8 b

Before… After!

What’s the difference?

More about “Quantifiers”…(Individual Study)

What are quantifiers?• Quantifiers are words that precede (come before)

and modify (describe) nouns. They indicate the amount or quantity such as how many or how much.

• Selecting the correct quantifier depends on your un-derstanding the distinction between Count and

Non-count Nouns.

Examples:

There are some books on the desk. (Count Noun)

He's got only a few dollars. (Count Noun)

How much money have you got? (Non-Count Noun)

There is a large quantity of fish in this river. (Non-Count Noun)

He's got more friends than his sister. (Count Noun)

Examples of Quantifiers• With Only Count Nouns (too) many both fewer each a few/few/(very) few* either/neither several a couple of a number of hundreds of a large number of thousands of a great number of a majority of * NOTE few, very few = not many of something, not enough a few = some, a certain amount

• With Only Non-count Nouns (too) much a little/little/(very) little* a bit (of) a good deal of a great deal of a large amount of a large quantity of

* NOTE little, very little = not a lot of something, not enough a little = some, a certain amount

Examples of Quantifiers

• With Both Count and Non-count Nouns all a lot of (not) enough lots of more/the most plenty of less/the least no/none not any some any

Examples of Quantifiers

Language Tips on Quantifiers

• There is a difference between “few” and “a few” (count nouns).

Examples: There are few flowers. = not many flowers There are a few flowers. = some flowers

• There is a difference between “little” and “a little” (non-count nouns).

Examples: There is little time. = not a lot of time There is a little time. = some time

1. Could we have ___________ juice, please? 2. They live in a very small apartment because they have ________ money. (they don’t have much money) 3. Very __________ people can speak five languages. (not many people) 4. Cactus plants are easy to care for because they need _________ water to survive. (they don’t need a lot of water) 5. They have already been to Africa _________ times.

Practice: Complete the sentences with few/a few/little/a little.

a little

little

little

few

a few

6. We have ___________ time before our flight so let’s go eat something.

7. He speaks German very well but sometimes he makes ____________ mistakes.

8. I am happy she has _______ problems in her life. (not many problems)

9. Would you like _________ candies?

10. I know ______ about this subject. (I don’t know much about this sub-ject.)

Practice: Complete the sentences with few/a few/little/a little.

a few

few

a few

little

a little

Practice: Choose the correct quantifier.

1. Can I have a few / some / many butter please?Can I have some butter please?

2. He has a lot of / many / some money. He owns many houses and has his own private jet airplane.

He has a lot of money.

3. Do you want sugar in your tea?“Just how much / a little / a few please.”

“Just a little, please.”

4. I have a lot of / much / a little DVDs.I have a lot of DVDs.

5. I’ll be ready in some / a few / little minutes.I’ll be ready in a few minutes.

6. How many / how much time do you need to finish your homework?

How much time do you need…?

7. Do you want much / any / few apples?Do you want any apples?

8. How many / how much books have you read in the last two months?

How many books have you read…?

9. We have little / a little / few bread. It’s not enough for dinner.

We have little bread. It’s not enough for dinner.

10. We have much / many / few chairs but we need more.We have many chairs but we need more.

Listening: Consumer Research, p.77

8 Have your buying habits changed in the last year?Yes. I don’t buy plastic bottles.

1 How often do you walk to the grocery store?All the time.

3 Do you usually ask for paper or plastic bags?Neither. I bring my own cloth bags.

5 How much do you spend on groceries every month?About $300.

6 How many people are there in your household?Three. Me, my wife, my son.

9 What is the highest level of education you’ve completed?I’d prefer not to answer that.

7 What do you do for a living?I’d rather not say.

4 Do you ever shop for groceries online?No, never.

2 How often do you buy environmentally friendly products?Very often.

a d e g

c b h f

Conversation: This is awful!

A.When does Kendra want to start taking public transportation?

B. What are they unhappy about?

Conversation: This is awful!

A. When does Kendra want to start taking public transportation?

- She wants to start tomorrow.

B. What are they unhappy about?- There are a lot of people and no seats.

Grammar – First Conditional p. 79

First conditional sentences help us discuss


possibility


possibility in the present


possibility

in the presentor

in the future.

They use two clauses.

Clauses contain

Clauses contain

a subject

Clauses contain

and a verb.

Some are

independent(contain a complete thought).

And some are

dependent(support the main clause).

For example:

For example:

Linda ate pancakes for breakfast today.

For example:

Linda ate pancakes for breakfast today. S + V

For example:

Linda ate pancakes for breakfast today. S + V

is an independent clause

For example:

Linda ate pancakes after she watched the news.

For example:

Linda ate pancakes after she watched the news. S + V

For example:


is a dependent clause

For example:


is a dependent clause(it doesn’t make sense alone)

First conditional sentences useboth of these clauses.

If we take public transportation, we will save money.

If we take public transportation, we will save money. dependent

If we take public transportation, we will save money. dependent independant

In first conditional sentences, we say

If we take public transportation, we will save money. if clause (condition)

If we take public transportation, we will save money. if clause and main clause

(condition) (result)

First conditional sentences use

If we take public transportation, we will save money. If


If we take public transportation, we will save money. If + Present Simple


If we take public transportation, we will save money. If + Present Simple,


If we take public transportation, we will save money. If + Present Simple, AND will


If we take public transportation, we will save money. If + Present Simple, AND will +


If we take public transportation, we will save money. If + Present Simple, AND will + base verb

The clauses can also be reversed

If we take public transportation, we will save money. if clause and main clause

(condition) (result)

We will save money if we take public transportation. main clause if clause

(result) No comma needed here.

We will save money if we take public transportation, main clause if clause

(result) No comma needed here.

When the main clause is first you don’t use the comma.

Let’s try together

If you eat too much sugar, ...

If you eat too much sugar, you will get fat.

You will get fat ...

You will get fat if you eat too much sugar.

If I come to class late, ...

If I come to class late, the teacher will get angry.

If I come to class late, I will lose points.

If I come to class late, I will not understand the lesson.

I will not understand the lesson

I will not understand the lesson if I come to class late.

I will not understand the lesson if I text in class.

I will not understand the lesson if I don’t listen.

We can also use modals (helping verbs)

We can also use modals (helping verbs)such as


may


maymight


maymightcould

in the main clause when you are less certain about the re-sults.

+ base verb

If I come to class late, the teacher may get angry.

If I come to class late, the teacher might get angry.

If I come to class late, the teacher could get angry.

if condition result

Present Simple Present Simple

If you heat ice, it melts.

Zero Conditional (Unit 1)for certainty

If you heat ice, it melts.

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not.

First Conditional (Unit 8)for possibilities

If it rains, I will stay home.

The first conditional is a structure we use when we want to talk about possibilities in the present or in the future.

"If" Clause (the condition) Main Clause (the result)If + present simple + comma Subject + will/other modals* + base verb.If it rains, I will stay home

Main Clause (the result) "If" Clause (the condition)

Subject + will/other modals* + base verb If + present simple.

I will stay home if it rains

The Structure of the First ConditionalUse the present simple tense in the “if clause” and “will” in the main clause.

* Use other modals such as “may”, “might”, “could” in the main clause when you are less certain about the results.

If we put the main clause first then we don't need the comma.

Using the First ConditionalWe use the first conditional to talk about real possibilities in the future.Example Explanation

If it is sunny tomorrow, I will have a picnic. It is possible that it will be sunny tomorrow. In this condition I will have a picnic.

If you come to the party, I will be very happy. It is possible that you will come to the party. In this condition I will be very happy.

If I win the lottery, I will buy a car! It is possible that I will win the lottery. In this condition I will buy a car.

I will be sad if my football team loses the match. It is possible that my team will lose the match. In this condition I will be sad.

I will stay home if it rains tomorrow. It is possible that it will rain tomorrow. In this condition I will stay home.

Now it’s your turn!Let’s practice.

1. If you study hard, you ___________ the exam. (pass)

2. I will go the party __________ time. (have)

3. If we _______ the game, we ________________. (win/celebrate)

4. What _____________ if it rains? (you do)

5. If the weather _____ good, I ____________ tennis. (be/play)

will pass

if I have

win will cele-brate

will you do

is will play

Now it’s your turn!Let’s practice.

6. If I ____ to the supermarket, I _________ some milk. (go/buy)

7. If I _____________, I _____________ the exam. (not study/not pass)

8. What ________________ if you _____ to the cinema? (watch/go)

9. I ___________ a green dress if I _____ to the party. (wear/go)

go will buy

don’t study won’t pass

will you watch go

gowill wear

Now do the grammar questions on p.79 and check your answers

First Conditional Grammar Exercise: p. 79, 3A

1. you’ll use 60 percent less energy / you replace your regular lightbulbs with CFLs You’ll use 60 percent less energy if you replace your regular lightbulbs with CFLs.

2. you pay your bills online / you’ll use less paper If you pay your bills online, you’ll use less paper.

3. we fix our leaky faucets / we’ll save water If we fix our leaky faucets, we’ll save water.

4. there won’t be much air pollution / everyone uses hybrid cars There won’t be much air pollution if everyone uses hybrid cars.

5. you use a clothesline / other people may start to do the same If you use a clothesline, other people may start to do the same.

6. we use rechargeable batteries / we could save a lot of money If we use rechargeable batteries, we could save a lot of money.

8 b

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