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Page 1: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

8. Magnetic Forces, Materials,and Device

Page 2: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

11

8.2 FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

A. 하전입자에작용하는힘

Fe = QE 8.1

Fm = Qu × B 8.2

F = Fe + Fm

* Lorentz Force Equation

F = Q E + u × B 8.3

F = mdu

dt= Q E + u × B 8.4

𝐁𝐮

𝐐𝐮 × 𝐁

𝐁(유도 자장)𝐑~𝐚𝐫

𝐝 𝐋 I

P

외부 자장)

Page 3: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

22

Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle

State of particle 𝐄 field 𝐇 field Combined 𝐄 & 𝐇 field

Stationary

MovingQE

QE

-

Qu × BQE

Q(E + u × B)

Page 4: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

33

B. Force on a Current Element

J = ρv + u (8.5)

IdL = KdS = Jdv (8.6)

IdL =dQ

dtdL = dQu (8.7)

(cf) Fm = Qu × B

𝐁(유도 자장)𝐑~𝐚𝐫

𝐝 𝐋 I

P

외부 자장)

Page 5: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

44

K

a

1

IdL = K ∙ adL

= Ka ∙ dL

= KdS

dL

an

IdL = KdS = Jdv (8.6)

IdL = J ∙ AdL

= JA ∙ dL

= Jdv

L

an A

J

Page 6: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

55

dF = dQ u × B = IdL × B 8.8

F = IdL × B 8.9

dF = KdS × B or dF = Jdv × B 8.8a

F = KdS × B or F = Jdv × B (8.8b)

IdL = dQu 8.7

IdL = KdS = Jdv (8.6)

Page 7: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

66

Fig 7.1 IdL에 의한 자기장 dH

𝐁~𝐇

𝐱

𝐝 𝐋 I

P

𝛂

C. Force between Two Current Elements

)10.8(Bd Ld I )Fd(d

)11.8(R4

a LdI Bd

2111

221

R2202

21

LdI 11

LdI 22

2I1I

21R

)Fd(d 1

1 2

Fig 8.1 두 전류 Loop 사이의 힘

30

2R0

R4

RLdI

R4

aLdIBd)4.7(

Page 8: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

77

)13.8(R

)a Ld( Ld

4

II F

)12.8(R4

)a LdI( LdI )Fd(d

)10.8(Bd Ld I )Fd(d

)11.8(R4

a LdI Bd

1 2

21

21

21

L L 221

R212101

221

R221101

2111

221

R2202

LdI 11

LdI 22

2I1I

21R

)Fd(d 1

1 2

Fig 8.1 두 전류 Loop 사이의힘

Page 9: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

88

sec)1t(sec/m)3,15,22(

)3,0,4(t)0,15,18(

vtav

dt

vda

)b(

sec/m)0,15,18(

)0,10,12(2

3

Em

Qa

EQamF

)a(

0

2

속도입자의

가속도입자의

m)3,5.5,14(

)0,2,1()3,0,4()0,5.7,9(

Lt)3,0,4(2/t)0,15,18(L

)3,0,4(t)0,15,18(dt

dL

dt

dLv

)d(

J718

)31522(22

1

vm2

1E

)c(

02

222

2

위치입자의

운동에너지입자의

예제 8.1 전장 𝐄 = 12,10,3 volt/m 일 때 질량 m=2 kg, 전하 Q=3 C 인 전하가point(1,-2,0) 에서 초기속도 𝐯 = 4,0,3 m/sec의 속도로 출발하였다.t=1 sec에서 다음을 구하라.

Page 10: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

99

예제 8.2 m=2 kg, Q=1 C 인 하전입자가 원점에서 속도 v = 0,3, (w0 = 0) m/sec

로 출발하여 자장 B = 0,0,10 Wb/m2 안에서 움직일 때t=4 sec에서 다음을 구하라.

x

y

z

B

v

Page 11: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1010

)0,v5,v5(

1000

vvv

aaa

2

1

BBB

vvv

aaa

m

Q

)v,v,v(dt

d

BvQdt

vdmamF

)a(

xy

zyx

zyx

zyx

zyx

zyx

zyx

가속도속도와입자의

sec/m)0,20cos3,20sin3(

)0,t5cos3,t5sin3(v

0C

3C

0C

0)0t(v

3)0t(v

0)0t(v

Cv

t5cosCt5sinCv

t5sinCt5cosCv

0dt

dv

v25dt

vd

v25dt

vd

0dt

dv

dt

dv5

dt

vd

dt

dv5

dt

vd

0dt

dv

v5dt

dv

v5dt

dv

0

2

1

z

y

x

0z

21y

21x

z

y2

y2

x2x

2

z

x2

y2

y

2x

2

z

xy

yx

2sec/m)0,20sin15,20cos15(

)0,t5sin15,t5cos15(

)0,t5cos3,t5sin3(dt

d

dt

vda

예제 8.2 m=2 kg, Q=1 C 인 하전입자가 원점에서 속도 v = 0,3, (w0 = 0) m/sec

로 출발하여 자장 B = 0,0,10 Wb/m2 안에서 움직일 때t=4 sec에서 다음을 구하라.

Page 12: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1111

)0,20sin30,20cos30(

)0,t5sin15,t5cos15(2

amF

)0,20sin30,20cos30(

)0,t5sin30,t5cos30(

1000

0t5cos3t5sin3

aaa

1

BvQF

)b(

zyx

힘작용하는입자에

twz

6.0y)6.0x(

1y3

51x

3

5

1t5sint5cos

twz

t5sin6.0y

t5cos6.06.0x

tw,t5sin5

3,t5cos

5

3

5

3x

)0,0,5/3(C0C)0,0,5

3()0t(x

C)tw,t5sin5

3,t5cos

5

3(

Cdt)w,t5cos3,t5sin3(

Cdtvx

)d(

0

222

22

22

0

0

0

0

궤적운동입자의

예제 8.2 m=2 kg, Q=1 C 인 하전입자가 원점에서 속도 v = 0,3, (w0 = 0) m/sec

로 출발하여 자장 B = 0,0,10 Wb/m2 안에서 움직일 때t=4 sec에서 다음을 구하라.

Page 13: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1212

x

y

z

B

v

twz

6.0y)6.0x(

0

222

x

y

z

B

+하전입자의 궤적

0.6

Page 14: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1313

00

22

2

w4twz

20sin5

3t5sin

5

3y

20cos5

3

5

3t5cos

5

3

5

3x

)e(

9

)t5cos9t5sin9(

v2

mKE

)c(

위치

없다관계자장과운동에너지는

위치운동에너지와입자의

tw,t5sin5

3,t5cos

5

3

5

3

tw,t2

Bsin

5

3,t

2

Bcos

5

3

5

3x

)w,t5cos3,t5sin3(

w,t2

Bcos3,t

2

Bsin3v

0

000

0

000

Page 15: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1414

Figure 8.2 Magnetic focusing of a beam of electrons:

(a) helical paths of electrons, (b) end view of paths.

0z

6.0y)6.0x( 222

궤적운동입자의

문제의문제점: 전자총에서 방출된 전자는 각각 나선형 궤적을 따라 진행하다가같은 초점에 도달한다.

cathode ray tube와 하전입자 거동에 대한 이해.

ω=QB/m

r=v0/ω=mv0/QB

B가 매우 크면 r은 매우 작다. 궤적을 point에 가깝게 할 수 있다.

B가 매우 크면 입자는 자력선을 따라 움직인다.

x

y

v0B=(0,0,10)

zw0

Page 16: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1515

- +

전자총

전자총

전자

CPT: Brown 관

B

Shadow mask

형광체

Viewer

potential

전자

Page 17: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1616

예제 8.3 입자가 속도 v = 4,0,0 m/sec 로 전장 E = 0,20,0 volt/m 와

자장 B = 0,0, B0 Wb/m2 안에서 움직일 때입자의 속도가 상수가 되기 위한 B0 는?

Figure 8.3 A velocity filter for charged particles.

T5

m/Wb5B

B

)0,0,B20()0,0,4(

velocitydriftBEB

BEv

0vBEB

0)Bv(BEB

0)]BvE(Q[B

)BvE(Q0amF

20

20

0

2

2

B

E

)0,0,B20(

00

)00(

0B20

B00

0200

aaa

BE 0

0

0

zyx

Page 18: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1717

E × B drift

Page 19: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

1818

예제 8.4 전류 I2가 흐르는 사각 Loop에서 전류 I1이 흐르는무한히 긴 직선 도선과 나란히 있다. Loop에 작용하는 힘이다음과 같음을 유도하라.

Figure 8.4 For example 8.4:

forces acting on the loop and wire.

newtonaa

11

4

bII F

00

210

Page 20: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

19190FF

a)a(2

bIIF

a2

bII

)a(Ld2

II

LdI

LdAJ

LdAJ

xdJ

aLd2

II

xdBJF

a2

IB

a)cos(cos4

IH)12.7(

BdvJF)a9.8(

42

0

2103

0

210

b

00

210

2

2

2

32

b

00

210

3121

0

101

12

v

Figure 8.4 For example 8.4:

forces acting on the loop and wire.

1

2

P

I

newtonaa

11

4

bII

FFFFF

00

210

4321

B ⊗

Page 21: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2020

8.3 Magnetic Torque and Moment

The Torque 𝐓 on the loop is the vector product of the force 𝐅 and The Moment arm 𝐫 .

Figure 8.5 (a) Rectangular planar loop in a uniform

magnetic field. (b) cross-sectional view of part (a).

(b)(a)

α

𝐫𝟐 = 𝐰𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂𝐚𝐧

𝐑𝟐

α

𝐚𝐧

α

𝐅𝟐

𝐅𝟏

𝐁

α

F0

F0L

wA

B

C D

I𝐁

y

x z

Page 22: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2121

momentdipolemagnetic:

)18.8(aISmwhere

)19.8(Bm

)17.8()a(sinBIS

)16.8()a(sinBILw

)a(sin]BIL][w[T

)15.8(0FFF

aBILF

BILF

aBIL

)a(BdzI

BLdI

xdBJF

)14.8(FRT

n

z

z

z

21

x2

1

x

xC

B

31

LId

LdAJ

LdAJ

xdJ 3

α

𝐫𝟐 = 𝐰𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂𝐚𝐧

𝐑𝟐

α

𝐚𝐧

α

𝐅𝟐

𝐅𝟏

𝐁

α

w

F0

F0L

AB

C D

I𝐁

y

x z

Page 23: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2222

8.4 A Magnetic Dipole

)22.8()asinacos2(r4

m

AB

)b21.8(r4

am A

aISm)18.8(ar4

sinIS

arwhere

)a21.8(ar4

sinaI

)20.8(R

Ld

4

I A

R

Ld

4

I A(7.41)

r30

2r0

n20

2

20

0

0

Figure 8.6 Magnetic field

at P due to a current loop.

x

y

z ),,r(P

Ld

I

r

am R

Page 24: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2323

2

0 22

2

2

20

2

0 22

0

2

0 22

0y

2

0 22

xy0

2

0 22

0

0

cossinar2ar

cosd

a

r

r4

Ia

cossinar2ar

cosd

4

Ia

cossinar2ar

cosad

4

I A

cossinar2ar

)asina(cosad

4

I

cossinar2ar

aad

4

I

)20.8(R

Ld

4

I A

방정식 (8.21a) 유도

vector: 뒷장

r: 뒷장

x

y

z ),,r(P

Ld

I

r

am R

x

y

z

)0,,r(P

LdI

ra

R

Page 25: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2424

dcos)cossinr

a1(

a

r

r4

Ia

cossinr

a21

cosd

a

r

r4

Ia

cossinr

a2

r

a1

cosd

a

r

r4

Ia

cossinar2ar

cosd

a

r

r4

Ia A

2

02

20

2

02

20

2

0 22

20

2

0 22

2

2

20

y

)a21.8(ar4

sinIaA

2

20

2

20

y

2

20

2

02

20

2

02

20

2

02

2

20

r4

sinIaA

r4

sinIa

d2

)2cos(

r4

sinIa

d2

)2cos(1

r4

sinIa

dcossinr4

Ia

Taylor series

방정식 (8.21a) 유도

Page 26: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2525

cossinar2ar

)cosr()sina()cosasinr(

)cosr()sinasinsinr(

)cosacossinr(R

)0,sina,cosa(

)cosr,sinsinr,cossinr(R

22

222

22

22

방정식 (8.21a) 유도

x

y

z ),,r(P

Ld

I

r

am R

x

y

z

)0,,r(P

LdI

ra

R

Page 27: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2626

xy

xy

asinacos

a)2/(coaacosa

x

y

a

ya

xa

xa

방정식 (8.21a) 유도

Page 28: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2727

cossinr

a1

cossinr

a2)1(f

!1

1)1(f

cossinr

a21)xx(f

cossinr

a2x

2

1)1(fx

2

1)x(f

1)1(fx)x(f

)x)(x(f!2

1x)x(f

!1

1)x(f)xx(f

2/1

2/3

2/1

2

Taylor series

방정식 (8.21a) 유도

Page 29: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2828

막대 자석도 magnetic dipole.

Page 30: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

2929

Electric Magnetic

V =Q

4πε0r

E =Qar

4πε0r2 Monopole does not exist.

V =Qcosθ

4πε0r2

E =Qd

4πε0r3 (2cosθar + sinθaθ)

A =μ0msinθar

4πr2

B =μ0m

4πr3 (2cosθar + sinθaθ)

r~a r

Q Monopole(point charge)

P

Dipole(two point charge)

arθ r

d

+Q

−Q

Dipole

(small current loop

or bar magnet)

arθ r

d

+Qm

+Qm

Table 8.2 Comparison between Electric and Magnetic Monopoles and Dipoles

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3030

T = m × B

= QmL × B

= r × F (8.23)

(*) Qm=isolated magnetic charge.

아직 존재하지 않음.

L= the length of the magnetic bar

F = QmB (8.24)

T = QmLB=ISB (8.25)

where m=ISan

QmLB=ISB (8.26)

electric dipole과 형태가 같다.Im = ISan

)18.8(aISmwhere

)19.8(Bm

)17.8()a(sinBIS

)16.8()a(sinBILwT

)14.8(FrT

n

z

z

Fig 8.8 A bar magnet in an

external magnetic field.

N

S

+Qm

L-QmF

F

𝐁

Page 32: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

3131

예제 8.5 Fig 8.9의 삼각형 Loop로 만들어진 전기회로의 magnetic dipolemoment를 구하라.

Figure 8.9 Triangular loop of

Example 8.5.

02zyx

1C

1B

2D

0DC2)2,0,0(f

0DB2)0,2,0(f

0D2)0,0,2(f

0DCzByx)z,y,x(f

2

n

n

mA)10,10,10(

3

)1,1,1(325m

)(3

)1,1,1(

f

fa

32

3sin)22)(22(

2

1

sinba2

1

ba2

1S

aISm)18.8(

방향

a

b

Page 33: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

3232

예제 8.6 magnetic dipole moment 𝐦𝟏 = 𝟓𝐚𝐳 𝐀 ∙ 𝐦𝟐 인 미소전류 Loop L1이원점에 놓여 있다. magnetic dipole moment 𝐦𝟐 = 𝟑𝐚𝐲 𝐀 ∙ 𝐦𝟐 인

미소전류 Loop L2가 (4,-3,10)에 놓여있다. L2에 작용하는 Torque를 구하라.

nNma901.0a536.1a384.0

0625/10625/410

5

12

55

18

55

9

aaa

BmT

a5

4a

55

6a

55

33

acosasincosasinsina3m

)aa4(625

10)a

5

1a

5

4(

56254

5104B

)asinacos2(r4

mB)22.8(

BmT:TorqueLBL

r

77

r

122

r

ry2

r

7

r

7

1

r30

122211

받는가의해에생긴의해에

x

y

z

)10,3,4(P

55r

1m

2m5

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3333

)24.2(

acosasina

asin

asincos

acoscosa

acos

asinsin

acossina

)23.2(

asinacosa

acos

asincos

asinsina

asin

acoscos

acossina

yx

z

y

x

z

y

xr

rz

ry

rx

ρ

z

x

y

θ

φ

rz = rcosθ

y = ρsinφx = ρcosφ

ar

Page 35: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

3434

)22.2(

cosrz

sinsinry

cossinrx

)21.2(

x

ytan

z

yxtan

zyxr

1

221

222

ρ = rsinθ = x2 + y2

z

x

y

θ

φ

rz = rcosθ

y = ρsinφx = ρcosφ

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3535

x

y

z

)10,3,4(P

55r

1m

y2 a3m

5

a5

4a

5

6a

55

33

a5

43a

5

2

5

33a

5

1

5

33

acos)acosa(sinsin3

a3m

5

4xcos

5

3ysin

5

1

55

5

rsin

5

2

55

10

r

zcos

r

r

r

y2

y2 a3m

x

y

asin3

acos3

z

a

rasin

acos

Page 37: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

3636

)asinacos2(r4

mB)22.8( r3

0

x

y

z ),,r(P

I

r

am

Page 38: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

3737

8.5 Magnetization in Materials

Figure 8.10 (a) Electron orbiting around

the nucleus. (b) Electron spin.Figure 8.11 Circular current

loop equivalent.

)27.8(v

m

limM

N

1kk

0

* Magnetization 𝐌 is the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume

)18.8(aISmwhere

)19.8(BmT)(

n

naISm)18.8(

𝐁

𝐚𝐧 𝐈

area=S

contour C

Page 39: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

3838

Fig 8.12 Magnetic dipole moment in a volume Δv

(a) before B is applied, (b) after B is applied.

B0 = 0 M = 0

∆v

(a) (b) diamagnetic case

M ∆v

B0

Page 40: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

3939

M ≡ χmH ≡ χmB0/μ0 8.34where χm= magnetic susceptibility

B = B0 + μ0M 8.33

B = μ0 1 + χm H

≡ μH (8.35)

≡ μ0μrH (8.36)where μr = 1 + χm = μ/μ0

= relative permeability

𝛻 ×B

μ0=

𝜕E

𝜕t+ J

= 𝛻 × H + 𝛻 × M

𝛻 × H ≡ Jf or 𝛻 ×B0

μ0≡ Jf 8.32

(b) diamagnetic case

M ∆v

B0

* Bound (or magnetization)

volume current density

Jb ≡ 𝛻 × M (8.30)

* Bound surface current density

Kb ≡ M × an (8.31)

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4040

xx

SdKvd

xx

J

4A

xx

SdaMvd

xx

M

4

AfAf)Af(vdxx

M

xx

1)M(

4

vdxx

1M

4A

vdxx

1M

4

vdxx4

)xx(M

vdR4

aMAd

r4

amA(8.21b)

0n0

0

0

0

30

2R0

2r0

)42.7()43.7(

v

m

limM(8.27)

N

1kk

0

v0

R4

dvJA)43.7(

참고

Page 42: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

4141

8.6 자성재료의 분류

Fig 8.13 Classification of materials.

Materials

Diamagnetic

𝛘𝐦 < 𝟎, 𝛍𝐫 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟎Paramagnetic

𝛘𝐦 > 𝟎, 𝛍𝐫 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟎Feromagnetic

𝛘𝐦 ≫ 𝟎, 𝛍𝐫 ≫ 𝟏. 𝟎

Linear Nonlinear

Page 43: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

4242

반자성체 (diamagnetic substance)

- 외부 자기장에 의해서 자기장과 반대 방향으로 자화되는 물질

- 금, 은 등의 금속, 산소를 제외한 대부분의 기체, 유기물질·염류·물·유리 등

상자성체 (paramagnetic substance):

- 자기장 안에 넣으면 자기장 방향으로 약하게 자화하고, 자기장이 제거되면 자화하지 않는 물질.

- 알루미늄·주석·백금·이리듐 외에 산소·공기 등.

강자성체 (ferromagnetic substance)

- 외부에서 강한 자기장을 걸어주었을 때 그 자기장의 방향으로 강하게 자화된 뒤 외부 자기장이 사라져도 자화가 남아 있는 물질.

- Ni, Fe, Co 등.

Page 44: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

4343

Figure 8.14 Magnetic screening:

(a) iron shield protecting a small compass,

(b) compass gives erroneous reading without the shield.

Iron shield

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4444

강자성체의 𝐁 = 𝐁𝟏 + 𝐁𝟎

𝐁𝟎~𝐈 (주어진 외부 자장)

Hysteresis loop 𝐁𝟎, 𝐁𝟎 = 𝛍𝐍𝐈/𝐋

𝐁𝟏 𝐁 = 𝐁𝟏 + 𝐁𝟎

Gaussmeter

FeI

Page 46: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

4545

I

B

I

B

전자

V

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4646

예제 8.7 0≤z≤2인 무한 slab (μr= 2.5) 이 있다.

B = 10yax − 5xay mWb/m2 이라 할 때 z=0 에서 다음을 구하라.

(a) J (b) Jb (c) M (d) Kb

풀이

23

7

r0

3

zyx

r0

r0

m/A10)775.4,0,0(

)15,0,0(5.2104

1

)15,0,0(1

10

0x5y10

zyx

aaa

1

BHJ(a)

m/kA)0,775.4,387.2(

)1,0,0()0,387.2,775.4(

aMaMK)31.8()d(

m/kA)0,387.2,775.4(

105.2104

)0,5,10(5.1

BHM)c(

m/kA)163.7,0,0(

)4775,0,0)(15.2(

J)1(J)H(MJ(b)

znb

3

7

r0mm

2

rmmb

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4747

θ2

1

2

B1n

B1t

B1

θ1

B2n

B2t

μ2

μ1

Δh

a12

Δw

K

B2

θ2

1

2

B1n

B1t

B1

θ1

B2n

B2t

μ2

μ1

Δh

ΔS

B2

8.7 Magnetic Boundary Conditions

)44.8(KBB

)43.8()0h(KHH

)42.8(2

hH

2

hHwH

2

hH

2

hHwHwK

)41.8(HHBB

)40.8()0h(0SBSB

)39.8(wKI Ld Hxd)JH(

)38.8(0xd Bxd)0B(

2

t2

1

t1

t2t1

n1n2t2

n2n1t1

n22n11n2n1

n2n1

S2

23v

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4848

θ2

1

2

B1n

B1t

B1

θ1

B2n

B2t

μ2

μ1

Δh

a12

Δw

K

B2)48.8(tan

tan

)47.8/()48.8(

)48.8(sinB

HHsinB

)47.8(cosBBBcosB

)46.8(BB

orHH

0Kfor

)45.8(Ka)HH(

Ka)HHHH(

)43.8(KHH

2

1

2

1

22

2t2t11

1

1

22n2n111

2

t2

1

t1t2t1

12n21

12nn2t2n1t1

t2t1

θ2

1

2

B1n

B1t

B1

θ1

B2n

B2t

μ2

μ1

Δh

ΔS

B2

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4949

t2t1

n2n1

t2t1

n2n1

EE

DD

HH

BB

1

2

μ2 μ1

01-2

1

2

y

x

an

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5050

예제 8.8 y-x-2≤0 인 영역에서 자기장 𝐇𝟏 = −2,6,4 A/m 이다. 𝛍𝐫𝟏 = 5 이다.

2

7

11r01

11r

1m1

m

11

m/Wb)13.25,7.37,57.12(

)4,6,2(5104

HB

m/A)16,24,8(

)4,6,2)(15(

H)1(

HM

HM)34.8(

B&M)a(

Fig 8.17 For Example 8.8.

1

2

μ2 = 2μ0 μ1 = 5μ0

01-2

1

2

y

x

an

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5151

222r02

n2t22

n12

1n2n1n2

t1t2

n11t1

nn1n1

t2t1

n2n1

n

222r

m/Wb)05.10,1.30,11.20(HB

m/A)4,12,8()0,10,10()4,2,2(HHH

)0,10,10()0,4,4(2

5HHBB

)4,2,2(HH

)4,2,2()0,4,4()4,6,2(HHH

)0,4,4(2

)0,1,1(

2

)0,1,1()4,6,2(

a)aH(H

HH)46.8(

BB)41.8(

2

)0,1,1(

f

fa

B&H02xy2)b(

영역에서인때일

예제 8.8 y-x-2≤0 인 영역에서 자기장 𝐇𝟏 = −2,6,4 A/m 이다. 𝛍𝐫𝟏 = 5 이다.

1

2

μ2 = 2μ0 μ1 = 5μ0

01-2

1

2

y

x

an

Fig 8.17 For Example 8.8.

Page 53: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

5252

2

)0,1,1(

f

fa

2f

)0,1,1(f

xyfor

2xyf

n

Page 54: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

5353

예제 8.9 Fig 8.18에서 𝐊 = 0,1/μ0 , 0 mA/m 이고 𝐁𝟐 = 5,0,8 mWb/m2 일 때

𝐇𝟏과 𝐁𝟏을 구하라.

)0,12,0()1,0,0()8,B2,15B2(

)0,1

,0()1,0,0()8,0,5(4

1)8,B,B(

6

1

Ka)HH()45.8(

)8,B,B(6

1BH

)8,0,5(4

1/BH

)8,B,B(B

)8,0,0(BB

Ka)HH()45.8(orKHH)43.8(

BB)41.8(

)1,0,0(a

y1x1

00y1x1

0

12n21

y1x101

11

0222

y1x11

n2n1

n21t2t1

n2n1

12n

Fig 8.18

an12 = a𝑧

1

2

μr2 = 4

μr1 = 6

z

y

𝐁𝟐 = 5,0,8 mWb/m2

𝐊 = 0,1/μ0 , 0 mA/m

Page 55: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

5454

m/mA)2,0,25.1(1

/BH

m/mWb)8,0,5.1(B

)0,12,0()0,15B2,B2(

)0,12,0(

100

8B215B2

aaa

)0,12,0()1,0,0()8,B2,15B2(

0111

21

x1y1

y1x1

zyx

y1x1

Fig 8.18

an12 = a𝑧

1

2

μr2 = 4

μr1 = 6

z

y

𝐁𝟐 = 5,0,8 mWb/m2

𝐊 = 0,1/μ0 , 0 mA/m

Page 56: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

5555

8.8 Inductors and Inductances

cetaninducmutual:

I/

dI

dMwhere

dt

dIM

dt

d

V

cetaninducself:

IdI

dL

dSnBSdBwhere

dt

dIL

dt

dI

dI

d

dt

d

121

1

2121

121

2121

전압기전력

Page 57: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

5656

S

N

𝐁

𝐚𝐧 𝐈

area=S

contour C

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5757

𝐁~𝐇

𝐑~𝐚𝐑

𝐝 𝐋I

P

𝛂

IdI

d

cstS

I~B

(7.8)current) (volume R4

advJH

(7.7)current) (surface R4

adSKH

(7.6)current) (line R4

aLdIH

)5.7( dvJdSKdLI

R4

RLdI

R4

aLdIHd)4.7(

V 2R

S 2R

L 2R

32R

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5858

Fig 8.19 Magnetic field B

produced by a circuit.

I I

𝐁

N=권선수

)54.8(I

W2L

energyinductorWwhere

)53.8(]Joule[LI2

1W

)52.8(]HA/Wb[I

N

IL

cetanInduc:Lwhere

)51.8(LI

I~

:Nwhere

)50.8(N

SdB

IdI

dL

2m

m

2m

저장된에

권선수

0692

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5959

Fig 8.20 Magnetic interaction

between two circuits.

)59.8(I

N

IL

)58.8(I

N

IL

)b57.8(MM

)a57.8(I

N

IM

)56.8(I

N

IM

)55.8(SdB

2

22

2

22

1

11

1

111

2112

1

212

1

2121

2

121

2

1212

S 2121

Neumann 공식

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6060

Neumann 공식

그림 5.7 Coil C1, C2가 있고 각 Coil에는 전류 I1, I2가흐른다. ψ1, ψ2는 각 Coil에 대한 Magnetic Flux이다. Coil C1, C2가 둘러 싼 면적은 각각 S1, S2이다. 전류 I1

에 의해 C2에 Magnetic Flux ψ21이 생겼다.

Coil 1의 전류 I1에 의한 Coil 2의 Magnetic Flux를 ψ21, 기전력을 φ21이라 하고 Mutual Inductance M21를 정의 한다.

)4(I/

)3(dI

dMwhere

)2(dt

dIM

)1(dt

d

121

1

2121

121

2121

Page 62: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

6161

Neumann 공식을 유도하기 위해 전류가흐르는 Coil C2의 I2가 생성하는 자장의Vector Potential을 구한다.

)8(r

Ld

4

I

)7(xdxx

)x(J

4)x(A

)6(xdxx

)x(J

4)x(A

)5(xdxx

)x(J

4

LawtvarSaBiotxdxx

)xx()x(J

4)x(B

2C22

322

322

32

3

322

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6262

Neumann 공식에서 첨자 1과 2를 바꾸어도 값이 같다. 다음의결론을 얻는다.

)10(r

LdLd

4Mwhere

)9(IM

r

LdLd

4

I

Ldr

Ld

4

I

LdA

SdA

SdB

1 2

1 2

1 2

1

1

1

C C12

12

212

C C122

C 1C22

C 12

S 2

S 212

방정식 (8)을 이용하여 Mutual Inductance를 구한다. Coil C2에 의해 Coil C1을 통과하는 Magnetic Flux는 다음과 같다. 방정식 (10)을Neumann 공식이라고 한다. C1, C2

는 Integral Path이다.

)11(MM 1221

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6363

)60.8(IIM IL2

1 IL

2

1

W W W W

21122

222

11

1221m

)62.8(CL

RC)35.6(

)61.8(L L L

ext

extin

* Step to find self inductance- Choose a suitable coordinate system, Let the inductor carry current I- Determine B (Biot-Savart’s law or Ampere’s law)

- Calculate 𝛙 = 𝐁 ∙ 𝐝 𝐒 Find 𝐋 = 𝛌/𝐈 = 𝐍𝛙/𝐈

도체 내부 자속에 의해 생기는 Inductance

도체 외부 자속에 의해 생기는 Inductance

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6464

TABLE 8.3 A Collection of Formulas for Inductance of Common Elements.

a

bln

2L

conductorCoaxial.4

ad,d

a

dln

2L

wiresParallel.3

a

1a

2ln

2L

cylinderHollow.2

8L

Wire.1

0

0

0

0

b2 a2

5.0tb

2ln2L

Sheet.8

a[NL

Torus.7

SNL

Solenoid.6

d,2

45.2a

4ln

2L

loopCircular.5

0

2200

20

20

00

0

0

d

a2

t

a b

a

0

a2

a2

d

a2

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6565

)66.8(dvH2

1dvHB

2

1W

)65.8(B

2

1

H2

1

v

Wlimw

vH2

1

zyxH2

1IL

2

1W

yHI

)63.8(I

yxH

IL

)53.8(]Joule[LI2

1W

dv E2

1 dv ED

2

1 W)96.4(

2m

2

2m

0vm

2

22m

2m

2E

Δx

Δy

Δz

x

y

z

B

ΔI

ΔI도체판

Fig 8.21 A differential volume

in a magnetic field.

8.9 Magnetic Energy

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6666

yHI

yH

ILdH

Sd)JH(

JH

Δx

Δy

Δz

x

y

z

B

ΔI

ΔI도체판

Δy

y

zΔI

B

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6767

예제 8.10 무한히 긴 solenoid의 단위 길이당 inductance를 구하라.길이 w, 반경 a, 권선수 N 인 solenoid에 전류 I가 흐른다.

m/HSnw/SNw

LL

w/SNI

L

w/SINN

w/INSBS

:

w/Nnwhere

w/INInHB

222

2

2

권선수길이당단위

InB

wB

wInLdB

Sd)JB(

JB

Fig 7.9 Cross section of solenoid.

θ2

θ

P

dz I

w

z

a θ1

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6868

예제 8.11 내부 반경이 a이고 외부 반경이 b 인 동축 선로의self-inductance를 구하라.

Fig 8.22 예제 8.11의 동축 케이블의 단면(a) 영역 1, 0<ρ<a (b) 영역 1, a<ρ<b

(b)(a)

1

2

ab

ρI

I

z-axis

a

b

ρ

dρII

𝐁

도체

절연체

도체

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6969

d

z

1

2

z-axis

2

1

Page 71: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

7070)2.11.8(]m/H[

8w

LL

)1.11.8(8

w

IL

8

Iwdzd

a2

I

dzdaa2

I

dzda

Ba

dI

Idd

I:

a0dzda2

IdzBdd

baa2

I

a0aa2

I

B)29.7(

inin

1in

a

0

w

0z 4

3

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2enc

1

2

2

분포균일는단면에서가정

(방법 𝟏)

𝐁 𝐛𝐲 𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜

2

2

enca

II

dzd

a

z-axis

a

b

ρ

dρII

1

2

Nρ에 의해 생긴 자장이

자기자신을 통과하는 비율.

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7171

]m/H[a

bln

4

1

2

w

LL

w

LL

a

bln

2w

LL

a

bln

2

w

IL

a

bln

2

Iw

dzd2

I

extin

extext

2ext

b

a

w

0z22

baa2

I

a0aa2

I

B)29.7(2

1

2

ab

ρ

I

I

z-axis

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7272

a

d

2

2enc

2

2

enc

2

2

aI

I

N

N

aII

aNN

NNa

d dzd

a2

IdzdBd

211

z

baa2

I

a0aa2

I

B)29.7(2

1

2

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7373

(방법 𝟐)

8

w

d4

I1ddz

I

1

dB1

ddzI

1

xdHBI

1L

I

W2L)54.8(

xdHB2

1LI

2

1W

baa2

I

a0aa2

I

B)29.7(

a

03

2

222

0

w

02

a

022

0

w

02

3

2in

2m

32m

2

a

bln

4

1

2

wLLL

a

bln

2

w

d4

Iddz

I

1

dBddzI

1

xdB

I

2L

extin

b

a 22

222

0

w

02

b

a22

0

w

02

32

2ext

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7474

예제 8.12 간격이 d 인 2선식 선로의 단위 길이당 self-inductance를 구하라.

a

adln

4

1

w

LL

2~)2()1(byfluxmagnetic

LIm/Ha

adln

4

1

2

Iw

)1(byfluxmagnetic

a

adln

2

Iwdzd

2

I

SdB

11.8exfrom8

Iw

ad

a

w

0z

22

1

baa2

I

a0aa2

I

B)29.7(2

(방법 𝟏)

IdI

dL

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7575

(방법 𝟐)

a

adln

4

1w)LL(2L

2

a

bln

4

1

2

wLLL

a

bln

2

wL

8

wL

11.8exfrom

extin

extin

ext

in

개도선이

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7676

Fig 8.23 Two coaxial circular wires;

for example 8.13.

예제 8.13 Fig 8.23의 2 coil의 mutual inductance를 구하라. (h ≫ a, b)

3

22

1

2121

3

221

3

21

21212121

3

21

2/322

21

1

2

2

h2

ba

IM

h2

baI

b2h4

baI

LdASdASdB

ah4

baI

a)bh(4

baI A

arwherear4

sinIa A(8.21a)

1

21

1

2121

IdI

dM

Page 78: 8. Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Deviceiirc.khu.ac.kr/uploads/6/3/4/3/63434825/sadiku_ch08.pdf · 2019-11-23 · 22 Table 8.1 Force on a Charged Particle State of particle field

7777

8.10 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

* Magnetomotive force (기자력) F [ampere-turns]

* Reluctance (자기저항) R [ampere-turns/weber], Permeance P=1/R

* Apply Ohm’s law (V=IR)

H

Ld,I

)67.8(LdHNI

NILdHxd)JH(

JHt

DJH

2

)68.8(S

R

)69.8(R

NINI

BS

BSR

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7878

Fig 8.24 (a) 전기회로와 (b) 자기회로의유사성

(a)

RV

I

ψ

N turn

I

(b)

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7979

)70.8(n321

)71.8(n21

)72.8(n321

* For n magnetic circuit elements in series

* For n magnetic circuit elements in parallel

)73.8(n21

ψ

Φ1

Φ2

Φ3

Φ

ψ1 ψ2 ψ3

ψ

ψ

ΔΦ

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8080

8.11 FORCE ON MAGNETIC MATERIALS

)75.8(2

SB 2F

)74.8(dL SB

2

1 2dWdL F

0

2

0

2

m

)77.8(BH2

1

2

B

S

Fp

)76.8(2

SBF

0

2

0

2

Figure 8.25 An electromagnet.

공극이 2 개

1 개의 공극에 미치는 힘

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8181

예제 8.14 ρ0=10 cm, a=1 cm, core는 강철 (μ=1000μ0), coil turns=200 일 때magnetic flux ψ가 0.5 mWb가 되기 위한 전류는?

A100

Na

2I

2

aNIBS

2

NI

w

NI B

1)(

20r

0

0

20r

0

0r

방법

A100

Na

2I

a

2

SRNI

2)(

20r

0

20r

0

방법

(b) 등가 유사 전기 회로

Ra+R3Φ

ψ

ψ

2a

200 turn

I

ρ0

(a) 예제 8.14의 Toroid core

Fig 8.26

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8282

예제 8.15 공극의 자속밀도 B=1.5 Wb/m2 이 되기 위한 coil 전류를 구하라.μ=50μ0, 모든 가지의 단면적은 10 cm2, 400 turns.

Figure 8.27 Magnetic circuit for Example 8.15.

Figure 8.28 Electric circuit analog of the

magnetic circuit in Figure 8.27.

(b)

R1//R2Ra+R3

Φ

경로123R2

경로143R1

경로56Ra

Φ

경로35+16R3

(a)

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8383

A16.44N

RSBI

SB

RNI:

20

104.7RRRRR:

20

105.1

2

R

RR

RRRR

20

105

001.0104

01.0

S

w R

20

109.0

001.010450

09.0

S

w R

20

103

001.010450

3.0

S

w RR

Ta

aa

Ta

8

213aT

81

21

2121

8

70r

a

8

70r

3

8

70r

21

기자력

총자기저항

Figure 8.28 Electric circuit

analog of the magnetic circuit

in Figure 8.27.

Figure 8.27 Magnetic circuit for Example 8.15.

(b)

R1//R2Ra+R3

Φ

R2R1 Ra

Φ

R3

(a)

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8484

213aT RRRRR: 총자기저항

R2

R3

R1 Ra

Φ

경로123R2

경로143R1

경로56Ra

Φ

경로35+16R3

R1//R2Ra+R3

Φ

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8585

예제 8.16 400 kg을 들어 올리기 위한 coil turn N은?μ=3000μ0, 모든 가지의 단면적은 40 cm2,

평균 길이 50 cm, 공극 0.1mm, 전류 1 A.

NI11

6

RR

R

48

105

004.01043000

5.0

S

wR

48

106

004.0104

102

S

w2R

)RR(NI

m/Wb11.1B

004.0

1048.9400

S

mgB

mg2

SB2F

2

SBF)76.8(

ia

aa

6

7a

i

6

7

4a

a

ia

2a

72a

2a

2

기자력

Figure 8.29 U-shaped

electromagnet; for

example 8.16.

길이 0.5 m

weight 400 kg

I= 1 A

10-4 m

N turn

Iron(μ=3000μ0)

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8686

NI11

6

RR

R

48

105

004.01043000

5.0

S

wR

48

106

004.0104

0001.02

S

w2R

)RR(NI

m/Wb11.1B

004.0

1048.9400

S

mgB

mg2

SB2F

2

SBF)76.8(

ia

aa

6

7a

i

6

7a

a

ia

2a

72a

2a

2

기자력

162

9.161

B

6

11N

BHNI)67.8(

BH

NI11

6

RR

R

m/Wb11.1B

0

aa

a

aaaa

0

aaaa

ia

aa

2a

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8787

8.12 응용 노트-자기 부상

Figure 8.30 A levitated object.

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8888

Figure 8.31 Maglev train.