77002163 viet dong phan va danh phap hchc merged
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BI 2 . VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU C
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A L THUYT
I. Thuyt cu to ha hc
Thuyt cu to ha hc do Butlerop ra da trn kt qu nghin cu ca bn
thn ng v ca mt s nh ha hc khc nh Cupe, Kecule
1. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cc nguyn t kt hp vi nhau theo mt th
t nht nh v theo ng ha tr ca chng. Th t kt hp c gi l cu
to ha hc. S thay i th t kt hp s to ra cht mi.
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2. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cacbon c ha tr 4. Cc nguyn t cacbon c
th kt hp khng nhng vi nhng nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn kt
hp trc tip vi nhau to thnh nhng mch cacbon khc nhau (mch khng
nhnh, c nhnh v mch vng)
CH3
CH2 CH 2 CH 3
CH3
CH CH3
CH 3
3. Tnh cht ca hp cht hu c ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht v
s lng cc nguyn t) v cu to ha hc (th t kt hp cc nguyn t)
V d:
- Ph thuc vo bn cht cc nguyn t: CH4 l cht kh d chy, cn CCl4 l cht
lng, khng chy.
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- Ph thuc vo s lng nguyn t: l cht kh, cn l cht lng
iu kin thng.
- Ph thuc vo th t kt hp cc nguyn t: u c cng thc phn t
nhng c cu to khc nhau th c tnh cht khc nhau:
: l cht lng, tan v hn trong nc, tc dng vi Na
: l cht kh, gn nh khng tan trong nc, khng tc dng vi
Na
4 10C H
5 12C H
2 6C H O
3 2CH CH OH
3 3CH O CH
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II. Cng thc cu to (CTCT)
Nu nh CTPT ch cho bit s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t
th CTCT cn cho bit c th t kt hp v cch lin kt gia cc nguyn t .
C 3 loi CTCT l: CTCT khai trin, CTCT thu gn v CTCT thu gn nht
- CTCT khai trin: Vit tt c cc nguyn t v cc lin kt gia chng.
- CTCT thu gn: Vit gp nguyn t cacbon v nguyn t khc lin kt vi n
thnh tng nhm.
- CTCT thu gn nht: Ch vit cc lin kt v nhm chc, u mt ca cc lin kt
l cc nhm vi x m bo ha tr 4 ca cacbon.xCH
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III. Phn loi hp cht hu c
1. Hirocacbon
L hp cht hu c ch cha 2 nguyn t l C v H.
2. Dn xut ca hirocacbon
L hp cht hu c c cha cc nguyn t khc H nh N, O, halogen,
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Cc dn xut ca hirocacbon l nhng hp cht c nhm chc. Nhm chc l
nhm nguyn t hoc nguyn t quyt nh c tnh ha hc ca phn t hu c.
Nhm chc Loi hp cht Th d
- OH Ancol
- O - Ete
- CH=O Anehit- CO - Xeton
3
3 3
3
3 3
CH OH
CH O CH
CH CH O
CH CO CH
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Nhm chc Loi hp cht Th d
- COOH Axit cacboxylic
Amin
+ -COOH Amino axit
- COO - Este
2NH
2NH
3
3 2
CH COOH
CH NH
2 2H N CH COOH
3 3CH COOCH
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Ch :
- Phn t ch c mt nhm chc th l hp cht n chc.
V d:
- Phn t c nhiu nhm chc ng nht th l hp cht a chc.V d:
- Phn t c nhiu nhm chc khc nhau th l hp cht tp chc.
V d:
3 2CH NH
2 2HO CH CH OH
2 2HO CH CH COOH
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Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon
Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng
- Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no
- Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm
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Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon
Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng
- Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no
- Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm
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Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon
Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng
- Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no
- Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm
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Ngoi cch phn loi trn cn c th phn loi da theo mch cacbon
Gm hp cht mch h v hp cht mch vng
- Hp cht mch h c hp cht no v khng no
- Hp cht vng c hp cht thm v khng thm
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IV. Cc loi ng phn
1. ng phn cu to
a,L nhng cht c cng CTPT nhng c cu to ha hc khc nhau
V d:
b, Phn loi
C 3 loi ng phn cu to: ng phn nhm chc, ng phn mch cacbon, ng
phn v tr nhm chc.
3 2CH CH OH 3 3CH O CH
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-ng phn nhm chc: l nhng ng phn khc nhau v bn cht nhm
chc.
V d:
3 2 2 2
3 2 2 3
CH CH CH CH OH
CH CH O CH CH
-ng phn mch cacbon: l nhng ng phn khc nhau v s phn
nhnh mch cacbon.
V d:
CH 3 CH CH 2 OH
CH 3
3 2 2 2CH CH CH CH OH
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-ng phn v tr nhm chc l nhng ng phn khc nhau v v tr nhm chc.
V d:
CH 3 CH CH 2
OH
CH3
3 2 2 2CH CH CH CH OH
2.ng phn lp th
L nhng ng phn c cu to ha hc nh nhau nhng khc nhau v s phn
b khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phn t (tc l khc nhau v cu trc
khng gian ca phn t)
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V d:
C 2 cch sp xp trong khng gian:
3 3CH CH CH CH
C C
CH 3
H
CH 3
H
C C
CH 3
HCH 3
H
cis trans
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V. Danh php hp cht hu c
1. Tn thng thng
c t theo ngun gc tm ra chng, i khi c th c phn ui ch r hp
cht thuc loi no
V d: HCOOH axit fomic (formica: kin)
: axit axetic (acetus: gim)3
CH COOH
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2. Tn h thng theo danh php IUPAC
a, Tn gc chc
Tn phn gc Tn phn nh chc
Hai phn ny c vit tch ri nhau.
V d:3 2
CH CH Cl
etyl clorua
etyl clorua
b, Tn thay th
Tn thay th c vit lin, c th phn thnh 3 phn nh sau:
Tn phn th Tn mch cacbon chnh Tn phn nh chc
Trong : Phn tn thay th c th khng c, 2 phn cn li bt buc phi c
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* Gi tn phn nh chc:
Hirocacbon no an
Anken en
Ankin in
Ankaien ien
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Ancol ol
Xeton on
Anehit al
Axit cacboxylic oic
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Bng 1: Tn s m v tn mch cacbon chnh
S m Mch C chnh
1 Mono C Met
2 i C C Et
3 Tri C C C Prop
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S m Mch C chnh
4 Tetra C C C C But
5 Penta C C C C C Pent
6 Hexa C C C C C C Hex
7 Hepta C C C C C C C Hept
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S m Mch C chnh
8 OctaC C C C C C C C
Oct
9 Nona C C C C C C C C C Non
10 eca C C C C C C C C C C ec
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B BI TP
Dng 1: Cch vit ng phn hp cht hu c
Bc 1: Tnh cha bo ha ca phn t (l tng s lin kt pi v vng)
2 2
2i
i A(a )nTrong :
Ai l cc nguyn t c mt trong phn t
l tng s nguyn t ca nguyn t Ai
ai l ha tr ca nguyn t Ai
- Nu l nguyn t C th a = 4
- Nu l nguyn t H hoc halogen th a = 1
- Nu l nguyn t O, S th a = 2
- Nu l nguyn t N (to amin) th a = 2, N to mui amoni th coi nh a = 5
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Bc 2: Xc nh loi nhm chc c th c
- Nu c oxi + = 0: ancol, ete
- Nu c oxi + > 0: ancol, ete khng no, anehit, xeton, axit cacboxylic, este, c
th c vng
- Nu c N: amin
- Va c oxi, va c nit: 1N + 2 Oxi: amino axit, mui amoni, mui ca amin, nitro
2N + 3 oxi: Mui nitrat
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Bc 3: Vit CTCT cc ng phn sao cho ng ha tr ca tng nguyn t
Nn vit theo trnh t ht loi nhm chc ny n loi nhm chc khc.
Vi mi loi nhm chc, vit mch khng nhnh, mch c nhnh, di chuyn v tr
nhm chc, v tr lin kt bi
Bc 4: Vi nhng cu to c lin kt i C=C tha mn iu kin 2 nguyn t
hoc nhm nguyn t lin kt vi cng 1 nguyn t cacbon ca lin kt i khc
nhau th c thm ng phn hnh hc
Khi thng thng nu mch chnh nm v cng mt pha ca lin kt C=C th
l ng phn cis, nu mch chnh nm v 2 pha ca lin kt C=C th l
ng phn trans.
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V d 1: Vit cng thc ng phn mch h ca cht c CTPT C3H6O2
- bt bo ha ca phn t:
Cu to phn t c 1 lin kt pi (c th l C=C hoc C=O)
V phn t c 2 nguyn t O, c 1 lin kt pi nn c th l nhng loi hp cht:
- Axit no, n chc:
- Este no, n chc:
2 2 2 3 6 21
2 2
C Hn n .
3 3
2 3
CH COOCH
HCOOCH -CH
3 2CH CH COOH
- Tp chc anehit, ancol hoc xeton, ancol: 3 2
2 2
CH CO CH OHCH OH CH CHO
- Tp chc anehit, ete hoc xeton, ete:
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V d 2: Vit cng thc cc ng phn c CTPT C4H9NO2 va tc dng vi
axit, va tc dng vi baz v l hp cht quen thuc c hc?
- Amino axit
- Mui amoni, mui ca amin (ng phn hnh hc)
V d 3: Vit cng thc cu to cc ng phn c CTPT C4H11NO2 va tc
dng vi axit, va tc dng vi baz?
(Mui amoni v mui amin)
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Dng 2. Danh php mt s hp cht hu c c th
I. Danh php hirocacbon no
1. Ankan
a, Ankan khng phn nhnhThm hu t an vo tn mch cacbon chnh cung cp bng 1
b, Ankan phn nhnh
S ch v tr tn nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) + tn mch cacbon chnh + hu t an
- Mch cacbon chnh l mch di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht
-nh s cc nguyn t cacbon thuc mch chnh bt u t pha phn nhnh
sm hn
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- Tn nhm ankyl khng phn nhnh c to thnh bng cch ly tn ca ankan
tng ng i ui an thnh ui yl
- Gi tn nhm ankyl theo th t vn ch ci
- S ch v tr nhnh no t ngay trc gch ni vi tn nhnh
V d:
CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 3
CH 3CH 2
CH 3
a
b
(a): Mch chnh c 5C, 2 nhnh
(b): Mch chnh c 5C, 1 nhnh
Mch chnh theo cch (a) ng
Tn gi: 3 Etyl 2 metylpentan.
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2. Xicloankan
Mch C chnh l mch vng, nh s mch C chnh sao cho tng v tr nhm th l
nh nht.
Gi tn tng t ankan nhng thm xiclo vo trc tn mch C chnh.
II. Danh php hirocacbon khng no
S ch v tr tn nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) + tn mch cacbon chnh + s ch v tr
lin kt bi - hu t
Nu anken th hu t l en.
Nu ankin th hu t l in.
Nu ankaien th thm a vo sau tn mch cacbon chnh, hu t l ien.
Mch chnh l mch cha lin kt bi, di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht
-nh s mch cacbon chnh t pha gn lin kt bi hn
- Khi mch cacbon chnh chc 2 hoc 3 C th khng cn ghi s ch v tr lin kt bi
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V d: Gi tn cc ng phn mch h c CTPT
bt bo ha l 2
Phn t c 2 lin kt pi: mt lin kt ba hoc 2 lin kt i
- Ankin:
4 6C H
3 2
3 3
1
2
CH CH C CH : But in
CH C C CH : But in
- Ankaien:2 2
2 2 3
CH CH CH CH
CH C CH CH
Buta-1,3-ien
Buta-1,2-ien
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III. Danh php hirocacbon thm
nh s vng benzen sao cho tng s ch v tr nhm th l nh nht
Gi tn: s ch v tr nhm th (nhnh) + tn nhm th + benzen
Ring trng hp vng benzen c 2 nhm th:
- 2 nhm th v tr 1, 2: c th gi l ortho (vit tt l o)
- 2 nhm th v tr 1, 3: c th gi l meta (vit tt l m)
-2 nhm th v tr 1, 4: c th gi l para (vit tt l p)
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Kha hcLTHmn HaC Son Vit ng phn v danh php hp cht hu c
Hocmai.vnNgi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 1 -
VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU CBI TP TLUYN
Cu 1. Cc cng thc cu to sau biu din bao nhiu cht ng phn?
C C H
Cl
H
Cl
H
H
C C H
H
Cl
Cl
H
H
C C Cl
H
H
Cl
H
H
C C H
H
H
Cl
Cl
H
C C H
H
H
Cl
H
Cl
C C H
Cl
H
Cl
H
H
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
A. Mt cht. B. Hai cht ng phn.C. Ba cht ng phn. D. Bn cht ng phn.
Cu 2. Thuc tnh no sau ykhng phi l ca cc hp cht hu c?A. Khng bn nhit cao.
B. Khnng phn ng ho hc chm, theo nhiu hng khc nhau.C. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c thng l lin kt ion.D. Dbay hi v dchy hn hp cht v c.
Cu 3. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ng phn trong ho hc hu c lA. v trong hp cht hu c cacbon lun c ho tr 4.B. cacbon khng nhng lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc m cn lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch
(thng, nhnh hoc vng).C. sthay i trt t lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t.D. mt phn t c nhiu cu to.
Cu 4.Lin kt i gia hai nguyn t cacbon l do cc lin kt no sau y to nn?A. Hai lin kt . B. Hai lin kt .C. Mt lin kt v mt lin kt . D. Mt lin kt v hai lin kt .
Cu 5.t chy hon ton 1,50 g ca mi cht hu c X, Y, Z u thu c 0,90g H2O v 2,20g CO2. iu khngnh no sau y l ng nht?
A. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng phn ca nhau.B. Ba cht X, Y, Z l cc ng ng ca nhau.C. Ba cht X, Y, Z c cng cng thc n gin nht.D. Cha d kin.
Cu 6.Ancol 3-metylbutan-2-ol c cng thc cu to no sau y?
CH3
HC
CH3
H2C
H2C OHA. CH3
HC
CH3
HC CH3
OH
B.
CH3 C
CH3
HC CH3
OH
C.
CH3
CH3
HC
CH3
C CH3
OH
D.
CH3
Cu 7. Cc cht: C2H2 , C3H4 , C4H6 c phi l ng ng ca nhau khng?A. Khng phi ng ng B. L ng ngC. Cha xc nh D. Chng l ng phn
Cu 8.Cho cng thc cu to: CH2=CH-CH=CH-CH3. Tn gi no sau y l ph hp vi CTCT ?A. pentadien B. pent-1,3-ien C. pent-2,4-dien D. isopren
Cu 9. Cng thc phn t ca hidrocacbon mch hX l C4H6. X thuc dy ng ng no?A. Ankadien hoc ankin B. Xicloanken hoc ankadienC. Ankatrien hoc ankin D. Ankadiin hoc xicloanken
Cu 10.Hirocacbon no sau y l thuc dy ng ng ca benzen?A.C6H5CH2CH3 B. C6H5CH=CH2 C.C6H5-C6H5 D. C6H5CCH
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Kha hcLTHmn HaC Son Vit ng phn v danh php hp cht hu c
Hocmai.vnNgi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 2 -
Cu 11. Hirocacbon no sau ykhng thuc dy ng ng ca benzen?A.Xilen B.Toluen C. Vinyl benzen D. Cumen
Cu 12. Cho A l axit cacboxylic c CTPT l C4H8O2. Vy A c sng phn lA. 1 ng phn. B. 2 ng phn. C. 3 ng phn. D. 4 ng phn.
Cu 13. Sng phn ca hp cht c CTPT C5H12 lA : 4. B : 3. C : 2. D :5.
Cu 14. Sng phn cu to ca hp cht c CTPT C5H10 l
A: 10 B: 5 C: 8 D: 11Cu 15. Ankan Y c Hiro chim 16,28% khi lng phn t. ng phn cu to c th c ca Y lA. 3 B. 5 C. 2 D. 7
Cu 16. Trong cc cp cht sau, cp cht no l ng phn ca nhau?A. CH3CH2OCH3 v CH3CH2CHO B. CH3CH2OCH3 v CH3COCH3
C. CH3CH2CHO v CH3COCH3 D. CH3CH2OH v CH3CHO
Cu 27: Nhng hp cht no sau ykhng thcha vng benzen?a. C8H6Cl2 b. C10H16 c. C9H14BrCl d. C10H12(NO2)2.A. a, b B. b, c C. c, d D. a, c, d
Cu 18. Sng phn ancol c cng thc phn t C5H12O lA. 8 ng phn. B. 5 ng phn. C. 14 ng phn. D. 12 ng phn.
Cu 19. Sng phn ca hp cht hu c c cng thc C4H10O l
A. 2 ng phn. B. 4 ng phn. C. 7 ng phn. D. 9 ng phn.Cu 20. A l ng ng ca ancol etylic c t khi hi so vi oxi bng 2,3125. Sng phn c mch cacbon khngphn nhnh ca A l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.
Cu 21. Mt hp cht c CTPT C4H11N. Sng phn ng vi cng thc ny lA. 8 B. 7 C. 6 D. 5
Cu 22. C7H9N c s ng phn ch a nhn thm la A. 6. B. 5. C. 4. D. 3.
Cu 23. Sng phn ca C4H10 v C4H9Cl ln lt lA. 3 v 5 B. 2 v 4. C. 2 v 6. D. 3 v 4. .
Cu 24: Trong cc hp cht : Propen (I); 2-metylbut-2-en (II); 3,4-imetylhex-3-en(III); allyl clorua (IV); 1,2-icloeten (V). Cht no c ng phn hnh hc?
A. III, V. B. II, IV. C. I, II, II, IV. D. I, V.Cu 25: Nhng hp cht no sau y c thc ng phn hnh hc (cis-trans)CH3CH = CH2 (I); CH3CH = CHCl (II);CH3CH = C(CH3)2 (III)
CH3
C C
CH3
C2
H5
C2
H5
CH3
C C
Cl
HC
2H
5
(IV) (V)
A. (I), (IV), (V) B. (II), (IV), (V) C. (III), (IV) D. (II), III, (IV), (V)
Cu 26: Ankan A c 16,28%H trong phn t (v khi lng). vy CTPT v sng phn tng ng ca A lA. C6H14 v 4 ng phn. B. C6H14 v 5 ng phn.C. C5H12v 3 ng phn. D.C6H14v 6 ng phn.
Gio vin: Tng Th Son
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Kha hcLTHmn HaC Son Vit ng phn v danh php hp cht hu c
VIT NG PHN V DANH PHP HP CHT HU CP N BI TP TLUYN
1B 2C 3C 4C 5C 6B 7C 8B 9A 10A11C 12B 13B 14A 15B 16C 17B 18A 19C 20B21A 22B 23B 24A 25B 26B
Gio vin: Tng Th Son
Ngun: Hocmai.vn
http://hocmai.vn/http://hocmai.vn/http://hocmai.vn/