8 ñ ö ä 3 · v ± ø ! Á · Ö...‡3{|—– ˇ€p· µ ¤ ó)=ß"´|+uˆ˜ˆai ø '...

21

Upload: others

Post on 28-Jul-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

�������� ���������� � ��

��������� ����

�� � �� ��

� ����������������� �!"# $%&'()*+,

-.�/012345"6)�'78�9�:;*+,*<�

$=>%)&?%"@A�'BCD�)EFG)%H)*+3

D�(IJ %K2LMN�O�A*+P,Q3RD�ST%�UVWN

X�"FYJZ5��[R"\]^3�_`ab"@+U�#* c

J�d�)ef"'ghAi)%H)*+,�

�������������� !�

� j�kl* :)im��n���$op3Eq> D+3D�r2s

tuvwMx3O�+Uy"�zA{|�$}&)&F3>"6)�F'

ghA*+,~�N"�{|�%)&3��%n}�V�N���3��

"���)D;*Ai,op��D� %�q5UF3D+,

Q3�"����%A�����+U3$k�Cm3 D+�,

Q3�t/x���Ai�t�x3������ P ����m��nF'�"�Ii?%$#U3D��)>%H)*+,�

���������������������������������P�r2stuvwMx3�7"6)���  ¡¢¢£¤�¡¢¢¥¦§ ��¨ VWND�©2rª�«7"6)���¬­®�  ¡¢¢¥§ %¯°  ¡¢P¢§ �±²��),�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

� �� �������� ����������

� ¶�"·I�+¸"¹º+U{|�3»¼½"��?3�t�x3O$

iJ�n½)�#I���¾3¿ÀÁLªÂ¶�Ã"ÄJ%�Å�"�Æ

"Ç��)?3ÈÉÊË%>ÌÍÊË$�}&)&Î&"ÏÐ�5U3>

�¹º+U?%"� *+,Q?DÑ�$)Ò)ÒÐ�;��Ó�qÈÉ

ÊËÔIidÕÖ3×Ø3Ù�[¶Ú>dÏJ,�ÛN"��

�«)�Q3Ü��lØ+U?%"¨I�ÈÉ@Ñ$Ð�JUÝÞD+,

ßC¨&"A��àá3[âÚãä�åæ[¶Ú��«)�lØ+U%Ì

Í@Ñ$Ð�JU,Q&)&STçÞ$#I��t�x�6* èéêë

��3���ì íI�)U�%)&?%�î&3D+,�

� ���?3èéêë���#U)�ÈÉ%ÌÍ3O%)&3��)Ò)

Ò%ï�ðñò�ó)3D+$�P 6ôõ�ö÷�ø��)*+,Q5�=>%)&%�V�N����yù%A�)U3D���úû$}&A�

F��"üý�5�A*&�%)&÷D+,�3þ3{|ãä%)&3��

�������*(*��D)Ò)Ò�%?Ò"B�+UÝÞD+Þ5

}F�Q&)IiF3$��D;�)ÝÞD+,�d"���3��m3

þDF��t�x3�D&*J�+?%3D;�) %>���

�3êë�n>����ÈÉ%ÌÍ3��D�Ç�)J?%$D;*9

n,�

� ?&)Ii�����i� %>�#U)�����3��D}&)&

Î&"{|��$����ÞU>%>�#U)����}&)&Î&"�

�>�%)Ii�ó)ãä���+Ui�"�AJ�Ý5U¨&"�Ii

"# $

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� � ��

3$� %)&Ñ�!2ªD+,"2#VW$$%N"{|�"

ï��5U¨&"�Ii3�P¥£¢&�¸d)>dD+Þ5}F�?5�

%��{|�'F)*+¡,�

� =$"2#VW3Mx()u%A�¶;>Ii>%)&%�Â� *)

+,D3��"üý�5<"�)Ò)Ò�{|��Âbf��-%)Ii

F3�VWN�.÷>d��D;U¨&"�Ii%)&÷DA/&,?&

)&O�+U%��I;3ÈÉ%ÌÍ"6)�F#��* *+$�0Ñ

�N�!2ª��I��3þ3{|ãä���+U%)&?%"QFQ

F+,$#U3ÔÒ&>12%)&3ã�4i5UEF)dIA5U>F

A5*9n�,Ñ�N�X�E���67�ãä3��"8É�3DA/

&>,�

� �3þDóJ %)Ý5UF3¶;J ¡ 6"�9+U%�]:¼�%7�¼�%"�>5*+,]:¼�3ED�Ñ�N�VWÂ��!2ª3

¨&�F3$8ÉÔ%)&3�;i y3¨&�<$A*+,�6>%)

&%�QFQF]:=û�>?A�)U%�@ý3(A2x$Ç��JU

?%$G)ÝÞD+,>?A�)UÔÞD�B"1CD�ªE2�

%)Ý5U¨&�F3"��*(*�FG3=û$HI�)U¨&"Ç

��JU,Ó�q�G�I%+%@ý3(A2xDI�+U,Q?>d�

�3�J$K)�)U�%)&�L"�N���$]:%M*5�JU

3D+,�

� ?5"N���É�3$�]:¼�D��úû%+UG%>O%>Q&

)IiF3"PQ�=D?&)&�;�+U3>�R)�#SU?%$D

;*9n,Q&+U%��¾3>?'D#U%?Ò3TÖ��=>AdQ

3VWN��Á2#U2)��I���Ai)%H&¨&"�UÝÞD

+,�

� @ED7�¼��}&>%)&%�*<VI%ÇDX��m�F��J

ò�Ç6ÞU3�WAQ&D+,7�¼�3��úû�XY7��3D�

X$}&)&Î&"�J>���+U3D+Þ5}F�ÕÖX�]�3H

&**"Z["�)�)U¨&"Ç�U,Q&+U%�QFQFQn��

J$#U3>�CIJ Ä��=ûÂÄ��>?A�)�F\/I%�>

���������������������������������¡�?3]^�_`  P¥¥a§ "¨ *+,�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

� �� �������� ����������

"J),�

� A>F]:¼�%�bI����úûD#U%?Ò3XÖ"�PQQ3

��%IiVc�d�U?%$D;*+,�qef'"0=>g)*

Ai>12%>0=DgIi3D+>12�Mh'"0=DiIi3D+

>120=D?3jk�çÞ�)U3D+>12�%)Ii�L"�Vc�

@ï�RÞUÝÞD+�,Q&)&l�$#5q�m"Ñ�3���n�

�J�F�)Ò)Ò�?%$�>UnC5�)>,QFQFÑ�VWmi

)�F3�8É%A�)�)nC5�)>�%HÝ5UEF)dIA5U

>FA5*9n,�

� FAF{|��"�$)I�)8�)�%)&O"�U%�\$n

kÂI�)U�*IiJo+,"�I��j�3OF?5DpÝI�

A*&ÝÞD+  q�,$�Å�"�Qn�?%��J��=Å�# 3**">?+UÔÞD���>�>Q3rR"#U¨&�(A2x%>�}

&)&Î&"?3=û�«s+5q))>%)&�t$Ç��?�)?

%$G)3D+,�

� \mi)�uÞÐA3�'$?&)&?%�vI�F#* 7w�$

�)nD+Þ5}F�7�¼�DÑ���)U?%3�Éò��¡¢�x3

MnÔ¶yz3 P XD#U %)&XF{|A�

)*+,}��"2#VW�~ )i��D#U�Theory of Games and

Economic Behavior���ä��"2#3VW%{|Ä���%)&¶���

{|�'3 %@�"½)�)*+´,?3

þD�7�¼�"F]:¼�3]:�%ßC¨&��D�=>�Jmi)

�F3$8ÉD#U,Q3�J�ÏJi�"��j*D]:¼�D�Ý5

�)i¨&�!2ª"�U3D��J� �MmÐ��

Þ5q)Þ�),?&)&?%�vI��Å�"�A)!2ª%A�"2

#VW%)&Ñ����� ÐA�A*Ii3D+�,�

� }d�"2#VW3��m�;\n%ý�ÚA��?&?&?&)&�

A)X�E$#U�%)&?%�ghAi3D+Þ5}F�"2#VW�

�I�Å�"�3þ3=û���A¨&%HIi%;"�0}&)Ii�

D��$D;U3>120}3¨&"���«sD;U3>12%)&�

���������������������������������´�Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944),�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� � ��

W�6* Ü�3¾�"@A��Å�#* ��3)J�Mv��Ð+?

%$D;*9nDAi,?3�3��$Ð��5i3$� ¡ �¶�3pÝUPy3P¥aa&ÔIinD+Þ5}F�Q3�&R"F& P X3�;yz$?3��t����*+,Q5$�;��*Ô¶�ÃMÔIi

D+,}$Ç6Þi�A)Ü�"@+U���?5�j�D�

%�q5U��D+Þ5}F�?5"¨I�"2#VW��

J?%"� *+a,�

� ?3R3�WD��01t�D ¡�?&Ô20"2#VW$}&Ô2%

)&¢>)O�#* Ð�?�)D+Þ5}F�9I>J]yFÐAi3

D�1t�D ¡$}&)&X�E�3>�(IJ %Q3�t/x��

'ghA�k;*A/&,�

� 1t�D3Ç6ÞiÜ��}&)&F3>%)&%���3��%A�

#U� "�ÆA*+,}&)&� "�Æ+U>%)&%�Q3=û"

>>ÝI�)U±N'@X@X3Mx/x�£¤�¥¦�����Ç�)

Ii%;"�§@X%A�]�3Ä��¨�U¨&�Mx/x�£¤$�

),Q&)&�ýN�� �Ü�%A���A�#S¨&�Q&1t�D

�ù©A*Ai,�

� j3O�R)�F�=D1t�D ¡$FI%FdA)3>�¨J�>

d�)>FA5*9n,1t�D ¡D��@X@X3Mx/x�£¤�

Cªt)A�)Ii%;"�§FÄ��¨�¨&%A�),«"v&%�

1t�D ¡D�)� �ÇU%�§>z�J%F P X�Ä��¨��wD;UX$)U,Q&)&� $�7�D�ýA�>?�5U=û3FI

%FdA)78"�I�)U>%)&%�kQdJ�I�)�)DA/&,

\/I%Æ>d¬E­mi)�OD+Þ5}F�1t�D3�Mv���

®�ý�� �&*J¯°A�7�¼�3�J���+U?%�ðñ"

+U�±²�Ü�ÔIi3D+,?31t�D"¨U¶;�³´"¨I��

"2#VW%)&3��UµN¶·D��J���*(*�=û3��

"�"�5�)J?%"� *+,�

� zAr¸�t)�¹��A�kJ%�1t�D3R"�1t�D ¡�

���������������������������������a�1t�D ¡�}3º»W¼"¨I�ý�Ú�5�Q3R�½¾¿�5i�2À

Áx$ Nash (1951) %A�Ð��5*Ai,�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

��� �������� ����������

¨ ó)=û"Â|+UÃÄ�Ai� %

3 ¡ X�N�i ´ X$�"2#VW3Å%)&�D¨J�q5*+,Å�"?3 ´ X��"2#VW"ú+U³´%A�����%�UÆ2Lª{|�Ç�P¥¥a&"�ÇA*Ai,?5�È�Ñ&É;""2#V

W�FAJ�"2#VW"@Ê+Uì�D�Æ2Lª{|�Ç3�Ç

$Ë)�)*+,���MÌ P ��ÇU%�"2#VW3��$�z�J%F�Ív0�3þD��É�³´D#U%)&?%$ÎÏ�5�)��

{|�3�¶;J¨��;i?%$�> *+,�

� �¿��vI�A*�q\/I%'ÐÞ%)&>�ÑA)ÐÞ3V

W3ODAi,[Ò�FI%ÓÔ)�;$Õ;�)��VWN���ÔÞ

D��J��?&ÂI�wd5�;i"2#VW3µÇ$=Å"ï��5

Ö��)*+,���MÌ ¡ �3×äD0from theory to practice2%½;*

Ai$�"2#VW3µÇ�M>A��bfØØ�ÄIi ��3ÙÚ�

ÛÜAi +U�%)&��E2C$?3P¢&¸d)DÝ�N"ó$I�

;�)*+,\]^FQ&)Ii"` �nD)UnD+Þ5}F�

?3��� %�q5�)*+,�

"%&�' $�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

� r2stuvwMx�*Ô�A)��D�8Þ�ýß$#UÝÞD��

)nD+Þ5}F�¡ 6�}?3��3¶;)àá$âSd5*+,*< P 6Æ%A���"Ñ�N�ãvª%>VW�äåA�)CUÔÞD��J��Å�"XY�l��;� �A*+,Ó�qbf¨æ�+

U%;"�VWN���$?&� *+%v&ÔÞC5�J��Åç�A

�Q3bf�Å�"�Á2�9�m��;\n%�'$H)è)�)i¨

&���$ÐU>�Cªt)+U�#U)�

��I���3���Ä&,?&)Ii�D�%��é�N�[�$

` ·5d5�)U,?5$ P 6Æ3¶;)àáD+,�� ¡ 6Æ��Å�"{|�'$X�i MmÐAi AibfÂÃ�m$��êQ3**3�D=Å"ï��5�)U�z�J%FQ&)&Ó$F3

+'Jë��;�)U�%)&÷D+,]:¼�Ô%�=>�A)�ì�

X�*Ai��Mv��Å�ÚA�íî"A*Ai�%)&Ó�iJ�n

#UDA/&$�7�¼�3þD�ïð"ñA)?%D+,{|�'DF

��'DF))3D+$�?&)&V�N�bf$#U�V�N��ò$

#U�Ô>d?3ó " *A/&%)I��Q3**3�D�Mv�

$Å=�5U?%�ïð"z�)%H&nD+�,?5$)*�Å�"Õ

;Ö��)UÝÞD+,�

"%&�'($�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

��� �������� ����������

� D���ÛN"}&)Iir2stuvwMx3ï�Ó$#U>��"

'ghAi)3D����MÌ ´ ��'���),j3kôD��r2stuvwMx3µÇ$M>�5�)U¶;)���Ñ2)�Áx�QA�

jõ3uöt)D#U�_`abF@ÊA�)U�rtCx�3bfØØ

3 ¡ 6D+,��

� Q5÷5}n�?%D�Ý5�)U>%)&%�Ó�qÑ2)�Áx3

ØØ"@A���ø�ùD$%N"Ï·�5�)UúûÑÑ2)�Áx

�üûÑ2)�Áx�$âSd5*+,��DFý{þ$r¸�ª�u"

�S���3� a ����üO3úûÑ>dúûÑÑ2)�Áx�ÂUnC5�)>%)Ý5�)*+Þ}���ùDØØ�5iÑ2)�Áx3Ã

�m"�r2stuvwMx3�Mv�$�)d5*Ai,�

� #%�[Òv�©ªu��)"@ÊA��Æ�l��)Uù�,?3ù

�FÅ�Ñ2)�ÁxDi�5�)*+,ù�}D��Ñ2)�Áx

VW3X�E���A��@¾3ù�3iE��¨æ+U�%)&bf

¨æ$Õ? *Ai,�

�����������������������������������úûÑÑ2)�Áx"@+U=���ÂÏ·"�A�3 äk¨��ÛNE��

}3���ÆN%Ai0úûÑÑ2)�Áx"@+U���2$�¡¢PP& ´ �¨ ���"¨I���5�)*+,�

"%&�'�$�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

� [Ò@��tu�Ó$�Google 3 �Google AdWords�"��

�5U�)Ý�U���xÀx3�tuó�D+�,?5��}&)&Î

&"Ñ2)�Áx%@ÊA�)U3>'BC�)EFG)3D��)D

A/&>,0Google2%>0Yahoo!2D���+U%�����3¿3¾

�%��3¾�"��ç;DzAÆí6�Dó�$� �5*+����

MÌ ´ � 3!���±²,�,?5$Å�"#ó�"�I�)��$�n$��A�Ó�q�x)� P )�t)+U%�P )�t);i )Jd�%)&�Dó�{$��K2%�"úA� &�5U?%"� *+,�

� Q3�"�0§$}3�'"ó��(9U3>120 P )�t)#i )Jd)&3>12%)&3��Å���ªAM#DÄÝ5�)UÑ2)�

Áx"¨I�*�d5�)*+,=���+þD[F¶;�k&$�)�

)UÑ2)�Áx$�?3��ó�3Ñ2)�Áx�3D+,QA��?

3Ñ2)�ÁxØØ"Fr2stuvwMx3X�E$M>�5�)��

¨ �ýND,-$¿$UE�"�ó��Etu3i E$¶;J¨æ�

5i�%)&{.$# *+,�

F&@E3rtCx�D+Þ5}F�/nD03'%JrtCx�%)

&>d"��=>%=>�rtC�9UÝÞD+,Å�"��DF�Ý5

�)Ubf%A���¾13rtCx�bf$âSd5*+,¡¢¢a&>

d12bf343@5%A��@678¾$8¾Ú�5*Ai,Q5"

LÝ9��}3�M�¾1�$}39Ã":;�5U>%)&3��þ

<l=N�rtCx�bf��I�*�U¨&"� *Ai,�

� �ÛN� E%A�����M�ÓQ>$pÝIiR"�Ä;i)9

Ã3��u�ùÐ+U,ß?"�9Ã��@A)MA3��u�ùÐ+U,

Q5��rtCx�K2%��ÄI�)U

�����§�"Ñx�Mx¿DùÐ�A��B�B�CxDV�N�rtCx

��*�U3D+,Q&)IibfD���D�D&£¤¢¢¢X>d¥¤¢¢¢X

3¾1$Å�"9Ã"E ;�d5�)UnD+Þ5}F�?5��F

�ÍÂM����}DFÄÝ5�)U�r2stuvwMx3¶;�ï�

Ó%�I�)*+,�

� ¡ 6Æ� D+,GH9"�Ii%;"�Ið�X>

�����������������������������������JAJ�¬ª¤KMu�±²Khttp://www.jrmp.jp/�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

�� � �������� ����������

d P ÕLM�A��6* MÛLM"¨I��N�O&?%$ðñ�3D+Þ5}F�Q3�"PQR��C�%+UâLST$�t)"�I�;

*+,×U$GH9�VIi%;"�]�3GH�#S�&*JLMD;

5q�Q5D�DiA�DiA�3D+$�FAFâLST$LÝ�)%

[��Ä&?%$D;*9n,Ó�q�GH9�VIiWX�n"]�3

GH�LMAi)nÔÞ5}F�Y�n3R$LÝ�),?&AiZ[3

¨&"�®\�V'%Ì123]�$=Å"�iJ�n)UÝÞD+,�

� Q3®\�]��l��;��D;UÔÞâLST$L&�D^rtC

A��mLÝ9�#SU%�̈ GJ3N$O�U3D��)>%)&�

Mv�$Ñ&y"ù_�5�`�Å�"�F�Ía¾3)J6>39ÃD

��?3GH�bF͸c#��I�LM$ÄÝ5�)*+,??"F{

|�'3�Mv�$Å�"�Ý5�)U3D+�,�

� [R"�j�3FMxuöt)D#Udí�_3`ab�'ghA*+,

?5F�}3MA�}3�_"E ;�U>�6* �_%MA�}&)

&Î&"rtC�9U>�%)&+,"k)��rtCx�ãä3 P 6%A���+U?%$D;*+,*Ô��D�{|�'$ef�`I�V�

N����#�ØخϷA¨&%)&O"��I�)*9n$��F�

ÍD��RDJAJ78+U¨&"�)J6>3g�3�_`a3bf��

{|�'$­xKªAxu%A�·I�)I�¨æAi�%)&�Ct)

FMhx��ÐiÄ$+D"Õ?I�)*+,�

� �¿3¨&��D�Hi+'JÑA)ÐÞÔ%HÝ5�)i"2#VW

3O$�=Å3�*(*�jÓDM>�5Ö��)U3D+,�"�Å�

"r2stuvwMx�=Å3bfØØ"ï�A�m��)J6>»k%

A�wd5i?%��?3��3¶×D#Ul2�2̶�3

»m$no�)U3D�zA'ghAi)%H)*+£,�

���������������������������������`�Roth, Sönmez and Ünver (2004),�£�Roth (2008) �±²,�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

� }�=Å3bfØØ�A�)J¿D�´ 6�É�h2CMxu$#U%vI�)*+����MÌ a � �±²�,Q3 ´ 6$=>%)&%�*< P 6Æ$pm�thickness��4i9U?%D+,�AJ��%>bf�ØØ+

U%;"�QFQF§F±NA�Fd��)nC5+,$�),)>"A

�±N'�l��JU>�6* Q3��"pm�4i9U?%$D;U

>�?5$�ÉÔ%,?&)&O�VWD&nqnv)"J)3D+�,

6*U%?Ò�%N"�ÂI�m�;5�>d�),�bf�Ï·A��

}&ÂIid;\n%mn�±NA�J5U>%)&3��Å�¿3{ç

�$m���r)�)JA>�)%?ÒD+Þ5}F�?5$ïð"�É

Ô%E�»m�vI�)*+,�

� ¡ 6Æ$�}&ÂI�slÂtu�congestion�3¨&�F3�v¸>,

pm�4i95q;:±N'$ë��A*&3D� E$wxÔ%�X

$l*Ii�))F33��>�>yzA�)iì��Ó�q{®K2%

�3:�$&*JD;�J�I�;�A*)*+,?3tu�}&)&Î

&"«e+U>F�É�3D+,�

� ´ ÷Æ��[�3÷%F@Ê+UnD+Þ5}F�}&)Ii�D?3Ã�m]Û��é�safe�D�A>F��F3"+U>D+,|u�Ã

�m"+U%�VW¿3ò}�¨J�F�Å�"XÖ$t~A�A*&%

>�QFQF|u�F3��I�§F±NA�J5�)%>�Q&)&ã

"%&�')$�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

���� �������� ����������

ä$¨JÕ;�A*&,Ô>d=Å3bf��VWN��*A�ÔÞ��

A�)�FÔ�D�#Uef�D�A>F±N'$l��Ð+�"�é

ò$Þ��5�)U?%$�*A),i%�q¾1rtCx�mi)"�

�M3Ä;i)9Ã%)&�Nl���;Ð+%;"�Q3l�$;\n

%�V����5�)�)%���)��5�§F]�ÔÞ3µI�)U

l��¿P"ÐA�J5�)>FA5�)ÝÞD+,Q&)Ii�éòÂ�

bf]Û3��mi)�F3$Å��É�3D+�,�

� jâSiCMxu���XÆDÇ�F0;i y3OC5�)>2%)

&<$+UnD+Þ5}F�?&)IiW÷��>�>VWN"Jm`U

?%$WAJ���Ö"A�'��5$\"� *+,A>A�Å�

"FóCiut�)��3'D#UE�»m$�=Å3bfØØ�Â

I�)J%?&)&VWÚA"J)CMxu$�É"�U3Ô�%3��

����dA�)U,Q5¸d)�É�»k�%)&ÝÞD+,�

� [R"�??*D3453k�d)�����[�"'ghAi~�N

�{|�%�j�3O3�2rD#Ur2stuvwMx3b)����

�MÌ � �3�D*%��mi3D�zA«7Ai)%H)*+,��

� *<~�N�{|�D�GJ3�L"k)����#U)���úûD

#U%?Ò3bf%)Ii¨&�F3����>d�MN"��d5�)

*+,?&)&��$# *+�##)&bf$# *+�Ô>dQ5�

"%&�'*$�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

��A*A/&%)&�%)&#U��Þ^3�Ax�D+�,�fD'

ghAi¨&"�{"��úû"�I�;i3�èéêë��%�q5U

V�N���D+,Q5��3F3$éJ��D;�)%)&ÝÞD��

)nD+Þ5}F�ÈÉ%ÌÍ%)&�#3�t�x3����ÔÞÔ%�

�>�>;�¢>)��$D;*9n,�

� AqAq?&)Ii� >d��=>Ad{®K2%���ÞU���

#�X�U%;"���%)&F3$}&A�FFMx3[k%A�â$

I�;�A*&,]�i\$��A>;\n%��D;�J����3ò

}"6)����N¨J�>I�)U>d�% #�<��DÂ5q&*

J)J,Q&)Ii�+$Ð�;Â+)3$~�N�{|�D+,?&)

Ii�f$=�MmÐ+>%)&%��ò%>�î�#U)���3�E

%)IiF33�¬��D+,�RN�3$�?5��«F�5�)U3

D+Þ}�B" %�q5UX�EDA/&,)<5"9¨�

%">J0����JA���" 95qkk¡�&*J)J2%)&3

$�~�N�{|�>dG>5z�>5Ð�JU¨&���RN��+"

� *+,�

� @ED�r2stuvwMx$}&>%)&%�*<��%>bf%)

IiF3�"��d5�)UF3C5�J��@>d]�i\D6JU

?%FD;U�%)&�Ax�Dãä"#iI�);*+,Q3�"�"

2#VW3!2ª��I�#SU?%"¨I��V�N���ÔÞD��

J��|u��èéêë��>d¢5i��Ô%>�QFQF��%�£

F�> F�)¨&����#é6"6)�F��+U?%$D;*+,

Q&)Ii�Á2#U2)�óC�Ð�JU�+%A���D;UÔÞ�

�3ÙÚ�r2stuvwMx3X�E��I�¹¿A�)?&�6*

Yb)�¿A�)?&,FA��N�Ã�m$éJFI�&*J�ñA�

)nÔIid�)IQ3?%��%�é:b&�¤N�bf�6JI�A

*k&,Q&)Ii��$Ð�JU÷$�~�N�{|�%3¶;�b)

"�I�;*+,�

� ¥�D+$�{|�'Ô%]¦U%�]�N" Ô%�«

�5��=>Æ3§mi)"¨©�5U?%$�Ö#U3D+Þ5}�\

$ÂI�)U�Q&)&H�>d�ª)ÝÞD+,¡AÒ���ÔÞ

" 9�k)�F&*J)>�)?%$G)>d�Q5�D;UÔÞ¼�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

���� �������� ����������

N�E�D¾¿�¹èA�)?&%)&��E2C�3D+�,%)&Ý

ÞD�#* N�5�«¬��5�F­I�A*)*+  q§,��

+�,-./01�23�

� ���Q5D�)¨)¨j�3FMx�2r3�dí�_3`ab3O

"LI�);*A/&,%vI�F��_`ab]Û"�Cm3�)EF

)dIA5U%H)*+,\]^F]�$®¯3dí¬�_"óI�)i

����*�_`abf%)&F3�B�A�)*9nDAi,S�N

"®¯3�_�¿�"� %)&3D+Þ}�Q3°ý_"ó&,

¨�}Ó�N�� D�)ü �#U+,ºbN"®¯3�_"ó&?%

"�I�)��`a3]cmi)�F3�@~# *9nDAi,�

� Q5"úA�±nD)U���"¨I�ó&dí3�_$èé"**U

3D��J��zA`a3¥®�óS�)?&%)&�;$�£¢&�¸d

)>d�+N"Õ? *+,[�"dí�_`ab�6* @ý3²³3

þDMAÂ�´'>d}?3�_"Ä;i)>%)&+Ç�R)�D;

UÔÞ]�i\3ó)i)�_"óÝ9U¨&�bf��Ï·Ai3$0

��C��D+,Q3R�é3�*(*�g�"?3 E$ó$I�

)I��?5$�ù"Fµ�¶A��GJ3ùDdí�_`ab%)&Ã

�m$Ï·�5U¨&"� *+,�

� ��3�L�¿�"�A2uAi3$P¥¥£&D+,iÔ�Q3y>dÅ

}N"�_`a%Ç��5U¨&�Mx�©2rª�bf���A�)

i]·ÛF#I��?5d���iÏ·]·ÛÑ3¸L��Ai3$�� P �D+¥,�Y${�+U"65���_`ab3Ï·Ñ$�¬�_DF

þ�_DFë��)U%)&3$k�> :ÞU>%H)*+,=kôD

Ï·A�)U]·ÛÑ� ¡ E¹D���þ3]·ÛF·5U% ¡ EyRJd)Ô%vÝ5�)*+,ÕÖ3�º»¼'%"��_`abf�·5U>

}&>"6)�½¾�4I�*�U?%$D;U3D�]�N"Ï·�*

�i]·Û>d¿�"?3bf�·5�)J�%)Ii�"�I�)*+,�

���������������������������������¥�¼¾¼��3¬ª¤KMu0¬®þ�_"kÞU�_`ab>3ÅÀ� "6)

�2�¯"�ìKhttp://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/gakko-sentaku/08062504.htm�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

� %?ÒD�?&ÂI��_`a3O�A�F0=D�_`a3ãä�{

|�'$��+U3>120{|�%)Ii)}&@Ê$#U3>12#

U)��fD<I%OA�;i0"2#VW%�}&)&Î&"6�$I

�)U3>12%)&3$�*ÔÇ��?�)E$G)%H)*+,%?

Ò$���DkOA+U¨&"�Å�?3�_`aãäF�RN�{|ã

ä"�I�)U3D+,�

� �6Q&�3>%)&%�ÕÖ3�_3M��6* =XQ3�_"·

5U>%)&=å�üd5�)U�%)&÷$CMxuD+,?5�F&

GVN"Q3�_3KMc�**I�)U3D�=X�¿�·�D;�)

%)&h�(��£2$��d5�)UÝÞD+�,mn�$mn�� P Á�3�_"·5U>%)&%�ýÂ>dÃ5\5IiX�}&AiI�

·5�)3D�Áz��_3M���ÞL&8Éò$Ð�;*+,Q3%

;"�§�}3�_"E ;�U>%)&?%�X��Þ5q)Þ*9n,

��d5�)UÄÅ�?3�L��_ ·�+U=å�$üd5�)U�

"0§"�=��}5ÔÞE ÆU>�*�U2%)&3��{|�3�

RN���úûD+,D+>d��_`aãäF?3+,D�{|�'$

��+U3$]:�ãä%�I�)U3D+,�

� ���??D�É"�I�JU3$��_`a3i�3bfØØD+,

}3MA�}3�_"E ;�U>%)&rtCx���ª2ª�¨�U

"4 $

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

��� �������� ����������

?%"¨I�Ç�"¨Ý wU,Q3i��}3¨&�bf�Å�¿�I

�)J>%)&3��Å�¶;)ãä>FA5*9n,}&)Iibf�

�)U%���$}&)&Î&"¨ÝU>%)&3�;\n%��+Ui

�"��"2#VW3X�E$8É"�I�;*+,�

� �6"2#VW$8É�3>��]�$�´'"�Ii<4\D�ÈÉ

ÂÊ�}3¬�_"óÝ9U>�%)&?%�X�U%V«AÂ+)DA

/&,Ó�q�ÉÌ3Ä;i)�]�$Ä>9i)�� P Á�3�_�}&ÂdX<$ËJ��Q3�_"ïÌA�FÍ/I%AidÃ5U>FA

5�)%A*+,?3�L"�¿P"@�Ä;i)�_"ïÌ+U3$)

)3>�#U)�� ¡ Á��� ´ Á�D· Â+)%?Ò"ïÌ+U3$))3>%)&3���ÎN"X��)%)Þ�)ÝÞD+�,�

� ÕÖ3×Ï$�ÎN"X�����%A�}3MA$}?3�_"ÄJ

>%)&3���+Ui�"��"2#VW3X�E$8É"�I�;*

+,ß?"A��"2#VW3X�E��&?%"¨I��}&)&Î&

"bf¨æ+5q��$¨ ÙÐN"�U>�¨ dÑ"�U>�#U)

�QFQF�ÎN"ÓÒ�?%�X�<"ïÌ+U3$[â�Ä�%�

U3>�%)IiOFVWN"��D;U¨&"�U3D+,�

� Ó�}��F�ÍD�{|�'$Å�"dí�_`a3bfØØ"@�

Ai%)&O�'ghA*Ai,�ÛN"v&%�E�»m��C�%+

U{|�'�ª2�$�Ô�ux�%¸D2Õ2)�DQ5÷5Öi�Ý

5�)i���#�6* �)bf��VWN"�*A)%)Ý5�)i

�A)bf"~ ¤�*Ai,?5��_`aãä�#U)�7�{|ã

äé6"k)��ïð"¶;��Ct)FMhx��ÐiÄ%v�*+,

j*D��º»¼'%"Å�×$�Å�¿3µ×��I�ÄI�)ibf

��"�ÝI��rtCx�VWÂr2stuvwMx�óC�Ð�;i

0?&)&���#�Ï·+5q¨ ��$¨J� *+¨2%)&VW

N�ùv$��êQ3**3�DÅ=Ai,#U��7�Åçmi)�?

%$ÄÝ5i3D+�,�

� j�3��Dà"�ÆAi)3$Ô�ux�DÄÝ5ibf¨æD+,

??D�¡¢¢�&*D��ó^ ���D�

%��*+�%)Ý5UE�DMA��_"E ÆI�)*Ai,?5��

VW¿�*A)%�5�)i Deferred Acceptance Algorithm����Dv&

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

% %)Ii¸D�x�3Ã�m %¨æA*AiP¢,?5�

f¼0�%I� �� %¨J�q5�)*+,�� ?3 �� E�"�Å��)ØÙ$#I��P¥�¡&""2#VW×D# Ñ�'DF#U"2ª%���Á23ÚX$�ï�Ñ�3W¼3þD�C

��X_AiF3D+PP,?3Ã�m��_`a3¼Û"Fï�D;U?

%"{|�'$<ç)i3$?3P¢&Jd)3OD�Å�"Q5�Ô�u

x�"ù_Ai%?ÒÜ��5iÝÞD+P¡,\�m"¥�"� *+$�

?3"2ª%���Á2$ù_Ai �� E�����DFÄÝ5�)U78¾13rtCx�D*�"�Ý5�)*+,+D"�>3��Dï�

�5�&*J)I�)UÃ�m��_`aãä"Fï�+U%��*(*

�å÷$#U%)&?%$8d>"� �=Å3bf¨æ"6�$Ii3

D+,�

� %?Ò$ÓÔ)3��Öi3Ô�uxE�%�q5Ubf�ïð"PÝ

ND�)*Ô"GJ3]·ÛD�Ý5ËÞ�)U%)&÷D+,��Dª

2ª�'gh+5q�;I%$�nF+¸"Ã�m�'V«)iÔÞU%

H)*+,=Å"�Þi¨&�F͸c#��Ý5iEF)dIA5U>

FA5*9n,VW¿�%F>J�Å�¿�>� AIJ JUª2ª"

�I�)U3D+,�

� Q&+U%��3¨&�3ãFÐ�JUDA/&,Å�"Ô�uxE�

>d �� E�"¨���miF330�;"Ô�ux�3bf¨æ�¨>Ii3>12,QA��bf¨æ+U¿Dßà%�I�)iVWN�µÇ

��=Å3�_`aãä�Å�Ç�"%d�U?%$D;�)�J��Í

/I%+U%0Ô�uxE�$)*Ô"�Ý5�)Urá"�=>;\n

%AiVc®+,$#UnC5�)>12%,*�"?33ã÷"Ü�U

¨&��\]^$ÄI�)*+3D�?3RD*i'ghAi)%H

���������������������������������P¢�â'3µUü �Deferred Acceptance Algorithm "ýã�# *9n,��D�t~�äÞUi�"�â'd3Ñ�À1ªD#U�� � å�� ¡¢P¢§ D�)i��·�æE�D��J DA� %��?%"A*+,�

PP�Gale and Shapley (1962),�P¡���N�¼´� Abdulkadiro�lu and Sönmez (2003), Abdulkadiro�lu, Pathak, Roth and Sönmez (2005) �}D+,�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

��� �������� ����������

)*+,�

� ���Q3¢>)O"LUy"�*<�bf¨æy3Ô�ux�D�Ý

5�)i�uxE�%)&3$}&)&�_`a3�m�3>�'

ghA*A/&,�

� *<��MA$*�d5i���3þ�Ó�qÔ�ux�ÔIidÔ�

ux�3þ3�_D�}?"Ä;i)>�`nÔ��u��"ùÐA*+,

Å�"�� P Á�>d)J6>*�d5i¿ç*D�Ä;i)�_3�xhx��½)�ùÐA�Fd)*+,�

� Ô�ux�3ED=�ÂU>%)&%�?&A�ùÐ�5i��u�l

��;��% #�<�MA�� P Á�3�_"E ÆI�m*+,E ÆIi%;"�?5�#d>C�ª2ªD**I�)UnD+Þ5}F�

�_'%"MA"ú+UèÓ¿ç$��d5�)��Q3èÓ¿ç$Ë)

MA>d¿�"Q3�_"·��9*+,Ô�ux�D��@�Q3�_

"%I�èÓ¿ç3Ë)MA%)&3��®¯��ºé3þ�"±nD)

��>6�kê�n>kë�n$ßC�_"óI�)UMAD+,���

kê�n>kë�n$Q3�_"óI�)UMA,Q3�$�®¯"±n

D)UMA,@�èÓ¿ç3ì)MA�n��?3 ´ ST3}5"Fí;A�)X,?&)Ii�D+o�3MA$�_'%" a 6")���Þ�5*+,�

� �MA�*<�� P Á�3�_"E ÆI��Äy"ý�ièÓ¿ç"HI��¿>d¿�"î)�)UM�"rtC�9�)J,?3%;�ý

Â"¥ï$#5q�Á�+UMA�éÂ�Þ·5U?%$D;*+$�ð

þDýÂ$�*Ii�L"��3¨&��Dñ`�Ä)*+,i%�q�

#U�_3ýÂ$P¢¢XD�Q?"èÓ¿ç$ P ò ´ �Æ3MA$£¢X�FI%FèÓ¿ç$ì)MA$�¢X�LÝ9�P´¢X$� P Á�%A�E Æd5i%A*A/&,?3��y'3£¢]�]�N"·�$** *

+,R'3�¢]"6)���ñ`�ÄI�¿ç¡¢  óP¢¢ô£¢§ ]$�xõ#"`q5·��Î�d5U?%"� *+,#Î5i´¢  ó�¢ô¡¢§ ]��3�¬xÌ"*Ý *+,�

� ?&A�� P Á�3�_>d#Î5�A*IiMAi\��jf�� ¡ �¬xÌD}d3� ¡ Á�3�_"E Æ *+,E Æd5iÓ3� ¡ Á�3�_"*ÔýÂ3î;$#5q�Q&)IiMA�ni\�·5U,

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

ðþDýÂ$�*Ii�L"��Ó�}%ßCÉöD�èÓ¿ç%�ñ`

"Ai$I�÷I�)UM����*+,?&)Ii[Ë;�=�¬xÌ

FËÞ�ÄI�)J%�Â$�#Î5UMA$§F)�J�I���X$

[pN"�}?>3�_%rtC+U?%"� *+,Q&)Ii�DE

ÆIi�_"MA�·��9U�%)&3$Ô�uxE�3 ED+,�

� ïð"PÝND+A�?5%�êßC E%)&3�¨J�ª2�ø

D3ù3`�E�n>"¨J�Ý5�)*+,\]^3{ç�H)ÐA�

m�F�i%�q¬�_3)��DúÂ�Âù�*�U�"��ñ`3�

Ý "C5nÞn�A�)*Ai$�Ô�uxE�%�}N"�ßCª2

ª$�Ý5�)*Ai,ynAi¨&"�=Å3�_`abDFÔ�ux

E��#U)�?5�zA¾¿AiÃ�m%)&3��óJå��5�)

U3D+,�

� ����"Ô�uxE�"�ÝI��Ý5U?%"�Ii �� E�"6)�Ç�);*A/&,?5F@Ç+U%�ª2ª�Ô�uxE�%ïð

"¨JÞ�)*+,iÔA�[�3kôDzAûü$8É�÷$*<ý�

U3D�+A���),�;�}'78Ai¨&"�Ô�uxE�3�L

�ýÂ$#Î5id�#Î5i%;"ÔÞñ`�Ä)*Ai,?5%�ú

²N"��� E��Ä&i�"��ßCèÓ¿ç3MAi\"úA��[�>dñ`�ÄI�k;�#d>C�þs�strict���6* ß¿�tie�

$�MA�)¨&"¿��E Æ *+,�MA$Ä;i)�_3��u

�ùÐ+U%?Ò*D��Ô�uxE�%*IiJ@��nD+Þ5}F�

Q3RD�ÕÖ3�_"6)�@�"èÓ¿ç3AM¤Á2hx��ÄI

�A*&%)&ÝÞD+,?3�AM¤Á2hx�R3�þs�èÓ¿ç

�F%"A����D78+U¨&��DMA�E ÆI�);*+,�

� }&)&Â E>%)&%�Ô�uxE�%ßC¨&"�*<�MA�

� P Á�3�_"E ÆU,ýÂ"î;$#5q�Á�+UMAéÂ��` #�<�0�ýN"2Q3�_"E ÆI�k;*+,FAFýÂ�

��UÁ�'$l*Ii%;��[�"*��k)ièÓ¿ç"HI��

ýÂ)IV)"�U*DMA��ýN"E Æ *+,}\d3�L"k

)�F��_%rtCAiMA�#J*D�ýN"Q3M��w�)UÔ

Þ�)Ýq�*�mi)��D�[pN"Q3�_ ·�D;U>}&>

$*Ôý*I�)�)�%)&÷"�+A���),?5?Q$Ô�ux

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

�� � �������� ����������

E�%3*ýN�b)"�I�;*+,�

� � ¡ �¬xÌD��� P �¬xÌDÃ5iMA�Q5÷53� ¡ Á�3�_"E Æ *+,Q3�"�Ó�}3Ô�uxE�3�L��@f� P Á�D�_%rtCAiMA3M��F&ÞýD�� ¡ Á��È"·�=��Ý5U?%�# *9nDAi,@ED?3 �� E���ª2ª"Í%Í� N�d5�)��� ¡ Á�DMAi\$#U�_�°ýAi%;"��"Q3�_3ýÂ$� P �¬xÌD�*I�)i%A�F��A�F&%+U3D+,�

� Ó�q�_3ýÂ$P¢¢XD�� P �¬xÌD+D"P¢¢X�3MA$�*I�)i%?Ò"�� ¡ �¬xÌD�i"�¢X3MA$ïÌA�;i%A*+,Q&+U%��AJNÝIi�¢X%� P Á�D�rtCAiP¢¢X3LÝ9�P�¢X3þ>d�#d>C�*��k)ièÓ¿ç"HI�

¿>dP¢¢�*D��i"öt)�t�+U3D+,?&Ai�rtC%

I'i\3^u�M3 �A�óCirtCx�3�mPA��� ´ �� a �¬xÌ�%¿�"ÄI�)J3$ �� E�"� *+,��_�>d+U%��¬xÌ$��q�¡�}�A)MAi\$i��

}d3&\èÓ¿ç$¨ ì)'$ �Ë)'$÷U%)&�D��r

tC+UMAi\3èÓ¿ç$}n}n¿$I�)J¨&"�I�)U,

@ED�ÕÖ3MA>d+U%�Ó"#U�_"ïÌA�F�-JïÌA

i?%]Û�m"�Ì�x�2À"��d�J��Q3gf+D"÷I�

)UMAi\%Ñ>��D�èÓ¿ç"HI��ÎU)�Þd5U,«"

v�q�]�$�)AM0x�DQ3�_"ïÌ+U?%"�I�F�ï

Ì3¿�"¨I�E��Ý�)ÝÞD+�,@Ç+U%¬��?3�$�

Å�¶;)b)�MnD);*+,�

� *<�VI%?5d ¡ 63ª2ª�Ç�<$çJ3��Ô�uxE���&%��MA#U)�×U���ÎN"]�3�m��I���+Uð

ñò$Ð�JU�%)&÷D+,@�MF2ÀAÂ+)3��Ó�}v�

AiÓ%ßC¨&"�� P Á�3�_�6* ]�$@�Ä;i)�_"�F3+'JGJ3MA$��+U%���5�)U�LDA/&,�

� Ô�uxE�3�L��� P �¬xÌD]�$ïÌAi�_"**d<"� ¡ �¬xÌ�È"õ�5U%�ïð"E��I�A*)*+,[�3�¬xÌD�*IiMA�R>d�)Ð+?%$D;�)3D�Ó�q�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

®¯D��)X<_"� P Á�DïÌA�Q?3M�",*5�)%�� ¡ �¬xÌ"õIi%;"�F&]�3®¯3�_�ýÂ$)IV)"�I�A*I��ÄÞ�)>FA5�),Q&)Ii��)�X�U%�¿

P"]�3Ä;i)�_�¿>d¿�"½J3$[â��Î>}&>�

>d�JI�;*+,&Q�6)��@�Ä;i)%?Ò�#;d�UÞ

}�¡ �Æ"Ä;i)�_Â]�3èÓ¿ç$Ë)�_�� P Á�"A�ïÌ+U�%)Ii?%$Õ?UDA/&,�

� Å�"Ô�uxE��Ü�A�)U�F�Í3]·ÛD��?3ª2ª

3�D��Q&)Ii�D&Q�6)��*#�"�0&Q�6)�2

%��=A�)D+Þ5}F�0��_3X<"æ+A�$d�ÎN"�

xhx��ùÐA��)2%)&�L"�+A�)*+,¨ �ÛN"�

0FAF� P Á�"X<_�°ý+U�L��� ¡ Á�"�é"·5U�_�½)�k;��)2%)Ii�Ì�M��8 N"ÄI�)U]·Û

F# *+,?5�` FP�<�?3Ô�uxE�"��ÎN"ïÌ+

UMx/x�£¤$MCU¥®$#U?%��A�)*+,�

� @E3 �� E��}&>%)&%�Å�Q&)Ii�ÎN"&Q�6JMx/x�£¤$�)F͸c#"�I�)*+,?5��ª2ªÔÞ�

Ç�)�FQn�"+¸"�I; %��>d�)%H&3D�zAÔÞ

P�'78A*A/&,�

Ô�uxE�D}&A�&Q�6)�wD;Uðñò$#Ii>%)

&%�ßC�_"ùÐ+UnÔIid-JïÌAiX3E$"åÔIi>

dD+,�55q�5UÔÞ}n}n®å"�I�)J,«"v&%�F

%F%3èÓ¿ç%�o��-JÐ+%)&?%3�j$ïð"Ë)?%

$�> *+,}5ÔÞèÓ¿ç$ËJ�F�� ¡ Á�DQ3�_�°ý+UMA%�oU%�i%�èÓ¿ç$ìJ�F� P Á�DßC�_�°ý+UMA3E$8<· Â+J�I�)U,Q5$Ô�uxE�3¶;

�àáD�Ô>d?Q&Q�6J¥¦$Ð�JU3D+,�

� %?Ò$ �� E�3�L��ïÌ3AM0x�$)6D#I�F�]�$ïÌAi%;"�jQ3�_"�ýN"%}*I�)U@�º���M

�ªi\%ßC��D���5U,Q&+U%�&Q�6)�*D-�"

Ð+F�tu$éJ�)3D+,}&9-�"Ð+F�tu$�)3D#

5q�Ä;i)�_>d¿�"ïÌA�)J3$wD+,Ô>d��_3

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

���� �������� ����������

�xhx��¿P"��+U3$��3MAi\3ïÌ3ÃE%�o@ù

"�ð"[â��Î"�I�)UÝÞD+P´,�

� ?3EÀt)��=Å" �� E�$�)d5U�"�+o�3MAÂ×Ï$jvIi¨&�O�;\n%V«A��¿P"Ä;i)�_3��u

�ùÐ+U?%���+UF3D�# *9n,iÔA�Å�"Ô�ux

�¸D2Õ2)�D��Q&)Ii��N��1¬x�F;\n%ÄI

�)*+,i%�q�0?3�E�3�D�&Q�6J8É��J��Ä

;i)�_�¿�"½Þq))nD+¨2%)&�",VWN"F�¿P

"��+U3$[â"�U�%)&ò}���Îò��;\n%�8�5

�)*+,?3÷$*<�Ô�uxE�% �� E�3¶;)b)"�I�;*+,�

� iÔ�?3�ÎN"&Q�çJMx/x�£¤$#U>}&>�%)&

÷ÔÞ�FI�A���� E�$Ô�uxE�¨ Fè5�)U%�WçÞU?%�D;�)DA/&,¡AÒ�ª2ª]Û$ïð"�x�ªD�

?Ö�� D�Ý5�)UÔ�uxE�"F@ý3F�tuÂLVò�

#U3D��)>�%)&<FA�;*+,�

� *i�QFQF�ÎN"&Q�6J¥®$#U%)&?%]Û$�Qn

�"¶;�ãä�3>�%)&?%F��"�W+o;>FA5*9n,

�ÎN�Mx/x�£¤"¨I����$�\5J\5"�U3D#5q

rc)D+Þ5}F��ÎN"�)i��%A��Ó�qdÑòÂÙÐò

$¡AÒ¿$U3D#5q�m"Ô�uxE�3**DF))>FA5�

)>dD+,�

� ,ô)?%"�&Q�6JMx/x�£¤$#U?%$Qn�"!)

?%�3>�«"�)?%$�;"")?%�3>}&>"6)��3ã

�4I�)U�´'FÅ�"�)*Ai,����Ô�ux��Boston

Public Service�3d#��x�D,$�5i�´'3Å�3%D+Pa,�

���������������������������������P´��3±N'3�Î"¨d<�]�3�m�¿P"��+U?%$[â"�I�)

U�%)&ò}�� strategy-proofness %op��D���*+,��ÎòÂ�RD&�+U�ýò�}�rtCx�ãä3VWN�ò}"@'3#UE��

?3��3�M¤ªN�h�uD#U Roth and Sotomayor (1990) �±²A���),�Pa��Ë�â'"¨U,�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

I’m troubled that you’re considering a system that takes away the little

power that parents have to prioritize…

… what you call this strategizing as if strategizing is a dirty word…

(Recording by the Committee, 05-11-04)

� ??D��Ai�´'���3¨&�¸D�x�3?%�vI�)U%

X�d5*+,F%F%3ÖE��Ô�uxE��3�L��]�$èÓ

¿ç�¨�U?%"¨I���_"úA�º)Á��+H� �+U?%

$D;UÝÞD+�,P �Æ"}?3�_�Ð+>"¨I����¶;J¨Ý wU,Ô>d?Q�]�$Ä;i)�_"úA��Ä;i)%)&

Ft/2À�#U+,D;\n%Ð+?%$D;i3D+,�

� %?Ò$��E���� E��3�D��¿P"]�3��u�ùÐ+U3$[(�3D��´'$Q5�¿"D;U?%�=F# *9n,�

*A)��$Å=A*+¨�%)&�"�vÝ5�)U3ÔÞ5}F�Q

3���*�U3�):N�É��nD+�,�%n}3MA�ßCèÓ

¿ç"Í�*�2�5U3D�AM¤Á2hx�3�3JC�"¨I��

�$¶;J!��5UÝÞD+,ÖE�3�D��F\ÒnJC�F#U

ef��É�nÔÞ}�]�DÄ;i)�_�>� +H� D;i,?

&)&�Hi��´'$4I�)i¬�)(U2��)`U�!)bf¨

æ�nC5�)>%)&3���?3�´'�+��)U3D+,�

�_`a3¥®$�#U+, �� E�"¨I�,I�A*&3D��%)&3ã$;Ä'D#U�´'>dFÅ�Ð�)i3D+$�-B3VW

�PÝ�;\n%Jm`5�)*9nDAi,?3ãä�\i\3

$}3¨&"«*Ai3>�%)&Ü�$jõ3��3.'"�I�;

*+,J¢"6)��*iRDCIJ %Z5U?%"A*A/&,�

5���6�7�89:�

� ����� E����"�ÎN"&Q�6JMx/x�£¤$MC�)%)&ÔÞD��J��dÑòÂÙÐò3>÷>dF�VWN"�*A

)%¬/�5�)*Ai,?303ßà�#Uef;\n%78+Ui�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

���� �������� ����������

"�j�@��)¸Íª�(2u"�UnD+Þ5}F�rtCx�

"k)�[F����D#U "6)�'78Ai)%H)*+,�

� *< %)&3���fD\/I%'ghA*AiÞ}�

X%X�#U)�X%�-�rtC�9U¨&�=û��óJ1&?%3

D;U"2#VW3@��D+,�q�233rtCx�%>FQ&D

+�,?5��4��D2ò%3ò$}&)&�"rtC+U>�%)&

Ó"���5U¨&� P ú P 3rtCx�"� *+,#U)�F&\/I%|uD�5K��"kÞUàá%5K'3rtCx�3¨&"�5K

'�i>Ô>@63àá%A>rtCA�)Þ}�àá�|Ñ35K'%

rtC+U�%)& P úG3� ,�>"F�¿4àá%�4àá%3YD}&)&Î&"`�$ÄÝ5U>�%)Ii�L"&�+UGúG3r

tCx�$X�d5*+,�

\�m"��_`aãä��?3Í�*�23þD)&%6nþ3�M

A�i>Ô> P 63�_%A>JI6>�)Þ}��_�|Ñ3MA%rtCD;U�P úG3rtCx�3@ÓD�op��D�Ux®u7®F¸2�#U)�F¸2®u7®Ux%)Ý5U)��3ãä";A*+,�

� ?&AirtCx�ãä�X�U�"]:%Ý)�JU3$�0}&)

Ii���Fid+¨&�rtC3�9E$�*A)3>12%)&3ã

DA/&,Q5"ú+U@�"��Ü�$�0 $Å=+U

¨&�rtCx�3Ã�m��)��)2%)&F3D+,Å��[�"

v�Ai��3¾1rtCx�bfD�)d5�)UF͸c#F��

ýrtCx��Fid+¨&�ª2ª�Ü�A�)*+,�

� ?3�ýrtCx�$=D�8dA)>�V«+Ui�"���Dýß

�'78A*+,P úG3@6N�rtCx�ãä��WAi)3D��_`a>dzAÔÞ¢5��¶�·93rtCx��MF2ÀA�$dX

��);*A/&,j��M$:X)��¶�$;_#U%)&� ��

ýA*+,Q5÷53�_�ýÂ�quota��4I�)���_ P 3ýÂ� ���X��_ ¡ � � X%)&�"�A*+,�� *�d5iýÂ3þD�}3�M�}3¶�"rtC�9U>%)&?

%�X�i)nD+Þ5}�Ó�q#U P 63rtCx���D���M P % ¡ $¶� ¡ %��M ´ $¶� P %��M:$¶�;%i*i*rtCA�)U%A*A/&����MÌ � � ±²�,??D�rtCx�$�3

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

¡ 63ò}��i+%;"�ýND#U�%v)*+,P 6Æ3ò}��individual rationality��¡ 6Æ� $B�A�)�

%)&STD+,�

� *<�ÕXLVò$=�+,+U3>�78A*+,Ó�}3rtCx

�ÓD���M ¡ �¶� ¡ %rtC+U?%"�I�)*Ai,%?Ò$�¶� ¡ "ÄJ¸d)ÔIid<XAiE$))�#U)��F&}?3¶�"Ä>�)E$*AÔ�%HI�)U>FA5*9n,ß?"�¶�;

>d+U%��M:�ïð"ì=$!)�*i�F3+'JÂU<$�J

���"ýÂ$î)�)i%A�F�Þ·5iJ�)>FA5�)���

�MÌ ` � ±²�,?3¨&"�]�>d@EN"rtCx��«e+U?%"¨I�� $�>+U�L"�?3rtCx��ÕXLVò��i�

�)�%v)*+,]� P X$0Â2�i2%vIidwD;U�Q&)&±N'$@XDF)U� D+�,«"�rtCx�$ÕXLVND#5

q��X3+H"�A�)Â)Â�$drtC�9d5�)U±N'�@

XF)�)?%"� *+,�

"%&�';$�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

��� �������� ����������

� �"�¤Ethx�]�$=>�«7A*A/&,ji%�q�¶� ¡ %rtCA�)U�M ¡ $�Å�¶� P 3E"¨ Ä;i)%HI�)��ßC¨&"�¶� P �]�$j�Þ·5�)U�M¨ F��M ¡ 3E$@A),Q&)&� �X�*+����MÌ £ ��,Q&+U%��M ¡ %¶� P $Q5÷5j�nD)U?[�¨���k@)"rtCAL&%�A'"%I�ltö2"�UÝÞD+¨�,?&)Ii�?[��m¤�

U?%"¨I�k@)"wD;U¨&�]��¤Ethx�]�%��

*+,*i�Q&)Ii]�$#U�L�\i\3ÓD��M ¡ %¶� P D+Þ}�?3rtCx�$ �5U�%�=A*+,¤Ethx

�]�$o)%��?[��m¤��wD;U¨&�]�$@�FB�A

�)?%�+,A*+,�

"%&�'<$�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

� *%�U%��ýrtCx�%��]�@XÔÞDrtCx��«eA

�FwD;U±N'$@XF)�J��óÕXLVò���d"�rtC

x���mP+?%"¨I�k@)"wD;U¨&�±N'3]�$@

�F)�)�¤Ethx�]�$B�A�)�¨&�rtCx��°A�

)*+,�

?3�ýrtCx�3ST%)&3��>� V">�I�)UÉB3

¨&"Ç�*+,FAF�i*i*�*9�mirtCx�$Q5÷53

ST��iA�)�>Ii�L"��±N'%A��®�$i*UDA/

&,�d"�¤Ethx�]��Ç6ÞÐAid�[�"°ýAirtC

x�"HÝ<"�]�i\D�A)rtCx��]�N"�mPA�A*

&>FA5*9n,?&)Iiðñò�X�U%��ìN�rtCx�3

Ã�m�Ï·+U%;"���ýrtCx��Fid+¨&�bf"+U

3$¨)3D��)>�%)&<$A�;*+,Å�"��� ¡ �D �5�)U¨&"��ýrtCx��Fid+bf$cJBËA�)U3"

úA�®�ý�rtCx����Fid+bf�ðþDCD�5�)U�

L$G)?%$µd5�)*+,�

"%&�'=$�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

��� �������� ����������

"4�(��P��

� �¿D�rtCx�VW"&�+U[F�É���D#U�ýrtCx

�"@+U78$pÝ *Ai,?5DÂI%��_`a3O"EUnD

+Þ5}F�Å�Ô�ux�$Ü�Ai�E�D#U �� E�3�A)�*A�3 P 6��F͸c#�óC�Ð�JU��$8<�ýrtCx�"�U�%)&÷�3D+,%?ÒD��I;�ýrtCx�3ýß�'

ghAi%;"�$�n3þ"08<�ýN�rtCx�$B�+U3

>12%':"�IiE$)U>FA5*9n,?5��;\n%B�+

U?%$Ñ�N"�8�5�)*+,ãä��Q3�ýrtCx��}&

)&Î&"FA��Å�¿}&ÂI�Å=+U>%)&?%D+Þ5}F�

�� E����q�G"�ýrtCx��Å=+U?%$D;U�%)&ÝÞD+,�

� F& P ÷��_`aãä"k)��6�ýrtCx�$�É�3>�"6)�F&zAÔÞH �S��WA�k;*A/&,Å���_`ab

3¼ÛD��rtCx�3�ýò�dÑò%+'J@ÊA�)UnD+�,

���������������������������������P��Roth (2002) ¨ >(,�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

*<�ÕXLVò�G"�i�5U3D??D��5��¤Ethx�

]�$MCU� $}&)IiF3>�X��m*+,�q��I;3

¶�·�3Ó����MÌ £ ��%ßC¨&"�MA ¡ $�_ ¡ %JI6J?%"�I�)UnÔÞ}�Å��_ P 3E"¨ Ä;i),?3%;"��_ P $MA ¡ �¨ @A$I�)U%)&3��èÓ¿çD��Ai%;"�MA ¡ 3E$�j�Þ·5�)U#UMA¨ FèÓ¿ç$Ë)�%)&?%�+,A*+,�

� 6* �¤Ethx�]�$MC�)U%;��MA�>d+U%�]

�$¨ Ä;i>Ii�_$#UnÔÞ}�Q?3�_"óI�)UMA

�ÇU%�]�¨ FèÓ¿ç3ì)MA$)U�%)&?%"�UÝÞ

D+,?5Ô%�=D]�¨ èÓ¿ç3ì)MA$�]�3Ä;i>I

i�_"ÄÞ�)UnÔ%)&�#U�®dÑmi)�F3$÷I�A*

&>FA5*9n,%?Ò$��ýrtCx��Fid+ �� E���I�)5q�Q&)IiV®I�H)%)&>�®dÑ����±ú"MC

�)3D+�P�,�

� ����� E�3å÷�Å�?5ÔÞD�%}* *9n,+D"'ghAi¨&"�Ô�uxE���&%�MA��ÎN"Ä�+U>FA5

*9n,�MA$�ÎN"Ä�+U�L����$}&�U>�¿Þ"�

¨J�>d�)ÝÞD+$�����%A�@��Ý5�)U3���f

D'ghAi1t�D ¡"� *+,D��Ô�uxE��#i>F"

2#%A�J�i%;"�1t�D ¡P`$}&�U>%v&%�Å�?

\dF�ýrtCx�"�I�)U?%$�> *+,iÔ�\/I%�

+$8ÉD��ýrtCx�%)&3�@6"�|ÑB�A�)��Ô�

uxE�31t�D ¡F�ýrtCx�%ßCÑÔÞ#I��k@)$

¿Þ"@KA�)U3D+,�

� @Ç+U%��� E�FÔ�uxE�F�ýrtCx��Fid+3D�$o)¨&�<$A*+$�?3��"�Ë;$# *+,Ô�uxE

���������������������������������P��?3V®I�H)��op��D justified-envy %�q5�)*+,�

P`�¨ ¿Þ"��èÓ¿çÂMAi\3�_ 3�m$+o�L"µÏ%�I�)

U�L"kÞU�MAi\$�M�ÎA>�)�) ��A�)*+,�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

�� � �������� ����������

���ÎN"�Á2�9U%�=$Å=+U>��>d�)nÔÞ}�}

5>Ad�ýN�rtCx�$�1t�D ¡%A��Ð�;*+,@E�

�� E�3+')ò}%A��|ÑB�+U>FA5�)�ýrtCx�3þ>d�MAéÂ"%I�@�Ä;i)�_%JI6ÞU¨&��#U

�àm��ýrtCx��Å=+U�%)&?%$µd5�)*+,�

� }&)&+,D0@�Ä;i)�_%rtCD;U23>�"6)�¹

�A�k;*A/&,Ó�q��ýrtCx�$P¢Õ#Ii%A*+,Q

5÷53�ýrtCx�"k)���MA�}?>Ad3�_%rtC+

U?%"�UÝÞD+Þ5}�Ó�q#UMA$P¢Õ#U�ýrtCx�

3þD�´ 6ý�U�_"E Æd5U%A*A/&,#U�ýrtCx�3�D��_N"ÄJ?%"�I�)��m3�ýrtCx�D�O"

ÄJ?%"�I�)���d"m3�ýrtCx�D�P"ÄJ?%"�

I�)*Ai�%)&¨&�� D+,Q3%;"�N�O�P3þDN

$@�Ä;i)�_ÔIi%+U%��� E���I�Ð�JU�ýrtCx�D��8<?3MA��_N"ÄÞU�%)&�"�I�)UnD

+�,�

� QJo;?%"�jnoiò}$ �� E�3��"k)��+o�3MA"%I�ì íI�)U3D+,MAéÂ$��ýrtCx�3þD]

�$·�D;U�_3þD�@�Ä;i)�_"ÄÞU�%)&ïð"º

)ò}�4I�)U,?3+,D�MAi\"%I�[F�*A)�ýr

tCx���]�N"öt)�t�A�J5U3$ �� E�"�I�)*+,?5"úA��Ô�uxE�D��VWN���D#U1t�D ¡

$|ÑB�A�)U3D�}3�ýrtCx�$Å=+U>��> *9

nP£,�

� �¿3O�R*�U%��� E���I���)5q�}n�"!J�FÔ�uxE�%ßCef"�")��"�UA�@6N"�Ô�uxE

�¨ F�*A)��$Å=+U�%)&?%$v�*+,?&)Ii�

à�4I�;��Ô�uxE�¨ F �� E�3E$�*A)�%op×$ST¬��+?%"¨I��¸D2Õ2)�ÂÔ�ux�D�Å�" ���������������������������������P£�??D�ô· A*9n$� ¡�Î 3­2v£�2�Áx3ÙÚ�}3Vc

>d�1t�D ¡]Û$QFQFÅ=A�)ðñòF# *+,�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

�� E�$Ü��5U"UIi3D+P¥,�� j3O�RJ%�?&)IiVWN���$;\n%�>I�)UnÔ

Iid�F& �� E�D))C5�)>%H��JU>FA5*9n,�ÎN"&Q�6JMx/x�£¤F�)A�Ð�JU��FdÑ>6ÙÐ

ND��� E�"�=dI\f$�)nC5�)>%?3��3op×i\FX��)*Ai,A>A�Å�¨J¨JÇ�mU%�I\f3¨&�

F3F#Ii3D+,Q5�AI> %H Õ?Ai3$�?5>d'g

h+U\]^3"� *+,�

>�?@ABC�

� j'ghAi �� E�3VWN�ò}��Å�>� ï=ÅN�àá�46���ãvª�óC�wd5iµÇ"�I�)*+,}&)Ii+

,D-B3$���ý�É)�)i>%)&%�*<�ÕÖ3�_

$[�>d�6* AM¤Á2)�+Uy>d�þs�èÓ¿ç�MAi

\"úA�4I�)U%�ýA�)*Ai,Å�"��GJ3MA$ßC

èÓ¿ç"Í�*�Mc�5�)��Q3þD�xõ#"AM¤Á2)+

U%)&É�$�?3�_`aãä�X�U¿D��É�nD+Þ5}F�

Q3¾��;\n%��D;�)�>IinD+�,Q&AiÞÐN�É

�$·I�;i%;"�-B3��$Q3**ì í63>�%)&CM

xu�\5n%�Cªt)A�)�>Ii,�

� N��v&%�ÅçVD�M�l��;���N��_`a3Åç�+

U%�8<AF �� E�3(�©2rx�$�3F͸c#%�o�8Þ"")ÝÞD��)�%)&?%Fµd5�)*Ai¡¢,�L"¨I��

Ô�uxE�DF�ïð"Ä;i)�_"mn�ÄÞU¨&���$Ð�

;i +U,?303�à%�#%�-"'78Ai¨&"�=Å"�Ô

�uxE�$)*Ô"@��Ý5�)U[FCöD�2�E�Ô�%)&

���������������������������������P¥�A�3bfØØ"@+U{."6)���Abdulkadiro�lu, Pathak and Roth (2005)�Abdulkadiro�lu�Pathak, Roth and Sönmez (2005) $Q5÷5«7A�)*+,�¡¢���N�Åç%A���Chen and Sönmez (2006)�Featherstone and Niederle (2008)�Pais and Pintér (2008)��}$µd5�)*+,�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

���� �������� ����������

ÄÅ�R*�U%�=>\/I%WA)�8d>"�I�)�)X5iò

}$#UnC5�)>�%)&��$kêÒS"Ð�JUÝÞD+�,�

� Q?DÅ�"¢>J���A�mid�#U�3=ÅN�� 3�D

0Ô�uxE�3E$ �� E�¨ F¨ ��$�*AJ�U2%)&?%$�> *Ai,?5�8d>"Ai3$�j&�American Economic

Review�%)&��Y"�(�5i\]^3W¼�vD2)¶�3 Abdulkadiro�lu Z»m%­Ex%�¶�3 Che »m%3Lß�"�

*+,�d"�??Dwd5i�Ô�uxE�$�L"¨I�� �� E�¨ F�*A)���Fid+>FA5�)�%)&µÇ�R*���C

5#0?3 ¡ 6¨ F�*A)���[ì+UF͸c#��)>12%)&ãä�X�iW¼F½;¿S*Ai�Abdulkadiro�lu, Che and Yasuda,

2008�,iÔ�����YFüd5�)*+3D�\d$X�i�A)F

͸c#3O�[RD�n3zAÔÞZ5U?%"A��y'D8d>"

Ai�uxE�% �� E�3��"@+U��"6)�����ghA�$dQ3�t/x��'78Ai)%H)*+,�

� ?5�¨J{|�'$Ä&�RN� E�nD+Þ5}F�*<@�

G�ãä>dX��m*+,%)&ÝÞD��3¨&�ïð"���

��ýA*A/&,�_$ ´ 6DMA$ ´ X�Q5÷53�_3ýÂ� P 6,6* PKP 3rtCx�3OD+�,�MA3�m�#d>C���d5�)���_N$@�¨J���_O$ ¡ �Æ��_P$@�Ä;iJ�)�_,mn�ßC�_"ú+U?úN��m�4I�)U%�ý

A*+,�

P� ¡� ´�

N� £� £� ��

O� ¡� ¡� a�

P� ¢� ¢� ¢�

"4���$�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

� %?Ò$�� Øý"\/I%Í%Í� A�#I��MA P % ¡ ��_N"¨ Ä;i)%A*+,� P Á�3�_3�j�ïð"Ë),Q5��+i�"��� ´ �D@ïÑ03 £ %)&3��3þ"·5�minD+Þ5}F�«s%A����_N"ÄÞU%ÑjN"b\+U% £ ¸d)3Ù��?5���Ý3¨&�F3D+�$#U%A*+,@ED�

�_O"ÄIi�L�Qn�"&5AJ�J��¡ A>Ù�$wd5�),@E��_P"ÄIi�L��}3MA"%I�F[!����3D�?

5� ¢ %]ûÚA�k;*A/&,�� MA ´ �MA P �¡ %zAb&�m�4I�)��� P Á�$N%)&3�¨Ýd�)nD+Þ5}F�� P Á�%� ¡ Á��6* �_N%O3��Qn�"¶;J�),�_NDFQn�"&5AJ�J��� A>Ù�$wd5�)nÔÞ}��_ODFQ?Q?��D;��a 3Ù�$wd5U,?&)&� �X��m*+,*i�Äy"��d5i�ºé

�}3èÓ¿ç�@~�J��+o�MA�}3�_"k)�FßCèÓ

¿ç";A�)U%A*+,Å�"MA%�_�rtC�9Ui�"��

JC��)�AM¤Á2)+U?%"� *+,�

� ?&)&� D�Ó�q �� E��ÂU%��$}&�UDA/&>,H)ÐA�)iÔ;i)nD+Þ5}��� E�3�L�&Q�6JMx/x�£¤$# *9n,�3D�}3MAF]�3�m�¿P"��A

*+,�ÛN"��N�O�P%)&¿�3�xhx��éÂ$ùÐA*

+,Q&+U%�}n��ú^N��AM¤Á2hx�3ª2ª��I�

F�mn�ßC�m�ÐA�)U3D�$MC*9n,��N"�ÞÐ ´ �3 P <6DQ5÷53MA��_N�O�P"E ;�d5*+,6* �JC3ÐÆ"¨I��§$}?"ÄJ>%$èé"�xõ#"**I�J

U,?5$ �� E���Ii�L3��"� *+,�� Q3%;"��MA3Ù�3yzj�?5� %��*+��Ø

\+U%�´ �3 P 3ÞÐDQ5÷53�_"ÄÞU3D�é ´ �3P¢%)&yzj�wU?%"� *+,�

�"�?3ÞÐN���%�ý�UE Æ E�\/I%X��m*A

/&,}&)&E Æ E�X�U>%)&%�� ¡ Á�DFQ?Q?��D;UMA ´ ���_O3M��ÞÐ P D���A*&,@ED�÷IiMA P % ¡ "@A���¡ X%FN"+'JÄ;i$I�)U3D��­

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

���� �������� ����������

MxDFÆI��̂ Ö3ÞÐD��_N"ÄJ>�_P"ÄJ>�*�U,�

� ?3�¤N�E Æ E3F%D��X3yzÙ�3j�}&�UDA

/&>,*<�MA ´ �=d®ÞÅò"!��5U?%�J�_O"ÄÞU3D�a "� *+,MA P % ¡ �ÞÐ�¢_DN"ÄI��Q3%; £ 3Ù��w��÷ 3ÞÐ^�D ¢ �3D�yzj�Ø\+U% a "� *+,%)&?%>d�?3�A)ÞÐN���3�D��éÂ$a3yz

��wU?%$�> *+,Q&+U%�+o�3MA"%I���I

;3 �� E�3��%�oi�"�z�J%F��$Þý+Uy3Äy3í�>d+U%�� $3(A�)U?%$�> *+,�

� ÓÔ)3��j78Ai?3�¤N�E Æ E%)&3��Å�Ô�

uxE���&%1t�D ¡%A�Å=+U�`@3���"�I�)

U�%)&?%D+,�6Q&�U3>�78+Ui�"��MAi\3

�ÎN�Mx/x�£¤�X��#SU8É$# *+,MA P % ¡ ��_N3��f$%�FË)3D��>3MA$=�ÂÒ&%F�¿P"� P Á�%A��_N�ùÐ+U3$[â��Î"� *+,Q5�R*�U%�MA ´ ��F&Ç�"X<3#U�_N�äÞiE$w"�I�;*+,�6>%)&%�FA]�$ßC¨&"�_N�� P Á�%A�ùÐ+U%��� E�3�%ß?�´ �3 P �´ �3 P �´ �3 P 3��"�I�A*&nÔÞ5}F�]�$�I��_O�� P Á�%A�ùÐ+U%��_O3M��i\}?Ò"h2�D;UnD+�,Q&+U%�?

3Ô�uxE��"2#%A�Ç�#SU%�`@31t�D ¡��M

A P �¡ $¿P"���A�N�� P Á�%A�½;�MA ´ �O�� P Á�%A�½J?%"� *+,MA ´ $�ÎN"&Q�6J?%"¨I��éÂ3��f$¿$UnD+�,�

� D�=D-BD?&)&��$�?�>Ii>%)&%�QFQ

F�_>dÇiMA3ß¿ç%)&F3�X��)�>Ii3D�ÞÐN

"Q3:���m¤��Þ5q)Þ�)%;"=$Õ?U>�%)&ãä

��%n}��D;�)�>IinD+,=Å3�_`abD�AM¤Á

2hx�$%�F�ÉD�?3AM¤Á2hx��R*�U%�Ô�ux

E�3E$éÂ"%I��*A)���Fid+?%$#U,?&)&�

-B3a:N�ÇE�¶;J¨�U¨&���$wd5i3D+,�

� �d"��6Ô�uxE�$ �� E�¨ F¨)���FidA�)U

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

3>�%)&VcFïð" ,ô)D+,�;�}3Ó�H)Ð+%�¿

P"Á��ùÐ+UMA P �¡ %)&3��� P Á�3N"ÄJ%��f$Ë)>d�¿P"N�� P Á�"½)�)UnD+�,@E��ÎN"�I�)UMA ´ %)&3��� ¡ Á�3�_ODFQ5� "��D;UX"�I�)U,kQdJ?&)IiEÀt)��=Å3�_`a3ã

äDFÇ�"Õ?I�)Q&D+,§$�U>%)&%��ÎN"&Q�

6)�F#* E��Ý<"��é"��D;CÀ�Áx�h2�D;U

¨&�X,@ED��m�¨�U?%"¨UrM1��$Ç�"¶;)X

��Gz��)$#I�F¿P"ùÐ+U,?3¨&"��X$]�3�

m"Sb)��2c1¤ª��D��ÎN"�&Q�6)�J5U>d?

Q�éÛ3ÙÐò�6* MAi\3��f$¿$UnD+�,�

� ?3EÀt)�\/I%cd>FA5*9n,MxA%D2D�´'$

)mCJF°eA�)i¨&"��ÎN"�_�`q�Þ5q�d�)�

%)&3�8<AF!)?%D��J��¡AÒ�X$�ÎN"]�3Á

�����9U¥®�MmÐ+?%"¨I��éÛ3��f$¿$U>F

A5�),�� E�mi)"¿P"Á��v&3$ð"w"�I�)U¨&�F͸c#3�L"��rR"#U�m3¶¬3b)����9U?

%$D;*9n$�«"Ô�uxE�D��&Q�6)��ÎN"���

f�$D;UMx/x�£¤$#U>d?Q�ÙÐò$¿$U>FA5�

),vF�tuÔ%HÝ5�)i&Q�çJMx/x�£¤$�Å�ÙÐ

ò�¿SUg�hI�)i3D+,�

� jõ3��D��MA$ ´ XD�_$ ´ 6%)&�=ÅN"�\/I%X�d5�)¸d)��s2�3m'ghA*Ai,iÔA�?5�#

J*D�t/x��78+Ui�3�ÚD�@6"�_3Ñ� +3;

Õ�MA3Ñ�:X"A���A�F�ßC¨&���$Ð9*+,ßC

¨&���%)&3���MA$�_"úA�ß@3?úN��xhx��

N$ P ��O$ ¡ ��P$ ´ ��mi)�3�4I�)UnÔÞ5}F�}5ÔÞ� P Á�"Ä;i)>�}5ÔÞ� ¡ Á�"Ä;i)>�%)&�m3¶;�$b&¨&�%;"�8<Ô�uxE�D3��3E$��� E�3��¨ FÄy3��f$éÂ"%I�Ë*U%)&?%��;\

n%VWN"��8A*Ai,�

� ?5��"F�Ô�uxE�3vF�tu%)Ý5�)i?Ö�àá$�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

��� �������� ����������

Å�F�tu>FA5�)%)&?%��W¼3þD�8d>"A�)*

+,ãvª3�ý�zA=ÅN�F3"+U?%D�HiÇ�'�5�)

i÷$)J6Fi>�¿$I�;i3D+,Q303��$�American

Economic Review�"�(�5iW¼�Abdulkadiro�lu, Che and Yasuda, 2011�

"�(I�)*+,Qn�"c)W¼D��)D+A�j�F���l

cD+,{ýV$ì í6PÝÂEÀt)F�Ó�}378D�%n}I

;�)U3D�'@'3#UE�6ͯW¼F/nDm���),�

� ����"C��2Mx��s2�Áx�6* j'78Ai��>d

}&)Ii��N��+$Ï>5U>�%)&O"FLI�);*A/&,

\d3�VI%RJ%�Ô�uxE�3å÷% �� E�3ö÷$i;k "�5�)U,Ô>d�l¶�7�Åç%A�Ô�uxE�>d �� E�"¨�i]·Û$#U3ÔÞ}��;�¨��)E$¨>IinC5

�)>�#U)��_`a��uxE����q))nC5�)>�%

)&Î&"HÝ5U>FA5*9n,A>A�Q5�Å�\d3�+D�

�J��@�+�i)3���_`aãä$HiHÝ5�)i�}G�

ãäD��J�=ÅN�� �;\n%Jm`I���ùv"6�S�)

>�Þ5q)Þ�)�%)&÷D+,�

Ó�q�MA�ÎU)">ÞU�"�8<���u�ùÐAiR"�A

M¤Á2hx�$·I�JU%>�#U)��>3MA$}&)&�mÂ

AM¤Á2hx�3��$}&�U>�%)&l�$Äy"��>d�)�

%)&� �;\n%ãvª3þD��A�Þ5q)Þ�),Q&)&®

ÞÅò$#UþD��X$�ÎN"Ä�Ai��}&�U>�%)&ãä

��F&\/I%��"��+U8É$#U,QA��Å�"��"��

A�#SU%�\i\$Ç6Þi¨&"�j*D3-BDmCd5�

)i��$P£¢f¨ÝU¨&�?%$Õ? wU>FA5�)3D+,�

� ?&)Ii�¨ ;�¢>�VWN����R*�i¿D�?5�\]

^F` �nD)UnD+Þ5}F�ÅçÂ=Å3v2A3���}�¹

èN"ÄI�)J?%F�ÉDA/&,{|ÅçD��Å�"X��RN

"�¶�M�l��;��ý�U�_`ab���N"�Á2�9*+,

QA���ÎN�Ä�$}3ef>?�5U>�F͸c#YD��$}

&¨ÝU>�%)Ii÷���+U3D+,¸D2Õ2)�ÂÔ�ux�

3v2A>d��� E�3(�©2rx��PQ��+U�%)&F

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

ÄÝ5�)*+,�MA$¿P"��A�)U?%�yù%+U%�QA

�?5�[â��Î"�I�)*+��Ó�q=E¸d)3MA$Å�"

� P Á�3�_"·�D;i3>�%)Ii?%$i;k "� *+,�� �¿3O��Ô�uxE�% �� E�3��"n÷�#�iF3DAi,?&)Ii�W�R*���\d3 ¡ �Æ3W¼D��#U+,DÔ�uxE�% �� E�3))%?` �Ai¨&��� ´ 3F͸c#�ù_A�)*+,*i��3'i\F��*A)�_`ab3Ã�m"6

)�)Ò)Ò%�ÛN�_�ù AÖ��)*+¡P,�

� }3¨&�F͸c#$á+]û"�U>��j3%?Ò*Ô�I;

%��>d�)nD+Þ5}F�\3ÝoÔ%�Â� &Q�6>�J�

|¡%)&F�tu��)*Ô" �� E��KC2u+U¶;)Vc"��I�)*+,@EDÔ�uxE�3¨&"�ïð"&Q�6J¥®$¶

;)¨&�F͸c#��Îi�Þ�mU*D}&)&��"�U>�

Q3��$WA)%)&÷$�t)"�I����3þD�*ÔKC2u

+UX$GJ�)¨&"ÝC*+,�

� �Y$o)3DJ¢"�Z5*9n$�Å�"\i\$�AJù_A�

)U� ´ 3F͸c#"��ùÐ+U�xhx�"@A�� �� E�%ß?"¿P"ùÐ+U3$w"�I�)UÞ5}F�����ª�pD��

1ªmi)�F3�q5U¨&"+U�%)&Í� $·I�)*+¡¡,

Q3��1ª`a3¾�"�ÎN�É�$�5���ÎN"&Q�6)�

wD;U>FA5�)3��}3�_"��1ª�Ð+>�%)&ãäÔ

Þ"r�d5�)*+,Q5��� �� E��RsA�)��#U+,D3"�3 �� E�%)IiF3�ù©A�)*+,�� Å�"}3�_`a3E�$))>%)&3��*Ô*Ô��$� �

)%?ÒF#U3D�þkôD�lth�%AiÜ�$Ð9�)¨&"H

)*+,�fD'ghAiE�»m3»k%F6�$UnD+Þ5}F�

#n* |u�bf"A�tU%�;\n%MAÂ�´'$V«A���

_"ú+U�m���A�J5�)>FA5�),#U)��QFQF�

·N"bf�Ï·+U?%]Û$WA)>FA5�),��VWN��

���������������������������������¡P�i%�q�Erdil and Ergin (2008)�$ù©Ai Stable Improvement Cycle (SIC) �},�¡¡�?3�E�� Choice Augmented Deferred Acceptance (CADA) %�nD)*+,�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

��� �������� ����������

*A�ÔÞD��J�)Ò)Ò�=ÅN�ɦ�Jm` 66bfØØ�

A�)>�Þ5q�d�)�?5$?3��3WA)%?ÒD+�,�

D�EFGH�

� r2stuvwMx%)&��3@��hKM�£x��%?Ò��@

Ç+U%u¿3îWÔ%HÝ5$\��{|�'Â"2#VW×3X�i

�A)bf�Ã�m$��%n}Q3**3�D=Å"ï��5�)U�

%)&÷D+,�d"�?5>dFI%ï�Ó�ë��)J%H)*+,�

� Q3�"�VWó "&*J)J�LF#UA�«"�Å�"ÂI�m

id?n�v$Ç6>Ii�%)&?%F#UDA/&,Ó�}3�Ô�

uxE�>d �� E�3¨æ$*�"Q&�nD+Þ5}F�����46{|�'$���%>àá"wv�A����#�¨��mid�;�

��A�)�>Ii¨&�ãä$Ð�JU�LF#U3D+,=Å3Q&

)Iiãä�R*���6* =Å"LÝ9��jf�VW3E�3"A

�)J,#U)��VWÔÞD��J��Åç�A�mU�­xöD

2A®�0DÁ2�Áx�A�mU�%)Iié�N���E2C�u�

A��=Å3bfØØ%VWN�µÇ3ô* %)&3$�")+,DÊ

x�ïN"Ë)�)I�)U���nD+�,�

� ?&)Ii�Ð�]:¼�y3'�à"é�%>GVy3X"O+

%�=%�Jz³<$Þ�)U?%"<$ç;*+,=>Ad-B3VW

�R*��=Å"ï�A�mid�¢>)%?ÒD&*J)><"�)Ò

n�{"�6>U,Q&)Ii>?��Þ��jf�¨ VW3E�|}

ÚA�)J,]:¼�D�;i y3VW%=Å3Y3�£2Ì�t)�

óC��\3ÕXN�~ûD�# *+$�r2stuvwMx3���

ïð"Ié��D��A�)I�)U3D��)>%H)*+,�

� jõ'ghAi\]^3%)&3F�=>?5"¨I����3«

*���_`a3ãä" +?%$D;i�%)&¨&�D��)n

D+Þ5}F�j*DÇ�'�5�)i�É�W÷�8d>"+U?%"

¨I��=Å"LIi�D¨ �_`aãä3�}$6>�U¨&"�U

%H)*+,jR3Å�Ó�Å�ÓD3ï�"F��YQND#5���

��êA�)J?%$D;UnD��)>�%yzA�)*+,�

r2stuvwMx3��%�_`ab 3ï�� � §�

�������� ���������� ����

� [R"���3/012��3ø��¹è+U½��'gh�9���

),?5� %)&AMuª3�D�a�{�3

�D��A�)i��bf'$ÄIi��_`ab"@+U�E

Àª)u¡´3ì���D+,\]^$�EÀª)u�2õ2%A���3

Fx�2i\%@�"ì��*%���& ����Ð�>dÐA�:;*Ai,j�kOAiø�3@¾�QA�j��*IiJZ5*9nDA

iÞ5}F�=Å3��"kÞU�_`ab$}&�I�)����3=

��R*��}&)Ii��ùv$D;U>�%)Ii?%"FZ5�)

*+¡a,'@'3#UE��6Í'�)iÔÞ5q\)D+,�

� �¿D����p��9�:;*+,'��# $%&'()*Ai,�

"IJKL$�

Abdulkadiro�lu, A., Che, Y-K. and Yasuda, Y. (2008), “Expanding ‘Choice’ in School Choice” Unpublished Manuscript.

Abdulkadiro�lu, A., Che, Y-K. and Yasuda, Y. (2011), “Resolving Conflicting Preferences in School Choice: The Boston Mechanism Reconsidered” American Economics Re-view, Vol.101: 399-410.

Abdulkadiro�lu, A., Pathak, P. A., and Roth, A. E. (2005), “The New York City High School Match” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, Vol.95: 364-367.

Abdulkadiro�lu, A., Pathak, P. A., Roth, A. E. and Sönmez, T. (2005), “The Boston Public School Match” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, Vol.95: 368-371.

Abdulkadiro�lu, A. and Sönmez, T. (2003), “School Choice: A Mechanism Design Ap-proach” American Economic Review, Vol.93: 729-747.

Chen, Y. and Sönmez, T. (2006), “School Choice: An Experimental Study” Journal of Eco-nomic Theory, vol.127: 202-231.

Erdil, A. and Ergin, H. (2008), “What’s the Matter with Tie-Breaking? Improving Efficien-cy in School Choice” American Economic Review, Vol.98: 669-689.

���������������������������������¡´��_`abvwMx�EÀª)u  School Choice Design Project�,JAJ�?\d3¬ª¤KMu�±²Khttp://www.vcasi.org/scdp�¡a��  ¡¢¢¥¦¤�¡¢PP§ FLÝ9�'±²��),�

³�3{|��� P´§µ�

�� � �������� ����������

Featherstone, C. and Niederle M. (2008), “Ex ante efficiency in school choice mechanisms: an experimental investigation” NBER Working Paper, #14618.

Gale, D. and Shapley, L. S. (1962), “College Admissions and the Stability of Marriage” American Mathematical Monthly, Vol.69: 9-15.

Nash, J. F. (1951), “Non-Cooperative Games” Annals of Mathematics, Vol.54: 286-295. Pais, J. and Pintér. Á (2008), “School Choice and Information: An Experimental Study on

Matching Mechanisms” Games and Economic Behavior, Vol.64: 303-328. Roth, A. E. (2002), “The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and

Computation as Tools for Design Economics” Econometrica, Vol.70: 1341-1378. Roth, A. E. (2008), “What Have We Learned from Market Design?” Economic Journal,

Vol.118: 285-310. Roth, A. E., Sönmez, T. and Ünver, M. U. (2004), “Kidney Exchange” Quarterly Journal of

Economics, Vol.119: 457-488. Roth, A. E. and Sotomayor, M. A. O. (1990), Two-Sided Matching: A Study in Game-

Theoretic Modeling and Analysis, Econometric Society Monographs No. 18, Cam-bridge University Press.

Von Neumann, J. and Morgenstern, O. (1944), Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton University Press.

_`��� P¥¥a§0"2#VW"¨U{|�3�>�4N2�°ÛXó��¯�å

�=�3{|VW�a�¶�Ð���� P ���¬­��®� � � ¡¢¢¥§0rtCx�®r2stuvwMx2{|/012¤�

����a`� a®� ����¯°��� ¡¢P¢§�r2stuvwMx·p�0�ª�p½��

� � � ¡¢¢£§0�Æl*U0r2stu®vwMx2K�3bfØØDâ�2

��{|�R�{|»V§¤�� � � ��� � � ¡¢¢¥¦§0�_`ab�{|�DX�U2���­Æ0�u��'$�

U§¤�P �P´���http://www.vcasi.org/column/school-choice-design

� � � ¡¢¢¥�§�0r2stuvwMx${|�¨�UKèéêë��>d¢5

i{|bf3ØØ2�{|��0P¢¢&"@f23¶� CONUNDRUM Summer�',�

http://www.vcasi.org/sites/default/files/yasuda20090930.pdf � � å�� ¡¢P¢§��_`ab3vwMx� "2#VW��E2C���� Ð��� � � ¡¢PP§0�_`ab�bfØØ3.÷>dX�U2þ�_¤�����£¥� ¡ �

���