1. (n bn 05/2009, c hiu chnh v b tc) M.T.D.X.

2. c quyn S Tch c Pht Thch Ca ny qu v s bit r v : 1 - Cuc i c Pht, 2 - Gio l gic ng v gii thot, 3 - Cc php mn tu i n gic ng v gii thot. Phn Ph nh gm c : 1- Cc k Kit tp kinh in, 2- Ni dung Tam tng kinh in, 3- Thp i t, 4- Ba mi ba v T s v ngi Huyn Trang, 5- Pht gio truyn sang Tch Lan, 6- Bn ng tm v cc Pht tch ti n . 7- i cng tu Pht. 3. - x - X - x - Son-gi : Minh Thin Trn Hu Danh 123 rue Pascal 92160 Antony, FRANCE Email : danh.tranhuu@free.fr 4. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 7 S TCH C PHT THCH-CA MU- NI - x - X x - Li m u Trong bc u hc Pht, chng ti thng gp nhiu tr ngi ln v vn danh t. V trong kinh sch ting Vit thng dng ln ln cc ch Vit, ch Hn Vit, ch Pali, ch Sanscrit, khi th phin m, khi th dch ngha. Cc nhn danh v a danh1 khng c ng nht. V thi gian, ni chn v nhiu cu chuyn trong s tch c Pht cng c nhiu thuyt khc nhau lm cho ngi hc Pht kh ghi nhn c din tin cuc i c Pht. Do chng ti c pht nguyn s c gng ng gp phn no gip ngi hc Pht c c mt ti liu y , chnh xc, ng tin cy, d c, d hiu, d nh v d tra cu khi cn. Qua cc ti liu nghin cu ng tin cy nh quyn ng Xa My Trng ca Ha Thng Nht Hnh, quyn The Life of Buddha as Legend and History ca Edward J. Thomas, quyn The Life of The Buddha According to The Ancient 1 V nhn danh v a danh chng ti ch trng dng ch Pali hay Sanscrit cho chnh xc. 5. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 8 Texts and Monuments of India ca A.Foucher, b Buddhist Legends 3 quyn ca Eugene Watson Burlingame, quyn Geography of Early Buddhism ca Bimala Churn Law, vn vn ... chng ti c gng chn la, sp xp thnh quyn S Tch c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni ny gip ngi hc Pht thy r din tin cuc i gng mu v gio l cao thng ca Ngi, va thc t va siu phm. Gio l cao thng ca c Th Tn c t tr li trong khung cnh i sng hng ngy ca Ngi bng nhng li l n gin, d c, d hiu, d nh v d thc hnh. Tuy nhin trnh mi kin chp ng/sai, c/khng, tht/gi ... chng ti xin mn php nhc li li Pht dy v Php T Y nh sau : Mun hc hi gio l c kt qu tt p chng ta nn y theo bn iu ny : 1- Y php bt y nhn : Nn nng theo sch v hay li ch dy, khng nn chp ni tc gi hay ngi ni. 2- Y ngha bt y ng : Nn nng theo ngha l, khng nn chp vo li ni hay vn t. 3- Y tr bt y thc : Nn nng theo tr tu sng sut tm hiu, khng nn chp vo tnh cm c nhn ca mnh. 4- Y kinh liu ngha, bt y kinh bt liu ngha : Nn nng theo li ni hay kinh sch ch thng 6. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 9 Chn l rt ro, khng nn chp vo cc li ni hay kinh sch dng phng tin ch dy theo trnh ngi nghe. Vy, qua cc cu chuyn c tnh cch huyn b, thn thoi, kh tin, qu v khng nn tin, cng khng nn chp l c tht hay khng c tht, qu v nn tm hiu ngha hay o l m cu chuyn ra. V hu ht nhng mu chuyn c tnh cch huyn b, thn thoi, kh tin v s tch c Pht u do chnh c Pht, ch T, ch Ha Thng hoc cc hc gi t ra v li ch ca ngi hu hc nh chng ta. Tht l ngy th kh di nu chng ta nu ra cu hi : Chuyn ng Gi Nol, chuyn Con Qu v Con Chn ca La Fontaine, chuyn Lc Long Qun ly b u C sanh ra 100 trng... l c tht hay khng c tht ? Ngoi ra, chng ta cng nn cn c vo Ba Php n ca c Th Tn bit gio l no ng l do ngi ch dy hay khng phi do ngi ch dy. Ba Php n l V Thng, V Ng, Nit Bn theo Pht gio Nguyn thy, hay Khng, V Tng, V Tc (V Nguyn) theo Pht gio i tha. Chng ti mong rng quyn S Tch c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni ny c th mang n cho qu v c gi mt ci nhn y , ng n v 7. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 10 cuc i c Pht v Gio l gic ng v gii thot ca ngi ch dy. Trong khi son tho quyn S Tch c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni ny d nhin chng ti phi tra cu cc ti liu hin hnh, nhiu khi phi trch dn nguyn vn, khng dm sa i, theo ng tinh thn "Vn d ti o, thut nhi bt tc". V li ch chung ca ngi hc Pht, chng ti chn thnh cu xin qu v tc gi cc ti liu tham cu vui lng thng cm v tha th. D vi s c gng ca chng ti, cc ti liu hin nay v s tch c Pht vn cn rt nhiu thiu st v sai lm, chng ti rt mong cc v thc gi vui lng ch bo thm chng ti c th nh chnh v b tc thm vo k ti bn ti. Nam m Bn S Thch-Ca Mu-Ni Pht. Vit ti Antony, Php quc, ma thu nm 2004. Minh - Thin Trn - Hu - Danh 8. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 11 9. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 12 M C LC Li m u ..................................................7 Bn Pht tch........................................33 Cc on truyn gio ca vua ASOKA ..35 Ph h Thi t Siddhattha.......................38 Mu h Thi t Siddhattha......................40 Cch c ch Pali v Sanscrit:................41 A- TIN THN C PHT THCH CA MU NI..........................................................43 1- B tt Sumedha (Thin Hu).................43 2- B tt Vessantra (H Minh).................47 B- C PHT N SANH.........................50 1- Lai lch h Gotama v b tc Skya .....50 2- Lc mi sanh (nm -623) .......................55 3- Sau khi sanh............................................61 C- THI GIAN LM THI T .................64 1- Thi th u..............................................64 Siddhattha d l h in ..........................64 Siddhattha hc vn ...................................66 Siddhattha hc v .....................................68 Siddhattha cu chim thin nga................69 2- Tui trng thnh ..................................70 Siddhattha lp gia nh ............................70 Thi t Siddhattha nh i nguyn ........79 10. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 13 Thi t Siddhattha do chi bn ca thnh.......................................................... 82 Thi t Siddhattha xin php xut gia..... 87 D- THI GIAN XUT GIA HC O .... 94 1- Ra i (nm -595)..................................... 94 2- V o s th nht : lra Klma.... 103 3- V o s th nh : Uddaka Rmaputta .................................................................... 109 4- Su nm tu kh hnh ti Uruvel....... 112 E- C PHT THNH O .................. 120 1- Chn li tu trung o........................... 121 2- m thnh o (nm -589).................. 124 3- Tun l u tin sau khi thnh o .... 138 4- Tun l th hai sau khi thnh o...... 143 5- Tun l th ba sau khi thnh o....... 146 6- Tun l th t sau khi thnh o ....... 147 7- Tun l th nm sau khi thnh o.... 148 8- Tun l th su sau khi thnh o ..... 151 9- Tun l th by sau khi thnh o..... 152 10- Hai thin tn u tin ......................... 157 F- C PHT THUYT PHP LN U TIN ............................................................ 160 1- Ln ng i Lc Uyn ....................... 161 2- ng Kondanna v 4 ngi bn xut gia .................................................................... 164 3- c Pht thuyt kinh Chuyn Php Lun (nm -589) ................................................. 167 11. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 14 4- c Pht thuyt kinh V ng tng ...177 5- ng Yasa v 4 ngi bn xut gia ......180 G- T H TH NHT N H TH 5.184 1- H th nht ti Lc Uyn (nm -589).185 Nm mi ngi bn khc ca ng Yasa xin xut gia ..............................................186 Pht trao s mnh hong php cho cc v T kheo ....................................................187 ng Punna Mantniputta v 29 ngi bn xut gia.....................................................189 ng Uruvel Kassapa, 2 ngi em, v 1000 t xut gia..................................191 c Pht ni Kinh La (Aditta Pariyaya) ..................................................................205 2- H th 2 ti Venuvana (nm -588)......207 Pht vua Bimbisra...........................207 Pht ging nm gii ca ngi c s .....214 Pht k chuyn cy bng s...................218 Vua Bimbisra cng dng ng uyn Venuvana.................................................224 Hai ng Sriputta, Moggallna v 155 ngi bn xut gia ..................................226 Pht thnh lp tinh x u tin Venuvana ..................................................................231 Kludyi thnh Pht v thm vua Suddhodana.............................................237 Pht ng Dghanakha........................240 12. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 15 D lun chng i Pht ti Rjagaha... 246 Ambapli v Jvaka gp Pht ............... 248 Pht v Kapilavatthu, ng ti vn Nigrodha ................................................. 254 Nand xut gia........................................ 270 Rhula xut gia....................................... 272 Pht thuyt php ln th ba trong hong cung ......................................................... 276 Pht n thnh ph Anupiya thuc x Malla........................................................ 279 3 - H th 3 ti Venuvana (nm -587) .... 286 Em b cng bnh bng t vo bt Pht .................................................................. 286 B la mn Akkosaka ph bng Pht ..... 287 Ngoi o o hm la hi Pht........... 288 Mah Kassapa (Ma ha Ca Dip) xut gia .................................................................. 289 Bhaddiya ng o................................... 291 Pht ng Sudatt Anthapindika (Cp C c).................................................... 293 Sudatt v Sriputta i Svatthi........... 296 Sudatt mua vn ca thi t Jeta....... 298 Pht th trai ti vn xoi ca b Ambapli ti Vesli................................ 302 Pht th trai ti cung in cc Vng t Licchavi................................................... 305 Sriputta rc Pht i Svatthi............ 307 13. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 16 Con ch gi h vng...............................312 Pht dy c by hng v trn th gian..313 Pht dy c thng l c kh.................315 Pht vua Pasenadi .............................319 Pht cho ngi gnh phn tn Sunita xut gia.............................................................323 Vua Pasenadi v T kheo Sunita...........327 Pht a T kheo Nand ln cung tri ao Li ....................................................330 4- H th 4 ti Venuvana (nm -586)......335 Dn chng Vesli cu Pht n tr bnh dch t.......................................................335 5- H th 5 ti Mahvana, thuc Vesli (nm -585)..................................................338 Tranh chp gia hai x Skya v Koliya ..................................................................339 Vua Suddhodana bng h (nm -585) ..343 Hong hu Pajapati Gotami xin xut gia ..................................................................347 Hong hu Pajapati v 500 nng t xut gia ti Vesli ............................................349 Cuc i au kh ca s c Uppalavann ..................................................................360 H- T H TH 6 N H TH 20........364 1- H th 6 ti Jetavana (nm -584)........364 Pht b Khem Rjagaha..............365 14. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 17 i c Pindola Bhradvja biu din thn thng............................................... 366 c Pht biu din i thn thng ti Svatthi ................................................... 371 2- H th 7 ti lng Samkassa (nm -583) .................................................................... 375 c Pht thuyt php ti cung tri ao Li............................................................ 375 Pho tng Pht u tin........................ 379 Lm sao tr thnh Sakka, vua Tri ao Li ?......................................................... 380 3- H th 8 ti rng Bhesakala (nm -582) .................................................................... 382 Ngoi o dng c Cinc vu co Pht .. 382 Chuyn ng b Nakula gi Pht bng con .................................................................. 385 4- H th 9 ti tinh x Ghosita, Kosambi (nm -581) ................................................. 387 B Mgandiy, th hu vua Udayana, ph bng Pht ................................................ 387 Nm l simsap v T kheo Malunkyaputta....................................... 392 Tranh chp gia mt v kinh s v mt v lut s...................................................... 395 i c Bhagu gp Pht ti thnh ph Balaka...................................................... 400 15. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 18 i c Anuruddha gp Pht ti ni Pacinavamsa............................................402 5- H th 10 trong rng Rakkhita (nm - 580).............................................................405 Pht an c mt mnh trong rng Rakkhita ..................................................................405 Pht dy x s ng Chnh Php.........406 Tht Dit Trnh Php (Saptadhikarana samatha) ..................................................414 Pht b Janapada Kalyani................417 6- H th 11 ti Ekanala, gn Rjagaha (nm -579)..................................................419 Ch b chn tru Svastica xut gia.......419 Gii lut c t lc no ? .........................422 Pht ging kinh Chn Tru ...................423 Pht dy sa di Rhula tr gii................432 i tu cng l lao ng v sn xut.........435 Pht dy Rhula gi chnh nim trong lc i kht thc .............................................437 Pht dy Rhula tu hnh ca t i .....440 Pht dy Rhula tu hnh T Bi H X.441 Pht dy Rhula qun v thng..........443 Pht dy Rhula qun hi th...............443 7- H th 12 ti Veranj, x Kosala (nm - 578).............................................................445 Nn i ti Veranj ................................445 Nn ban hnh gii lut lc no ?...........448 16. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 19 8- H th 13 ti thnh ph Clika, x Koliya (nm -577)..................................... 450 Pht dy cch tp sng mt mnh ni thanh vng .............................................. 450 9- H th 14 ti Jetavana (nm -576) ..... 453 N c s Viskh cng dng tinh x ng Vin................................................ 454 Pht thuyt kinh Ngi Bit Sng Mt Mnh ........................................................ 466 c Pht khen i c Sangamaji ....... 469 Pht dy vua Pasenadi cch cng dng ti t gia .................................................. 471 Pht dy m tr nghch cua v lng t bi .................................................................. 474 10- H th 15 ti vn Nigrodha, Kapilavatthu (nm -575).......................... 477 Vua Suppabuddha b t nut.............. 478 Rhula ng 20 tui, th C tc gii.... 480 Pht dy Rhula qun 18 gii phn bit .................................................................. 480 Pht dy Rhula qun 5 un tr ng chp ......................................................... 481 Rhula c cng dng tinh x ring 483 11- H th 16 ti thnh ph lav (nm - 574) ............................................................ 485 Pht qu d xoa lavaka (qu Khong D) ........................................................... 485 17. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 20 12- H th 17 ti Venuvana (nm -573)..490 C ai mun mua thi hi ngi p Sirima khng ?.....................................................490 13- H th 18 ti tng Cliya, x Koliya (nm -572)..................................................492 Con gi ngi th dt ng o...............492 14- H th 19 ti Griddhakta (nm -571) ....................................................................495 Pht truyn tm n cho Mah Kassapa (Nim hoa vi tiu)....................................497 V lng y Jvaka....................................498 Phc in y (sanghati, o tng-gi-l).499 15- H th 20 ti Jetavana (nm -570)....501 Angulimla xut gia sau khi git 999 ngi ........................................................502 nanda c chn lm th gi thng xuyn cho Pht........................................508 i c Ahimsaka (Angulimla) b hnh hung .........................................................514 i c Ahimsaka cu gip mt sn ph ..................................................................516 I- T H TH 21 N H TH 43........518 1- H th 21 ti Jetavana (nm -569).....518 Vua Pasenadi kt thn vi vua Mahnma ..................................................................518 B Kis Gotam tm xin ht ci cu con ..................................................................519 18. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 21 Qun thn ngi nh bong bng nc 523 2- H th 22 ti Jetavana v Pubbrma (nm -568) ................................................. 524 Pht ni kinh T Nim X (Satipatthna sutta)........................................................ 524 C Sundar b git chn ti Jetavana vu co Pht................................................... 533 c Pht chm sc mt kht s mc bnh kit ........................................................... 536 Cc ni s Mah Pajapati, Khem v Dhammadinna ........................................ 539 Cuc i au kh ca ni s Patcr... 542 Pht thuyt kinh Qun Nim Hi Th (npna sati) ........................................ 546 T st khng phi l t gii thot......... 553 3- H th 23 ti Jetavana (nm -567) ..... 556 Gio l l ngn tay ch mt trng ......... 556 Gio l l chic b a ngi sang sng557 Ngn thuyt php v thn thuyt php 558 Jvaka hi Pht v n chay n mn ...... 560 S c Subha gp tn du ng................ 563 Pht ni kinh Phm Vng (Brahmjala sutta)........................................................ 569 Lc s ngoi o .................................... 574 Balaka Upli xin xut gia theo Pht..... 580 Thanh nin B-la-mn Sonadant vn o .................................................................. 584 19. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 22 4- H th 24 ti Jetavana (nm -566)......590 Cy B- nanda tinh x Jetavana .590 Mi hai nhn duyn (Paticca samuppda).............................................593 Pht cho php n sau gi ng v gi thc n qua m trong lc bnh ....................602 Thng ta Sriputta b vu co khinh khi mt tu s tr .............................................604 Pht dy php T Y (Catvari pratisaranena).........................................610 Ngi tu s nh khc g tri trn sng .614 Pht ging v Tm iu Gic Ng ca Bc i Nhn..................................................619 Pht thm kht s Vakkali ang hp hi ..................................................................622 Pht dy cch vt qua cc au kh.....626 V minh, hnh, thc v danh sc trong 12 nhn duyn..............................................629 Th no l Chnh Kin ?........................633 Th no l Chnh nh ? .......................634 Pht ni kinh Vu Lan Bn (Ullambana sutta) ........................................................636 Ngi cht c hng c vt cng t khng ?.....................................................643 5- H th 25 ti Jetavana (nm -565)......645 Punna Mantniputta i hong ha ti x Sunaparant............................................645 20. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 23 Pht thuyt kinh Hi Bt c............... 647 Nhng mm mng chia r khng ng ngi .......................................................... 653 Pht dy Tam Php n ......................... 657 Nn hc gio l bng ting m .......... 660 6- H th 26 ti Jetavana (nm -564) ..... 661 Nn lm g khi bit mnh sp cht ?...... 661 Bn ngi m s voi .............................. 665 7- H th 27 ti Jetavana (nm -563) ..... 668 Thy Vangsa h tr su cn.................. 668 Cc lun chp v nhng cu hi siu hnh do u m c........................................... 674 8- H th 28 ti Jetavana (nm -562) ..... 678 Thng ta nanda v c gi h tin tn Prakriti.................................................... 678 Pht ni kinh Th Lng Nghim (Sramgama stra) ................................ 691 9- H th 29 ti Jetavana (nm -561) ..... 699 Lng t bi ca Pht i vi cc kht s cn non km................................................... 699 V tri Rohitassa hi cch ra khi th gii sinh t...................................................... 703 10- H th 30 ti Jetavana (nm -560) ... 706 Nhng cu hi khng c Pht tr li706 Nh Lai khng t u ti v cng khng i v u c ............................................. 708 11- H th 31 ti Jetavana (nm -559) ... 712 21. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 24 Pht ni kinh Khi Th Nhn Bn........712 Pht ging cch THM NHP Gio Php ..................................................................727 Pht ni kinh S T Hng .....................732 12- H th 32 ti Jetavana (nm -558)....735 Pht ni kinh Kim Cang Bt Nh Ba-la- mt ...........................................................735 13- H th 33, 34, 35 ti Jetavana (nm - 557/ -555)....................................................739 Pht ni kinh i Bt Nh Ba-la-mt...740 14- H th 36 ti Jetavana (nm -554)....744 B Viskh than khc vi Pht v mt a chu mi cht ..........................................744 Ngi tu phi bit lng sc mnh........746 15- H th 37 ti Venuvana (nm -553)..753 Devadatta xin thay Pht lnh o gio on..........................................................753 Devadatta lp gio on ring ti Gayssa ..................................................................761 Thi t Ajtasattu son ngi vua ..........767 Ajtasattu v Devadatta m mu m st Pht ..........................................................771 Pht thuyt kinh Qun V Lng Th.773 Sriputta v Moggallna n Gayssa 780 Devadatta ln hi Pht......................785 Nh Lai ch ni nhng li c ch li cho ngi nghe...............................................787 22. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 25 Devadatta th voi say hi Pht.............. 789 16- H th 38 ti Jetavana (nm -552) ... 793 Pht thuyt kinh A Di ...................... 795 Nh c Tin c th chng V Sanh hay khng ?.................................................... 798 Pht dy cch xy dng hnh phc...... 800 Pht thm c s Sudatt trn ging bnh .................................................................. 802 Pht dy Singala cch sng o c c hnh phc................................................ 803 Pht dy Bt Quan Trai gii................. 809 Sriputta dy Sudatt cch qun tng lc hp hi............................................... 810 Chin tranh gia hai x Magadha v Kosala...................................................... 813 17- H 39 ti Jetavana (nm -551) .......... 817 18- H 40 ti Jetavana (nm -550) .......... 818 Pht ch cch chn chnh t-php v kinh- t .............................................................. 819 19- H 41 ti Jetavana (nm -549) .......... 821 20- H 42 ti Venuvana (nm -548) ........ 822 Pht ni kinh Diu Php Lin Hoa....... 827 Pht ni kinh Sa Mn Qu (Samanna phala sutta) ............................................. 835 21- H 43 ti Jetavana (nm -547) .......... 843 Ni s Pajapati v Thng ta Rhula vin tch ........................................................... 844 23. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 26 Vua Pasenadi git oan tng Bandhula844 J- PHT NHP NIT BN.......................846 1- H 44 ti Jetavana (nm -546).............847 Vua Pasenadi ca ngi Pht.....................847 Vua Pasenadi bng h Rjagaha........853 Vua Viddabha tn st dng h Skya.854 Moggallna b ngoi o m st ti Rjagaha..................................................858 Devadatta qua i ti Griddhakta......861 S gi ca Ajtasattu thnh Pht v vic c binh nh x Vajji.............................863 Sriputta ca ngi Pht............................870 Cng thnh v bn Gotama ti Ptaliputta...............................................873 2- H 45 ti lng Beluva gn Vesli (nm - 545).............................................................875 Pht bnh nng ti Beluva, gn Vesli..877 Pht dy nng ta ni T Tnh Tam Bo ..................................................................879 Thng ta Sriputta vin tch ti Nlaka ..................................................................881 3- Pht nhp nit bn ti Kusingar (nm - 544).............................................................885 Pht bo tin s nhp dit trong ba thng ..................................................................886 Bt cho nm ca ngi th rn Cunda ..................................................................890 24. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 27 Th no l lm v vang Nh Lai........... 899 Thng ta Upvna ng che n ch Thin........................................................ 900 Li ch ca s chim bi Bn Thnh Tch .................................................................. 902 Pht dy ch tng cch i x vi n gii .................................................................. 903 Pht khen ti lm th gi ca nanda .. 904 Subhadda, ngi t xut gia cui cng ca Pht................................................... 908 Li ni cui cng ca c Pht............. 912 c Pht vin tch.................................. 915 L tr t ti Kusingar .......................... 919 Phn chia x li Pht ra lm 8 phn .... 924 PH NH :................................................ 929 1- Kit tp kinh in : .............................. 929 Kit tp kinh in ln th nht ti Rjagaha (nm -544).............................. 929 Kit tp kinh in ln th nh ti Vesli (nm -444)............................................... 933 Kit tp kinh in ln th ba ti Ptaliputta (nm -244)........................... 936 Kit tp kinh in ln th t, ca Nam tng ti Aluvihara (nm -200)............... 937 Kit tp kinh in ln th t, ca Bc tng ti Kudalavana (nm -200).................... 938 25. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 28 Kit tp kinh in Nam tng ti Mandalay, Min in (nm 1871).........940 Kit tp kinh in Nam tng ti Rangoon, Min in (nm 1954) ............................941 2- Ni dung Tam Tng Kinh in (Tripitaka) .................................................942 Tng Lut (Vinaya Pitaka) ....................942 Tng Kinh (Sutta Pitaka).......................948 Tng Lun (Abhidhamma Pitaka)......1017 3- Thp i T ..................................1021 1- Sriputta (X Li Pht), tr tu nht. ................................................................1021 2. Moggallna (Mc Kin Lin), thn thng nht.........................................1027 3. Mah Kassapa (Ma-Ha Ca-Dip), hnh u- nht. .....................................1030 4. Subhti (Tu B ), gii khng nht. ................................................................1030 5. Punna Mantniputta (Ph-Lu-Na Mn-T-T), thuyt php nht......1034 6. Mah-Kaccna (Ma-Ha Ca-Chin- Din), lun ngh nht.......................1036 7. Anuruddha (A Na Lut), thin nhn nht. .......................................................1038 8. Upli (u Ba Ly), tr lut nht...1041 9. Rhula (La Hu La), mt hnh nht. ................................................................1046 26. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 29 10. nanda (A Nan), a vn nht. . 1049 4- Ba mi ba v T s........................... 1049 1. Mah Kassapa (Ma Ha Ca Dip) nm - 623 n -520.......................................... 1049 2. nanda (A Nan) nm -604 n -4851053 3. Sanavasin (Thng Na Ha Tu, Thai Y) nm -550 n -470 ................................ 1058 4. Upagupta (u Ba Cc a) nm -500 n -430................................................. 1060 5. Dhitaka ( a Ca) nm -460 n -380 ................................................................ 1063 6. Michaka (Di Gi Ca) nm -440 n -360 ................................................................ 1065 7. Vasumitra (B Tu Mt, Th Hu) nm - 420 n -330.......................................... 1068 8. Buddhanandi (Pht Nan ) nm - 370 n -300.......................................... 1071 9. Buddhamitra (Pht Mt a) nm - 360 n -290.......................................... 1073 10. Prsva (Hip Tn Gi) nm -360 n - 270.......................................................... 1076 11. Punyayasa (Ph Na D Xa) nm -300 n -230................................................. 1078 12. Asvaghosa (M Minh) nm -270 n - 190.......................................................... 1081 13. Kapimala (Ca T Ma La) nm -250 n -180................................................. 1084 27. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 30 14. Ngrjuna (Long Th) nm -240 n - 130 ..........................................................1087 15. Kanadeva (Ca Na B) nm -170 n -90...........................................................1091 16. Rhulata (La Hu La a) nm -150 n -60....................................................1094 17. Sanghanandi (Tng Gi Nan ) nm - 100 n -20.............................................1097 18. Sanghayasas (Tng Gi Da X) nm - 50 n +20..............................................1100 19. Kumrata (Cu Ma La a) nm -15 n +60...................................................1102 20. Jayata (X D a) nm +30 n 100 ................................................................1105 21. Vasubandhu (B Tu Bn u, Th Thn) nm 70 - 160...............................1107 22. Madura (Ma N La) nm 120 - 190 ................................................................1111 23. Haklenayasas (Hc Lc Na) nm 150 - 230 ..........................................................1116 24. Simha Bhiksu (S T T Kheo) nm 200 - 280.................................................1119 25. Vasasuta (B X T a) nm 240 - 325 ..........................................................1123 26. Punyamitra (Bt Nh Mt a) nm 300 - 388.................................................1127 28. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 31 27. Prajnatara (Bt Nh a La) nm 360 - 460.......................................................... 1130 28. Bodhidharma (B t Ma), S T ti Trung Hoa, nm 440 - 529 ............ 1131 29. Hu Kh (Hoei Keu), Nh T ti Trung Hoa nm 487 - 593................................ 1143 30. Tng Xn (Seng Tsan), Tam T ti Trung Hoa nm 517 - 606.................... 1150 31. o Tn (Tao Sinn), T T ti Trung Hoa nm 580 - 651................................ 1154 32. Hong Nhn (Houng Jenn), Ng T ti Trung Hoa nm 602 - 675.................... 1162 33. Hu Nng (Hoei Neng), Lc T ti Trung Hoa nm 638 - 713.................... 1168 Tam Tng Php s Huyn Trang (Hiuen Tsang) nm 602 - 664........................... 1181 5- Pht Gio truyn sang Sri Lanka (Tch Lan).......................................................... 1187 Vua Asoka (tr v -264 / -227) .............. 1187 Vua Devanampiya Tissa ...................... 1190 i s Mah Mahinda ......................... 1191 Ni s Sanghamitta................................ 1193 6- Bn ng-tm v cc Pht-tch ti n .................................................................. 1195 Lumbini (Lm T Ni) .......................... 1196 Bodh-Gay (B- o trng)............. 1199 Migadaya (Lc Uyn)........................... 1202 29. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 32 Kusingar (Cu Thi Na).......................1205 Rjagaha (Vng X)...........................1210 Jetavana (Vn K , K Vin Tinh X) ................................................................1214 Vesli (T X Ly)..................................1218 i Hc Pht Gio Nland.................1220 7- i cng tu Pht :............................1224 3 tng phi ln trong o Pht............1224 37 php tu cn bn................................1227 6 php tu ca B tt..............................1232 4 php tu ca i B tt.......................1234 Th lp tu chng trong o Pht........1235 Cc cnh gii theo o Pht ................1237 8- Sch tham kho : ................................1242 Li cm t................................................1248 30. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 33 31. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 34 Bn Pht tch 32. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 35 33. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 36 Cc on truyn gio ca vua ASOKA (t nm 244 n nm 227 trc ty lch) 34. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 37 35. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 38 36. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 39 Ph h Thi t Siddhattha 37. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 40 38. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 41 Mu h Thi t Siddhattha 39. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 42 Cch c ch Pali v Sanscrit: 2 - Ch Pali thng n gin v d c hn ch Sanscrit. - Nhng mu t sau y c xp theo th t mu t Pali. a a ngn, nh amount (Anh). Thng c th lt b. V d: ch Pippala c th vit v c l Pippal; ch Arahat c th vit v c l Arhat. a di, =aa, nh cha (Vit), father (Anh). ai c nh ai (Vit). i i ngn, c nh i (Vit), pin (Anh). i di, c nh police (Anh). u c nh tu (Vit), fou (Php). u di, c nh foot (Anh). e c nh d (Vit). o c nh -t (Vit). k c nh kinh k (Vit). kh c nh khi khng (Vit). g c nh ghe go (Vit). gh c g+h ri ra. c, ch c nh ch (Vit). j c nh joujou (Php), hoc nh dj trong Djakarta (Php). 2 Gia ch Pali v ch Sanscrit, chng ti chn ch no d c v thng dng nht. 40. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 43 jh c dj+h ri ra. t c nh tin tc (Vit). th c t+h ri ra, nh hothouse (Anh), hoc nh thanh-th (Vit). d c nh i u (Vit). dh c +h ri ra. n c nh n non (Vit). p c nh papa (Php). ph c p+h ri ra, nh uphill (Anh), hoc nh Pht (Vit, ging Nam). b c nh bnh bao (Vit). bh c b+h ri ra. m c nh mo mp (Vit). y c nh danh d (Vit, ging Nam). r c nh rnh r(Vit). l c nh lu lo (Vit). v u ch hoc sau mt nguyn m, c nh v vy (Vit). v sau mt ph m nh Bodhisattva, c nh ch u (Vit). s, sh c nh ti sao(Vit), sure(Anh), chien(Php). h nh h hng(Vit). 41. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 44 A- TIN THN C PHT THCH CA MU NI Trong kinh sch, nht l trong hai b kinh Bn Sanh (Jtaka) v Bn S (Itivuttaka), c rt nhiu cu chuyn v tin thn c Pht. Chng ti ch k ra y hai kip3 sau cng trc khi c Pht th hin n sanh v thnh o. 1- B tt Sumedha (Thin Hu)4 mt i qu kh xa xa, thuc kip Trang Nghim5 (Vyuha kalpa), c Thi t tn l Samantprabhasa (Ph Quang) con vua Arcimat (ng Chiu), xin php vua cha vo ni Himalaya tm thy hc o, ly hiu l Sumedha (Thin Hu). Ngi theo hc vi nhiu v i s, cu o cao thng, nhng lng cha tha mn. Mt hm Sumedha u l vi 500 ngoi o c ton thng, c thng 500 ng tin vng. Sumedha vui mng t gi thy, mang tin ln ng tm n cng Pht Dpankara6 (Nhin ng) ang c tr ti th Divapati. Gia 3 Kip c 2 ngha : 1- T lc sanh ra n lc cht (ngha thng) ; 2- Kip (kalpa) = 432 triu nm. 4 Xem i Chnh Tn Tu i Tng Kinh 154, 190, 200; Tiu B 10: kinh Jtaka (Bn sanh). 5 Cc kip hin ti tn Hin (Bhadra kalpa), cc kip qu kh tn Trang Nghim (Vyuha kalpa), cc kip v lai tn Tinh T (Naksatra kalpa). 6 Trc c Pht Skyamuni c 24 v Pht sau y: Dpankara, Kondanna, Mangala, Sumana, Revata, Sobhita, Anomdassi, Paduma, Narada, Padumuttara, Sumedha, Sujt, Piyadassi, Atthadassi, Dhammadassi, Siddhattha, Tissa, Phussa, Vipassi, Sikhin, Vessabh, Kakusandha, Kongamana v Kassapa. 42. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 45 ng gp mt c gi (tin thn ca cng cha Yasodhar) ang i, tay cm by hoa sen mu xanh va thm va p, chng lin hi mua. Nhng c gi p : Ti mang hoa cng Pht, u c bn m ng hi mua. Sumedha (Thin Hu) a ra 500 ng tin vng, nn n xin mua nm hoa sen cng Pht, nhng c gi vn ng lm thinh, khng p. Tng th, chng ni : - C cng dng hai bng cng c ri. Ti t xa n y, mong c hoa sen qu bu ny cng Pht Dpankara v xin hc hi gio l cao thng ca ngi. Xin c thng cm nhng li cho ti nm bng i; ri c mun g ti cng lm theo. - Anh i, c gi ng hng i m, ng nhn xung t, rt r ni. Khng bit sao va trng thy anh th em em lng thng anh lin h. Em mun tng khng cho anh nm bng sen ny anh cng c Gic ng. Nhng anh phi ha vi em l anh chu ci em lm v trong kip ny v mi mi v sau. - C i, Sumedha p. C l ngi rt d mn v rt chn tht. Va gp c ti cng c cm tnh vi c ngay. Nhng ti pht tm cu o gii thot. Nu ci v th b rng buc, lm sao ti c th xut gia tm o!? 43. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 46 - Anh c ha vi em i. Ri sau ny mi khi anh mun xut gia th em cam kt s khng ngn cn m cn tm cch gip anh thc hin c hon ton ch nguyn. Nghe c gi ni nh th, Sumedha (Thin Hu) min cng nhn li. Ri hai ngi tm ti ni c Pht Dpankara (Nhin ng) ang ng. Qun chng ng o ang vy quanh c Pht. C c vua v qun thn n lm l dng hoa cng Pht. Sumedha v c gi c len li n gn, nhng cn khong hai mi bc na th h khng ti no tin ln c na. Sumedha rt sung sng c nhn thy Pht Dpankara tn mt. Bng nhin chng cm thy tinh thn sn khoi l thng. Chng pht nguyn s c gng tu hc cho n khi c hon ton gic ng nh ngi. Chng ch thnh tung nm hoa sen ca mnh ln khng trung cng dng Pht theo thng l lc by gi. Nm hoa sen c tung ln khng trung bng bin thnh nm i sen ln trang nghim rc r, l lng gia khng gian. C bn gi trao cho chng hai hoa sen ca c, nh dng cng dm. Chng li ch thnh tung ln khng trung cng dng Pht. Hai a sen ny hin thnh hai i sen ln ng hai bn Pht. Trc s ngc nhin ca i chng, c Pht Dpankara hoan h gii thch s d c s 44. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 47 k diu nh th l do tm v cng thanh tnh v thnh knh ca ngi cng dng. Ri Pht gi Sumedha (Thin Hu) v c gi n bo: - ng l ngi c nhiu thin cn, hy rng tinh tn tu hnh s t c o qu ln. Cn c ny cng c thin duyn vi ng, nhng c nn tn trng li ha, nn khuyn khch ch khng nn ngn cn bn c xut gia tu hc. T Sumedha theo Pht Dpankara hc o, v sau th b tt gii v t kheo gii. Sumedha c gng tinh tn tu hnh B tt. Mt hm c Pht Dpankara i t tinh x Sudassana n thnh ph Ramma, gia ng gp ch t ly, B tt Sumedha lin ci o ng mc m tri ln ch d t, nhng cn ht mt cht khng bit lm sao, ng bn x tc lt thm cho Pht i qua khi lm chn. Nhn thy B tt Sumedha s thc hnh y 10 thnh hnh7 nn c Pht th k8 cho ng s thnh Pht hiu l Skyamuni (Thch-Ca Mu-Ni) trong i Hin kip (Bhadra kalpa). 7 Mi thnh hnh l H x ty thun, T bi li ch chng sanh, Nhn nhc, Tinh tn dng cm, Chn tht, ba nghip Thanh tnh, Thin nguyn y , tm Bnh ng, nh lc y , Tr tu sng sut. 8 Th k l li tin on khuyn khch ngi tu nn vng tm bn ch t n kt qu. 45. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 48 2- B tt Vessantra (H Minh)9 n lc Pht Kassapa (Ca Dip)10 ra i, nhm Hin kip th chn, B tt Sumedha (Thin Hu) ti sanh lm thi t Vessantra (Visvantra, H Minh), chuyn thc hnh hnh b th t lc u th; khi ln ln lm vua, ri xut gia theo Pht Kassapa v tr thnh B tt Vessantra (cn gi l Svetaketu). Nh cng hnh y nn khi lm chung B tt Vessantra c sanh v ci tri u Sut (Tusita) lm B tt b x, lnh o ch Thin ci ny v din thuyt php mu cho Thin chng nghe. Ngi u Sut bn ngn nm, dng php tng11 gio ha chng sinh. Mt hm ngi nhn xung th gian thy chng sinh phn nhiu ch ua nhau to c, chm m trong t kin, khng bit tin nhn qu ti phc, sng au kh v th xc ln tinh thn, cht b a trong ba ng c12 . Ngi pht tm t bi, nguyn 9 Xem Trung B (Majjhima nikya) 123; Chnh Tng K. Theo Pht Hc T in ca on Trung Cn th H Minh l Prabhapala; theo quyn The Life of The Buddha ca A. Foucher, trang 18, th H Minh l Svetaketu; trc khi xut gia l thi t Visvantra (Vessantra), trang 35. Theo The Life of Buddha as Legend and History ca Edward J Thomas, trang 99, th H Minh l Vessantra. 10 Theo Trng B (Dgha nikya) 14, kinh Mahpadana, v theo Trng A Hm 1.1, kinh S i Bn Duyn, th ci Ta B ny c 6 v Pht ra i trc c Pht Thch Ca Mu Ni. Thuc kip Trang Nghim c cc v Pht T B Thi (Vipassi), Thi Kh (Sikhi) v T X Ph (Vessabh). Thuc kip Hin c cc v Pht Cu Lu Tn (Kakusandha), Cu Na Hm (Kongamana) v Ca Dip (Kassapa), ri n Thch Ca Mu Ni (Skyamuni). 11 Php tng c ba l nh tng (Samatha, Tam-ma-), Hu tng (Vibhasa, T-b-x-na), X tng (Upeksa, u tt xoa). Tu tam php tng tc l tu nh, tu Hu v tu X. B tt tu Tam Php Tng s c V tng Nit bn. 12 Ba ng c: a ngc, ng qu, sc sanh. 46. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 49 ging th gio ha chng sinh, mang n nh sng chn l cu chng sinh thot khi sanh gi bnh cht, chng c o qu nit bn, an lc thanh tnh. Ngay lc ton thn ngi phng i quang minh, i a mi tm tng ng, ma cung n nu, mt tri mt trng ht tinh quang, chn ng tt c tri rng tm b13 . Ngi lin quan st nm vic di y : 1- Quan st thi k, ngi thy tui th con ngi lc by gi khong 100 nm14 , rt thun li; v vi th mng qu di con ngi khng thc c th no l gi cht, vi th mng qu ngn th khng c thi gian tu tp. 2- Quan st lc a, ngi chn Jambudipa (Dim ph , bn o n ) v lc by gi ngn ng v t tng trit hc ni y c pht trin hn ht. 3- Quan st quc , ngi chn Majjhimadesa (vng Trung n, thung lng sng Hng); v ni y c nhiu nh hin trit v minh qun xut hin. 13 Thin Long Bt B : Tri (Deva), Rng (Nga), D xoa (Yaksa), A tu la (Asura), Ca lu la (Garuda), Cn tht b (Gandharva), Khn na la (Kimnara), Ma hu la gi (Mahoraga). 14 Theo Digha nikya (Trng B) 14, kinh Mahpadana, v theo Trng A Hm 1.1, kinh S i Bn Duyn : Thi c Pht T B Thi (Vipassi) nhn loi sng n 8 vn tui, thi c Pht Thi Kh (Sikhi) 7 vn tui, thi c Pht T X Ph (Vessabh) 6 vn tui, thi c Pht Cu Lu Tn (Kakusandha) 4 vn tui, thi c Pht Cu Na Hm (Kongamana) 3 vn tui, thi c Pht Ca Dip (Kassapa) 2 vn tui, v thi c Pht Thch Ca (Skyamuni) 100 tui. 47. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 50 4- Quan st chng tc, ngi chn dng di Skya (Sakiya) vi vua Suddhodana l ngi c tm o nht. Theo kinh Lalitavistara (Tiu s c Pht) th dng h ny c 64 c tnh cn thit. 5- Quan st ngi c c tnh lm m v Pht tng lai, ngi chn hong hu Mah My; bit rng b ch cn sng thm 10 thng 7 ngy na. Theo kinh Lalitavistara th b Mah My c 32 c tnh cn thit. Khi thy c duyn n, B tt Vessantra (H Minh) bn ph chc ngi v lnh o ch Thin li cho ngi Maitreya (Metteyya, Di Lc) lm B tt b x, ri t cung tri Tusita (u Sut) ging trn, th hin nhp thai ti thnh Kapilavatthu (Kapilavastu), x Skya15 , gn chn ni Himalaya, thuc vng bin gii ng-bc nc n v Nepal ngy nay, lm con trai ca vua Suddhodana (Tnh Phn), v hong hu Mah My (Ma Da, i Ha). Hong tc x ny u thuc dng di SKYA (Sakiya, Thch Ca). 15 Theo trong kinh th x Skya thuc chu Nam Dim Ph (n , Jambudipa) gia ci Ta B th gii (a cu, Saha). 48. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 51 B- C PHT N SANH Mt v Pht ra i l mt nhn duyn ln rt him c, l mt nim vui v tn cho tt c mun loi chng sanh. c Pht l bc V Thng Chnh ng Chnh Gic, c tr tu v lng t bi rng ln cng tt, v thng cm ni kh trin min v b bn ca chng sanh m lm nn ngi dng phng tin th hin n sanh ch dy v du dt chng sanh ra khi vng sanh t lun hi, t n nit bn an lc thanh tnh. V phng din lch s, chng ti xin trnh by trc huyn thoi v 5 h ca c Pht l Gotama (C m), Sujt (Thin Sanh), Okkka (Cam Gi), Suryavamsa (Nht Chng) v Skya (Thch Ca), sau mi ni n lc Pht n sanh. 1- Lai lch h Gotama v b tc Skya16 16 Xem The Life of Buddha as Legend and History ca Edward J. Thomas, trang 1-15; T in Pht Hc Hu Quang, ch "Cam Gi Vng"; Lumbini a Haven of Sacred Refuge ca Basant Bidari, trang 33-38; Lalitavistara; Mahvastu; Pht S Hnh Tn 1; Trng A Hm 13; Chng Ha Ma Ha ; i Lu Thn; Lut Ng Phn 15. 49. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 52 Vo thu xa xa, th Sketa17 x Kosala, thuc min Trung n , c ging dn Aryan. Theo kinh Pht Bn Hnh (Abhinikramana sutra), kinh Lalitavistara (Tiu s c Pht), kinh Ambattha (Trng B 3) v kinh Mahvastu (do ngi Buddhaghosa ch gii vo th k th nm sau ty lch), th xa kia ni y c v vua tn l Mah Sammta (i Mao Tho) nhng ngi cho em, xut gia theo i tin Gotama (C m)18 tu trong rng. ngi i khng nhn ra mnh l vua, ng ly h thy l Gotama lm h mnh. T ngi ta gi thy ng l Mah Gotama (i C m) v gi ng l Cula Gotama (Tiu C m). Hai thy tr tu trong rng, trong mt ci am bn cnh mt vn ma (Cam Gi, Okkka) ln. Mt hm c 500 tn cp nh cp ti sn ca quan, trong lc chy trn bng qua vn ma, nh ri nhng cp c trong vn. Quan qun theo du tm n, cho Cula Gotama (Tiu C m) l gic cp, lin dng tn bn cht, mu chy lnh lng xung t. Mah Gotama ang c vic i xa, dng thin 17 Sketa, hin nay l Ayodhya, thnh ph ln nm gia ng t thnh ph Lucknow n thnh ph Gorakhpur. Sketa l th c ca x Kosala, v sau mi di v Svatthi (Srvast). 18 Xem T in Pht Hc Hu Quang; Kinh i Nht 5; Kinh i Khng Tc Ch Vng h; Thch Ca Ph 1; Thai Tng Gii Tht tp h. 50. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 53 nhn nhn thy, bun b ri l. ng lin bay v n ni, gom mu trn ln vi bn trn mt t, vo thnh hai vin ln bng nm tay, t ln bn th gia tri, ri ch nguyn rng : - C m ti thnh tm cu nguyn ch thin bin hai hn mu ny thnh ngi. Qua 10 thng, nh hp th nh sng mt tri, vin bn tri ha thnh mt b trai, vin bn phi ha thnh mt b gi, u ly h Gotama (C m). Cc quan i thn trong triu nghe tin, rc v cung nui dng19 . B trai c t tn l Sujt (Thin Sanh)20 , cn gi l Okkka (Cam Gi)21 hay Suryavamsa (Nht Chng)22 . B gi c t tn l Sobhavati (Thin Hin). V sau cc i thn lp Sujt (Thin Sanh) lm vua hiu l Ikshvaku ( Ma vng), v Sobhavati (Thin Hin) lm hong hu, sanh c bn ngi con trai tn l Okkmukha, Karakanda (Karandu), Hatthinika, Sinipura, v nm ngi con gi l Piya, Suppiy, nanda, Vijita v Vijitasena. Sau hong hu Sobhavati qua i, vua Ikshvaku ci thm mt cng cha 19 Theo quyn Lumbini a Haven of Sacred Refuge ca Basant Bidari, trang 33, th Mah Sammta truyn ngi cho con l Kalyan Rochavidha, ng ny truyn cho con l Rawa, ng ny truyn cho con l Uposatha, ng ny truyn cho con l Mandhata, ng ny khng c con trai nn truyn ngi cho chu ngoi, v ny truyn ngi cho con l Sujt (Thin Sanh). 20 Thin sanh : nh c cn lnh nn sanh ra. 21 Cam gi : sanh ra trong vn ma. Cam gi l cy ma. 22 Nht chng : nh hp th nh sng mt tri nn sanh ra. 51. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 54 tr p tn Jayanti phong lm hong hu sanh c mt ngi con trai tn l Jantu. V mun lp Jantu ln lm vua nn v hong hu th nh l Jayanti xui gic vua Ikshvaku y bn ngi con trai ca hong hu Sobhavati ra khi x Kosala. Bn hong t ny cng vi nm ch em gi i v hng ng bc, n gn chn ni Himalaya, gp nh hin trit rt gii thin vn a l tn Kapila khuyn nn li y lp nghip. Ni y ln hi tr nn phn thnh. Vua Ikshvaku c tin ny, tht li khen rng Skya vata bho Rja Kumra, c ngha l Cc v hong t ny qu tht l nhng ngi c kh nng. T b tc ca cc hong t v vng quc ca h sng lp mang tn l Skya (Sakiya, Thch Ca), c ngha l ngi c kh nng hay ngi anh hng. nh n nh hin trit Kapila, cc hong t Skya t tn th x Skya l Kapilavatthu (Kapilavastu, Ca T La V). t lu sau, ngi ch c l Piya mc bnh ci, vo rng . Trong khi vua x Kasi Benares l Rma cng mc bnh ci, truyn ngi cho con trai c ri vo su trong rng ni , thi may gp thuc ht bnh. Hai ngi gp nhau, vua Rma ch thuc cho b 52. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 55 Piya c lnh bnh, hai ngi n vi nhau, thnh lp x Koliya, ln lm vua23 . Kapilavatthu, bn hong t con vua Ikshvaku (Okkka) khng th lp gia nh vi ngi bn x v khng c ai thuc giai cp qu tc (Ksatriya) nn phi sng chung vi bn ch em gi cn li nh v chng24 . Trong s bn hong t ny c ba ngi cht, hong t cn li l Okkmukha (Ni Cu La25 ) ln lm vua. Sau truyn ngi cho con l Cu L26 (?). Cu L truyn ngi cho con l Jayasena (C Cu L27 ). Jayasena truyn ngi cho con l Shahanu (S T Gip). Vua Shahanu (S T Gip) sinh c bn ngi con trai l: Suddhodana (Tnh Phn), Dhotodana (Hc Phn), Sukkodana (Bch Phn) v Amitodana (Cam L Phn); v mt ngi con gi l Amit (Cam L vng phi) g cho vua Suppabuddha (Thin Gic vng) x Koliya. Vua Shahanu truyn ngi cho con l Suddhodana. Vua Suddhodana (Tnh Phn vng) v hong hu Mah My (Ma Da, i Ha) sinh ra thi t Siddhattha (S t Ta) v sau 23 Xem kinh Dasaratha Jtaka; The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 9-11. 24 Xem The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 8; Mahvastu. 25 Xem T in Pht Hc Hu Quang, ch Cam Gi Vng. 26 Xem T in Pht Hc Hu Quang, ch Cam Gi Vng. Theo quyn Lumbini a Haven of Sacred Refuge, trang 36, th Okkmukha truyn ngi cho con l Jayasena. 27 Xem T in Pht Hc Hu Quang, ch Cam Gi Vng. 53. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 56 thnh Pht hiu l Skyamuni (Thch Ca Mu Ni). Do c Pht c c thy nm h: Gotama (C m), Okkka (Cam Gi), Sujt (Thin Sanh), Suryavamsa (Nht Chng) v Skya (Thch Ca). Nhng ngi thi by gi thng dng ting Gotama ch h ca c Pht, ting Skya ch dng di, b tc hay tn x, v ting Skyamuni ch Pht hiu ca ngi. Pht hiu Skyamuni c ngha l nng nhn tch mc. Skya l nng nhn, l bc anh hng c kh nng hn ngi. Muni l tch mc, tch tnh, vng lng, cng c ngha l nhn t. Skyamuni cng c ngha l bc anh hng hon ton. 2- Lc mi sanh28 (nm -623) Vua Suddhodana GOTAMA v hong hu Mah My l ngi giu lng nhn i, knh trng thnh hin. gn bn mi tui m cha c con. Vua v hong hu thng lp n cng vi, v m hi b th cho ngi ngho kh cu sanh c mt hong nam hu sau ny ni ngi vua. 28 Xem Trng B 14; Trung B 123; Jtaka 1.47-53; Sutta Nipta 3.11; Trng A-Hm 1.1: Kinh S i Bn Duyn. 54. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 57 Nm 62329 trc ty lch (nm Mu Tut), ti khu lm vin xinh p Lumbini30 (Lm T Ni), hong t Siddhattha GOTAMA, thuc dng di b tc Skya, con vua Suddhodana GOTAMA, 42 tui, v hong hu Mah My, 44 tui, sanh vo ngy trng trn thng Veskha31 (cn gi l Vesak hay Vaisakha, tng ng vi thng 4 hay thng 5 dl). Trc mi thng, trong khi c vua cho php gi tm gii thanh tnh nhn dp l cu ma (Asadh Utsav), vo m trng trn thng slh32 (thng 6 hay thng 7 dl), ti thnh Kapilavatthu33 (Ca T La V), hong hu My nm mng thy mt con voi trng su ng34 , trong bng c mt hoa sen ln mu trng, t trn 29 Tng Hi Pht Gio Th Gii (World Fellowship of Buddhists), nm 1950 ti Colombo, xc nhn c Pht nhp nit bn nm 544 trc ty lch, lc ngi c 80 tui. T suy ra nm sanh ca c Pht l 623 trc ty lch. Theo phong tc n, tui c tnh t lc th thai, lc mi sanh k 1 tui (Mahvagga 1.75). Mun tnh nm Pht lch th ly nm dng lch cng thm 544. V d : dng lch nm 2000 tng ng vi Pht lch nm 2544. 30 Lumbini hin nay thuc x Nepal, cch thnh ph Sonauli bin gii n 27 km. 31 Nhm ngy rm thng t m lch nm Mu Tut. C ti liu cho rng lc c Pht n sanh, nc Trung Hoa vo thi i nh Chu, vua Chiu Vng nm th 24, tc nm Gip Dn. Quan Thi s l T Do tu rng: Tu B H, Ty phng c bc i thnh ra i, sau y khong mt ngn nm, gio l ca ngi s truyn b n x ta. Nh vua cho ngi khc vo bia chn Nam Giao lm tin. (Xem S tch Pht ging th, dch gi Ha thng Thch Trung Qun, trang 18). Ghi ch: nm Gip Dn l nm -667, khng ng vi nhn nh ca Tng Hi Pht Gio Th Gii. 32 Mi hai thng (msa) ca n l: Phussa (Ging), Mgha (2), Phagguna (3), Citta (4), Veskha (5), Jettha (6), slh (7), Svana (8), Potthapda (9), Assayuja (10), Kattika (11), Mgasira (12). Theo English-Pali Dictionary ca Buddhadatta Mahthera. 33 Kapilavatthu 1, ni c Pht sinh sng lc nh, hin nay l lng Tilaurakot thuc x Nepal, cch Lumbini 30 km v hng ty-ty-bc. Kapilavatthu 2 hin nay l lng Piprahwa n , do dng h Skya thnh lp sau khi b vua Viddabha (T Lu Ly) tn st v thiu hy Kapilavatthu 1. Kapilavatthu 2 cch thnh ph Sonauli 66 km v hng ty-nam, v cch thnh ph SiddharthaNga 18 km v hng ng; Ni y c lp thp th 1/8 xa li Pht. 34 Xem Trung B 123; Trng B 14. Con voi trng tng trng cho mt v B tt, su ng tng trng cho lc , hoa sen ln trong bng voi tng trng cho tm i bi thanh tnh. 55. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 58 tri bay xung chun vo hng phi ca b, lc b cm thy thn tm khoi lc, nh nhng, sng chi nh nh trng rm. Sng hm sau, b thut li gic chim bao k diu y cho vua nghe v xin vua ban lnh n x t nhn, cu tr dn chng ngho kh to phc c cho a con sau ny. Nh vua hoan h nhn li v cho mi 64 nh tin tri B-la-mn n gii mng; cc v ny on l hong hu mang thai v hong t sp c sanh ra s l mt i hoc mt thnh nhn ting tm lng ly. T lc th thai thn tm hong hu lun lun c an lc, thanh tnh, tr tu sng sut. Theo phong tc, gn n ngy sanh, hong hu Mah My i t thnh Kapilavatthu v nh cha m rut l quc vng Anjana Skya (A Noa Thch Ca) v hong hu Yasodhar (ng lm vi cng cha Ysodhara v thi t Siddhattha) thnh Devadaha cn gi l Rmagama thuc x Koliya (Cu Li, hin nay thuc lnh th Nepal). Gia ng phi on tm ngh chn trong khu lm vin Lumbini, cch Kapilavatthu khong 30 km v hng ng, v cch Devadaha 38 km v hng ty. Lumbini l khu lm vin xinh p v linh thing ca c hai x Skya v Koliya. Hong hu n h nc (puskara) tm ra, thay i y phc, ri i 24 bc v hng bc h 56. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 59 nc, n cy Asoka (V u)35 ang tr y hoa v cng xinh p, b vi tay phi nh hi th chuyn bng. B vi ng a hai tay vn cnh cy. Cc th n vi chy n ng chng mn bn pha. Bng ci t rung ng, ho quang chiu khp ni, ri hong t xut hin ra i, thn ngi thanh tnh khng b nh nhp, v mt an lnh khng khc la. Ch thin bit ng cu th ra i lin hin n tung hoa, tu nhc, ca ht chc mng. Hong hu v cc cung n hn hoan cho n hong t36 . Khi mi sanh ra hong 35 Xem quyn Lumbini a Haven of Sacred Refuge ca Basant Bidari, trang 44-68. Trong tc gi phn tch r rng 5 thuyt khc nhau v loi cy ni c Pht n sanh : 1- cy Plaksha (Ficus lacor, Ba-la-xoa), 2- cy Apa (Mangifera indica, cy xoi), 3- cy Pipala (Ficus religiosa, cy B ), 4- cy Sla (Shorea robusta), 5- cy Asoka (Saraca indica, cy V u). Sau cng, cn c vo kinh sch, cc bng iu khc, hnh th thn v cnh cy, ma n hoa, tc gi kt lun l c Pht n sanh di cy Sita asoka (Saraca indica, cn gi l cy Simsap) tr hoa vo thng 4-5 dl. mu vng hi xanh, l mc xen k nhau v c ui nhn, cnh thp. Khng nn lm vi 2 loi cy asoka khc l Desi asoka (Polyalthia longifolia) v Pendulum asoka (Betula pendula). 36 Theo Tng B 14, kinh i Bn, v theo Trng A Hm 1.1.2, kinh S i Bn Duyn : Theo thng l ca ch Pht, khi hong hu ng vn cnh cy, B tt T B Thi (Vipassi) lin t hng phi ca m xut hin bc xung t, thn ngi tinh khit thanh tnh, tc th ci t rung ng, ho quang chiu khp ni. c Pht hi ng khng cn ngi , bc i by bc v hng bc, nhn khp mi phng, ri a tay ln tri ni rng : Trn tri di th ch c Ta l tn qu, Ta s cu chng sanh khi vng sinh gi bnh cht. Ch thin vui mng bit ng cu th va ra i lin ku gi nhau n chim bi, tu nhc, ri hoa cng dng. c gi nn lu y l ci thy ca ch thin, khng phi ci thy ca ngi th gian : Chng sanh ty theo nhn cn v nghip lc m nhn thy cnh vt khc nhau. Ch thin c thin nhn nn nhn thy thn thc c Pht th hin n sanh t hng phi bc xung t ri bc i 7 bc ... Nhng ngi thng, vi cp mt phm tc, ch nhn thy bo thn c Pht th hin n sanh nh mt em b thng thng, trong hon cnh hon ton tt p. 57. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 60 t Siddhattha cng c tm ra ln u tin37 ti h nc ni trn. H nc Puskarini ny hin nay c xy li theo hnh vung mi cnh 20m, ni ting l linh thing, c kh nng tr bnh cho ngi xung tm. Bn cnh h hin cn mt cy b to ln, cnh l sum s, c t hi c Pht cn ti th. Bn cnh pha bc h hin nay c ngi n th n thn Mah My, trong c ch v tr chnh xc ni c Pht n sanh, v c hai bc tranh ni iu khc cnh c Pht n sanh, mt bc bng v mt bc bng cm thch . n nm 244 trc ty lch, vua Asoka c n y chim bi theo s hng dn ca o s Moggaliputta Tissa (Mc Kin Lin T Tu). Vua Asoka c cho dng gn h mt tr k nim. Trn tr c khc nm hng gm 93 ch bng ting Brahmi nh sau : > (C ngha l : Vua Piyadasina, c cc v thin thn knh mn v ng h, ch thn n nh l ch ny, sau khi ln ngi c 20 nm. y l ni c Pht Skyamuni n sanh. Vua h lnh xy dng mt vch thnh bng bao quanh ni ny v mt tr bn trong nh du ch c Th Tn n sanh. Vua cho php dn lng Lumbini t nay ch ng thu m cc hng nm l mt phn tm39 .) Trong k s ca ngi Huyn Trang vo th k th by c ni u tr c hnh con nga rt m thut v trn lng. Nhng hin nay cha tm c di tch tng con nga c bit y. Kinh sch cn ni n trong lc c Pht n sanh th ng thi by nhn vt sau y cng cho i40 : 1- Cy i B , 2- Yasodhar (Da Du La), 3- Kludyi (Ca Lu Di), 4- Channa (Xa Nc), 5- Kanthaka (nga Kin Trc), 6- Con voi bu, v 7- Bn bnh chu bu. 39 Thay v theo l thng phi ng thu bng 1/6 hoa li sn xut trong nm. 40 Theo quyn Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism, trang 5; quyn The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 33. 59. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 62 3- Sau khi sanh41 Ba ngy sau, tin ng Asita Kladevala (A T ) do thy im l trn tri, bit c thnh nhn va ging sinh, lin cng vi t l chu rut gi ng bng cu, tn Nlaka42 , t sn ni Himalaya n xin php vua c xem tng cho hong t43 . Vua Suddhodana rt vui v cho bng hong t ra nh l tin ng. Nhng, trc s kinh ngc ca mi ngi, hong t bng nhin quay v pha tin ng v t hai chn ln u tc ca ng. ang ngi trn gh, tin ng Asita vi ng dy chp tay x cho hong t44 v tin on hong t s tr thnh bc v nhn cao qu nht ca nhn loi. Nh vua cng lm theo, x cho hong t. Trong khi xem tng cho hong t, tin ng Asita t v rt vui mng, nhng khi xem xong th ng o ln khc nc n. Nh vua ngc nhin hi im lnh d th no, ti sao ng ht vui mng li khc. Tin ng Asita sc si p : 41 Sutta Nipata 3.11; Jtaka 1.54-55. 42 Nlaka (hay Naradatt) lc by gi c 10 tui, v sau xut gia theo Pht c qu A-la-hn, c tn khc l Mah Kaccna (Ma Ha Ca Chin Din). 43 Xem Suttanipta / Mah vagga / Nlaka sutta. 44 Xem quyn Buddhism in Translation ca Waren, trang 49, v Ch Gii Tc Sanh Truyn. 60. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 63 - Tu i vng, hong t c 32 tng tt45 v 80 v p46 , sau ny s l v Chuyn Lun Thnh Vng cai tr bn chu thin h; nhng chc ngi s xut gia tu hnh thnh bc V Thng Chnh ng Chnh Gic, l bc thy li lc ca khp cc ci tri v ci ngi, ging dy php mu ban vui cu kh cho chng sanh. Rt tic nay ti qu gi ri, khng cn sng n lc c nghe li ngi ch dy, nn ti ti thn ti khc. L qun nh c t chc vo ngy th nm sau khi hong t ra i. Vua Suddhodana triu 45 Ba mi hai tng tt (lakkhana) : 1- Bn chn bng phng y n ; 2- Di bn chn c du ch nh bnh xe, r rng ti thm ; 3- C mn li mng gia k ngn tay ngn chn, nh chn ngng cha ; 4- Tay chn mm mi nh o tri ; 5- Ngn tay ngn chn thon di ; 6- Gt chn y n ; 7- Bng nh bng nai, trn di thng thn ; 8- Cc khp xng mc ly nhau chc chn nh hai khoen xch ; 9- Nam cn n kn vo trong ti da ; 10- ng thng tay dui di qu gi ; 11- Mi l chn lng ch c mt lng sc lu ly xanh bic xoay v pha hu ; 12- Lng xoay pha hu, sc xanh bic rt p ; 13- Thn mu vng rng ; 14- Da tht mn mng khng dnh bi nh ; 15- Hai vai ngang bng, y n, trn p ; 16- Gia ngc c ch vn ; 17- Thn cao gp i ngi thng; 18- By ch (tht khiu) trong ngi y n, khng su hoy nh ngi thng ; 19- Thn cao rng nh cy ni-cu- ; 20- Hai m nh s t ; 21- Ngc vung y nh ngc s t ; 22- C 40 ci rng ; 23- Rng ngang bng t chnh ; 24- Rng kht nhau khng h ; 25- Rng trng trong ; 26- Yt hu thanh sch, n thc g cng thy ngon ; 27- Li rng di c th lim ti mp tai ; 28- Ting ni trong tro vang xa ; 29- Mt mu xanh bic ; 30- Mt nh mt tru cha, m trn m di cng nhy mt lt ; 31- C lng trng gia hai chn my, mn thm, ko ra di mt tm, th ra th xon li v pha hu ; 32- Trn nh u c bu tht ni cao. (Xem kinh Trng A hm, quyn 1, phn 1; kinh i-Bt Nit bn, phm 23 S t hng B tt; Trung B 91). 46 Tm mi v p (anuvyanjana) l cc im ph cho 32 tng tt. Khng k ra y v qu di. 61. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 64 tp su v hin trit B-la-mn chn tn v tin on tng lai cho con. Tn c chn l Siddhattha (Siddartha, Sarvarthasiddha) c ngha l ngi thnh t nguyn vng. Sau khi bn tho v tng lai ca hong t, nm v a ln hai ngn tay, tuyn b : - Mun tu i vng, hong t s tr thnh bc Chuyn Lun Thnh Vng (Cakravartin), v hong v i nht th gian nu ngi mun tr v thin h. Nu xut gia tu hnh, ngi s thnh bc Chnh ng Chnh Gic (Samm Sambuddha) cu nhn loi ra khi cnh ti tm au kh . Nhng v tr tui nht tn Kondanna (Kiu Trn Nh)47 ch a ln mt ngn tay v ni : - Tu i vng, sau ny, sau khi nhn thy mt ngi gi, mt ngi bnh, mt xc cht v mt sa mn, hong t s xut gia i tm chn l v s tr thnh mt v Pht, V Thng Chnh ng Chnh Gic. Sau khi sanh hong t c by ngy th hong hu My t trn48 , vng sanh v cung tri ao Li (Tvatimsa)49 . Siddhattha c hong 47 ng Kondanna l mt trong 5 ngi theo Pht tu kh hnh v c nghe thi php u tin ca Pht ti Lc Uyn, Sarnath. 48 Theo b Trng A hm, kinh S i Bn Duyn, v theo kinh Lalitavistara (Tiu s c Pht) th l thng l ca ch Pht n sanh. Theo khoa hc th c l do st nhau. 49 Theo The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 31, th hong hu Mah My sanh v cung tri u Sut (Tusita). 62. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 65 hu ph chc cho ngi d rut cng l th hu trong triu l b Pajapati Gotami (Ba X Ba Kiu m Di)50 , chm sc. Do cc li tin on ca cc nh tin tri nn vua Suddhodana tm mi cch cho Siddhattha hng y lc th trong hong cung, khng bao gi nhn thy cc cnh kh au, bnh hon, gi cht i. Khi Siddhattha c su tui, vua Suddhodana cho mi cc v thy ni ting vo triu dy hc, mong o to hong t thnh mt v vua tng lai c y kh nng v c hnh k nghip ngi. C- THI GIAN LM THI T T lc n sanh (nm 623) n lc xut gia vo nm 29 tui. 1- Thi th u Siddhattha d l h in51 Nm ln 7 tui52 , Siddhattha c i d l h in ngoi cng thnh pha nam vi vua cha khai mc ma cy cy. Ngi di bng mt ca 50 B Pajapati t mnh chm sc Siddhattha nh con rut. Qua nm sau b sanh hong t Nand. 51 Xem i Chnh Tn Tu i Tng Kinh 187, 190, 192; Lalitavistara 11. 52 Theo quyn Lumbini a Haven of Sacred Refuge, trang 72, th khi d l H in, c Pht ch mi sanh c vi thng. 63. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 66 tng cy ni-cu-53 to ln, Siddhattha chm ch nhn cnh ngi dn cy tay lm chn bn, mnh trn trng trc di cn nng chy, m hi nh nhi, va c gng n su li cy xung t va cm roi nh v la ht con tru. Con tru c sc ko cy di ln roi, lm bt ln nhng mng t ln. Nhng con giun qun qui au n. Nhng con chim bay n tranh nhau n giun. Mt con chn ang lng vng gn rnh bt chim. Mt anh th sn ang tm cch ging by bt chn. Siddhattha than thm: i! i sng l mt trng tranh u git hi ln nhau dy y au kh. Trong lc mi ngi vui v theo di nhng tr vui ca cuc l th Siddhattha ngi tro chn theo li kit gi, trm ngm suy ngh, nh tm theo li ch qun54 v c s thin. Trong khi thi gian tri qua m bng cy ni-cu- y khng di ng, vn yn mt ch che mt Siddhattha. Cc cung n thy hin tng l nh vy th ly lm ngc nhin n tu cho vua hay. Nh vua n ni, ng yn lng nhn hong t mt lc ri x cho v ni: Hi ny con yu qu, y l ln th nh 53 Cy ni-cu- (nigrodha), tn khoa hc l Ficus Bengalensis, l mt loi cy a cao ln (25m) m ht nh ging nh ht cy dng-liu. Siddhattha ang ngi m vn cy ni-cu- gn thnh Kapilavatthu. Sau khi thnh Pht tr v, ngi cng ng ti y thuyt php gio ha nhng ngi dng Skya v dn chng. Theo kinh Lalitavistara v kinh Trung B th thi t ngi di cy Jambu (hng to, black plumb tree, Syzygium cumini). 54 Ch l dt tr phin no v vng tng, Qun l tm chn l. l 2 phng php thin nh. 64. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 67 Ph vng nh l con. Ri nh vua c bi k khen rng : Nh la trn u ni, Nh trng gia khng-gian, t ht thy ngi sao. Ngi thin di gc cy, Uy quang chiu sng ngi. Cng nh lc s sinh, Thn ta thin ri, Thn quang soi khp c Mi phng ch chng sinh Nhn y m c .55 Siddhattha hc vn T thu nh Siddhattha t ra thng minh xut chng. Trong mi mn hc, t vn chng n v thut ... ngi ch cn hc mt thi gian ngn l ht s hc ca thy. Nm ln 7 tui, vua cho mi v gio s ni ting tn Visavamitra (T Xa B Mt a La) vo cung dy Siddhattha v cc vng t v Phn vn (Sanskrit) v kinh V (Veda). Va mi gp thy ba u Siddhattha hi : 55 Xem S Tch Pht Ging Th ca Ha thng Thch Trung Qun, trang 34. 65. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 68 - Tha thy, ti rt mng hm nay c thy ti y dy bo, ti mun hc nhng sch v Phn vn v Veda. Nhng b c 64 loi (Brhmana, Nighandu, Sokkharappabhedana, Itihasa, Veyyakarana, Rigveda, Atharvaveda, ...)56 , vy thy nh dy v loi no trc ?57 Gio s Visavamitra vn l mt ngi thng minh, ti tr, hc rng, nhng khi nghe Siddhattha mi 7 tui hi nh th th tot m hi trn, v chnh ng cng cha bit ht 64 loi kinh sch m Siddhattha va k. ng vi vng qu xung c bi th khen tng nh sau : Gii thay! Hay thay! Cha tng c! Mt ngi sng sut c nh ngi. Tr tu trong sng vng nht nguyt, Thng hiu cc php ca th gian. May mn chng ti c gp ngi Qua di gt ngc ti hc ng! Nhng sch m ngi va mi ni, Qu l chng ti cha tng thy. 56 Brhmana (Phn th), Nighandu (T ng), Sokkharappabhedana (Ng hc), Itihasa (S truyn), Veyyakarana (Vn php). Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda v Atharvaveda l bn b kinh Veda chnh vo th k 15 trc CN, v sau c thm cc b Brhmana (th k -10), Aranyaka v Upanisad (th k -7). B Upanisad khi u phong tro ci cch B-la-mn gio. 57 Theo The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 46-47, trch t kinh Lalitavistara, th Siddhartha hi thy Visavamitra mun dy vit mu t no, ri ngi cm bng vit ra 64 mu t. Mi ln vit ra mt mu t, ngi lin c mt bi k ging v o l khi u bng mu t y. 66. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 69 D nhin ngi thng hiu ri! ng lm o s cho tri, ngi, Chng ti u dm lm gio hc! Ci xin ngi s ch bo cho.58 Siddhattha hc v V v thut, khi Siddhattha c khong 12 tui, triu thn gii thiu v s Kshantideva (Sn B) l ngi thng hiu 29 mn v ngh, dy hong t. V s c lnh v thnh, vo yt kin vua; vua rt vui v giao cho dy Siddhattha v cc vng t khc. u tin v s biu din cc mn quyn cho cc vng t xem. Siddhattha ni: "Cc mn ny ti thng hiu ri, khng cn phi hc". Vy cc mn y v s ch phi dy cho cc vng t khc thi. Sau v s em ht ti lc biu din cc mn b truyn cho Siddhattha xem v vt, ci nga, ci voi, li chin xa, s dng cung, kim, trng thng, mc cu ... Nhng Siddhattha cng ni: "Nhng mn ny ti thng hiu c ri". Ti y v s bit mnh khng c ti g hn dy, bn lm bi k khen Siddhattha rng : " Thi t tui th u, 58 on ny trch trong S Tch Pht Ging Th ca Ha thng Thch Trung-Qun, trang 27-28. 67. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 70 " Hc hi rt an nhn, " Chng mt bao cng lc, " Nhy mt hiu lin. " Gp trm ngn k khc, " Hc tp bit bao nm, " Thnh cng rt t i. " V ngh vi vn chng, " Thi t vt hn ngi.59 Siddhattha cu chim thin nga60 Ngoi ra Siddhattha cn t ra c lng t i c bit. Mt hm, Siddhattha vo khong 13 tui, ang chi ngoi sn th c con chim thin nga b tn bn trng cnh x xung bn cnh. Siddhattha du dng sn sc vt thng cho con thin nga, c mt lc sau th c ngi em c cu l Devadatta ( B t a), nh hn Siddhattha mt tui, trn tay cn cm cung tn, n bo rng chnh mnh bn c nn i bt chim thin nga li. Siddhattha khng chu tr. 59 Xem S Tch Pht Ging Th ca Ha thng Thch Trung Qun, trang 29-30. 60 Xem i Chnh Tn Tu i Tng Kinh 186, 190; Lalitavistara; Buddhacarita. 68. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 71 Cui cng vic ny c a ra triu nh phn x. Gia triu, Devadatta ni : - Lc con chim thin nga ang bay trn tri th n khng thuc v ca ai c. Nhng chnh ti bn trng con thin nga ri xung t th n tr thnh ca ti. Siddhattha bin lun rng : - S sng l iu qu nht trn i, k l s t do. Con chim thin nga ang bay trn tri l biu tng ca s sng v s t do. N khng th tr thnh vt s hu ca ngi bn n. V vy chim thin nga phi c giao cho ngi bnh vc s sng v s t do cho n ch khng nn giao cho ngi ch tm git hi n. Git hi l iu khng nn lm. Do ngi c tm git hi khng c quyn lm ch s sng v s t do ca k khc. Sau khi tho lun mt hi lu, triu thn cho rng Siddhattha c l. 2- Tui trng thnh Siddhattha lp gia nh61 61 Xem The Life of The Buddha ca A. Foucher, trang 58 - 66; The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 48-50; kinh Lalitavistara. 69. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 72 Khi Siddhattha c 16 tui, vua Suddhodana bn tnh vi triu thn tm ngi v tng lai cho Siddhattha, mong rng vi s rng buc gia nh Siddhattha s b nh xut gia v s tr thnh mt i mang li s v vang cho dng h Skya. Cc v i thn gii thiu nhiu c gi nhan sc v c hnh, nhng vua Suddhodana bo : - Siddhattha kh tnh lm ! Chng ta phi hi trc xem Siddhattha thch c ngi v nh th no. Vng lnh vua, cc v i thn lin n gp Siddhattha hi kin ngi v vic chn la ngi v tng lai. Siddhattha p : - By ngy na ti s tr li qu v. Ri Siddhattha t ngh : - Ta bit r rng v s au kh u do ham mun, tham i m ra. i dc l ngun gc ca au kh, xch mch, hung d, phin mun, l ly thuc c, l ngn la, l li gm hi ngi. Ta khng cm thy sung sng g khi bn cnh mt ngi n. Ti sao ta li khng chn li sng yn tnh trong rng ? tm ta s c an nhn, thnh thi trong ci vui thin nh. Nhng di p lc gia nh v ca mi ngi xung quanh, cui cng Siddhattha nh ty thun theo truyn thng gia nh v gc li l tng 70. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 73 xut gia. Siddhattha nh li cc v B tt trc kia cng u lp gia nh c. Hoa sen thanh tnh khng th lm bn nh. n k hn, Siddhattha ni vi cc v i thn : - Nu phi lp gia nh th ti thch c ngi v o c hn l ch c sc p. Ngi phi diu hin, t thin, chn tht, khng gian xo v ganh t, khng thch se sua, ru ch, c bc v tic tng. Ngi cng phi l mt c du hin, mt b ch tt vi ti t, khng n h thc khuya dy sm. Ngi phi tr p nhng khng t cao. Sau khi nghe cc v i thn thut li li Siddhattha, vua Suddhodana ra lnh cho v gio s B-la-mn trong triu : - Ny ng B-la-mn, ng hy i khp th Kapilavatthu, vo tng nh tm nhng c gi c nhng c im m Siddhattha m t, d l con nh qu tc, hay B-la-mn, hay thng gia, hay nng dn cng c. V Siddhattha ch ch trng n c hnh ch khng phn bit giai cp. ng bo cho ta bit tt c nhng c gi . Chng bao lu, ng B-la-mn v bo co vi vua v nhng c gi ng chn cho Siddhattha. Trong s ng ch c bit n Gop Yasodhar (Da Du La) cn c tn khc l Bhaddakaccna, cng tui vi Siddhattha, con 71. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 74 vua Suppabuddha (Thin Gic Vng) x Koliya, l ngi c y nht nhng c im m Siddhattha nu ra. Nh vua lin cho t chc mt i l pht qu cho nhng c gi ni trn. Trong bui l, tng c gi tr p bc n nhn mt mn n trang qu gi do chnh tay Siddhattha trao cho. Nhng Siddhattha vn thn nhin, khng t ra ch n c no c. Cui cng Yasodhar bc n vi cho, i mt trn sng, vui v, diu hin nhn thng vo mt Siddhattha lm chng hi lng tng v khng cn mn n trang no tng cho c. Yasodhar mm ci ni : - Tha Thi t, hnh nh ti c li g nn ngi khng mun tng qu cho ti phi chng ? - Tha c, khng phi vy, ch ti c n sau cng thi. Vy c hy nhn mn qu ny. Ni xong, Siddhattha ci chic nhn trong tay mnh ra, trao cho Yasodhar. Nhng Yasodhar ci ni : - Ti khng dm nhn chic nhn ring ca Thi t ang dng u ? - C c nhn i, y l mn qu mn ca ti tng c m ! - Ti khng dm ! Ti n y khng phi ly mn trang sc ca Thi t m chnh l lm mn trang sc cho Thi t. 72. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 75 Ni xong, Yasodhar mm ci v rt lui. Siddhattha th ngi nhn theo. Cc v i thn u cho rng Siddhattha ch c bit n Yasodhar. Vua Suddhodana lin c s thn n th Devadaha x Koliya xin cu hn cng cha Yasodhar cho thi t Siddhattha. Nhng vua Suppabuddha gt ngang, cho rng cha ai thy Siddhattha c ti cn g v v thut. Vua Suddhodana rt phin mun v b mt th din. an i cha, Siddhattha vn mn b mt cho cha bit tuy cha bao gi biu din v thut, chng c th tranh ti vi bt c ai. Yn ch, vua Suddhodana ngh vi vua Suppabuddha t chc mt cuc tranh ti v v thut m ngi thng cuc s thnh hn vi Yasodhar. Cuc tranh ti gm ba b mn: u kim, bn cung v u vt. C c thy 500 thanh nin tham d. V u kim, ch c Devadatta c 5 chiu ca Siddhattha, Nand c 3 chiu, cn my ngi khc ch c 1 - 2 chiu l cng. V bn cung th c 3 tm bia c dng ln t gn n xa, mi ngi ch c bn mt mi tn vo mi tm bia. Nand ch bn c mt mi tn trng vo tm im bia gn nht, cn hai mi kia u ra ngoi tm im. Devadatta bn 73. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 76 c hai mi tn trng vo tm im bia th nht v bia th nh, mi ngi hoan h nhit lit, nhng n mi th ba th ra ngoi tm im. Nhng ngi khc th c 3 mi tn u sai tm im. n phin Siddhattha, ba ln ging cung, cung u b gy. Siddhattha hi cha c cy cung no khc chc chn hn khng. Vua Suddhodana bn sai qun cn v vo n th hong thng Shahanu mang ra mt cy cung tht to v nng, khng ai dng ni. Siddhattha ging cung mt cch nh nhng, bn c 3 mi tn u trng vo tm ca 3 tm bia. Ton th khn gi v tay hoan h nhit lit. Mi tn cui cng xuyn qua tm bia g, bay xa 10 cu-l-x62 v hng ng nam, khi ri cm su xung t lm thnh mt ging nc gi l Ging Tn (Sarakupa), c ti liu gi l Sui Tn (Arrow Spring). n phn u vt, khng ai ch ni Siddhattha. Devadatta 3 ln b h lng chm t. Sau cng Siddhattha chp c 36 thanh nin vo 62 Cu-l-x (kosa, krosa) l khong cch m ngi ta cn c th nghe ting tru la ln gia ng trng. C l khong 250m. 74. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 77 m mnh mt lt, chng chuyn thn lc vung tay ra mt ci, c 36 ngi u ng ln xung t. Devadatta tc gin v ganh t, b v trc. Vua Suddhodana rt vui mng, phn khi, v cao hng sai qun hu l Channa (Xa Nc) dt con nga chng hung d Kanthaka (Kin Trc) ra cho mi ngi ci th. Vi thanh nin ci th u b nga ht vng xung t. Siddhattha ngi vng trn lng nga cho n khi con nga chu ng yn. Siddhattha cho nga chy ba vng sn, ri tr li cho vua Suddhodana v vua Suppabuddha. tn vinh Siddhattha, vua Suddhodana li sai Channa v triu dt con voi trng tt p nht ca mnh ra cho Siddhattha ci v cung. Channa va dt voi ra ti cng thnh th gp Devadatta va v n ni. Devadatta hi : - Ngi dt voi i u ? - Tha ngi, ti dt voi ra cho Thi t ci v. ang cn nng gin, Devadatta, tay tri nm ly vi voi, tay phi m mnh vo u voi. Con voi to ln ng gc cht lin, nm cht c cng thnh khin ngi qua li khng c. Nand ti sau, nm vi ko voi ra khi ca thnh. Siddhattha i trn chin xa63 lng ly cng va 63 Chin xa : xe do nga ko ra trn thi xa. 75. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 78 v n ni, thy vy ln ting trch Devadatta v khen ngi Nand, ri bc xung dng thn lc nhc voi ln nm ra xa mt cu-l-x, khi voi ri xung lm ln t thnh mt ci h ln, n nay cn lu truyn l H Voi (Hastigarta). Lc by gi Siddhattha c 17 tui, l thnh hn vi Yasodhar c t chc v cng long trng. Sau l thnh hn l l tn phong Hong t Siddhattha lm Thi t (Yuvarja) kim Thng c vng Kalishaka, ln cn th Kapilavatthu. Nhng mt thi gian sau, nhn thy Yasodhar khng sc quyn r lm cho Siddhattha b nh xut gia, vua Suddhodana li kn thm cho thi t hai b th phi na l Gopika (C Di) v Migranika (Lc D), ngoi ra cn cc th n khng k. Nh vua li cho xy ba cung in cho thi t ty theo thi tit nng, lnh hay ma. V cuc i nhung la y c Pht k li nh sau64 : "i sng ca ta (lc by gi) tht l t nh, v cng tinh vi. Trong hong cung, ch ta , ph hong c o ao, xy nhng m sen. Khi sen xanh ua nhau khoe mu y th sen vn mnh ph sc pha bn kia, v trong m bn cnh sen trng ua nhau khoe v p di nh 64 Xem The Life of The Buddha ca A. Foucher, trang 64; c Pht v Pht Php, dch gi Phm Kim Khnh, trang 29; The Buddha and His Teachings ca Narada, trang 7. 76. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 79 nng ban mai. Trm hng ca ta dng u l loi thng ho hng t x Kasi65 a v. Khn v xim o ca ta cng may ton bng hng la bc nht t Kasi ch n. "Ngy cng nh m, mi khi ta bc chn ra khi cung in l c tng lng che sng nng. "Ph hong cng kin to ring cho ta ba ta cung in. Mt cho ta ma lnh, mt ma nng v mt ma ma. Trong sut bn thng ma ta lu ti mt bit in c y tin nghi, gia nhng cung tn phi n. Cho n hng n t ca ph hong cng c n sung mc sng ch khng phi nh cc nh khc, gia nh ch c n cm xu v thc n c". Vua Suddhodana lm mi cch ngn cn vic xut gia ca thi t. Va t chc cc tr chi, ca, v, nhc, kch trong cung ni, va t chc cc cuc b th, phng sinh, khuyn dn tu thin, va b tr khng cho thi t ra khi thnh nhn thy cnh dn i kh, gi, bnh, cht. Thi t Siddhattha trong hong cung vui th vi nm cnh dc lc66 th gian rng r mi nm. 65 X Kasi lc by gi ni ting c nhiu t la tt. Th ca Kasi l Benares, hin nay tn Varanasi, cch Sarnath 10 km v pha nam. X Kasi lc by gi l thuc vo vng quc Kosala. 66 Nm cnh dc lc: tin ti, sc dc, danh li, n ung, ng ngh (ti, sc, danh, thc, thy). 77. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 80 Thi t Siddhattha nh i nguyn67 Lc by gi ci tri Tnh C68 c mt v Tin (rishi) tn Suddhvsa (Tc Bnh) thy thi t vui th vi nm cnh dc lc trong hong cung, rng r 10 nm, mc d tm khng am m nhng thi gian thm thot qua mau khng i ngi, v th ng ng trn h khng lc canh khuya ln ting ni rng: "Hi ngi H Minh (Vessantra) B tt, xin ngi hy sm nhm chn cnh i phm tc m xut gia tu o. Xin ngi ch yn vui vi dc lc m qun i nguyn cu chng sinh au kh khi cnh sinh, gi, bnh, cht". Ri ng Suddhvsa li c bi k sau y : "Hay thay nhn gi tui cao ri, "Mau chng xut gia cho mn nguyn. "Sm ban li ch khp tri ngi. "Nm cnh dc lc nn nhm chn, "Ch m su trn69 ci i. "Ch c xut gia hnh i tr, "Tu thin, nh, hu, t Chn nh70 , 67 Xem S Tch Pht Ging Th ca Ha thng Thch Trung Qun, trang 43-44. 68 Ng Tnh C Thin l 5 cnh tri thuc Sc gii, gm c: 1- V Phin thin (Aviha). 2- V Nhit thin (Atapa). 3- Thin Kin thin (Sudassana). 4- Thin Hin thin (Sudassa). 5- Sc Cu Cnh thin (Akanittha). Nhng v c qu A-na-hm hoc T thin c th sanh ln mt trong nm cnh Tnh C thin (Suddhvsa). 69 Su trn l sc, thanh, hng, v, xc, php (). 70 Chn nh l Pht tnh, chn l ti thng. 78. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 81 "Mi mong cu c kh lun hi. "Chng sinh hon nn nhiu phin no! "Nhn gi l bc i y s "Thuyt nhiu php dc cha bnh ngi, "Mau chng a ln i thng gic. "Chng b v minh che ti mt, "Cng bao t kin vy rng buc, "Khai thng tr tu c sng ngi, "Lm cho tri, ngi, mt ht bnh. Thi t Siddhattha nhiu i nhiu kip trng cn lnh nn khi nghe trn khng c bi k xong, ngi t bit n lc xut gia tm o. Cng m v Tin Suddhvsa dng thn lc lm cho vua Suddhodana chim bao thy by cnh tng nh sau : 1- Thy l phn ca vua Thch t ca thnh phng ng bay ra. 2- Thy Thi t ci con i bch tng i ra cng thnh pha nam. 3- Thy Thi t ngi trn xe t m t cng thnh pha ty i ra. 4- Thy mt ci xe ln ch rt nhiu chu bo trang nghim i ra ca bc. 5- Thy Thi t ng mt con ng ln gia thnh, tay cm di nh vo mt ci trng ln. 79. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 82 6- Thy Thi t ngi trn lu cao qung chu bu xung v c rt nhiu ngi li ly em i. 7- Thy bn ngoi thnh c su ngi ct ting khc ln, ri vt mnh ln ra t trng rt th thm. Nh vua tnh gic, tm bi hi lo s, sai triu ngi on mng vo xem th lnh d th no. Mng s vo hu vua, nghe vua k xong, suy ngh hi lu ri tu rng : - Tu B h! Kh lm, h thn khng hiu thu, xin B h tha th ! Nh vua ang bun lo th c quan gi ca vo tha : - Tu B h! Ngoi cng thnh c ngi xin vo on mng hu B h. - c, cho h vo y. Tin ng Suddhvsa gi lm ngi on mng, vo n ni, nghe vua k xong lin tha rng : - Tu B h! im th nht l thi t s xut gia; im th hai l im thi t s c qu; im th ba l im thi t c php t v y71 ; th t l im thi t thnh Pht; th nm l im thi t chuyn php lun; th su l im thi t 71 T v y (Cattri vesarajjani) l 4 s t tin, an n, khng lo s: 1- Nht thit tr v y, 2- Lu tn v y, 3- Thuyt chng o v y, 4- Thuyt chnh o v y. 80. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 83 c ba mi by phm php bo72 ; th by l im nhm lc s ngoi o73 lo bun ku khc. Xin B h c hoan h, khng nn lo bun lm g, v ton l nhng im lnh. Ni xong, tin ng Suddhvsa bi t lui ra. Vua Suddhodana nghe xong, trong lng tuy bt lo bun, nhng li ngh cch by thm nhiu th vui tiu khin trong hong cung thi t qun ch xut gia. Thi t Siddhattha do chi bn ca thnh Tin ng Suddhvsa mun cho thi t i ra ngoi thnh chi bit nhng vic xu tt ca i, mc ch khuyn khch thi t chn b nm mn dc lc74 ni hong cung. ng gi mt tn qun hu ni chuyn vi thi t, khen chn sn lm l ni lc th nht ca con ngi. Thi t nghe ri n xin php vua cha c ra ngoi cc ca thnh do chi. Vua ra 72 37 phm php bo: T nim x, t chnh cn, t nh tc, ng cn, ng lc, tht gic chi, bt chnh o. 73 Lc s ngoi o: 6 gio phi ni ting vo thi Pht ti th. 74 Nm mn dc lc l tin ti, sc dc, danh li, n ung, ng ngh. 81. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 84 lnh sa sang ng x, treo c dng phn trang nghim trn cc no ng thi t sp i qua. Hm thi t ngi trn xe vng sng chi cng vi Channa (Xa Nc) v on qun hu h tng ra ca thnh pha ng. Dn chng c tp hp hai bn ng ri hoa v hoan h thi t. Tin ng Suddhvsa bin hnh lm mt ng lo ngho nn, lng cng, rng rng ht, i tht thu, mt ci xung t, hi th ph pho, u bc nh tuyt, tay chng gy, run ry, khp khnh i qua trc xe thi t. Thi t nhn thy, ngm ngi hi Channa : - Ngi ny lm sao th ? - Tha thi t, ngi ny l ngi gi. - Gi l g ? - Tha thi t, ngi ta sinh ra lc cn t tui gi l tr. T su mi tui tr ln c th suy tn, tc bc da mi, lng cng sn vy, tinh thn m ti, th ra khng hn ht vo, ch cn ch cht, gi l gi. - Thn ta ri y cng b nh th ? - Vng! Tha thi t, sang hn tuy khc nhau, c tr tt c gi, nht nh khng ai thot khi cnh gi nua nh ng lo ny. Thi t sau ny cng th. 82. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 85 Thi t cm thy bun cho thn phn con ngi, lin bo on ty tng quy xe tr v cung. Sut my hm lin thi t trm ngm suy ngh mt mnh tm cch thot tng gi kh cho tng lai mnh v tt c chng sinh. Mt hm khc, thi t li cng vi Channa v on ty tng ra ca thnh pha nam. Suddhvsa bin thnh mt ngi bnh, thn hnh tiu ty, run ry, nm trn phn v nc tiu ca mnh bn l ng, rn r thm thit, hu nh sp cht. Thi t nhn thy, hi Channa : - Ngi ny sao li nh th ? - Tha thi t, ngi ny ang cn bnh nng sp cht. - Th no gi l bnh ? - Khi thn th khng c yn n, hoc b nng, hoc b lnh, hoc b au nhc, thng tn trong ng tng, kh lc bc nhc, tinh thn yu ui, mng sng bp bnh, gi l bnh. - Ch ring mt ngi ny hay ai ri cng th ? - Tha thi t, khng ring g ngi ny u, tt c tri, ngi, cho n mun vt, khng ai thot khi bnh hon. - Nh vy chnh thn ta y ri cng th ! 83. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 86 Thi t bun b ra lnh quy xe tr v cung. Sut my hm lin thi t trm ngm suy ngh mt mnh tm cch gii thot khi cnh gi, bnh cho mnh v tt c chng sinh. Mt hm khc, thi t li cng vi Channa v on ty tng ra ca thnh pha ty. Suddhvsa bin thnh mt xc cht nm bn v ng, bt u snh n, hi thi, rui nhng bu quanh, trng rt gh tm. Thi t kinh ngc hi Channa : - Ny Channa, ngi ny sao li nh vy ? - Tha thi t, y l ci xc cht ang ch thn nhn ha tng! - Sao li gi l xc cht ? - Tha thi t, con ngi hoc b bnh nng, hoc b thng tch cc ni him yu, hn la khi xc, c th khng cn mt cht sinh lc, chng khc g g , b li cha, m, v, con, h hng, sau khi ha tng thn th s ch cn li mt ng tro tn. - Chnh thn ta ri y cng li nh th sao ? - Tha thi t, tt c cc sinh vt cho n cc bc vua cha u khng trnh khi ci cht. Thi t bun b ra lnh quy xe tr v cung. Sut my ngy lin, thi t trm ngm suy ngh mt mnh tm cch gii thot khi cc tng 84. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 87 kh gi, bnh, cht cho mnh v tt c chng sinh. t lu sau thi t li cng vi Channa v on ty tng ra ca thnh pha bc. Suddhvsa ln ny ha thn lm mt v sa mn75 mc o c-sa, tc ru nhn nhi, trang nghim trm tnh, v mt thanh thot, chn bc khoan thai, tay cm bt i kht thc bn v ng. Thi t ngm nhn mt hi, cht nh li kip xa, lin xung xe, n trc v sa mn nh l ri hi : - Tha ngi sa mn, xut gia nh ngi th c li ch g ? - Tha thi t, ti nhn thy con ngi ti gia lun lun b au kh v sinh, gi, bnh, cht, tt c cc php th gian u v thng, bi hoi, khng an, nn ti la gia nh, thn tc, n ch an nhn, thanh vng, cu thot ch kh no y. Ti tu tp o v lu76 gii thot, iu phc nm gic quan77 , khng cho sa ng vo nm cnh dc lc78 ca th gian, pht tm t bi ban nhng php v y79 cho i, v gi tm 75 Sa mn : Ting Phn l SRmana, ting Pali l Samanna, c ngha l ngi sing lm iu thin, dt b nghip c, co ru tc, mc o c-sa, sng bng cch xin n, ch n trc hoc trong gi ng, ng di gc cy. 76 V lu (ansava) l thanh tnh, khng cn phin no, khng cn ti sanh vo 3 ci dc sc v sc. 77 Nm gic quan l mt, tai, mi, li, thn (xc gic). 78 Nm cnh dc lc l sc, thanh, hng, v, xc; hoc ti, sc, danh, thc, thy. 79 V y (vesarajja, abhaya) l t tin, khng cn s phi ri vo cnh kh. 85. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 88 bnh ng h nim80 chng sinh khng b nhim bi cc php th gian, c o gii thot. l mc ch xut gia ca ti. Thi t nghe xong trong lng hoan h, t ngh rng: " Trong ton ci nhn thin, c l ch c li tu xut gia ny l hn ht ". Thi t lin gic t hu quy xe tr v thnh. Chiu hm thi t ngi trm ngm suy ngh : "Chnh thn ta phi chu sanh, g, bnh, cht, phin no v nhim. Ti sao mi ngi vn mi m chy theo ti sn danh vng l nhng ci m bn cht u v thng nh vy? Sng trong sanh, gi, bnh, cht, phin no v nhim, ta nhn thc c s tai hi ca nhng iu y. Hay ta th i tm ci cha ai thnh t, ci chn l tuyt i, ci hnh phc ti thng ca cnh nit bn? "81 . Ri thi t li ngh: "i sng ti gia tht t tng cht hp, l ch n nu ca bi trn trc, phin no v rng buc. Ch c xut gia mi c th c c mt i sng an tnh, thong dong, t ti "82 . Thi t Siddhattha xin php xut gia 80 H nim l hng dn, gip ngi khc suy ngh tm ra chn l v hnh phc. 81 Trung B (Majjhima nikya) 26: kinh Ariyapariyesana. 82 Trung B (Majjhima nikya) 36: kinh Mahsaccaka. 86. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 89 Sng hm sau, cng cha Yasodhar, ang mang thai sp n ngy sanh, v mt mt mi, va thc gic vi ni vi thi t rng : - Tha thi t, hi hm em trn trc mi khng ng c, n khi va chp mt th chim bao thy 20 im chng lnh nh sau : Em thy qu t lay ng, l phn ca vua Thch vng xung t, cc ngi sao trn tri ri rng, mt cy lng ln trong thnh b Channa ly i, v cn ct tc em mang i nt, nhng xu chui anh lc trn mnh em b ri mt c, thn hnh em bng tr nn xu x, chn tay t nhin ri rng, v thn th la l, ngi ln gh th gh sp cng, nm ln ging th ging gy chn, li thy nhng ni ln sp , trong thnh nhng cy c th gy ng ngn ngang, mt trng mt nh sng, mt tri mt tinh quang, trong thnh nhng ngn uc chy sng u hng ra ngoi, thn h thnh ku khc, thnh Kapilavatthu bin thnh ni hoang vng, hoa qu trong vn u ri rng, cc trng s h v chy tn lon. Theo em ngh th 20 im c mng ny c l l im em sp cht, hay l thi t sp dt tnh n i b em m i hay sao ? 87. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 90 - y ch l do cng cha lo s ti i xut gia83 thi. Song gic mng ny ch l nhng im lnh, khng c g ng lo ngi, cng cha c yn tm, khng nn phin no lm chi cho mt tinh thn84 . - Tha thi t, em sp n ngy sanh n, con ca chng ta sp cho i, c th l mt hong nam. Xin thi t oi ngh n m con em s phi sng i hiu qunh bun thm ni hong cung nu khng c thi t bn cnh. Xin thi t hy li vi em v con, ng i xut gia. - Cng cha i85 , c bao gi nng nhn thy mt ng c hay mt b lo 80, hay 90, hay 100 tui khng ? Lng h cng xung nh mt mi nh sp sp , tay run ry chng gy, dng i khp khnh nh sp ng xung bt c lc no, tui tr i vi h ch cn l mt k nim xa vi, rng gy xu xo, la tha vi si tc bc trn u, da nhn nheo nh tri mp kh ! C bao gi nng ngh n mt ngy kia chnh nng cng s phi chu cnh gi nua nh vy, khng th no trnh khi khng ? Cng cha i, c bao gi nng nhn thy mt ngi n ng hay mt ngi n b au 83 Xut gia (nekkhamma): xa la i sng th tc sng i tu s. 84 Xem S Tch Pht Ging Th ca Ha thng Thch Trung Qun, trang 55. 85 Xem Tng Chi B, chng 3 php, kinh 35: Dim Vng. 88. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 91 yu bnh hon, phi chu on oi trn phn v nc tiu ca chnh mnh khng? C ngi cn c ngi khc chm sc, c ngi th khng c ai chm sc c ! C bao gi nng ngh n mt ngy kia chnh nng cng s phi chu cnh au yu bnh hon nh vy, khng th no trnh khi khng ? Cng cha i, c bao gi nng nhn thy xc ca mt ngi n ng hay mt ngi n b, mt hai hay ba ngy sau khi cht, snh trng, nt n, hi thi, rc r khng? C bao gi nng ngh n mt ngy kia chnh nng cng s phi chu cnh cht chc thm thng nh vy, khng th no trnh khi khng ? ... - Thi thi, thi t ng ni n nhng cnh tng ng gh s nh th na, s c nh hng khng tt n con ca chng ta. - Ny cng cha, ta mun xut gia chnh l c tm ra phng thc thot khi nhng cnh au kh trong sinh, gi, bnh, cht, sanh t lun hi cho chnh ta, cho nng, cho con chng ta, v cho tt c chng sanh ang m mui chm m trin min trong bin kh sanh sanh t t. n khi thnh cng ta s tr v y cu nng, cu con v tt c mi ngi. Nng nn can m li ch ta, ng ngn cn ta. 89. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 92 Cng cha Yasodhar nm p mt xung ging tht tht khc. Vi hm sau thi t vo gp vua cha xin php i xut gia : - Knh ly Ph vng, lng con m ngy mun xut gia tm o gii thot, knh xin Ph vng hoan h cho con c toi nguyn. - Thi t con ! Cha rt thng yu con nn cha khng nh lng no thy con tr thnh k n xin khng nh khng ca, ba i ba no, ry y mai . Hn na cha mong con sau ny s ni ngi vua cai tr thin h. Con ng i u ht, c li y vi cha, ri con mun g cha cng chiu con. - Nh Ph vng mun cho con li th xin Ph vng ban cho con bn iu ny : Mt l lm sao cho con tr mi khng gi; hai l lm sao cho con mnh kho hoi khng bnh; ba l lm sao cho con sng hoi khng cht; bn l lm sao cho con hc c o gii thot cu chng sanh khi nhng thng kh i. - Ny con yu qu, c theo bn iu con xin th chnh cha y cng khng c, lm sao cha ban cho con c ! 90. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 93 Sau khi thi t ly t lui ra, vua Suddhodana bun ru hp tt c nhng ngi thn tn trong hong cung li, ni rng : - Thi t va li y xin php i xut gia. Nu ta ng cho i th sau ny khng c ngi ti tr k v, vy ai c kin g hay gi thi t li hong cung chng ? - Tu i vng, quan Tng binh ni, h thn s t 500 binh s hng trng khe mnh thay phin nhau ngy m canh gc ti mi ca thnh, v thm 500 binh s tinh nhu tun hnh ngy m trn mt thnh, th chc chn khng th no thi t ln ra khi thnh c. - Tu Hong thng, Hong hu Pajapati ni, thn thip s tng cng thm cc th n xinh p nht trong hong cung ngy m hu h thi t, va gip vui bng cc tr chi, ting n, ging ht, va trng chng thi t. - Cc khanh rng cn thn, vua ni, ta s trng thng. Mt hm, thi t Siddhattha ang i do chi trong mt lm vin ngoi thnh, gp lc tri nng tt, thi t xung h nc trong xanh gia nhng hng cy cao vt tm cho mt. Trong lc ang k c, bng nghe ting vua tri ao Li l Sakka Indra vng vng bn tai : 91. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 94 - Hi ngi H Minh B tt, thi k xut gia n, ngi ch nn chn ch na, chng sanh au kh trin min ang cn ngi cu . Nghe xong, thi t Siddhattha thy lng hng hi phn khi. Va lc y c qun hu mang lnh vua n bo cng cha Yasodhar va sanh hong nam. Thi t vui mng ln lng nga phng nhanh v thnh. Lc thi t hn hoan i ngang qua, c Kis Gotam ng trn lu nhn thy lin ct ting ht: - Hnh phc thay c lm cha, Hnh phc thay c lm m, Hnh phc thay c lm v Ca mt chng trai nh th. Trong lc ang vui mng phn khi, thi t Siddhattha lin quy nga li, nm tng nng xu chui ngc eo c ca chng tr gi mt trm ngn ng tin vng, ri tip tc v hong cung. Thi t cht ngh: Ai ai cng mong c hnh phc, nhng hnh phc th gian v thng, sanh, gi, bnh, cht ny tht chng tn phai; 92. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 95 lm th no c c Hnh Phc Chn Tht Vnh Cu ? D- THI GIAN XUT GIA HC O T nm 29 tui n nm 35 tui (6 nm). 1- Ra i (nm -595) Nm 595 trc ty lch, thi t Siddhattha c 29 tui86 . Cng cha Yasodhar va h sanh hong nam duy nht l Rhula87 c by ngy. 86 Siddhatt xut gia vo nm 29 tui, theo Trng B (Digha nikya) 16: Mah Parinibbna sutta. 87 Theo kinh Php Hoa Huyn Tn 1, phn cui (i 34, 671 h), th c Pht c 3 ngi con trai l Sunakkhatt (Thin Tinh), Upvna (u B Ma Na) v Rhula (La Hu La). Hai ngi u, ln tui hn Rhula, l con ca cc th phi. Theo kinh i Bt Nit Bn, tp 2, phm Ca Dip B tt, trang 344, th Sunakkhatt xut gia theo lm th gi cho Pht, tu n t thin, nhng sau li tin theo bn c, thnh nht xin , b a a ngc mt kip; Upvna (u B Ma Na) cng xut gia, c lc lm th gi cho Pht v c mt bn Pht sut 3 thng sau cng cho n lc Pht nhp nit bn. Rhula (La Hu La) c ngha l mt tr ngi. Khi hay tin Yasodhar va sanh c mt hong nam, Siddhattha buc ming tht ln: Li thm mt tr ngi. Li c ti liu cho rng Rhula sinh ra nhm lc Rahulsura (La Hu La A-tu-la) a tay che mt trng nh nhau vi tri Thch. Rhula c ngha l chng nguyt, che mt trng. Rahulsura l Vua A-tu-la tr thnh Quang Minh, tng t th nht di y bin. 93. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 96 Sau ba tic linh nh mng chu ni ch tn ca vua cho i, m qu khuya, mi ngi u mi mt. Vua tri Thch l Sakka Indra88 dng thn lc lm cho tt c quan qun v th n ng say m, nm ngn ngang khp mi ni. Ring thi t cm thy bn khon khng ng c, t ngh nn nhn c hi c mt khng hai ny ra i. Ngi im lng ng nhn cng cha Yasodhar v Rhula ln cui cng t gi. Hai m con nm bn nhau to nn mt hnh nh m cng chan ha tnh thng thing ling, cao c, ngy th, nng nn, m du lm thi t xc ng chn chn. Thi t cht nh n sng m b kh v b bn ca chng sinh phi chu trong v lng kip, ngi lin bc vi ra ngoi gi Channa : - Channa, ngi mau dt nga Kanthaka n y cho ta. - Tha thi t, by gi qu na m, ngi dng nga lm g ? 88 Sakka Indra l vua tri Thch, cn gi l tri ao Li (Tvatimsa). 94. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 97 - Thi ti, ta i xut gia tm o, ngi ch cn ta, khng c tri ta. Channa run s, ln dt nga ti. Thi t va ln mnh nga th tri t rung chuyn su ln. Channa ch kp bm ly ui nga th bn ng Thin vng89 bay xung cm bn chn nga bay vt qua cng thnh pha ng90 , ri i v hng nam ti ch o s Bhargava (Bt Gi hay Bt Ca B) tu kh hnh th p xung. Rng sng ngy mng 8 thng 291 nm Bnh Dn (- 595), thi t Siddhattha v Channa thy mnh ang bn kia b sng Anom92 , cch thnh Kapilavatthu 36 dm (58 km) v hng ty nam93 , thuc lng Anupiya, x Malla. Thi t rt gm ct tc va pht nguyn : "Ti ct b m tc ny pht nguyn on ht phin no v tp chng". Vua Tri Thch (ao Li) l Sakka Indra lin a 89 T Thin vng (Ctum Mah Rjika Deva) gm c Tr Quc Thin vng pha ng, Tng Trng Thin vng pha nam, Qung Mc Thin vng pha ty, a Vn Thin vng pha bc ca mt th gii. gia th gii c ni Tu Di (Sumeru), chung quanh ni Tu Di c 7 lp ni v 7 lp bin. 90 Theo quyn Lumbini a Haven of Sacred Refuge, trang 85, th Siddhattha ra i xut gia bng cng thnh pha ng; do v sau cng ny cn c gi l Cng Pht Xut Gia (Mahbhiniskramana dwara). 91 Theo The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 55, th l ngy trng trn thng slh (thng 6-7 dl). 92 Theo ng Cunningham th Anom hin nay l sng Aumi thuc qun Gorakhpur; nhng theo ng Carlleyle th Anom hin nay l sng Kudawa Nadi thuc qun Basti. 93 Theo The Life of The Buddha ca A. Foucher, trang 78, th Anupiya thuc hng ty-nam ca Kapilavatthu. Nhng theo The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 61, th l hng ng. C l Siddhattha ra cng thnh pha ng ri i v hng ty-nam n b sng Anom. 95. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 98 vt o hng tc ca ngi ri bay v thin cung xy thp cng dng. Thi t li thm ngh: "Cn tm o bo ny ta cng phi thay i mi thnh tng xut gia". Sakka Indra bit lin ha lm ngi i sn, tay cm cung tn, mnh mc o c- sa vng i ti. Thi t nhn thy hi rng: - Ti sao ng mc o ca ngi tu hnh m i lm vic git hi nh vy? - Tha ngi, ti mc o ny cho my con hu nhn thy khng b chy. Nh vy ti mi sn c nhiu. - ng mc o thy tu m lm vic st hi tht khng nn. Cn ti mun xut gia cu gii thot m cha c o tu s. Vy ng nn i o vi ti i. Sakka Indra thnh knh ci o c-sa dng thi t. Thi t cng ci o bo i cho. Thi t hoan h mc o c-sa xong94 , uy dung t nhin ci bin, thm ngh: "T y ta tht c hnh tng xut gia". Trc khi t gi95 , thi t n tn ni vi Channa: - Ny Channa, ta thy ngi th gian, thn tuy xa nhau m khi tm hp nhau th tm h vn 94 Ni y v sau c thp k nim tn Kashayagrahana shrine, theo The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 57. 95 Ni Siddhattha t gi Channa v Kanthaka v sau c n k nim tn Chandaka nivartana hay Kanthaka nivattna shrine, xem The Life of Buddha as Legend and History, trang 55-56. 96. Minh Thin & Diu Xun S tch c Pht 99 theo nhau. Cng c ngi thn tuy gn nhau m tm khng hp nhau th tm h vn xa cch nhau. Ta la b cung in ngai vng ch c mt mnh ngi theo ta ti y. Ta s li ni nhn vng ny