91 do you, don't you? - appsc groups notifications,ap … · · 2017-10-20ramesh: Þ¥,...

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ - ≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 2 -ï-†-´-J 2006II

Anu: Hi Suma, Wish a very Happy New Yearof better communication.(†’´¤y -Ñ Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç-™ ¶«í¬ English´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©--´-E ØË†’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o).

Suma: Same to you, Anu. We are going to havea party on the occasion, aren't we? (´’†ç Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ party -îËÆæ’éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆?)

Anu: Pavani said so yesterday, didn't she?(-§ƒ-´-E --E-†o -Å-™« -Åç-C. éπü∆?

Suma: I am giving the party, aren't I? (ØË†’ éπü∆ party Éý-¶-ûª’-†oC?)

Anu: Yes, it is your turn this time. (Å´¤†’ Ñ≤ƒJ F´çûª’... turn= ´çûª’)

Suma: I am giving the party alright, but I am notmaking the arrangements, am I? (ØË†’ party ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. à®√pô’x -ØË--†’îË-ßª’ôç -™‰-ü¿’ éπü∆?)

Anu: Ah here comes Bhargavi. Hi Bhargavi,We are talking about the party. You aremaking all the arrangements, aren'tyou?(ÉCíÓ ¶µ«®Ω_N. ¶µ«®Ω_O, ¢Ë’ç party í∫’-Jç-*Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. à®√p-ôxFo †’´¤y îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤éπü∆?)

Bhargavi: I am. I am getting the money fromSuma, aren't I? (îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. suma ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s©’ BÆæ’éÓ-¢√L éπü∆?)

Suma: I am ready. Thank you for making allthe arrangements. You are takingtrouble. aren't you? (ØËE-ý-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F †’´¤y troubleBÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?)

Bhargavi: That doesn't matter as long as Idon't spend. (ØË†’ úø•’s ê®Ω’a Â°ôd-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’--™‰)

as long as- so long as = ÅC ïJ-Íí-´-®Ωèπ◊, Ç°æü¿l¥-A™.so long as ´÷´‚-©’í¬ 'not' Ö†o-°æ¤púø’¢√-úøû√ç. As long as á°æ¤p--úÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

Suma & Anu: Thank you.Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù í∫-ûªç--™- -´-*a-† È®çúø’ lessons ™(question tags Â°j --´-*aç--C) -™«í¬-ØË -Öç-C éπ-ü∆.äéπ\-≤ƒJ ´’Sx, don't, doesn't, didn'tûÓ ´îËaquestion tag N≠æßª’ç îª÷ü∆lç.

Bhushan: You get up quite early, don't you? (†’´¤y î√™« Â°çü¿-™«úË Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒh´¤, éπü∆)

Dhiraj: That's right, do you, don't you? (†’´¤y èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆?)

Bhushan: Your college begins at 10, doesn't it?so you can get up late, can't you? (O’ college 10éÀ éπü∆, †’´¤y Ç©-Ææuçí¬Evü¿-™‰-´îª’a, éπü∆?)

Dhiraj: But our school started at 7.30, didn'tit? so I got used to getting up early. (´’† school 7.30èπ◊çúËC éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú-®·çC.)

Get used to = Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç. I have gotused to the hot weather here = (Ééπ\úÕ ¢ËúÕéÀØË†-©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-ßª÷†’). ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç1) 'Get up' ÅØË Regular doing word verbÅ®· not ™‰ü¿’ é¬•öÀd. Question tag, 'don'tyou?' 2) 'Begins' ÅØË second regular doingword verb Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ é¬•öÀd, question tag,'doesn't it?' 3) 'started' ÅØË past doing wordverb Å®·, not ™‰ü¿’ é¬•öÀd, question tag, 'did-n't it?' (Didn't pronunciation - úÕØ˛d)

É°æ¤úø’ Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™E Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™...question tags Ö†o sentences í∫´’-Eü∆lç.1. aren't we? 2. didn't she? 3. aren't I?4. am I? 5. aren't you? 6. doesn't it, etc.OöÀ™x aren't we? didn't she? aren't you? etc.,Ñ question tags -´’†èπ◊ éÌûËhO’é¬ü¿’.ÉN á™«form îËßª÷™ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. É°æ¤úø’ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªhí¬´*a† question tags....1. aren't I? 2. am I? ÉN Ö†o sentences:

1) I am giving the party, aren't I?´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o rule v°æé¬®ΩçÉéπ\úø stem 'I am giving the party' ™ verb, amgiving é¬•öÀd, question tag ™ am, ü∆E ûª®√yûªn't (stem ™ not ™‰ü¿’ é¬•öÀd), ü∆E ûª®√yûª I ´*a,¢Á·ûªhç question tag, amn't I? Å¢√L éπü∆. é¬E Ééπ\úø aren't I (ÇØ˛dI?) ÅE ´≤ÚhçC. ÉCî√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æßª’ç. I ûÓ begin ÅßË’u sen-tence ™ verb, am+í¬ ÖçúÕ, not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ques-tion tag á°æ¤púø÷ aren't I? í¬ØË Öçô’çC.amn't I?ÅØË question tag English ™ ™‰ü¿’. ÅüË stem™not Öçõ‰, Å°æ¤úø’ question tag ´’Sx am I? ( I am not making the arrangements, am I?Ééπ\úø stem ™ not ÖçC)

´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷ü∆lç.a) I am Andhra, aren't I? (stem™ not ™‰ü¿’)b) I am not an American, am I?

(stem™ not ÖçC)2) a) I am getting good marks, aren't I?

(No not in the stem)b) I am not troubling you, am I?

(Not in the stem)3) a) I am an Indian like you, aren't I?

ØË†÷ O’™«í∫ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ßª·-úÕØË éπü∆? (No not in the stem)

b) I am not a fool, am I? (ØËØËç ´‚®Ω’^-úÕo é¬ü¿’, éπü∆? (not in the stem) é¬•öÀd 'I' N≠æ-ßª’ç™ í∫’®Ω’hç-îª’-éÓ-¢√-LqçC–

a) Stem™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, question tag aren't I?(verb, 'am+' Å®·ûË)

b) stem ™ not ÖçúÕ, verb 'am+' Å®·ûËquestion tag, 'am I?'

´’Sx éÌEo Éûª®Ω verb farms éÌîËa question tagsÉéπ\úø ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. í∫’®Ω’hç-îª’-éÓçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈stem™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púø’.a) Shall..., - shan't...? b) will.., - won't..?c) can..., _can't...? d) could..., couldn't...?

(couldn't - pronunciation - (èπ◊Ø˛d)e) may..., - mayn't? (¢Á’ß’Ø˛d?)

f) might..., - mightn't? (¢Á’iõ„Ø˛d) – î√© Å®Ω’ü¿’.g) have..., - haven't...? has..., hasn't...?h) had..., - hadn't...? i) need..., needn't...?

(pron: FØ˛d) j) should..., shouldn't ...?(≠æflØ˛d...?) k) would..., wouldn't...? (ÖØ˛d?)

stem™ not Öçõ‰ Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? verbs™¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô îÁ°œp, subject îÁ§ƒhç.example îª÷ü∆lç.

1) a) Sachin could play well, couldn't he?b) Sachin could not play well, could he?

2) a) Ramesh will help you, won't he?b) Sudha will not / won't help you, will she?

3) a) Ameet has scoredgood marks, hasn'the?

b) Ameet hasn't (hasnot) passed, hashe?É™« N’í∫--û√-N ¶«í¬practice îËÊÆhØËquestion tags éπÈ®-èπ◊dí¬ form îËßª’-í∫©ç. Question tags ™‰EÆæç¶µ«-≠æù î√-™« EKb-´çí¬ Öçô’çC.

Now practice the following in English:

1) Ganesh: Hi Mahesh, E†o ®√vA †’´¤y ÆœE´÷èπ◊-¢Á-∞«´¤ éπü∆?

Mahesh: Å´¤†’, ¢Á∞«h-†E îÁ§ƒp†’. åØ√?Ganesh: îÁ§ƒp-´¤™‰. é¬F †’´¤y ¢Á∞«h-´-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.Mahesh: ØËØË-ü¿-®·Ø√ -îÁ-G-ûË serious í¬ØË

Öçö«†’, éπü∆?Ganesh: cinema N≠æ-ßª’ç™ ØË†’ ´÷vûªç seri-

ous é¬†’, éπü∆? Mahesh: ØË†’ Ø√ friends ûÓ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞Ïh ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-

≤ƒh†’ éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√™‰üËç?Ganesh: E†o î√-™« busy í¬ ÖØ√o. †’-´¤y

¢Á-Rx-† cinema hero fan éπü∆ ØË†’?ØË†’ ®√™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.

2) Santhi: O’®Ω’ Ø√ O’ü¿ jokes ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’, éπü∆?Revathi: ØË†-Ææ©’ ´÷-ö«xúøôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆, Jyothi?Jyothi: ØËØË¢Á÷ Ñ †´© îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’.

åØ√?Santhi: ØËØË §Ò®Ω-°æ-ú≈f†’, éπü∆? O’®Ω’ ´’ç*-¢√∞¡Ÿx

§ƒ°æç.Revathi: ØËØË serious type éπü∆? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’

jokes †îªa´¤.Jyothi: ØË†’ studies ™ØË interested, éπü∆?

Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ joke îËßª’ôç ®√ü¿’, éπü∆?Santhi: O’®Ω-Ææ©’ Éûª-®Ω’© O’ü¿ jokes ¢Áßª’u®Ω’,

éπü∆?Revathi: Jyothi N≠æßª’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ßª’-ü¿’. ØË†’

´÷vûªç á°æ¤púø÷ serious.Answers:1) Ganesh: Hi, Mahesh, you went to a movie

last night, didn't you.Mahesh: I told you (that) I would (go), didn't

I?Ganesh: You told me, yes. But I didn't think

you'd go.Mahesh: When I say something, I am seri-

ous, aren't I?Ganesh: But I am not serious about movie

matters, am I?Mahesh: I feel happy when I go to a movie

with my friends, don't I ? Why did-n't you come?

Ganesh: I was very busy yesterday. I amthe fan of the hero of the movie.Yesterday aren't I? I am sorry Imissed the movie.

2) Santhi: Hey, you are joking at me, aren'tyou?

Revathi: I am not at all talking, am I, Jyothi?Jyothi: I am reading the novel, aren't I? Santhi: I am mistaken, aren't I? You are

good people.Revathi: I am the serious type, aren't I ? I

don't like jokes at all.Jyothi: I am interested only in studies,

aren't I ? I don't know how to joke,do I?

Santhi: You never joke at others? do you?Revathi: I don't know about Jyothi, but I am

always serious.

do you, don't you?-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 91-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ßª’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-v°æ-¨¡o: Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* -´’ç-*books -ûÁ-L-ßª’-ñ‰-ßª’í∫-©®Ω’.

– -P-K-≠æ, -ïçí¬È®-úÕfí∫÷-úÁç-ï-¢√-•’:

Spoken English books market ™ î√™«ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ™x éÌçîÁç ´’ç*N. English con-versation by Grant Taylor; Spoken Englishfor you by G.Radhakrishna Pillai andK.Rajeevan.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ -™--ü¿’Ææ’h-©-†’ -É-ç-Tx-≠ˇ-™Underwear (-Åç-úø®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Åç--ö«®Ω’.Innerwear (-É-†o®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Å-E -á-ç-ü¿’éπ-†®Ω’?-

2) •Ææ’q -áÍé\-ô°æ¤p-úø’, Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x -ü¿í∫_®Ω --öÀÈé\-ôxèπ◊ -´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´’ç-™ ®√-´--ú≈-EéÀ 'Q' '°æ-ü¿l¥-A -§ƒ-öÀç-îªç-úÕÅ-E -¶®Ω’f-©’ç-ö«®·. Íé-´-©ç Q -Åéπ~®Ωç ´÷-vûª-¢Ë’Ê°®Ì\ç-ö«®Ω’. -´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´÷-EéÀ, -Ñ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -Åéπ~®√-EéÀ Ææç-•ç-üµ¿ç -à-N’-öÀ?

– -vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Underwear - (Underware é¬ü¿’)– ™ü¿’-Ææ’h©’–

´’†ç •ßª’-öÀéÀ éπ†-°æúË ü¿’Ææ’h©- éÀç-ü¿ üµ¿JçîËü¿’Ææ’h©’ é¬-•-öÀd Underwear Åçö«®Ω’.

Ñ´’üµ¿u innerwear ÅØË word èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ´≤ÚhçC. Innerwear correct Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ(usage ™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC), î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnçé¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. áèπ◊\-´-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u-´÷ô under-wear.

2) ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ E©-•úÕ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ English Åéπ~®ΩçQ é¬ü¿’ – Q Ü®Ω-éπØË Å™« ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, Thank you

™ You èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Thank U ¢√úÕ-†ô’x. ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ Å®Ωnç ´îËa English word Queue.

Please queue up ÅØË -•-ü¿’©’, Please Q up

Åçö«®Ω’, fancy í¬.People queued for the tickets.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Spoken english èπ◊, written english èπ◊-ûË-ú≈-©-†’ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

2) having been -à Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -´Ææ’hç-C?3) Spelling mistakes Ææ-J-îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ

Ææ-©£æ… -É-ýí∫-©®Ω’.– °œ.-á-Ø˛.-†Í®-¨¸, °æ-J-T

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Spoken English î√™« simple í¬, Å®Ωl¥-´’-´-ú≈-

EéÀ é¬®Ω-ùç Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öç-úø-úøç. °æ‹Jhsentences Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Written English

ÉçéÌçîÁç °æü¿l¥-Aí¬, °æ‹Jhí¬ grammatical í¬,éÌClí¬ éÀx≠æd-¢Á’i† ´÷ô©’, ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ Öç-úÌîª’a.

2) Having been = Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©xHaving been deceived by him once, I don't

trust him any more

äéπ-≤ƒJ ØË†-ûª-E-îËûª ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îª-•úÕ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©xÅûªEo ØË†’ ´’Sx †´’t†’.Having been selected he is happy

select Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ÖØ√oúø’.

3) Spelling mistakes ûªí¬_-©çõ‰ ´÷ô-©†’ sylla-

bles í¬ N¶µº->ç* spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûªí∫’_-û√®·. Syllable Åçõ‰ Åîª’aûÓ Ö†o °æü¿-¶µ«í∫ç.Construction. DØÓx con, struc, tion -Å-ØË-´‚úø’ syllables ÖØ√o®·. É™« devide

îËÆæ’èπ◊E spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûª°æ¤p©’ûªí∫’_-û√®·.

Ðû¦è[ª--

Sunil: Hi Ramesh, the Megastar phonedme last night and asked for a few tipson acting.(ï£„óÀª ô¢î¶ªøÉÂ Eìo-ô¦vA îµªÞ¥-þ§dôÂ û¦ÚÛª

ðÆ¼ûËÂ à¶ú‡ ìåì ÞœªJÙ# Ú•Eo ú£«àŸ-ìõª

Íè…-Þ¥è[ª.)

Ramesh: Oh, did he? (Íö°Þ¥?)

Sunil: And what is more, he wanted to seeme about a future movie of his.Unfortunately I am very busy youknow. So I couldn't give him anappointment.(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙæËº êµõªþ§, ÍêŸè[ª ìæ¨Ù-àŸ-òËº-

êŸªìo Ú•êŸh ú‡E÷« ÞœªJÙ# ììªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-

î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o-ìE Íû¦oè[ª. Ú¥F ë]ªô¢-ë]'-

ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh û¶ìª à¦ö° G@ ÚÛë¯? ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª

û¶ìª Íð§-ô³Ù-æËÀ-îµªÙæËÀ Ï÷y-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-óŸ«ìª.)

Appointment ÷«÷´õª Íô¢nÙ ÑëÁuÞœÙ. Ú¥F

appointment ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ î¦è…ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ Íô¢nÙ =ÚÛõªú£ªÚÁè¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ, àÁåª Eô¢g-ô³Ù-àŸè[Ù.

Ramesh: Oh! Is that so? I didn't know (Ihaven't known) that youare so great.(Íö°Þ¥, ìª÷yÙêŸ Þ•í£p-î¦-è…-

÷E û¦ÚÛª ÏÙêŸ ÷ô¢ÚÛª

êµLóŸªë]ª).

Sunil: Only the megastar knowsmy greatness.

(îµªÞ¥-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú û¦ Þ•í£p-ë]ìÙ

êµõªú£ª)

Ramesh: Does he? That's news tome. But I have a doubt,my dear Sunil.(Íö°Þ¥? ÏC û¦ÚÛª Ú•êŸh

Nù£óŸªÙ. Íô³ê¶ û¦ÚÁ

ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ÑÙC.)

'That's news to me = ÍC û¦Ú¨Ù-êŸ- ÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµLóŸªE Nù£óŸªÙ.

conversation öËº practice à¶óŸªÙè….

Sunil: What's it?(ÔÙåC?)

Ramesh: Are you mentally sound?(FÚÛª ÷ªA-ú‡n-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙë¯ ÍE.)

mentally sound = ÷ªA-ú‡n-NªêŸÙêÁ ÑÙè[è[Ù

mentally unsound = í‡#aSunil: Is that your doubt? Call the Megastar

and ask him himself.(Íë¯ F ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù. Íô³ê¶ îµªÞ¥-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú

ðÆ¼ûËÂ à¶ú‡ ÚÛìªÚÁ\)

Ramesh: Should I? (Do) you want me to beanother fool like you? Come on.Cut all that stuff about his callingyou and taking your suggestions.You look a real fool.(Íö°Þ¥? Fö°¸Þ û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷´ô¢ª^è[-

E-í‡Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-÷ªÙ-æ°î¦? ÏÚÛ Îí£±. îµªÞ¥-

þ§dôÂ FÚÛª ðÆ¼ûËÂ à¶óŸªè[Ù, F ú£«àŸ-ìõª

Bú£ª-ÚÁ-è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨ í‡#a î¦Þœªè[ª ÚÛæ¨d-

šíåªd. ìª÷±y EáÙÞ¥ íÆ£²öËÀ-ö°¸Þ

Ñû¦o÷±.)

Cut = Îí£±, ÚÛæ¨d-šíåªd , stuff = þ¼C, î¦Þœªè[ª.

Sunil: Do I? (Íö°Þ¥?)

šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éöËº îµ³ë]æ¨ òÅ°ÞœÙöËº Sunil ÷«å-õÚÛªRamesh responses Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….

Did he? Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't

known) Does he? Should I?

ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ question tags Óö° formà¶óŸ«L, conversation öËº î¦æ¨ ð§vêŸ ÞœªJÙ# êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Conversation lively Þ¥, effective Þ¥ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ question tags î¦è[ÚÛÙ à¦ö° Í÷-

ú£ô¢Ù. Íö°¸Þ question tags Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯, Ð lessonöËºE Ramesh responses öËºE short questions- Oæ¨E response questions ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨NÚÛ«è¯ conversation ÚÛª ú£ï£°-á-ê¦y-Eo-þ§hô³.

Question tags ö°¸Þ ÏN-ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª

sentenceìª ñæ¨d ÷ú£ªhÙ-æ°ô³. î¦æ¨-E-ñç¶d Oæ¨Ú¨Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙ-åªÙC. Íô³ê¶ êµõª-ÞœªöËº Oå-Eo-æ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú

Íô¢nÙ– Íö°Þ¥? ÍE. ÏN ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ ÖÚÛô¢ª àµí‡pì

Nù£óŸªÙ ÷ªìÙ ì÷ªt-ö¶-E-CÞ¥ Ñìoí£±pè[ªÞ¥E, ÷ªìÚÛª

ÎøŒaô¢uÙ/Îú£Ú¨h ÚÛL-TÙà¶ Nù£-óŸª-îµªi-ì-í£±p-è[ª-Þ¥E

î¦è[ê¦Ù.

šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éöËº Ramesh î¶›ú response ques-tions ÍFo ÍêŸìª ì÷ªt-ö¶E Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-

ú£ªh-û¦oô³ ÚÛë¯! Sunil ÚÛª Megastar phoneà¶óŸªè[Ù, ú£«àŸ-ì-õ-è[-Þœè[Ù ö°Ùæ¨N. Ïö°Ùæ¨

responses Oªô¢« practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Íô³ê¶ Ð

responses ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª sentence öËºE verbìª ñæ¨d, subject ìª ñæ¨d form à¶þ§hÙ.

Pramod: Two or three ministers consult mewhenever they have problems.(Ïë]lô¢ª ö¶ë¯ ÷³Þœª_ô¢ª ÷ªÙvêŸªõª ú£÷ª-

ú£uö¶îµjû¦ ÷›úh ììªo ú£Ùví£-C-þ§hô¢ª.)

Prasad: O, do they?(Í÷±û¦, Íö°Þ¥? – ì÷ªt-øŒÚÛuÙ Ú¥ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶

÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a response)

Pramod sentence öËºE verb 'consult'. ÏC 1stRegular Doing Word- Ú¥ñæ¨d responseöËº 'do'÷ú£ªhÙC (MinistersÚÛª ñë]ªõª 'they'êÁ). ÏÚÛ\è[

question tags öËºö°Þ¥ not ÑÙç¶ tag öËº not ô¦÷-ÚÛð¼÷è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨C ÔOª ÑÙè[ë]ª.

Pramod: Most ministers are my friends.(÷ªÙvêŸªöËºx à¦ö°-÷ªÙC û¦ ›úoï‡°-êŸªõª.)

ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'are'. Ú¥ñæ¨d ministers ñë]ªõª they .

Prasad: O, are they?(Íö°Þ¥– ÎøŒa-ô¢u-ÚÛ-ô¢-îµªiì Nù£óŸªÙ Íô³û¦

response Ïö°û¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC.)

Suraj: In the US, a cup of coffee costs a dol-lar, that is, about Rs. 50/-

(ÍîµªJÚ¥öËº ÚÛí£±p Ú¥íÆˆ ÖÚÛ è¯õôÂ. ÍÙç¶

ë¯ë¯í£± 50 ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª.)

Preethi: Does it? (Í÷±û¦?)

ÏÚÛ\è[ costs II Regular Doing Word Ú¥ñæ¨dresponse 'does', coffee ÍÙç¶ 'it' ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE

'Does it?'

Prema: Though she is not healthy, her hus-band does not help her.

(ÎîµªÚÛª ÎôÁÞœuÙ ò°ÞÁ-ö¶-ÚÛ-

ð¼-ô³û¦ Îîµª òÅ¡ô¢h ÔÙ

ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªè[ª.)

Sujana: O, Doesn't he?(à¶óŸªè¯?)

verb does (not) help - Ú¥ñæ¨dresponse öËº 'does.Kumar: The actor who played

Samson fought with areal lion, you know?(ø‹uîÂª-ú£ûËÂ ð§vêŸ î¶ú‡ì

ìåªè[ª Eá-îµªiì

ú‡Ùï£°ÙêÁ ð¼æ°x-è¯è[ª,

êµõªþ§)

Sudheer: Did he? (Í÷±û¦?)

šíj sentence öËº verb 'fought'.ÏC Past Doing word Ú¥ñæ¨d, did÷ú£ªhÙC. Subject 'actor' ñë]ªõª

'he' ÷ú£ªhÙC.Ïö°¸Þ Am, is, are, was, were,

shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, have,has, had etc. combinations êÁ ÷à¶a verbsÚÛªresponses ÍEoÙ-æ¨öËº Ïî¶

ÑÙæ°ô³.

Charan: I can bat betterthan Tendulkar.

(çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥

ò°uæ¨ÙÞÂ à¶óŸª-Þœ-õìª.)

Sravan: O, can you?Can't you bowlbetter thanPathan? (Íö°Þ¥?÷ªJ

í£ôÈ¦ûËÂ ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥ ò®öËÀ à¶óŸª-ö¶î¦?)

Ïö°Ùæ¨ responses ò°Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè….

Ú•ÙàµÙ vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-E›úh Ð responses questiontags ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. Ú•ÙàµÙ practice êÁOªô¢ª ú£ªõ-òÅ¡ÙÞ¥ form à¶óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. ví£óŸª-AoÙ-àŸÙè….

Now practise the following in English

Tarun: EìoÙê¦ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂöËº à¦ö° àŸLÞ¥

ÑÙC.

Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\-è[ÙêŸ ö¶ë¶.Tarun: EìoÙê¦ šúyåôÂ î¶ú£ªÚÛªû¶ AJÞ¥.

Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\è[ ÖÚÛ îµ«ú£hô¢ª àŸLÞ¥

ÑÙC Ú¥F ÍÙêŸ-ö¶ë]ª.

Tarun: ÍÙêŸ àŸL-öËºì« àŸFoüŒxêÁ þ§oìÙ à¶ø‹.Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛE?Tarun: û¦ ô¢«ÙöËº Þ¥uúÃ Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC. ðÆ¼ûËÂ

à¶›úh ·ôÙè[ª-ôÁ-Võª í£è[ªêŸªÙ-ë]-û¦oô¢ª.

Kumar: F ô¢«ÙöËº UáôÂ ö¶ë¯?

Tarun: FÚÛªÙë¯?Kumar: ÏC ÍÙêŸ àŸL-ví£-ë¶øŒÙ Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯?

ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE UáôÂ Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.

Tarun: ÍEo ÎëÅ]ª-EÚÛ ÷ú£-êŸª-õêÁ Ñìo ðÆ§xæËÀìªû¶ìª êŸyô¢öËº Ú•ì-òËº-êŸª-û¦oìª.

Kumar: Í÷±û¦? ëÅ]ô¢ ÓÙêŸ ÑÙè•àŸªa.Tarun: ë¯ë¯í£± 20 õ¤Ûõ ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª.

Answers:

Tarun: It was very cold the whole of yester-day in Hyderabad./ Hyderabad wasvery cold the whole of yesterday.

Kumar: Was it? It wasn't so cold here.Tarun: I went about in sweater the whole

day.Kumar: Did you? It was cold here too, but it

wasn't so bad.Tarun: Even in such cold,/ Though it was so

cold, I had a cold water bath/ a coldbath.

Kumar: Did you?/ Had you? But why?Tarun: I ran out of gas/ The cylinder was

empty/ The gas was exhausted.When I called the gas company, theysaid it would take two days/ I had towait for two days.

Kumar: Don't you have a geiger?Tarun: Do you?/ Have you?Kumar: This place is not so cold./ It is not

so cold here, is it? So we don'tneed a geiger, do we?

Tarun: I am going to buy a flat soon. Amodern construction with all ameni-ties.

Kumar: Are you? What's the price?/ Whatis the price likely to be?

Tarun: Around Rs. 20 lac.

M. SURESAN

ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 4 áì÷J 2006II

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 92

Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚÂ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

ví£øŒo: It is not Ú¨ short form it's not/ it isn't.î¦æ¨ pronunciation ÏæËÀq-û¦æËÀ/ ÏæËÀ ÐâµûËÂd

Þ¥ í£õ-ÚÛ-÷à¦a? ÏæËÀ ÐâÉÀ û¦æËÀ Þ¥û¶ í£õ-

Ú¥ö°? Short forms writing öËºû¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯spelling Ú¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh-þ§hóŸ«? ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ

spellingÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh›úh I would- shortform I'd. He has - He's, I have - I'veîµ³ë]-öµj-ì-î¦-æ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L?

– Nî¶ÚÂ, ìöË¹_Ùè[

áî¦ñª: It's not = ÏæËÀq not;It isn't = ÏæËÀ ÐáûËÂd– Ïö°¸Þ í£õ-Ú¥L. Ïö° í£õª-

ÚÛªê¦Ù Ú¥ñç¶d writingöËº î¦æ¨-ìö° ô¦þ§hô¢ª. NªÞœê¦contracted forms (short forms) Nù£-óŸªÙ-öËºì«

Ïö°¸Þ ÑàŸa-J-þ§hô¢ª.

I'd = ÕèÂ; He has = he's =ï‡°âÉÀI've = ÕîËÂ. ÍEo contractions îµ³ë]å spokenforms Ú¥ñæ¨d writing öËº Íö° Í÷±-êŸªÙC.

Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 6 -ï-†-´-J 2006II

Laxman: Hi Ramu, may the new year bring you

all happiness.

(éÌûªh Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁ*aÂ°ö«d-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.)

Ramu: So may it to you, Laxman.

(Fèπÿ Å™«Íí ï®Ω-í¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ)Laxman: Thank you.

Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Lessons ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’éÌEoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπ∫ü∆. Ñ Â°jSentences ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉNWishes èπÿ, Greetings (ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’) èπÿ¢√úøû√ç. Éçü¿’™ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆, Laxman,

Ramu †’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’, Ramu, Laxman

†’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ May ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûËÉ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x May á°æ¤púø÷ Sentence

´·çü¿’ç-ô’çC, Åçõ‰ Sentence May ûÓv§ƒ®Ωç¶µºç Å´¤-ûª’çC. May ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç¶µºç ÅßË’uÉ™«çöÀ sentences, blessings èπ◊ èπÿú≈, Åçõ‰ÇQ-®Ωy-îª-Ø√-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.

Keshav: Hi Jagan, when are you starting for

Delhi?

(Delhi éÀ á°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’ûª’Ø√o´¤?)Jagan: In a few hours from now. The train is

at 3.30

(Ééπ éÌCl í∫çô-©èπ◊. Train 3.30 éÀ)Keshav: I am going home now. I may not be

able to come to station to see you off.May you have a very happy journey! (ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oE°æ¤púø’. Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-ý-ö«-EéÀ station èπ◊ ®√™‰éπ§Ú´îª’a. F v°æßª÷ùçÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ≤ƒí¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.)

Jagan: May you have a happy time in yournew course! When do your classesbegins? (F éÌûªh course ™ †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬Öçú≈L. O’ classes á°æ¤púø’ -¢Á·-ü¿-©-´¤-û√®·.)

Keshav: They begin the day after tomorrow.(á©’xçúÕ)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç¶µºç ÅßË’u sen-tences ÅFo wishes †’ ûÁ-©°æ-ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’éπü∆. -É-N îª÷úøçúÕ..

u May you live long! O’®Ω’ î√-™«é¬©ç @Nç-î√-©E.(*®Ωç-@´! ÅØË ûÁ©’í∫’ ÇQ-Ææ’qèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç)

u May your business prosper!O’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü∆L! (éÓJéπ, ÇQÆæ’q)

u May you celebrate many more birth days likethis! É™«çöÀ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV©’ î√™« î√-™« -îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E!

u May you live to be a hundred.´çüË∞¡Ÿx @Nç-î√L.

u May God bless you! üË´¤úø’ E†’o ÇQ-®Ωy-Cç-îª’-í¬éπ!

F 'May' È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÉC. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’Lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. May, proba-bility E ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo úéπh°æ®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ü¿Eéπü∆! Åçõ‰ Å´îª’a, Å´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.

u 'May' ´‚úÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.Srinath: May I come in? (ØË†’ ™EéÀ ®√´î√a?)Ravi: Please do.Srinath: May I have a few minutes of your

time? (O’ Ææ´’ßª’ç é¬Ææh BÆæ’éÓ-´î√a)

Ravi: Please go ahead. What is the matter?(àçö îÁ°æpçúÕ)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' Å†’-´’A – PermissionÅúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’†-éπçõ‰ Â°j≤ƒn®·¢√∞¡x permission í¬E, ´’†ç î√-™« íı®Ω-NçîË¢√∞¡x permission í¬F Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊--†o-°æ¤púø’, May,question form ™ I/ we ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.

1) May I sit here? (ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-´î√a?) permission

2) May I use your phone? (O’ phone ¢√-úø’éÓ´î√a?) permission

3) May I know your name? / May I know whoyou are? (O’ Ê°-Í®ç-ö/ -O’-È®-´®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?) ÉC °æ‹Jhí¬ Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-©ûÓ.

4) How long may I keep this book?

(ØËF °æ¤Ææhéπç áEo ®ÓV-©’ç-îª’-éÓ-´îª’a?)May official/ formal í¬ permission Éý-ú≈-E-éÀstatement form ™ (you ûÓ ´·êuçí¬)¢√úøû√ç. Superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿ éÀçC¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª, O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ May ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

1) You may go now.

O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. (permission Éýôç)

2) You may use my phone if you want.

(O’®Ω’, é¬´-LÊÆh Ø√ phone -¢√-úø’éÓ-´îª’a) permission Éýôç.Å™«Íí éÌçîÁç ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ (Åçûª E≠æ \-®Ωí¬é¬èπ◊çú≈) orders Éý-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ statement

form ™ May ¢√úøû√ç.1) You may not leave office before 5

(âü¿’í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ O’®Ω’ Ç°∂‘Ææ’†’ç* ¢Á--∞Ô-ü¿’l)order

2) You may not smoke here

(O’J-éπ\úø smoke îËßª’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) – order.

3) You may leave office only after five.

(O’®Ω’ âü¿’ ûª®√yûªØË •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á-∞¡x-´îª’a) – order

(Åçõ‰ Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ¢Á∞¡xèπÿúø-ü¿E order).

É´-Fo May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’: äéπ-≤ƒJ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬îª÷ü∆lç.1) 'May' expresses probability (ïJÍí Å´-é¬¨¡ç)2) 'May' expresses doubt (ÆæçüË£æ«ç)3) May in the question form, especially with I/

We is used for asking for permission in a very

formal and polite manner.

'May' for permission is used to ask for per-

mission in a more polite and formal manner

than 'can' and 'shall', with I/ We, and 'will',

and 'would' with you (in the question form)

4) 'May' in statement forms some times is used

in place of 'shall' to express orders in a polite

and formal way.

5) May in the beginning of a statement is used

for expressing wishes and blessings.

Now practice the following in English.

a) Anil: Good morning, Sir. O’®Ω’ ´÷èπ◊ high

school ™ teacher, Sir. -N’-´’t-Lo äéπ-≤ƒJéπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ ´î√a†’.

Murthy: -†’-´¤y -Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-´¤ -Å-E-™¸. -î√-™«é¬-©ç-ûª®√y-ûª -E-†’o éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´--ôç Ææç-ûÓ-≠æç.-É°æ¤p-úËç -îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤?

Anil: Â°j îªü¿’-´¤-©èπ◊Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’, Sir.

¢Á·†oØË visa

´*açC. O’ ÇQ-Ææ’q© éÓÆæç´î√a†’.

Murthy: Fèπ◊ Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q-™„-°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«®·. F v°æßª÷ùç Ææ’êçí¬ïJT, †’ýéπ\-úø ¶«í¬ îªCN Â°jéÀ ®√¢√-©EØ√ ÇQ-Ææ’q©’ (May ¢√úøçúÕ).

Anil: Ñ®Ó-V Ø√ birthday èπÿú≈. Sir.

Murthy: î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y î√-™«-é¬©ç Çßª·-®√-®Ó-í¬u-©ûÓ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. (May

¢√úøçúÕ).Anil: î√-™« thanks, Sir.

Murthy: ´’ç*C.b) Sravan: ØË†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√´-î√açúŒ?Bhavan: ®ΩçúÕ. èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ.Sravan: ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ interview attend Å´-ú≈-EéÀ

´î√a†’. Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ Sravan. Ø√èπ◊ inter-

view á°æ¤p-úø’ç-úÌîª’a?Bhavan: îÁ§ƒh-†’ç-úøçúÕ. Ç... O’èπ◊ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç

È®çúø’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ interview Öçô’çC.Sravan: É°æ¤púË äçöÀ í∫çô-†o®Ω Å®·çC éπü¿çúÕ.

Ø√ interview É°æ¤púË ÖçúÌî√a? (May

¢√úøçúÕ).

Bhavan: -•£æ›-¨» -Öç-úÌ-îª’a. ØË†’ ´’Sx °œ©’≤ƒh-†’.Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ •ßª’ô wait îËßª’-´îª’a O’®Ω’.O’®Ω’ front room ™ èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ.Interview Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’âü¿’í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

Sravan: result á°æ¤úø’ ûÁ-L-ßª’-´îª’a?Bhavan: Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ expect

îËßª’-éπçúÕ.Answers:Anil: Good morning sir. You were our

teacher in the high school. I havecome to see you.

Murthy: I remember you, Anil. (I am) happy tosee/ meet you, though after a longtime. What are you (now)?

Anil: (I am) going to the states for higherstudies. I got the visa the day before(yesterday). I've come for your bless-ings.

Murthy: You have my blessings always. Mayyou have a happy journey and mayyou study well and prosper (Â°jéÀ®√´-ôç) there!

Anil: Today is my birthday too, sir.Murthy: I am very happy. May you live long in

health and happiness!Anil: Thank You, sir.Murthy: You are welcome.

(May you have a happy journey = Wish youa happy journey; may you live long = Wishyou a long and healthy life)

b) Sravan: May I come in (sir)?Bhavan: Please do/ do come in. Have a seat/

Please sit down.Sravan: I have come to attend an interview

here. I am Sravan. When may I havethe interview?/ When may be myinterview?

Bhavan: Wait a minute. Let me see... Yes. Yourinterview is at 2 in the afternoon.

Sravan: It's already (É°æ¤púË) 1.30 sir. May Ihave the interview now itself ?

Bhavan: That may be possible. I'll call youagain. Till then you may wait outside.You may sit in the front room. Youmay not leave here till 5, even afterthe interview.

Sravan: When may I know the result?Bhavan: Well, you may not expect it before

tomorrow evening.

When may I know the result?-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 93-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: Bí∫ ´çTçC, é¬©’ NJ-TçC,<´’ ´·E-TçC, °æ¤Ææhéπç*J-TçC.. -É-™«ç-öÀ -¢√--öÀ-E-ßª’-ü∑∆-ûª-ü∑¿çí¬ (--´ç-îª-•-úÕç-C,-´·-†í∫-•-úÕç-C, -Å-E é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈)-Ççí∫xç-™éÀ -á-™« -Å--†’-´-Cç-î√-™ -ûÁ-L-ßª’-ñ‰-ßª’í∫-©®Ω’.

– ®√°∂æ’-´, -´÷®√\°æ¤®Ωç--ï-¢√-•’:

i) Bí∫ ´çTçC = the wire bentii) é¬©’ NJ-TçC = the leg brokeiii) <´’ ´·E-TçC = The ant drowned.iv) °æ¤Ææhéπç *J-TçC = The book got torn.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Idioms, usage í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.– ®Ω£æ…-Ø√-¶‰í∫ç, éπ-©÷x®Ω’

-ï-¢√-•’: Idioms ÅØ√o usage ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. ¢√úø’-éπ™Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p ¢Á·û√h-EéÀÖ†o Å®√n-EéÃ, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p™ Ö†o äéÌ\éπ\´÷ô Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, Ç ´÷ô©èπÿ®Ω’p idiom Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅüË ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´Ææ’hçCé¬•öÀd ÅC usage Å´¤-ûª’çC. use Åçõ‰ ¢√úøéπç.Åçõ‰ äéπ word †’ sentence ™ use îËßª’ôç.O’®Ω’ vocabulary, idioms, improve îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰Vocabulary O’ü¿ books (Norman Lewis's WordPower Made Easy ™«çöÀN) éÌçûª-´-®ΩÍé Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø--û√®·. Idioms O’ active use ™éÀ ®√¢√-©çõ‰

Öûªh´’´÷®Ω_ç English Newspapers, The Hindu™«çöÀN, *†o *†o story books ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*Â°ü¿l novels îªü¿-´ôç, ´·êuçí¬ English newsmagazines îªü¿-´ôç. Vocab books ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-´©x words, their meanings ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·, but wedon't know how to use them. So read, readand read- that's the best way to improve. Åçû√îªü¿-Nç-ûª-®√yûª Åv°æ-ßª’-ûªoçí¬ O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h†o idioms,words O’ language ™ ¢√úË-≤ƒh®Ω’. îªC-¢Ë-Æœç-ûª-®√yûªÅ®Ωnç-é¬E ´÷ô™‰´Ø√o Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ dictionaryîª÷úøçúÕ. Commercials/ Ads èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ–Modern expression ´Ææ’hçC. O©’-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«xEnglish ™ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 8 -ï-†-´-J 2006II

Brahmam: Hi Vishnu, any idea where Siva

might be?

(P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ)?Vishnu: Not in the least. You call Ganesh.

He might know.

(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁ-L-ßª’-ü¿’. Ganesh èπ◊ phone

îË®·. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ßª’-´îª’a.)Not in the least= ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’.

Brahmam: Has he a cell? Let me have the

number

(Åûª-EéÀ cell Öçü∆.Number É´¤y)Vishnu: He hasn't a cell/ He has no cell. He

fears it might affect his heart if he

carries it in his pocket, and his ear,

if he hears from it- because of radi-

ation.

(™‰ü¿’. ÅC ñ‰•’™ Â°ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ heart èπ◊,ü∆EoNçõ‰ îÁNéÀ üÁ•s ÅE ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç)

Brahmam: So how do I get at him now?

(´’J ÅûªEo °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç á™«?) Get at = îË®Ω’-éÓ-´-ôç/- °æ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç

Vishnu: He might be at office now Ringup

his office. You might be able to con-

tact him.

(Åûª-E°æ¤púø’ office ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ Phone îÁß’. †’ý-ûªEo Åéπ\úø°æô’d-éÓ-´îª’a).

Contact: Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç/- ä-éπ-JûÓ communication

ÖçúøôçBrahmam: Any idea who else might know

Siva's whereabouts now? I want

him urgently.

(§ÚF Siva É°æ¤-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ÖØ√o®√?ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç).

Vishnu: Try his home. Here's the number.

But they might all be out.

(¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ phone îÁß’. -É-CíÓ -†ç-•®˝.Å®·ûË ¢√∞Îx-´®Ω÷ Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a).

(Try= v°æßª’-Aoç* îª÷úø’. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆: out:

Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç; In = Éçöx Öçúøôç)É´Fo might combination ûÓ Ö†o verbs Ö†osentences éπü∆. I mean, Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™-EN.Might combination ûÓ verbs English ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE might combina-

tion ûÓ ´îËa verbs †’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç´·êuç/ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç.

Might Combination Verbs:a) Might be ('be' form);

b) Might+ 1st Regular doing word - might know,

might come, might like, etc.

1) Might, present ™é¬F, future ™é¬F, Åçõ‰É°æ¤úø’é¬F, Ééπ-´·çü¿’é¬F, expresses doubt

(ÆæçüË£æ«ç) and uncertainty (Ææç-Cí∫l¥-ûª). Åçõ‰ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öçúø-´îª’a, ®√´îª’a ÅE '´îª’a— °æü∆©èπ◊Ææ´÷†ç.

a) Might be - ÉC 'be' form; Å®Ωnç: Öçúø-´îª’a.

b) Might + 1st Regular doing word (see, go,

come, etc) Might see = îª÷úø-´îª’a (ÆæçüË£æ«ç),Might go = ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a, Might come = ®√´îª’a.´’† Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ sentence äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.

a) Any idea where Siva might be?

P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?b) You call Ganesh. He might know

í∫ù‰-≠ˇèπ◊ phone îÁß’. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ßª’-´îª’a.c) He fears it might affect his heart...

í∫’çúÁ üÁ•s A†-´-îªaE... ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç.d) You might be able to contact him there

Féπ-ûª†’ Åéπ\úø üÌ®Ωéπ-´-îª’a/ -ûª-í∫-™Ôîª’a.e) But they might all be out

Åçü¿®Ω÷ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌîª’a.é¬•öÀd îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, might, present ™, future ™Åçûª éπ*a-ûªç-é¬E N≠æ-ßª÷Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’ç-ü¿E– Might

be/ Might + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word)

≤ƒüµ¿u- -¢Á’i, ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØË N≠æ-ßª÷EoûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.

Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Might èπÿ, Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oMay èπ◊ î√™« §ÚLéπ Ö†oô’x ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.Might, may éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo úéπh-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ May -¢√-úÕ-†°æ¤p-úø’ áèπ◊\´≤ƒüµ¿u´’ßË’u Å´-é¬¨¡ç -Öç-ô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷-ô.

1 a) Sunil may come this evening

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ææ’F™¸ ®√´îª’a.b) Sunil might come this evening

Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Sunil ®√´-îËa¢Á÷. Sentence (a) ™éπØ√o (b) ™ ÆæçüË£æ«ç áèπ◊\´.Sunil may come Å†o-°æ¤úø’ Ææ’F™¸ ´îËa Ææ÷îª-†©’ áèπ◊\´, Sunil might come Å†o-°æp-öÀ-éπØ√o.

2 a) It may rain (´®Ωç ®√´îª’a) – doubtful

b) It might rain (Highly doubtful)

´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o might ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. It expresses possibility/ uncertain-

ty/ doubt in the present or in the future.

(A) India might win the coming cricket series

with Pakistan, atleast Inzamam says so

ï®Ω-í∫-†’†o cricket series ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Èí©--¢Ìîª’a.Éçï-´÷¢’ Å™« Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.India may win Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÈíLîË chances

Éçé¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ Å†o-´÷ô.

Might èπ◊ ´’®Ó Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç:a) You might try his office phone number if you

are unable to get his home.

Åûª-EçöÀ Phone üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË, Office phone try

îËßª’çúÕ. b) You might call the helpline in

case of trouble.

O’Íé-´’Ø√o trouble, Öçõ‰, help line èπ◊ phone

îËßª’çúÕ. In case of= Å®·ûË, helpline= äéπ ÆæçÆæn ´©xÆæ£æ…ßª’ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ îËßª÷-Lq† phone)

Ñ È®çúø’ Sentences ™ ™«í¬ might †’ Ææ÷îª-†-©’/- Ææ-©-£æ…©’ Éý-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç–´·êuçí¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ Â°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊, ´’†éπçõ‰ Â°j≤ƒn®·¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ææ÷îª-†-L-ý-ö«-EéÀ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬.

Rajasekhar (Senior Manager): Manmohan, the power bills are going up.

Can't we make do with two air conditioners

instead of four?

(Manmohan, éπÈ®çö¸ bills ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´®·§Úûª’-Ø√o®·. 3 AC machines •ü¿’©’ È®ç-úÕçöÀûÓÆæ®Ω’l-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆?

Manmohan (Manager): That might not be much use, sir. Power bills

may be less, but the staff might not work so

efficiently.

(Åü¿ç-ûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ü∆E´©x cur-

rent ê®Ω’a ûªí∫’_-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ é¬E, Æœ•sçC ÅçûªÆæ´’-®Ωn-ªçí¬ °æE-îË-ßª’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, sir)

í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Manager, Sr Manager éÀîËa´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ÷îª† – Might ¢√úÕ.

'What do you think of this method?'

(Ñ °æü¿l¥-A í∫’-Jç-* O’Í®-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?)'It might not increase our profits, sir'

(ÅC ´’† ™«¶µ«-©†’ Â°çîª-éπ-§Ú- îª’a).Now practise the following in English:

a)Prabhu: ´’†ç Ñ®Ó-V match -Çúø’-ûª’Ø√oç, éπü∆? Varma: Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ´®Ωç ´Ææ’hç-üË¢Á÷?Prabhu: ´®Ωç ´ÊÆh á°æ¤p-úø’ -ÇúÌîª’a ´’†ç?Varma: Ñ ¢√®√çûªç Å´îª’a.Prabhu: ´’†ç ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»-™‰çö?Varma: ´’†ç... Èí©-´-îËa¢Á÷?Prabhu: àçöÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç?Varma: Pitch ´’† Players èπ◊ help îËßª’-éπ-§Ú-´-

îËa-¢Á÷-†E!Prabhu: ´’† bowlers ™ Gopala Rao †’ O’®Ω’

try îËßª’-´îª’a. Åûª-EéÃ pitch Å†’-èπÿ-Lç-îª-´îª’a.

b)Manager: Ñ §ƒûª furniture Åçû√ BÊÆÆœ éÌûªh fur-

niture Å´’-®√a-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.Superintendent: ÅC ´’ç* idea, sir. ´’† Office

èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´’ç* ®Ω÷°æç ´Ææ’hçC.Éçé¬, sir, ´’† íÓúø-©-Eoç-öÀéÃpaint -¢Ë®·ç-îªôç èπÿú≈ ´’ç*-üË¢Á÷, sir.

Manager: ØË†÷ ÅüË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å®·ûË î√-™«ê®Ω’a Å´îª’a éπü∆ ÅE Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.

Supdt.: é¬E, O’Í®-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’†èπ◊ ü∆E-´©xbusiness áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC, sir. áèπ◊\ćustomers ´îËa Å´-é¬¨¡ç Öçô’çC éπü∆,sir.

Manager: Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç budget ™ adjust

îËßª’-´-îªaç-ö«®√?Supdt.: ØË†’ budget prepare îËÊÆ-¨»†’.

O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ ÅC -îª÷Æœ E®Ωgßª’ç BÆæ’éÓ-´îª’a, sir.

Answers:

a)

Prabhu: We are playing the match today, aren't

we?

Varma: Yes. But (I'm

afraid) it might

rain.

Prabhu: In case/ If it

rains when

might the

match we?

Varma: (It) might be this

weekend.

Prabhu: What might be our chances of win-

ning?

Varma: Ah... we might win...

Prabhu: What's the doubt?/ Why the doubt?

Varma: The pitch might not help our players.

Prabhu: You might try Gopala Rao among our

bowlers. The pitch might favour him.

b)

Manager: I want to get rid of all the furniture in

the office and get a new set in its

place./ I want to replace all the old

furniture by a new set.

(È®çúÓC simple, better.)

Superintendent:

That might be a good idea. It might

be good to have the walls painted

too, sir.

(That might not be a bad idea, after all. Ñsentence áèπ◊\´ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπç–- ´·-êuçí¬éÌçîÁç Â°ü¿l¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷õ‰x-ô-°æ¤úø’, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:not bad= very good.)

Manager: That's what I think too. But it might

cost a lot.

Supdt.: If I might say so, (O’Í®O’ Å†’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ûË-†çúŒ) We shall have more business,

sir. We might have more customers,

sir.

Manager: Can we adjust this in this year's

budget?/ You feel we can adjust it in

this year's budget?

Supdt.: I've prepared the budget, sir. You

might just look at it and decide.

You might call the helpline -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 94-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -¶«í¬ -´÷-ö«x-ú≈-©ç-õ‰ -àç-îË-ßª÷-™ Ææ-©£æ… -É-ýí∫-©®Ω’.

– -áç.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®ΩÈ®-úÕf, -<®√-©-ï-¢√-•’:v°æA-¶µº™ ÉÆæ’h†o Spoken English

exercises regular í¬ practice

îËßª’çúÕ. English paper îªü¿-´ôçcontinue îËßª’çúÕ. *†o *†o English story

books èπÿú≈ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ûª°æpéπ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’–üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh.-v°æ-¨¡o: i) -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™... consist, collapse, cultiva-

tion... -O-öÀ-E -á-™« °æ-©é¬-L? ii) A. How do you go to home?

B. I go home by rickshaw. éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?

iii) Seminar Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x how can we intro-

duce ourselves?

– -áÆˇ.-ûªéÀs-ßª÷, -´’-*-M°æ-ôoç-ï-¢√-•’:i) consist = éπØ˛-ÆœÆˇd – Æœ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç

collapse = éπ ™«°ˇq – ™« ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√çcultivation = éπLd-¢Á-ß’-≠æØ˛ – ¢Áß’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç

ii) A. How do you go to home ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’–How do you go home? - correct.

Home ´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'to' ®√ü¿’.B. I go home by rickshaw, ...

iii) Good morning, every body, I am... (name)

presenting this paper on... (subject). ™‰éπ-§ÚûËMy name is..., presenting this paper on...

-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 10 -ï-†-´-J 2006II

Charan: Hi Dheeraj, long time, no see. How's

every body?

(î√™«-é¬-©-´’-®·çC, îª÷Æœ. á™«ÖØ√o®Ωçü¿®Ω÷?)

Dheeraj: Fine. Thank you. How's life?

(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. †’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?)Charan: Getting along. (àüÓ ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.)

Well, what brings you here? (àçöÀ™«´î√a´¤?)

Ñ Question English ™ î√™« common. bad

manners é¬ü¿’.Dheeraj: I thought I might see you at the book

fair yesterday, but I didn't

(E†o book fair- °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz†™ †’´¤yéπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªa-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F ®√™‰ü¿’)

Charan: I was out of town yesterday. In fact I

had been away for 3 days. I returned

only this morning.

(E†o Ü∞ ™‰†’. ÅÆæ©’ ´‚úø’®ÓV-©’í¬™‰†’. É¢√∞¡ Öü¿-ßª’¢Ë’ AJ-íÌî√a.)

Dheeraj: I bought some books at the fair yes-

terday. Look. Here they are. I thought

you might be interested in them.

(E†o éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬©’ éÌØ√o. É¢Ë. Fèπ◊¢√öÀ™ interest Öçúø-´-îªaE BÆæ’-éÌî√a)

Charan: When is the fair closing?

(á°æ¤púø’ ´·í∫’-≤ÚhçC?)Dheeraj: It closed yesterday.

(E†o Å®·-§Ú-®·çC)Charan: I expected it might go on for a few

more days.

(ÉçéÌEo ®ÓV-©-®·Ø√ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’.)Dheeraj: So did I.

(-ØË-†÷ Å™«Íí Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o)Charan: One of the salesmen told me that it

might go on for a few days after the

date.

( - -´’-JéÌ-Eo ®Ó-V-©’ §ÒúÕ-Tç-îª-´-îªaE äéπsalesman Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’)

Dheeraj: I thought of visiting it the first day

itself. But feared that there might be

too much of crowd. Yesterday there

was no crowd, and not many books

either.

(¢Á·ü¿öÀ®Óñ‰ ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F ï†çáèπ◊\´í¬ Öçö«-®ΩE ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈f†’. E†o ï†ç-™‰®Ω÷, áèπ◊\´ °æ¤Ææh-é¬©÷ ™‰´¤)

Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æù™ might combination ûÓ Ö†oVerbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Might Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC – Might, Present

™í¬F, future ™í¬F uncertainty E/ doubt EûÁ-L-ßª’-ñ‰-Ææ’hç-ü¿E.

a) He might pass = ¢√úø’ pass Å´îª’a. (Doubt)

b) They might agree to it = ¢√∞¡Ÿ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a. -Ñ È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©’ future.

c) She might be at college now

Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púø’ college ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. – Present.

É°æ¤púø’ Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æù™ might combination ™verb Ö†o sentences îª÷ü∆lç.

1) I thought (that) I might see you at the fair.

fair ™ -†’-´¤y éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªaE Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o – Past

2) I thought (that) you might be interested in

them.

¢√öÀ™ Fèπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh Öçúø-´-îªaE Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o – Past

3) I expected (that) it might go on -

Éçé¬ éÌ†-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇPçî√. Past

Åçõ‰ might past †’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC – àüÁjØ√Past ™ ÖçúÌ-îªaF, ï®Ω-íÌ-îªaF Å®ΩnçûÓ.Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Might, may éÀ past form. Compare.

a) I think he may help me

(-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ØË-††’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o–Present/ Future)

b) I thought he might help me

(-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o–Past)

a) ™ I think ÅE present N≠æßª’ç îÁ°æ¤h-†-o°æ¤púø’may ´Ææ’hçC.

b) ™ I thought ÅE past N≠æßª’ç ûÁ-LÊ°-ô-°æ¤púø’might ÅE past form (May èπ◊) ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆.

c) -Å-ûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ¶µºßª’-°æú≈f. I feared/ was afraid that he might come here.

ÉC might 2nd use. It is used as the past form

of May.

a) I went there because you told me that he

might be there.

†’´¤y -Å-ûªúø-éπ\úø ÖçúÌ-îªaE îÁ°œp†çü¿’-´-©x -ØË-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ¢Á∞«x†’. (Past)

b) He feared that they might reveal his secret

ûª† ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx •ßª’-ô-Â°--úø-û√Í®-¢Á÷-†E Åûª†’¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈fúø’ (Past)

3) May ™«í¬ØË, Might èπÿú≈ î√-™« -´’-®√u-ü¿í¬, formal

í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.Might I come in?

(More formal than 'May I come in?')

'May I come in?' - ÉüË î√-™« formal í¬, Polite

í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç-éπü∆?'Might I come in?' - ÉC Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ formal í¬,polite í¬ Öçô’çC, permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ.

'Might I use your phone?'

O’ phone äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úø-´î√a?'Might I come a little late tomorrow?'

Í®°æ¤ ØË†’ é¬Ææh late í¬ ®√´î√a?Å®·ûË permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\´ May ü¿í∫_Í® ÇT-§Úû√ç.

´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆? Can,

Shall, May, are used with I/ We in the ques-

tion form for asking for permission. É°æ¤púø’ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç– 'Might' too is used with I/ we in

the question form for asking for permission.

But there are differences among them.

Can, shall, may © ´’üµ¿u Ñ N≠æ-ßª’ç™ Ö†oûËú≈-©-†’ -Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’SxN´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. Might ûÓ éπL°œ. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ,í∫’®Ω’hç-îª’-éÓçúÕ.

For asking for permission with I/ we in thequestion form.

Now practise the following in English:

Mallesh: F¢Á-Ø√o-∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-*a-éπ\úø?

Jagan: Ø√ Course 15®ÓV-©’ç-úø-´îª’a.ØË†’ ÉçéÓ È®çúø’´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’ç-ö«-ØË¢Á÷ Ç ûª®√yûª.

Mallesh: Å°æ¤púø’ -†’´¤y´÷ Éçöx È®çvúÓ-V-©’ç-úø-´îª’aéπü∆! ´÷ Å†oßª’u èπÿú≈ ÉçéÌ-Cl-®Ó-V™x´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷.

Jagan: Åü¿çû√ course Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûË ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Course period ™ training

center ™ØË Öçúø-´’-†-´îª’a ´÷ directors.

Mallesh: ®ÓW classes Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª àç îË≤ƒh´¤?Jagan: ÅÆæ©’ programme àçö course begin

Å®·çûª®√y-ûªØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤-úø-®·ûË ØË†’Fèπ◊ clear í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a.

Mallesh: OK. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ phone ™ touch ™Öçü∆ç.

Jagan: O’ Å†oßª’u á°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a?Mallesh: ØË†’ E†oØË ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F

phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒpúø’. -É-çé¬ È®çvúÓ-V©ü∆é¬®√-ØË-¢Á÷-†-E.

Jagan: ØË†’ î√™« expect îË¨», O’ Éü¿l-JE Ñ ®ÓVéπ©-´-îªaE.

b)

Namrata: E†o †’´¤y ††’o movie éÀ BÂÆ\-∞«h-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o.

Priya: Ç movie FéÀ≠ædç Öçúø-üË-¢Á÷-†E Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o.Ç hero, heroine ©’ F favourites é¬®Ω’.

Namrata: ØË†’ F phone éÓÆæç wait îËÆæ’hØ√o, ´÷îÁ™„x©’ †’´¤y phone îËßª’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaEîÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈.

Priya: Åçûª ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. ÅüË-´’çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ø√Íébore éÌöÀdçC.

Answers:

Mallesh: How long might you be here?

Jagan: My course may last/ may go on for 15

days. I might stay for two or three

days more after that.

Mallesh: Then you might stay at our place for

two days. My brother might come in a

few days.

Jagan: It might be possible only after the

course. Our directors might ask us to

stay in the Training Center during the

course.

Mallesh: What will you do/ are you going to do

after classes every day?

Jagan: We shall know the exact programme

only after classes begin. I might then

be able to tell you clearly about it.

Mallesh: OK. Till then let's be in touch over

phone.

Jagan: When might your brother come?

Mallesh: I thought he might come yesterday

itself. But he called to say that he

might not come for another two days.

Jagan: I expected very much that I might

meet both of you.

b)

Namrata: I thought you might take me to the

movie yesterday.

Priya: I thought that you might not like the

movie. The hero and the heroine are

not your favourites.

Namrata: I was expecting your call though my

sister told me you might not call.

Priya: Don't worry. The movie wasn't good.

It bored even me.

Might I come in? -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 95-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: Get, got Åçõ‰ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ. Rama has come to Guntur. -Ñ -¢√éπuç -à tense?

Bus is come -Åç-õ‰ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? has come -Å-E éπ-ü∆-!I shall have written a letter -Åç-õ‰ I shall write a letter -Å-E éπ-ü∆-! -É-™«ç-ô°æ¤p-úø’ --õ„iç í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-§ƒp--Lqç-üË-Ø√?I shall be going -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ?

– -áç.-¢Ë-ù’, -ûÁ-Ø√-L-ï-¢√-•’: get Åçõ‰ §Òçü¿ôç, ûÁîª’a-éÓ-´ôç, äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç, éÌ†ôç, ûË´ôç,

etc. got, get èπ◊ past tense and past participle.

He got going - É™«çöÀîÓôx get Ææ£æ…-ßª’éπ véÀßª’ Å´îª’a. (Å®·Ø√ English´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÃ, ®√ßª’-ö«-EéÀ àC à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i-† véÀßª’ ÅE ûÁ-L-ßª÷-Lq-† -Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’éπü∆.)

Rama has come. Has come Ééπ\úø present tense. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™xÅC past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, à time, day, yearûÁ©’-°æ-éπ-§Ú-ûË) †’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.

The bus is come = Bus ´*a ÖçC ÅE; é¬F DE-éπØ√o better, the bus hascome. The bus is come ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.

I shall have written a letter = (Future ™ àüÓ time èπ◊ í¬F Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬F) letter ®√ÊÆÆœ Öçö«-†E.I shall write a letter = (Future ™; á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ-L-ßª’ü¿’) letter ®√≤ƒh†’.È®ç-úÕç-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u -î√-™« -ûË-ú≈ Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.

Shall be doing it = Future ™ îËÆæ÷h Öçö«†’(´·)/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, O’®Ω’, Åûª†’/ Ç¢Á’îËÆæ÷h Öçú≈L.

-v°æ-¨¡o: I want to see a doctor, He wants to meet a doctor, It is better toconsult a doctor- -O-öÀ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?

–- -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, -Q-™«é¬-V-©÷®Ω’-ï-¢√-•’: It is better to consult a doctor = Doctor †’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ¢Ë’©’.

Consult = Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç I want to see a doctor = ØË†’ Doctor †’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. He wants to meet a doctor = Åûª†’ doctor †’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

least formal& least polite

slightlyformal& polite

veryformal&polite

Mostformal&very polite

May

ShallCan

Might (Å®Ω’ü¿’)RARELYUSED

Ramana: Excuse me, how do I go from hereLivewell Hospital?(Ééπ\-úÕoç* Livewell Hospital èπ◊ á™«¢Á∞«x-©çúÕ?)

Strangers Åçõ‰ éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-îË-ô°æ¤p-úø’,Excuse me Å†úøç good manners ´÷vûª¢Ë’é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ü¿%≠œdE ÇéπJç-îª-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.'Excuse me' ¢√úË Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’: Åúøfçí¬ Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x†’ é¬Ææh ûª°æ¤p-éÓ-´’-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x °æéπ\†restaurants ™, ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÁjØ√ èπÿ®Óa-¢√Lq´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, etc.)

Manohar: Are you a stranger here?(O’J-éπ\-úÕéÀ éÌûªh-¢√∞«x?)

stranger = éÌûªh-¢√úø’Ramana: I am totally new to this place.

(ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh)Manohar: Where exactly do you want to go?

(O’®Ω’ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xL?)Ramana: To Vantage Company somewhere

around the Hospital. (Ç Hospital èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o VantageCompany éÀ)

Manohar: Don't worry. A number of buses go tothatway: 125K, 15M, 62, etc. Take15M; that takes you directly to theHospital. Facing the hospital is thisVantage Company. (àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Åô’ ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞Ïx bus ©’î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. 125K, 15M, 62..15M áéπ\çúÕ. ÅC A†oí¬ Hospital èπ◊¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC. Hospital -áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØËVantage Company).

Ramana: (Do) you suggest I take an auto. (Auto BÆæ’éÓ-´’ç-ö«®√? (Çö™ ¢Á∞¡x-´’ç-ö«®√?)

Manohar: That'd be very expensive. Don'tworry. Buses on this route, especial-ly 15M is very frequent. (ÅC î√--™« áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Ñ route ™ buses frequencyáèπ◊\¢Ë.)

frequency = ûª®Ωîª’, áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ®√´ôç ÅØËCRamana: OK. Thank you. I see 15M coming.

I'll take it. (15M ´≤ÚhçC. ØË†-üÁ-èπ◊\-û√†’).

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ùçû√ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªh v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ûÁL-ßª’-E-¢√-JéÀ ü∆JîÁ°æpôç í∫’Jç* ÅEûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? Ç expressions îª÷ü∆lçÉ°æ¤púø’.

1) How do I go to Livewell Hospital?2) somewhere around 3) buses go that way4) Take the bus 15M 5) facing the Hospital6) take an auto. °∂æ™«-Ø√ îÓöÀ-Èé™« ¢Á∞«xL ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ simplestexpression: How do I go?ÉC Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i†, simplest question. ÉC é¬éπ-§ÚûË, could you let me know/ please tellme how to go/ how to get there? OöÀ Å®Ωnç Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé™« ¢Á∞«x™ é¬Ææh îÁ•’-û√®√? ÅE´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç.

How do I go there/ get there please? ÅEèπÿú≈ Å†-´îª’a.Can you/ Could you direct me/ guide me..É-ü¿çû√ éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’ conversa-tion ™ ®√ü¿’.

a) ¢Ë’ç Nizam college èπ◊ -á-™« ¢Á∞«x-©çúŒ?How do we go to/ get to Nizam College,please?/ Could you tell us/ let us know how to go to/to get to/ We can go to Nizam college,please?

b) What's the best way to get to Nizam college,please? ÅE èπÿ-ú≈ Å†-´îª’a. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ü∆®Ω’-©’ -Öç--úø´-îªaE -¶µ«-Nç-*-†°æ¤p-úø’.

c) Bus áéπ\úøç. Get into the bus, bus Cí∫úøç = get down from/ get off the bus.

d) Ééπ\-úÕoç* bus/ auto ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Take a bus/ an auto. °∂æ™«-Ø√ number bus ™/Çö™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ/ AutoBÆæ’éÓçúÕ.

Take/ Get into bus no./ Take an auto. Train ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ = Take a train.

Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ Å†-´îª’a. go by bus/ go byauto/ go by train (Bus ™/ auto ™/ train ™¢Á∞¡xçúÕ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.)Å®·ûË ÅEoçöxéÀ simplest: Take.11.30 train ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Í®°æ¤- -Öü¿ßª’ç -Ç®Ω’í∫ç-ô-©éπ-™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«®Ω’take the 11.30 train; you will be there by 6tomorrow morning. (at 6= ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ; by 6 = ÇJç-öÀ-éπ-™«x = ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ-í¬F Ç™-°æ™‰í¬F)catch ÅE èπÿú≈ Å†-´îª’a– ¢Á∞¡Ÿx/- ¢Á-∞¡xçúÕ ÅØËÅ®ΩnçûÓ, é¬F ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ take ÅØËC best.

Raghu: Is Ramesh's very far off/ a long way offfrom here?(®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ¢√∞¡x É©’x Ééπ\-úÕéÀ î√-™« ü¿÷®Ω´÷?)

Subash: (Do) you want to see him today?(É¢√∞¡ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√ ÅûªEo?)

Raghu: Yea, because I am leaving tomorrow.(Å´¤†’. ØË†’ Í®°æ¤ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’ éπü∆?)

Subash: Sorry I can't take you there today.Let's go tomorrow.(É¢√∞¡ E-†o-éπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’. Í®°æ¤-¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-ç)

Raghu: I'll be busy tomorrow. Just tell me howto get/ go there. I can go on my own.(Í®°æ¤ ØË†’ î√-™« busy í¬ Öçö«†’. á™«¢Á∞«x™ îÁ°æ¤p. ØË†’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©†’. on my own= Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË)

Subash: OK. Walk down the street. Turn to theleft and wait for Bus No. 4. It's quitefrequent. Get off at Head Post Officestop. Walk along in the direction asthe bus goes, turn to the right andthen left. The fourth house on the rightis Ramesh's. You can't miss it. Justopposite the place is Golconda supermarket.

(Ñ street ¢Áç•úË †úø÷. áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’.-Ø√-©’íÓ -†ç-•®˝ Bus áèπ◊\. Post Office stopü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. Bus ¢Á∞Ïx ¢ÁjÊ° é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ*, èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ AJT ´’Sx áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç road ™èπ◊úÕ---¢Áj°æ¤ -Ø√-©’íÓ É™‰x ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇC. you can't miss it= ÅC éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Åçô÷ Öçúøü¿’. áü¿’-®Ω’í¬íÓ™Ô\çúø super market Öçô’çC.

Raghu: I can manage. Thank you. I'll be backin an hour and a half or two. Wherecan I find you?(ØË†’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©-†’™‰. Manage = à °æØÁjØ√îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç. ØË†’ í∫çô-†o®√, È®çúø’í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´îËa-≤ƒh†’. -ØË-†’ -E-ØÁoéπ\-úø éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-†’ (-Å°æp--öÀéÀ -F-¢Áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-´-E?)

Subash: Let's meet for lunch at Eatwell's. Foodis good there. Take bus no. 22A, getdown at Samir plaza stop. Walk alongfor a few yards and there you find theeatery. I'll be waiting for you there. (-´’-†ç lunch éÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç, eatwellrestaurant ™. Åéπ\úø food ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.22 A bus áèπ◊\, samir plaza stop ü¿í∫_®ΩCT éÌCl ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Ñ eatery(restaurant) éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.)

Éü¿çû√ directions É´yôç í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. Åçõ‰ü∆J îÁ°æpôç. expressions ¢√úÕ†N îª÷úøçúÕ;O’®Ω÷ ¢√úÕ practice îËßª’çúÕ:

1 a) walk down/ walk along/ walk up the road =

Road ¢Áç•úË †úø-´çúÕ.b) áúø´’ --¢Áj°æ¤/ èπ◊úÕ--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ= Turn to the left/

to the right. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË take a turn to the left/ to

the right.

ÅD é¬éπ-§ÚûË turn left/ turn right.

c) A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ= go straight/ walk straight

d) Ç post office ü∆é¬ †úø-´çúÕ: walk on upto the

post office.

e) Walk on upto the post office and then turn

left. Post office ü∆é¬ †úÕ* áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ.2. Cèπ◊\© Ê°®Ω’x Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x..a) ûª÷®Ω’pí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Go east/ Walk to (towards)

the east.

b) à Cèπ◊\-¢Áj-°æØ√o, A®Ω-í∫ôç= Turn (to the) South/

north, etc. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Turn to the South =

turn South.

c) Road ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC= The road turns

(to the) South

d) Road ´’©’°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC= The road takes a

bend.

e) Road ´’©’°æ¤ ü¿í∫_Í® Ç building=

The building is at the bend of the road=

You find the building (Fé¬ building éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC) at the point where the road takes a

bend.

f) Road ™ Ö†o äéπîÓô’= a point.

g) Ñ îÓöÀ†’ç* Åéπ\-úÕéÀ 2 éÀ.O’.It is 2 km from the point.

´’†ç directions îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h©’=land marks .

a) Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_J éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’hthe nearest land mark to the place.

b) Hyderabad central is a famous land mark

'Hyderabd Central' Åçü¿-JéÃ ûÁL-Æœ† éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h. c) How do I find your home? Any land mark?

O’ É©’x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌ-ØË-üÁ™«? àüÁjØ√ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?

To the left/ right; on the left/ on the right.Turn/ go ™«çöÀ verbs °æéπ\† Å®·ûË to the left/to the right Åçö«ç. äéπ ´uéÀh, É©’x ™«çöÀN -Öçúøôç Å®·ûË on theright/ on the left Åçö«ç.He is on my right.(Ø√ èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤-Ø√oúø’).The school is on the left of the shop. (Shop áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ School ÖçC)ÉN ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. ¶«í¬ practiceîËßª’çúÕ.

Practise the following in English:

Tej: ´’Lxé˙ ÉçöÀéÀ á™« ¢Á∞¡xôç? Ééπ\-úÕoç* áçûªü¿÷®Ωç?

Nikhil: Å¶s î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. †’´¤y È®çúø’ bus ©’´÷J ´’Sx é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-¢√L.

Tej: †’´¤y BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x -í∫-©¢√?

Nikhil: -Ñ®Ó-V ØË-†’ -î√-™«busy í¬ ÖØ√o.ü¿÷®Ω-¢Ë’-í¬E É©’xéπ†’éÓ\-´ôç ûËLÍé.

Tej: éÌEo éÌçúø-í∫’-®Ω’h©’îÁ°æ¤p. ØË†’ éπ†’-èπ◊\çö«.

Nikhil: ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ †úÕÊÆh Bus stop ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆?13 ´ number bus áèπ◊\. Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 6 ´ stop™ Cí∫’. -ü∆-E-E Gulab Restaurant StopÅçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\úø 27 bus áèπ◊\. UrduSchool stop ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. Urdu School ü∆é¬†úÕ*, Åçõ‰ ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤, Åéπ\úÕoç* ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø Fèπ◊ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h–£æ«†’-´÷Ø˛ Ç©ßª’ç. Ç Ç©ßª’ç †’ç*´‚úÓ É™‰x ´’†-¢√-úÕC.

Tej: áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ °æúø’-ûª’çC?- Nikhil: éπFÆæç 45 E-N’-≥ƒ-©’.Answer:Tej: How to go to/ how do I go to Malliks?/

Malliks place?Nikhil: O, it's a long way off. You need to walk

some distance after changing twobuses.

Tej: Can you take me there?Nikhil: I am very busy today. The place is dis-

tant but is easy to find.Tej: Give me/ Let me have some land marks.

I'll manage.Nikhil: Walk South and you get the bus stop,

don't you? Take bus no. 13. Get off / getdown at the 6th stop from here. That isthe Gulab Restaurant stop. Catch Busno. 27 there. Get off at Urdu Schoolstop. Walk up to Urdu School, that is,walk (to the) east, and then turn South.There you have a land mark- HanumanTemple. The third from the temple is ourfriend's.

Tej: How long will it take?Nikhil: At least 45 minutes.

How do I get there ? -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 96-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: My brother was come- -Å-ØË-¢√éπuç -ûª°æ¤p -Å-Ø√o®Ω’. é¬-E VIthform of verb -™ beform+pp -Å-E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -Ç -v°æé¬®Ωç -Ñ --¢√éπuç éπÈ®Íéd éπ-ü∆!

– -á-Ø˛.°æ%-D∑y, ®√-V-§ƒ-™„ç-ï-¢√-•’: My brother was come- Ééπ\úø was come †’ was+ past participle ÅE BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ passivevoice Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç – Åûªúø’ ®√•-ú≈fúø’– DEéÀÅ®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’, é¬•öÀd ÅC sentence Å´ü¿’ éπü∆? ÅDé¬èπ◊çú≈ beform + pp - verb form, subject ÖçúËverbs (Åçõ‰ á´-JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ï¢√•’ ´îËa verbs) èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC– ÉCÉçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Lessons ™ explain îË¨»ç–îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË He is come/ He is gone- Ñsentences correct, é¬F Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’.

2 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 12 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Ranjan: Hi Sajjan, what brings you here so

early in the day?

(àçöÀ, Éçûª Â°ç-ü¿-®√∞Ï É™« ´î√a´¤?)Sajjan: Just to see you, Ranjan, long since we

met you know.

(Ç, E†’o îª÷úø-ö«-EÍé, ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-E-î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·ç-C-éπü∆?)

Ranjan: That's right/ so it is, of course. What's

(what has) happened to you all these

days? You forgot me. Didn't you?

(éπÈ®Íéd™‰. ÉEo®ÓV-™‰-´’-ßª÷u´¤ †’´¤y?/à´’®·çC Fèπ◊? ††’o ´’Ja-§Ú-ßª÷´¤,éπü∆?)

Sajjan: I could say the same about you,

couldn't I?

(E†’o í∫’-Jç-* èπÿú≈ ØË†üË Å†-´îª’a éπü∆?)Ranjan: Ok, Ok, let's not quarrel. Happy we've

met atleast now, aren't we?

(ÆæÍ®x, íÌ-úø-¢Ì-ü¿’l. É°æpöÀÈéjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπü∆?)

Sajjan: You can very well say that. How about

disturbing Bhushan now?

(†’ý-ØËC correct. Bhushan ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ¢Á∞«l´÷?)

you can say that/ you can very well say that

= †’ý-ØËC correct.

Disturbing Bhushan Åç-õ‰ – ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«l´÷?ÅØË é¬F ÅûªEo trouble îËßª’-ö«-E-éπE é¬ü¿’)

Ranjan: (I) Like to, but I'm not for going so far

off now? (É≠æd¢Ë’ é¬E, -É°æ¤p-úø’ Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç ´îËa °æJ-Æœn-A™ ™‰†’)

Sajjan: far off? His place is/ He lives closeby, doesn't he? (ü¿÷®Ωç Åçô’-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® éπü∆¢√Rx-©’x?/-É-éπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω™ØË Öçö«úø’ éπü∆?)

Ranjan: That was till 2 months ago. He movedto surendranagar. (Å-C È®ç-úø’-ØÁ-©-© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææçí∫-A. -¢√-úø’Surendra nagar èπ◊ É©’x ´÷®√-úø’.)

-É-©’x -´÷®Ωôç-= move; shift Åçûª- Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’.Å™«Íí 2 months ago, correct, 2 monthsback ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)

Sajjan: That's news. The fellow didn't even callto tell me of it. I wish to see him urgent-ly about something important. How doI go to him? (ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ßª’ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Ç N≠æßª’çphone îËÆæ-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.¢√ùÀo-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æßª’ç í∫’-Jç-* éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. á™«?)

Ranjan: I'll tell you. Listen carefully. You have abike, haven't you. Drive straight alongthe road. At the next cross roads, turnleft. Take the third right turn again. (îÁÊ°pC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ N†’. F bike ÖçC,éπü∆?Ñ road ¢Áç•úË ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. (Drive =Motor ¢√£æ«-†ç™ ¢Á∞¡xôç.) Ç ûª®√yûª ´îËaCentre ™ áúø´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. ´’Sx ´‚úÓ-èπ◊úÕ- ¢Áj°æ¤ -BÆæ’éÓ)

Sajjan: You are confusing me. Why don't youcome along too. (†’´¤y ††’o confuse îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. †’-´‹y-®√-èπÿ-úøü∆?

Ranjan: Ok, I'll give you another route. Drive

along, take the 3rd right, proceed till

you see a Ganesh temple with a large

neem tree behind it. Go on further

along. Then turn left. You find the

sales Tax Office there. You can't miss

it because in front of it there is an STD

booth. The 2nd house from it is

Bhushan's. So, distant perhaps, but

easy to locate, isn't it?

(ÉçéÓ route îÁ§ƒh. É™« ¢Á∞¡Ÿx, ´‚úÓ- èπ◊úÕroad -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡Ÿx í∫ù‰¨»-©-ßª’ç´®Ωèπ◊. Ç©ßª’ç ¢Á†’éπ Â°ü¿l ¢Ë°æ îÁô’dç-ô’çC. Éçé¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç-¢Á∞¡Ÿx, áúø-´’ -¢Áj°æ¤A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø sales tax office Öçô’çC.ÅC miss Å´-™‰´¤ †’´¤y. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ü∆E´·çüË ã STD booth Öç-C. Åéπ\-úÕ-Eç-*È®çúÓ É™‰x Bhushan C.)

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ ™«Íí Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æù èπÿú≈ ü∆JÅúø-í∫-ö«-EéÃ, ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†Ææç¶µ«-≠æù‰ éπü∆?Ééπ\úø ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç: cross roads, behind,

in front of, proceed, go further along.

1) Cross Roads/ road junction = Ø√©’í∫’ ®Óúøx-èπÿ-úøL = DEo X roads ÅE -èπÿú≈ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.áèπ◊\´í¬ center ÅF, î¯é˙ ÅF- Åçô’çö«ç.chowk £œ«çD- ´÷ô. center ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.

2) behind = ¢Á†éπ. DE •ü¿’©’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ î√-™«-´’çC backside/ at the back side Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’.é¬E english ™ backside = buttocks

(°œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’). Åçûªí¬ back ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, at the

back of Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.a) The car is behind/ at back of the bus.

(At the backside of the bus é¬ü¿’.)3) In front of = ´·ç-ü¿’ -Å-E (space Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™).

ÉC behind/ at the back of èπ◊ opposite. DE•ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ before áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.Before Åçõ‰ '´·çü¿’— ÅØË Å®Ωnç, é¬E ÅC Time

™ ´·çü¿’ ÅE space ™ é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË The

School comes before the cloth shop - Ééπ\úøCorrect, à Å®ΩnçûÓ? Ç cloth shop èπ◊ É´-ûª™‰ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅçûËé¬F äéπ building èπ◊ ´·çü¿®ΩÅE é¬ü¿’.a) ´÷ ÉçöÀ´·ç-ü¿’ -ã éÌ•sJ-îÁ-ô’dçC. There is a

Coconut tree in front of our home.

b) ¢√∞¡x É©’x Post Office É´-ûª™‰ = Their place

is/ comes before the post office.

4) Beside = °æéπ\† – The Collectorate is beside

the swaraj Maidan. (Ææy®√ñ¸ ¢Á’iü∆Ø˛ °æéπ\ØËCollectorate = Collector's office. Collector,

director, Commissioner, etc, èπ◊ 'ate' îËJÊÆh ¢√∞¡xé¬®√u-©-ßª÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC).a) The Cloth shop is beside the Post Office -

Å®·ûË beside éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ 'next to' better,

áèπ◊\´.b) The cloth shop is next to the jewellery on

the left of/ on the right of it = Ç †í∫© shop

°æéπ\ØË Ç •ôd© shop, èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤/-á-úø´’ ¢Áj°æ¤(Beside, besides. beside = by the side of =

°æéπ\†– ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æéπ\† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ¢√úÕ-†-´÷ô.Besides = also, èπÿú≈, ü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.I lost my pen besides my book. Book ûÓ §ƒô’pen èπÿú≈ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊Ø√o)

5) Close by = near by = close to = near =

(Åéπ\-úÕéÀ) ü¿í∫_-®Ω™, Ç ü¿J-ü∆-°æ¤™xa) You know the collectorate, don't you? The

electricity office is close by/ nearby/ close

to it/ near it = Fèπ◊ collectorate ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆?(Collector, Director, Commissioner ™«çöÀ°æü∆-©èπ◊ ' - ate' îËJÊÆh ¢√J é¬®√u-©-ßª÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç´Ææ’hçC.) Ç electricity office ü∆EéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®.

6) Proceed = Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡xôç/ -¢Á-∞¡x-ôç. a) Ñ road ¢Áç•õ‰ A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ

proceed straight along this road.

b) Proceed to the east = ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕc) If you proceed for a KM, you will see the

place = Å™«Íí ã éÀ-™-O’-ô®Ω’ ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞Ïh ÇîÓô’ O’èπ◊ éπE°œ-Ææ’hçC.

7) farther, further: farther,

far èπ◊ Comparative;

far: ü¿÷®Ωç.i) farther: áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç.

Mumbai is farther

from Vijayawada,

than from

Hyderabad.

´·ç¶„j Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ éπç-õ‰ Nï-ßª’-¢√-úø- †’ç* áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç.

ii) further: Éçé¬. I can't walk any further:

ÉçÈé-èπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç (Éçéπ) ØË†’ †úø-´-™‰†’. (Ééπ\úø farther= further éπü∆?)

b) Don't talk any further: ÉçÍéç ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊.c) Walk further (farther) along:

Å™«Íí Éçé¬ †úø-´çúÕ.d) Go further down the street:

Ç road ¢Áç•úÕ Éçé¬-ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´çúÕ.e) You need not walk further than the statue

Ç Nví∫£æ«ç ü∆öÀ †úø-´-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.Lesson No 96 ´÷ô©÷, Ñ Lesson ´÷ô©÷,ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ôç™, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ü∆J îÁ°æp-ôç™¢√úøôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ--üµ∆®Ωùç. O’ conversation ™Practice îËßª’çúÕ.

Now Practise the following aloud in English:

Pavan: Arjun, O’ ÉçöÀéÀ -Ç†’-èπ◊†o Building àçöÀ?Arjun: Net Centre Ææçí∫û√ -†’-ý-úÕ-ÍíC?Pavan: Net Centre O’ ÉçöÀéÀ èπ◊úÕ--¢Áj°æ¤. ØË†-úÕ-ÍíC

áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ Building Ææçí∫A.Arjun: ÅC Telephone Engineering Company

¢√∞¡xC. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ •ßª’ô °æE áèπ◊\´.Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ ´‚ÊÆ Öçô’çC.

Pavan: -Ç -ã-†®˝ -áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-úø’?Arjun: Çßª’-†’çúËC X®√ç-†-í∫-®˝™. †’Ny-éπ\-úÕoç*

¢Á∞«x-©çõ‰ ûÌN’t-üÓ-†ç-•®˝ Bus áèπ◊\.Pavan: Ø√èπ◊ bike ÖçC.Arjun: Ñ ®Óú˛ ¢Áç•úË ¢ÁRx, èπ◊úÕ--¢Áj°æ¤ AJ-TûË éÌçûª-

ü¿÷®Ωç ûª®√yûª §ƒ© booth éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. ü∆E¢Á†-éπØË Çßª’-E©’x. Çßª’EçöÀ °æéπ\ building

†’ Åü∆l© ¢Ë’úø Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® ´’†Maths lecturer É©’x.

Pavan: OK Thank you.

Answer:

Pavan: Arjun, What's in the building beside/

next to yours?

Arjun: Are you talking of the Net Centre?

Pavan: The Net Centre is on the right of your

place. I am asking you about the build-

ing on the left of your place.

Arjun: That belongs to a Telephone

Engineering Company. Most of their

work is outdoors (•ßª’ô). That's why it

is almost (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) always closed.

Pavan: Where does the owner live? Do you

know?

Arjun: He lives in Sriram Nagar. If you are

going from here take bus No.9

Pavan: I have my bike.

Arjun: Drive along this road, turn right and go

on for some distance; you find a milk

booth. The house behind it is his. The

building next to his is called Addala

meda. Our Maths lecturer's place is

closeby.

Pavan: OK. Thank you.

Need not walk further -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 97-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: Main verbs (tell, drinks), -¢√-öÀéÀ -´·ç-ü¿’-´-îËahelping verbs (do, did) -©’- -¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ tenses

-™ -Ö-†o°æp-öÀéÃ (present tense, past tense)

È®ç-úÕç-öÀ- Å®Ωnç -äéπ\-õ‰-Ø√?eg. I didn't tell, I never told

I might tell, I might have told

I did not tell, I have not told.

– Èé.-A®Ω’°æ-A, ®√-´÷-ßª’çÊ°-ô-ï-¢√-•’:

Helping verbs ¢√úËîÓôx, helping verb ûª®√yAmain verbs tense, helping verb tense †’•õ‰dÖçô’çC.eg: He does not know this:

Ééπ\úø 'does' present tense é¬•öÀd, verb

'does know' present tense.

I did not tell him - 'did' past tense; so verb

did tell- past tense.

I didn't tell him= ØË†-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’I never told him = -ØË†-ûª-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. (never = á°æ¤púø÷ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’)I might tell him:

ØË†-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒh-ØË¢Á÷)– (future)

I might have told him =

ØË†-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°œp Öçúø-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒp-ØË¢Á÷– past)

îª÷úøçúÕ: 'tell' ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçC èπÿú≈îÁ§ƒpL. 'say' and 'tell' èπ◊ ûËú≈ -É-C-´®Ω-™N´-Jç-î√ç. I did not tell him =

ØË†-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ (í∫ûªç™, time, Åçõ‰ á°æ¤púø’ÅE îÁ°æpúøç ïJ-TûË– äéπ time, date, year,

week, etc)

I have not told him = ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 14 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Varun: Hi Tarun, Congrats on scoring a hun-

dred percent in Maths.

(†÷öÀéÀ †÷®Ω’ ´÷®Ω’\©’ Maths ™ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ congratulations. Cent percent

É°æ¤púø’ §ƒûª-•úÕ §Ú®·çC. A / One hun-

dred percent ÅØËC É°æp-öÀ- ¢√-úø’éπ.)Tarun: Thank you. Congrats to you too. You

scored the highest in English, didn't

you?

(Fèπÿ Congrats. Fèπ◊ English ™ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´î√a®· éπü∆?)

Varun: I am happy about it. My marks in Maths

aren't bad either, though didn't get a

hundred percent. When I joined the

course a few months I was not that con-

fident about Maths. My hard work has

paid off. The marks in this exam have

given me confidence.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖçC. Maths ™ èπÿú≈Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* Marks ´î√a®· †÷öÀ-éÀ -†÷®Ω’é¬§Ú-®·Ø√. course ™ join Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’Åçûª- †-´’téπç ™‰ü¿’ Maths N≠æ-ßª’ç™. Ñexam ™ marks Ø√™ †´’téπç éπ-L-Tç-î√®·.

Aren't bad either = ÅC èπÿú≈ -îÁúËç é¬ü¿’¶«í¬ØË ´*açC. English ™ not ûÓ also ®√ü¿’.either ´Ææ’hçC. Confidence = †´’téπç; paid

off= ´’ç* îËÆœçC/ ™«¶µºç éπL-Tç-*çC.Tarun: How come you joined this college, when

you have so many colleges in your

place?

O’ Ü∞x á-ØÓo College ©’ -Öçúøí¬, Ééπ\úø-áç-ü¿’èπ◊ join Åßª÷u---´¤?

How come= áçü¿’èπ◊, purely conversational

expression. O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬¢√úøçúÕ: How come you are here? = -àçöÀ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢˛?How come you don't know this?

FéÀC ûÁ-L--ßª’éπ-§Ú-´ôç àçöÀ?Varun: Dad wasn't happy with any of those col-

leges, so he admitted me into / to this

college.

(´÷ Ø√†oéπ¢Ë-O’ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úøîËJpç-î√®Ω’.)

Tarun: Where did you do your schooling?

(†’´¤y à School ™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?)Varun: Upto the 7th Class in Teachwell School

and from the 8h to the 10th in Learnwell

School.

(7´ class ´®Ωèπ◊ Teachwell School ™, 8th

†’ç* 10th ´®Ωèπ◊ Learnwell School ™)Tarun: How do you like being a hosteller?

(Hostel ™ Öçúøôç á™« -ÖçC Fèπ◊?)Hosteller = resident = Hostel ™ ÖçúÕîªü¿’´¤èπ◊ØË¢√úø’. Being= Öçúøôç, Being a

hosteller = Hosteller í¬ Öçúøôç.Varun: O, I do like it. That's a kind of experi-

ence. Valuable in its own way. The only

problem is food. Where did you do

Intermediate?

(Ø√éÀ≠æd¢Ë’. ÅüÓ Å†’-¶µº-´ç–- ü∆E N©’´ ü∆E-èπ◊çC. (valuable= N©’-¢Áj†) Ç£æ…®Ωç äéπõ‰Ææ´’Ææu. †’-´¤y -Éç-ô®˝ áéπ\úø îªC-¢√´¤?)

Tarun: Here itself. Why didn't you go for

Engineering after Inter?

(Ééπ\úË. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)Ééπ\úË Å†-ö«-EéÀ Here only ÅE Åçô’çö«ç –Éü¿çûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Here itself ÆæÈ®j† expression.

Varun: I am not interested. Moreover I want to

be an MBA. Why didn't you?

(Ø√èπ◊ interest ™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Ø√èπ◊MBA Å¢√-©E -Öç-C. ´’J †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)

Tarun: I want to do a PG course in IISC,

Bangalore.

(ÉüÁjçûªª®√yûª Bangalore ™ IISC îË®√-©E)PG course= Post graduate. (MA, M.Sc

™«çöÀ Master courses †’ PG courses

Åçö«®Ω’. BA, B.Sc, ™«çöÀ B ûÓ Courses=

Bachelor/ degree/ graduate courses

Åçö«ç. Post = ûª®√y-ûª. Post graduate =

graduate ûª®√y-ûª.Varun: That's a good idea. You are good at

Sciences.

(Fèπ◊ Sciences ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hç-C é¬-•-öÀd ÅC´’ç* idea ØË.)

Tarun: I think the time has come for us to apply

for the entrance exams of these cours-

es which are usually in December every

year.

(´’†ç Ñ entrance exams – v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~-©èπ◊ apply îËßª÷-Lq† time ´*aç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ Ñ entrance exams ÅFoèπÿú≈ December ™ Öçö«®·.)

Varun: Yesterday's papers carried the ads

about the entrance exams. The last

date for sending in the filled in applica-

tions is the 12th of next month.

(E†oöÀ papers ™ Ñ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °æK-éπ~© ads

´î√a®·. °æ‹-Jh-îËÆœ-† applications °æç§ƒ-Lq†*´--J-ûËC ´îËa ØÁ© 12)

Tarun: Then we had better get ready. Ok, then,

see you.

(Å®·ûË ´’†ç ready Å´ôç ´’ç*C. -´’-Séπ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç)

Varun: Bye.

Students, Studies, courses èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-†Ææç¶µ«-≠æù éπü∆ ÉC? éÌEo expressions

°æJ-Q-Lü∆lç.students Å†-í¬ØË marks, pass, fail, score

É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’, fees, study, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’í∫’®Ìh-≤ƒh-®·-éπü∆? î√-™« simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúË´÷ô© B®Ω’ É™« Öçô’çC.

1 a) †’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o´¤? Where are you studying?/ Which School/

College are you studying in?/ Which School/

College are you a student of?

b) F¢Ë class? = what class are you in?/ Which

class are you studying? what class are you

doing?

OöÀéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’. Iam studying in... School/

College. I am in the I year Inter/ II year

degree, etc. Studying •ü¿’©’, doing áèπ◊\´¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç.

a) ØË†’ I year Engineering îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’I am doing my I year Engineering.

b) Which year of medicine are you in? are

you studying/ which year?

(ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË medicine ÅE ûÁLÊÆh)/Which year are you doing?

Medicine à Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

Shankar: May I Know what you are?

(O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-î√a?/ O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’?)

Dinakar: I am a student

Shankar: Studying...?

(àç îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o®Ω’)Dinakar: I am doing my II year Inter/ I am at

college in the degree course/ I am in

the 10th Class/ I am doing my X

class.

2 a) School/ College ™ îË®Ωôç= Join a School/

college - join in é¬ü¿’.b) äéπ course îªü¿-´ôç = studying a course.

äéÓ\-°æ¤púø’ taking a course.

c) She is taking a course in Software

Software course îªü¿’-´¤-ûÓçC.

3 a) She is taking lessons in music/ dance, etc:

Music, dance ™ Péπ~ù §Òçü¿’-ûÓçC/ ØË®Ω’a-éÌç-öçC = She is learning music/ dance =

She is doing taking a course in music/

dance.

ÅC í∫ûªç™ Å®·ûË took, learned, etc ¢√úøû√ç.b) I want to take this software course

ØËF software course îªü¿-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.4 i) ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç=

study well/ do well at studies.

a) 'How is he studying?/ Is he good at studies?

'O, he is doing very well at studies/ He is

studying very well; he is hardworking.'

(éπ≠æd-°æúÕ îªü¿-´ôç)ii) ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç = be good at studies, clever/

bright at studies (¶«í¬, ûÁL-Ní¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√®Ω’.)b) She is good at maths, but rather poor at

Physics = -Ç -Å-´÷t®·éÀ ™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ØË -´-îª’a, é¬FPhysics ™ é¬Ææh poor.

5 Class èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç/ college éÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç attend class (es)/ attend college.

6 Poor at studies = dull at studies.

7 °æKéπ~ = exam (examination ´·êuçí¬ ®√ûª-™ØË¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷ö«x-úË--ô°æ¤púø’ exam ¢√úøôç Ææ••’);exam èπÿ, test èπÿ ûËú≈:

a) exam: äéπ Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª (qualification) - X class

Inter, B.Tech, Msc ™«çöÀ certificates é¬F,degrees é¬F §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´·êu-¢Á’i†°æKéπ~.

b) Test: ã exam èπ◊ •ü¿’©’í¬í¬F, Åü¿-†çí¬í¬FNü∆u-®Ω’n©’ à subject áçûª´®Ωèπ◊ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’, áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡xé¬ subject ´îª’a ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~ test. Test Ææ´’ßª’ç,exam Ææ´’ßª’ç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë Öçúø-´îª’a. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd test ™ marks èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª™ Åçûª-´·-êuçí¬ í∫’Jhç-°æ¤ -Öç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.

8 °æKéπ~ ®√ßª’ôç: Take an exam/ sit an exam.

a) ØË†’ Í®°æ¤ °æKéπ~ ®√ßª’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’ I am taking an exam tomorrow.

b) ØË†’ Ñ --àú≈C *´®Ω Inter exams ®√ßª’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’ (I am taking/ will take the Inter exams at the

end of this year/ I am sitting the Inter exams

at the end of this year/ I sit the exam.

Appear for an exam - Ñ expression É°æ¤p-úøçûª¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’.í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °æKéπ~ ®√ßª’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ a) give

an exam, b) write an exam ÅE î√-™« ´’çCÅçô’ç-ö«®Ω’ – OöÀ™x àC-èπÿú≈ correct é¬ü¿’.(say either, 'Take an exam' or 'sit an exam'.)

Å™«Íí am appearing/ is appearing/ are

appearing for an exam èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p. É™«çöÀîÓôxçû√ taking ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Éçé¬ Do an exam ÅE èπÿú≈ Å†-´îª’a. She is going her final year B.Tech exam at

the end of this year.

Ç¢Á’ Ñ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™B.tech *´J Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç°æKéπ~ ®√Ææ’hçC.

8 °æK-éπ~™x ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁîª’a-éÓ-´ôç get/ score/

secure. OöÀ™x secure

éÌClí¬ §ƒçúÕûªuç – ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*C.

Rama Rao: How much/ How many marks did

you get/ score in last week's

exam?

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç °æK-éπ~™ áçûª/ -áEo´÷®Ω’\©’ -ûÁîª’a-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?/ ´î√a®·Fèπ◊?)

Bharadwaj: Dad, I can't say I got/ scored very

high marks.

(--´÷®Ω’\-©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁîª’a-èπ◊-†o-ô’d/- ´-*a-†ô’d îÁ°æp-™‰†’)

Rama Rao: Why isn't your score high? Why

aren't your marks high?

(áèπ◊\´ marks áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁîª’a-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/-®√-™‰ü¿’?)

OR

Why Couldn't you score high?

Why couldn't you get high marks?

(áçü¿’èπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ûÁîª’a-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßª÷¢˛?)OR

Why did you score low? Why did

you get such low marks.

(Åçûª- ûª-èπ◊\-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁîª’a-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤/ -Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ Marks á™« ´î√aß’?)Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Marks ûÁîª’a-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßª÷¢Ëç? Why could n't you score better?/

Why couldn't you get better marks

than this?.

I am taking the exams-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 98-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ --´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 17 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Neeraj: Hi Suraj, ages since we met; what'swrong?(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. àçöÀé¬®Ωùç?)

Suraj: I was very busy till yesterday with myexams. Thank God, its all over. What arelief! No more exam nerves (E†oöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ exams ´©x î√-™« busy í¬ÖØ√o. Å´’tßª’u Å®·-§Ú-ßª÷®·. áçûª£æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! °æK-éπ~© -¶-„ü¿’®Ω’ Ééπ-™‰ü¿’.)

Relief = (Â°ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ ØÁAh O’ü¿ †’ç* Cç*-†ô’d)Núø’-ü¿©. exam nerves °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ -¶„ü¿’®Ω’)

Neeraj: Happy to hear that. How did you do inthe exams? (ÆæçûÓ≠æç! á™« ®√¨»´¤ exams?)

Suraj: Well, I hope (¶«í¬ØË ÅE ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’)Neeraj: What were your marks in the earlier

exams?(Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ exams ™ marks á™«-´-î√a®·?)

Suraj: In most of them just above sixty per-cent. In one or two others I scored quitehigh - above 90% (î√-™«¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ éÌClí¬ áèπ◊\´.äéπöÀ È®çúø’ papers ™ ´÷vûªç 90% éπçõ‰áèπ◊\´ -´÷®Ω’\-©’ ´-î√a®·.)

Neeraj: Why just above 60% in most of thepapers? Weren't you saying you haddone well in all the exams? (î√-™«-¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷vûª¢Ë’áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC? î√™« ¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†E Åçô’ç-úË-¢√-úÕN éπü∆?)

Suraj: I thought so, but when I saw the marksI understood I had fared badly in them.One can never be sure in these mat-ters, you know? (ØË-†÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, marks îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púËÆæJí¬ ®√ßª’-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. Å®·Ø√ Éô’-´çöÀ N≠æ-ßª÷™x á´®Ω÷ à-D í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’,éπü∆)

Neeraj: What about your performance thistime?(Ñ≤ƒJ á™« ®√¨»´¤?/´’J Ñ≤ƒJ Ææçí∫A?)

Suraj: I think I fared very well. I am satisfiedwith my performance. (¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ûª%°œh-í¬ØË ÖçC)

Neeraj: Well, wish you all the best. How abouta movie this evening then? (≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?)

Suraj: That's be a real pleasure. (ã, ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕ† expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈ exams èπÿ, studies èπÿÆæç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë – OöÀ™ ´’†ç ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçö«®·. é¬•öÀd, Å´-é¬¨¡ç´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úÕ, practice îËßª’çúÕ. Busy with exams exam nerves Howdid you do in the exam? I did well Whatwere your marks? above 60% above 90% you had done well I had fared badly ..your performance this time?

a)Busy with exams, busy preparing forexams, busy studying for exams - Oô-Eo-öÀéÃÅ®Ωnç, exams ûÓ ûª©-´·-†-éπ-©’í¬ (BJéπ ™‰èπ◊çú≈)Öçúøôç- – ´·êuçí¬ exams èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷.

b) exams ®√Ææ÷hç-úøôç ´©x BJéπ ™‰éπ-§Úôç –busy taking/ attending exams (Busy writ-ing exams ´÷vûªç-é¬ü¿’, english ™ writingan exam/ exams ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’ – éÀç-ü¿-öÀlesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç í∫ü∆?)

c) exams ´îËaÆæ’hØ√o®· = exams are fastapproaching = exams ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· =(Approach - Åv§Úî˝ – v§Ú ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =ÆæO’-°œç-îªôç = ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√´úøç/ ¢Á∞¡xúøç)

exam nerves = °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ éÌçûª-´’çCéÀ -Öç-úË¶„ü¿’®Ω’, éπçí¬®Ω’, °æK-éπ~-© -¶µºßª’ç.°æK-éπ~© ¶µºßª’ç †’ç* •ßª’-ô-•-úøôç– get overexam nerves, get over = ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªôç.

How did you do in the exam?exam á™« ®√¨»-´¤? – ÉC ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√L´’†ç – english ™ á™« ®√¨»´¤ exam Å†-ú≈-EéÀ'write' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms ®√ØË-®√´¤. î√-™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬¢√úË ´÷ô, 'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω formsa) ØË†’ E†o °æK-éπ~©’ ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’

I did well in the exam yesterday.b) ØË†ç-ûª-Ææ-Jí¬ ®√ßª’-™‰ü¿’

I didn't do so well/ I haven't done so well(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd)

c) ØË†-†’-èπ◊-†o ü∆E-éπØ√o ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’ I did much better than I had expected.

d) ÅûªØËç ¶«í¬ ®√ßª’-™‰-ü¿’He didn't do well at all.

e) Åûª†’ paper îÁúÕ-Ê°-¨»úø’ (¶«í¬ ®√ßª’-ØË-™‰ü¿’ -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) He did poorly/ very poorly in the exam.

He did badly in the exam.

É™« ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË do ¢√úøû√ç, °æKéπ~®√ßª’ôç ÅØË ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ. ÉüË O’®Ω’ Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™í∫´’-Eç-îª-´-©-Æœ† Åç¨¡ç. '®√ßª’ôç— ´*a† îÓô™«x'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC¶«í¬ practice îÁßª’uçúÕ. Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ßª’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓfare èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç....I had fared badly... I had done badly

¶«í¬ ®√ßª’-™‰ü¿’. îÁûªhí¬ ®√¨»†’.a) á™«-®√-¨»´¤ E†oöÀ exam?

How did you fare in the exam yesterday?

b) ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’ = I fared well

Prakash: How did you fare in the exams?

(á™« ®√¨»´¤?)Akash: Well, I think. I got 97%

Prakash: Oh, you didn't fare badly after all.

Congrats.

(v•£æ…tçúøç, î√-™« ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»-´-†o-´÷ô.í∫’®Ω’h ûÁîª’a-éÓçúÕ = not bad = very

good)

c) Hold the exam any time you like, he is sure

to fare well

O’ É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ Â°ô’d-éÓçúÕ °æKéπ~, ¢√úø’éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒhúø’. °æKéπ~ Â°ôdúøç = Hold an exam/ exams

-É-C îª÷úøçúÕ: i) what about your performance this time

ii) I am satisfied with my performance.

Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ßª’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ per-

formance èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC é¬Ææh§ƒçúÕûªuç.

a) á™« ®√¨»®Ω’ E†oöÀ exam?

How was your exam yesterday?

b) His performance in exams is usually brilliant

exams ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª†’ î√™« ¶«í¬®√≤ƒhúø’. brilliant = v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†, é¬çA--´’ç-ûª-¢Á’i† (vG©uçö¸ – 'vG— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç)

Vinod: You know, Vikas topped the schoolwith his one hundred percent each inMaths and Science.(Ææ÷\™x Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’Maths Science ™ 100])

Pramod: That's brilliant/ really brilliant. (î√™« íÌ°æp-í¬/- E-ïçí¬ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC,Åûª-úø’ °æKéπ~ ®√Æœ† B®Ω’)

Vinod: Every teacher likes him for his per-formance in the exams. (°æK-éπ~-™x -Å-ûª-úÕ B®Ω’-´©x teachers -Åç-ü¿-JéÃÅûª-†çõ‰ É≠ædç.)

äéπ N≠æßª’ç: do, fare, perform - -Ñ -´‚-úÕç-öÀ-E-Íé-´-©ç °æKéπ~© N≠æ-ßª’ç-™ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπJ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç•ßª’-ô-°æúË N≠æ-ßª÷-©-Eoç-öÀ-™†÷ ¢√úøû√ç.

a) How is YSR doing/faring/ performingas the CM?

CM í¬ YSR -á-™«ÖØ√o®Ω’? (Ææ´’-®Ωn-ç-í¬Ø√é¬ü∆?)

b) The Sri Lankans did/fared/ performed verybadly/ poorly in thelast cricket series. Sri Lankans î√-™« poor í¬ Çú≈®Ω’.

c) Her performance in the movie was disap-pointingÇ *vûªç-™ Ç¢Á’ †ô† E®√¨¡°æJ-*çC.

d) He did/ fared/ performed well in the movie Åûª†’ Ç *vûªç™ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.

e) He is doing very well as a teacher Teacher í¬ Åûª†’ î√-™« ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.

Do/ fare/ perform – OöÀ™x Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬,áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË-´÷ô, 'do'f) I hope to do well in the exam ØË†’ exam ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒh-†ØË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.

-É°æ¤p-úø’ -É-çéÌ-Eo expressions.a) O’ Marks àçöÀ?/-áEo?

What are your marks?/ What marks did youget? What is your score?/ How many marksdid you get/ score?

b) F marks àç ûª%°œh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰´¤Your score is/ your marks are, not satisfactory.

c) With such a low score/ such low marks, youcan't get a seat in that college.Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ Fé¬ college ™ seat®√ü¿’.

Meghana: Congrats Sumana, on your highScore in Physics. (Physics ™ Fèπ◊ ´’ç* marks´*a†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ congrats.)

Sumana: You didn't fare badly either. You gotjust one mark below mine. So mycongrats to you. Poor Jamuna! shegot below 50%. (Fèπÿ àç ûªèπ◊\´ ®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. äéπ\Mark ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπü∆ Ø√éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. ÑÆæçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ -Fèπ◊ -Ø√ --Å-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’. §ƒ°æçï´·† – 50-¨»-ûªç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ´-î√a®·)

(Above - áèπ◊\-´/-Â£«-îª’aí¬; below=ûªèπ◊\´)

Meghana: I'm surprised. She usually does verywell. She never scored below 85%in the previous exams. (Eïçí¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË, §ƒ°æç. ´·†’-°æöÀ (previous - v°œN-ßª’Æˇ) °æK-éπ~™xá°æ¤púø÷ 85]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’.)

É™«çöÀîÓôx less than 85% -Åç-ô÷ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬¢√úË-C– -Åç-ûª-Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’)Exam fail Å´ôç, pass Å´ôç = He/ shefailed the exam/ passed the exam.ÉO exams èπÿ, marks èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’:


Subodh: Hi Pranav, exams èπ◊ á™« prepareÅ´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?

Pranav: °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¶„ü¿’Í®, Å®·-§Ú-ßË’çûª´®Ωèπ◊.

Subodh: é¬-F FÈé-°æ¤púø÷ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh-®·-éπü∆?

Pranav: Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh®·, é¬F Éçé¬áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁîª’a-éÓ-¢√-©E -Ø√ éÓJéπ.

Subodh: á´-J-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’ Ç éÓJéπ?Pranav: O’ class ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æK-éπ~-™„-°æ¤púø’?Subodh: E†oØË Å®·-§Ú-ßª÷®·.Pranav: á™« ®√¨»´¤ †’´¤y?Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’, é¬F äéπ Chemistry

paper ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁúø-íÌ-ö«d†’. N’í∫û√papers ™ 80 éÀ Â°jØË-®√-´îª’a. Chemistry™ ´÷vûªç 60 ü∆é¬- ®√-´îª’a.

Pranav: O’ cousin Sucharita á™«- ®√-ÆœçC?Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√Æœç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. -Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’

exams ™ Ç¢Á’ -î√-™« -¶«í¬ ®√Æœç-C.ÅEoöx 100 èπ◊ äéπöÀ, È®çúø’ ´÷®Ω’\©’´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûªèπ◊\´.

Pranav: é¬F íÌ°æp performance. Girls, ´’†-éπçõ‰¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.

Subodh: îÁ°æp-™‰ç™‰.Answer:

Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you preparing forthe exams?

Pranav: I always have/ suffer from examnerves, until they are over.

Subodh: But you always get good marks/score high.

Pranav: I do, but I wish to score even bettermarks. (Even = Éçé¬)

Subodh: Who doesn't wish it?/ Who doesn'thave the wish?

Pranav: When are the exams for your class?/When are you people taking theexams?

Subodh: They were over yesterday./ Yesterdaywas the last of them.

Pranav: How did you do?Subodh: (I) did very well, but I did poorly/ fared

badly in chemistry. In the otherpapers I may get/ score above 80%.In chemistry I may get about 60.

Pranav: How did your cousin Sucharita do?Subodh: (I) think she did well. In the earlier

exams, however, her performancewas very good. In all the papers, shegot just one or two marks below 100.

Pranav: That's good performance. I supposegirls study better than we, boys.

Subodh: We can't say./ Difficult to say.

How did you do in the exam?-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 99-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 19 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Anand: I am happy today.

(ØËF-®Ó-V ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o)Santosh: Why?/ Why are you happy?

(áçü¿’èπ◊?)Anand: Because this is the hundredth lesson

in spoken English. You are happy

too, aren't you?

(ÉC spoken English ™ 100 ´ lesson

é¬•öÀd. Fèπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC, éπü∆?)Santosh: Ofcourse I am, but I am not satisfied.

There's a lot more english to learn.

(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’, Å®·ûË ûª%°œhí¬ ™‰ü¿’.ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-C -Éçé¬ î√™« ÖçC)

Anand: I too am anxious to learn more.

(Ø√èπÿ Éçé¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©ØË -Ç-ûª%ûªí¬ ÖçC)Santosh: My sister appears very serious about

learning more English, and so is my

cousin Harsha.

(´÷ sister english ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E î√™«serious í¬ ÖçC, ´÷ cousin £æ«®Ω-èπÿú≈)

Anand: Deepti and Divya were my school

mates. They were eager to learn

English. They would be ever ready to

read English newspapers and books,

speak english, listen to others speak

english, and so on. They are fluent in

English now. Whenever they had an

opportunity, they used to speak

English.

(D°œh, C´u Ø√ schoolmates. ¢√∞¡ŸxEnglish ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E áçûÓ Ç--ûª%-ûª-ûÓÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. á°æ¤púø÷ English newspa-

per, books îªü¿-´ôç, English ´÷ö«x-úøôç, Éûª-®Ω’©’ English ´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’N†ôç™«çöÀN îËßª’-ö«-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ Æœ-ü¿l¥ç.Åçü¿’Íé ¢√∞¡Ÿx É°æ¤púø’ English üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. Å´-é¬¨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«xEnglish ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx)

Santosh: To tell you frankly, I am not at all

pleased with my English. I shall be

happy if I am able to speak and write

better.

(Eïçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Ø√éÌ-*a† English

Ø√Íé ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LT, ®√ßª’-í∫-LTûË Ø√èπ◊ î√™«ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçô’çC.

Anand: We can be good speakers of English

if we have regular practice.

(Regular practice Öçõ‰ ¶«í¬ English

´÷ö«x-úË¢√∞¡xç Å´¤û√ç)Santosh: Yes, we frequently read so in these

Spoken English lessons.

(Ñ English lessons ™ ÅüË ûª®Ω-îª’í¬îª÷Ææ÷hçö«ç/ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç)

ÉC 100 ´ lesson éπü∆. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ for a

change (*†o-´÷-®Ω’p-í¬/ -é¬Ææh ûËú≈í¬) ã *†oLanguage game Çúøü∆ç. Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™E sen-

tences îª÷úøçúÕ:I a) I am happy; I am not satisfied; I too am anx-

ious to learn more; I am not at all pleased;

I am able to speak; I shall be happy.

b) Why are you happy? You are happy too;

So is my cousin Harsha; They are fluent.

c) Deepti and Divya were my school mates;

They were eager to learn English.

d) They would be ever ready to...

e) We can be

Ñ sentences ™ ´’†ç í∫ ’-EçîË N≠æßª’ç –OöÀ™x verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ´÷vûª¢Ë’éπü∆? îª÷úøçúÕ, Íé-´-©ç 'be' forms ûÓ áçûªÆæç¶µ«-≠æù ≤ƒTçüÓ?

É°æ¤púø’ ´’† game.

Ééπ\úÕ sentences ™ 'be' forms (am, is, are,

were, shall be, can be, would be, etc,) °æéπ\†Ö†o 'happy' ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© •ü¿’©’ O’®Ω’ ¢√úøí∫L-T† ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀE ¢√úÕ sentences practice

îËßª’çúÕ. äéπ statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ques-

tions, exclamations èπÿú≈ practice îËßª’çúÕ.Not, never (á°æ¤púø÷ é¬ü¿’/- ™‰ü¿’) ûÓ èπÿú≈ prac-

tice îËßª’çúÕ. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ.I am happy- Ééπ\úø Ö†o 'be' form 'am' °æéπ\†Ö†o happy •ü¿’©’, ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ O’èπ◊ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøçúÕ. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊, happy •ü¿’©’, a) sad, sorry,

proud, tall, short ™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†÷ ©éπ~-ù«-©†’í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ (Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬) áØÁj oØ√¢√úø-´îª’a. Éçé¬ b) àüÁjØ√ ´%ûª’h©’, °æ†’©’ ™«çöÀN îËÊÆ¢√∞¡xØËÅ®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ ÖçúË ´÷ô©÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆?– I am a teacher/ an actor/ a cricketer/ an

employee/ a landlord/ a doctor, etc.

´’Sx OöÀ™x not/ never èπÿú≈ éπL°œ ¢√úø-´îª’aéπü∆? I am not happy; I am not a teacher, etc ™«í¬.

ÉçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ OöÀE question form ™ èπÿú≈,not ûÓ†÷, not ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈†÷ èπÿú≈ Å†-´îª’a éπü∆?

eg: Am I a doctor? Am I not a teacher? etc.

É™«Íí N’í∫û√ 'be' forms ûÓ áEo sentences,

statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions èπÿú≈,not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, not ûÓ Å†-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.

Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ O’ friend ûÓØÓ, O’ûÓ cooperate îËÊÆ¢√∞¡x-ûÓØÓ Å†çúÕ. Questions ™ èπÿú≈, È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬© questions.

1) 'Wh' words (what, when, who, etc.,)ûÓ´îËaN.

eg. Why are you happy? What is your

brother? When was he a teacher? ™«çöÀ-N. 2) 'Wh' words ™‰E questions.

eg. Are you happy? Is she your sister?

Can he be a leader? ™«çöÀ-N.´’S OöÀE not ûÓ, eg: Are you not happy?

Were they not students? ™«çöÀN.

É™«ç-öÀN áEo sen-

tences O’®Ω’ Å†-í∫-©®Ó™„éÀ\ç-îª’-éÓçúÕ. áéπ\úøO’®Ω’ questions ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Åéπ\úø ¢√öÀéÀAnswers èπÿú≈ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓçúÕ. Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’éπLÆœ Ñ game

Çúø’-éÓçúÕ. O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËßª’-í∫-L-í¬®Óîª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. O’Íé Ç¨¡a®Ωuç ¢ËÆæ’hçC. '´’†ç ÉEosentences Å†-í∫-L-í¬¢Ë’— ÅE.

O’ Ææ£æ…ßª’ç éÓÆæç: 'be' forms °æéπ\† ¢√úøí∫LÍí´÷ô©’ Ñ éÀçC ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Öçö«®·.1) í∫’ù«©’, (proud, good, bad, wicked) ûÁ-LÊ°

´÷ô©’.2) ¶µ«¢√©’ (feelings) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ (happy, sad,

jealous, etc).

3) ©éπ~-ù«©’ (tall, short, fat, etc,) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’.4) Past participle forms (satisfied, pleased,

trained)

5) äéπ ´%ûÓh, °æØÓ îËÊÆ¢√∞¡Ÿ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ´îËa´÷ô©’ (Actor, doctor, teacher, cook, lawyer,

speaker, etc). Ñ ®Ωéπç ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, sin-

gular ´·çü¿®Ω a/ an ®√¢√-©E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ countable singular ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷'a/ an' ®√¢√L éπü∆.

6) '-ing' forms (going, singing, walking)

Â°j ®Ωé¬© ´÷ô-©Fo ¢√úøçúÕ. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊-†oô’x ÆæJí¬ ´≤ÚhçüÓ, ™‰üÓ îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC O’È®çûª English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ó.´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø™‰-´’ØË Å§Ú£æ« Öçúøü¿’.

II An extension of the game, Ñ game é¬ÆæhÂ°çîª-´îª’a– Ñ sentences ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’ éπL°œ:eg: He is happy. Ñ sentence †’ É™«

§ÒúÕ-Tçîª´îª’a éπü∆?

a) He is happy to meet me

(To meet me – áçü¿’-éπ-ûª†’ happy ÅØËC -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-C éπü∆)

b) They were not satisfied with their salaries.

(with their salaries – ¢√∞¡x @û√-©ûÓ ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿxáçü¿’-´©x not satisfied ÅØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC)

c) Will they be pleased if I give them the books?

(If I give them the books - ØË†’ ¢√∞¡xé¬ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-LÊÆh – ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx á™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈h--®Ω-ØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆)É™« O’®Ω’ 'be' forms ûÓ -´-îËa sentences †’§ÒúÕ-Tç-îª’-èπ◊çô÷ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç ´÷vûªçcorrect í¬ ´îËaô’x îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√-™« ´·êuç.

III Ééπ Ñ game ™ ´‚úÓ-¶µ«í∫ç:Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ practice îËÆœ† sentences

ÅEoç-öÀ™ verb, 'be' form éπü∆. Ñ 'be' form

•ü¿’©’ 'action words' áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø meanings

´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ, Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’:

a) They were all happy. Ééπ\úø 'be' form 'were'

•ü¿’©’ feel ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆. Å®·ûË, 'be' form

í∫û√Eo ûÁ-LÊ° -´÷ô é¬•öÀd, feel èπ◊ èπÿú≈ í∫û√Eo --ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷õ‰ ¢√ú≈L éπü∆. é¬•öÀd, felt ´Ææ’hçC.Å°æ¤púø’,They all felt happy (They were all happy)

b) She can be here in 10 minutes.

Ééπ\úø 'can be' ÅØË 'be' form -ûÓ ´îËa Å®Ωnç –Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Öçúø-í∫©ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ îË®Ω-í∫-©ü¿’ÅE – Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îÁ°æp-í∫© sentence ÉüËÅ®ΩnçûÓ–She can reach here in ten minutes.

c) They shall be here for an hour.

¢√Rx-éπ\úø ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçú≈L. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'shall

be' ÅØË 'be form •ü¿’©’, ´’†ç 'shall stay' ÅE-é¬F, shall remain ÅE -é¬-F Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’.Å°æ¤púø’ sentence– They shall stay/ remain

here for an hour.

d) He could be helpful for us: Ééπ\úø be form

could be Å®Ωnç– Åûªúø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ßª’-é¬Jí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©-úË¢Á÷. Could be ÅØË 'be' form •ü¿’©’ action

word ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ help ¢√úÌîª’a éπü∆. ü∆çûÓsentence É™« ´÷®Ωa-´îª’aí∫ü∆?– He could help us.

É™« O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËßª’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕÅ´-é¬¨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x. Å´-é¬¨¡ç ®√éπ-§ÚûËéπLpç-îª’-éÌE É™«çöÀ sentences frame îËßª’çúÕ–´’J-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ – statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈,questions (È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬©’ – 'wh' questions,

non 'wh' questions èπÿú≈), Negatives (not,

never) Ææ£æ… practice îËßª’çúÕ.

I am happy today


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 21 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

M. SURESAN

100-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

W

W

§

Damodar: Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you thewhole of yesterday. What were youdoing? (éπ%-§ƒéπ-®˝, E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰-ü¿’,àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?)

Krupakar: Busy playing the game - making asmany sentences as we could - withmy sister and prabhakar.(´÷ Sister, prabhakar ûÓ éπLÆœGame -Ç-úø’-ûª÷ áEo SentencesO©-®·ûË ÅEo Form îËÆæ÷h Busy í¬ÖçúÕ-§Úßª÷)

Damodar: What game was that? (àç Game?)Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth

lesson of spoken english. It's a sim-ple game - forming sentences, asmany as we can by adding suitablewords after 'be' forms and actionwords - sentences to be not onlystatements but also questions, bothtypes, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions,with not and never too...

(î√-™« Simple game ÅC. sub + verb-verb 'be' form Å´îª’a, action wordÅ´îª’a, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´÷ô©’ îË®Ω’a-èπ◊çô÷§Ú-´ôç– Sentences statements´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Questions,Exclamations èπÿú≈. Questions È®çúø’®Ωé¬© Questions – 'wh' words ûÓ 'nonwh' words ûÓ èπÿú≈. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, notûÓ never ûÓ èπÿú≈)

Damodar: Was that so? O I missed the game.How many sentences were you ableto frame?(Å™«í¬? Å®·ûË ØË†’ game missÅßª÷u†’. O’È®Eo Sentences îËßª’-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’?)

Krupakar: We didn't count, but we were able tomake a good number. We haveunderstood that we can improve ourenglish by this kind of practice morethan by reading books on spokenenglish. (™„éπ\Â°ôd-™‰ü¿’ é¬F î√™«ØË îË¨»ç.Spoken english O’ü¿ books îªü¿-´ôçéπçõ‰ É™«çöÀ practice ü∆y®√ØË English¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC)

Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’d, practice ´©xconfidence Â°®Ω-í∫-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, EnglishÆæ£æ«-ïçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. v°æA-®ÓWFriends ûÓ Ñ game practice îËßª’çúÕ.

Ñ Lesson ™ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ûÓ É™«çöÀ gameÉçéÓöÀ îª÷ü∆lç.

O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– verbs ™ È®çúø’®Ωé¬©’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC'love' ™«çöÀN. OöÀéÀ á´-JE, üËEE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x†’ ÅØÓ, ü∆EE ÅØÓ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç´Ææ’hçC. È®çúÓ ®Ωé¬--E-N - walk (†-úø-´ôç)™«çöÀN. á´-JE †úø-´ôç, üËE-E †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ game ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ®Ωéπç verbs ûÓ sentences îËßª’çúÕ. state-ments ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions, exclama-tions ûÓ Ææ£æ…, Not/ never ûÓ èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊ûÁL-Æœ-†Eo verbs ûÓ á†o-®·ûË ÅEo.eg:1) Vineet bought a book2) When did Naresh meet you?3) She doesnot like me (at all)

4) How well Rupa sings that song!5) The teacher never made a joke

É™« áEo Sentences îËßª’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.ûª®√yûª ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ îËJa Sentences extendîËßª’çúÕ.eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college

stores.2) When did Naresh meet you to give you

the book.3) She does not like me because I do not

like her.4) How well Rupa sings that song from the

movie, nuvvu naaku nachau.5) The teacher never made a joke while

teaching.

É™«çöÀ sentences O’®Ω’ O’ friends etc., ûÓpractice îËßª’çúÕ. I, We, You, he, she, it andthey ûÓ èπÿú≈ sentences îËßª’çúÕ.

u u u

Renuka: Urmila, why don't you lend me thebook. I have to prepare for the examthe day after tomorrow. (Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh É≤ƒh-¢√? á©’xçúÕ exam èπ◊prepare Å¢√Lq ÖçC.)

Urmila: Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken itaway. She has to prepare for the examas well. You are a little late.

(Sorry, ¶µº÷N’éπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’Èé-Rç-C. ûª†’-èπÿú≈ exam èπ◊ prepare Å¢√y-©E.)

Renuka: I thought of buying the book yester-day, but I had to take mom to hospital,so I didn't find the time. I must get thebook somehow. Otherwise I'll bedoing very badly in the exam. (E†oØË book éÌØ√-©E Å†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E´÷ Å´’t†’ hospital èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé∞«Lq´*açC. éÌ†-™‰-éπ-§Úßª÷. á™«íÓ äéπ-™«í¬ Ç°æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁîª’a-éÓ-¢√L ØË†’. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË á©’xçúÕexam -¶«í¬ ®√-ßª’-™‰éπ-§Ú-û√--†’-.)

Urmila: I must pay the fees today. Today is thelast date. I should go to the bank andget the money.(É¢√∞¡ fees éπ-ö«dL ØË†’. -É-¢√-∞Ï -*-´-J®ÓV. Bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL, úø•’s ûÁîª’a-éÓ-¢√L.)

Renuka: That's true. We must submit examapplications by tomorrow. That's therule. (Eï¢Ë’. Exam applications Í®°æöÀ ™°æ©submit îÁßª÷uL. ÅüË rule.)

Urmila: The applications should have the sig-nature of the parent or the guardian,shouldn't it? (Application™ parent/ guardianÆæçûªéπç Öçú≈L, éπü∆?)

Renuka: Yes, that's the rule. Further we mustmention the amount paid, andenclose the fee receipt. (ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, áçûª úø•’s éπöÀdçD clear í¬ûÁ-©-§ƒ-L, fee receipt ü∆-E-ûÓ ïûª-°æ®Ω-î√L.)

Urmila: OK then. Bye. I must hurry. (´≤ƒh Å®·ûË. ØË†’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L.)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æù™E sentences †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3)I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) Wemust submit 7) The application should havethe signature 8) We must mention.

Â°j sentences ™E verbs: have to + 1stRDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1stRDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW.

Have to/ has to, had to, must, shouldÉ´Fo èπÿú≈ NCµí¬, rule v°æé¬®Ωç, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬îËßª÷-Lq† °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·.

OöÀ 'be' forms. Have to be, has to be,

must be, should be.

(Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you and

they subjects ûÓ have to be ´Ææ’hçC. He,

she and it subjects ûÓ has to be ´Ææ’hçC.)-O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç – Öçú≈L – ÅE. ÅC äéπJ Çïc(command) é¬´îª’a, NCµ (duty) é¬´îª’a,necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) é¬´îª’a.Have to be, has to be, should be, must be

= Öçú≈L, present ™í¬F, future ™í¬E.Vinod: Let me go. I have to be at home in ten

minutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.

(††’o ¢Á∞¡xF. ØË†’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x ÉçöxÖçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC)

Suman: Hari too has tobe at home inten minutes. Hedoesn't like tomiss the serial.Isn't it so, Hari?(£æ«J èπÿú≈ 10EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ ÉçöxÖçú≈L. Åûª-úÕéÀserial miss Å´ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË éπü∆£æ«J?)

Hari: That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye.

(Eï¢Ë’. ØË†’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L) Suman: Don't forget tomorrow's exam time.

You have to be at the centre by 9.45

(Í®°æ¤ exam time ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ. O’®Ω-éπ\úø9.45 éπ-™«x Öçú≈L)

Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Present ™í¬F, future ™í¬F'Öçú≈L— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ have to be/ has to be

¢√ú≈ç. äéπ Order / Command ´©x, NCµ ´©x(Åçõ‰ Duty), ™‰éπ§ÚûË Å´-Ææ®Ωç (Necessity) ´©xÖçú≈Lq´ÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ Have to be/ has to be

¢√úøû√ç.a) O’®Ω’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L.

You have to be at office by 10 (Command)

b) v°æA ÖüÓuT 10 †’ç* 5´®Ωèπ◊ Office ™ Öçú≈LEvery employee has to be in the office

from 10 to 5 (Command)

c) I have to be at office by 10.

ØË†’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L. (Duty = NCµ)d) She has to be at office for a minimum of

Six hours.

(-Ç-¢Á’ éπFÆæç 6 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ-Â°jØ√ Office ™ Öçú≈L= Duty/ NCµ)

e) I have to be at the station at 2 or I shall

miss the train.

ØË†’ station -™ È®çúÕçöÀéÀ Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰train miss Å´¤-û√†’. (ÉC necessity, Åçõ‰Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆)

f) He has to be here atleast by tomorrow.

Otherwise he will miss the chance.

(éπFÆæç Í®°æ-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ -Å-ûª-úø’ -Åéπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰Å´-é¬¨¡ç éÓ™p-û√úø’. – necessity.)

ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.Pramod: I am happy to have got the job, Sir.

When have I to be here to report for

duty, Sir?

(Job ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC.Report îËßª’-ú≈-EéÀ/ Duty™ Join

Å´-ö«-EéÀ á°æ¤-púø’ ®√-¢√-©çúŒ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?)(Have to be Ééπ\úø duty E ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.)

Prasanth: You have to be here by 9.30 every-

day. (9.30 éπ-™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-L- †’´¤y.You have to be here till 5.30 in the

evening. (5.30 ´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈L– ÑÈ®çúø÷ commands.) Your colleague

too, has to be here at the same time.

(F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. has to be

Ééπ\úø command.)

Pramod: I will start work now itself sir,

because I have to be thorough with

my job. (ØË†’ É°æ¤púË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh†’.áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ø√ °æE ØË†’ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆ (Ééπ\úø have to be - neces-

sity). I understand I have to be at

office for atleast 6 hours. (éπFÆæç 6í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ-®·Ø√ office ™ Öçú≈-©E Ø√èπ◊ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø have to be NCµEûÁ©’°æ¤ûÓçC éπü∆.)


Kranthi: †’´¤y éπFÆæç ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ í∫çô©´®Ω-ÈéjØ√ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L, Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆?

Shanthi: Yes, Madam. Ñ®Ó-ñ‰é¬-ü¿’, Í®°æ¤ -èπÿú≈ ÉüË¢Ë∞¡™x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-©E ûÁ©’Ææ’ madam.

Kranthi: Watchman ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p, Åûª-Eç-é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬Öçú≈L ÅE; pass Ö†o¢√∞¡’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’™°æ© Öçú≈-©-F.

Shanthi: Ok, Madam. Åûª-E-éπ\úø 8 í∫çô©´®ΩèπÿÖçú≈-©E èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒh†’.

Kranthi: OK. ñ«ví∫ûªh. Ø√èπ◊ meeting ÖçC. Åéπ\úøØË†’ 1.30 éπçû√ Öçú≈L. ØËØÌîËa ÆæJéÀ files

ÅFo ready Å®·-Öç-ú≈L. ûÁL-Æœçü∆?Shanthi: Readyí¬ Öçö«®·, madam.

Answer:

Kranthi: You have to be here till atleast 2 in the

afternoon, understand?

Shanthi: Yes, Madam. I Understand too, that

not only today, but also tomorrow I

have to be here during the same time.

Kranthi: Tell the watchman that he has to be a

little more careful, that only those who

have passes have to be here.

Shanthi: Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that he

has to be here till 8 o'clock.

Kranthi: Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. I

have to be there by 1.30. By the time I

return all the files must be ready.

Shanthi: They shall be, madam.

I have to prepare -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 101-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ --≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 23 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you thewhole of yesterday. What happened? (E†oçû√ éπ-E°œç--îª™‰ü¿’. àç ïJTçC?)

Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be athome attending to some repairs forthe house. Dad was out of town. (Éçöx busy í¬ ÖØ√o. ÉçöÀ repairsîª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçöxØË Öçú≈Lq ´*açC.Ø√†o- Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’.)

a) Attend = College/ School/ Class ™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ, functions/ meetings/ marriages™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç.

b) attend to = äéπ °æE îË°æ-ôd-ôç / ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬îËßª’ôç; 'I am attending to the repairs'.

c) Attend on = ÅA--ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’îËßª’ôç, When I was ill, my sister, attended on me.

Hitesh: You remember we have to go toNaresh's for his birthday party. It'salready 5. Shall we start? (Naresh birthday party Èé∞«x-©E í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆? É°æp-öÀÍé 5 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. •ßª’-©’-üË®Ω-ü∆-´÷?)

Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him. (àüÓ gift éÌØ√-L-éπü∆?)

Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't belate. (ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L ´’J. late Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)

Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's agenow?(ÉçûªéÃ †Í®≠ˇ ´ßª’Ææ’q áçûª’ç-úÌ--îªaç-ö«´¤?ÉC ÅûªE áØÓo birthday?– DEéÀEnglish ™‰ü¿’.)

Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his18th birth anniversary. (18 à∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈L. ÉC ÅûªE 18´ birthdayÅ†’-èπ◊çö«. Anniversary- ¢√J-éÓûªq-´ç)

Mallesh: We are all the same age then, give ortake a few months. (Å®·ûË ´’†-´’çû√ ØÁ©© ûËú≈ûÓ äÍé´ßª’Ææ’q™ ÖØ√o´’-†o-´÷ô.)

Hitesh: Ok. Let's start.Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't

forget our exams from the day aftertomorrow. Because of the change inthe exam hours, we must be at col-lege 10 minutes before nine.(´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ´îËa-ßª÷L.á©’xçúÕ †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ exams ÅE ´’®Ω-*-§Úèπ◊. ´÷J† ¢Ë∞¡© v°æé¬®Ωç College ™10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ûªèπ◊\´ 9 éπ-™«x -Öçú≈-L-.)

éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ have to be/ has to beÖ°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ûÁîª’a-èπ◊çü∆ç.a) I, We, You, They subjects Å®·ûË have to.b) He, She, It Å®·ûË has to.c) be form: have to be/ has to be (Öçú≈L

ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).

d) Action word: have to + 1st RegularDoing Word, has to + 1st Regular DoingWord. (Have to go, have to do, has togo, has to do etc, ¢Á∞«L, îËßª÷L ÅØËÅ®ΩnçûÓ)

Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC–a) ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© ´©x Öçúø-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’,

îËßª’-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’– have to be/ has to be;have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.eg:1) I have to be at home by 8.

ØË†’ 8 éπ-™«x Éçöx Öçú≈L. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷ Ø√-†o-éÓ°æp-úøû√®Ω’)

2) He has to be here by 10. Otherwise wecan't start. (Åûª-E-éπ\úø 10éπ-™«x Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω™‰ç)

3) They have to see the doctor today. Theappointment is for today. (É¢√∞¡ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«xL. Çßª’† Ñ®ÓVèπ◊ appointment Éî√aúø’)– Ééπ\úø 'haveto' (Åçõ‰ has to èπÿú≈) ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îª’-èπ◊†o °æEéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí–

4) He has to return my book today. He saidhe would. (Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ®Ó--V °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉîËa-ßª÷L.É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.)

b) Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©-xí¬F (Rules) ´’†ç îËßª÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç.1) You have to show the ticket on demand.

Keep it safe until the journey is over.[ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’ Ticket (öÀÈéö¸– öÀ ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îª÷§ƒL. v°æßª÷ùç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-u´-®Ωèπ◊ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öç-îª’. On demand = ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’-]

2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow.

(kumar Í®°æ¤ fees éπö«dL.)3) The boss has asked us to be at office half

an hour earlier than usual. We have to beat office at 9.

(Boss ´’†Lo ã Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ office èπ◊®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç 9 éπ-™«x office ™Öçú≈L.)

Have to/ has to á°æ¤púø÷ present/ future situ-ations èπ◊ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·. ÅüË past ™ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ had to ¢√úøû√ç. lesson v§ƒ®Ωç¶µºÆæç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ Mallesh -à-´’-Ø√oúø’?I had to be athome (Yesterday - past) ÅE. Åçõ‰ ØËEçöxÖçú≈Lq ´*açC. é¬•öÀd í∫ûªç™– a) - -à-üÁj-Ø√ °æJ-Æœn -ûª’©´©x-í¬E, E•ç-üµ¿ -†©´©x-í¬E, Éûª-®Ω’©•©-´ç-ûªç-´©xí¬E áéπ\-úÁjØ√ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, hadto be, àüÁjØ√ îËßª÷-Lq-´ÊÆh had to + 1stRegular Doing Word (RDW) ¢√úøû√ç.

1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friendwas coming. (Station ™ Åûª†’ 8 éÀ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC, ¢√∞¡xfriend á´®Ó ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ é¬•öÀd)

2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada lastSunday to attend a marriage.

(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¨»çA Nï-ßª’-¢√úø, Â°RxéÀ¢Á∞«Lq ´*açC.)

3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; hehad no money, so I had to lend him theamount.

(N¨»™¸ E†o fees îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC. ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ωúø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ØË-†’ -Å®Ω’--´¤ -É¢√yLq ´*açC.)

b) í∫ûªç™ Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©xí¬F ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËßª÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/Öçú≈-Lq†°æ¤púø’ πÿú≈ had to ¢√úøû√ç.1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour

his father's word.¢√∞¡x-Ø√†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ôd-ö«-EéÀ X®√-´·úø’Åúø-´¤©èπ◊ -¢Á∞«x-Lq- ´-*açC.

2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years

°æØÁoç-úË∞¡x ´†-¢√Ææç îËßª÷Lq ´*açC.3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driv-

ing the wrong way.

(Åûª†’ wrong direction ™ drive îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊250 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ßª’© -ï-J--´÷-Ø√ éπö«dLq ´*açC.)

4) Pramila had to submit the application theday before yesterday. She submitted ityesterday, so she had to pay a late fee ofRs. 10/-.

(v°æO’© ¢Á·†oØË application submit

îËßª÷-LqçC – é¬F E-†o îËÆœçC, Åçü¿’-éπE 10®Ω÷§ƒ-ßª’©’ late fee îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC.)

´’Sx lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Ö†o Ææç¶µ«-≠æù ã≤ƒJîª÷úøçúÕ:Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him.

Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late.

Ééπ\úø 'should' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC èπÿú≈have to/ has to èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ'be' form should be = Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ;Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,

should know, should do, etc.) = ¢Á∞«xL,ûÁL-ßª÷L/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, îËßª÷L, etc. Å®√n-©ûÓ)should á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç Öçú≈-Lq† ÆæÈ®j† B®Ω’†’í∫’-Jç-*, ÆæJí¬ îËßª÷Lq† °æEE í∫’-Jç-*ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.a) You should be here at 10 everyday.

†’´¤y ®ÓW °æ-Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø -Öç-ú≈-L.b) He should understand that we are his well

wishers.

´’†ç ÅûªE v¨ÏßÁ÷-Gµ-™«-≠æfl©-´’ØË N≠æßª’ç Åûª†’Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.

c) You should refer to the dictionary when

you are in doubt.

FÍé-üÁjØ√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Dictionary

îª÷ú≈L. (îª÷úøôç ÆæÈ®j† °æE)E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æé¬®Ωç ÆæÈ®j†D, é¬E-D ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’ π◊πÿú≈ should ¢√úø-´îª’a.

a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph

along this road.

(Ñ road ™ O’®Ω’ 20 éÀ-™O’-ô®Ωx ¢Ëí¬-Eo --N’ç-*-†-úø°æ®√-ü¿’.)(Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour)

b) Passengers should be at the airport half

an hour before the flight departure.

(N´÷†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’v°æßª÷---ùÀèπ◊©’ airport ™ Öçú≈L.)flight = N´÷-†-ßª÷†ç/ °æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç, Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç

c) Before you build a house, you should sub-

mit the plan for approval.

(É©’x éπõ‰d ´·çü¿’, ÉçöÀ plan Ç¢Á÷-ü∆-EéÀ sub-

mit îËßª÷L)´ Should èπ◊ èπÿú≈ past form 'had to' ØË, have

to/ has to ©èπ◊ ™«í¬. Ñ éÀçC sentences †’§Ú©açúÕ.

a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM

ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀ-éπ-™«x véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ field ™ Öçú≈L. ÉC present/ future Å´îª’a.

b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM.

Players 9 éÀ field ™ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC– ÉC Past.

´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-© π◊ have to/has to, should ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, should éπçõ‰have to/ has to á π◊\´ powerful.

You have to do it =

O’JC îËßª÷L = You

should do it. Ééπ\úø you

have to do it èπ◊, you

should do it éπØ√o force

áèπ◊\´, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌç-îÁçí∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç.


Prema: ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ -•-ßª’-©’-üË®√-L?Preethi: ÉçéÓ í∫çô™/ 9 í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´’†ç airport

™ Öçú≈L. Passport, visa, Éûª®Ω docu-

ments Åçû√ ready í¬ Öçîª’-éÓ-¢√L. ¢√-∞¡Ÿx-Å-úøí∫ç-í¬ØË îª÷°œç-îª-í∫-©í¬L.

Prema: ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ´çü¿-© *©x-®Ω èπÿ-ú≈ Öçîª’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ®√´îª’a.

Preethi: Airport entrance ticket éÌ†’-éÓ\-¢√-©-E O’friends ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL †’´¤y. ¢√∞¡Ÿx lounge

™ØË èπÿ®Óa-¢√L.Prema: OK.

Answer:

Prema: When have we to start? / When should

we start?

Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at

the airport by 9. We have to have our

passport, visa and other documents

ready. We should be able to show

them when they ask for it.

Prema: We have to have / should have three

hundred to four hundred rupees in

change in case of need.

Preethi: You should tell your friends that they

have to buy the airport entrance ticket.

They have to sit all the time in the

lounge.

Prema: OK.

You have to do it -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 102-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ¢√£æ«-Ø√© ¢Á†éπ ®√ÊÆ 'please

sound horn' Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.2) ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ö«EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å®Ωnç

´îËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç à¢Á’iØ√Öçü∆?

– >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Please sound horn Åçõ‰ horn ¢Á÷Tç-îªçúÕ ÅE

Å®Ωnç. äéπ ¢√£æ«†ç ¢Á†-éπ-´¤†o ¢√£æ«†ç, ´·çü¿J¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, horn

¢Á÷TÊÆh, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«†ç, ¢Á†éπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀü∆JÆæ’hçü¿E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Å™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.

2) '¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç— Å†o-´÷-ôèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬Å†-í∫-L-TçC 'unassertive'. 'assertive' Åçõ‰E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ Öçúøôç, é¬•öÀd, 'unassertive'

Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç í∫© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ --•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 25 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Vipula: Hi Klupta, what's new?

(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´Ææ’h†o °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô)

Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.

(àç ™‰´¤. àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC)Vipula: Is your application for the job ready?

(job èπ◊ °æç§ƒ-Lq† Application Æœü¿l¥çîË¨»¢√?/ ready í¬ Öçü∆?)

Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have

plenty of time, haven't we?

(àçöÀ ûÌçü¿®Ω? é¬-¢√-Lq-†çûª time ÖçC,éπü∆? Plenty of = î√™«)

Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days

are left, you know. You must hurry.

(àçöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ééπ Ø√©’í∫’®ÓV™‰í¬ ÖçC?ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L)left = N’T-LçC

Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will

be ready by tomorrow afternoon.

(´÷ Ø√†o É¢√∞¡ ®√vA application °æ‹JhîË≤ƒh®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-E-éπ™«x ready í¬Öçô’çC.)

Vipula: Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't you

know that the application must be in the

candidate's own hand writing? It must

be complete in with all particulars. No

column must be blank. If a column does

not apply to us, we must write in it,

Does not apply / Not applicable' No

dashes either.

(*†o-°œ-©x™« ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. O’ Ø√†o fill

îËßª’ôç (Eç°æôç) àN’öÀ? Application

Å¶µºuJn Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-JûÓ Öçú≈L. ÅEo N´-®√-©ûÓ°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçú≈L. à column èπÿú≈ ë«Sí¬Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªE column

àüÁj-Ø√ Öçõ‰ Does not apply/ Not appli-

cable ÅE ®√ßª÷L. Dash ©’ ™«çöÀNèπÿú≈ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)

Candidate (é¬uEf-úÁ-ß’ö¸ – é¬u, bank ™ b ™«í¬é¬u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = Å¶µºuJn particulars (°æöÀ-èπ◊u-©ñ¸ öÀ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, r silent, *´J ñ¸,size ™ z ™«í∫) = N´-®√©’. blank = -ë«-S.Does not apply/ Not applicable = ´Jhç-îªü¿’.No... either = 'no' -ûÓ é¬F, not ûÓ é¬F also

¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, No/ not either

Åçö«ç. Column = é¬©ç = Application ™ÅúÕÍí Åç¨»©’ – Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ®√ßª’-ö«-EéÀÖüËl-Pç-*† ë«S Ææn©ç)

Klupta: I don't know how to fill in properly.

(´’J- Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Eç°æôç ®√ü¿’. Properly = v§ƒ°æ-L = ÆæJí¬_)

Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too

that you must enclose all the certifi-

cates. The application must reach the

office on or before the 31st January.

(O’ Ø√†o ≤ƒßª’çûÓ fill îÁß’. ÅEo certifi-

cates ïûª-°æ-®√aL. Application, Ç office èπ◊,31st Jan ™‰ü∆ Åç-ûªèπ◊´·çü¿’í¬-F îË®√L.Certificate - ÆæöÀ-°∂œ-Èé-ß’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)

Klupta: I must hurry up. (Å®·ûË ØË†’ ûªy®Ω°æ-ú≈L)

Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ must ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷úøçúÕ1) The application must be in the candidate's

own handwriting = Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-J™ Öçú≈L2) No column must be blank =

ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.3) We must write = ´’†ç ®√ßª÷L.4) You must enclose = ïûª-°æ-®√aL.5) must reach = îË®√L.´’†™ î√-™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – must Åçõ‰ûª°æpEÆæJÅE.Must be - be form = Öçú≈L;Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, must

write, etc,) = ¢Á∞«xL, ®√ßª÷L, etc.)

éÀçü¿öÀ Lesson ™ have to/ has to, should èπ◊must èπÿ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç ÖçC – Å®Ωnç™,Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™. Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ N°æ¤© must †’E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Åçõ‰ ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ Öçú≈-Lq-†O (must

be) / îËßª÷-Lq-†O (must + 1st RDW) ¢√úøôçí∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀçCN èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.

a) Voters must show their ID cards to the polling

Officers =

Voters polling officers èπ◊ ûª´’ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ cards

(ID cards = Identity cards) îª÷§ƒL. (E•ç-üµ¿†)b) Students must get their own geometry box to

the exam = °æK-éπ~èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x ≤ÒçûªGeometry box ûÁîª’a-éÓ-¢√L. (E•ç-üµ¿†)

Varun: When will you

be back,

Kuber?

(èπ◊¶‰®˝, á°æ¤púø’AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢˛?)

Kuber: Only after 5. Till

then I must be

at office. I must

close the accounts before I leave office.

(5 í∫çô© ûª®√yûË. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ office ™ØËÖçú≈L. Office Ć-™‰-´·çü¿’, accounts

èπÿú≈ close îËßª÷L)Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ kuber, must †’ ûª† duties

îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? (office ™ Öçú≈-Lq† Ææ´’ßª’ç, îËßª÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ – É™«çöÀ Nüµ¿’©’/duties) ÉN must èπ◊ -Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç –Must expresses duties.

Udaya: May I go now Madam? (¢Á-∞Ôx-î√açúŒ?)Sandhya: No. You must stay here for another

hour; understand? You must finish

the work I have given you and then

only leave.

(™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÓ í∫çô Öçú≈L †’Ny-éπ\úø.ØËE-*a† °æE °æ‹JhîËÆœ† ûª®√yûË ¢Á∞«xL†’´¤y. -ûÁ-LÆœçü∆?)

Ééπ\úø Sandhya ´÷ô©Fo commands/ orders

= Çïc©’. Åçõ‰ ÇïcL-ý-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ must

¢√úøû√ç.É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must uses:

1) Rules (E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊) 2) duties (Nüµ¿’-©èπ◊)3) commands/ orders (Çïc-©èπ◊)


a)

Karthik: †’´¤y ready Ø√? •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’--ü∆´÷?Sravan: é¬Ææh Çí∫’. ØË†’ Ñ®Ó-V °∂‘V-éπ-ö«dL.

Åçü¿’-éπE úø•’s ûÁîª’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.Karthik: Í®°æ¤ éπôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?Sravan: Í®°æöÀ†’ç* ®ÓVèπ◊ Rs 10/- ïJ-´÷† éπö«dLq

Öçô’çC.

Karthik: ´’†ç lab ™ 9 éπ™«x Öçú≈L. àN’öÀÇ©Ææuç? úø•’s ready í¬ØË ÖçC-éπü∆?

Sravan: Éçöx á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Å´’t ´îËa-ü∆é¬Çí¬L ØË†’. ûª†’ ´îËaü∆é¬ Öçúø-´’E ´’Kí∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œpçC.

Karthik: ´’-†ç 9 éπ™«x lab ™ Öçú≈L, éπ*a-ûªçí¬.ØË†’ ¢Á∞¡xØ√?

Sravan: Åçûª -éπç-í¬-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? °æéπ\ØË ÖØ√oúø’í¬ÅPyE. ¢√úÕ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«lç.

b)

police officer: É°æ¤púø’ time áçûª?Shopkeeper: 10.30 ü∆öÀçC.Police officer: 10.30 éπ™«x shop ´‚ÂÆ-ßª÷u-©E

--ûÁ-L-ßª’-ü∆? ´‚ÂÆ-ßª÷u-L- O’-J-°æ¤púø’.Shopkeeper: •ßª’ô showcase ÖçC. ü∆Eo

-™°æ©Â°ö«dL.

Police officer: ØË†’ ´’Sx O’ shop 10.30 ûª®√yûªûÁ®Ω* Öçúøôç îª÷úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’,ûÁL-Æœçü∆?

Shopkeeper: ÉçéÓ police officer à¢Ó- éÌ-†-ú≈-EéÀ´î√a®Ω’. ÅC éÌ†ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-ü∆é¬shop ûÁJ-* -Öç-îª-´’E Çïc Éî√a®Ω’,sir.

Police officer: Governor ´*aØ√ ®√vA 10.30èπ◊shop éπõ„d-ßª÷uL. ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.

Answers:

a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start?

Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me

get the money.

Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow?

Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of

Rs.10/- per day.

Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the

delay? You have the money.

Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait

till mother comes back. She has told

me that I must wait till she is back.

Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go?

Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is

here. We can go on his bike.

b) Police officer: What is the time now?

Shopkeeper: Past 10.30

Police officer: Don't you know that you must

close shop by 10.30? you must

close it now.

Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I

must keep it in.

Police officer: I must not see the shop open

after 10.30 again; understand?

Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came

here to buy something. He

ordered me to keep the shop

open until his purchases are

complete, sir.

(Purchases = éÌ†’-íÓ©’)

Police Officer: Even if the Governor comes,you must close shop by 10.30.Don't forget.

É°æ¤púø’ Ñ *†o game practice îËßª’çúÕ.Infinitive Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ les-sons ™ N -Jçî√ç– to + Ist Regular DoingWord. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc, OöÀE´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 1) ¢Á∞¡xôç, ®√´ôç, ûÁ-L-ßª’ôç/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅØË

Å®ΩnçûÓ.To go now will be the right thing É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÆæÈ®jç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC.

2) ¢Á∞«x-©E, ®√¢√-©E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ I want to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.

3) ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ, ®√´-ö«-EéÀ, ûÁ-L-ßª’-ö«-EéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓa) He is getting ready to go

¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ she is going out to buy a book °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌ†-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞hçC.

É°æ¤púø’ game. É™«çöÀ infinitives Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*sentences form îËßª’ôç – áEo îËßª’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo,áEo varieties Å®·ûË ÅEo – statements &questions, negative sentences (no/ not/never ûÓ, O©-®·ûË dialogue form ™.eg: 1) She wants to sing §ƒú≈-©E Å†’-èπ◊ç-öçC2) To smoke is not good for health.

( smoke îËßª’ôç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’)3) She has came to borrow a book from me

(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ´*açC)4) Where do you want to go now?

É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to

join?Hemanth: I have come to consult you.Vasanth: To join our college will be the

best.Hemanth: But to join your college will be

expensive, won't it?É™«ç-öÀN Ñ game ™ practice îËßª’çúÕ.

You must finish the work -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 103-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: †’-´¤y -´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†-E í∫’®Ω’h -îË-¨»-†’.'Lest you should forget that I havereminded you' Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†-üËØ√?Lest ´ÊÆ hshould ®√¢√-L -éπü∆?

i) ¢√úÕûÓ ØË†’ îÁ§ƒpE îÁ°æ¤p Fèπ◊ Ç °æE-îËÆœ Â°úø-û√úø’.-ii) †’´¤y Å™« Å†’-èπ◊ç-ö«-É Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’.

-O-öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ á™« îÁ§ƒpL?iii) old boy Åçõ‰ close friend ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?

– ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, ü¿Jz-ï-¢√-•’: 1. †’´¤y ´’Ja-§Ú-û√-¢Ë¢Á÷†E í∫’®Ω’h îË¨»†’ –

DEéÀ correct English - I have reminded youlest you (should) forget. 'That I have reminded you; ûª°æ¤p

2. Start early lest you should be late Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’.

3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) getdrenched ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞«xúø’.

No 1, No 3 sentences ™ should omit îËßª’-´îª’a.No. 2 ™ èπÿú≈ should BÊÆÆœ, lest you be lateÅ†-´îª’a. Lest = so that not.

i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it.(It is from me = ØË†’ îÁ§ƒp-†E îÁ°æ¤p)

ii) I knew that you would think so.iii) Close friend †’, old boy Å†ôç correct,

Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ---¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 27 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Subodh: Pramod, we must travel by some

morning train to avoid hot sun. So

let's have our tickets booked by an

early morning train.

(´’†ç Öü¿-ßª’ç-°æ‹ô train ™ ¢Á∞«xL, áçúøûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô train èπ◊ tickets book îË®·ç-îª’-èπ◊çü∆ç.)

Pramod: And as it's going to be a long journey,

we must carry enough cash with us

as well. We must be careful about

spending too, not at every place can

we find an ATM of our bank.

(î√™« ü¿÷®Ω v°æßª÷ùç é¬•öÀd ûªT-†çûªúø•’s èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. ÅC èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ê®Ω’a Â°ö«dL. ÅEo-îÓö«x ´’† bank

ATM Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) (ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank

card ûÓ úø•’s §Òçü¿-í∫© à®√pô’)Subodh: We must carry food too. The food on

the train is very expensive and not at

all good.

(´’†ç A†-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL.Train ™ Ç£æ…®Ωç êKüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’ èπÿú≈)

Ñ Ææç¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ must ûÓ ´*a† expressions

îª÷ü∆lç.Must travel, must carry, must be careful.

-É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.1) Must expresses rules. (E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-

ûª’çC)Candidates must report for the interview at

9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006.

(2nd Feb 2006 ®ÓV Å¶µºu-®Ω’n-©’ interview èπ◊£æ…ï®Ω’ é¬¢√L)

2) Must expresses commands (Çïc-L-´y-ö«-EéÀmust ¢√úøû√ç)You must not do it again.

(O’JC ´’Sx îËßª’-èπÿ-úøü¿’)3) Must expresses duty.

I must be at office until 5.

(âCçöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ØË†’ office ™ Öçú≈L)´’Sx Â°j Ææç¶µ«-≠æù îªCN must Ö†o expressions

í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.a) We must carry enough cash.

î√L-†çûª cash BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL ´’†çb) We must travel by some morning train.

´’†ç §Òü¿’l† train ™ ¢Á∞«xL.c) We must be careful.

´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L.Â°j ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x must, necessity (Å´-Ææ-®√Eo)ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ´’†ç É•sçC °æúø-èπ◊çú≈,´’†èπ◊ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊must ¢√úøû√ç.a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning

of the movie.

´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ movie begin-

ning miss Å´¤û√ç.

b) We must carry enough cash.î√L-†çûª cash BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL ´’†ç, (™‰èπ◊çõ‰É•sçC °æúøû√ç)

c) If I want to avoid the queue, I must bethere atleast by 8.(Q ™ E©-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ØË†-éπ\úø 8éπ™«x Öçú≈L)

d) I must check up with him and see thatevery thing is ready.(ÅFo Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ ™‰üÓ ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L)

Â°j ¢√é¬u-©-Eoçöx èπÿú≈ must, necessity (Å´-Ææ-®√Eo – Åçõ‰ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s©ç´©x ´’†èπ◊ é¬´-©-Æœ† N≠æ-ßª÷©-†’, ´’†ç îËßª’-´-©-Æœ-†N) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC:Have to/ has to, should, must-Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬™x î√™« ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀF èπÿú≈ ´’†ç, Rules, duty, com-mands, necessity ©†’ express îËßª’-ö«-EéÀ¢√úøû√ç.

Å®·ûË should Oô-Eoç-öÀ™ mild (ûªèπ◊\´ force).

should ´·êuçí¬ àC îËÊÆh ÆæJ, àC é¬ü¿’ Å†-ö«-EéÀ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.a) You should be punctual

(†’´¤y punctual í¬ Öçú≈L– Öçúøôç ´’ç*C).b) He should not talk like that

(Åûª-†™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’– Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈Öçõ‰ ´’ç*C)

should éπØ√o, have to/ has to, force áèπ◊\´.éÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ command É´y-ö«-EéÀ, Nüµ∆-ßª’éπçÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÃ, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ éÌçîÁç force ûÓ ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç.a) I have to take my sister to the hospital

BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç (more powerful

than, 'I should take')...

b) He has to do whatever I want him to do

ØËØËC ¢√úÕo îÁßª’u-´’ç--ö«ØÓ ¢√úøC îÁßª÷u-LqçüË.c) They have to finish the work by the

evening

(≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ™«x ¢√-∞« °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ßª÷-LqçüË).b), c) ™ should ¢√úø-´îª’a have to/ has to èπ◊•ü¿’©’. Å®·ûË have to/ has to Åçûª force

®√ü¿’.d) He has made mistakes and has to face the

consequences.

(ûª°æ¤p©’ îË¨»úø’ é¬•öÀd °∂æLûªç Å†’-¶µº-Nç-î√-LqçüË).

é¬•öÀd have to/ has to expresses command,

duty, necessity, etc., more powerfully than

should.

Must Ñ ´‚úÕçöx ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ í∫öÀdí¬îÁ°æ¤hçC, commands é¬F, duty é¬F, necessity

é¬F, rules é¬F.'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or

should.

I should go-

ØË†’ ¢Á∞«xL; DØËo ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I have to go-

Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I must go.

ÉO should, have to/ has to, must èπ◊ ÖçúËûËú≈©’.

For commands, duties, necessity and

rules.

have to/ has to must

should stronger strongest

least than form

strong should

(´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æßª’ç: Commands, rules ™«çöÀNîÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ must áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úÕûË Åçûª´’ç*C. Must ´’K í∫öÀdí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, ´’çü¿-Lç-îªôç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†ç àüÓ ´’† ÇCµ-éπu-ûª†’,ÅCµ-é¬-®√Eo îª÷°œç-îª’-èπ◊-†oô’d Å´¤-ûª’çC. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁL-ßª’-°æ-®Ω-îªôçÅ®·ûË shall, should ©ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç good

manners. Must, manners ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Çïc-©èπ◊î√--™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Duty, necessity ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a).Should, must-

-Ñ È®ç-úÕ-ç-öÀ-F ´’†ç éπ*aûªç Å†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ßª÷EoûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ ÉN perhaps

(•£æ›--¨¡) èπ◊ opposite.

Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?

(v°æ°∂æ¤™¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)Manoj: He must be at home. He is expecting

some guests.

(ÉçöxØË Öçú≈L ´’J. á´®Ó guests

éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)Pramod: Who are the guests? (á´®Ω’ guests?)

Manoj: His cousins from the states on a short

visit to India.

(Å¢Á’-J-é¬™ Ö†o -ÅûªE cousins - India èπ◊-´î√a®Ω’. éÌCl ®ÓV--©’ç-ö«®Ω’)

Pramod: That should keep him busy for anoth-

er two days then.

(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûªúø’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’éπ*a-ûªçí¬ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’)

Ééπ\úø must be at home, should keep him

busy- É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-C/-Öç-ô’çC Å†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ßª÷-©èπ◊. ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ Å†’-èπ◊ØËN≠æ-ßª÷-©èπ◊ must, should ¢√úøû√ç.1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on.

She must be quite rich.

á°æ¤púø÷ î√™« †í∫-©ûÓ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á’. ¶«í¬Ö†o ¢√∞Îkx Öçú≈L.

2) I see prasanth's name on the book.

It should be his.

-Ç •’é˙ O’ü¿ v°æ¨»çû˝ Ê°®Ω’çC. ÅC Åûª-EüÁj Öçú≈L.

practice the following in English

Kesav: èπ◊´÷-®˝E ¢ÁçôØË ØË†’ éπ©-¢√L. ÅûªúÕûÓ´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æßª’ç äéπ-ô’çC.

Gangadhar: Éçöx Öçú≈L°æ¤púø-ûª†’ ´’J. Å®Ω-í∫çôéÀçü¿õ‰ ØË†’ phone îËÊÆh îÁ§ƒpúø’ûªØÁ-éπ\-úÕéÃ ¢Á∞¡xôç ™‰ü¿E

Kesav: Å®·ûË ØË†’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«xL. †’´‹y ´≤ƒh¢√?Gangadhar: ´÷ ÇNúø ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéÓ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-

´’çC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL ¢ÁçôØË. ÇNúø Ø√éÓÆæçwait îËÆæ÷h Öçô’çC ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.

Kesav: Å®·ûË ¢ÁçôØË¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ¶µ«®Ωu© N≠æ-ßª÷™x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬Öçú≈L ´’†ç.

Gangadhar: †’´¤y Å†’-¶µº-´çûÓîÁ•’ûª’-ç-ú≈-L

Kesav: Ok. Ok. ØË†’¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.

Answer:

Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently.

There is an important matter I have to

talk to him about./ I have to talk to him

about something important.

Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A short-

while ago I called him and he told

me he wouldn't be going any-

where.

Kesav: Then I must rush. Are you coming with

me?

Gangadhar: My wife wanted me to take her

somewhere. I must go home at

once, she must be waiting for me.

Kesav: Then go. We must be careful about

things connected with them.

Gangadhar: You must be speaking from expe-

rience.

Kesav: Ok. Ok. I'm going.

Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËßª’çúÕ. éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJÉ*a† game ™ infinitive practice îË¨»-®Ω’-í∫ü∆.Ñ≤ƒJ sentence ™ verb èπ◊, infinitive èπÿ ´’üµ¿ume, us, you, him, her, it, them Â°öÀd practice

îËßª’çúÕ.eg: a) I want you to go;

b) She wants him to sing

c) What do you want me to do?

d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time.

É™«ç-öÀN practice îËÆœ áEo sentences

îËßª’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.

We must be careful -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 104-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o: Learn èπ◊ past ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ È®çúø’ learned, learnt ÅE ÖØ√o®·. Å™«Íí past

participles èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË she learnt english ÅØ√™«? She learned eng-

lish ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí passive voice ™ English was learned Å†-´î√a? English was

learnt ÅØË ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí burnt, burned, dreamt, dreamed © í∫’-Jç-<N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

– á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’-ï-¢√-•’: Learned, learnt- past tense éπ®·Ø√, past participle éπ®·Ø√ OöÀ È®çúÕöx

àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – ÅFo äéπõ‰, passive ™ èπÿú≈. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬, burned,

burnt, dreamt, dreamed N≠æ-ßª’ç™ àüÁjØ√, à voice ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.Å®·ûË learned E ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† (àüÁjØ√ subject) ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’,learned (pronunciation - ™„Eú˛ – ™„ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ---Ç-C¢√®Ωç 29 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

Sravan: Hi Pavan, how was the movie yester-day?(E†o movie á™« ÖçC?)

Pavan: Not very good, but not so bad either.(Åçûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’, Åçûª îÁúø’í¬ ™‰ü¿’)

Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it?(îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? suggest = Ææ÷*ç-îªôç)

Pavan: I leave it to you.(ÅC F É≠ædç leave it to you = FéÌ-C-™‰- Ææ’hØ√o. F É≠ædç)

Sravan: The other day, I happened to watchan old English movie. 'The ten com-mandments' on the TV. A real goodmovie - one of the all time greats.(¢Á·ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ äéπ ®ÓV† TV™ §ƒûªEnglish movie, 'The ten command-ments îª÷¨»†’. Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp movie. -á°æp-öÀéÃ íÌ°æp¢Ë Å†’-èπ◊ØË ¢√öÀ™x -Å-üÌéπöÀ.(All time great - á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp)

Pavan: Why didn't you tell me?(Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?)

Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was show-ing. I just turned on HBO channel andthere it was. (Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’ ÅC -´-≤Úhç-ü¿-E Ü-JÍé HBOchannel A§ƒp†’. Ñ movie éπE-°œç-*çC)

Pavan: Was it very good?(î√™« ¶«í∫’çü∆?)

Sravan: You can say that again and again.(´’Sx-´’Sx -îÁ§Òpîª’a. Ç ´÷ô.)It ran to packed houses for weekstogether those days(Ç ®ÓV™x ¢√®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ Houseful í¬†úÕ-*çC)

Pavan: Who were the cast?(û√®Ω-™„-´®Ω’?)

Sravan: The movie features Charlton Hestonas Moses and Yul Brynner as thePharaoh.

(Moses í¬ Charlton Heston, Pharaohí¬ Yul Brynner †öÀç-î√®Ω’. Moses--¢Á÷ñ‰Æˇ; Pharaoh - §∂ƒ®Ó Egyptian-îªvéπ-´Jh)

Pavan: Any special feature of it?(Ç movie™ àçöÀ -v°æ-ûËuéπ-ûª?)

Sravan: The cleavage of the sea. It's a grandshot. I have yet to see such a shot inany movie. It looked as though the seareally parted by a path. That's the high-light of the movie.(Ææ´·vü¿ç <©ôç – Å™«çöÀ Shot †’ ØË†’Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à ÆœE-´÷-™†÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.Eïç-í¬ØË Ææ´·vü¿ç È®çúø’-§ƒ--ßª’© ´’üµ¿uü∆Í®-®ΩpúÕ†ô’d îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. Ç movie-™ -v°æ-üµ∆-† Çéπ-®Ωù ÅüË.)

Pavan: can we get a CD of it?(ü∆E CD üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çü∆?)

Sravan: Definitely (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)Ñ Ææç¶µ«≠æù©çû√ ÆœE´÷ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. Ñlesson™ movie èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary (°æü¿-ñ«©ç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ? -´·ç-ü¿’ -Ñ ´÷ô©’ îª÷úøçúÕ; movie, TVéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N.1. Movie 2. Watch a movie on the TV 3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing 5. turned on 6. ran to packed houses

7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight´÷´‚-©’í¬ îª©-†-*vûªç -Åç-õ‰ English ™ movie.Cinema Åçõ‰ English™ cinema hall, Ç hall™ÇúË *vûªç é¬ü¿’. The cinema Åçõ‰ îª©-†-*vûª°æJ-v¨¡´’. îª©-†-*-vû√Eo English™ film ÅE èπÿú≈ Å†-´îª’a. That cinema is good Åçõ‰ Ç ÆœE´÷ hall¶«í∫’ç-ü¿ØË é¬F, Åçü¿’™ Çúø’-ûª’†o *vûªç ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿Eé¬ü¿’.See / watch a movie = movie îª÷úøôç. (Å®·ûË am seeing / is seeing / are seeing amovie Å†ç. Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing ¢√ú≈Lq´ÊÆh am watching / is watching / are watchinga movie Å†ôç correct)TV™ = on the TV. We are watching an inter-esting programme on the TV. (in the TV é¬ü¿’)

One of all time greats: All time great - Ñ ´÷ô á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-í¬ / -íÌ-°æp-Ní¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îËN ÅE Å®Ωnç.a) Sankarabharanam is an all time great.b) Tendulkar is an all time great.

ÅD all time great meaning and use.Was showing: *vûªç -äéπ hall ™ -Çúø’-ûª÷çC

(í∫ûªç™)Kranthi: The movie is excellent. You must

see it. I feel like seeing it a second time.

Prasanth: Where is it showing?(ÅC áéπ\úø Çúø’-ûÓçC?)

Kranthi: It is showing in Chitramahal.(ÅC *vûª-´’-£æ«-™¸™ Çúø’-ûÓçC)

*vûªç -äéπ theatre™ Çúøôç = showingLast week it was showing in Chitradarsini. Idon't know where it is showing now. Someother movie is showing in Chitradarsini. (í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ÅC *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ Ç-úÕç-C.É°æ¤úø’ áéπ\úøÇúø’-ûª’çüÓ ûÁMü¿’. *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ ÉçÍéüÓ movieÇúø’-ûÓç-C-°æ¤púø’)

Ran to packed houses: Houseful í¬ ÇúÕçC.Packed house = housefulRun to packed houses = housefulí¬ †úø-´úøç.

movie Çúø-ö«Eo run ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. Ç movie É°æpöÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ 4 ¢√®√©’ ÇúÕçC.

The movie has run for the past four weeks. éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 100 ®ÓV©’ Çúø’-ûª’çC =

It will certainly run for a hundred days. movie Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-Jç-îË-ü¿-®·ûË–

It's a big draw.a) This movie will be a big draw

(Ñ movie Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈h®Ω’/ ÅC Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-J-Ææ’hçC.)

(It will run to packed houses)b) *vûªç™ àüÁjØ√ ã ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç î√-™« -íÌ-°æp-ü¿-®·ûË, ÅC

èπÿú≈ big draw ØË.The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw

(Benhur ™ ®Ωü∑∆© °æçüÁç ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç ´·êu Çéπ-®Ωù.) Movie™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = sequence (Æ‘ÈéyØ˛q) Big

draw, high light ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©-N = ´·êu-Ç-éπ-®Ωù.

caste = û√®√-í∫ùç, movie /drama™.a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in

the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.(ü∆†-O-®Ω-¨¡⁄-®Ω-éπ-®Ωg™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ -ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†, éπ%--≠æ-g, éπ®Ω’g-úÕí¬ ´‚úø’ §ƒvûª-™x †öÀç-î√úø’)

b) He is cast as a villain in the movie (Ç movie™ ÅûªEC villain (N©Ø˛) §ƒvûª)

c) The cast of the movie has chitrakumar as hero and chitrasri as the heroine

(Ç *vûªç-™ -*--vûªèπ◊-´÷®˝ £‘«®Óí¬, -*-vûª-vQ -£‘«®Ó®·-Ø˛í¬ -†-öÀç-î√®Ω’)

d) Feature ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË.a) The movie, Ninnu Nenu Pelladanu features

Natesh and Abhinetri in the lead roles ('E†’o ØË†’ Â°∞«x-ú≈†’— *vûªç™ †õ‰≠ˇ, ÅGµ-ØËvAv°æüµ∆† §ƒvûªüµ∆®Ω’©’. Lead role = v°æüµ∆†§ƒvûª,movie™ é¬F Ø√ô-éπç™ é¬E.)

b) The movie features all great actors(Ç *vûªç™ û√®Ω-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ íÌ°æp-¢√∞Ïx.)

c) The movie features him in a minor role(Åûª†’ Ç movie ™ ã *†o-§ƒ-vûª™ éπEp-≤ƒhúø’.)

Shot = *vûªç™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = sequence.a) That's the best shot in the movie=That's the

best sequence in the movie . (Ç *vûªç™ ÅC Öûªh´’ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç)

b) Most of the shots in the movie were shot inKashmir (Ç *vûªç™ î√-™« ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’ é¬Qt-®˝™ B¨»®Ω’

Role= -§ƒ--vûª = part.a) SV Rangarao could act any role with ease

(SV ®Ωçí¬-®√´¤ à §ƒvûª-ØÁjØ√ Ææ’Ø√-ßª÷-Ææçí¬(with ease) †öÀçîª-LÍí-¢√úø’)

b) His is the most important role in the movie(Ç *vûªç™ Åûª-EC ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª)act a role = do a role = take on a role (äéπ §ƒvûª™ †öÀç-îªôç)

a) Nageswara Rao acted the role of Narada inBhukailas \ Nageswara Rao did the role ofNarada .(Ø√Íí-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤ Ø√®Ωü¿’úÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»®Ω’)

b) He acted the role well (Ç §ƒvûª™ Çßª’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’)

Live a role = §ƒvûª™ @Nç-îªôç Do justice to a role = §ƒvûªèπ◊ Ø√ußª’ç îËèπÿ-®Ωaôç Comic role = £æ…Ææu§ƒvûª, Tragic role = ü¿’”ê-§ƒvûª Perform = E®Ωy£œ«ç-îª-úøç He performed well = Çßª’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.

His performance as Sri Rama deserves all praise. (X®√-´·-úÕí¬ Çßª’† †ô† ¢Á’îª’a-éÓ-ûª-í∫_C.)

(Deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç. He deserves an award (Çßª’† •£æ›-´’-AéÀ Å®Ω’|úø’)

Comedy = Ææ’ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i-†/-£æ…-Ææu-v°æ-üµ∆-†-¢Á’i-† éπü∑¿/movie / Ø√ôéπç

Tragedy = ü¿’”ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i† Ø√ô-éπç/-*-vûªç/-éπü∑¿a) Missamma is a comedyb) Devadasu is a tragedy

Comic role = £æ…Ææu §ƒvûª; Tragic role = ü¿’”ê-°æ‹-J- §ƒvûª

a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles (£æ…Ææu-§ƒ-vûª-©èπ◊ -v•£æ…t-†ç-ü¿ç v°æÆœ-Cl¥-§Òç-ü∆úø’)

b) Some artists are suitable for tragic roles(éÌçü¿®Ω’ †ô’©’ ü¿’”ê-§ƒ-vûª©’ ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.)£æ…Ææu-†-ô’úø’ = comedian (éπO’-úÕ-ßª’-Ø˛–'-O’—-ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√çRelangi was a great comedian£æ…Ææu-†öÀ = comedienne (éπN’-úŒ-ßª’Ø˛), úŒ, O’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L.

Practice the following in English.Sruthi: Hi Laya, †’´¤y E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Éçöx

™‰¢√?Laya = ™‰†’. àçîË-ßª÷™ ûÓîªéπ Movie Èé∞«x†’ Sruthi: à movie, áéπ\-ú≈-úø’-ûÓçC?Laya: vÊ°´’èπ◊ éπ∞¡Ÿx ™‰´¤. *vûª-ñu-A™.Sruthi: ¶«í∫’çü∆?Laya: My God, áçûª bore éÌöÀdçüÓ?Sruthi: †ô’-™„-´®Ω’?Laya: íÌ°æp-†-ô’™‰ ÖØ√o®Ω’. é¬F movie àç ¶«í¬-

™‰ü¿’.Sruthi: ¢√∞Îx™« îË¨»®Ω’?Laya: ¢√∞¡⁄x à´’çûª íÌ°æpí¬ †öÀç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßª÷®Ω’.Sruthi: Å®·ûË ØË†’ îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô.

Answers:Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at

home yesterday?Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going

better to do. (I went to a movie, having - nothing better to do.)

Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing?Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi.Sruthi: Was it good?Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)!Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the

cast?Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The

actors were all great./ The cast includ-ed all great actors.

Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/How did they perform?/ How was their

performance?Laya: They couldn't

act well./Theydidn't do well.

Sruthi: So I need notsee it.

Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ.I know what to do.(ØËØËç îËßª÷™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) Ééπ\úø O’®Ω’ îËßª÷-Lqç-ü¿™«x ÉüË †´‚-Ø√™ O’®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-L_-†Eo sentencesîÁ°æp-í∫-©_úøç. Variety èπÿú≈ Öçú≈L. Åçõ‰, no ûÓ†÷,questions, dialogue form èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L. Å®Ωnç cor-rect í¬ Öçú≈L.

eg: a) Hema forgot how to open the box (box á™« ûÁ®Ω-¢√™ Ê£«´’ ´’Ja-§Ú-®·çC)

b) She did not know where to sit(áéπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-¢√™ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’)

c) Do you know when to start?(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)

Ñ sentence pattern í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:Sub. ûª®√yûª verb, Ç ûª®√yûª 'Wh' Word, Ç ûª®√yûªinfinitive éπü∆. Ñ dialogue èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.Prem: Do you remember when to start?

(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ñ«c°æéπç Öçü∆?)Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.

(ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x™ †’´¤y îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.)É™« Ñ game practice îËÆœ áEo sentences ®√ßª’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.

Tendulkar is an all time great-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 105-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

M. SURESAN


-v°æ-¨¡o-: éπÈ®-Fq -ØÓ-ôx-O’-ü¿ -'I PROMiSETO PAY THE BEARER THESUM OF TWENTY RUPEES'-Å-E -Öç-ô’ç-C.-D-E -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?

-áÆˇ.--á-¢˛’.-úÕ. -É®√p¥-Ø˛, -†ç-ü∆u© - --ï-¢√-•’.- Currency notes O’ü¿ Ç

sentence ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC à N©’-´-™‰E ´÷´‚©’ é¬T-ûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Currency notes ñ«K-îË-ÊÆCReserve Bank of India. ü∆E ÅCµ-é¬J Governorof Reserve Bank of India. Ç ÅCµ-é¬J ´’†-éÀîËa£æ…O’ßË’ Ç sentence - Ñ é¬Tûªç- Ö-†o á´-J-ÈéjØ√(bearer) ØË†’ ®Ω÷. 20/– (™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈéç-ûª-®·Ø√)îÁLx-≤ƒh-†E.

iiII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ Â£j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ---´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 31 -----ï-†-´-J 2006

91 do you, don't you? - appsc groups notifications,ap … · · 2017-10-20ramesh: Þ¥,...

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