiwapy; xt;nthUtuhf tiuaWj;j Kiwg;gb NgRjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,g;goF nraypy; ~me;jhjpahfg; NgRjy;| kpfTk; tpWtpWg;igAk; MHtj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.

• #o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;R#o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;R#o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;R#o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;R

#o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;Rk;> NgRjy; jpwdpy; Nkk;gl;l epiyahFk;. xU #oiyr; nraw;ifahff; nfhz;L Ngrg;gLk; Ngr;R> #o;epiyg; Ngr;R MFk;.

filf;fhuH - nghUs; thq;FgtH

NgUe;J Xl;LeH - elj;JeH

MrpupaH - khztH

NeH fhz;gtH - NeHfhzp

Nghd;W> ,UtH vjpHg;gLk; #oiyr; nraw;ifahff; nfhz;L> mr;#oypy; khztHfisg; Ngrr;nra;J NgRjy; jpwid tsHf;fyhk;.

• ghj;jpug; GidTg; Ngr;Rghj;jpug; GidTg; Ngr;Rghj;jpug; GidTg; Ngr;Rghj;jpug; GidTg; Ngr;R

ghj;jpug; GidTg; Ngr;Rk; #o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;rpidg; Nghd;wjhFk;. #o;epiyg; GidTg; Ngr;rpy; eilKiw tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfs; fw;gidahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ghj;jpug; GidT ehlfg; ghq;fpidg; Nghd;wJ. Ngr;NrhL nka;g;ghLk; ,ize;jthW nray; epfo;fpwJ.



• gl;bkd;wk;gl;bkd;wk;gl;bkd;wk;gl;bkd;wk;

,J gs;spfspy; eilngWk; gl;bkd;wk; Nghd;w fiy epfo;r;rpfspy; khztHfisg; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;J Ngr;Rj; jpwid tsHf;fyhk;. njhlf;f tFg;Gfspy;> tFg;giw mstpy; fiy> ,yf;fpa epfo;r;rpfis Vw;gLj;jp> Foe;ijfisg; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;ayhk;.

NgRjy; jpwidj; NjHe;jwpAk; Kiwfs;NgRjy; jpwidj; NjHe;jwpAk; Kiwfs;NgRjy; jpwidj; NjHe;jwpAk; Kiwfs;NgRjy; jpwidj; NjHe;jwpAk; Kiwfs;

NgRjy; jpwid msf;f tha;nkhopj; NjHNt Clfkhf mikAk;. vOJKiw gad;glhjjhy; eilKiwapy; ,j;jpwd; NjHT nra;ag;glhkYs;sJ. NjHtpy; ,lk; ngwhjjhy; nkhopf; fw;gpg;gpy; ,j;jpwd; jtpHf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

fUj;jhly;> gl tpsf;fk; $Wjy;> ghj;jpug; Gidtpy; NgRjy; Nghd;wd Ngr;Rj; jpwid tsHf;Fk; nray;ghLfshFk;. ,r;nray;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;Wg; NgRk;NghJ mikAk; Jy;ypak;> Ngr;Rr; rusk; Mfpad NgRjy; jpwid msf;Fk; mstPLfshFk;. Jy;ypak;> rusk; Mfpadtw;iw mstPlhff; nfhs;Sk;NghJ ,tw;wpd; cl;$Wfis tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Kiwahd xypg;G> nghUj;jkhd nrhy;yhl;rp> ,yf;fzKilik Mfpad Ngr;Rj; Jy;ypaj;jpd; $Wfs;. cupa tpiuT (jaf;fkpd;ik)> Kd;gpd; njhlHG> clDf;Fld; gjpYiuj;jy; Mfpad rusj;jpw;Fupa $WfshFk;. NgRjy; jpwid msf;f Nkw;fhl;lg;gl;l $Wfisf; nfhs;tJNghy nkhopeil> nka;g;ghL> fUj;J Mfpadtw;iwAk; Ngr;Rj; jpwid msg;gjw;fhd msTf; $Wfshff; nfhs;syhk;. ,tw;iwg; gw;wpa kpif tpsf;fq;fisr; nrhw;nghopTf;fiy njhlHghd E}y;fspypUe;J mwpayhk;.

gbf;Fk;gbf;Fk;gbf;Fk;gbf;Fk; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;

gbg;gJ jpUj;jkhd xypAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gbf;Fk;gFjpapd; nghUs; czHe;J Vw;w ,lq;fspy; epWj;jpg; gbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. czHr;rpf;Nfw;g Fuy; Vw;wj; jho;Tld; gbf;fg; gapw;Wjy; jw;fhyj;jpy; vOJk;nghOJk;> mr;rpl;L ntspapLk; nghOJk; fhw;Gs;sp> miug;Gs;sp> Kw;Wg;Gs;sp> tpdhf; Fwp> tpag;Gf;Fwp Nghd;w epWj;jw;Fwpfisg; gad;gLj;J fpd;wdH. mit gFjpfis vspa Kiwapy; nghUs; mwpe;J gbf;f cjTfpd;wd@ epWj;j Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; jhNk epWj;jpg; gbg;gjw;Fk;> epWj;jk; ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy msNt epWj;jpg; gbg;gjw;Fk; mit gad;gLfpd;wd.

gbj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;gbj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;gbj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;gbj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs;

• rpwg;G cr;rupg;Gld; gbj;jy;

• jpUj;jkhfg; gbj;jy;

• xypaikjpAld; gbj;jy;

• cs;sij cs;sthW gbj;jy;

• czHTfis czHe;J gbj;jy;



• epWj;jw;Fwpfs; mwpe;J gbj;jy;

tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jytha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jytha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jytha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy;

tha;tpl;Lg; gbf;ff; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ cjTk; Jizf; fUtpfs; gy cs;sd. mitahtd:

• kpd; ml;ilfskpd; ml;ilfskpd; ml;ilfskpd; ml;ilfs;

Kjy; tFg;G khztHfisg; gbj;jYf;F mwpKfg;gLj;j kpd; ml;ilfs; ey;y njhlf;fkhFk;. njhlf;f epiyapy; mit Gj;jfq;fistpl mjpff; ftHr;rpAk; gaDk; jUgitahFk;.

• fl;lis ml;ilfs;fl;lis ml;ilfs;fl;lis ml;ilfs;fl;lis ml;ilfs;

• Kftup ml;lilfs;Kftup ml;lilfs;Kftup ml;lilfs;Kftup ml;lilfs;

fl;lisfisj; njhlHe;J Kftup ml;ilfisf; fhl;bg; gbf;fr; nra;ayhk;. tFg;gpYs;s khztHfspd; khztHfspd; cz;ikahd ngaHfis vOJtJ ed;W.

• thf;fpa ml;ilfs;thf;fpa ml;ilfs;thf;fpa ml;ilfs;thf;fpa ml;ilfs;

fl;lis ml;ilfisAk; Kftup ml;ilfisAk; tpiuthfg; gbj;J Kbj;jTld; thf;fpa ml;ilfisg; gbf;fr; nra;ayhk;.

• thrpg;Gj; jhs;fs;thrpg;Gj; jhs;fs;thrpg;Gj; jhs;fs;thrpg;Gj; jhs;fs;

khztHfs; nra;J Kbj;j nray;fisf; Fwpj;J tha;nkhopahff; $wr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. nfhr;ir nkhopia ePf;fpj; jpUj;jKw mtw;iwg; ngupa mstpy; fUk;gyifapy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

• mwpf;iffs;mwpf;iffs;mwpf;iffs;mwpf;iffs;

gs;spapy;> khztH rq;f eltbf;iffs; tpis ahl;Lr; rq;f eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa mwpf;iffs; thrpg;Gg; gapw;rp ngw cjtp nra;tdthFk;.

• ehspjo;fs;> thu khj VLfs;ehspjo;fs;> thu khj VLfs;ehspjo;fs;> thu khj VLfs;ehspjo;fs;> thu khj VLfs;

nra;jp thrpj;jy; vd;gJ gy gs;spfspy; md;whl mYtyhf ele;J tUfpwJ. Nkw;fz;lthW gbg;Gg; gapw;rp ngw ,it Jiz Gupfpd;wd. ,it jpde;NjhWk; Gjpa nrhw;fisAk; nrhy;yhl;rpiaAk; fw;f tha;g;G mspf;fpd;wd.

• fbjq;fs;fbjq;fs;fbjq;fs;fbjq;fs;

fbjq;fis vOjTk;> gpwUf;Fg; gbj;Jf; fhl;lTk; khztH mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. Gj;jf tpw;gid epiyaj;Jf;Ff; fbjk; vOJjy;> tpLg;Gf;fhf fbjq;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfisg; ghHf;f mDkjpNfhUk; fbjq;fs;> ed;wp $Wk; fbjq;fs;> tho;j;Jf; fbjq;fs; Nghd;w gy gs;sp tho;tpy; ,ay;gha; vOj mj;jifa tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd gbf;Fq;fhy; mtw;iwj; jtwpy;yhky; gbf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. fl;Liufs;fl;Liufs;fl;Liufs;fl;Liufs;



fl;Liufs; tha;nkhopahfTk; miktJz;L. mit tha; nkhopf; fl;Liufs; vdg;ngWk;. mjw;F epuy;glf; fUj;Jfisg; Ngr;rpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;JtNj ,k;Kiw vOjpa fl;Liufisg; gyH Kd; gbj;Jf; fhl;LtJk; cz;L. me;epiyapy; gbg;G gapw;rp epfo ,lKz;L.

• ehlf ciuahly;ehlf ciuahly;ehlf ciuahly;ehlf ciuahly;

me;je;jg; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fupa ciuahly; gFjpfis nel;LUg;Nghl tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy; mtrpakhfpwJ. jtpu> Ngr;Rfis czHr;rp ghtj;Jld; ehlf muq;fpy; ntspapl Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. mt;thW nra;a mg;gFjpfis czHr;rpAld; gbf;f Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait

kpfTk; tpiuthfg; gbj;jy; $lhJ. mt;thW gbj;jhy; gbg;gtHf;Fk; Nfl;gtHf;Fk; nghUs; tpsq;fhJ. gbj;jy; kpfj; njspthfTk; jpUj;jkhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• Fuy; ,ay;ghdjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. nrhw;nghopT> nra;tJ Nghy; gbg;gNjh> xNu khjpupahd Fuypy; gbg;gNjh ,ir ghLtJ Nghd;W Fuiy Vw;wpAk; ,wf;fpAk; gbg;gNjh $lhJ.

• gbf;Fk;nghOJ Njitaw;w mirTfs; ,Uj;jy; jtW. ifia ePl;bAk;> jiyia Ml;bAk; gbg;gJ xOq;fd;W.

• ,t;thW tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypy; XusT jpwd; ngw;W tUk;nghOJ tha;f;Fl; gbj;jypYk; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; ed;ikfs;tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; ed;ikfs;tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; ed;ikfs;tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; ed;ikfs;

fz; Nehf;f> eh xypf;f> kdk; czu cjTtJ tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jyhFk;. njhlf;f epiyapy; tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy;jhd; rpwe;jjhFk;.

� xypg;G Kiwiaf; fw;f> tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy; cjTk;.

� xypg;gpYs;s Fiwfisj; jpUj;j ,k;Kiw cjTk;.

� kdg;ghlk; nra;tjw;F tha; tpl;Lg; gbj;jNy Vw;wJ.

� jkpOf;Nf Vw;w ~,Onkd;| xyp eaj;jpNyNa Xirapd; gj;jpNy nrhw;RitapNyNa <Lgl tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jNy jf;fJ

� epWj;jw; Fwpfspd; gaid tha;tpl;Lg; gbg;gjd; thapyhf ed;F mwpayhk;. ,t;thW gbg;gjhy; czHr;rpAld; ebg;gjw;Fk; NjHr;rp ngw;wjhFk;.

� tha;tpl;Lg; gbg;gjdhy; nrhw;fis mwptjpYk; mtw;iwg; ghFghL nra;tjpYk; cs;s Fiwfis mwptJld; mtw;iw clDf;Fld; fisaTk; KbAk;.

tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; jPikfs;tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; jPikfs;tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; jPikfs;tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd; jPikfs;

� tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jypd;NghJ gbj;jypd; Ntfk; Vw;glhJ. vdNt fhyk; tPzhFk;.



� kpFjpahd gFjpfis tha;tpl;Lg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ xypAWg;Gfs; fisg;gilAk; gbg;gjpy; NrhHT Njhd;Wk;.

� nrhw;fisAk;> njhlHfisAk; fz;L Vw;wKiwapy; gbg;gjpNyNa kdk; nry;tjhy; nghUs; czhjypy; rw;W jhkjk; Vw;gLk;.

� nghJ E}yfq;fspy; gbf;Fk; nghOJ tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jhy; gpwUf;F ,ila+W Vw;gLk;. vy;yhUk; tha;tpl;Lg; gbf;fj; njhlq;fpdhy; ftdr; rpjwy; Vw;gl;Lg; nghUs; czu KbahJ.

kdj;Jf;Fs; gbj;jy;kdj;Jf;Fs; gbj;jy;kdj;Jf;Fs; gbj;jy;kdj;Jf;Fs; gbj;jy;

mr;nrOj;J my;yJ ifnaOj;J Mfpa xd;wpid cuf;f> tha;tpl;Lg; gbf;fhky; kdj;Jf;Fs;NsNa gbj;Jg; nghUs; czHjNy tha;f;Fl; gbg;G vdg;gLk;. tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jy; ed;F iftug; ngw;w gpd;dH ifahs Ntz;ba Kiw tha;f;Fl; gbg;ghFk;. njhlf;f epiyapy; tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jNy rpwe;j gaidj; jUk;. vdpDk; Nky; tFg;Gf;Fr; nry;yr; nry;y khztH jpwd; ngw Ntz;LtJ tha;f;Fl; gbg;NgahFk;.

%d;whk; tFg;gpypUe;J tha;f;Fl; gbg;G njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tFg;gpy; tha;f;Fl;gbg;Gk;> tha;tpl;Lg; gbj;jYk; 40 rjtPjk;> 60 rjtPjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ 2:3 vd;Dk; tpfpjj;jpy; mikjy; ed;W vdg; ghlj;jpl;lk; tiuaWj;Js;sJ. caHtFg;GfSf;Fg; Nghfg; Nghf tha;f;Fl; gbg;gpd; tpfpjKk; caHe;J nfhz;Nl Nghf Ntz;Lk;.

kdjpw;Fs; gbg;gjpy; ngw Ntz;bait kdjpw;Fs; gbg;gjpy; ngw Ntz;bait kdjpw;Fs; gbg;gjpy; ngw Ntz;bait kdjpw;Fs; gbg;gjpy; ngw Ntz;bait

gbg;Gj; jpwd;fis tsHj;jy;gbg;Gj; jpwd;fis tsHj;jy;gbg;Gj; jpwd;fis tsHj;jy;gbg;Gj; jpwd;fis tsHj;jy; - gbf;Fk; nghOJ tup tbtj;ijf; fz;fshy; ghHj;Nj gbf;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt> gbg;Gj; jpwd;fshd fz; rhz; msT> fz; efHr;rp> fz; gha;r;ry; mfpatw;wpy; ey;y jpwd; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

m) fz; rhz; msT fz; rhz; msT fz; rhz; msT fz; rhz; msT - gbf;Fk; nghOJ fz; tup tbtj;jpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpiag; ghHf;fpwJ. gpd;G mLj;j gFjpiag; ghHf;fpwJ. xU jlit ghHg;gjhy; fz;lwpfpd;w nrhw;nwhFjpiaf; fz;rhz;msT vd;gH. ~fe;jd; jd; ez;gidf; filj;njUtpy; fz;lhd;| vd;Dk; njhlupy; fe;jd; vd;gij kl;Lk; xU jlitapy; ghHf;f KbAk; vdpy; gbf;Fk; Ntfk; FiwAk;. ~fe;jd; jd; ez;gidf;| vd;gJ tiu xU jlitapy; ghHf;f KbAnkdpy; gbg;gpd; Ntfk; kpFjpg;gLk;. ,f;fz; rhz; msT ngupajha; mikag; gapw;rp ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.

M) fz; efHr;rpfz; efHr;rpfz; efHr;rpfz; efHr;rp - xU jlit ghHj;jgpd; fz; mLj;j gFjpiag; ghHf;ff; Fjpg;gJ Nghy; nry;fpwJ - ,jidf; fz;Fjpg;G vd;gH. ,jidNa fz; efHr;rp vdTk; $WtH. xU gFjpiag; ghHf;Fk; Neuk; fz; epw;gijf; ~fz; epWj;jy;| vd;gH. xU gFjpf;F fhy; tpdhb Njit vdf; $WtH. ,f;fz; epWj;jk; mjpfkhapd; gbg;gpd; Ntfk; FiwAk;. epWj;Jk; fhyj;ijf; Fiwj;Jg gbf;fg; gapw;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;.

,) fz; gha;r;ry;fz; gha;r;ry;fz; gha;r;ry;fz; gha;r;ry; - xU njhlH Kbe;jJk;> mLj;j njhlUf;Ff; fz; ghHit jhTfpwJ. ,j;jhTjYf;F fz; gha;r;ry; vdg; ngaH. mg;gha;r;ry; mbgpwohJ nry;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;. xNu tupia kPz;Lk; gbg;gJk;> xU tup tpl;Lg; gbg;gJk; rpy Ntisfspy; epfo;tJz;L.



mJ gbf;Fk; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;. vdNt fz; gha;r;ry; NeHikahdjhf mikag; gapw;rp ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.

kdjpw;Fs; gbf;Fk; Kiwfs;kdjpw;Fs; gbf;Fk; Kiwfs;kdjpw;Fs; gbf;Fk; Kiwfs;kdjpw;Fs; gbf;Fk; Kiwfs;

� njhlf;f epiyapy; rpWrpW fl;lisfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfisr; rpwpJ Neuk; fhl;b> mtw;iw tha;f;Fs; gbf;fr; nra;J mf;fl;lisg;gb nray;fisr; nra;ar; nrhy;yyhk;.

� Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpy; nra;jpfis vspa njhlHfspy; vOjp thrpg;G ml;ilfs; jahupj;Jf; Fwpj;Jf; fhy msTf;Fg; gbf;fr; nra;J gpd;dH mtw;wpy; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fyhk;.

� Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; nfhLj;j gFjpiag; gbj;J Kbj;jy; tha;f;Fs; gbg;gpy; gapw;rp ngWk; topfspy; xd;whFk;.

� E}y; epiyaj;NjhL ,ize;j gbg;gfk; xd;W mikj;J ehspjo;fs;> thu> khj ,jo;fs; Mfpatw;Ws; Fwpg;ghf rpytw;iw ehs;NjhWk; gbf;fr; nra;ayhk;.,

gbf;fg; gapw;Wk; Kiwfs;gbf;fg; gapw;Wk; Kiwfs;gbf;fg; gapw;Wk; Kiwfs;gbf;fg; gapw;Wk; Kiwfs;

gbf;fg; gapw;Wtjw;Fk; 1. vOj;J Kiw> 2. nrhy; Kiw> 3. nrhw;nwhlH Kiw vd %d;W Kiwfs; cs;sd. xt;nthU Kiwapidg; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

1.1.1.1. vOj;JKiwg; gbg;GvOj;JKiwg; gbg;GvOj;JKiwg; gbg;GvOj;JKiwg; gbg;G

jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpy; ehy;tif vOj;Jfs; cs;sd. mit capH vOj;J (12)> nka;naOj;J (18)> capHnka; vOj;J (216)> Ma;jk; (1) vd;gdthFk;. xt;NthH vOj;Jf;Fk; jdpj;jdpNa xyp cz;L. vdNt> vy;yh vOj;Jf;fisAk; fw;W> mjd; gpd; mt;ntOj;Jfshy; Md nrhw;fisAk;> nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; gbg;gNj vOj;J Kiwapy; gbg;gjhFk;. goq;fhyj;jpy; gbf;ff; fw;gpj;j Kiw ,JNthahFk;. ,k;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wtjhy; Vw;gLk; Fiw> epiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

epiwfs;epiwfs;epiwfs;epiwfs;

o vOj;J fis Kiwg;gb gbg;gjhy; mtw;wpd; tupir Kiwia khztH ed;FzHe;J nfhs;s topNaw; gLfpd;wJ.

o vOj;Jfisf; fw;w gpd;dHr; nrhw;fisg; gbg;gjw;Fr; nry;tjhy; Iae;jpupG mw vOj;jwpT ngw KbfpwJ.

o jkpo; nkhopapy; ehk; xypg;gJ Nghd;Nw vOJfpNwhk;. vdNt> xt;nthH vOj;Jf;Fupa xypapid ed;FzHe;J nfhs;tjhy; vOJk; gapw;rp vspjhfpd;wJ. vOj;Jg; gpiofs; kpFjpAk; Vw;gLtjpy;iy.

o gbg;gJk; gpioapd;wp mikAk;.



Fiwfs;Fiwfs;Fiwfs;Fiwfs;

• njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fg; Nghjy;| vd;w fw;gpj;jy; Kiwf;F ,J Gwk;ghFk;.

• NkYk;> vOj;Jfisf; fw;gpf;Fk;nghOJ xt;NthH vOj;jpd; tuptbitAk; xyp tbitAk; fw;gpg;gJ kpf;f fhyjhkjj;ij cz;L gz;ZfpwJ.

• jkpo; neLq;fzf;fpy; cs;s 247 vOj;Jfspy; gy vOj;Jfs; nkhopapy; ifahsg;gLtjpy;iy. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf ~q| fu tupiria vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. mt;tupirapy; q> qh> q; vd;w 13 vOj;Jfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ~q| ~q;| vd;w ,U vOj;Jfs; kl;LNk nkhopapy; ifahsg; gLfpd;wd. vQ;rpAs;s gjpndhU vOj;Jfs; ifahsg;gLk; nrhy;Ny jkpo; nkhopapy; ,y;iy.

(1) ~q| g; Nghy; tis> 2 mq;qdk; ,ijg; Nghd;W ~z| tupirapYk; ~l| tupirapYk; rpy vOj;Jfs; ifahsg; gLtjpy;iy. nkhopapy; tuNt tuhj ,j;jifa vOj;Jfspd; tuptbitAk; xyp tbitAk; ,sq;Foe;ijf;Ff; fw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ Njitaw;wJ.

nrhy;Kiwg; gbg;Gnrhy;Kiwg; gbg;Gnrhy;Kiwg; gbg;Gnrhy;Kiwg; gbg;G

vOj;J Kiwf;F khWgl;lJ nrhy; KiwahFk;. GJr; nrhw;fis vspjpy; gbf;ff; fw;fpd;wdH. ,t;tz;zk; xt;nthU nrhy;yhff; fw;gpg;gJjhd; nrhy;Kiw vdg;gLk;. ,dp> ,k;Kiwapd; epiwFiwfis Muha;Nthk;.


• kdpj ,ay;Gf;F ,k;Kiw nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ. ~mk;kh> mg;gh> mf;fh> jhj;jh> ghl;b| Nghd;w nrhw;fisj;jhd; ,sq;Fotpfs; $Wfpd;wdH.

• xt;nthU nrhy;Yf;Fk; jdpj;jdpg; nghUs; cz;L.

• ~KOikapdpd;W ghfq;fSf;Fr; nry;tJ| cstpay; Kiw vdNt> nrhy;ypypUe;J vOj;Jf;Fr; nry;tJ ,ay;ghdJ


• vOj;Jf; $l;bg;gbf;f tha;g;gpy;yhj fhuzj;jhy; fw;w vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l GJr; nrhw;fisg; gbg;gJk; gbj;jtw;iwg; ghHf;fhky; vOJtJk; gpio epiwe;jjhf Mfptplf;$Lk;.

• kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nrhw;fis vOJk; gapw;rp mspg;gpd;> ,f;Fiwapid ePf;ff;$Lk;.

• NeH xypg;G KiwAs;s jkpiotplj; jdp xypg;G Kiw nfhz;l Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w NtW nkhopfl;Nf nrhy;Kiw rhyr; rpwe;jJ.

• xU glj;ij %bf;nfhz;L vOj;Jfis kl;Lk; gl cjtpapd;wpg; gbf;fr; nrhd;dhNy gbf;f Kbahky; thshtpUf;fyhk;.



• ,jw;Fg; gupfhukhf xt;nthU nrhy;ypYk; %d;W kpd; ml;ilfs; jahupj;Jg; gapw;rp mspj;jhy;: mf;Fiw ePq;Fk;.

• jkpo; nkhopapd; neLq;fzf;F tupirawpT khztHfl;F ,y;yhky; Nghff;$Lk;.

,J xU FiwNa vdpDk; ehsiltpy; khztH Nghjpa NjHr;rp ngw;W Nky; tFg;Gf;Fr; nry;Yq;fhy; ,f;Fiw jhNd ePq;Fk;.

nrhw;nwhlH Kiwg;gbg;Gnrhw;nwhlH Kiwg;gbg;Gnrhw;nwhlH Kiwg;gbg;Gnrhw;nwhlH Kiwg;gbg;G

Gjpjhff; ifahsg;gLk; KiwfSs; ,J xd;whFk;. vspa nrhw;nwhlHfs; gytw;iwf; fw;gpj;J mjd; gpd;Nd mtw;wpy; tUk; jdpj;jdpahd nrhw;fisAk;> vOj;JfisAk; fw;gpg;gJ ,k;KiwahFk;. tho;f;ifapy; ehk; NgRq;fhy; nrhw;nwhlHfshfNt NgRfpNwhk;. MfNt Foe;ijfSk; nrhw;nwhlHfshfNt gbf;ff; fw;gJ nghUj;jKilj;J. nrhy;iy XH myfhff; nfhz;L mwpjy; Nghy rpwpa nrhw;nwhliu myfhff; nfhs;tJ xd;Wjhd;. ,k;Kiwapy; cs;s FiwfSk; epiwfSk; nrhw;nwhlH Kiwf;Fg; nghJthfg; nghUe;Jjy; vd;gJ njspT.

nrhy; KiwapYk;> nrhw;nwhlH Kiwapd; rpwg;Gz;L. Foe;ijfs; Kjypy; jdpj;jdpr; nrhy;yhfg; Ngrj; njhlq;fpdhYk; mtHfspd; cs;sj;jpy; xUnrhw;nwhlupd; fUj;Njnjhf;fp epw;fpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ~mk;kh| vd;W xU Foe;ij mOfpd;wJ vd;why; mJ ~mk;kh grpf;fpwJ| my;yJ ~mk;kh ghy; Ntz;Lk;| vd;w nrhw;nwhlHfspd; fUj;ijj;jhd; xNu nrhy;ypy; mlf;fpf; fhl;LfpwJ. vdNt> $He;J Nehf;fpd; ~mk;kh| vd;w nrhy; xU nrhw;nwhlNuahFk;. eLr;rhiyapy; epw;Fk; iffhl;bapy; ~godp 64 fp.kP.| vd;gJ Nghd;w nrhw;fisg; ghHf;fpNwhk;. ~godp if fhl;Lk; jpirapy; 64 fp.kP. njhiytpy; cs;sJ| vd;w nrhw;nwhlupd; RUf;fk; MFk;. ,aw;iff;fpzq;ff; fw;gpg;gNj cstpay; KiwahFk;. cstpay; ed;W vd;gJ $wTk; Ntz;LNkh?


• ntWk; nrhy;yhff; fw;gijtpl mr;nrhy; ifasg; ngw;wpUf;Fk; xU nrhw;nwhlH khztHfSf;Fg; nghUz;ikiaf; nfhLf;f ty;yJ. ~kapy;| vd;why; jpiff;fyhk;. ~kapy; MLfpwJ| vd;why; Gupe;J nfhs;thHfs;.

• gbg;gjpy; khztHf;F MHtk; ngUFk;.

• cstpay; tpjpfis xl;ba Kiw ,J. KOikahd nrhw;nwhlHfspypUe;J mtw;wpd; gFjpfshd nrhw;fs; vOj;Jfs; Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; Nghjy; vspa top.

• ,J tpisahl;L Kiwahjyhy; gps;isfsplk; ftHr;rp kpFjp> fisg;G FiwAk;.


• njhlf;fj;jpNyNa nrhw;nwhluhfg; gbg;gJ khztHfSf;F ,lH jUtjhfTk;> rpf;fy; kpFe;jjhfTk; Njhd;Wk;.



• nrhw;nwhlHfisg; ghuhkNy kdg;ghlk; nra;J xg;Gtpf;ff; $Lk;. Mdhy;> gbj;j nrhy;iyf; fUk;gyifapy; jdpj;J vOjpdhy; gbf;f mwpahky; jpifg;gH.

• nrhw;nwhlHfisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; ,k;Kiw vspjpypUe;J njhlq;F vd;gjw;F vjpH khwhf cs;sJ.

• jkpo; neLq;fzf;F vOj;Jfis tupir xOq;Fg;gb ,k;Kiwapy; fw;Wf; nfhs;s ,ayhJ.

gbj;jy; jpwid kjpg;gly;gbj;jy; jpwid kjpg;gly;gbj;jy; jpwid kjpg;gly;gbj;jy; jpwid kjpg;gly;

E}yfg; gbg;GE}yfg; gbg;GE}yfg; gbg;GE}yfg; gbg;G

mfd;w gbg;Gf;F ed;F cjTk; ,lk; E}yfg; gbg;ghFk;. E}yfj;jpy; fiyf; fsQ;rpaq;fs;> gy;tif ,yf;fpa E}y;fs;> kyHfs;> ,jo;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpj; jhs;fs; ,lk; ngWk;. mfd;w gbg;gpid cz;ikapNyNa nghUSs;s xd;whf khw;Wk; ,lk; E}yfNk. E}y;fisj; jhNk NjHe;njLj;Jg; gbf;Fk; tha;g;Gk;> MrpupaH topfhl;l mt;topNa E}y;fisj; NjHe;njLj;Jg; gbf;Fk; tha;g;Gk; ,jpy; cz;L.

jpd> thu> khj ,jo;fs; gbj;jy;jpd> thu> khj ,jo;fs; gbj;jy;jpd> thu> khj ,jo;fs; gbj;jy;jpd> thu> khj ,jo;fs; gbj;jy;

ehl;Lr; nra;jpfis ehs;NjhWk; jpd ,jo;fs; ntspaPLfpd;wd. thu> khj> ,jo;fspy; fijfSk;> fl;LiufSk; ntspahfpd;wd.

vOJjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;vOJjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;vOJjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;vOJjy; jpwd; fw;gpj;jy;

Fiffspy; tho;e;j Mjp kdpjH Xtpak; tiue;jdH vd;gjid mtHfs; tpl;Lg; NghAs;s mwpFwpfshy; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpNa Xtpa vOj;Jfshf tsHe;jJ. ,uz;nlhU fUj;Jfisad;wpg; gy fUj;Jfis vOjp tUk; nghOJ tpiuT fhuzkhf Xtpaq;fs; ,uz;nlhU tupfshfr; RUq;fpd. ehsiltpy; me;j mwpFwp XtpaKk; xU nrhy;yhf epd;W me;jr; nrhy;iy mwptpf;fhJ me;jr; nrhy;ypd; Kjy; vOj;jpid kl;Lk; mwptpf;f te;jJ. gpwF nrhy;ypd; nghUisad;wpr; nrhy;ypd; vOj;JfisAk; kf;fs; gpupj;jwpa tpUk;gpdH. ,t;tpUg;gNk xyp vOj;Jfshf tsHr;rp ngw;wJ. ,t;thW xyp tuptbk; ngw;W vOj;J Njhd;wpaJ.

nkhop Njhd;wp tsHe;J gy;yhz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dNu vOj;J vd;w xd;wpd; thapyhfTk; vz;zj;ij vLj;jpak;g KbAk; vd kf;fs; fz;lwpe;jdH. XusTf;Fg; gbf;ff; fw;w gpd;dNu vOjf; fw;gpf;fNtz;Lk;. ,dp vOJjypd; Nehf;fq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

vOJjypd; Nehf;fq;fs;vOJjypd; Nehf;fq;fs;vOJjypd; Nehf;fq;fs;vOJjypd; Nehf;fq;fs;

• fUj;JfifUj;JfifUj;JfifUj;JfisAk; Ngr;irAk; epiyahfg; gjpT nra;jy;sAk; Ngr;irAk; epiyahfg; gjpT nra;jy;sAk; Ngr;irAk; epiyahfg; gjpT nra;jy;sAk; Ngr;irAk; epiyahfg; gjpT nra;jy;

ehk; Neupy; cs;stuplk; ek; fUj;JfisAk;> vz;zq;fisAk; Ngr;R %yk; $Wfpd;Nwhk

• njhiytpy; cs;stHfSld; njhlHG nfhs;Sjy;njhiytpy; cs;stHfSld; njhlHG nfhs;Sjy;njhiytpy; cs;stHfSld; njhlHG nfhs;Sjy;njhiytpy; cs;stHfSld; njhlHG nfhs;Sjy;



ek; fUj;Jfis mwpa Ntz;batH njhiytpy; ,Ue;jhy; Ngr;R %yk; njuptpf;f KbahJ. ek; cwtpdH> ez;gH MfpNahUf;Ff; fUj;ijj; njuptpf;f tpUk;gyhk;.

vOJjypy; epiyfsvOJjypy; epiyfsvOJjypy; epiyfsvOJjypy; epiyfs;

vOjf; fw;gpj;jypy; ,U epiyfs; cs;sd. Kjy; epiyapy; xyp tbtq;fis tup tbtq;fshf vOj mwpKfg;gLj;JtJld; jpUj;jkhfTk;> mofhfTk; tpiuthfTk;> vOjg; gapw;WtJ Nehf;fkhFk;. tupnahw;wp vOJjy;> ghHj;J vOJjy;> Nfl;L vOJjy; Nghd;wit kl;Lk; ,q;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk;.

,uz;lhk; epiyapy; vOJk; tpiuit caHj;JtJld; nrhe;jkhff; fbjk;> fl;Liu> mwpf;if> Kjypad vOjTk; fw;gpf;fpNwhk;. ,J Mf;f Ntiy fw;gpf;Fk; epiyahFk;.

,uz;L epiyfSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahd toptiffs; cs;sd. Kjy; epiy ngUk;ghYk; xd;WKjy; %d;whk; tFg;G tiu gpd;gw;wg;gLtjhFk;. ,uz;lhk; epiy gbg; gbahf Nky; tFg;Gfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.

• vOJtjw;F Kd;Ndw;ghlhd Ntiyfs;vOJtjw;F Kd;Ndw;ghlhd Ntiyfs;vOJtjw;F Kd;Ndw;ghlhd Ntiyfs;vOJtjw;F Kd;Ndw;ghlhd Ntiyfs;

Ngr;rpYk; gbg;gpYk; XusT jpwd; iftug; ngw;w gpd;dNu vOj;Jfs; vOJtijf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff; $wpdhy; vOjj; njhlq;Ftjw;F xU gf;Ftk;. xU tif KjpHr;rpg; ; ; ; gUtk;;;; mjhtJ Maj;jk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> vOj;Jfspy; cs;s El;gkhd NtWghLfis mwpe;J vOj Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. (K> O> x> X> f> r> j> e) rpwpa vOj;Jfis vOjf; Foe;ijfspd; iftpuy;fspd; Ez;zpa jirehHfs; Nghjpa typik ,ize;J ,aq;Fk; jpwDk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kzpf;fl;bYs;s jir ehHfSk; typik mile;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fz;fSk; Nkw;$wpa Ez;zpa NtWghLfis mwpe;Jzu ty;yitahapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MfNt> vOjf; fw;gjw;Fupa Maj;j epiyia mile;j gpd;dNu> Foe;ijfSf;F vOj fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fy;tp kdtpay; $WfpwJ. MfNt> Nkw;$wpa jirehHfs;> typikawTk;> ntt;NtW cWg;Gfs; ,ize;J nrayhw;wTk; gapw;rp jUtJ vOj;Jf;Fupa Maj;jj;jpd; Kjw;gbahFk;. mjw;Ff; fPo;f;fz;lKd; gapw;rpfs; Jiz GupAk;.

ey;y ifnaOj;jpd; ey;ypay;Gfs;ey;y ifnaOj;jpd; ey;ypay;Gfs;ey;y ifnaOj;jpd; ey;ypay;Gfs;ey;y ifnaOj;jpd; ey;ypay;Gfs;

xUtH vOJtijg; gpwH gbg;gjw;fhfNtz vOj;J vOjg;gLfpd;wJ. me;epiyapy; vOj;J njspthf ,y;iynadpy; gpwH gbf;f Kbahjd;Nwh! vOj;J njspthf mikaf; fPo;fz;ltw;iw epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

1. njspTnjspTnjspTnjspT

vOj;Jfisj; jdpj;jdpahf vOJjy; Ntz;Lk; rq;fpyp Nghd;W xd;Nwhnlhd;W NrHj;J vOjpdhy; njsptpy;yhky; Nghfyhk; rpyH ,uz;L vOj;Jfisr;NrHj;J $l;nlOj;jhf vOJtH. mt;thW vOJtJk; jtwhFk;.

vOj;jpd; tisTfisj; njspthff; Fwpj;jy;Ntz;Lk;. ~K| vd;gjw;fk; ~O| vd;gjw;Fk; njspthf NtWghL fhl;Lk; tifapy; vOj;J mikahtpby; njsptpUf;fhJ.



xt;NthH vOj;jpd; tisT> RopT> Nkw;NfhL Mfpatw;iw ed;F ftdpj;J vOj;jpd; rPuhd mikg;gpy; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.

vOj;Jfspd; Kid mwpahky; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; njspthfg; gbf;f KbAk;. mjw;fhf mr;nrOj;Jg; ghHj;J vOjr; nra;jNy ey;y gapw;rpahFk;.

2. msTk; moFk;. msTk; moFk;. msTk; moFk;. msTk; moFk;

vOj;Jfs; xNu mstpdthf ,Ue;jhy; ghHg;gjw;F mofhf ,Uf;Fk;. xU tupapy; rpy vOj;Jfs; ngupadthfTk;> rpy vOj;Jfs; rpwpadthfTk; mikjy; $lhJ. Mdhy;> njhlf;fj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; ngupa vOj;Jfshf vOjj; njhlq;FtH. Mdhy;> ,uz;L NfhLfSf;Fs; vOJk; gapw;rp mspf;Fk;nghOJ xNu mstpdthf vOj;Jfs; mikAk;.

~Ntz;lhj RUs;fisr; NrHj;J vOJjYk;> Nky;tpyq;F> fPo; tpyq;F> nfhk;Gis xNu tpjkhf vOjhikAk; moiff; nfLg;gdthk;. rpyH Gs;spfisr; rpW tl;lq;fshf vOJtJz;L. mjdhYk; moF nfLk;. vOj;Jfis Neuhf mr;nrOj;Jfisg; Nghd;W vOJtNj rpwe;jJ. rpyH rha;j;J vOj tpUk;GtH. mt;thW rha;j;J vOJk;nghOJ xU rpwpJ tyg;gf;fk; rha;j;J vOjyhNk jtpu ,lg;gf;fk; rha;j;J vOJjy; $lhJ. NfhLfis Neuhf vOjhky; rpyH tisj;J vOj;Jfisf; Fz;L Fz;lhf vOJjYk; cz;L. ,Jtk; XusT mofhapUf;Fk;.

3. ,ilntsp,ilntsp,ilntsp,ilntsp

vOj;Jfisr; NrHj;J vOjhky; mLj;jLj;Jj; jdpahfTk;> xU nrhy;Yf;Fk; mLj;J nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNa xNu msthfr; rpwpJ ,ilntsp tpl;Lk; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. 4) tpiuTtpiuTtpiuTtpiuT

vOj;Jfs; njspthfTk; mofhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;fhf kpf nkJthf vOJjy; $lhJ. njspTld; tpiuthfTk; vOfg; gapw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpiuTf;fhfj; njsptpidg; gwp nfhLj;jy; $lhJ.

vOj;Jg; gapw;rp KvOj;Jg; gapw;rp KvOj;Jg; gapw;rp KvOj;Jg; gapw;rp Kiwfs;iwfs;iwfs;iwfs;

khztHfs; vOj;Jfis vOjf; fw;Wf; nfhz;l gpd;G njhlHr;rpahfr; nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; vOjg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;gapw;rp ju tupnahw;wp vOJjy>; ghHj;J vOJjy>; nrhy;tJ vOJjy; my;yJ Nfl;L vOJjy; Nghd;w Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpf; Foe;ijfs; jhNk vOjg; gapw;rpaspf;fyhk;.

1) tupnahw;wp vOJjy;tupnahw;wp vOJjy;tupnahw;wp vOJjy;tupnahw;wp vOJjy;

ifnaOj;J rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gjw;F> tupnahw;wp vOJjy; ey;y gapw;rpahFk; njhlf;f epiy tFg;Gfspy; ehd;F tupfspy; vOjr; nra;ayhk;. Nky; tpyq;F fPo; tpyq;F Mfpatw;iw vt;tsT J}uk; ePl;l Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> vOj;jpd; mst vt;tsT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; khztH mwpa ,J top tFf;fpd;wJ Kjy; ,uz;L tupfspy; vOj;Jfisg; Gs;spapl;Lf; fhl;b mg;Gs;spfspd; NkYk; vOjr; nra;ayhk; ehd;F tupfspy; vOjpg; gofpa gpd;G> ,uz;L tupfSf;fpilNa vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ehshf ehshf vOj;Jfisr; rpwpadthfTk;> xU tupapYk; vOjg; gof;fyhk;.



2) ghHj;J vOJjy;ghHj;J vOJjy;ghHj;J vOJjy;ghHj;J vOJjy;

ghlg; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s gFjpfisg; ghHj;J ehs;NjhWk; Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOjp tur; nra;jNy ghHj;J vOJjyhFk;. MrpupaH fUk;gyifapy; vOJtijg; ghHj;Jf; fUk;gyifapy; my;yJ Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOJjYk; ghHj;J vOJjy; gapw;rpNa. ehs;NjhWk; ghHj;J vOjptur; nra;jy; ifnaOj;J jpUe;Jtjw;F ey;y gapw;rpahFk;. ghHj;J vOJk; gapw;rpahy; NtW gy ed;ikfSk; cs;sd.

� 1.Ntfkha; vOJtjw;F ey;y gapw;rpaspf;fpd;wJ.

� 2.khztHfs; nrhw;fisg; ghHj;J tupiria czuTk;> njsptha; cs;sj;jikf;fTk; top tFf;fpd;wJ.

� 3.mUikahd nrhw;nwhlHfs;> kuGr; njhlHfs; Mfpatw;iw vOjpg; gof cjTfpd;wJ.

� 4.ftdf; FiwTs;s khztHfs; gpiogl vOJthHfs;. mtHfisf; fz;L ftdf;Fiwitj; jpUj;j tha;g;G fpilf;fpd;wJ.

3. nrhy;tnjOJjy;nrhy;tnjOJjy;nrhy;tnjOJjy;nrhy;tnjOJjy;

tFg;gpy; MrpupaH nrhw;fisNah njhlHfisNah $w mtw;iwf; Nfl;L khztH vOJjNy nrhy;tnjOJjy; gapw;rpahFk;.

� ,t;thW vOjr; nra;tjhy; khztHfs; vOj;Jfspd; xypia ed;F Nfl;Lg; gpioapd;wp vOJfpd;wduh vd mwpayhk;.

� ifnaOj;jpd; tpiutpid tsHf;f ,J rpwe;j topahFk;.

� epidthw;wy;> ftdpf;Fk; Mw;wy;k Nghd;wtw;iw tsHf;f cjTfpd;wJ.

� khztH Ntnwnjidg; gw;wpAk; vz;zhky; MrpupaH nrhy;tijAk;> gpd;G mij vOJtijAk; gw;wpNa epidg;gjhy; mtHfSila xUKfg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; tsUk;.

� gbg;gijtplf; Nfl;L vOJk;NghJ mg;gFjp epidtpy; gjpa ,lKz;L.

nrhy;tJ vOJjy; gapw;rp mspf;Fk;nghOJ MrpupaH rpy Fwpg;Gfis epidtpy; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

� njhlf;f epiytpy; nrhw;fis vOJk; gapw;rpaspj;Jg; gpd;dNu njhlHfis vOJk; gapw;rp juy; Ntz;Lk;.

� Kjypy; Ntfk; FiwthfTk;> tutu tpiuthfTk; gbj;J vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

� gFjpiag; gbf;Fk;nghOJ nrhw;fisj; jpUk;glj; jpUk;gf; $Wjy; $lhJ. nghUs; tpsq;Fkplj;jpy; epWj;jpf; $Wk;nghOJ xt;nthU gFjpiaAk; ,UKiw $wyhk;.



� mt;thW nghUs; czUk; gFjpahfg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ khztH gFjp KOikiaAk; Nfl;l gpd;dNu vOJjy; Ntz;Lnkdf; $wp> mt;thNw vOjg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

� jirg;gapw;rpjirg;gapw;rpjirg;gapw;rpjirg;gapw;rp

Foe;ijfs; gs;spf;F tUKd;dNu if tpuy;> kzpf;fl;L Mfpait Xustpw;Fj; jirg;gapw;rpg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,e;jg; gapw;rpfs; %yk; jirehHfs; tYtiltJld; NfhL> mjd; ePsk; tl;lk;> mjd; vy;iyf;NfhL Mfpait mwpKfg; gLj;jg; ngWfpd;wd.

� Ms; fhl;btpuy;> Fr;rp

mLj;J> jiuapy; kziyg; gug;gp mjpy; Foe;ijfisj; jk; tpUg;gk;Nghy; jj;jk; tyf;if Ms;fhl;b tpuyhy; fpWf;fr; nra;ayhk;. Ngr;rpy; Kjy; epiy koiyiag; Nghd;W> vOJtjpy; Kjy;epiy fpWf;FtjhFk;. kzYk; ePUk; Foe;ijfSf;F kpf tpUg;gk;. jtpu Ms;fhl;b tpuypYs;s jirehHfSf;Fg; gapw;rp fpl;LfpwJ. kzypy; fpWf;fg;gLk;. NfhLfs; Foe;ijfSf;F Kw;wpYk; GydhfhkypUf;fyhk; mjdhy; nfLjypy;iy. ,t;thW tyf;if Ms;fhl;b tpuy;> Kjy; vOJ fUtpahfpwJ.

� fUk;gyiffUk;gyiffUk;gyiffUk;gyif

mLj;J> jho;e;j fUk;gyifapy; rhf;Fj; Jz;bd; cjtpapdhy;> iffisj; jhuhskhf tPrp tisTfs;> Ropfs;> NfhLfs; Kjypad tiue;J gofr; nra;ayhk;.

� vspa glq;fs; tiujyvspa glq;fs; tiujyvspa glq;fs; tiujyvspa glq;fs; tiujy;

NfhLfis XusT rupahf tiua fw;w gpd;dH rJuk;> tl;lk;> Mfpatw;iw vOjg; gof;fyhk;. mjd; gpd;dH mtw;wpd; cjtpapdhy; nghUs;fspd; cUtq;fSs; vspatw;iwf; fw;gpf;fyhk;. v.L. guq;fpf;fha;> khq;fha;> MuQ;R> Vzp.

� ntl;b xl;Ljy;ntl;b xl;Ljy;ntl;b xl;Ljy;ntl;b xl;Ljy;

XH ml;ilapy; gy cUtq;fis ntl;b vLj;Jtpl;L me;j ml;ilia xU jhspd; Nky; itj;J xU ngd;rpyhy; - Fwpg;ghf tz;zg; ngd;rpyhy; - vy;iyf; Nfhl;ilr; Rw;wpYk; tiue;J cUtj;ij cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dH me;j cUtq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa ntl;bj; Njitg;gbd; tz;zq;nfhLj;J NtW nts;isj; jhspy; xl;b itf;fyhk

� cg;Gj;jhs;> gl;L> kzy;cg;Gj;jhs;> gl;L> kzy;cg;Gj;jhs;> gl;L> kzy;cg;Gj;jhs;> gl;L> kzy;

vOj;Jfspd; tbtq;fis cg;Gj;jhspy; ntl;b mtw;iw Kiwaha;j; njhlf;fk;> kj;jp> KbTfisj; jltpg; ghHf;fr; nra;jy; ey;y gapw;rp. ,Nj Nghd;W nkd;ikAk; tOtOg;GKs;s Jzpfspy; vOj;Jfis vOjp ntl;b xl;bj; jltpg; ghHf;fr; nra;jy; ed;W. ,it gl;b njhl;bfSf;F xj;J tuhJ. kzypy; vOj;Jfis vOjp GspAk; tpijfis my;yJ NtW nfhl;ilfis Kiwaha; mLf;fp itg;gJ eilKiwf;F xj;J tUtjhFk;. tpijfSf;Fg; gjpy; rpWrpW Fr;rpfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,g;gapw;rp %yk; vOj;Jf;fspd; njhlf;fk;> tsHr;rp> KbT Mfpait ed;F GydhfpwJ.



gpioapd;wp vOjg; gapw;rpaspj;jgpioapd;wp vOjg; gapw;rpaspj;jgpioapd;wp vOjg; gapw;rpaspj;jgpioapd;wp vOjg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;y;y;y;

nkhopapd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fspy; NgRjYk;> vOJjYk; ntspapLk; jpwd;fshk;. vOJq;fhy; Vw;gLk; gpiofs; Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

NgRq;fhy; nfhr;irahfg; NgrpdhYk;> rpW jtWfs; Vw;gLk;gb NgrpdhYk; mit epiyahf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. NkYk;> mtw;iwj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;> vOj;J epiyahf mikfpwJ. vdNt> gpioapy;yhJ vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpy ciueilahrpupaH Ngfd; vd;ghuJ ~vOJjy; xUtidr; nrk;ikAilatdhf;FwpJ| vd;Dk; $w;Wk; ,jidNa rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WfpwJ. vOJq;fhy; Vw;gLk; gpiofisAk;> mtw;iwj; jpUj;Jk; KiwfisAk; njupe;J nfhs;Nthk;. vdNt> gpiofs; Vd; Vw;gLfpd;wdntd;Wk; vt;tifahd gpiofs; Vw;gLfpd;wdntd;Wk; mtw;iwj; jpUj;Jk; Kiwfs; ahitnad;Wk; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

gpiof;Fupa fhuzq;fs;gpiof;Fupa fhuzq;fs;gpiof;Fupa fhuzq;fs;gpiof;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

m. jtwhdtw;iwf; Nfl;ly;m. jtwhdtw;iwf; Nfl;ly;m. jtwhdtw;iwf; Nfl;ly;m. jtwhdtw;iwf; Nfl;ly;

khztHfs; jq;fs; tPl;Lr; #o;epiyapy; thOfpd;w nghOJ gpwH NgRtijf; Nfl;Lj; jq;fs; nkhopj;jpwid tsHj;Jf; nfhs;Sfpd;wdH vd;W ehk; mwpNthk;. mg;nghOnjy;yhk; mtHfs; jpUj;jkhd nrhw;fisf; Nfl;bUg;ghHfs; vd;W nrhy;tw;jpw;fpy;iy.

M. jtwhf xypj;jy;M. jtwhf xypj;jy;M. jtwhf xypj;jy;M. jtwhf xypj;jy;

khztH rpy nrhw;fis xypf;Fk;nghOJ jtwhf xypg;gjhy; mt;thNw vOjTk; njhlq;Ffpd;wdH.

fPNo cs;sdtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff; $wyhk;.

jtwhf xypj;jy; rupahd nrhy;

thisg;gsk; thiog;gok;

jhsk; g+ jhok;g+

tdf;fk; tzf;fk;

fid va;jhd; fiz va;jhd;

,. jpUj;jkhd nrhy; mwpahikjpUj;jkhd nrhy; mwpahikjpUj;jkhd nrhy; mwpahikjpUj;jkhd nrhy; mwpahik

nrhw;fisr; rpijj;Jf;nfhr;irahfg; NgRtjhYk;> nrhw;fspd; jpUj;jkhd xypapid mwpahJ NgRtjhYk; gpiofs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ~Ngrpf; nfhz;bU| vd;gijg; ~Ngrpz;bU| ~Ngrpf;fpNdapU| vdf; nfhr;irahfg; NgRthH rpyH. ,J nrhw;fisr; rpijj;Jg; NgRtjhy; tUk; gpioahFk;. ~jho;thuk;~ vd;gijj; ~jhthuk;~ vd;gJk;> ghfw;fha; vd;gij ghtf;fha; vd;gJk; ~jiyaiz| vd;gijf; jyfhzp vd;gJk; jpUj;jkhd nrhw;fis mwpahjjhy; tUtdthk;.



<. nghUs; NtWghL mwpahiknghUs; NtWghL mwpahiknghUs; NtWghL mwpahiknghUs; NtWghL mwpahik

rpy nrhw;fspy; u> w> y> s> o Mfpa vOj;Jfis mikj;J vOJk;nghOJ nghUs; NtWghL mwpahikahy; khztH gpiogl vOJjy; $Lk;. vOj;J khwpdhy; nghUs; NtWgLk; xU rpy nrhw;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,q;Fj; jug; gLfpd;wd.

fid - neUf;fk;> xyp fiz - mk;G

fis - ePf;F fio - %q;fpy;

fiu - mio> fiuj;J tpL fiw - fsq;fk;

nrU - NghH nrW - tay;

c. ,yf;fz mwptpd;ik,yf;fz mwptpd;ik,yf;fz mwptpd;ik,yf;fz mwptpd;ik

vOj;jpyf;fzk;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk;> njhlupyf;fzk; Mfpatw;iw ed;fwpahikahy; gy gpiofs; Vw;glyhk;. ,t;tifahdtw;iw mLj;Jr; rpy gpiofs; vd;Dk; gFjpfs; mq;fq;Nf Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bapUg;gijf; fhz;f.

gpiofisf; fisAk; topKiwfs;gpiofisf; fisAk; topKiwfs;gpiofisf; fisAk; topKiwfs;gpiofisf; fisAk; topKiwfs;

1) MrpupaH Ngr;R1) MrpupaH Ngr;R1) MrpupaH Ngr;R1) MrpupaH Ngr;R

MrpupaUila Ngr;R vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. mtUila Ngr;rpy; gpiofspUg;gpd; khztH mg;gpiofisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; $Lk;. vdNt> MrpupaH jpUj;jkhd nrhw;fisNa Ngrpdhy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd gpiofs; Vw;glhky; jLf;fyhk;.

2) nghJg; gpiofisj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fjy) nghJg; gpiofisj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fjy) nghJg; gpiofisj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fjy) nghJg; gpiofisj; njhFj;J tpsf;Fjy;

khztuplk; nghJthff; fhzg;gLk; gpioahd nrhw;fisAk;> nrhw;nwhlHfisAk; njhFj;J gpiofis ePf;fp vOjpg; gyUk; fhZk; ,lj;jpy; itf;fyhk;. ,t;tl;ilfisf; fhZe;NjhWk; khztH gpiofisawpe;J mtw;iw ePf;f Kay;tH.

3) jdpNa mioj;Jf; $Wjy;jdpNa mioj;Jf; $Wjy;jdpNa mioj;Jf; $Wjy;jdpNa mioj;Jf; $Wjy;

rpy khztuplk; rpwg;ghfr; rpy gpiofs; fhzg;gLkhapd;> mtHfis mioj;J md;ghff; $wpj; jpUj;jyhk;. mt;thW gpiofs; Vd; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gjidAk; mtHfNshL NgRq;fhy; mwpe;Jj mf;fhuzj;ij ePf;fyhk;.

4) gd;Kiw vOJjy;gd;Kiw vOJjy;gd;Kiw vOJjy;gd;Kiw vOJjy;

khztH vOj;Jf;$l;lypy; fz;zhy; ghHj;jy;> fhjhy; Nfl;ly;> iftpuy;fisAk; jirfisAk; ,af;fp vOJjy; gapw;rpiag; gd;Kiwaspj;J xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk; rupahf vOjr; nra;tNj gd;Kiw vOJjypd; Nehf;fkhFk;. vdNt> ~gapw;| vd;Dk; nrhy;iyg; gd;Kiw vOjr; nra;tjhapd;nrhy; KOikiaAk; vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. g> g> g vd xd;wpd; fPo; xd;whf vOjpa gpd;G xt;NthH vOj;ijAk; mt;thNw rpy khztH vOJtH. ,k;Kiw jtwhdjhFk;. xU nrhy;iy %d;W Kiw my;yJ Ie;J Kiw vOjr; nra;ayhk;. jpUj;jp vOjpAs;s xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk; MrpupaH ghHj;Jj; jpUj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNky; khztH Kjypy; rupahf vOjj; njhlq;fp> tu tug; gpiogl vOjptpLjy; $Lk;.



5) jpUe;jpa nrhw;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;) jpUe;jpa nrhw;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;) jpUe;jpa nrhw;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;) jpUe;jpa nrhw;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfs;

tl;lhuj;jpYs;s nfhr;irr; nrhw;fisAk;> t*cr; nrhw;fisAk; jpul;b mtw;wpd; jpUe;jpa tbtj;ijAk; vjpNu vOjpg; gy ml;ilfs; jahupj;J tFg;gpy; njhq;f tplyhk;. khztH mtw;iwg; ghHj;Jj; jpUe;jpa nrhy; tbtk; mwpe;J gpiofisj; jtpHj;jy; $Lk;.

6) ,yf;fz tpjpfs;,yf;fz tpjpfs;,yf;fz tpjpfs;,yf;fz tpjpfs;

ty;ypd kpFk; ,lq;fs; kpfh ,lq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp> khztHfSf;F tpsf;fpf; $wyhk;. ,t;tpjpfisj; jdp ml;ilfspy; vOjpAk; tFg;giwapy; njhq;f tplyhk;. mbf;fb mtw;iwg; ghHj;Jg; gbg;gjd; %yKk; khztH gpiofisj; jtpHj;jy; $Lk;.

Nkw;fz;lthW gpiofis ePf;FtNjhL ghHj;njOJjy; nrhy;tJ vOJjy; gapw;rpfs; %ykhfTk; vOj;Jg; gpiofis ePf;fyhk;. ehs;NjhWk; xU gf;fk; vOjp tur; nra;ayhk;. $He;J Nehf;Fjy; Nfl;ly; vOJjy; Mfpait vOj;jpg; gpiofs; Vw;glhky; jLg;gjw;F ngupJk; cjTtdthk;. fl;LiuapNyh> gapw;rpapNyh> gpiofs; kpFjpAkpUg;gpd; fl;Liuia> gapw;rpia kPz;Lk; KOikAk; vOjr; nra;jNy ed;W. khztH vOjpatw;iw MrpupaH gbf;fhkNy ifnaOj;jpLjy; $lhJ. jpUj;jpnaOjpa gFjpia kPz;Lk; ghHj;Jf; ifnaOj;jpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;Stjd; %yk; khztH vOj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gpiofis xUthW ePf;fyhk;.

7.Gjpad gilj;J vOJjy;7.Gjpad gilj;J vOJjy;7.Gjpad gilj;J vOJjy;7.Gjpad gilj;J vOJjy;

khztH gpioapy;yhkYk; KiwahfTk; vOJtjw;Ff; fl;Liug; gapw;rpfs; nkhopg; gapw;rpfs; Kjypatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mj;Jld; mikahJ mtHfsJ gilg;ghw;wYf;Fk; ehk; toptFf;f Ntz;Lk;. jha; nkhopapy; jhd; gilg;ghw;wiy vspjpy; tsHf;f KbAk;. ehspjo;fspYk;> gUt ntspapLfspYk; ntsptUk; Gjpa ,yf;fpa tiffisAk; ftpijfisAk; gbf;Fk; khztHf;F mtw;iwg; Nghy; jhKk; gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; MHtk; vOjy; ,ay;G> nkhopahrpupaH jf;f top fhl;bdhy; khztuplk; rpW fl;Liufs;> rpW fijfs;> rpW ehlfq;fs; rpW ftpijfs;> Kjypa tbtq;fspy; jhkhfNt vOJk; Mw;wiy tsHj;J tpl KbAk;.

ghjpf;fij $wp Kw;Wtpf;fr; nra;jy;> epfo;r;rpfs; $wp mtw;iwg; gw;wpf; fij vOjr; nra;jy;> vJifaike;j njhlHfs;> Nkhidaike;j njhlHfs; nfhLj;J mtw;wpw;F ,iaaj; njhlHfs; vOjr; nra;jy;> fw;gid epiwe;j ghly;fisg; gbj;Jf; fhl;b mit Nghd;w rpW ghly;fs; vOjr; nra;jy; - Nghd;w GJg;gilg;Gfspy; khztiu <LgLj;jyhk;. ,t;thW mtH jk; gilg;Gfis ntspapl;L mtHfis Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gs;sp kyHfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

vOJjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;vOJjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;vOJjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;vOJjy; jpwid kjpg;gply;

� .rpwpa nrhw;fspd; vOj;Jf; $l;liy ed;fwpa cjTfpd;wJ.

� .epWj;jw;FwpfNshL vOjpg; goFtjhy; Vw;w ,lq;fspy; epWj;jw;Fwpapl;L vOJk; gapw;rp fpilf;Fk;.

� vOJk;nghOJ nrhy;ypf;nfhz;Nl vOjr; nra;tjhy; khztHfSf;F nkhopg; gapw;rpAk; fpilf;fpwJ.



� vOJtjw;Fupa gFjp KOikAk; nrhy;yp Kbj;j gpwF> kPz;Lk; xU Kiw MrpupaH gbf;f> khztH mg;gFjpia ghHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

� khztH vOjpatw;iw clNd jpUj;jpg; nghJg; gpiofisr; Rl;bf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

� nrhy;tnjOJjy; gapw;rpf;Fg; gytpjkhd tuptbtq;fSk; mike;j nrhw;fs; mlq;fpa> rpwe;j ghlg; gFjpfisj; NjHe;njLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.


,t;tyF thapyhf Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW Nfl;ly;>NgRjy;>gbj;jy;>vOJjy; Mfpa jpwd;fisj; jfty; gupkhw;w Clfkhf kl;Lkpd;wpj; jfty;fSf;Fj; Njhw;Wthahf mikAk; vz;zq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;> cUthf;fpaijj; jk;Ks;Sk; gpwUs;Sk; gjpg;gjw;Fk; nkhop gaDilajhfj; jpfo;tij czuKbfpwJ.


1. gbf;f gapw;Wk; Kiwfs; Fwpj;J vOJf?

2.mbg;gil nkhopj;jpwd;fs; gw;wp vOJf?

3. ey;y ifnaOj;jpd; ey;ypay;Gfs; ahit?

4. miyNgrp topahf ciuahLtij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;ghpe;Jiuf;fg;;gl;l E}y;fs;

• ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp & tp[ah.F ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp & tp[ah.F ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp & tp[ah.F ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp & tp[ah.F (2016) jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;-1. nrd;id: rhe;jh ntspaPL.

• Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp Nfhfpyh jq;frhkp (2016)>jkpo;nkhop> Foe;ijfs; > Mrpupah;fs;. nrd;id: ghit gjpg;gfk;.

• t[;uNt[;uNt[;uNt[;uNtY. RtY. RtY. RtY. R (2009)> mUe;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> nrd;id: mk;rh gjpg;gfk;.

tPug;gd;.gh. (2000).tPug;gd;.gh. (2000).tPug;gd;.gh. (2000).tPug;gd;.gh. (2000).cau;epiyj; jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; Mrpupah; ifNaL. ikRu;:Njrpa Muha;r;rp gapw;rp epWtdk;.(NCERT).



myFmyFmyFmyF–5555 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs; Nehf;fq;fs; Nehf;fq;fs; Nehf;fq;fs; Nehf;fq;fs;

,g;ghlk; fw;wg;gpd;G khzt Mrphpah;>

• Mrphpau; ikaf; fw;gpj;jiyf; $Wtu;.

• khztu; ikaf; fw;wiy vLj;Jf;$Wtu;.

• njhopy; El;gj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

• fw;gpj;jy; Jizf;fUtpfspd; gaid vLj;Jf;$Wtu;.

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ xU njhlu; r%fr; nray;ghlhFk;. njhopy; jFjp ngw;w Mrphpah;fshy;; fw;gpj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. gz;ila fhyj;jpy; gapw;W Kiwfs; jkpo; Ehy;fspypUe;Jk; ,yf;fz E}w;ghf;fs; thapyhfTk; ciuahrphpah;fs; Nkw;Nfhshff; fhl;ba E}w;ghf;fs; thapyhfTk; fy;tp fw;gpj;jdh;. kddk; nra;Ak; KiwfNs gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. jw;fhyj;jpy;;; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw Foe;ijfis ikakhff; nfhz;L fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.,d;W fw;gpj;jypy; jfty; njhlu;G Clfq;fs; ngUk; gq;Ftfpf;fpwJ

Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;

jkpo; nkhopiaf; fw;f Mrphpah;fspd; Jizia ehb fy;tp fw;wdh;. gpd; ehspy; mwptpayp;d; cj;jpiaAk; Nrh;j;J fy;tpapidf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fp;d;wdh;. gy;NtW #o;epiyap;d; fhyg; Nghf;fpw;F Vw;g cj;jpfisf; ifahSfpd;wdh; vd;gJ Fwpj;J ,g;ghlg;gFjp mikfpwJ.

gz;ila E}y;fspypUe;J

“fw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf”

“fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw

gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw”.

“cw;Wop AjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;

gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw….”

Nghd;w ghly;fspd; %yk; fy;tp fw;fg;gl;Ls;sijr; rhd;whjhuq;fspd; topNa mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; vz;zpf;ifapy; kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy; gs;spfs; ,Ug;gpDk; Mrphpah;fis ehbNa khzth;fs; fy;tpapid fw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.

,d;Ws;s tpQ;Qhdk; Nghy; md;wpy;yhjjhy; midj;Jk; Vl;Lr; Rtbfshf ,Ue;jd. fzpg;nghwpapd; tsh;r;rpahy; ,jo;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;w



Kiwfs; Ntfkhf tsh;e;J tUtjhy; fw;gpj;jyhdJ vspikahf mikfpwJ. ,f;fhyj;jp;y; mr;rplg;gl;l gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd E}y;fs; ntspte;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gjhy; gbf;Fk; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;LfpwJ vd;fpd;;wdh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; Vl;Lr; Rtbapy; vOjg;gl;l fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntjfhy fy;tp Kiwia xUth; thrpf;f kw;w midtUk; nrtpkbj;J Nfl;Fk; epiy khwp ,d;W mtuth; jdf;nfd;W Gj;jfq;fis itj;J Mrphpah; cjtpAld; fw;Wf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wdh;. ,Ug;gpDk; md;iwa ghlq;fis khzth;fSf;Fj; njspT gLj;jpAk;> Gjpa Gjpa nra;jpfisAk;> cj;jpfisAk; ifahz;L tUfpd;wdh;. me;jzh; kw;Wk; mur FLk;gj;Jg; gps;isfs; kl;LNk Nghjpj;j fy;tpahdJ ,d;W midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;w jpl;lkhf nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrphpah;fs; khzhf;fhpd; eyd; fUjp vz;zq;fisg; Ghpe;J fw;wiyr; nrk;ikAld; nra;J tUfp;d;wdh;.

tphpTiu Kiw tphpTiu Kiw tphpTiu Kiw tphpTiu Kiw

tphpTiu Kiwapy; Mrphpah; ghlg; nghUs; Fwpj;Jj; njhlh;r;rpahf ciu epfo;j;JtNj tphpTiu Kiw MFk;. khzth;fs; tFg;giwapy; mikjpahf ~njs;spa

ePNuhl;lk;’ Nghd;w tphpTiuf; Fwpg;Gfis jq;F jilapd;wp vt;tpj ,ilA+W ,y;yhky;

ftdpg;gNjhL Kf;fpa tpguq;fis Fwpg;ngLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

tphpTiu Kiwapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F mjpfkhf fhzg;gl;lJ. Mrphpah; kl;LNk fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; gzpia njhlh;tjhf mikfpd;wJ. cah;epiy fy;Y}hp khzth;fSf;F kl;LNk ,e;j Kiw Vw;Gilajhf cs;sJ.

jkpo; ,yf;fz Ehy; ed;Dhy; ,k;Kiwiaf; fw;gpf;f fPo;f;fhZk; jftiyf; nfhLf;fpwJ.

“RUq;fr; nrhy;yy” ;

tpsq;f itj;jy;

etpd;Nwhh;f;F ,dpik

ed;nkhopg; Gzh;jy;………(ed;Dhy; Ehw;gh)

Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy; Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy; Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy; Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy;

Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Mrphpah;fs; xd;W$b> ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l tFg;Gfis xd;wpizj;J> tFg;gpw;fhd xU ghlj;ij my;yJ jiyg;igj; jq;fsJ jdp Mh;tq;fs; my;yJ rpwg;ghd mwpTj; jpwikfspd; mbg;gilapy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;fisg; gfph;e;J nfhz; xJf;fg;gl;l fhy mstpw;Fs; fw;gpj;jiy epiwT nra;tjhFk;.

Mrphpauzpf;fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ xNu xU MrphpaUf;Fg; gjpyhf xU rpy Mrphpah;fs; $l;LwT Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy; MFk;.

1. Mrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahehd;F $WfsMrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahehd;F $WfsMrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahehd;F $WfsMrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahehd;F $Wfs; 1. Neu Nkyhz;ik 2. rhkhh;j;jpak; 3. nghWik



4. nefpo;r;rpAilik

2.2.2.2. Mrphpah; mzpf; fw;gpj;jypd; tiffs;Mrphpah; mzpf; fw;gpj;jypd; tiffs;Mrphpah; mzpf; fw;gpj;jypd; tiffs;Mrphpah; mzpf; fw;gpj;jypd; tiffs; 1. gfph;jy; 2. $l;LwT Kiwahy; fw;gpj;jy; 3. ,ize;J fw;gpj;jy;

1. gfph;jygfph;jygfph;jygfph;jy; xNu ghlj;Jiwapy; cs;s gy Mrphpah;fs; xU myiff; $l;LwT Kiwapy; gfph;e;J nfhz;L elj;jy;.

(v.fh) jkpo;g;ghlj;Jiwiar; Nrh;e;j Mrphpah;fspy; xUth; ciueilg; gFjpiaAk; kw;nwhUth; nra;As; gFjpiaAk; gpwpnjhUth; ,yf;ffzg; gFjpiaAk; elj;Jjy; MFk;.

2. $l;LwT Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy;2. $l;LwT Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy;2. $l;LwT Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy;2. $l;LwT Kiwapy; fw;gpj;jy; njhlh;Gila Jiwfspd; Mrphpah;fs; ,ize;J xU myiff; $l;LwT Kiwapy; elj;Jjy;.

(v.fh) fz;zpd; mikg;Gk;> ghh;itf; FiwghLk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,aw;gpay; Ntjpapay; caphpay; xtpa Mrphpah; MfpNahh; $l;lhf ,ize;J nrk;ikahf fw;gpj;jy;.

3. ,ize;J fw;gpj;jy;3. ,ize;J fw;gpj;jy;3. ,ize;J fw;gpj;jy;3. ,ize;J fw;gpj;jy; xU tFg;G my;yJ gbg;Gf;F chpa ghlj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW myFfisj; njhlh;Gila Jiwapd; Mrphpah;fs; ,ize;J fw;gpj;jy;. (v.fh) nghUspay;> tuyhW> Gtpapay;> tzpfk; Mfpa Jiwfisr; rhh;e;j Mrphpah;fs; xUq;fpize;J fw;gpj;jy;.

Mrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jyhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs;Mrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jyhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs;Mrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jyhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs;Mrphpah; mzpf;fw;gpj;jyhy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs;

1. xU fy;tp epiyaj;jpYs;s midj;J tsq;fisAk; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

2. mzpf;fw;gpj;jy; ghlj;jpl;lk;> Nehf;fq;fSld; ,ize;Nj nry;Yk;.

mzpf;fw;gpj;jypy; vjph;gLk; rpf;fy;fsmzpf;fw;gpj;jypy; vjph;gLk; rpf;fy;fsmzpf;fw;gpj;jypy; vjph;gLk; rpf;fy;fsmzpf;fw;gpj;jypy; vjph;gLk; rpf;fy;fs;

1. Mrphpah;fspd; gw;whf;Fiwahy; Ntiyg;gS mjpfhpj;jy;. 2. ghlNtisfis mikg;gJ fbdk;.

gq;gq;gq;gq;Nfw;Fk; KiwfsNfw;Fk; KiwfsNfw;Fk; KiwfsNfw;Fk; Kiwfs; ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ Mrphpah;fs; jhkhfNt Kd;te;J khzth;fis cl;gLj;jp ghlq;fis elj;Jtjw;Fg; gq;Nfw;G Kiw vd;W ngah;. khzth;fspd; kdepiyia mwpe;J Mh;tj;Jld; gq;Nfw;Fk; tifapy; Mrphpah; ghlq;fis elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. gFj;Jf; fw;gpj;jygFj;Jf; fw;gpj;jygFj;Jf; fw;gpj;jygFj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; Mrphpah; tFg;giwf;Fr; nry;Yk; Kd; md;W gapw;Wtpf;Fk; ghlj;jpd; vg;gFjpia elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> vd;ndd;d gFjpfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf;F Fwpj;J Kd;djhfNt jpl;lkpl;L gFj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.



ghlk; njhlq;Fk; jpwd;> ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; nra;Aspd; vspa eil> Fwy; Vw;w ,wf;fk;> ebj;Jk;-ghbAk; fhl;Ljy; ,Wjpapy; Kbf;Fk; jpwd; Nghd;wtw;iw Kiwahfg; gFj;J ghlk; fw;gp;f;f Ntz;Lk;. njhFj;Jj; fw;gpj;jy;njhFj;Jj; fw;gpj;jy;njhFj;Jj; fw;gpj;jy;njhFj;Jj; fw;gpj;jy; MrphpaUf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlNtis Kbe;jJk; md;iwa ghlNtisapy; elj;jpa ghlg; nghUs;fis epidTg;gLj;jp khzth;fs; xt;nthUtiuAk; nrhy;y itj;J mitfisj; njhFj;J epidTg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk.; khzth;fspd; ,j;njhlh;r;rpahd nrayhdJ mth;jd; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;;y njhFj;Jf; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw mg;ghlj;jpd; Mh;tj;ijf; fhl;Ltjhf mikAk;. mg;NghJ jhd; Mrphpah; vd;d fw;gpj;Njhk; vd;w epidTk;> khzth;fs; vd;d fw;Nwhk; vd;w epidtpidAk; kdjpy; gjpAk;.

khzth; ikaf; fw;;gpj;jy;khzth; ikaf; fw;;gpj;jy;khzth; ikaf; fw;;gpj;jy;khzth; ikaf; fw;;gpj;jy;

khzth;fis ikag; gLj;jp mth;fisf; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; <LgLj;j khzth;fNs fw;wypy;<LgLth; ghlj;ij ikag;gLj;jpf; fw;wy; Kiwapy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

RaNtfk;> Rajpwd;> Mh;tj;jpw;;Nfw;g fw;f;fp;d;wdh;

fw;wy; KOtJk; khzth; nray;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

Mrphpah; xU topf;fhl;bahf kl;LNk nray;gLfpwhh;.

Gjpndl;lhk; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J fw;Nghiu ikakhff; nfhz;l cz;ikf; fy;tpahdJ cstpay; mbg;gilapy;> fy;tpahsh;fs; cyfpDf;F czh;j;jpdh;.

Gyd;fspd; topNa fw;gpj;jy; epfo Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;iff; fy;tpapid &Nrh vd;w fy;tpahsh; (1712-1778) Mk; Mz;L Foe;ijia ikakhff; nfhz;L fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid typAWj;jpdhh; ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J 1746-1827-k; Mz;L ng];lyhrp vd;w fy;tpahsh; Gyd;;fs; topNa fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cw;WNehf;fiy tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid vLj;Jiuj;jhh;.

njhlh;e;J gpshz;lhpd; cw;WNehf;fNy ,d;W fy;tpapy; bgUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.

n`h;ghh;l; (1776-1841) Mk; Mz;L fw;gpj;jypd; gbepiyfshd kdj;ijg; gz;gLj;jy;> vLj;Jf;$wy;> xg;gpl;Lf;$wy;> nghJtpjpfhzy;> tpjpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wit fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; #o;epiy vt;thW mikjy; Ntz;Lk vd;gjpidf; $wpAs;sdh;.

/GNuhngy; (1789-1852) Mk; Mz;L “,aw;ifia xl;bf; fy;tp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gs;sp

vd;gJ g+q;fh! Foe;ijfs; tsUk; nrbfs;! Mrphpah; Njhl;lf;fhuh;! vd;W fy;tpahsh; tpsf;fpAs;shh;."

[hd;̂ ap (1859-1952)-k; Mz;L “fw;wy; nray;Kiwfs; %yk Foe;ijfs; gpw;fhy

tho;f;ifia fz;L nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;jpid vLj;Jf;$wpAs;shh;. rf khzth; fw;gpj;jy;rf khzth; fw;gpj;jy;rf khzth; fw;gpj;jy;rf khzth; fw;gpj;jy;



nghJthfg; gs;spfspy; tFg;G KiwNatof;fj;jp;ypUe;J tUfpwJ xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; Vwj;jho 50 gps;isfisr; Nrh;j;JmidtUf;FkxNu tifahd fy;tp fw;g;gpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. tFg;gpy; Kjy; epiy khzth;> ,ilepiy khzth;>filepiy khzth;fs; ,Ug;gh;. ,tw;Ws; Kjy; epiy khzth;fs; epiw kjpAilath;fshfTk;>,ilepiy khzth;fs; Fiw kjpAilath;fshfTk; fil epiy khzth;fs; ,g;gbAk;> mg;gbAk; ,y;yhky; jpz;lhLth;. ,g;gbg;gl;l khzth;fSf;F ghlg;nghUs; Fwpj;J tpsf;FtJ rfkhzth; fw;gpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; khzhf;fh;fs; jq;fs; tpUg;gg;gb tpiuthfNth nkJthfNthfw;Fk; gb tha;g;Gfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

khzth; fw;gpj;jykhzth; fw;gpj;jykhzth; fw;gpj;jykhzth; fw;gpj;jy;

khzth;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L fw;gpj;jy; eilngWfpwJ. Mrphpah; khzth;fSf;F vOk; Iaq;fis jPh;g;gtuhfTk; rpwe;j topfhl;bahfTk; jpfo;th;.

khzth; fw;gpj;jypd; mtrpak; khzth; fw;gpj;jypd; mtrpak; khzth; fw;gpj;jypd; mtrpak; khzth; fw;gpj;jypd; mtrpak;

khzth; fw;gpj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahikf;F ehd;F fhuzq;fs; cs;sd.

1. Njh;r;rp ngwhik 2. gbf;f trjpfspd;ik 3. gbf;Fk; gof;fq;fs; 4. rhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;lhik

1.1.1.1. Njh;r;rp ngwhikNjh;r;rp ngwhikNjh;r;rp ngwhikNjh;r;rp ngwhik

khzhf;fh;fs; gs;spapYk;> fy;YhhpapYk; gapd;W tUfpd;wdh; ngUk;ghd;ikNahh; Njh;r;rpAwhky; Nghfpd;wdh;. ,q;qdk; Njh;r;rpAwhkypUg;gjw;Fk; ,ilapy;; epd;WNghtjw;Fk; khzhf;fh;fspd; kdtsh;r;rp fhuzkd;W vd;Wk; mth;fsplk; gbf;Fk; ew;gof;fk; rhptu mikahikNa mjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.

2.2.2.2. gbf;f trjpfspd;ikgbf;f trjpfspd;ikgbf;f trjpfspd;ikgbf;f trjpfspd;ik

ek;ehL tWikapy; Mo;e;Js;sJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahd khzhf;fh;fs; Vioik epiyapYs;sdh;. ehl;Lg; Gwq;fspypUg;gpDk; mth;fs; jq;fs; tPl;by; gbf;fpd;w #o;epiyapy;iy; gbf;f trjpfSkpy;iy. ey;y fhw;Nwhl;lKk; ntspr;rKs;s jdp miwfs; mth;fSf;F ,y;iy.

nry;th; tPLfspy; trjpfspUg;gpDk; thndhypapd; Ngnuhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bfspd; njhy;iy> mbf;fb gy mYty;fs; FWf;fpLjy;> tPLfspy; cs;Nshh; mbf;fb glf;fhl;rpfs; Nghd;witfl;Fr; nry;Yjy; Nghd;wit khzhf;fhpd; gbg;Gf;Fg; ngUe;jilfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

gbf;Fk; gof;fq;fs;gbf;Fk; gof;fq;fs;gbf;Fk; gof;fq;fs;gbf;Fk; gof;fq;fs;

,d;iwa khzhf;fh;fsplk; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; gbf;Fk; gof;fk; ,y;iy. rpyh; kdk; NghdthW xU jpl;lKkpd;wp;g; gbf;fpd;wdh;.

Njh;Tf; fhyq;fspy; rpyh; NjePh; gUfp es;spuT tiu gbg;gijAk; czTf;F Kd;Dk; czTf;Fg; gpd;Dk; gbg;gijAk; rpyh; J}f;fj;jpypUe;J vOe;J es;sputpy; gbj;J mjpfhiyapy; J}q;FtijAk; rpyh; gbg;igj; jpBnud;W epWj;jptpl;L



ez;gh;fSld; glf; fhl;rpfSf;Fk;> ehlfq;fSf;Fk; nry;tijAk; gbf;Fk; nghOJ nghw;Nwhh;fs; tPl;L mYty;fisf; ftdpf;Fk;gb $WtijAk; ehk;; fhz;fpNwhk;.

rhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;lhikrhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;lhikrhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;lhikrhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;lhik

ek; ehl;by; ngUk;ghyhd FLk;gq;fspy; gbg;gpy; rhpahd Kiwapy; topfhl;Ltjw;Fj; jFe;jth;fs; ,y;iy. ngUk;ghyhd ngw;Nwhh; gbj;jth;fshfTkpy;iy gbj;j xU rpyUk; jFe;j Kiwapy; Nkw;ghh;f;Fk; jFjpAk; Mw;wYk; gapw;rpAkpy;yhjth;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. mjdhy;> ngUk;ghyhd khzhf;fh;fs; jtwhd Kiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; gadw;w Kiwfisf; ifahs;tjw;Fk; fhyj;ij tPzhf;Ftjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpd;wd.

vdNt khzth;fs; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw mtrpakhfpwJ. rhpahd gbg;G ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; mwpTs;s khzhf;fh;fs; rpyh; jPa Nghf;Fs;sth;fshtijj; jLj;J epWj;j ,k;Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.

rpWFOtFg;G khzth; tpthjpj;Jf; fw;wy;rpWFOtFg;G khzth; tpthjpj;Jf; fw;wy;rpWFOtFg;G khzth; tpthjpj;Jf; fw;wy;rpWFOtFg;G khzth; tpthjpj;Jf; fw;wy;

khzth;fs; rpWrpW FOthfg; gphpe;J fw;f mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ xj;j epiyapy; cs;sth;fs; xd;W$b fw;Fk; epiyapy; mth;fSf;Nfw;w epiyapyhd fw;wiy Nkw;nfhs;s Nt;zLk;.

,k;Kiwapy; khzth;fs; jhNk tpthjpj;J Iaq;fisj; njspjy;> rpe;jidj; jpwid tsh;j;jy; mwpthz;ik kpf;fth;fshf tpsq;Fjy;> nrhy;td;ik kpf;fth;fshf rpwj;jy; Nghd;w gy ed;ikfs; Vw;gLk;.

khzth; khzth; khzth; khzth; fUj;juq;fk; fUj;juq;fk; fUj;juq;fk; fUj;juq;fk;

khzth;fs; jhNk muq;fk; Vwp tpthjpg;gjw;fhf tFg;giwf; fUj;juq;Ffs; elj;jg; gLfpd;wd. mf;fUj;juq;fj;Jf;nfd xU jiyg;gpid mspj;J mJ njhlh;ghf khzth;fis muq;Nfwpg; Ngr nra;jy; khzth; fUj;;juq;fk; vdg;gLk;.

Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;;;: khzth;fs; NgRtjw;fhf tha;g;Gg; jUjYk; Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;Gg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwid tsh;j;jYf;Fk;> nkhopg; gapw;rp; rpwg;gjw;Fk;> Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpYs;s nghJthd fUj;Jfisg; gpwh; mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;jYk; ,jd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

Mrphpah; gq;F: Mrphpah; gq;F: Mrphpah; gq;F: Mrphpah; gq;F: khzth;fs; Ngr Ntz;ba jiyg;ig Kd;dNu mtUf;Fj; njhpag; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fUj;juq;fpy; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; NgRkhWk;> Ie;J my;yJ khzth;fSf;F tha;g;gspj;J Kiwg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;.

fUj;juq;fpy; NgRk; khzth; fUj;juq;fg; Ngr;rhsh; my;yJ fUj;juq;fg; nghopthsh; vdg;gLthh;. Mth; jkJ fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;Fs; Ngrp Kbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ngr;rhsh; Ngrp Kbj;jgpd; Iaq;fs; Fwpj;Jj; njspT ngWk; nghUl;L ghh;itahsuhapUf;Fk; khzth;fs; rpWrpW tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gh;. mjw;Fg; Ngr;rhsh; tpsf;fk; mspg;gh;.

epiwthff; fUj;Jf;fisj; jiyth; njhFj;Jiug;ghh;. njhFg;GiuAld; fUj;juq;fk; epiwtilAk;.



gl;bkd;wk;gl;bkd;wk;gl;bkd;wk;gl;bkd;wk;

cah;epiyg;gs;sp khzth;fFk;Sf;Fk; fy;Y}hp khzth;fSf;Fk; tha;njhopg; gapw;rp ngWtw;Fg; gl;bkd;wk; rpwe;jNjhh; rhjdk;. gl;bkd;wk; eilngWk;NghJ khzhf;fh; ,Ugphpthfg; gphpe;J mzpj;jiyth;fspd; fPo; ehd;F ehd;F Ngh;fshfNth %d;W %d;W Ngh;fshfNth mike;J nghUis xl;bAk; ntl;bAk; NgRthh;fs;. eLth; xUth; ,Ug;gh;. mth; mzpj; jiyth;f;F 5 kzpj;JspfSk; cWg;gpdh;fSf;F 4 kzpj;JspfSk; nfhLj;J Ngrr; nra;thh;. (v.fh.) nra;e;ed;wpf; flikapy; kpfTk; rpwe;jtd; Fk;gfh;zdh? fh;zdh; eLth; ,Wjpahfg; gpur;rpidAs;s gFjpfis ePf;fpf; nfhz;Nl te;J xU jiyg;Gf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; njhFj;Jf; $wp> mJNt ntd;wnjd;W $wp Kbg;ghh;. kw;Wk; fl;rpapd; thjq;fspy; Fw;wew;wq;fis vLj;Jf; $wp mitapdiu thf;Ffs; toq;fr; nra;J ngUk;ghd;ikahd thf;Ffs; ngw;w fl;rpia

ntw;wp ngw;wjhf mwptpg;gh;. ‘gs;sp ghuhSkd;wk;’ gy gl;bkd;wq;fSf;F tha;g;gpid

ey;Fk;.

gl;bkd;wk; Kiwapy; khzhf;fh; Mh;tj;Jld; fye;J nfhs;tjhy; midtUk; ey;y gad;ngWth;.

FO tpthjkFO tpthjkFO tpthjkFO tpthjk;

FOtpthjk; vd;gjid tha;nkhopg; gapw;rpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. gs;sp Mz;Ltpoh> tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;b ,yf;fpaf; fof Mz;Ltpoh> nghpNahh;fspd; jpUehs;fisf; nfhz;lhLjy; Mfpatw;iw vt;thW rpwg;Gw elj;JtJ vd;gijg; gw;wp Muhayhk;.

mz;ikf;fhy fw;gpj;jy; Nghf;Ffs; mz;ikf;fhy fw;gpj;jy; Nghf;Ffs; mz;ikf;fhy fw;gpj;jy; Nghf;Ffs; mz;ikf;fhy fw;gpj;jy; Nghf;Ffs;

mwptpay; tsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,d;W fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ gy khw;wq;fisf; fz;Ls;sJ. kpd;dhw;wy; fhuzkhf fzpdp> fzpdptopNa tiyjsk; vd tphptile;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W tiyjsj;jpy; ,Ue;J gjtpwf;fk; nra;J vjidAk; fw;Fk; epiy

cUthfpAs;sJ. “gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; tO my fhy tifapyhd”

vd;ghh; ed;D}y; Mrphpah; gtze;jpahh;.

gioatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa tsh;r;rpfs; ,d;W gpukpg;ig Cl;Ltdthf cs;sd. midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; kpd;kakhf;fy; vd;w mbg;gilapy; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gzpfs; eilngWfpd;wd. mjw;nfdj; jdpNa njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ Fuy; xyp> fhl;rp top> jfty; njhFg;G> mr;R tbtpy; mike;jit vd mikfpd;wd.

Fuy; xypFuy; xypFuy; xypFuy; xyp

Fuy; xyp ,Utifahf mikfpd;wJ. xU topj; jfty; mspg;Gf; fUtpfshfpa xypg;Ngiofs; thndhyp Nghd;wit mikfpd;wd. ,U topj; jfty; mspg;Gf; fUtpfshfj; njhiyNgrp, xyp, tpz;zuq;fk;kw;Wk; thndhyp Nghd;witAk; xyp topNa fw;f cjTfpd;wd.



fUj;Jf; fl;likg;Gf; fw;wy;fUj;Jf; fl;likg;Gf; fw;wy;fUj;Jf; fl;likg;Gf; fw;wy;fUj;Jf; fl;likg;Gf; fw;wy;

gy;Y}lfk;> fzpdp rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gkhFk;. xyp> xsp> mirT> ml;ltiz Kjypa gy;NtW Clfq;fis ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;JtJ gy;Y}lfk; MFk;.

fUj;Jf;fs; vd;git njhFf;fg;gl;L tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mtw;iwj; jfty; njhFg;G> tptu mlq;fshy; fUj;Jf; fl;likg;Gg; vdg; gy ngah;fspy; miof;fpd;wdh;.fzpg;nghwptopf; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fs; fzpg;nghwp topNa toq;fg;gLk;.

Mrphpahpd; fw;gpj;jy; El;gkhdJ fw;gpj;jy; nghUs;fshf khzth;fSf;F toq;FtjpNyNa cs;sJ. fw;gpj;jy; tpisgad; vt;thW mikfpwJ vd;gjpy; Mrphpah; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.ghlg;nghUs;fisf; Fiwe;j nrytpy; tpiuthfTk;> jpwikahfTk; khzth;fSf;F toq;fpl cjTk; njhopy; El;gNk Njh;T nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,.fw;wy; ,.fw;wy; ,.fw;wy; ,.fw;wy;

,.fw;wy; vd;gJ kpd;dpay; rhjdq;fs; topNa eilngWk; fw;wiy Fwpf;Fk;. gpd;tUkhW ,jid epuy;gLj;jyhk;.

1. cstpay; mbg;gilapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l gy;Y}lf Kiwapy; kpd;dZ El;g top kw;Wk; njhiyj; njhlh;Gr; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> ve;j ,lj;jpYk; fw;Fk; trjpiaj; jhd; ,-fw;wy;(kpd;dpay; Kiwapy; fw;wy;) vd miof;fpNwhk;.

2. kpd;dpay; Kiwapy; fw;wy; vd;gJ kpd;dpay; J}z;ly;fs; epiwe;j #oypy; fw;wy; eilngWtjhFk;.

3. gapw;rpaspj;jy;> Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis cldbahff; fpilf;fr; nra;jy;> ty;Yeh;fspd; topfhl;Ljy; ngWtjw;F tha;g;gspj;jy; Mfpa %d;iwAk; kpd;dpay; fw;wy; cs;slf;fpaJ.

fhnzhypf; fhl;rptopf; fw;wy;fhnzhypf; fhl;rptopf; fw;wy;fhnzhypf; fhl;rptopf; fw;wy;fhnzhypf; fhl;rptopf; fw;wy; njhiy J}uj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; cs;sth;fs; gazk; VJk; nra;ahkNyNa ,izajsj;jpd; cjtpahy; tPbNah fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; ciufs; Mfpatw;iw ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ntz; nkd; jpiuapd; %yk; fz;L fw;Wf; nfhs;SjiyNa fhnzhyp fhl;rp topf;fw;wy; vd;fpNwhk;. epiwfs; epiwfs; epiwfs; epiwfs;

Mrphpah; ,y;iy, fUk;gyif ,y;iy, Rz;zf; fl;bfSk; ,y;yhkYk; fz;L

fspf;f KbfpwJ. Njitahdtw;iw fw;Wf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

Mrphpah;fs; jq;fs; fw;gpj;jy; jpwd;fisj; jhNk njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

Fiwfs; Fiwfs; Fiwfs; Fiwfs;

,ilapilNa tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fNth> njspT ngwNth tpsf;fq;fs; ngwNth KbahJ.

Mrphpah;-khzth; njhlh;G mw;Wg; NghfpwJ.

gyuhf ,Ug;gjhy; ahUf;F vd;d Njit vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s ,ayhJ.



mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs;mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs;mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs;mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs;

Gy;ypYk; fy;ypYk; vOjpitj;;j fhyk;khwp gidNahiyapidg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp Xiyr; Rtbapy; vOjpa epiy NkYk; tsh;e;J mr;Rf; fiyahf khwpaJ. Gj;jfq;fs;> ehspjo;> khj ,jo;> thu ,jo; Nghd;wit ,jpy; mlq;FkhW mike;jpUf;Fk;. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fis mr;rpy; thh;j;J epue;jug; gad;ghl;Lf;F toptFg;gJ mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs;.

vg;NghNjh mr;rpl;l E}y;fisAk; ,g;NghJ ehk; gbf;fpNwhk; vd;gJ mr;nrOj;J tsj;jp;d; Kf;fpag; gadhFk;. xU rpyNu gad;gLj;Jk; #o;epiyapy; xNu Neuj;jpy; gyh; gbj;J kfpo tha;g;gspf;fpwJ. ePz;l fhyj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. xd;iwg; ghh;j;J kw;nwhd;iw vspjhfg; gb vLf;fyhk;. fy;tpg; gutYf;Fk; gbg;gwpT ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk; mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs; gad;gLk;.

ehspjo;fs;ehspjo;fs;ehspjo;fs;ehspjo;fs;

ehspjo;fs; kpfg;nghpa nra;jp Clfq;fs;. mit gy;NtW tifg;gl;l jfty;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;. gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; elf;fpd;w epfo;TfisAk; clDf;Fld; njhpag;gLj;jp Njitahd nray;ghl;Lf;F topfhl;Lfpd;wd. ehspjo;fs;> epow;glq;fs;> Gjpa mwptpay; nra;jpfs;> ,aw;ifr; rPuopTfshd Gay;> nts;sk;> epyeLf;fk;> neUg;G Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s chpa eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;L mtw;iw vjph;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; nrayhw;w J}z;Lfpd;wd. ehspjo;fspy; ntsptUk; nra;jpg; glq;fis ntl;b nghUj;jkhd jiyg;Gfspy; tifg;gLj;jp thpirg;gLj;jp xl;b itf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa njhFg;Gfis FO tpthjj;jpw;F> fl;Liu jahhpg;G> tuyhw;W ,izg;Gj; jahhpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fj; je;J cjtyhk;. ,j;jifa jahhpg;Gfis E}yfq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf itj;Jg; gpd;dhy; gad;gLj;Jk; ghh;itj; njhFg;Gfshfg; gad;gLj;j cjtyhk;. me;j tifapy; ,d;W jpdj;je;jp> jpdkyh;> jpdkdp Nghd;w ehspjo;fis vz;zpg; ghh;f;f KbfpwJ.

Ma;tpjo;fs; Ma;tpjo;fs; Ma;tpjo;fs; Ma;tpjo;fs;

,jo;fs; ehs; ,jo;fs;> thu ,jo;fs;> khj ,jo;fs;> gUt ,jo;fs; vdg; gy tifg;gLk;. ,t;tifapNy Ma;tpjo;fSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

Ma;T Nehf;fpy; fUj;Jf;fis> gilg;Gfis> nkhopahf;fq;fis> fiyr;nrhy; Mf;fq;fisj; jhq;fp tUk; ,jo;fs; Ma;tpjo;fshf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gs;sp E}yfq;fspy; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwAk; gbj;Jf; Fwpg;Gfs; vLj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk;gb khzth;fis Mrphpah;fs; J}z;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.

(v.fh) jkpo;g; nghopy;> nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp> fiyf;fjph; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fy;tp ,jo;fs;.

fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; xyprhh; tsq;fs;fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; xyprhh; tsq;fs;fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; xyprhh; tsq;fs;fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; xyprhh; tsq;fs;

jkpohrphpaUf;F kpfr; rpwe;j nra;jpfisj; juty;y ghh;it E}y;fSs; xd;W fiyf;fsQ;rpak;. jkpo;f; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;> mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp> mgpjhd Nfhrk;> jkpo;nkhop mfuhjp Nghd;wit nrhy; tpsf;Fk; nghUs;fisf; fhuz fhhpaj; njhlh;GgLj;jpj; njhFj;J mspg;git fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs;. vd;gd jkpohrphpaUf;Fk; gad; juf;$ba fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fshFk;.



xyprhh; tsqxyprhh; tsqxyprhh; tsqxyprhh; tsq;fs; ;fs; ;fs; ;fs;

xyprhh; tsq;fs; vd;git xypia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. ,tw;iwf; fhjhy; kl;LNk Nfl;f KbAk;.fz;fshy; rpy Neuq;fspy; fhl;rpfs;; ; ; ; xyp-xsp thapyhff; fhzyhk;. thndhypg; Ngr;Rfs;> xypehlhf;fs;> FWe;jfLfs; Nghd;wit ,t;tifiar; rhh;e;jit. ,q;F xypNa Kjd;ikg; ngWfpwJ. $h;ikahd nrtpg;Gyd; rpwg;ghdJ.

thndhypg; Ngr;Rfs;thndhypg; Ngr;Rfs;thndhypg; Ngr;Rfs;thndhypg; Ngr;Rfs;

Ritkpf;f epfo;r;rpfis kf;fs; gyUk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nfl;L kfpo cjTtJ thndhyp. ,J fy;tpj; Jiwapy; khzth;fSf;F mwpT Gfl;lTk;, nghJ mwpT tsh;f;fTk; cjTfpwJ.

,jid ,Utiffshg; gphpf;fyhk;

1. tpsf;fg; ghlq;fs; 2. gpd;dzpg; ghlq;fs;

tpsf;fg; ghlq;fs;tpsf;fg; ghlq;fs;tpsf;fg; ghlq;fs;tpsf;fg; ghlq;fs; mwptpay;> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW Nghd;w ghlq;fspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;Gfis tpsf;Ftjw;fhf xypgug;gg; ngWk; epfo;r;rpfshFk;. gpd;dzpg; ghlq;fs;gpd;dzpg; ghlq;fs;gpd;dzpg; ghlq;fs;gpd;dzpg; ghlq;fs; gazg; Ngr;Rfs;> tuyhw;Wf; fijfis ebj;Jf; fhl;ly;> Nghd;w fy;tp xypgug;G ,t;tifiar; rhUk;. ,it gs;spg; ghlq;fspd; gpd;dzpahFk;. Vw;ghLfs;Vw;ghLfs;Vw;ghLfs;Vw;ghLfs; 1. xt;nthU tFg;Gk; thndhypg; ghlNtisfisj; jpl;lkpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. 2. fy;tp xypgug;igf; Nfl;Fk; Kd;dh; mg;nghUisg; gw;wpa rpy Fwpg;Gfis

Kd;djhf tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. 3. thndhyp Nfl;Fk;NghJ Fwpg;G vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ed;ikfs;ed;ikfs;ed;ikfs;ed;ikfs; 1. fhyj;jhYk;> njhiythYk; gphpf;fg;gl;l rpwe;j jiyth;fspd; xypiaf; Nfl;fr;

nra;fpwJ. 2. khzhf;fhpd; Mh;tj;ij J}z;LfpwJ.

FWe;jl;LfsFWe;jl;LfsFWe;jl;LfsFWe;jl;Lfs;

fw;gpf;f Ntz;ba nra;jpfis tl;lkhd nky;ypa kpd;jfl;by; gjpT nra;J itj;Jf; nfhz;L Njitahd Neuj;jpy; mjid Xlr; nra;J nra;jpfis mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLgitf; FWe;jl;Lfs;. vj;jifa nra;jpfisAk;> jfty;fisAk;> ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> ,j;jl;by; gjp;T nra;J itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. jk; FuiyNa> ghl;ilNah ,j;jl;by; gjpT nra;J nfhz;L kPz;Lk; Xlr; nra;J jk; Fuiyj; jhNk Nfl;L epiw Fiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. jdf;F tpUg;gkhd vijAk; gjpT nra;J kPz;Lk; Nfl;fg; gad;gLgitNa FWe;jl;Lfs; MFk;.

jkpo; ,izag; gy;fiyf;fofk; koiyf; fy;tp> rhd;wpjo;f; fy;tp Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapYk; gazpahpd; jkpo; ciuahlYf;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapYk; FWe;jl;Lfis cUthf;fp tUfpwJ.



xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs; gapw;rpahsh; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa gapw;rp ngWtjw;fhf ,f;fUtpfs; $lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy; trjpf;Nfw;g ,f;fUtpfspd; vz;zpf;if mike;jpUf;Fk;. gpw fUtpfspdpd;Wk; jLg;Gfshy; gphpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy;> Vw;w ,Uf;if trjpfSld; $bajhf ,f;fUtpfs; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. jiyazpj; njhFjpfs;jiyazpj; njhFjpfs;jiyazpj; njhFjpfs;jiyazpj; njhFjpfs; gapw;rpahsh;fs; jq;fSf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; nrd;W mkh;e;J xypg;gjpT ehlhf; fUtpfSld; ,ize;j jiyazpj; njhFjpia mzpe;j gpd;dh; gapw;rpf;F Maj;jkhjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ez;nzhypf; fUtpfsEz;nzhypf; fUtpfsEz;nzhypf; fUtpfsEz;nzhypf; fUtpfs; gapw;rpahsh;fs; gaw;rpapd; NghJ J}z;lYf;F Vw;w Jyq;fisr; nra;jhy; mtw;iw xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fshy; gjpa itg;gjw;fhf mike;j Ez;fUtp ,JthFk;. fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs;fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs;fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs;fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs; fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs; vd;git ,Ug;gtw;iw fz; vjpNu fhZk; tifapy; xspg;glkhf;fpf; fhl;Ltjhf mikAk;. ,J ntWk; fhl;rpg; ghlq;fshfNth> xyp-xsp fhl;rpg; glq;fshfNth mikAk;. ,d;W ehk; fhz;fpd;w rpd;dj;jpiu> tz;zj;jpiu> FWk;glq;fs; Nghd;wit fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fNs. ,it tz;zkhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;> fUg;G nts;isahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;> kpd; ml;ilfs; vdg; gythf mJ tphpe;J nry;Yk;. glq;fs; glq;fs; glq;fs; glq;fs; glq;fs; ifahy; tiuag;gl;ljhfNth Gifg; glq;fshfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ,it Ra tpsf;fk; jUgitahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpwe;j glk; rpwe;j juk;> mikg;G> NtWghL> Fwpg;ghd jd;ik> tz;zk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;wpUg;gNjhL rpwe;j Kiwapy; fUj;ij ntspapLtjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,it tpiy FiwthdJ; vspjpy; fpilf;ff; $baJ; NkYk; Rygkhf jahhpj;J gad;gLj;j KbAk;. Mdhy; rpwpa mstpyhdit> fUj;jhokw;wit> ,aq;fhjit vd;w Fiwfisf; nfhz;lit. gaDs;s glq;fis rpwe;j ml;il kPJ xl;b itj;J vjph;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;. xspg;glq;fs;xspg;glq;fs;xspg;glq;fs;xspg;glq;fs; fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fspy; xspg;glq;fSs; xd;W xspf; fhl;rpfshfg; glq;fs; fhl;lg;gLk; epiyia ,it tpsq;Ffpd;wd. jiyNky; gpk;gk; glk; tPo;j;jpjiyNky; gpk;gk; glk; tPo;j;jpjiyNky; gpk;gk; glk; tPo;j;jpjiyNky; gpk;gk; glk; tPo;j;jp khzth;fSila fz;fisAk; ftdj;ijAk; <h;j;J mth;fisf; fw;wypy; Mh;tj;Jld; <Lglr; nra;Ak; rhjdq;fs; xspg;glq;fs; MFk;. xypAk; xspAk; rhh;e;jitahfNth ,Uf;Fk; mit jiyNky; gpk;gk; glk; tPo;j;jp> jputg; gbiff; fhl;rp tPo;j;jp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> eOtg;gl tPo;j;jp vdg; gytiffspy; cs;sd. kpd; ml;ilfs;kpd; ml;ilfs;kpd; ml;ilfs;kpd; ml;ilfs; kpd;dl;ilfis %d;W tpjkhf jahhpf;fyhk;. xUGwk; glk; mjd; kw;nwhUGwk; tpsf;fk;. xUGwk; nrhy;> mjd; kw;nwhUGwk; nghUs;. ,UGwKk; glk; vd;Dk; Kiwapy; mikayhk;. %d;W ml;ilfspy; Kjyl;il glKk; nrhy;Yk;; ,uz;lhtJ ml;ilapy; glk; kl;Lk;;;; %d;whtJ ml;ilapy; nrhy; kl;Lk; vd;wthW njhFg;G kpd;dl;iliaj; jahhpf;fyhk;. kpd;dl;ilapd; msT 18x10 nr.kP. kpd;dl;ilapd; Xug;gFjpfs; tz;zkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nra;jpfs; mlh;tz;zj;jpy; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.



kpd;dy; Ntfj;jpy; khzth; gbf;Fk; tz;zk; nra;jpfs; kpfg; nghpa mstpy; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tiuglq;fs;tiuglq;fs;tiuglq;fs;tiuglq;fs; fw;gpj;jy; Jizf; fUtpfspy; tiuglq;fSk; xUtif glq;fshf tiuag;gl;L fhl;rpg; gLj;jg;gLgit. mit tpsf;fg; glq;fs;> fzpj tiuNfhl;Lg; glq;fs;> gltiuglk; vdg; gytifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw ,q;Ff; fhz;Nghk;. tpsf;fg;glq;fs;tpsf;fg;glq;fs;tpsf;fg;glq;fs;tpsf;fg;glq;fs; tpsf;Ftjw;Fg; glq;fsyhy; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jfis vspjhfg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTgitNa tpsf;fg;glq;fshFk;. ghlf; fUj;Jf;fspd; jd;ik kw;Wk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nray;ghLf;Nfw;g jahhpf;fg;gLk; tpsf;fg;glq;fis gy tiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. mitahtd

1. vspa tpsf;fg; glk; 2. fpis tpsf;fg; glk; 3. njhlh; tpsf;fg; glk; 4. njhFg;G tpsf;fg; glk; 5. Nkw;nghUj;J tpsf;Fg; glk;.

tpsk;guj; jl;bfs; tpsk;guj; jl;bfs; tpsk;guj; jl;bfs; tpsk;guj; jl;bfs; xNu xU nra;jpiag; nghpa vOj;Jf;fspy; vOjp khzth;fSf;F fhz;gpg;gjw;F tpsk;guj; jl;Lfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tpsk;guj; jl;bfs; Ra tpsf;fj;ijj; jUfpd;wd. Mrphpah;fs; tpsf;fk; mspf;Fk; NghJ Jizr; nrayhf mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. nghJthf tpsk;gu jl;bfs; xU rpwe;j kf;fs; njhlh;Gr; rhjdkhFk;. mtw;wpd; ngUf;fkhdJ kf;fis vspjpy; mjd;ghYk; mJ Fwpg;gpLk; jfty;fspYk; <h;g;gpid cz;lhf;fptpLk;. jfty; njhlh;G tsq;fs; jfty; njhlh;G tsq;fs; jfty; njhlh;G tsq;fs; jfty; njhlh;G tsq;fs; jfty; njhlh;G vd;gJ xU jftiy my;yJ nra;jpia xUthplkpUe;J kw;nwhUtUf;Nfh my;yJ xU $l;lj;jpw;Nfh njhptpj;jy; MFk;. jfty; njhlh;gpidr; nraw;gLj;Jk; tsq;fs; gy cs;sd. vdpDk; thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> ,iza gy;Y}lfk;> ,iltpid> ntz; nkd; gyif Mfpatw;wpy; %yk; eilngWk; jfty; njhlh;Gfis ,q;Ff; fhzyhk;. thndhypthndhypthndhypthndhyp Ritkpf;f epfo;r;rpfis kf;fs; gyUk; xNu Neuj;jpy; Nfl;L kfpo cjTtJ thndhyp. ,J fy;tpj;Jiwapy; khzth;fSf;F mwpT Gfl;lTk; nghJ mwpT tsh;f;fTk; cjTfpwJ. ehl;L elg;Gfis> tpiythrp tptuq;fis> thdpiy tptuq;fis> gpwehl;Lr; nra;jpfis> tpisahl;Lf; fl;lisfis thndhyp %yk; jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;. gs;spfspy; khzth;fSf;F Ntz;ba ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;Fk; thndhyp cjTfpwJ. njhiyf;fhl;rpnjhiyf;fhl;rpnjhiyf;fhl;rpnjhiyf;fhl;rp ,J ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ ,jpy; fy;tp xspgug;Gk; eilngWfpwJ. gj;jhk; tFg;G> gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;G> gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;lg; gbg;GfSf;fhd ghltiffs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. njhiyf;fhl;rpia ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j [hd; Ngah;L vd;gtUk; If;fpa ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j n[d;fpd;]; vd;gtUk; fz;Lgpbj;jdh;.



,izak;,izak;,izak;,izak;

cynfq;Fk; fzpdpapy; cs;; nra;jpfis ,izj;jiyNa ‘,izak’ ; vd;fpd;wdh;.

,jid Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,z;lh;nel; vd miof;fpd;wdh;. ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> Gtpapay;> thdtpay;> mwptpay;> fzpjk;> jpiug;glk;> vd vz;zw;w Jiwfspy; gy;NtW jiyg;Gfspy; ,izaj;jpd; topahfr; nra;jpfisg; ngw Kbfpd;wJ. cynfq;Fk; rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; nra;jpfis ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Nl ngw ,iza ,izg;G cjTfpd;wJ. 1960-y; xUfzpdpapypUe;J kw;nwhUf; fzpdpf;Fr; nra;jpia khw;w kpd;fhe;j ehlhitg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. ,J kpFe;j fhy tpuaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpajhy; ,jw;F jPh;T fhZk; nghUl;L xU fl;lj;Jf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fzpdpfisnay;yhk; fk;gpr; RUSld; ,izg;gjpy; fzpdp ty;Yeh;fs; ntw;wp fz;lhh;fs;. gy;Y}lfk; gy;Y}lfk; gy;Y}lfk; gy;Y}lfk; gy;Y}lfk;> fzpdp rhh;e;j njhopy;El;gkhFk;. Xyp> xsp>mirT> ml;ltiz Kjypa gy;NtW Clfq;fis ,izj;Jg; gad;gLj;JtJ gy;Y}lfk; MFk;. jkpopy; ,Jtiu ntspte;Js;s fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; rhh;e;j FWtl;Lfs; gyTk; gy;Y}lfj; njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ntspte;Js;sd. gy;Y}lj;jpd; $Wfs;gy;Y}lj;jpd; $Wfs;gy;Y}lj;jpd; $Wfs;gy;Y}lj;jpd; $Wfs;

1. gDty; gDty; gDty; gDty; vOj;Jf;fspd; thapyhf cUthf;fg;gLk; Mtzk; gDty; MFk;. gy;Y}lfk; %yk; vOj;JUf;fSf;Fg; gy tifahd cj;jpfisf; nfhLf;f KbAk;.

2.2.2.2. Gifg;glk;Gifg;glk;Gifg;glk;Gifg;glk; jukhd Gifg;glq;fisg; gy tz;zq;fspy;> tbtq;fspy; gy;Y}lfj;jpy; ju ,aYk;.

3.3.3.3. jpiug;glq;fs;jpiug;glq;fs;jpiug;glq;fs;jpiug;glq;fs; gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfs;> tpohf;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gy;Y}lfj;jpd; top Njitf;Nfw;g ,lk; ngwr; nra;ayhk;.

4.4.4.4. mirAk; glq;fsmirAk; glq;fsmirAk; glq;fsmirAk; glq;fs; fhh;l;̂ d; glq;fs;> fw;gidahd cUtq;fSf;F cap&l;b mirAk; elkhl itf;f Kg;ghpkhz fhl;rpfisAk; cUthf;f ,aYk;.

5.5.5.5. xyp xyp xyp xyp xypiag; gjpT nra;a> njhFf;f nkd;nghUs;fs; cs;sd. ,jidf; nfhz;L rpwg;Gw xyp El;gq;fisj; ju KbAk;.

gy;tif Clf topf;fw;wygy;tif Clf topf;fw;wygy;tif Clf topf;fw;wygy;tif Clf topf;fw;wy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiwfspy; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tpUk;gj; jFe;j Gjpa njhopy; El;gf; fw;wNy gy;tif Clf topf;fw;wy; vdg;gLfpwJ. gy;tif Clf ikakgy;tif Clf ikakgy;tif Clf ikakgy;tif Clf ikak; fy;tp epiyaq;fspy; ntt;NtW epiyf;Fk; ntt;NtW ghlg; nghUs;fisf; fw;gpf;f VJthf xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd gy Clfq;fs; njhpT

nra;ag;gl;L jpl;lkp;g;gLfpwJ. ,J “gy;tif Clf ikak;” vdg;gLfpwJ.

fzpdp %fzpdp %fzpdp %fzpdp %yk; gy;tif Clfq;fspd; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jy;yk; gy;tif Clfq;fspd; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jy;yk; gy;tif Clfq;fspd; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jy;yk; gy;tif Clfq;fspd; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jy; fw;wYf;fhd jfty;fis> tz;zf;fhl;rpfshfTk;> (epfo;T>nra;Kiw) fhl;rpfspy; ,lk;ngWgit ,aw;ifapy; miktijg;Nghd;Nw mirTfSld; $bajhfTk;> xt;nthU fhl;rpapYk; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd xypia ,izj;Jk; fzpdpj; jpiuapy; Njhd;wr; nra;jNyNa jfty; njhopy; El;gtpay; gy; Clftop jftyspj;jy; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.



gy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhf jftyspj;jiy eilKiwg;gLj;j Njitahd fUtpfsgy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhf jftyspj;jiy eilKiwg;gLj;j Njitahd fUtpfsgy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhf jftyspj;jiy eilKiwg;gLj;j Njitahd fUtpfsgy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhf jftyspj;jiy eilKiwg;gLj;j Njitahd fUtpfs; 1. fk;g;A+l;lh; 2. b[pl;ly;> fk;g;a+l;lh;> mdyhf; khw;wpaikf;Fk; fUtpfs; 3. gy;Clf topapy; jfty;fisg; gFj;J MuhaTk;> Kiwg;gLj;jTk; Njitahd

fk;g;a+l;lh; td;fyd;fs;. 4. gy;NtW jfty;fis xUq;fpizf;Fk; nkd;nghUs;fs;

(v.fh) Drivers, processing software. gy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jypd; gad;fs;gy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jypd; gad;fs;gy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jypd; gad;fs;gy;tif Clfq;fs; thapyhfj; jfty; mspj;jypd; gad;fs;

1. khzth;fspd; Njbf;fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Mh;tj;ij tsur; nra;fpwJ. 2. khzth;fs; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tpfSf;F Mrphpah; tiuglk;> jpiuglk; Jizf;nfhz;L

gjpyspf;f KbAk;. 3. khzth;fs; fw;Fk; nghUs;fs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fisj; vspikahd tbtj;jpy;

ngwyhk;. 4. khzth;fs; tPl;bypUf;Fk;NghNj fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp mwpitg; ngUf;fp

nfhs;s KbAk;.

,iltpid ntz;nkd; gyif,iltpid ntz;nkd; gyif,iltpid ntz;nkd; gyif,iltpid ntz;nkd; gyif

,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngio vd;gJ njhiyf;fhl;rp topf;fw;wy; kw;Wk; fzpdp Jizf; nfhz;L fw;wy; Mfpa ,uz;L cah; njhopy; El;g rpwg;gk;rq;fisAk; ,izj;J gy;Clff; fw;wy; #o;epiyia cUthf;fpLjNy ,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngio my;yJ fUj;jsT xyp xspf; fhl;rp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J jdpahs; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd cah; njhopy; El;gk; tha;e;j rhjdkhFk;. ,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapd; %ykhf Vw;fdNt Nfhh;itahf gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fhl;rpfspd; njhFg;Gfs;> fzpdpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;g; gbg;gbahf Fwpg;gpl;l Ntfj;jpy; efh;j;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fhl;rpj; njhFg;G xt;nthd;iwAk; ghh;itapLk; khzth;> mjpYs;s glq;fisAk;> xypfisf; fz;Lk;> Nfl;Fk;> Ghpe;Jnfhs;tNjhL mjidj; njhlh;e;J vOg;gg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;Fj; jdJ gjpiyaspj;J fzpdpAld; ,iltpid Ghpa Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapd; cl;$Wfs;,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapd; cl;$Wfs;,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapd; cl;$Wfs;,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapd; cl;$Wfs; ,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngioapy; fPo;f;fhZk; %d;W Kf;fpa cl;$Wfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. mitahtd ,iltpid GhpAk; xspg;Ngio

1. Ez;zwpT fzpdp 2. Xspg;Ngio 3. njhiyf;fhl;rp

rKjha tsq;fs;rKjha tsq;fs;rKjha tsq;fs;rKjha tsq;fs;

nkhopia tsg;gLj;Jtjpy; rKjhak; kpfg;nghpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. rKjha tof;Ffs;ehsiltpy; ,yf;fpaq;fshf cUg;ngWfpd;wd. rKjhag; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> gz;ghLfs; Nghd;w tsUk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; fUt+yq;fshf mike;Js;sd. ehl;Lg;Gwf; ftpijfspypUe;J jhd; jpUe;jpa tbtKs;s ftpijfs; Njhd;wpd vd;gh;. vdNt fpuhkq;fspYk;>efuq;fspYk; cs;s rKjha kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Ng rKjha tsq;fs;



vdg;gLfpd;wd.,jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw fiyQh;fs;> fsg;gazk; vd ,Uepiyfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

ehl;Lg;Gw fiyQh;fs;ehl;Lg;Gw fiyQh;fs;ehl;Lg;Gw fiyQh;fs;ehl;Lg;Gw fiyQh;fs;

ehl;Lg; Gwq;fspy; thOk; rKjha kf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. fw;wwpe;Njhuhy; vOjg; gl;lit kl;LNk ,yf;fpakhff; fUjg;gl;l epiyapypUe;jJ ehl;Lg;Gw ghly;fspypUe;J jhd; Nkl;Lf; Fb kf;fs; Nghw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpd vd;gJ ,d;iwa Ma;tpay; KbT. ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghliyg; ghb MLgth;fis ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyQh;fs; vd miog;gh;. tpy;Yg;ghl;L> Fk;kpg;ghl;L> xapyhl;lk;> fufhl;lk;> fzpahd; Ml;lk;>kapyhl;lk; vdf; fijg; ghly;fisj; jhNk vOjpg; ghb MLk; fiyQh;fis ehl;Lg;Gwf; fiyQh;fs; vd;gh;.

fsg;gazkfsg;gazkfsg;gazkfsg;gazk;

rKjha tsq;fspy; fsg;gazKk; xd;W. Ma;thsh;fSf;Ff; fsg;gazk; kpfkpf Kf;fpak;.

ve;j xU gilg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ njhlh;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;LtJld; njhlh;Gila ,lq;fSf;F Nehpy; nrd;W cz;ikj; jfty;fisj; jpul;LjNy fsg;gazk;.nghpaGuhzj;ij vOjpa Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhd; xt;nthU ehad;khUk; tho;e;jjhff; $wg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tptuk; mwpe;Nj ehad;khh; tuyhw;iwg; ghbdhh; vd;gh;.

nkhopts ikaq;fs; nkhopts ikaq;fs; nkhopts ikaq;fs; nkhopts ikaq;fs;

nkhopia tsKilajhf;fg; gpioapd;wp vOJjy;> Gjpa gilg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;> rhpahd cr;rhpg;ig Nkw; nfhs;Sjy;> fye;Jiuahly;> gl;bkd;wk;>nghpaGuhzj;ij vOjpa Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhd; xt;nthU ehad;khUk; tho;e;jjhff; $wg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tptuk; mwpe;Nj ehad;khh; tuyhw;iwg; ghbdhh; vd;gh;.nghpaGuhzj;ij vOjpa Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhd; xt;nthU ehad;khUk; tho;e;jjhff; $wg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tptuk; mwpe;Nj ehad;khh; tuyhw;iwg; ghbdhh; vd;gh;. fUj;juq;fk;> ,yf;fpakd;wk;> Mrphpah; J}a;ikahd gy Gjpa nrhw;fis nghUswpe;J fw;gpj;jy; vdg;gy Kiwfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ,yf;fpa kd;wk;> Mrphpah; gz;G Mfpatw;iw ,g;gFjpapy; fw;fyhk;.

,yf;fpa kd;wk;,yf;fpa kd;wk;,yf;fpa kd;wk;,yf;fpa kd;wk;

nkhopia tsg;gLj;Jk; %yq;fspy; ,yf;fpa kd;wKk; xd;W. ,yf;fpa kd;wq;fs; %yk; khzth;fs; jhahpg;Gld; te;J fye;J nfhs;Sk; nkhopg; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLk;. vOj;Jf;fisr; rhpahfTk; gpioapd;wpAk; mjpfkhd nrhw;fisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;> gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fisr; rpe;jpj;Jg; NgrTk; ,yf;fpa kd;wk; ,lkspg;gjhy; mJTk; xU nkhopts ikakhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

kf;fshl;rpapy; Vw;gl;l gpd;dh; vq;Fk; murpay;ghjpfSk; gpwUk; jha;nkhopapy; NgRtijf; Nfl;Fk; khzhf;fh;fs; jhKk; mt;thW Ngrp gof



Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zfpd;wdh;. jha;nkhopapy; gy nra;jpj; jhs;fisAk; gbj;;j khzhf;fh; mijg; gw;wpg; Ngr tpiofpd;wdh;. ,t;tpUg;gj;jpw;F Mf;fkspg;git ,yf;fpa kd;wq;fshFk;. r%ftpay; kd;wk>; fzpjtpay; kd;wk;> mwptpay; kd;wk; Nghd;wit ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

ed;ikfs;ed;ikfs;ed;ikfs;ed;ikfs;

1. rpwe;j Kiwapy; nrhw;nghopthw;Wk; khzhf;fh; gpd;dh; jiy rpwe;j Ngr;rhsh;fshf jpfo;fpwhh;fs;.

2. khzhf;fh;fsplk; cs;s ,e;j mhpa Ngr;Rj;jpwid ntspf; nfhzu ,k;kd;wq;fs; cjTfpd;wd. mth;fs; ,yf;fpa nrhw;nghopT> ftpij Kw;wk; Nghd;w $l;lq;fs; $l;lr; nra;Ak; ty;Yeuhfpd;wdh;.

jkpohrphpahpd; gz;Gfs;jkpohrphpahpd; gz;Gfs;jkpohrphpahpd; gz;Gfs;jkpohrphpahpd; gz;Gfs; jkpohrphpah; vd;gth; jkpo;nkhopapd; kPJ gw;Wk; ghrKk; cilatuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; nkhopiaAk;> ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; mwpe;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; nkhopj; jpwd;fis mwpe;J mtw;iwj; jkJ khzth;f;Ff; fw;gpg;gJld; mth;fisg; gpd;gw;wr; nra;J mjidf; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fSf;F Kd; cjhuzkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth; jk;Kila nrhy;> nray; %ykhf khzth;fSf;F kjpg;Gzh;tpidf; fPo; cs;s tiffspy; fw;gpf;fyhk;.

� J}a;ikahd cilfis mzpe;J tuy;.

� khzth;fSf;F Mrphpah; jhk; $Wk; mwpTiufis eilKiwapy; jhKk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.

� ghlq;fis RitglTk; gpioapd;wpAk; njspthf elj;Jjy;.

� midj;J khzth;fisAk; rkkhf elj;Jjy;.

� khzth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fisf; fz;lwpe;J Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

� khzth;fspd; czh;TfSf;F epahakhd fUj;JfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;

� khzth;fspd; kdk;NehFk;gbahff; fz;bf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.

� khzth;fis cly;hPjpahf Jd;GWj;jf; $lhJ.

� khzth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l gpur;ridfisj; jPh;f;f top $Wjy;.

� gpur;ridf;Fhpa khzth;fspd; ngw;Nwhh;fSf;Fg; gf;Ftkhf mjidj; njhptpj;jy;> mjw;fhd jPh;tpidf;fye;J MNyhrpj;J nray;gLj;Jjy;.

� khzth;fspd; jpwd;fis Mf;fg+h;tkhfg; gad;gLj;jy;.

� khzth;fspd; milTj; jpwDf;Fk; gpw jpwd;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;.

� gpw Mrphpah;fisg; gw;wp khzth;fspd; vjphpy; Gwq; $whky; ,Uj;jy;.

� jk;Kila nrhe;j gzpfSf;F khzth;fisg; gad;gLj;jhky; ,Uj;jy;.

� jtwhd nray;fspy; <Lglhky; ,Uj;jy;.

� jhk; nra;fpd;w midj;J nray;fisAk; nrt;tNd nra;jy;.

� jhk; elj;Jfpd;w ghlq;fspd; topNa kjpg;Gzh;Tfisf; fw;gpj;jy;.

� jhk; nrhe;j tpUg;G tpWg;Gfis khzth;fspd; kPJ fhl;lhky; ,Uj;jy;.

� khzth;fsplk; fdpTlDk;> fz;bg;GlDk; ,Uj;jy;.

� murpay;> jpiug;glk; Fwpj;J vf;fhuzk; nfhz;Lk; khzth;fspilNa Ngrhky; ,Uj;jy;.

� jk;Kila fUj;Jf;fis khzth;fspd; kPJ jpzpf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.




Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW Mrphpah; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;>khzth; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy;> rf khzth; fw;gpj;jy; >mz;ikf;fhy fw;gpj;jy; Nghf;Ffs;>mr;nrOj;J tsq;fs;> xyprhh; tsq;fs; >fhl;rpnahsp tsq;fs; Mfpad mike;Js;sd.


1.tphpTiu Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

2.Mrphpauzpf; fw;gpj;jy; Fwpj;J vOJf.

3.khzth; ikaf; fw;gpj;jy; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

4.khzth; fUj;juq;fj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahik Fwpj;J vOJf.

5.,.fw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?

6.fy;tp fw;wYf;F jfty; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; vq;qdk; Jizg;Ghpfpd;wd?

7.fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jypy; gy;Yhlfk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

8.rKjha tsq;fs; vd;gd ahit?

9.jkpohrphpahpd; gz;G eyd;fs; ahit?

ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gghpe;Jiuf;fg;gghpe;Jiuf;fg;gghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l E}y;fs;l;l E}y;fs;l;l E}y;fs;l;l E}y;fs;

1. Nguh.tp.fzgjp> Nguh.re;jphpfh uh[Nkhfd>;Nguh.tp.fzgjp> Nguh.re;jphpfh uh[Nkhfd>;Nguh.tp.fzgjp> Nguh.re;jphpfh uh[Nkhfd>;Nguh.tp.fzgjp> Nguh.re;jphpfh uh[Nkhfd>; rhe;jh gjpg;gfk;> ew;wkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> nrd;id.

2. ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp ,uj;jpdrghgjp.gp &&&& tp[ah.F tp[ah.F tp[ah.F tp[ah.F (2016)jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;-1.nrd;id: rhe;jh ntspaPL. Fkhpr;nropad;> Nguh.,.g.NtZNfhghyFkhpr;nropad;> Nguh.,.g.NtZNfhghyFkhpr;nropad;> Nguh.,.g.NtZNfhghyFkhpr;nropad;> Nguh.,.g.NtZNfhghy; jkpo;nkhop fw;gpj;jy;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;.

3. Nguh.,.g.NtZNfhghy;> Nguh.f.rhe;jFkhpNguh.,.g.NtZNfhghy;> Nguh.f.rhe;jFkhpNguh.,.g.NtZNfhghy;> Nguh.f.rhe;jFkhpNguh.,.g.NtZNfhghy;> Nguh.f.rhe;jFkhp rhuhjh gjpg;gfk; ghlg;nghUs; kw;Wk; jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; nrd;id.

4. Kidth; nr.RkjpKidth; nr.RkjpKidth; nr.RkjpKidth; nr.Rkjp> jkpo; fw;gpj;jy; gFjp-I tphpTiuahsh; > fy;tpapay; gs;sp> jkpo;ehL jpwe;jepiyg; gy;fiyf; fofk;> nrd;id.



myFmyFmyFmyF ---- 6666 NrhjpjNrhjpjNrhjpjNrhjpj;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;;jYk; kjpg;gplYk;

Nehf;fq;fs; :Nehf;fq;fs; :Nehf;fq;fs; :Nehf;fq;fs; :

,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy; khztMrphpah;fs;

1. Nrhjpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fisAk;>Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; ghpe;Jnfhs;th; 2. nkhopawpTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffis mwpe;Jnfhs;th; 3. tpdhj;jhs; jpl;ltiuT ml;ltizia czh;e;J gad;gLj;Jth;

Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:

khzth;fSila fw;wy; jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;J Neuj;jpid mwpe;Jf;nfhs;sg; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; gy;NtW tifahd kjpg;gPl;Lr; Nrhjidfis mwpAk; gFjpahf ,J mikfpwJ. khzth;fis ey;y gads;s mh;j;jKs;s tho;tpw;fhfj; jahh;g;gLj;JtNj fy;tpahFk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l fy;tp ve;j ntw;wpfukhf khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gij Mf;fg;g+h;tkhf kjpg;gplNy NrhjidahFk;. xU jdpg;gl;l khztdpd; KOj;jpwikfis kjpg;gpl my;yJ fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fis epiwTgLj;jj; Nrhjidfs; mikjy; ey;yJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghlj;jpy; khztdpd; jpwikfisg; ghpNrhjpj;J mtDf;Fhpa gbf;Fk; jpwid kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

Nrhjpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;Nrhjpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;Nrhjpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;Nrhjpj;jypd; Nehf;fk;

kjpg;gplYk; Njh;TfSk; kjpg;G kpf;fitahf fw;wiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njh;Tfs; khzth;fspd; fw;wiy kjpg;gPL nra;J ve;j mstpw;F mth;fs; fw;wy; ,yf;if mile;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J epiwawp Nrhjidia xj;jjhFk;.

fw;wYf;fhd Nrhjid vd;gJ khzh;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; njhlh;e;J kjpg;gplYk; fw;wypd; Njitfis milahsq;fhz Ghpe;J nfhs;SjYk; mtw;wpd; %yk; fw;gpj;jiyr; rhpahfj; jftikj;Jf; nfhs;SjYk; MFk;.

fw;wYf;fhd Nrhjidapd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; (kjpg;ngz;fs;> tptuq;fs;) khzth;fs; mth;fsJ fw;wy; epiyapy; ve;j ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; fw;wy; ,yf;if vg;gb milfpwhh;fs; vd;gij khzth;fSk; Mrphpah;fSk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s cjTk;. #o;epiyf;Nfw;g Njitahd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

khzth;fs; ve;j msTf;Ff; fw;wiyg; Ghpe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs; vd;gij Mrphpah;fs; kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. gpwF khzth;fspd; mLj;jfl;lf; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Mrphpah; JizGhpa Ntz;Lk;.

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

fw;gpj;jypd; epiwTg; gFjp Nrhjpj;jwpjy;. fw;wy; fsq;fs; midj;jpjYk; ngw;w Njh;r;rp> Njh;r;rpahy; ngw;w ty;yik> mjid ntspg;gLj;Jk; Nghf;F vd vy;yhtw;iwAk; chpa Clfj;jy; mse;J ngw;w msitfspd; topNa fw;Nghhpd; juk; gw;wpa KbTfisf; $Wtjhy; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gLfpwJ. mjidg; gpd;tUkhW thpirg;gLj;jyhk;.



1. khzth;fspd; milTepiyar; Nrhjpg;gjw;fhf. 2. khzth;fspd; MSikiaj; jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhf 3. ngw;NwhUf;Fk; NkyjpfhhpfSf;Fk; khzth; Njh;r;rp gw;wpa mwpf;if

mspg;gjw;fhf. 4. MrphpauJ fw;gpj;jy; jpwid kjpg;gpLtjw;fhf. 5. gs;spapd; juj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 6. vjph;fhyj; Njitia mwptjw;fhf 7. Fiwfisf; fistjw;fhf . 8. gzp epakdj;jpw;fhf. 9. Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfs; elj;Jtjw;fhf 10. cah;fy;tpg; gbg;gpw;Fj; Njh;e;njLg;gjw;fhf. cs;shh;t Mw;wy; Nrhjidcs;shh;t Mw;wy; Nrhjidcs;shh;t Mw;wy; Nrhjidcs;shh;t Mw;wy; Nrhjid jkpo;g;ghlk; fw;gpj;jypy; khztDila ftdj;ij <h;f;Fk; nghUl;L gy;NtW cj;jpfisf; ifahs Ntz;Lk;. khzth;fSila ftdk; rpjwhky; Mrphpaiuf; ftdpj;Jg; ghlj;jpy; fUj;ijr; nrYj;JkhW fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; mt;Tj;jpfSs; rpytw;iwj; njhpe;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. 1.1.1.1. Mh;t%l;ly;Mh;t%l;ly;Mh;t%l;ly;Mh;t%l;ly;

ghlE}y; Kjd; Kjyhfj; njhlq;fg; ngWkhapd; jFe;j nra;jpfisf; $wp E}iyg; gbg;gjw;Fhpa Mh;t%l;l Ntz;Lk;. 2.2.2.2. khzth; gbj;jkhzth; gbj;jkhzth; gbj;jkhzth; gbj;jy;y;y;y; jpl;lkpl;lgb khzth;fis ve;jg; gf;fk; Kjy;> ve;jg; gf;fj;jpy; ve;jg; gj;jp tiu gbf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wjy; Ntz;Ljy;. vj;jid epkplq;fspy; gbf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mwhk; Vohk; tFg;Gfspy; khzth; xU gf;fk; gbf;f 2 epkplk; Kjy; 3 epkplk; tiu nfhLf;fyhk;. Nky; tFg;GfSf;Fr; nry;ynry;y Neuj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;. Fwpj;j fhy msT khztiug; gbf;fr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khztiu mth;fs; ,y;yj;jpNyAk; Kd;djhf xUKiw gbj;J tur; nra;ayhk;. 3.3.3.3. tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L fUj;J vOJjy;tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L fUj;J vOJjy;tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L fUj;J vOJjy;tpdhf;fs; Nfl;L fUj;J vOJjy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpwpa gFjpiag; gbj;j gpd;dh;> mg;gFjpapd; jiyg;igAk;> gj;jpfspd; ikaf; fUj;ijAk; jFe;j tpdhf;fs; %yk; tutioj;Jf; fUk;gyifapy; Kiwahf vOjptuy; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpapy; ,J fl;Liu vOJtjw;Nfw;w Fwpg;Gr; rl;lkhf mikAk;. 4.4.4.4. tpsf;Fjy;tpsf;Fjy;tpsf;Fjy;tpsf;Fjy; nghJf;fUj;ij vOjpa gpd;dh;> Nkw;Nfhs; nra;As;> gonkhopfs;> fijf; Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw khzth; mwpe;Js;sduh vdj; jFe;j tpdhf;fs; %yk; mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. khzth; mwpe;J nfhs;stpy;iynad mwpe;jhy; Mrphpah; tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thNw Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. 5.5.5.5. njhFj;jy;njhFj;jy;njhFj;jy;njhFj;jy; khzth; $Wk; tpilfis mth;fisNa njhFj;Jf; $wr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khzth; njhFj;Jf; $Wtjw;Nfw;w tpdhf;fis Mrphpah; Nfl;fyhk;. ,y;iyNay; MrphpaNu nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;.



6.6.6.6. RUf;Fjy;RUf;Fjy;RUf;Fjy;RUf;Fjy; mt;thNw njhFj;j nra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpd; fPo;r; RUf;fpf; $wr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW gapw;rpaspf;Fk; nghOJ gj;jpj; jiyg;igAk; > gj;jpapy; ,lk; ngWk; ,d;wpaikahf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; khzth; mwpth;. ,JKiwahf> Nfhitahf mikAk;gb ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. 7.7.7.7. nrhw;fs;nrhw;fs;nrhw;fs;nrhw;fs; Jizg;ghl E}ypy; te;j Gjpa nrhw;fis Mrphpah; tpsf;Fjypd; NghJ khzth; mwpe;jpUg;gh;. mg;nghONj mth; mtw;iwf; fUk;gyifapy; vOJjy; ed;W. khztUk; jk; Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOjp itj;Jf; nfhz;L tPl;by; nrd;W mfuhjpiag; ghh;j;J kPz;Lk; nghUs; mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhapd; mth;fsJ nrhw;fsQ;rpak; ngUf tha;g;Gz;L. 8.8.8.8. fl;Liu vOJjy;fl;Liu vOJjy;fl;Liu vOJjy;fl;Liu vOJjy; tFg;gpy; jahhpf;fg; ngw;w Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfj;ij itj;Jf; nfhz;L khztiuf; fl;Liu vOjr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW eLepiyg; gs;sp epiyapy; Mrphpah; topfhl;bahf ,Ue;J Fwpg;Gr; rl;lfk; jahhpj;jhy;jhd; cah; tFg;Gfspy; khzth;fNs xU E}iyg; gbj;Jf; Fwpg;Gj; jahhpf;f KbAk;. ,k;Kiwapy; Jizg;ghl E}iyf; fw;gpj;jhy; khzth; nksd thrpg;Gj; jpwdpy; tsh;r;rp ngWth;. Jizg;ghl E}y; fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; epiwNtWk;. jpwdjpwdjpwdjpwdwp Nrhjidwp Nrhjidwp Nrhjidwp Nrhjid Nrhjid xd;wpd; militf; nfhz;L vjph;fhyj;jpy; khzthpd; milt epiy vt;thW ,Uf;Fk; vd Kd;$l;b mwpaj;jf;fjhd Nrhjidia tUtJiuf;Fk; Nrhjid my;yJ jpwdwpr; Nrhjid my;yJ Kd;dwpr; Nrhjid vd;gh;. Fwpg;gpl;l fy;tpg; gFjpapy; khztd; xUtd; ntw;wp ngWk; epiyia mwpa ,j;jifa Nrhjidiaj; juyhk;. xUth; ve;j ve;jj; Jiwapy; vd;d vd;d jpwd;fs; ngw;Ws;shd; vd;gijAk; Nrhjpj;jwpayhk;. ,J ehl;lr; Nrhjid> Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid Nghd;wjhFk;. khzthpd; Mh;tk;> ehl;lk;> Ntiyg; gof;fk;> gbg;Gj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mstpl ,t;tifr; Nrhjidiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fiwawpjy; Nrhjid Fiwawpjy; Nrhjid Fiwawpjy; Nrhjid Fiwawpjy; Nrhjid khzth;fs; fw;wypy; milfpd;w milTj; jpwid mwptjw;F Mrphpah;fs; milTr; Nrhjidiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; ghlg;gFjp gue;j mstpy; ,Ug;gjhy; ,jd; %yk; khzth;fSila Fiwia KOtJk; mwpa KbahJ. vdNt khzth;fs; ghlg;nghUspy; ve;jg; gFjpay; vt;tpjk; rpukk; milfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa Mrphpah;fs; jdpg;gl;l Njh;Tfis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlg;gFjpapd; msitf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhz;L ikag;gFjp KOikiaAk; xd;W tplhky; Nrhjpj;jwpa Ntz;Lk;. khzth;fspd; Fiwfisf; fz;lwpa ,j;Njh;T gad;gLtjhy; ,it Fiwawp Nrhjidfs; vdg;gLk;. ghlg;gFjpapd; xt;nthU jiyg;gpYk; jdpj;jdpahf ,r;Nrhjidfis elj;jyhk;. khzth;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;sr; rpukg;gLk;. jpwidNa Nrhjpg;gjhy; mth;fSila Fiwfis mwptNj Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,r;NrhjidfSf;Ff; fhy eph;zak; fpilahJ. Njh;Tfspy; khzth;fs; nra;Ak; jtWfs; Muhag;gl;L mtw;iw epth;j;jpr; nra;Ak; toptiffs; MNyhrpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nkhopailTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs;nkhopailTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs;nkhopailTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs;nkhopailTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs; khzth;fs; nkhopfw;wy; ghlj;jpy; mile;Js;s miltpid mstpLtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; Nrhjid nkhop milTr; NrhjidahFk;.



nld;dp];Ngud;> n`uhy;L ngh;dhy;L Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy xU khztdpd; milt mtd; fw;wypy; nrYj;jpa ehl;lk;> fw;wYf;fhd Maj;jepiy> fw;wYf;fhd tha;g;Gfs; ,k;%d;wpd; tpisthy; Vw;gl;ljidf; Fwpf;Fk;. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s nra;jpfis khzth; mwpe;Js;sduh? tFg;giwapy; fw;gpj;jijnay;yhk; khzth; mwpe;Js;sduh? vd;gij mwpaTk; gad;gLk;. Fwpg;ghfr; nrhd;dhy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraypd; ntw;wpiaAk; fw;wy; nray; epfo;e;Js;s msitAk; mwpa nkhop milTr; Nrhjid Njh;T cjTk;. nkhop milTr;Nrhjidapd; Nehf;fq;fs;nkhop milTr;Nrhjidapd; Nehf;fq;fs;nkhop milTr;Nrhjidapd; Nehf;fq;fs;nkhop milTr;Nrhjidapd; Nehf;fq;fs; 1. khzthpd; miltpid mwpjy; 2. epidthw;wiy mwpjy; 3. nghUSzuhw;wiy mwpjy; 4. fw;gpj;jypYs;s Fiwfisf; fz;lwpjy; Kjypatw;iw Nehf;fq;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xw;iw tpdhtpilr; Nrhjidxw;iw tpdhtpilr; Nrhjidxw;iw tpdhtpilr; Nrhjidxw;iw tpdhtpilr; Nrhjid Gwtaj;Njh;T tpdhf;fSf;F xNu xU tpil kl;LNk cs;sjhy; ,,,, Nrhjidahshpd; nrhe;j tpUg;G ntWg;GfNsh,,,, kdepiyNah my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Nrhjidahsh;fs; kjg;gPL nra;jhNyh kjpg;gPL khWtjpy;iy. Mifahy; ,,,, ,j;jifa Nrhjid ek;gfj;jd;ikAk; Vw;GilikAk; $Ljyhff; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. vspjhf kjpg;gPL nra;aTk;,,,, ghlg;gFjp KOtjpYk; mjpfkhd mstpy; epiwa tpdhf;fs; jahhpf;fTk; ,aYtjhy; ,r;Nrhjid Kiw rpwg;GfpwJ.

gpioawpAk; NrhjidgpioawpAk; NrhjidgpioawpAk; NrhjidgpioawpAk; Nrhjid gytw;Ws; njhpT tif gy;NtW fw;wy; tpisTfis mse;jwpag; gad;gbDk; mjd; Vw;GilikAk;> ek;gfj;j;dikAk; tpdhtpYs;s jpir jpUg;Gtdtw;iwg; nghWj;Nj mikAk;. jpir jpUg;Gtd chpa vz;zpf;ifapy; Njh;e;njLf;f ,ayhj epiyapy; NtW Gwta mikg;Gila tpdhf;fis ifahs Ntz;Lk;. jpir jpUg;Gtjhf xd;Nw xd;W ,Ug;gpd; \rhpah-jtwh| mikg;Ng nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. rhpah- jtwh tpdh mikg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; rpy ,lh;ghLfs; cs;sd. mtw;iwg; gw;wpa njspT tpdhj; jahhpg;ghsh;fSf;Fj; Njit.

1. vy;yhf; $w;WfSk; my;yJ nra;jpfSk; ,Uepiyg; gl;lthW (rhp – jtW> Mk;

- ,y;iy) ,Ug;gjpy;iy. 2. tpilj; njhptpy; ,U khw;W epiyfNs cs;sikahy; Cfpj;J vOJk; tha;g;G 50

tpOf;fhL MFk;. 3. ngUk;ghyhd epiyapy; mwpjy; Mw;wiy msg;gwj;Nf ,t;tpdh mikg;Gg;

gaDilajhFk;. ,tw;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;fhf topfhl;Lk; rpy ,d;wpaikahj tpjpfis Nehf;FNthk;.

tpjptpjptpjptpjp----1111 tpdhf; $w;wpy; xNu xU fUj;ij eLtzhf mikf;fTk;. rka ,yf;fpak; gilj;j Gyth;fSs; ctikfisf; ifahStjpy; rpwe;jth; rptg;gpufhrh; (rhp / jtW)



,f;$w;wpy; > ,U jfty;fs; cs;sd. rka ,yf;fpak; gilj;j Gyth;> rptg;gpufhrh;. ,ijr; rhp vdTk; nfhs;syhk;. jtW vd;Wk; nfhs;s tha;g;Gz;L. rptg;gpufhrh; ctikf; fsQ;rpak; vdg; ghuhl;lg;gLfpwhh;. (rhp / jtW).

‘rhpah/jtwh| mikg;Gila tpdhf;fSf;F ,ad;ikfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

$w;WfNs kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf mikAk;. ,Ug;gpDk; cah;epiyapy; KbT $Wk; $w;WfisAk; ,t;tikg;G vLj;jhsyhk;.

vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs; vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs; vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs; vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs; ,j;Njh;tpy; fl;Liuj;Njh;T kw;Wk; Gwtar;Nrhjid ,uz;Lk; mlq;Fk;. fl;Liuj;

Nrhjidfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F khzth;fs; fl;Liu tbtpy; gjpy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;LiuNrhjid gy Mz;Lfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtjhy; gioa Kiwj; Nrhjid vd;Wk; ,,,, ,jd; kjpg;gPL jpUj;Jgthpd; kdepiyiag; nghWj;J miktjhy; jd; kdtag;gLfpd;w Nrhjid vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Gwtar; Nrhjidapy; xU tpdhtpw;F xNu tpil vd;w tifapy; kjpg;gPlhsiug; nghWj;J kjpg;ngz; khwhj tifapy; mikAk;. ,it fl;Liu kw;Wk; rpW tpdh tpil tifia tpl ek;gfj;jd;ik mjpfk; nfhz;lJ.

FWtpdh tpilr; NrhjidFWtpdh tpilr; NrhjidFWtpdh tpilr; NrhjidFWtpdh tpilr; Nrhjid

,t;tit tpdhf;fSf;F XhpU thf;fpaj;jpy; tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ijg; gpioapd;wp xU njhlhpy; vOjr; njhpfpd;wjh vd;gijj; Njh;e;jwpa ,J gad;gLfpwJ. (v.fh) Rl;nlOj;J vd;gJ ahJ?

gj;jptpdh tpilr; Nrhjidgj;jptpdh tpilr; Nrhjidgj;jptpdh tpilr; Nrhjidgj;jptpdh tpilr; Nrhjid

,t;tif tpdhf;fSf;F xU gj;jpapy; mjhtJ xU my;yJ VO thf;fpaq;fspy; tpil vOj Ntz;Lk;. xU fUj;ij tpsf;fg; gy thf;fpaq;fs; vOjj; njhpfpd;wjh vd;gij Njh;e;jwpa ,J gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;tif tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gJ kpfTk; vspJ. cz;ik jfty;fs; fpilf;Fk;. ghlg; nghUs; midj;Jk; cs;slq;Fk;. ek;gfj;jd;ik FiwAk;. nkhopg;gpioapdhy; kjpg;gPL ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. fl;Ltiu tpdhtpilr; Nrhjidfl;Ltiu tpdhtpilr; Nrhjidfl;Ltiu tpdhtpilr; Nrhjidfl;Ltiu tpdhtpilr; Nrhjid

mftaj; jd;ik cilait. ,t;tifAs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; Jyq;fy; (Restricted Resonse) tpdh> tpdh> tphpTj; Jyq;fy; tpdh> FWtpil tpdh> neLtpil tpdh Mfpad mlq;Fk;. ,g;ngah;fnsy;yhk; mtw;wpw;F tpilaspf;Fk; ghd;ikahy; Vw;gl;ldthFk;. tpdhTf;F chpa tpilapd; jd;ikapid tiuaWj;Jf; Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhthFk;. fl;Liu tif tpdhitj; jahhpg;gJ vspikahfj; Njhd;wpDk; tiuaWj;j Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gJ fbdkhFk;. ,t;tif tpdhf;fspd; %yk; nkhopg;ghlj;jpy; nkhopeil> tsk;> fUj;Jfspd; itg;GKiw Mfpatw;iw kjpg;gpl ,aYk;. xU fUj;ij Fwpj;J Kd;Diu> nghUSiu> KbTiu vdg; gphpj;J Kiwahf vOJtiuj; Njh;e;njwpAk; tpdhf;fNs fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; MFk;. rpyNghJ



%d;W my;yJ ehd;F gj;jpfspy; tpilnaOj Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,tw;iwj; jahhpg;gjw;Fg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba tpjpfis ,dp Nehf;FNthk;. tpjptpjptpjptpjp----1111 cah;epiy Mw;wy;fis msf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. mwpjy;> Ghpjy; Mfpa Mw;wy;fis msf;fg; Gwta mikg;G tpdhf;fNs NghJkhdit. ,tw;iw msf;ff; fl;Liu tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtph;f;fTk;. gad;gLj;Jjy; Mw;wiyf; $lg; Gwta tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gjhy; ngwf;$Lk;. Mdhy;> tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;F Neur; nryT MFk;. vdNt> gad;gLj;Jjy> gFj;jy;> njhFj;jy;> kjpg;gply; Nghd;w cah;epiy Mw;wy;fis msf;ff; fl;Liu tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jf. Mw;wy;yfspd; epiy cah;tpidf; fhl;Lk;> fPo;tUk; tsh;tiuT tpdhj; jahhpg;NghUf;Fg; gaDilajhf mikAk;. Mrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fwMrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fwMrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fwMrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fw;wyilTr; Nrhjid;wyilTr; Nrhjid;wyilTr; Nrhjid;wyilTr; Nrhjid fw;wYf;Fg; gpd; khzth;fspd; miltpidf; fz;lwpa MrphpaNu cUthf;Fk; Njh;thFk;. ,J MrphpaUf;F Mrphpah; NtWgLk;. fw;wYf;F Kd;Dk;> fw;wYf;Fg; gpd;DKs;s khw;wj;ij Mrphpauhy; mse;jwpa KbAk;. fw;gpj;jypy; Njitg;gLk; khw;wq;fis czh;j;Jk; topfhl;bahfTk; mikAk;. ,J tha;nkhopj; Njh;T> vOj;Jj; Njh;T vd ,Utifg;gLk;. jahhpj;jypy; cs;s gbfs;jahhpj;jypy; cs;s gbfs;jahhpj;jypy; cs;s gbfs;jahhpj;jypy; cs;s gbfs; fw;wyilTr; Nrhjidj; jahhpj;jypy; ,U gbepiyfs; cs;sd. mit tha;nkhopj; Njh;T> vOj;Jj; Njh;T vd ,Utifg;gLk;. mtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. tha;nkhopj; Njh;Ttha;nkhopj; Njh;Ttha;nkhopj; Njh;Ttha;nkhopj; Njh;T Mrphpah; khztdplk; tha;nkhopahf tpdhf;fisf; Nfl;L tpil ngWjiy tha;nkhopj; Njh;T vd;gh;. khzth;fspd; Ngr;rpy; fhzg;gLk; nkhoptsk;> cr;rhpg;G> nkhopeil> Fuy;tsk;> czh;T ntspg;gLk; ghq;F Mfpa nkhopf; $Wfis tha;nkhopj; Njh;tpd; %yk; kjpg;gPL nra;ayhk;. vOj;Jj; Njh;TvOj;Jj; Njh;TvOj;Jj; Njh;TvOj;Jj; Njh;T ,j;Njh;tpy; fl;Liuj; Njh;T kw;Wk; Gwtar; Nrhjid ,uz;Lk; mlq;Fk;. fl;Liuj; Njh;Tfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfSf;F khzth;fs; fl;Liu tbtpy; gjpy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liuj; Njh;T gy Mz;Lfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtjhy; gioa Kiwj; Njh;T vd;Wk;> ,jd;kjpg;gPL jpUj;Jgthpd; kdepiyiag; nghWj;J miktjhy; jd; kdtag;gLfpd;w Nrhjid vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Gwtar; Nrhjidapy; xU tpdhtpw;F xNu tpil vd;w tifapy; kjpg;gPl;lhsiug; nghWj;J kjpg;ngz; khwhf tifapy; mikAk;. ,it fl;Liu kw;Wk; rpWtpdh tpil tifia tpl ek;gfj;jd;ik mjpfk; nfhz;lit. Mrphpah;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Njh;Tfspd; jd;ikfs;Mrphpah;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Njh;Tfspd; jd;ikfs;Mrphpah;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Njh;Tfspd; jd;ikfs;Mrphpah;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; Njh;Tfspd; jd;ikfs; 1. Mrphpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Njh;Tfs; Fwpg;gpl;l gs;spj; Njitapidf;

fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Mrphpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit. 2. ,tw;Ws; tFg;giwapy; fw;gpf;fg; ngw;w tptuq;fisg; gw;wpa tpdhf;fs; kl;Lnk

mlq;Fk;.



3. ek;gfk;> Vw;Gilik – Mfpad cs;sitahfNth ,y;yhjitahfNth ,Uf;ff;

$Lk;. fhyr;nryTk; gzr;nryTk; FiwAk;. 4. fl;Liu tif my;yJ FWtpdh Njh;TfshfNth ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. 5. khzhf;fuJ milit xg;gpl;L mth;fsJ Kd;Ndw;wk; gs;sp KbntLf;f

cjTk; juq;fs; ,y;iy. 6. nghJthf ,it njhFjpr; Nrhjidfshf ,Uf;Fk;. tpdh tiffspd; ml;ltiz jahhpg;Gtpdh tiffspd; ml;ltiz jahhpg;Gtpdh tiffspd; ml;ltiz jahhpg;Gtpdh tiffspd; ml;ltiz jahhpg;G

fw;wy; nghUis Clfkhff; nfhz;L> khzth; ngWk; Mw;wy;fis mse;J> fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. Mw;wy;fis msg;gJ Njh;T tpdhj;;jhs;.

vdNt tpdhj;jhs; jahhpg;gpy; fw;wy; nghUs;> fw;wy; Nehf;fq;fs; fUjj;jf;f

$Wfshfpd;wd. Njh;T tpdhj;jhs;> tpdhf;fisf; nfhz;liktjhFk;. tpdhf;fs; gy;tifg;gLk; vd;Wk;> xt;nthU tiff;Fk; rpy jdpj;jd;ikfs; cz;L vd;Wk; Kd;gFjpay; ghh;j;Njhk;.

vdNt> mse;jwpa Ntz;ba Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g tpdh tiffSk; kjpg;ngz;fs; msTk; Njh;Tj;jhisj; jahhpf;Fk; NghJ fUjj;jf;fdthfpd;wd. ,g;NghJ> Njh;Tj;jhisj; jahhpg;gjw;Ff; fUjj;jf;f $Wfisg; gl;baypl;Lg; ghh;g;Nghk;.

1.fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fk; 2.fw;wy; nghUs; 3.tpdhtif 4.kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPL

vdNt tpdhj;jhs; jpl;ltiuapy; ,e;ehd;Fk; fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fw;wy; Nehf;fk;fw;wy; Nehf;fk;fw;wy; Nehf;fk;fw;wy; Nehf;fk; fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fisg; gy mbg;gilfspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;. vdpYk; fw;wy; epfo;T mbg;gilay;> mwpjy;> Ghpjy;> gad;gLj;Jjy;> gFj;jy;> njhFj;jy;> kjpg;gply; vDk; MW tsh;r;rpg; gbepiyfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j MW tsh;r;rpg; gbepiyfSk; mwpTf;fsk; rhh;e;jit vd mwpf. Njh;tpy; mwpTf;fs Nehf;fNk msf;fg;gLfpwnjd;W mwpf. ,tw;wpYs;s gFj;jy;> njhFj;jy; > kjpg;gply; Mfpa %d;wpidAk; \jpwd;| vDk; nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gh;. vdNt> tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiutpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; Nehf;ff;$Wfs; mwpjy;> Ghpjy;> jpwd;> gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpa ehd;FkhFk;. fw;wy; nghUs;fw;wy; nghUs;fw;wy; nghUs;fw;wy; nghUs; fw;wy; nghUisj; jUtJ ghlE}y;. ghlE}ypd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; fw;Nghhpd; milt my;yJ Njh;r;rp vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. Njh;T tpdhj;jhspy; midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpfa tpdhf;fis mikj;jy; eilKiwr; rhj;jpakd;W. ghlg;nghUspd; gutyhd khjphpf; $WfNs NghJk;. mtw;iwj; Njh;e;njLg;gjw;F Vw;wthW fw;gpj;j midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; eilKiwf;F Vw;g myFfshfg; gphpf;f Ntz;Lk;. midj;J myFfisAk; cs;slf;fpathW khjphpf; $Wfs; mlq;fpa tpdhf;fis tpdhj;jhspy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghl myfpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;Ftij tpl myFfs; mlq;Fk; ghlg;nghUs; jd;ikf;Nfw;g kjpg;ngz;fis xJf;f Ntz;Lk;.



tpdhtiftpdhtiftpdhtiftpdhtif tpdhjpl;l tiutpy; fUjg;gl Ntz;ba gpwpnjhd;W tpdh tifahFk;. gy;tifg;gl;ll tpdhf;fis xU Njh;Tj;jhspy; mikj;jhy; tpilj;jhs; jpUj;Jk;NghJ eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. %d;W my;yJ ehd;F tifg;gl;l tpdhf;fspUj;jy; rpwg;G. kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPLkjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPLkjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPLkjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPL tpdhj;jhspy; kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;fPL nra;Ak; NghJ fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fq;fs; > ghlg;gFjpfs;> tpdhf;fs; Mfpa %d;Wk; jdpj;jdpNa fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mwpjy;> Ghpjy;> gad;gLj;Jjy;> jpwd; Mfpatw;wpy; cah;epiy Mw;wy;fSf;F kpFe;j kjpg;gngz;fSk; jho;epiy Mw;wy;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;fSk; xJf;fyhk;. ghlg;nghUSf;F kjpg;ngz;fs; xJf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp Kd;dNu $wg;gl;lJ. tpdhf;fiis %d;W tiff;Fs; mlf;fpdhy;> 1.Gwtatpdh> 2.FWtpdh 3. fl;Liu tpil vd %d;whff; nfhz;L> ,tw;wpw;F epuNy 1>2>5 kjpg;ngz;fis xJf;fPL nra;ayhk;. tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiutpd; khjphptpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiutpd; khjphptpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiutpd; khjphptpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiutpd; khjphp jkpo;g;ghlj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jpa jpl;l tiutpd; khjphp ,g;gFjpapYk; mjd; mbg;gilapYk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhj;jhs; mLj;j gFjpapYk; jug;gLfpd;wd. Mwhk; tFg;Gj; jkpo; tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuTtpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuTtpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuTtpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT

fw;gpj;jy; Nehf;fk;

(10) mwpjy;

(10) Ghpjy;

(15) gad;gLj;Jj

y;

(15) jpwd;

(50) nkhj;jk;

ghl myF G F f G F f G F f G F f G F f

1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5

nra;As;(15) 2 .. .. 1 .. .. 3 1 .. .. 1 1 5 2 1

ciueil (15)

2 .. .. 1 .. .. 3 1 .. .. 1 1 5 2 1

Jizg;ghlk; / fl;Liu /

fbj« (10)

.. 2 .. .. 2 .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 5 ..

,yf;fzk; (10)

.. 1 .. 4 .. .. 3 .. .. 1 .. .. 8 1 ..

nkhj;jk; (50)

4 3 .. 8 2 .. 9 2 .. 1 2 2 20 10 2

nkhj;j kjpg;ngz;fs; 50> Neuk; 1 kzp



Fwpg;G – “cs;epiyj; njhpT nfhz;l tpdhf;fs; kjpg;ngz; xJf;fPL [ ] rJu

milg;gpw;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tpdhtpw;Fhpa kjpg;ngz; / kjpg;ngz;fs; ‘()’ –

gpiw milg;gpw;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jkpo; jkpo; jkpo; jkpo; ---- Kjy;jhs;Kjy;jhs;Kjy;jhs;Kjy;jhs;

tpdhtif kjpg;ngz;

nra;As; ciueil

Gwtatpdh 10 10

FWtpdh 10 10 rpWtpdh 17 17

neLtpdh 8 8

kdg;ghlg; gFjp 10 -

nkhj;jk; 55 45

jkpo; jkpo; jkpo; jkpo; ---- ,uz;lhk;jhs;,uz;lhk;jhs;,uz;lhk;jhs;,uz;lhk;jhs;

ghlg;gFjp kjpg;ngz;

,yf;fzk 30 Jizg;ghlk; 10

fl;Liu 10

fbjk; 10

nkhopg;gapw;rp 20 gh eak; 5

gbtk; 5

gilg;ghw;wy; 5

tho;tpay; jpwd; 5 nkhj;jk; 100

gpw vz;fs; tpdh vz;zpf;ifapidf; Fwpf;Fk;. 1. kjpg;ngz; nfhz;ld Gwta tpdhf;fs; (G) 2. kjpg;ngz; nfhz;ld FWtpil tpdhf;fs; (F) 3. kjpg;ngz; nfhz;ld fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; (f)

kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk; KiwAk;kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk; KiwAk;kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk; KiwAk;kjpg;ngz; toq;Fk; KiwAk; kjpg;gpLjYf;fhd tpilf;Fwpg;GfSk;kjpg;gpLjYf;fhd tpilf;Fwpg;GfSk;kjpg;gpLjYf;fhd tpilf;Fwpg;GfSk;kjpg;gpLjYf;fhd tpilf;Fwpg;GfSk;

Njh;T vOJNthh; tpilaspf;Fk; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fs;> Njh;e;njLg;G tif vd;Wk; mspg;G tif vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tpilfis mstpLk; mbg;gilapy; Gwtak;. mftak; vd tpdhf;fs; tifg;gLtijAk; mwptPh;fs;. tpilfisj; jpUj;Jk; newpKiwfs; ,e;j mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; gFjpfspy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. Gwta tpdhf;fs;Gwta tpdhf;fs;Gwta tpdhf;fs;Gwta tpdhf;fs; gytw;Ws; njhpT> rhpah> jtwh nghUj;Jjy;> Nfhbl;l ,lk; epug;gy; xU nrhy;/njhlh;tpil Mfpad Gwta tpdhf;fs;. ,tw;Ws; gyTs; njhpT rhpah> jtwh>



nghUj;Jjy; Mfpa tpdhf;fSf;Fhpa tpilfisj; Njh;T vOJNthNu nfhLf;fg;gl;l njhpTfs; my;yJ E}y;fspypUe;J Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> ,tw;wpw;Fhpa tpil Jy;ypaj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy;> mstPl;lhsh;fSf;Fr; rpf;fy; NeuhJ. gytw;Ws;

njhpT. nghUj;Jjy; Mfpa tpdhf;fspd; tpilfs; (m)> (M) …….. vd;f

FwpaPLfshfNt mikAk;. ‘rhpah> jtwh’ mikg;gpYs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfs; rhp>

jtW> Mk;> ,y;iy Nghd;W xU nrhy;yhy; mikAk;. ,q;Fk; tpilj; Jy;ypaj;jpid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpf;fy; Vw;glhJ. vdpDk; ,t;tpdhf;fspy; Njh;T vOJNthh; Cfpj;J tpil jUk; tha;g;G cs;sJ. xU nrhy;/njhlh; tpil tpdhf;fspd; tpilfspy; nrhy;> gpio Mfpadtw;iwf; fUjp mtw;iw mstpl newpKiwfs; Njit. Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jk;.Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jk;.Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jk;.Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jk;. gytw;Ws; njhpT tpdhf;fspy; %d;W> ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J njhpTfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Njh;T vOJNthh; tpilfis Cfpj;J vOJk; tha;g;Gz;L.

1. Ie;J njhpTfshapd; Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;G 1/5 – 20%

2. ehd;F njhpTfshapd; Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;G 1/4 – 25%

3. %d;W njhpTfshapd; Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;G 1/3 – 33 1/3%

4. rhpah-jtwh mikg;gpy; Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;G 1/2 –50%

Nkw;fhl;ba fzpg;gpypUe;J> njhpTfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwaf; Fiwa Cfpj;J vOJk; tha;g;G kpFjpahfpwJ. Cfpf;Fk; tha;g;GfSf;F Vw;gj; Njh;th;fs; ngWk; kjpg;ngz;fspd; ek;gfj; jd;ik FiwfpwJ. vdNt> Njh;th;fs; Cfpj;J tpil

jUtijj; jLf;f ‘Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jk;’ vDk; Kiwiaf; fy;tpahsh;fs;

ghpe;Jiuj;Js;sdh;. vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L xt;nthd;wpYk; ehd;F njhpTfs; nfhz;l 40 tpdhf;fSf;Fj; Njh;T tpil jUk;NghJ 31 tpdhf;fSf;Fk; rhpahf tpilaspj;J. 9 tpdhf;fSf;Fj; jtwhf tpilaspj;jpUg;gpd; cz;ik kjpg;ngz; - rhpahd tpilfspd; vz;zpf;if -3

jtwhd tpilfspd; vz;zpf;if – 9

njhpTfspd; vz;zpf;if – 1

Nkw;fhl;ba vLj;Jf;fhl;by;

cz;ik kjpg;ngz; = 31 – 9/4-1

= 31 – 9/3

= 31 – 3 = 28

,k;Kiw Cfpj;J vOJtijj; jLg;gjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. nrhy; nrhy; nrhy; nrhy; //// njhlh; tpilfspy; gpiofs;njhlh; tpilfspy; gpiofs;njhlh; tpilfspy; gpiofs;njhlh; tpilfspy; gpiofs; xU nrhy; my;yJ njhlh; tpil nfhz;l tpdhf;fSf;Fj; Njh;th;fs; tpilaspf;Fk;NghJ tpilfspy; vOj;J>nrhy;> njhlh; gpiofs; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw vt;thW mstpLtJ? kjpg;ngz; toq;Ftjh Ntz;lhkh?

,j;jifa gpio Vw;gl;l tpilfis mstpLk; NghJ tpdhtpd; Nehf;fj;ijf; fUJjy; Ntz;Lk;.



vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij vOjpa Gyth; ahh;? vd;w tpdhtpw;F

,sq;Nfhtbfs; vd;gJ tpil> ,g;ngahpidj; Njh;T vOJNthh; ,sq;Nfh vd;Nwh> ,sNfh vd vOj;Jg; gpioAlNdh je;jpUg;gpDk; KO kjpg;ngz; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpdhtpd; Nehf;fk; ngaiuj; Njh;th; ntspg;gLj;Jtij mwptjhFk;.

vdNt jftywp tpdhf;fspd; tpilfspy; vOj;J> nrhy;> njhlh; gpiofisf; nfhz;L kjpg;ngz;fisf; Fiwf;ff; $lhJ. nkhopj; jpwd; msf;Fk; tpdhf;fspy;

vOj;J> nrhy; njhlh; gpiofs; mstPl;by; fUjj; jf;fdthFk;. ‘th’ vDk;

tpidapd; nganur;r tbtk; ahJ? vDk; tpdhtpw;F ‘te;j’ vd;gJjhd; tpil. the;j>

tj;j> te;jh vd tbtpy; ,Ug;gpDk; mJ jtNw. kjpg;ngz; toq;ff; $lhJ.

Gwta tpdhtpw;fhd kjpg;ngz;Gwta tpdhtpw;fhd kjpg;ngz;Gwta tpdhtpw;fhd kjpg;ngz;Gwta tpdhtpw;fhd kjpg;ngz;

Gwta tpdhf;fSf;F kjpg;ngz;> ‘cz;L - ,y;iy’ vDk; ,U epiyg;ghw;gl;nl

mika Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpdhf;fs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; 1 kjpg;ngz;Nz xJf;fg;gLk;. vdNt

tpil rhpahf ,Ug;gpd; kjpg;ngz; 1> jtwhapd; 0. 0f;Fk; 1f;Fk; ,ilNa ½, ¼

Nghd;w kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;ff; $lhJ. Cfk; jtph; jpUj;jj;jhy; kjpg;ngz;fs; gpd;d vz;fshf ,Ug;gpd; KO vz;fis chpa kjpg;ngz;fshff; nfhs;f.

½, IAk; NkYs;s gpd;dj;ijAk; 1 vdf; fUjTk;.

fl;Liu mfta tpdhf;fs;fl;Liu mfta tpdhf;fs;fl;Liu mfta tpdhf;fs;fl;Liu mfta tpdhf;fs; fl;Liu tpdhf;fs mftaik nfhz;bUg;gpDk;> nkhopg; ghlj;jpy; mtw;iwj; jtph;f;f ,ayhJ. rpy newpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp mftaik mstpidf; Fiwf;fyhk;. mk;Kiw mLj;J tUk; gFjpfspy; tsh;f;fg; gLfpd;wd. fw;wy; tpisTfSf;F Vw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fy;fw;wy; tpisTfSf;F Vw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fy;fw;wy; tpisTfSf;F Vw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fy;fw;wy; tpisTfSf;F Vw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fy; cah;epiy Mw;wy;fspy; ngw;w jpwid msg;gjw;Ff; fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mw;wy; jd;ikapid ntspg;gLj;Jk; mstpw;Nfw;g kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU tpdhtpy; VJf;fSk; tpisTfSk; Nfl;fg;gbd; VJf;fspd; vz;zpf;if> tpisTfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Mfpadtw;iwg; nghWj;J kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifahf kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;fg;gLjy;. \gFg;G mstPL| vdg;gLk;. nkhopg;gpiofisAk;> gFg;G mstPl;bd; $whf nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jpUj;jy; Fwpg;igg; gpd;gw;wy;jpUj;jy; Fwpg;igg; gpd;gw;wy;jpUj;jy; Fwpg;igg; gpd;gw;wy;jpUj;jy; Fwpg;igg; gpd;gw;wy; fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;Fr; rhpahd tpil tpdhj; jahhpg;gtuhNyh gpwuhNyh nfhLf;f ,ayhJ. jpUj;jw; Fwpg;gpidNa toq;f ,aYk;. jpUj;jw; Fwpg;GfSf;F Vw;g> Kd; gFjpapy; $wg;gl;lJ Nghyg; gFg;G mstPl;ilf; fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jpUj;jy; Fwpg;gpid mbg;gilahff; nfhs;shky; KO Nehf;Fg; ghh;itapy; fl;Liu tpdhf;fspd; tpilfisj; jpUj;jf; $lhJ.



fl;Liu tpdhf;fis Kjypy; mstpLjy;fl;Liu tpdhf;fis Kjypy; mstpLjy;fl;Liu tpdhf;fis Kjypy; mstpLjy;fl;Liu tpdhf;fis Kjypy; mstpLjy; xt;nthU Njh;T vOJNthhpd; tpilj;jhisAk; KOikahf mstpl;l gpd;dNu mLj;jthpd; tpilj;jhis mstpLk; Nghf;F eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. ,g;Nghf;F> fl;Liu tpilfis kjpg;gpLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjd;W. Vnddpy; gpwtif tpdhf;fspd; tpilfshy; Njh;thsh; mftag;gLk; tha;g;G NehpLk;. Njh;T vOJgth; xUth;> Gwta tpdhf;fspy; Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz; ngw;wpUg;gjhff; nfhs;Nthk;. mtw;iw mstpl;l Njh;thsh;> Njh;T vOJNthhpd; mfta fl;Liu tpdhf;fSf;Ff; Fiwe;j kjpg;ngz;fNs toq;f Kw;gLgth;. ,f;FiwghL <h;g;G tpisT vdg;gLk;. vdNt xU Njh;thpd; fl;Liu tpilia mstpl;lgpd; mLj;j Njh;thpd; fl;Liu tpilia mstpl Ntz;Lk;. ,k;Kiwapy; vy;yhf; fl;Liu tpilfisAk; mstpLtjhy;> mstpLtjpy; Gwtaikapid Vw;gLj;jyhk;. Njh;T vOJNthiu mwpah epiyapy; mstpLjy;Njh;T vOJNthiu mwpah epiyapy; mstpLjy;Njh;T vOJNthiu mwpah epiyapy; mstpLjy;Njh;T vOJNthiu mwpah epiyapy; mstpLjy; <h;g;G tpisthy; mstPl;by; FiwghL Vw;gLk;. fl;Liu tpilfis mstpLk;NghJ ,f;Fiwapidg; gpwpnjhU KiwahYk; Nghf;fyhk;. Njh;th; vOJgth; ngah;> vz; Mfpatw;iw kiwj;J tpilfis mstplyhk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njh;thsh;fshy; mstplg;gly;xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njh;thsh;fshy; mstplg;gly;xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njh;thsh;fshy; mstplg;gly;xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njh;thsh;fshy; mstplg;gly; fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; ngUkstpy; cah;fy;tpapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. KJfiy tFg;Gfspy; Njh;T vOJgth; xUthpd; fl;Liu tpdhf;fspd; tpilfs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Njh;thsh;fshy; mstplg;gl;L> mth;fs; toq;fpa kjpg;ngz;fspd; ruhrhp> Njh;T vOjpatUf;Fhpa kjpg;ngz;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;Kiwapid vy;yh tFg;GfSf;Fk; tphpTgLj;jyhk;.

tpdhf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;tpdhf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;tpdhf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;tpdhf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; epiyia mstpLjy; Nghy khzth;fs; vOjpa tpilfspd; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fspd; epiwFiwfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J mLj;j epiyf;Fj; jahuhf Ntz;Lk;. tpdhg;gFg;gha;Ttpdhg;gFg;gha;Ttpdhg;gFg;gha;Ttpdhg;gFg;gha;T Njh;T vOJNthh; Njh;tpid vjph;nfhz;L mspj;j tpilfs; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh; tpdhf;fs; jahhpf;Fk;nghOJ mt;tpdhf;fisr; nrk;kikg;gLj;j ,g;gFg;gha;T cjTk;. ,g;gFg;gha;itAk; gpw jfty;fisAk; gjpj;jJ itf;Fk; Mtzk; tpdhf;Nfhg;G MFk;. tpdhf;Nfhg;gpd; njhFjpNa tpdh tq;fpahDk;. xt;nthU tpdhTf;Fk; fPo; cs;s gbtj;jpd;gb jfty;fis vOJf.

tpdhf; Nfhg;Gtpdhf; Nfhg;Gtpdhf; Nfhg;Gtpdhf; Nfhg;G 1. tpdh vz; 2. Tpdh 3. ghlg;gFjp (tpdhit ,q;F vOJf) nra;As; / cileil /

Jizg;ghlk; ,yf;fzk; / fbjk / fl;Liu (VNjDk; xd;whf mikAk;)

4. Nehf;f mbg;gil my;yJ mwpjy; / Ghpjy; / msf;fg; gLk; jpwd; /



gad;gLj;Jjy; / jpwd; (VNjDk; xd;whf mikAk;) 5. fhy msT. . . . . . . . epkplk; 6. kjpg;ngz; . . . . . . 7. tpdhtif Gwtag;gl;lJ? - xU nrhy; Nfhbl;l ,lk; epug;gy;

nghUj;Jjy; rhpah> jtwh gytw;Ws; njhpT mftag;gl;ljh> FWtpil fl;Liu

8. fbdj; jd;ik vspik / ruhrh / fbdk;

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L----1111 tpdh vz; : 1 tpdh esntz;ghitg; ghba Mrphpah; ngah; vd;d? ghlg;gFjp : nra;As; Nehf;f mbg;gil my;yJ mspf;fg;gLk; Mw;wy; : mwpjy; fhy msT : 1 epkplk; kjpg;ngz; : 1 tpdhtif : Gwtag;gl;lJ. xU nrhy; tpil fbdj;jd;ik : vspik

vLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;LvLj;Jf;fhl;L----2222 tpdh vz; : 8

tpdh : ‘,dpait $wy;| vd;gJ Fwpj;J ts;Sth; $wpAs;s fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;J

vOJf. ghlg;gFjp : nra;As; Nehf;f mbg;gil my;yJ mspf;fg;gLk; Mw;wy; : jpwd; fhy msT : 10 epkplk; kjpg;ngz; : 5 tpdhtif : mftag;gl;lJ / fl;Liu fbdj;jd;ik : ruhrhp tpdhtq;fptpdhtq;fptpdhtq;fptpdhtq;fp ,t;thW xt;nthU ghlj;Jf;Fk; jahhpf;ff;$ba Gwtag;gl;l tpdhf;fs;> mftag;gl;l tpdhf;fs; (FWk; tpil- fl;Liu) midj;ijAk; jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tpdhf;fspd; njhFg;Ng tpdh tq;fpahFk;. tpdhtq;fpapypUe;J Njitg;gLk; tpdhf;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J tpdhj;jhs; jahhpf;fyhk;. KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:

,t;tpaypy; Nrhjpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nkhopawpTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs; cs;shh;tMw;wy Nrhjidjwdwpr; Nrhjid> Fiwawpjy; Nrhjid nkhopawpTr; Nrhjidapd; tiffs; Mrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fw;wyilTr; Nrhjid jahhpj;jypYs;sgbfs;>tpdhj;jhs;jpl;ltiuTml;ltiz>tpdhf;fisg;gFg;gha;T



nra;Ak;Kiw Mfpatw;iwgapw;rp Mrphpah;fs; njspthf fw;Fk;nghOJ tUq;fhyj;jpy; khzth;fspd; jpwidNrhjpg;gjw;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. gapw;rptpdhf;fs;:gapw;rptpdhf;fs;:gapw;rptpdhf;fs;:gapw;rptpdhf;fs;: Fwpg;Gtif:Fwpg;Gtif:Fwpg;Gtif:Fwpg;Gtif:

1. (m) jpwdwpr; Nrhjid

(M) Fiwawpr; Nrhjid (,) nkhopawpTr; Nrhjid

2. Mrphpah; jahhpf;Fk; fw;wyilTr; Nrhjidgw;wpXh; fl;Liutiuf

3. Xd;gjhk; tFg;G jkpo;ghlk; xd;wpw;F tpdhj;jhs; jpl;ltiuTml;ltid xd;W jahhpj;J> tpilf;Fwpg;GfSk; jUf

Fwpg;GiuFwpg;GiuFwpg;GiuFwpg;Giu

• Kidth;. Fkhpr;nropad;Kidth;. Fkhpr;nropad;Kidth;. Fkhpr;nropad;Kidth;. Fkhpr;nropad;>>>> ey;yhrphpah; lhf;lh; ,.gh. NtZNfhghy; lhf;lh; ,.gh. NtZNfhghy; lhf;lh; ,.gh. NtZNfhghy; lhf;lh; ,.gh. NtZNfhghy; (2016) jkpo;nkhopf; fw;gpj;jy;> rhujh gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id -14.

• NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.NtZNfhghy; ,.gh.NtZNfhghy; ,.gh. (2014)> ige;jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> nrd;id: rhujh gjpg;gfk;.

• th.nr.Foe;ijrhkth.nr.Foe;ijrhkth.nr.Foe;ijrhkth.nr.Foe;ijrhkp> ,J fy;tp Afk;> nrd;id: ghujp gjpg;gfk;.

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600 097 ,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp.vl;. ,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; (gp...

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