(95) (96) - hitotsubashi university
TRANSCRIPT
第åå· 2020 幎 6 æ
åè¡ã«å¯ããŠïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥å±±æ¬å圊 (1)
ãäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒç¬¬äžå·ãæ²èŒè«æã«é¢ãããè©«ã³ãšèšæ£ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥(2)
è«æ
æ¥æ¬ã®å°å¹Žåžæ³ã®çŸç¶ãšå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãäŒè€å€äœ³ (4)
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®äžç«æ§ãšç¬ç«æ§ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥é»éå°å€§(28)
ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšæ³äººåŠçœ°ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥åç°é(62)
ãšãã»ã€ã»ã³ã©ã
åäºåŒè·ã®å€åãã¿ãåŸè€æ(81)
ã³ã©ã ãåœé人暩æ³ãšåŒè·å£«ãå°å·å²å²(89)
ç·šéåŸèšïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥(95)
å·çè ã»ç·šéå§å¡äžèŠ§ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥ïœ¥(96)
1
第ïŒå·ã®åè¡ã«å¯ããŠ
ãã®åºŠïŒäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒç¬¬ïŒå·ãåè¡ãããéã³ãšãªããŸããã
æ¬å·ã«ã¯ïŒä¿®äºçã®è«æã«å ããŠïŒããããã®æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®å代æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢é·ãšããŠæ¬åŠ
ã®æè²ã«å€§ããè²¢ç®ãããåŸè€æå çã®ãšãã»ã€ïŒåäºåŒè·ã®å€åãèŠãïŒïŒä¿®äºçã®å°
å·å²å²ããã«ããå®å掻åã®å ±åâåœé人暩æ³ãšåŒè·å£«âãæ²èŒãããŠããŸãããã®ããŒ
ã¬ãã¥ãŒãïŒåŠçã®ç 究çºè¡šã®å ŽãšããŠã®ã¿ãªããïŒæ¬åŠã®ç 究è ãä¿®äºçã®ææïŒãã
ã¯ãšãããªãããæ¬åŠã®æè²ã®æ ¹æºçãªåãææã瀺ããã®ã§ããããŸãïŒãçºä¿¡ããåª
äœãšãªãå¯èœæ§ãæããŠãããŸãã
ä»åŸãšãïŒç¶ç¶åè¡ã«åããŠïŒã¿ãªããŸã®ãåæ·»ãããé¡ãç³ãäžããŸãã
ãªããæ¬å·ã®åè¡ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãäœèŠäº®ææãè§ç°çŸç©åææãç·šéå§å¡ã§ããç³äºã¿ãã
ããäŒè€å€äœ³ãããåç°éããã®ãå°œåããããŸãããèšããŠæè¬ããŸãã
2020幎6æ
å±±æ¬å圊
(äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢é·)
2
ãäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒç¬¬äžå·ãæ²èŒè«æã«é¢ãããè©«ã³ãšèšæ£
2019 幎 3 æ 13 æ¥ã«çºåããããŸãããäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒç¬¬äžå·ãïŒ
æŒç°è²çŸããå·çè«æãæ ªäž»ç·äŒæ±ºè°åæ¶èšŽèšã«ãããäžèšŽåŒ·å¶ãšåœäºè ã®å°äœâçé¢ç
察äžå¹ããé¡äŒŒå¿ èŠçå ±å蚎èšã®äžäŸãšããŠâã(P56~P83)ã«ãŠïŒç·šéå§å¡ã®ç¢ºèªäžè¶³ã«ã
ã誀ããããããŸããã
å·çè ã®æŒç°è²çŸæ§ïŒèªè ã®çæ§ïŒãªãã³ã«é¢ä¿è ã®çæ§ã«ãè¿·æããããããããŸããã
ãšã謹ãã§ãè©«ã³ç³ãäžããŸãã
äžèšã®éãèšæ£ãããŠããã ããŸãã
ã»58 é èš» 5
(誀) Hellwing,Lehrbuch â(æ£) Hellwig,Lehrbuch
ã»67 é 2 è¡ç®~3 è¡ç®
(誀)æ¹è¡æã â(æ£)äžè¡æ¿å ¥
ã»72 é èš» 61
(誀)
å æ² èš» ïŒ ïŒ â£ é« æ© è« æ 50 é åŒ çš éš å ã Lent,Die notwendige und die besondere
Streigenossenschaft,Jherings Jahrbucher 90(1942)S.80ff.åç §ããªãå°å±±èª¬ã¯ãã® Lent 説ãšã»ãŒåæ§ã®
Schumann,Das Versaumen von Rechtsbehelfsfristemn duech einzelne notwendige Streiggenossen,ZZP
76(1963)S.381ff.ã«å€ããäŸã£ãŠããããã§ããã
â
(æ£)
å æ² èš» ïŒ ïŒ â£ é« æ© è« æ 50 é åŒ çš éš å ã Lent,Die notwendige und die besondere
Streitgenossenschaft,Jherings JahrbÃŒcher 90(1942)S.80ff.åç §ããªãå°å±±èª¬ã¯ãã® Lent 説ãšã»ãŒåæ§ã®
Schumann,Das VersÀumen von Rechtsbehelfsfristen durch einzelne notwendige Streitgenossen,ZZP
76(1963)S.381ff.ã«å€ããäŸã£ãŠããããã§ããã
3
ã»79 é â ¢3ïŒ1ïŒbã沿é©çãªèŠå°ãããæ ªäž»ä»£è¡šèšŽèšãšäœæ°èšŽèšä»¥å€ã®èšŽèšã§ã¯äžèšŽäººã®å°
äœã匷å¶ããã¹ããšããèŠè§£ããšèšèŒãããç¯äžã以äžã®éšåã
(誀)
æãåœã®äœæ°èšŽèšãšæ ªäž»ä»£è¡šèšŽèšãïŒãšã¯ã€ãã£ãŒäžã®ææžãšããŠçºå±ããçŽçšè 蚎èš
ïŒtaxpayers æžãšããŠçºå±ãïŒæ ªäž»ä»£è¡šèšŽèšïŒshareholders ãŠçºå±ããçŽçšè 蚎èšïŒäœã匷
å¶ããã¹ã«ããããæéãæããããšïŒç±³åœã®æ ªäž»ä»£è¡šèšŽèšãïŒäŒç€Ÿã®æš©å©ã蚎æ±ããç¹ã§
éå£ã 衚蚎èšïŒclass actionïŒãšåºå¥ããããã®ã®å ±éã®å©å®³ãæããå€æ°ã®è ã®ãã¡ïŒäºº
ãä»ã®è ã代衚ããŠèšŽãåŸããšããç¹ã§å ±éã®çºæ³ã«åºã¥ãããšçããïŒä»£è¡šèšŽèšãšããŠ
ã®æ§è³ªãæããäœæ°èšŽèšã»æ ªäž»ä»£è¡šèšŽèšã®ã¿ã«åŠ¥åœããå€äŸæ³çã§ãã£ãŠïŒãã®ãããªæ²¿é©
äžã®èæ¯ãæããªãæ ªäž»ç·äŒæ±ºè°åæ¶èšŽèšã«ã¯å€äŸã®å°çšã¯åã°ãªããšããã
â
(æ£)
æãåœã®äœæ°èšŽèšãšæ ªäž»ä»£è¡šèšŽèšãïŒãšã¯ã€ãã£ãŒäžã®ææžãšããŠçºå±ããçŽçšè 蚎èš
ïŒtaxpayersâ suit)ïŒæ ªäž»ä»£è¡šèšŽèšïŒshareholdersâ derivative suit)ã«ããããèµ·åãæ
ããããšïŒç±³åœã®æ ªäž»ä»£è¡šèšŽèšãïŒäŒç€Ÿã®æš©å©ã蚎æ±ããç¹ã§éåå£äœèšŽèšïŒclass action)
ãšåºå¥ããããã®ã®å ±éã®å©å®³ãæããå€æ°ã®è ã®ãã¡ 1 人ãä»ã®è ã代衚ããŠèšŽãåŸã
ãšããç¹ã§å ±éã®çºæ³ã«åºã¥ãããšçããïŒä»£è¡šèšŽèšãšããŠã®æ§è³ªãæããäœæ°èšŽèšã»æ ªäž»
代衚蚎èšã®ã¿ã«åŠ¥åœããå€äŸæ³çã§ãã£ãŠïŒãã®ãããªæ²¿é©äžã®èæ¯ãæããªãæ ªäž»ç·äŒ
決è°åæ¶èšŽèšã«ã¯å€äŸã®å°çšã¯åã°ãªããšããã
ã»81 é 7 è¡ç®ïœ8 è¡ç®
(誀)æ¹è¡æã â(æ£)äžè¡æ¿å ¥
æ£ããè«æã¯äžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒç¬¬äžå·ããããŠã³ããŒãããŠããã ããŸãã
ä»åŸïŒãã®ãããªããšã®ãªãããïŒçŽ°å¿ã®æ³šæãæãæåã§ããããŸãã
ä»åŸãšããäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒããã©ãããããããé¡ãç³ãäžããŸãã
äžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒç·šéå§å¡äžå
4
æ¥æ¬ã®å°å¹Žåžæ³ã®çŸç¶ãšå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžã
äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ä¿®äºïŒ2019 幎 3 æïŒäŒè€å€äœ³
ç®æ¬¡
â ã¯ããã«
â ¡ å°å¹Žæ³ã®æŠèŠ
â ¢ å°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£ã®æŠèŠ
â £ é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã®æ€èš
â € é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«å¯Ÿããè³åŠ
â ¥ ãããã«
â ã¯ããã«
å¹³æ 27(2015)幎 6 æïŒãå ¬è·éžææ³çã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸããæç«ã»å ¬åžããïŒå¹³æ 28
幎 6 æ 19 æ¥æœè¡ïŒïŒéžæ暩幎霢ããããŸã§ã® 20 æ³ä»¥äžãã 18 æ³ä»¥äžã«åŒãäžããããã
åæ³ã¯ïŒéå第 11 æ¡ã«ãããŠïŒæ°æ³ïŒææ²» 29 幎æ³åŸç¬¬ 89 å·ïŒïŒå°å¹Žæ³ïŒæå 23 幎æ³åŸç¬¬
168 å·ïŒãã®ä»ã®æ³ä»€ã®èŠå®ã«ã€ããŠãæ€èšã®äžïŒå¿ èŠãªæ³å¶äžã®æªçœ®ãè¬ããããå®ããŠ
ããããããåãïŒæ³åçã¯æ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã 18 æ³ãžåŒãäžããããšãå 容ãšããæ°æ³æ¹
æ£æ¡ãåœäŒãžæåºãïŒå¹³æ 30(2018)幎 6 æïŒãæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã 20 æ³ãã 18 æ³ã«åŒãäž
ããããšçãå 容ãšããæ°æ³ã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸããæç«ïŒä»€å 2 幎 4 æ 1 æ¥ããæœè¡ïŒ
ããã
å°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ã® 18 æ³æªæºãžã®åŒãäžãã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒæ³åçã¯ïŒæ³å倧è£ã®è«®åã«å ç«ã£ãŠãè¥
幎è ã«å¯Ÿããåäºæ³å¶ã®åšãæ¹ã«é¢ããå匷äŒããç«ã¡äžãïŒæ³åéã®å®åçµéšè ãç 究è
ã®ã»ãïŒç€ŸäŒïŒçŠç¥ïŒæè²ïŒå»ççã®é¢ä¿åéã®å®åçµéšè ãç 究è ïŒç¯çœªè¢«å®³è ïŒå ±éé¢
ä¿è çããã®ãã¢ãªã³ã°ãå®æœãããªã©èª¿æ»åã³æ€èšãè¡ã£ãŠãããããã¯ïŒæ³åçåäºå±ïŒ
ç¯æ£å±åã³ä¿è·å±ãæ³å倧è£ã®æ瀺ã«ããïŒå ¬è·éžææ³çã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸéå第 11
æ¡ã®è¶£æšåã³æ幎幎霢ã«ã€ããŠã®æ€èšç¶æ³ãèžãŸãïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡å¹Žéœ¢ãå«ãè¥å¹Žè
ã«å¯Ÿããåäºæ³å¶ã®åšãæ¹å šè¬ã«ã€ããŠæ€èšãè¡ãããã«å®æœããããåå匷äŒã®çµæã
èžãŸãïŒæ³å倧è£ã¯ïŒå¹³æ 29(2017)幎 2 æïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã 18 æ³æªæºã«åŒãäžããã
ãšçã«ã€ããŠïŒæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã«è«®åãããçŸåšïŒãã®è«®åãåãïŒæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã®ãå°å¹Žæ³ã»å
äºæ³ïŒå°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ã»ç¯çœªè åŠéé¢ä¿ïŒéšäŒãã«ãããŠæ€èšãè¡ãããŠããã
æ¬çš¿ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãããããè°è«ã«ã€ããŠïŒè³æã»å察䞡æ¹ã®æèŠã玹ä»
ãïŒè«ç¹ã®æŽçãè¡ãïŒèå¯ãããã®ã§ããã
5
â ¡ å°å¹Žæ³ã®æŠèŠ
1 å°å¹Žæ³ãšã¯
(1) æ§å°å¹Žæ³ã®ç¹åŸŽãšå°å¹Žæ³å¶å®ã®çµç·¯
ãåã眪ãç¯ããè ã§ãïŒç¯çœªè ã®å¹Žéœ¢ãç°å¢ãèæ ®ããŠïŒãã®è ã«ãã£ãšããµãããã
åŠéæ段ãè¬ããããšãå ·äœçæ£çŸ©ã«é©ããã®ã§ããã1ãšããèãããå°å¹Žæ³ã¯ 20 äžçŽ
ååã«çãŸããã
äŸãã°ïŒã¹ãŠã§ãŒãã³ã®å ç«¥çŠç¥ã®å é§è ãšã¬ã³ã»ã±ã€ã¯ 1899 幎ã«ã20 äžçŽã¯å ç«¥ã®äž
çŽã§ããã2ãšèæžãå ç«¥ã®äžçŽãã®äžã§å®£èšããã®ã§ãããïŒã¡ããã©ãã®å¹Žã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«
ã®ã€ãªãã€å·ã·ã«ãŽã«ãããŠäžçã§åããŠå°å¹Žè£å€æãèªçããããããšåæã«å¶å®ãã
ãå°å¹Žæ³ã¯ããæ¶å©ãèŠããå°å¹ŽïŒæŸä»»ãããŠããå°å¹ŽïŒããã³éè¡ã®ããå°å¹Žã®åæ±ãšå¶
埡ãèŠå¶ããæ³åŸããšããŠå¶å®ããïŒä¿è·åŠåã®å 容ãæè²ãšçŠç¥ã§ãããšãïŒã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«
ãããå°å¹Žè£å€æéåã®ãã®åŸã®ææšã3ãšãªã£ãã
ãŸãïŒä»æ¥ã®å°å¹Žæ³å¶ã«ãããŠãã£ãšãé²æ©ããæ³å¶ãå®æœããŠãããšãããããã³ã
ãŒã¯ã®å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ 1905 幎ã«ïŒã€ã®ãªã¹ã¯ 1908 幎ã«ãå ç«¥æ³ããå¶å®ãïŒæ¬¡ã㧠1912 幎ã«
ãã©ã³ã¹ïŒãã«ã®ãŒïŒããã« 1918 幎ã«ã¯ïŒã¹ãã€ã³ã«ãããŠãå°å¹Žè£å€ææ³ãå¶å®ãããã
ãã®ãããªå°å¹Žæ³ã®æç«ã®åãã¯ïŒãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æ³åŠè ãã¹ã³ãŒã»ããŠã³ãããå°å¹Žæ³ã®å¶
å®ã¯ïŒãã°ãã«ã«ã¿ã眲åãããŠä»¥æ¥ã®åžæ³é åã«ãããæ倧ã®é²å±ã§ããããšè¡šçŸããŠã
ãããã«ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®å¶å®ã¯äŒçµ±çãªåžæ³(Individualized Justice)ã®ååã宣æããåæããã
4ããç¹ã§é©æ°çãªå 容ãæã€ãã®ã§ãã£ãã
æãåœã«ãããŠå°å¹Žãæ人ãšåºå¥ããŠåŠéããæœçãæ³å¶åããã®ã¯ïŒ1900 幎ã®æåæ³
ã®å¶å®ã«ã¯ããŸãããã以åã¯ææ²» 5 幎ã®ç£çå¶ã«ãã£ãŠãããïŒããã§ã¯æªæ幎ãšãã
ã©ãæ人ãšçããæ±ããïŒåŠçœ°ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšããŠæ²æ²»ç£ã«å容ãããŠããããããïŒ1880 幎å¶
å®ã®æ§åæ³ã§ã¯ïŒ16 æ³æªæºã®è ãšïŒ16 æ³ä»¥äžã®è ããã³ 16 æ³ä»¥äž 20 æ³æªæºã§ïŒåç¯ã®è
ãšåç¯ä»¥äžã®è ãšãåºå¥ããŠç£æ¿ãç°ã«ãïŒéè¡ãåºãŸãããšãäºé²ããã«è³ã£ãããã®åŸ
1890 幎ã®æ¹æ£ãçµãŠ 1900 幎ã®æåæ³ã®å¶å®ã«è³ããïŒã極ããŠæ¶æ¥µçãªæ€æïŒãã ã£ãã
ãïŒèŠåïŒãããïŒ5ã«å¯ŸããŠããïŒå šç¶æ¹æ£ã®ææãªãæ¿åºåœå±ãïŒäœæ é²ãã§æåæ³ã
1 èç°å¹žäž(1979)ãçŸä»£å°å¹Žæ³è«(äž)ããæ³åŸè«å¢ã第 52 å· 4 é 2 Ellen Karolina Sofia Key (1979)ïŒå°é寺信ã»å°é寺çŸåå翻蚳ãå ç«¥ã®äžçŽãåšå±±æ¿çŸç§æ庫 3 èç°å¹žäž(2013)ãæŠèª¬ å°å¹Žæ³ãæç³æžåº 17 é 4 èç°ã»åæ²æ³š(3) 16 é 5 身å¯ãããªãïŒé«éœ¢ïŒå¹Œå°ïŒçŸç ïŒé害ã«ããçç£æŽ»åã«åŸäºã§ããªã極貧ã®è ã«ç±³ã絊äžãããšãã
å 容ãè¡çžçãªå©ãåãã®ç²Ÿç¥ãåºæ¬ãšãïŒããã«é Œãããšãã§ããªãè ãéå®çã«ææžããå¶åºŠãçŸ
åšã®ç掻ä¿è·ã
6
å¶å®ããã«è³ã£ããã6ã極ããŠéèŠã§ãããåç°(1971)ã«ããã°ïŒãã®çç±ã¯äºã€ãã7ã
第äžã«ïŒæãåœã«ãããŠãïŒç£æ¥é©åœã®é²è¡ã«äŒŽã蟲æçµæžã®ç Žå£ãšç²åŒïŒäººå£ã®éœåžé
äžã«ããã¹ã©ã ã®åœ¢æãšé埳ã®äœäžããã³å ç«¥ã®åŽåã®äžè¬åã«ããïŒéè¡å ç«¥ããã³å°
幎ã®åé¡ãå«ããŠå ç«¥ä¿è·ã®åé¡ã瀟äŒåé¡åããããšãææãããŠããããšãããææ²»
æ代ã«ãããŠã¯ïŒç¶æ°åŸã®æ¥æ¿ãªç€ŸäŒã®å€é©ã»åœçãšããŠåŒ·è¡ãããæ®ç£èæ¥ãšããåœå®¶ç
ç£æ¥é©åœãšå¯åœåŒ·å µæ¿çã¯ïŒæè²å¶åºŠã ãã§ã¯èŠããããªãå ç«¥åé¡ãåãã§ãããç¹ã«æ¥
æž æŠäºããããããåœæ°ã®çµæžç窮ä¹åã¯è²§å ã浮浪å ïŒéè¡å ç«¥ã®å¢å ãæããããã®ã
ããªäºæ ãåããŠïŒå ç«¥ã®å容æ¹æ³ã工倫ãããšãã£ãå ç«¥ã«å¯Ÿããæ¿çã¯ïŒå ç«¥ã«å¯Ÿãã
æè²ãšããããïŒãããæ²»å®æªåã®é²æ¢ãç®çã«è¡ãããåŽé¢ãããã
第äºã«ïŒæ²æ²»å Žã«ãããå¿å ±å䞻矩ã«ããå眰æ²æ²»ã®åŠéã®å¹æãããããªãããšãçº
èŠãïŒæåäºæ¥ã®å¿ èŠæ§ã説ã人ãå€ãè¡šããããšãçç±ãšããŠæãããã8ããããšåæ
ã«ïŒæ°éã«ããæåäºæ¥ãéå§ãããããšã倧ãã圱é¿ãããããã§ãæåæ³ãã 1900 幎
ã«å¶å®ããïŒããã«ãããããäžè¯å°å¹Žãã«å¯Ÿããæ²çœ°äž»çŸ©ææ³ã«ä»£ãã£ãŠïŒãæè²ä¿è·ã®
ææ³ããå®çŸããããããïŒããã§ãåŸæ¥ã®æ²æ²»ç£å¶åºŠã¯æ¹ããããïŒå®éã®å°å¹Žä¿è·ã¯åŸ
æ¥ã®æ²æ²»å Žã§äŸç¶ãšããŠè¡ãããŠãããæ¬æ Œçãªæåé¢æ代ãå§ãŸã£ãã®ã¯ïŒ1908 幎ã®ç¬¬
äžæ¬¡æåæ³æ¹æ£ä»¥éã«ãããŠã§ããïŒãã®ææ²æ²»å Žç眮ã«é¢ããèŠå®ã¯åé€ããïŒæ°åæ³ 41
æ¡ã¯ã14 æ³ãæºã¿ãµã«è ãè¡çºãä¹ã²çœ°ã»ã¹ããšå®ããããã®åŸïŒäžè¯å°å¹Žã®å¢å ã«å¯ŸãïŒ
ãã®æåæ³ãæã¬ãããšããŠïŒæåæ³äžã®èŠªæš©ã®åé¡ã¯åžæ³åŠåããã¹ãã ãšã®æèŠãåº
ãŠæ¥ãããããåããŠïŒ1922 幎ïŒåžæ³çã¯ãããŸã§å¯©è°ããŠããçµæãå°å¹Žå¯©å€æ³æ¡ïŒä»¥
äžãæ§å°å¹Žæ³ããšè¡šèšïŒãšããŠå ¬è¡šããã
柀ç»(1994)ã«ããã°ïŒæ§å°å¹Žæ³ã®äž»ãªç¹åŸŽã¯ä»¥äžã®åã€ã§ãã9ã
â å°å¹Žã®åäºäºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠã¯å眰ããã£ãŠèšããïŒæè²æ¹åã®ç¹ããïŒåæ³ïŒåäºæç¶
ãããã³è¡åã«å€ãã®ç¹åãèšããã
â¡ å眰ã¯ãããããªãå Žåã®ã¿ãšãïŒååãšããŠä¿è·åŠååªå ã«ãïŒä¹çš®é¡ïŒèšæïŒåŠ
æ ¡é·èšæïŒæžé¢èªçŽïŒä¿è·è åŒæž¡ïŒä¿è·å£äœå§èšïŒä¿è·åžèŠ³å¯ïŒæåé¢éèŽïŒç¯æ£é¢
éèŽããã³ç é¢éèŽïŒã®ä¿è·åŠåãèšçœ®ããã
⢠ä¿è·åŠåã¯çœªãç¯ããå°å¹Žã ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒçœªãç¯ããããã®ããå°å¹Žã察象ãšããã
⣠åŸæ¥ã®æåæ³äžã§ã¯ä¿è·åŠåã¯çŽç¶ããè¡æ¿åŠåã§ãã£ããïŒåžæ³çæ©èœãšã±ãŒã¹ã»
ã¯ãŒã¯çæ©èœãå Œããå°å¹Žå¯©å€æãåžæ³æ©é¢ã®ãªãã«èšããã
æ§å°å¹Žæ³ã®å¶å®ã«ããïŒåŸæ¥æåæ³ã®ããšã§ä¿è·ãããŠããå°å¹Žã®äžéšã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®ä¿è·
6 èç°ã»åæ²æ³š(3) 24 é 7 åç°ä¹ äž(1971)ãæå瀟äŒäºæ¥å²ãããã«ãŽã¡æžæ¿ 20 é -21 é 8 èç°å¹žäž (1974)ãå°å¹Žæè·-æ³çãšå®é-ãææå 5 é -6 é 9 柀ç»ä¿é (2011)ãå°å¹Žæ³å ¥é[第äºç]ãææé£ããã¯ã¹ 246 é
7
åŠåãåããããšãšãªã£ããïŒç¯çœªå°å¹Žãšèç¯å°å¹Ž10ãé€ããã®ä»ã®ä¿è·ãèŠããå°å¹Žã¯åŸ
æ¥ã©ããæåæ³ã«ããä¿è·ããããã€ãŸãïŒéè¡ãè¡ã£ãæªæ幎ã«å¯Ÿããæ³åŸã«ã¯ïŒåœæïŒ
æ§å°å¹Žæ³ãšæåæ³ã®äºã€ãååšããŠããã®ã§ãããããã«ïŒ1930 幎é ããäžççäžæ³ãšæ
åé¢å容å ç«¥ã®å¢å ã«å¯ŸåŠããããïŒæåæ³æ¹æ£éåãå±éããïŒ1933 幎ã«å°å¹Žæè·æ³ã
å ¬åžããããåæ³ã¯åŸæ¥ã®æåé¢ãå°å¹Žæè·é¢ãšåŒã¶ããšãšãïŒæè·é¢å ã«å°å¹Žéå¥æãèš
ãïŒå容ä¿è·ã®ã»ãã«èŠ³å¯ä¿è·ããã³å§èšä¿è·ã®å¶åºŠãå ããããšãšãªã£ãããã®çµæïŒå°
幎ä¿è·åŠåãšã®å·®ã¯ãªããªãïŒå¯Ÿè±¡è ã®å¹Žéœ¢ãã14 æ³æªæºã®è ããšããæ°ããªåæ±ãåºå
ãèšãããããããã¯æ¹æ£åŸã®çŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã®å¹Žéœ¢åºåã«ãé©çšãããŠãããïŒæ§å°å¹Žæ³ãšæ
åæ³ã®äºæ¬ç«ãŠå¶åºŠã®éå¶ã¯å°é£ã極ããããïŒæåäºæ¥ããã³å°å¹Žä¿è·ç«æ³ã®äžå åã
æ±ããéåã掻çºåããŠãã£ãã
ææŠãå¥æ©ãšããŠå°å¹Žä¿è·äºæ¥ã¯å€§ããªè»¢æ©ãè¿ãïŒåžæ³ç㯠GHQ ã®æå°ã®ããšã§å°å¹Ž
æ³ã®å¶å®ã«çæãïŒæ§å°å¹Žæ³ïŒç¯æ£é¢æ³ã¯æ°å°å¹Žæ³ïŒæ°å°å¹Žé¢æ³ïŒç¯çœªè äºé²æŽçæ³ãªã©ã«
åŒãç¶ãããããšãšãªã£ããçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ 1948 幎ã«å ¬åžããïŒæ°æ²æ³äžã«ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«
ã®åŒ·ã圱é¿åã®ããšã§ç±³åœæšæºå°å¹Žè£å€ææ³ãæš¡ç¯ãšããŠå¶å®ããããããã¯æ§å°å¹Žæ³ã®
äžéšæ¹æ£ã§ã¯ãªãïŒå šãã®æ°ç«æ³ã§ãã£ãã
(2) å°å¹Žæ³ã®ç®ç
å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ïŒãå°å¹Žã®å¥å šãªè²æãæãïŒéè¡ã®ããå°å¹Žã«å¯ŸããŠæ§æ Œã®ç¯æ£åã³ç°å¢ã®èª¿
æŽã«é¢ããä¿è·åŠåãè¡ããšãšãã«ïŒæ£å¿µã®åäºäºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠç¹å¥ã®æªçœ®ãè¬ããããšãã
ãã®ç®çãšããŠæ²ããŠããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ç¬¬ 1 æ¡ïŒãåäºèšŽèšæ³ïŒæå 23 幎æ³åŸç¬¬ 131 å·ïŒããå ¬
å ±ã®çŠç¥ã®ç¶æãšå人ã®åºæ¬ç人暩ã®ä¿éãšãå šããã€ã€ïŒäºæ¡ã®ççžãæããã«ãïŒå眰
æ³ä»€ãé©æ£äžã€è¿ éã«é©çšå®çŸããããšããç®çãšããŠããã®ã«å¯ŸãïŒåäºèšŽèšæ³ç¬¬ 1 æ¡ïŒïŒ
å°å¹Žæ³ã§ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žèªèº«ã«é¢ããäºæã«é¢å¿ãåããããŠãã11ããããšå¯Ÿç«ããããå ¬å ±ã®
çŠç¥ã®ç¶æããšãã£ãäºæã«ã€ããŠçŽæ¥çãªèšåãã¿ãããªãããšã倧ããªç¹åŸŽã§ããã
2 å°å¹Žæ³ã®ç¹åŸŽ
æ°å°å¹Žæ³ïŒçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ïŒã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ïŒä»¥äžã®éãã§ãã12ã
â å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããä¿è·åŠåã®æ±ºå®ã¯è£å€æãããããããã®ãšãïŒãã®ããã®æ©é¢ãšããŠ
åŸæ¥ã®è¡æ¿æ©é¢ã§ãã£ãå°å¹Žå¯©å€æã«ä»£ãã家åºè£å€æãæ°ããèšçœ®ããã
â¡ æ§å°å¹Žæ³ã§ã¯æ€å¯å®ã起蚎ãããåŠãã決å®ãïŒå ¬èšŽãæèµ·ããä¿è·åŠåãå¿ èŠãšã
10 ç¯çœªãç¯ããŠã¯ããªããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã§èŠå®ããäžå®ã®äžè¯è¡ç¶ãããïŒãã®æ§æ ŒãŸãã¯ç°å¢ã«ç §ãããŠå°
æ¥çœªãç¯ãè(ãã)ãããã 20 æ³æªæºã®å°å¹Žã 11 æŠå è¬æ²»(2015)ãå°å¹Žæ³è¬çŸ©ãæ¥æ¬è©è«ç€Ÿ 8 é 12 柀ç»ã»åæ²æ³š(9) 247 é
8
ãè ã®ã¿ãå°å¹Žå¯©å€æã§å¯©å€ããã®ã«å¯ŸãïŒå®¶åºè£å€æãå è°æš©ãæã€ïŒä¿è·åŠåå
è°äž»çŸ©ã®å°å ¥)ã
⢠å°å¹Žã®å¹Žéœ¢ãåŸæ¥ã® 18 æ³ãã 20 æ³ãŸã§åŒãäžããã
⣠æ§å°å¹Žæ³ã«ãããŠã¯ä¹çš®é¡ã®ä¿è·åŠåã§ãã£ããïŒãããæ°æ³ã§ã¯ïŒ(â °)ä¿è·èŠ³å¯ïŒ
(â ±)æè·é¢ïŒçŸã»å ç«¥èªç«æ¯æŽæœèšïŒã»é€è·æœèšïŒçŸã»å ç«¥é€è·æœèšïŒïŒ(â ²) å°å¹Žé¢é
èŽã®äžçš®é¡ã«éå®ããã
†å°å¹Žäºä»¶ã®èª¿æ»ã«å®¶åºè£å€æ調æ»å®å¶åºŠãèšãïŒå¿èº«éå¥ã®ããã®å°å¹Žéå¥æãèšç«
ããã
⥠å°å¹Žå¯©å€æã«ãããŠèªããããŠããªãã£ãäžæç³ç«å¶åºŠãšããŠã®æåæš©ãèªããã
⊠å°å¹Žã®çŠç¥ã害ããæ人ã®åäºäºä»¶ã«å¯Ÿããè£å€æš©ã«ã€ããŠç¹å¥ã®æªçœ®ãè¬ãã13ã
以äžãæ°å°å¹Žæ³ã®äž»ãªç¹åŸŽã§ããïŒããããå°å¹Žæ³ã®åºæ¬æ§é ã®å€§ããªè»¢æç¹ãšãªã£ãã
次ã«ïŒãã®äžã§æã倧ããªå€é©ã§ãã家åºè£å€æã®èšç«ãšæ²æ³ãšã®é¢ä¿ã«èšåããã
æ¬æ¥ïŒå°å¹Žã®ä¿è·åŠåã¯è¡æ¿åŠåã§ããïŒå°å¹Žå¯©å€æã§åŠåããããšã«åé¡ã¯ãªãããã
ãïŒæ°æ²æ³ãäžæš©åç«ãæ ¹å¹¹ãšããçµæïŒåžæ³çãšè£å€æã¯åé¢ããã«ããã£ãããã®ããïŒ
å°å¹Žå¯©å€æã¯åžæ³ç管èœãšãªã£ããïŒä¿è·åŠåã¯è¡æ¿åŠåã§ããããè£å€æã«ç§»ãããšã¯
æ°æ²æ³äžããã¯åœç¶ã®ããšãšãããããããïŒä¿è·åŠåã¯è¡æ¿åŠåã§ããããè£å€æãžç§»ã
ããšã¯äžæš©åç«ã®ååããã¿ãŠãå¿ ãããåœç¶ãšã¯èšããªããšã®æ¹å€ãããã
ãã®äžæ¹ã§ïŒå°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããä¿è·åŠåã¯ããããåäºåŠåãšã¯ç°ãªããã®ã§ããïŒæ¬æ¥ã¯åž
æ³çå€æã«ãªããŸãªããã®ã§ãããããã«ãé¢ãããïŒå°å¹Žã®æ±ãã¯æåæ³äžã«ãããè¡æ¿
åŠåãšããŠã®ä¿è·åŠåããåžæ³çæ©èœãåããå°å¹Žå¯©å€æãžïŒãããŠããã«ïŒå®¶åºè£å€æãž
ãšåŸã ã«åžæ³çæ±ãã«è¿ã¥ããŠãããã€ãŸãïŒæ°å°å¹Žæ³ã®æ±ãä¿è·åŠåã¯ïŒèº«äœã®ææã䌎
ãå°å¹Žé¢éèŽæ±ºå®æš©ãæãã以äžïŒå®è³ªçã«å眰ãšç°ãªããã®ã§ã¯ãªããšããããšãèªã
ãããåŸãªãããããšåæã«ïŒãä»æ¹ã§ã¯ã²ããæå³ã§ã®ä¿å®åŠåã®äžçš®ãšããŠã®ä¿è·åŠå
ã§ãããšã®èŠæ¹ãæšãŠåããªããšããççŸãæããŠããã14ãšããããšãèªèããªããã°ãª
ããªããèšãæããã°ïŒãæ¥æ¬ã®å°å¹Žä¿è·æ³å¶ã¯ïŒïŒæ§ïŒè¥¿ãã€ããšåããäºæ¬å»ºãŠå¶ãæ¡çš
ããŠããïŒã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ç€ŸäŒæ¿ççè²åœ©ã®åŒ·ããã®ãšç°ãªãã15ãšèããããããã®æ ¹åºã«ã¯
åè¿°ããããã«ïŒå°å¹Žå¯©å€æã»å°å¹Žè£å€æãšå ç«¥çžè«æã®æªçœ®ãšããå°å¹Žãæ±ãæ©é¢ã®äºå
çæ©æ§ã倧ãã圱é¿ããŠãããèç°(2013)ã¯ïŒãã»ãããååæã管èœããæ³åçãå°å¹Žé¢
ãã管èœãããšããã«å°å¹Žæ³ã®ãã€ççŸãçµæããã16ãšææããŠãããïŒãã®ãããªèŠæ¹
13 å°å¹Žæ³ 37 æ¡ïŒçŸåšã¯åé€ãããŠããããã®çç±ãšããŠã¯ïŒäžäººã®è¢«å人ã®åäºäºä»¶ãå°æ¹è£å€æãšå®¶
åºè£å€æã«åå±ããçµæãšããŠïŒåãéãããäŸïŒè»œãããäŸïŒéãåã®äºä»¶ãäºé起蚎ãšãªãäŸãªã©
ãçºçããããã ãšèããããŠããã 14 èç°ã»åæ²æ³š(3) 30 é 15 åäºæ£å€«(1970)ãéè¡å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããä¿è·åŠåãšåäºåŠå-家åºè£å€æã®è«žåé¡(äž)-ãæ³æ¹ç 46 é 16 èç°ã»åæ²æ³š(3) 30 é
9
ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯æ¹å€çãªç«å Žããã17ãããã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®ç¶æ³ããåäºæ³çãªãã®ãšåŸèŠçãªã
ã®ãšã®çµåïŒåžæ³çãªæ©èœãšçŠç¥çãªæ©èœãšã®åŠ¥å調åã®äžã«èŠåºãããã18ãšããèãæ¹
ã«ãã¡ïŒããåžæ³ã«ããçŠç¥ããããåžæ³ã«ãããçŠç¥ããžïŒããã«é²ãã§äž¡è ãæ¢æçµ±åã
ããåžæ³çŠç¥ãããäž¡è ã®ããã¹ã姿ãšããã¹ãã§ãããã19ãšããèãæ¹ã«åºã¥ããŠããã
çŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ïŒåè¿°ã®éãïŒä¿è·ã»æè²äž»çŸ©ã宣èšããŠããïŒå°å¹Žä¿è·æç¶ãšåäºæç¶ã®
éžå¥ã家è£ãè¡ã家è£å è°äž»çŸ©ã»å®¶è£äžå¿äž»çŸ©ããšããïŒãããå šæš©éèŽã«ãã£ãŠæ ä¿ããŠ
ããããŸãïŒç§åŠèª¿æ»ãå å®ããã趣æšã§ïŒå®¶è£èª¿æ»å®å¶åºŠïŒå°å¹Žéå¥æãã€ããïŒè©ŠéšèŠ³
å¯å¶åºŠãèšãããšã«å ãïŒåã®æžè»œãè³æ Œå¶éã®ç·©åã»é€å€ãªã©ãåãå ¥ããŠç€ŸäŒåŸ©åž°ãä¿
é²ããçŠç¥æ³çãªè²åœ©ã®åŒ·ãå¶åºŠãæ§ç¯ããŠããããããã«éã¿ããšïŒçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã«ã¯çŠç¥
çæ©èœã¯ãããã«æ®åããŠããã«ãããªããšããèç°ã®ææã¯é©åã§ã¯ãªãã
ãããïŒæ¥æ¬ã®å°å¹Žæ³ãæç«åœåæ³å®ããŠãããä¿è·ç念ããå°å¹Žæ³ã®äžå¿ã«çœ®ãç¶ãã
ããšã¯æ¥µããŠå°é£ãªç¶æ³ã«ãããæ¬¡ç« ã§è¿°ã¹ãå°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£ã®æµããããåããããã«ïŒåºŠé
ãªãå°å¹Žæ³ã®æ¹æ£ã¯ã山圢ãããæ»äºä»¶ãããé 鬌èèäºä»¶ããã¯ãããšããé倧äºä»¶ãè°
è«ã®ãã£ãããšãªã£ãŠããããŸãïŒåŸè¿°ããæ¿åºå®æœã®ãå°å¹Žéè¡ã«é¢ããäžè«èª¿æ»ãã«ã
ããŠãïŒæ幎ãšåæ§ã®ç¯çœªãç¯ããã«ããããããïŒåãæ±ãã«å·®ãããããšãžã®ãäžå ¬å¹³
æãã解æ¶ã§ãããšããŠïŒäžé£ã®æ¹æ£ãé©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«ãããå³çœ°åãã«å¯ŸããŠè³æã®
声ã¯å€ãïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ã¯æ ¹åŒ·ããå³çœ°åææ³ããååšããŠãããšãã£ãŠãããããã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã
å®ããæšç¥å ±éã®çŠæ¢(å°å¹Žæ³ç¬¬ 61 æ¡)ãé©åã§ã¯ãªããšããŠïŒã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããäžã§å°å¹Žã®
æ°åã»äœæãªã©å人æ å ±ãæŽé²ãããç§åãã暪è¡ããŠããããšãããæšæž¬ã§ããã
ä»æ¥ã®æ¥æ¬ã«ãããå°å¹Žæ³å¶ã®æ倧ã®èª²é¡ã¯ïŒããã«ããŠãåžæ³çŠç¥ããç¶ææ¡å€§ããã
ãšãããã®ã§ããããããïŒå°å¹Žã®æªçããå¯å¡æ§ïŒå°å¹Žãç¯çœªãç¯ããŠããŸãèæ¯ã«æœã
貧å°ã芪ã«ããèåŸ ãªã©ã®ç°å¢ã«ã€ããŠã®è°è«ãåœæ°ã®éã§æ·±ãŸããªããŸãŸïŒé倧ãªå°å¹Ž
äºä»¶ã®çºçãšå³çœ°ãæ±ããäžè«ã«åã°åŸæŒãããã圢ã§å°å¹Žæ³ã®æ¹æ£ã¯è¡ãããŠãããšã
ããããã®ããšãããïŒ4 床ã®æ¹æ£ãçµãçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ãçŠç¥æ³çãªåŽé¢ãäž»ããç®çãšããŠ
éãã眮ããŠãããã¯çåãæ®ããšãããããããªãã
以äžãèžãŸããŠèãããšïŒçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã«ã¯æç«åœåããçŠç¥æ³çãªåŽé¢ã¯å ãã«ããæ®
åããŠããªããšããèç°ã®äž»åŒµã¯é©åã§ã¯ãªããïŒåºŠéãªãæ¹æ£ãçµãŠé©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžã
ãå°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£ã®é倧æãšãããã®ãããªè°è«ãé²ããããŠããä»ïŒèç°ãåœåããææã
ãŠããå°å¹Žæ³ã®ãæ²èŠ³çãªéåœã20ã¯ããããçŸå®ã®ãã®ãšãªããããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã
17 å Œé ååž(1973)ãå°å¹Žä¿è·ã«ãããåžæ³æ©é¢ãšçŠç¥æ©é¢ããåæ³éèªã19 å·» 3ã»4 å· 138 é 18 森ç°å®äž(1960)ãå°å¹Žä¿è·ã®åºç€ç念ãç«è±æžæ¿ 5 é 19 å Œé ã»åæ²æ³š(17) 172 é 20 èç°ã»åæ²æ³š(3) 30 é
10
â ¢ å°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£ã®æŠèŠ
1 å°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£ã®èæ¯
æ°å°å¹Žæ³ãæ§å°å¹Žæ³ãšå€§ããç°ãªãç¹ã¯ïŒæ€å¯å®ãåŸæ¥å°å¹Žäºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠæããŠããæš©
éã倧ããå¶éãããç¹ã§ãããæ§æ³ã§ã¯ïŒç¯çœªã®å«çãåããè ã 18 æ³æªæºã®å ŽåïŒãŸ
ãæ€å¯å®ãå ¬èšŽãæèµ·ãããã©ããã決å®ãïŒå ¬èšŽæèµ·ã®å¿ èŠããªããšèªããå Žåã§ïŒãã
ãä¿è·åŠåãçžåœãšå€æãããšãã«éãïŒäºä»¶ãå°å¹Žå¯©å€æã«éèŽããããšã«ãªã£ãŠããã
ãããïŒæ°å°å¹Žæ³ã§ãå°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããä¿è·åŠåã®æ±ºå®ã¯è£å€æãããããããã®ãšãïŒãã®ã
ãã®æ©é¢ãšããŠåŸæ¥ã®è¡æ¿æ©é¢ã§ãã£ãå°å¹Žå¯©å€æã«ä»£ãã家åºè£å€æãæ°ããèšçœ®ããã
ãšãããè£å€æå è°ãã®èãæ¹ãæèšããïŒæ€å¯å®ã®æš©éã倧ããå¶éããããããã«å¯Ÿã
ãŠïŒæ³åè¡æ¿ã«çµ¶å€§ãªæš©åãæã€æ€å¯åºã®èŠè«ã«ããïŒæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã¯æ°å°å¹Žæ³ã®éçšã®åšã
æ¹ïŒæ°å°å¹Žæ³ã®æ¹æ£ã®æ¯éã«ã€ã㊠7 幎ã«ããã£ãŠå¯©è°ãè¡ã£ãããããŠïŒ1997 幎 6 æ 29
æ¥ïŒæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã¯ïŒæ°å°å¹Žæ³ã®åºæ¬æ§é ãå€ããªãç¯å²å ã§ïŒæ¹åãããå¿ èŠã®ããäºé ã
ææãããšããå 容ã®ãäžéå ±åãããŸãšããŠæ³å倧è£ã«çç³ããã
ãã®ãäžéçç³ã㯠4 ã€ã®æ±ããæ§æãããŠããã
第äžã«ïŒå°å¹Žã®æš©å©ä¿éã®åŒ·åããã³äžå®ã®é床å ã«ãããæ€å¯å®é¢äžã®äž¡é¢ããçŸè¡
å°å¹Žå¯©å€æç¶ãã®æ¹åãå³ãããšïŒç¬¬äºã«ïŒ18 æ³ä»¥äžã®å¹Žé·å°å¹ŽïŒé幎ïŒã®äºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠ
ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žå¯©å€ã®æç¶ãäž 18 æ³æªæºã®äžéã»å¹Žå°å°å¹ŽïŒ14 æ³ïœ18 æ³)ãšã¯ããçšåºŠç°ãªãç¹
å¥ãªæ±ããããããšïŒç¬¬äžã«ïŒäžå®ã®é床å ã§ææ»æ©é¢ã«ããäžéèŽãèªããããšïŒãããŠ
第åã«ïŒä¿è·åŠåã®å€æ§åããã³åŒŸååãå³ãäºã§ããã
ãã®åŸïŒ1998 幎ã«ïŒæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã«ãã£ãŠãå°å¹Žå¯©å€ã®äºå®èªå®æç¶ãé©æ£åããç®çãš
ããŠæ³å倧è£ã«çç³ãè¡ãããã
ãã®åããšå ±ã«ïŒ2000 幎ã®å°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£ã®å€§ããªèŠå ãšãªã£ãå°å¹Žã«ããäºã€ã®äºä»¶ãã
ããããã¯ïŒã山圢ãããæ»äºä»¶ããšãç¥æžã»å°åŠçé£ç¶æ®ºå·äºä»¶ãã§ããã
åè ã¯ïŒå±±åœ¢çæ°åºåžã®äžåŠçå çæå¹³åïŒåœæ 13 æ³ïŒã®éºäœãïŒåœŒã®éãäžåŠæ ¡ã®äœ
è²é€šã®çšå ·å®€ã§ïŒãããã«é ããããããŸã«åãŸã£ãŠããç¶æ ã§çºèŠããããšãããã®ã§
ããããã®äºä»¶ã«ããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ãããšããäºå®èªå®ãæåªå ããŠããªããšããèŽåœçãªæ¬ é¥
ããããšããããšãçªãä»ããããããªããªãïŒæ人ã®åäºè£å€ã§ããã°å°è£ã§çããäºå®
é¢ä¿ã®äºãã¯ïŒæçµçã«æé«è£ã§äžã€ã«éçŽããããïŒãã®äºä»¶ã¯å°å¹Žãã¡ãå šå¡ 16 æ³æª
æºã§ãã£ãããïŒæ€å¯å®éèŽãè¡ãããšãåºæ¥ãïŒåäºè£å€ã®æµãã«ä¹ããããšãåºæ¥ãªã
ã£ãããã®ããïŒãã®äºä»¶ã®å°å¹Žå¯©å€ã§ã¯ïŒèªçœã®ä¿¡çšæ§ãã¢ãªãã€ã®æç¡ãäºç¹ã«ãªã£ãŠ
ãããïŒæ€å¯å®ãååšããªã審å€ã®ããšã§è£å€å®ãæ£ç¢ºãªäºå®èªå®ãããããšã¯å°é£ã極
ãïŒãã®åŸã®æ°äºèšŽèšã§çµè«ãäºè»¢äžè»¢ããäºæ ãšãªã£ãããã®çµæïŒéè¡äºå®ã®èªå®ãé£
ããäºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒæ€å¯å®ã«å¯©å€é¢äžãããã®ãé©åœãšããæèšãè£å€å®åŽãããåºãŠ
11
ããããã«ãªã£ã21ã
åŸè ã¯ãé 鬌èèèæããåä¹ãäžåŠäžå¹Žã®å°å¹Žãèµ·ãããäºä»¶ã§ïŒç¥æžå®¶è£ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žã«
æ人ã®å瀟äŒæ§ããŒãœããªãã£é害ã«çžåœããè¡çºé害ããããšãã粟ç¥éå®ã®çµæçã
èæ ®ããŠïŒå°å¹Žã«å»çå°å¹Žé¢éèŽãèšæž¡ããããã®äºä»¶ã«ãã£ãŠïŒãããŸã§ã«ãäœåºŠãèšã
ããŠããå°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£è«è°ãäžæ°ã«åçããããšã«ãªã£ãããªããªãïŒãã®å°å¹Žã¯ç¯è¡æã«å
æ³äžã§ã¯åäºè²¬ä»»ãåãã 14 æ³ã§ããïŒåœæè¡ããã粟ç¥éå®ã«ãããŠå®å šãªè²¬ä»»èœåã
èªããããŠããã«ãããããããåœæã®å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ééå¯èœå¹Žéœ¢ãè¡çºæ 16 æ³ä»¥äžãšããŠã
ããããå¶åºŠäžééãåºæ¥ãªãã£ãããã§ããããã®ããïŒãã®å°å¹Žã¯å¶æªãªç¯çœªãç¯ãã
ã«ãé¢ãããïŒåäºçœ°ãç§ãããšãåºæ¥ãªãã£ãããšããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã¯çŸåšã®å°å¹Žç¯çœªã®ç¶æ³
ã«ããããªãã®ã§ïŒå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãçã®å眰匷åãèŠéã«å ¥ããå°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£ãæ€èšããã¹ã
ã ãšãããããªæèŠãå€ãå±ããããããã«ãªã£ãã
2 å¹³æ 12(2000)幎æ¹æ£
(1) æ¹æ£ã®æµã
èªç±æ°äž»å ãäžå¿ã«ïŒäžèšã®ãããªè°è«ãçµãŠïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®å眰é©çšç¯å²ãæ¡å€§ããæ¹æ£ã®
å¿ èŠæ§ã匷ã䞻匵ããïŒè°å¡ç«æ³ãšããŠåœäŒã«æåºããããšãå³ãããããã®è°å¡ç«æ³ææ¡
ã®äžã«ïŒ1999 幎ã«å»æ¡ã«ãªã£ããå°å¹Žæ³çã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸæ¡ãïŒç¬¬äžæ¬¡ïŒã®å 容ãå
ã蟌ãæ¹åã§æ€èšãé²ãããïŒãã®çµæïŒç¬¬äºæ¬¡ã®ãå°å¹Žæ³çã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸæ¡ããïŒ
2000 幎 9 æ 29 æ¥ïŒè°å¡ç«æ³ãšããŠåœäŒã«äžçšãããããããŠå幎 11 æ 28 æ¥ïŒäž¡é¢ã§ã
ã®æ³æ¡ã¯å¯æ±ºããïŒæç«ããã
(2) æ¹æ£å 容
ãã®ããã«ããŠæç«ãããå¹³æ 12(2000)幎æ¹æ£æ³ãã¯ïŒåè¿°ããããã«ïŒå眰é©çšç¯å²
ãæ¡å€§ããæ¹åã®æ¹æ£ãšïŒå¯©å€æç¶ããæ¹åããæ¹åã®æ¹æ£ã® 2 ã€ã®é¢ãå«ãã§ããã
第äžã®æ¹æ£ç¹ã¯ïŒå眰ççšç¯å²ãæ¡å€§ããæ¹åã®æ¹æ£ïŒããªãã¡å°å¹Žæ³ã«ããã幎霢åº
åã®èŠçŽãã§ãããå¹³æ 12(2000)幎ã®æ¹æ£ã§ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã 20 æ³æªæºãã 18 æ³
æªæºã«åŒãäžããããšã¯èŠéããïŒå眰é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã 16 æ³ä»¥äžãã 14 æ³ä»¥äž(41 æ¡)ã«åŒã
äžããã«æ¢ãããããããïŒå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®äžéã®åŒãäžãã¯ïŒæ人幎霢ã 20 æ³ãã 18
æ³ã«åŒãäžããæ³å¶åºŠå šäœã®èŠçŽããšé£åããåé¡ã§ããããšããïŒå¯©è°ã«æéãããã
ããšãæžå¿µããïŒèŠéããããšèãããããå眰é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãã¯ïŒ14 æ³ã»15 æ³ã®å¹Ž
å°å°å¹Žã®ç¯çœªäºä»¶ãæ€å¯å®ã«éèŽãïŒå眰ãç§ãããšãã§ããããã«ããããšã ãïŒãã®å
眰ãšããŠã¯æ²åœ¹ãŸãã¯çŠé®ãæ³å®ãããŠããããããèžãŸãããšïŒçŸåšã®å°å¹Žååæã®åŠé
21 å山倧åŠæ³åŸåŠç 究äŒ(2001)ãæ¹æ£å°å¹Žæ³ã«ã€ããŠã7 é
12
äœå¶ããã¿ãŠïŒã矩åæè²å¹Žéœ¢ã®å°å¹Žã«ååãªæç§æè²ãæœãããšã¯å°é£ã§ããïŒãã€åå
äœæ¥ã匷åã§ãããã®åé¡ãããïŒåã®å·è¡ã«ã¯çš®ã ã®å°é£ã䌎ãã22ããšã«ãªããããã§ïŒ
å¹³æ 12(2000)幎æ¹æ£æ³ã¯ïŒæ²åœ¹ãŸãã¯çŠé®ã®èšæž¡ããåããå°å¹Žã 16 æ³ã«éãããŸã§å°å¹Ž
é¢ã«å容ããŠãç¯æ£æè²ããåããããããšãã§ããããã«ããã
第äºã®æ¹æ£ç¹ã¯ïŒé倧äºä»¶ãç¯ããå°å¹Žã«å¯ŸããåŠéã®åšãæ¹ãèŠçŽãããšãããã®ã§
ãããæ¹æ£åŸã¯ïŒ16 æ³ä»¥äžã®å°å¹Žãæ æã®ç¯çœªè¡çºã«ãã£ãŠè¢«å®³è ãæ»äº¡ãããäºä»¶ã«ã€
ããŠã¯ïŒååãšããŠæ€å¯å®ã«éèŽãã23ããšãè£å€å®ã«çŸ©åä»ãããããããã«ïŒ18 æ³æªæº
ã®å°å¹Žã®ç¡æåã¯ïŒ10 å¹Žä»¥äž 15 幎以äžã®ææåã«è»œæžããããšãããããŸã§ã®èŠå®ãæ¹
ãïŒãã®å€æãè£å€å®ã«å§ããããŸãïŒæ»åã軜æžããŠç¡æåã«ããé24ã®ä»®éæŸå¯èœæé
ãæ人䞊ã¿ã«äŒžã°ããªã©å眰匷åã®æå³ãæ確ã«è¡šæãããŠããã
3 å¹³æ 19(2007)幎æ¹æ£
(1) æ¹æ£ã®èæ¯
ãå¹³æ 12(2000)幎æ¹æ£æ³ãã«é¢ããåœäŒã®å¯©è°ã¯ïŒæŸ€ç»(2011)ã«ããã°ïŒæ¹æ£ç¹ã®é倧ã
ãèæ ®ãããšåå審è°ããããšã¯æããªãç¹ãããªããã25ãšããããã®ããšãèæ ®ããŠ
ãå¹³æ 12(2000)幎æ¹æ£æ³ãã¯æœè¡ãã 5 幎åŸã®èŠçŽããéåã«æèšãããå®éã®å¹³æ
17(2005)幎ã®çç³ã§ã¯ãå°å¹Žã®ä¿è·æç¶ãã«ä¿ã調æ»æç¶ãã®æŽåã«ã€ããŠããšé¡ããŠä»¥äž
ã® 3 ç¹ãçç³ãããã
â 觊æ³å°å¹Žã»èç¯å°å¹Žã«ä¿ãäºä»¶ã®èª¿æ»
â¡ 14 æ³æªæºã®å°å¹Žã®ä¿è·åŠåã®èŠçŽã
⢠ä¿è·èŠ³å¯ã«ãããæå°ãäžå±€å¹æçã«ããããã®æªçœ®
以äžãçç³ã®äž»ãªå 容ã§ãããïŒãã® 3 ã€ã®åºæ¬é ç®ã¯ïŒå¹³æ 15(2003)幎 12 æïŒéå°å¹Ž
è²ææšé²æ¬éšãäœæãå ¬è¡šãããéå°å¹Žè²ææœç倧綱ãã®äžã§ïŒèŠçŽãã®å¿ èŠæ§ãææãã
ãŠãããã®ã§ããããã®çç³ã¯æ¡æåããïŒãå°å¹Žæ³çã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸæ¡ããšããŠå¹³
æ 17(2005)幎 3 æ 1 æ¥ã«åœäŒã«äžçšãããããããïŒãã®çç³ã®å 容ã¯ïŒããã¹ãŠå®åäžã®
å¿ èŠæ§ããèŠè«ããããã®ã§ããïŒçè«çãªæ€èšãåŸåãã«ãªã£ãã26ãšèšãããŠããïŒä»
åŸã®å°å¹Žæ³ã®åšãæ¹ã«é¢ããŠã®èª²é¡ãæµ®ã圫ãã«ãªã£ãããã®èª²é¡ãšã¯ïŒ14 æ³æªæºã®éè¡
22 柀ç»ã»åæ²æ³š(9) 253 é 23 å°å¹Žæ³ 20 æ¡äœãæžãã«ãããŠäŸå€ãèšããããŠããã
ãâŠâŠ(äžç¥)ãã ãïŒèª¿æ»ã®çµæïŒç¯è¡ã®åæ©åã³æ æ§ïŒç¯è¡åŸã®æ æ³ïŒå°å¹Žã®æ§æ ŒïŒå¹Žéœ¢ïŒè¡ç¶åã³
ç°å¢ãã®ä»ã®äºæ ãèæ ®ãïŒåäºåŠå以å€ã®æªçœ®ãçžåœãšèªãããšãã¯ïŒãã®éãã§ãªããã 24 眪ãç¯ããšã 18 æ³æªæºã«æºããªãè ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ïŒæ»åããã£ãŠæãã¹ããšãã¯ïŒç¡æåãç§ãã(51
æ¡ 2 é )ã 25 柀ç»ã»åæ²æ³š(9) 255 é 26 柀ç»ã»åæ²æ³š(9) 257 é
13
å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããå ç«¥çžè«æå è°ããã³çŠç¥æ©é¢ã«ããåŠéåªå ã®å»ºåã¯ç¶æããããã®ã®ïŒ
ãã®å®è³ªã確ä¿ããããã«ã¯å€å€§ãªåªåãå¿ èŠã ãšããçŸå®çãªèª²é¡ã§ããã
(2) æ¹æ£å 容
äžèšã®å¹³æ 17(2005)幎ã«åºãããçç³ã¯ïŒå¹³æ 17(2005)幎 3 æ 1 æ¥ã«åœäŒã«æåºããã
ãïŒè¡è°é¢ã®è§£æ£ã§å»æ¡ãšãªãïŒå¹³æ 19(2007)幎 5 æã«è¡è°é¢ã§ã®ä¿®æ£ãçµãŠæç«ããã
ããã«ããæ¹æ£ç¹ã¯ä»¥äžã® 4 ç¹ã§ããã
â ã觊æ³å°å¹Žãã®äºä»¶ã«å¯ŸããèŠå¯ã®èª¿æ»æš©ãèªããã
⡠家åºè£å€æã¯ïŒæ±ºå®æ 14 æ³æªæºã®å°å¹Žã«ä¿ãäºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒç¹ã«å¿ èŠãšèªããå Ž
åã«éãïŒå°å¹Žé¢éèŽã®ä¿è·åŠåãããããšãã§ããã
⢠家åºè£å€æã¯ïŒä¿è·èŠ³å¯ã®åŠåãåãããã®ãïŒãã®ä¿è·åŠåã«ãã£ãŠã¯æ¬äººã®æ¹å
ããã³æ§æãå³ãããšãã§ããªããšèªãããããšãã¯ïŒæ±ºå®ããã£ãŠïŒå ç«¥èªç«æ¯æŽ
æœèšçéèŽãŸãã¯å°å¹Žé¢éèŽã®ä¿è·åŠåãããªããã°ãªããªãã
⣠家åºè£å€æã¯ïŒäžå®ã®é倧ç¯çœªã«ä¿ãç¯çœªå°å¹ŽãŸãã¯è§Šæ³å°å¹Žã®äºä»¶ã®å¯©å€ã«ã€ã
ãŠïŒå¿ èŠããããšèªãããããšãã¯ïŒåŒè·å£«ã§ããä»æ·»äººãä»ããããšãåºæ¥ãã
柀ç»(2011)ã«ããã°ïŒãã®ãå¹³æ 19(2007)幎æ¹æ£æ³ãã«ããïŒè§Šæ³å°å¹Žã®äºä»¶ã«å¯ŸããèŠ
å¯ã®èª¿æ»æš©ãæ³å®ãããäžã«ïŒå¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠæŒåïŒæ玢ãªã©ã®åŒ·å¶èª¿æ»ãè¡ãæš©éãæ³å®ã
ããããšã«é¢ããŠïŒå±æ©æãåºãã£ãŠãã27ãšããããŸãïŒèª¿æ»ã®çµæïŒè§Šæ³è¡çºã®é倧æ§
ããã®ä»ã®çç±ã§ïŒå®¶åºè£å€æã®å¯©å€ã«ä»ãã®ãé©åœã ãšèŠå¯ãå€æãããšãã¯ïŒãã®äºä»¶
ãå ç«¥çžè«æé·ã«ãéåãã§ã¯ãªããéèŽããããã®ãšãïŒéèŽãåããå ç«¥çžè«æã¯ïŒå
åãšããŠãã®è§Šæ³äºä»¶ã家åºè£å€æã«éèŽãã¹ããã®ãšããïŒãã®ç¹ãç¹ã«åé¡èŠãããŠ
ããã1948 幎ã«èªçããæ°å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ïŒåŸ¹åºãããè£å€æå è°ãã®èŠå°ããïŒè§Šæ³å°å¹ŽïŒ14
æ³ä»¥äžã§åæ³ã«æµè§Šããç¯çœªãç¯ããå°å¹ŽïŒã«é¢ããŠããŸã家è£ã«éèŽãããåŸïŒå®¶è£ãã
ã®éèŽãåããŠå ç«¥çžè«æãé¢äžããã·ã¹ãã ã«ãªã£ãŠãããïŒ1949 幎æ¹æ£ã«ãã£ãŠãå
ç«¥çŠç¥æ©é¢å è°ãã«è»¢æãïŒè§Šæ³å°å¹Žã¯ãŸãå ç«¥çžè«æã«éèŽããïŒå®¶åºè£å€æã¯å ç«¥çžè«
æããéèŽããããªããããïŒè§Šæ³äºä»¶ã«ã¯é¢äžã§ããªããšãããå ç«¥çŠç¥åªå ãã確ç«ã
ãããããã«å¯ŸããŠïŒãå¹³æ 19(2007)幎æ¹æ£æ³ããç®æãããå ç«¥çžè«æã®å®¶åºè£å€æãžã®
ååéèŽã®çŸ©ååãã¯ïŒãã®ãå ç«¥çŠç¥æ©é¢å è°ãã«ããšã¥ããå ç«¥çŠç¥åªå ãã®ååã«é¢
ããŠïŒé倧äºä»¶ãšããéå®ä»ãã§ïŒå®è³ªçãªãè£å€æå è°ãã®æ¹åãžå転æãããã®ã§ãã£
ãããã®ããšã«ããïŒãããŸã§çŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã®åºæ¬åçã§ãã£ã 14 æ³æªæºã®éè¡ã«å¯Ÿãããå
ç«¥çŠç¥å è°ãã®åŽ©å£ãå±æ§ãããŠããããããïŒçŸå®ã®åé¡ãšããŠïŒ14 æ³æªæºã®éè¡å°å¹Ž
ã«å¯Ÿããå ç«¥çŠç¥æ©é¢ã®åŠéèœåã¯ïŒäººçã»ç©çäž¡é¢ã«ãããŠååãšãããïŒããªãã®éšå
ãåžæ³æ©é¢ã«å§ããããåŸãªãéšåãããããã£ãŠïŒãåžæ³ãšçŠç¥ãšã®ä¹é¢ãé²ãããã«ã¯ïŒ
27 柀ç»ã»åæ²æ³š(9) 260 é
14
å ç«¥çŠç¥æ©é¢ã®åŠéèœåã®å€§å¹ ãªå¢åŒ·ãäžå¯æ¬ ã28ã§ãããšèãããããã€ãŸãïŒå°å¹Žé¢ã®
å容幎霢åŒãäžãã¯ïŒé·åŽäºä»¶29ã»äœäžä¿äºä»¶30ã®å°å¹Žã»å°å¥³ã®ããã«ãéè¡ã®äœå¹Žéœ¢åã
ã殺人ãšããé倧ç¯çœªã«ã€ããŠé¡åšåãïŒé¢é£ããæ³æŽåããã ã¡ã«å¿ èŠãšãªã£ãããšã§
(äžç¥)äŸå€çã«å°å¹Žé¢éèŽãéžæããå¿ èŠãããå Žåããªãã¡å ç«¥çŠç¥æ©é¢ã®åŠéèœåã§
ã¯å¯Ÿå¿ã§ããªãå Žåãæ³å®ããŠè¡ãããæ¹æ£ã§ãããšãããã
ãŸããå¹³æ 19(2007)幎æ¹æ£ãã§ïŒå°å¹Žé¢æ³ã«ã第 1 æ¡ã® 2ããæ°èšããïŒããã«ãããš
ãå°å¹Žé¢ã«ãããåŠéã¯ïŒåã ã®åšé¢è ã®å¹Žéœ¢ããã³å¿èº«ã®çºéçšåºŠãèæ ®ãïŒãã®ç¹æ§ã«
å¿ããŠïŒãããè¡ããªããã°ãªããªãã31ãšãããããããïŒããã«ãã察象å°å¹Žã¯å ãã
ãšæ³å®ããïŒå°å¹Žç¯æ£ã«æ°ããªèª²é¡ã課ããããããšã«ãªã£ãã
4 å¹³æ 20(2008)幎æ¹æ£
(1) æ¹æ£ã®èæ¯
ãå¹³æ 19(2007)幎æ¹æ£æ³ãã¯ïŒå¹³æ 19(2007)幎 11 æ 1 æ¥ããæœè¡ããããïŒãã®çŽåŸ
ã® 11 æ 29 æ¥ã«ïŒæ³å倧è£ããæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã«å¯ŸãïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®äžéšæ¹æ£ã«é¢ããæ°ããªè«®å
ããªããããè«®åã«ä»ãããèŠç¶±ã®å 容ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žç¯çœªè¢«å®³è ã»éºæã«å¯ŸãïŒå°å¹Žå¯©å€ã«é¢ã
ãæ å ±é瀺ã®ç¯å²ãæ¡å€§ãã 3 é ç®ãšïŒæ人ã®åäºäºä»¶ã«å¯Ÿãã家åºè£å€æã®ç®¡èœãå°æ¹ã»
ç°¡æè£å€æã«ç§»ç®¡ãã 1 é ç®ãããªã£ãŠããã
æ å ±é瀺ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒ
â äžå®ã®é倧äºä»¶ã«ã€ã被害è çããã®ç³åºã«å¿ã審å€ã®åèŽãèš±ãããš
⡠被害è çã«ããèšé²ã®é²èŠ§ã»è¬åã®ç¯å²ãæ¡å€§ããããš
⢠被害è çã®ç³åºã«ããæèŠã®èŽåã®å¯Ÿè±¡è ãæ¡å€§ããããš
ã® 3 é ç®ã§ãã32ãæ å ±é瀺ã«é¢ãã 3 é ç®ãæ瀺ãããçµç·¯ãšããŠïŒå¹³æ 17(2005)幎 4 æ
1 æ¥ã«æœè¡ããããç¯çœªè¢«å®³è çåºæ¬æ³ãã«åºã¥ããç¯çœªè¢«å®³è çåºæ¬èšç»ãã®äžã§ïŒãå°
幎ä¿è·äºä»¶ã«é¢ããç¯çœªè¢«å®³è çã®æèŠã»èŠæãèžãŸããå¶åºŠã®æ€èšåã³æœäœã®å®æœããæ±
ããããŠããããš33ïŒãå¹³æ 12(2000)幎æ¹æ£æ³ãã®éå 3 æ¡ã«æœè¡ 5 幎åŸã®èŠçŽããèŠå®ã
ããŠããïŒãã€ïŒæ³æ¡ã®å¯æ±ºã«éããŠïŒä»åŸã®æ€èšãä¿ã趣æšã®ä»åž¯æ±ºè°ãè¡ããïŒãã®æ€
èšé ç®ã«ã被害è ä¿è·æœçã®æšé²ã»ä¿®åŸ©çåžæ³ã®æ€èšããå«ãŸããŠããããšãæãããã34ã
28 柀ç»ã»åæ²æ³š(9) 260 é 29 2003 幎ïŒåœæäžåŠ 1 幎ã®å°å¹ŽãïŒåœæ 4 æ³ã®ç·å ã«å¯ŸããŠæŽè¡ãå ãïŒæ®ºå®³ãå°å¹Žã¯ã¢ã¹ãã«ã¬ãŒç
å矀ãšèšºæããïŒå°å¹Žé¢éèŽã 30 2004 幎 6 æïŒåœæå°åŠ 6 幎ã®å°å¥³ãïŒåçŽç女åå ç«¥ã®éŠãã«ãã¿ãŒãã€ãã§åãä»ãïŒæ®ºå®³ã 31 柀ç»ã»åæ²æ³š(9) 261 é 32 æ³åç(2007)ãæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒè«®å第 83 å·ã1 é 33 å é£åº(2005)ãç¯çœªè¢«å®³è çåºæ¬èšç»ã3 é 34 柀ç»ã»åæ²æ³š(9) 261 é .
15
(2) æ¹æ£å 容
äžèšã®çµç·¯ãçµãŠïŒå¹³æ 20(2008)幎 3 æïŒãã®çç³ã«åºã¥ãæ¹æ£æ³æ¡ãåœäŒã«æåºãã
ããïŒåŒè·å£«äŒããã®åŒ·ãæ¹å€ãããïŒãããèžãŸããŠè¡è°é¢ã«ããä¿®æ£ãå ãããïŒæ¹æ£
æ³ã¯å幎 6 æã«æç«ããããã®æŠèŠã¯æ¬¡ã®éãã§ããã
â 家åºè£å€æã¯ïŒæ®ºäººäºä»¶çäžå®ã®é倧äºä»¶ã®è¢«å®³è çããç³åºãããå Žåã«ïŒå°å¹Žã®
幎霢ãå¿èº«ã®ç¶æ çãèæ ®ããŠçžåœãšèªãããšãã¯ïŒå°å¹Žå¯©å€ã®åèŽãèš±å¯ããããš
ãã§ããã
â¡ å°å¹Žäºä»¶ã®è¢«å®³è çããç³åºããã£ãå ŽåïŒå¯©å€ææ¥ã«ããã審å€ã®ç¶æ³ã説æãã
å¶åºŠãåµèšããã
⢠被害è çã«ã¯ååãšããŠïŒèšé²ã®é²èŠ§ãŸãã¯è¬åãèªããããšãšãïŒé²èŠ§ã»è¬åã®å¯Ÿ
象ãšãªãèšé²ã®ç¯å²ãæ¡å€§ãïŒéè¡äºå®ã«ä¿ãéšå以å€ã®äžå®ã®èšé²ã«ã€ããŠãïŒã
ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšããã
⣠被害è çã®ç³åºã«ããæèŠã®èŽåã®å¯Ÿè±¡è ã®ç¯å²ãæ¡å€§ãïŒè¢«å®³è ã®å¿èº«ã«é倧ãªæ
éãããå Žåã«ïŒè¢«å®³è ã«ä»£ããïŒè¢«å®³è ã®é å¶è ïŒçŽç³»ã®èŠªæãŸãã¯å åŒå§åŠ¹ãæ
èŠãè¿°ã¹ãããšãåºæ¥ãã
†被害è çã®å¯©å€åèŽã«ã€ãïŒåŒè·å£«ã§ããä»æ·»äººã®æèŠãèããªããã°ãªããªããªã©ïŒ
å°å¹Žãžã®é æ ®ãå¿ èŠã§ããã
⥠å°å¹Žã®çŠç¥ã害ããæ人ã®åäºäºä»¶ã«ã€ã家åºè£å€æãæããŠãã第äžå¯©ã®ç®¡èœæš©ã
å°æ¹è£å€æãŸãã¯ç°¡æè£å€æã«ç§»ç®¡ããã
ä»¥äž 6 é ç®ã®ãã¡â ïœâ€ã¯ïŒè¢«å®³è çã®å©çã«é¢ããé æ ®èŠå®ã§ããïŒã2000 幎æ¹æ£æ³ã
ã«ããé æ ®ãããã«äžæ©é²ãããã®ã§ãããïŒãšãããâ ã®å¯©å€åèŽå¶åºŠã«ã€ããŠã¯æ§ã
ãªæžå¿µãè¡šæãããŠãããäŸãã°ïŒè¢«å®³è ã審å€ãåèŽããããšã§ïŒå°å¹ŽãšèŠªæã®ãã©ã€ã
ã·ãŒã«é æ ®ããããåŸãªããªãïŒèª¿æ»å®ãä»æ·»äººãªã©ã®é¢ä¿è ã¯ïŒèŠä¿è·æ§ã«é¢ããçš®ã ã®
è³æã審å€ã«æåºãã«ãããªãããããããïŒããã«ãã£ãŠè£å€å®ãé©åãªåŠåãéžæã
ãããšãå°é£ã«ãªãããŸãïŒäºä»¶ããæã®çµéãæµ ã段éã§å¯©å€ãè¡ãããããšããïŒå¯©å€
ã®å 容ã§è¢«å®³è ãããã«å¿ççãªãã¡ãŒãžãè² ãã ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒè¢«å®³è çãšå°å¹Žãšã®éã§
ãã©ãã«ãçºçãããïŒæ å ±ãæŒããããå¯èœæ§ãããããã®ããšã¯ïŒè¢«å®³è çã®ç¥ãæš©å©
ãšã®é¢ä¿ã§ãåé¡ã«ãªãã®ã§ïŒä»åŸãé倧ãªèª²é¡ãšãããã¹ãäºé ãšèªèãããã
5 å¹³æ 26(2014)幎æ¹æ£
(1) æ¹æ£ã®èæ¯
åè¿°ããããã«ïŒå¹³æ 12(2000)幎以éïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã¯ãã§ã« 3 床ã®æ¹æ£ãçµãŠãããïŒä»å
ã®æ¹æ£ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žå¯©å€æç¶ã®ããäžå±€ã®é©æ£ååã³å å®å䞊ã³ã«å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããåäºäºä»¶ã«ã
ããç§åã®é©æ£åãå³ãããã®ãã®ã§ïŒ
16
â å ¬è²»ã«ããåŒè·å£«ä»æ·»äººã®ç¯å²æ¡å€§
â¡ å ¬è²»ã«ããåŒè·å£«ä»æ·»äººã®ç¯å²æ¡å€§ã«äŒŽããšãããæ€å¯å®é¢äžã®ç¯å²æ¡å€§
⢠å°å¹Žååè ã«å¯Ÿããç§åå¹ ã®èŠçŽã
ãäžå¿ã«è°è«ãããã
ãã®ãã¡ïŒâ ããã³â¡ã¯å¹³æ 12(2000)幎 11 æã«æç«ïŒ2001 幎 4 ææœè¡ïŒãã第äžæ¬¡å°
幎æ³æ¹æ£ã®é©çšå¹ ãæ¡å ããããã®ææ¡ã§ããïŒãªãïŒâ ã«ã€ããŠã¯ 2007 幎第 2 次å°å¹Žæ³
æ¹æ£ãé¢é£ããïŒã第äžæ¬¡æ¹æ£å°å¹Žæ³èªäœã¯ïŒäºå®èªå®ã®é©æ£åã®ããã«äžå®ã®äºä»¶ã«ã€ã
ãŠå®¶åºè£å€æã®è£éã§æ€å¯å®ãé¢äžããïŒãã®å Žåã«ïŒåŒè·å£«ã§ããä»æ·»äººããªãå Žåã¯åœ
éžã§ä»æ·»äººãä»äžããå¶åºŠãèšãããã®ã§ãã£ããä»åã®æ³å¶å¯©ãžã®è«®åãå°å¹Žå¯©å€æç¶
ã®ããäžå±€ã®é©æ£ååã³å å®åãšãªã£ãŠããã®ã¯ãã®ããã§ãããäžæ¹ïŒâ¢ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒå°
幎ã«å¯Ÿããç§åå¹ ãæ¡å€§ããææ¡ã§ãããå°å¹Žã®åäºäºä»¶ã察象ãšãªãè£å€å¡è£å€ãéå§
ãã㊠5 幎ïŒè£å€å¡ãé倧ç¯çœªãè¡ã£ãå°å¹Žã®éåå€æãããäºäŸãå¢ããŠããŠããïŒãª
ãã«ã¯æ»åå€æ±ºãäžãäºä»¶ãçŸããŠããŠããããã®ãããªäžã§ããã€ãã®æ眪å€æ±ºã¯ïŒå°å¹Ž
ã«å¯Ÿããææåã®äžéãäžå®æå㧠10 幎ïŒç¡æåãç·©åããå Žåã 15 幎ãšãªã£ãŠããã
ãã«ïŒçŸä»£ã®ç§åæèŠã«åèŽããªããšãã£ãææãåºãŠããŠãããããã§å°å¹Žäºä»¶ã«ããã
ç§åã®é©æ£åãå³ãå¿ èŠæ§ãææãããã
æ³åçã¯ïŒæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã®çç³ãåããŠæ³æ¡ã®ç«æ¡äœæ¥ãé²ãïŒå¹³æ 26 幎 2 æ 7 æ¥ïŒãå°
幎æ³ã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸæ¡ããåœäŒã«æåºããïŒåæ³åŸæ¡ã¯ïŒå幎 4 æ 11 æ¥ã«æç«ãïŒ
ãå°å¹Žæ³ã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸãïŒå¹³æ 26 幎æ³åŸç¬¬ 23 å·ã以äžãå¹³æ 26(2014)幎æ¹æ£æ³ã
ãšãããïŒãšããŠå幎 6 æ 18 æ¥ããæœè¡ãããã
(2) æ¹æ£å 容
æ¹æ£ã®äž»ãªå 容ã¯ä»¥äžã®éãã§ããã
â 家åºè£å€æã®è£éã«ããåŒè·å£«ã®åœéžä»æ·»äººå¶åºŠåã³æ€å¯å®ã®å°å¹Žå¯©å€ãžã®é¢äžå¶åºŠ
ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã«ãªãäºä»¶ã®ç¯å²ã®æ¡å€§
â¡ äžå®æå察象äºä»¶ã®ç¯å²ã®èŠçŽã
⢠äžå®æåã®é·æåã³çæã®äžéã®åŒäžã
⣠äžå®æåã®é·æãšçæãšã®å¹ ã®å¶é
†äžå®æåã®çæã«é¢ããç¹å
⥠ç¡æåãç·©åããŠææåãšããå Žåã«ãããåœè©²ææåã®äžéã®åŒäžã
⊠仮éæŸãããããšãã§ãããŸã§ã®æéã®èŠçŽã
çŸè¡ã®å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ïŒæ人ã§ããã°ç¡æåã«çžåœããäºä»¶ãèµ·ãããå ŽåïŒç¯è¡æ 18 æ³æªæº
ã®å°å¹Žã¯ã10 å¹Žä»¥äž 15 幎以äžãã®ææåã«ã§ãããšèŠå®ããŠãããç¯çœªè¢«å®³è å£äœãäžå¿
ã«ãæ人ã®ææåãæé· 30 幎ã§ããã®ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠå°å¹Žäºä»¶ã®éåã軜ãããããšã®å£°ãé«ãŸ
ãïŒæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒïŒæ³çžã®è«®åæ©é¢ïŒãæ³æ¹æ£ãè°è«ããããããŠïŒæ人ã«ããäºä»¶ãšã®éå
17
æ Œå·®ãçž®ãããšããç®çã®ããšã§ïŒçœªãç¯ããå°å¹Žã«èšãæž¡ãææåïŒæ²åœ¹ã»çŠé®ïŒã®äžé
åŒãäžã(15 幎ãã 20 幎)ãªã©å³çœ°åãæ±ãšããå°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£æ¡ã決å®ããããããšåæã«ïŒ
æ€å¯å®ãšåœéžä»æ·»äººã®åŒè·å£«ãå°å¹Žå¯©å€ã«ç«ã¡äŒãã察象ãïŒæ®ºäººã匷çãªã©ã ãã§ã¯ãª
ãïŒçªçãå·å®³ãªã©ã«æ¡å€§ããããšãçã蟌ãã ãããã¯å°å¹Žã®æš©å©ä¿è·ã«é æ ®ãããšå ±ã«ïŒ
åŒè·å£«ãæ©æããæŽçã«åããŠé¢ãããç°å¢ãæŽãïŒåç¯é²æ¢ãå³ãã®ãçãã§ããïŒå°å¹Ž
審å€æç¶ã®ããäžå±€ã®é©æ£ååã³å å®å䞊ã³ã«å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããåäºäºä»¶ã«ãããç§åã®é©æ£
åãå³ãäžé¢ããã£ããšããç¹ã§ïŒä»ã®å°å¹Žæ³ã®æ¹æ£ãšã¯å€§ããç°ãªã£ãŠãããšãããã
ãããïŒãã®ãå¹³æ 26(2014)幎æ¹æ£æ³ãã«å¯ŸããŠïŒåŒè·å£«ã®å£äœãïŒå°å¹Žã®æŽçã«çŽæ¥é¢
ããç«å Žã®äººã ã®éã«æ ¹åŒ·ãæ¹å€ãããããã®æ¹å€ã«ã€ããŠïŒæ¿åºã®æ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã¯å°å¹Žåã®
äžéã®åŒãäžãã¯ïŒãå³çœ°åãã§ã¯ãªãïŒãå°å¹Žäºä»¶ã®åŠåã®åšãæ¹ã®èŠçŽãïŒå¯©å€ã§ã®äºå®
èªå®æç¶ã®äžå±€ã®é©æ£åïŒè¢«å®³è çã«å¯Ÿããé æ ®ã®å å®ããç®çã ãšäž»åŒµããŠãããïŒãå
ã©ãã«å¯Ÿããé·æåŠéã¯ç€ŸäŒåŸ©åž°ãå°é£ã«ãïŒåéè¡ã«ã€ãªããããããé«ãŸãã®ã§ã¯ãª
ããããšããæžå¿µãäŸç¶ãšããŠæ®ã£ãŠããïŒãæè²ãšä¿è·ããšããå°å¹Žæ³ã®åºæ¬ç念ããè
ããéžè±ããŠããããšã¯åŠå®ã§ããªããæŽã«ïŒåã©ãã®æš©å©æ¡çŽãå°å¹Žåžæ³ã«é¢ããæš©å©æ¡
çŽãªã©ã®åœé人暩èŠæºããã¿ãŠãïŒæ¥æ¬ã®å°å¹Žæ³ã¯é·ãã«äºã£ãŠåœé人暩èŠæºã«é©åããŠ
ãããïŒä»åŸïŒãæè²ãšä¿è·ãã®ç念ã«å³ããå¶åºŠçãªåšãæ¹ã®èŠçŽããå¿ èŠã§ããã
6 å°æ¬
ãããŸã§ïŒçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã®å¶å®ã®èæ¯ãªãã³ã«å°å¹Žæ³ã®æ¹æ£ãæŠèŠ³ããŠãããïŒãã®è¶£æšã
æããã«ããå¿ èŠããããšææããããªããªãïŒé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãã«è³æããç«å Žããã¯ïŒ
æ¹ããŠåŸè¿°ãããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®ä»çµã¿ã«ã¯éãå眰ãç§ãã¹ãç¯çœªè¡çºã«ã€ããŠïŒå¶åºŠçãªæ¬
é¥ããããšããè«èª¿ãååšããããã§ãããå°å¹Žæ³ã¯å¶å®ä»¥æ¥ïŒåºŠéãªãæ¹æ£ãçµãŠïŒè¢«å®³
è ã«å¯Ÿããæ å ±é瀺ãæèŠé³è¿°ïŒééå¶åºŠçãæ°ãã«èšããŠæ¥ããšããçµç·¯ãããã
ãããã«ïŒãããŸã§ã®å°å¹Žæ³æ¹æ£ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®ãæè²ãšä¿è·ãã®ç念ã倱ãããããªããïŒ
é倧äºä»¶ãçºçããããšã«ããäžè«ã被害è ã®åŠçœ°ææ ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããšãšãã«ïŒç§åã®é©æ£
åãå³ã£ãŠããé¢ãåŠå®ã§ããªãã
ãããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«ãã£ãŠãããããããã®ã¯ïŒåŸè¿°ãããšããã§ã¯ã
ããïŒèç¯å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããã¢ãããŒããå°é£ã«ãããªã©ãã€ãã¹é¢ãå€æ°ååšããŠããã«ã
ãããããïŒæ°æ³ã®æ人幎霢ãšäžèŽãããããšã§æ³åŸäžã®å¹³ä»ãåãããããšãã§ãããš
ããç¹ãäžå¿ã§ïŒäžæ¹ã§äžè«ã®æ±ãããå®åå ±éãã極è«ã§ããã°å°å¹Žã«ããæ»åããå°å ¥
ãããšãã£ãå 容ãå«ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããèšãæããã°ïŒãããŸã§ã®æ¹æ£ã¯ïŒåè¿°ããããã«ïŒ
å°å¹Žæ³ã®ãæè²ãšä¿è·ãã®ç念ã®æã€æå³ã倱ãããé¢ããããïŒãå°å¹Žæ³ããæ±ããŠãã
ããçš®ã®ã¢ã³ãã©ã³ã¹ãã解決ããŠããé¢ãããïŒãã®éšåã«ã€ããŠã¯ãããŸã§ã®æ¹æ£ã§
è°è«ãå°œãããïŒäžå®ã®è§£æ±ºãå³ããããšãã£ãŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ãããã
18
äžèšã®ãããªèãããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«ã¯çç±ããªãããšãæããã«ãã
æ ¹æ ã®äžã€ãšããŠïŒæ¹æ£ã®çµç·¯åã³å 容ã«ã€ããŠèšåããã
â £ é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã®æ€èš
1 åŒãäžãè°è«ã«è³ãçµç·¯
(1) èªæ°å ã«ããæèš
å¹³æ 27(2015)幎 6 æïŒãå ¬è·éžææ³çã®äžéšãæ¹æ£ããæ³åŸããæç«ã»å ¬åžããïŒå¹³æ 28
幎 6 æ 19 æ¥æœè¡ïŒïŒãããåããŠèªæ°å æ¿å調æ»äŒã¯å幎 9 æãæ幎幎霢ã«é¢ããæèšã
ãæåºããããã®æèšã§ã¯ïŒæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ãã§ããéãéããã« 20 æ³ãã 18 æ³ã«ãã¹
ããšããããã§ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ããåœæ³äžã®çµ±äžããåããããããããé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžããã¹
ããšãããä»æ¹ã§ïŒå°å¹Žã®ç€ŸäŒåŸ©åž°ã»åç¯é²æ¢ã«å°å¹Žæ³ã®ä¿è·åŠåã®æ©èœã®æãã圹å²ã倧
ããããšãèªããªãããïŒä¿è·åŠåã«çžåœããæªçœ®ãã§ããæªçœ®ãªã©ãå«ããè¥å¹Žè ã®å
äºæ¿çå šè¬ã®èŠçŽããæ±ããããã
(2) æ³åçå匷äŒã«ããåããŸãšã
åè¿°ã®ãããªç¶æ³ããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡å¹Žéœ¢ã«ã€ããŠæ€èšãè¡ãå¿ èŠããããïŒãã®å
é¡ã¯ïŒåã«ãå°å¹Žãã®ç¯å²ãçŸè¡æ³ã®ç¯å²(20 æ³æªæº)ã®ãŸãŸç¶æãããïŒãã®äžé幎霢ãåŒ
ãäžããããšããåé¡ã«ãšã©ãŸããïŒåäºåžæ³å šè¬ã«ãããŠïŒæé·éçšã«ããè¥å¹Žè ããã
ã«åãæ±ãã¹ãããšãã倧ããªåé¡ã«é¢ãããã®ã§ããããã®ããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡å¹Žéœ¢
ã®åšãæ¹ã¯ïŒçœªãç¯ããè¥å¹Žè ã«å¯ŸããåŠåãåŠéã®åšãæ¹å šäœãæ€èšããäžã§æ€èšãã
ãã¹ããã®ã§ãããšèããããã
ããã§ïŒæ³åçã«ãããŠã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡å¹Žéœ¢ãå«ãè¥å¹Žè ã«å¯ŸããåŠåãåŠéã®åšã
æ¹ã«ã€ããŠæ€èšãè¡ãäžã§å¿ èŠãšãªãåºç€çç¥èŠãå¹ åºãåŸããããè¥å¹Žè ã«å¯Ÿããåäº
æ³å¶ã®åšãæ¹ãã«é¢ããå匷äŒãå®æœãã35ã
åå ±åæžã§ã¯ïŒé©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã®æ¯éã«ã€ããŠïŒãã¢ãªã³ã°çµæã«åºã¥ãè³åŠäž¡è«ã䜵
èšãããŠããã»ãïŒåŒãäžããå Žåãæ³å®ãã 18 æ³ïŒ19 æ³ã®è ãå«ããè¥å¹Žè ãã«å¯Ÿãã
åäºæ¿ççæªçœ®ã«ã€ããŠãæ€èšããªãããŠãã36ã
åå匷äŒã®çµæãèžãŸãïŒå¹³æ 29(2017)幎 2 æïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã 18 æ³æªæºãšããã
ãšçã«ã€ããŠæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã«è«®åãããã
35 è¥å¹Žè ã«å¯Ÿããåäºæ³å¶ã®åšãæ¹ã«é¢ããå匷äŒ(2016)ãååããŸãšãå ±åæžã 2 é 36 åæ²æ³š(35) 8 é
19
2 æ³å¶å¯©è°äŒãžã®è«®åãšå¯©è°çµé
åè¿°ã®ãããªåããçµãåŸïŒæ³å倧è£ããæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã«å¯ŸããŠïœ¢å°å¹Žæ³ã«ãããå°å¹Žã®å¹Ž
霢åã³ç¯çœªè åŠéãå å®ãããããã®åäºæ³ã®æŽåã«é¢ããè«®å第 103 å·ïœ£ãçºãããã
(2017 幎)ïœ¡å ·äœçãªè«®åäºé ã¯ïŒâ å°å¹Žæ³ã«ãããå°å¹Žïœ£å¹Žéœ¢ã 18 æ³æªæºãšããããšïŒâ¡
éè¡å°å¹Žãå«ãç¯çœªè ã«å¯ŸããåŠéãäžå±€å å®ãããããã®åäºã®å®äœæ³åã³æç¶æ³ã®æŽ
åã®ããæ¹ïŒâ¢é¢é£äºé ã§ãã£ã
ããããããŠæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒç¬¬ 178 åäŒè°(2017 幎 2 æ 9 æ¥)ã¯ïŒïœ¢å°å¹Žæ³ã»åäºæ³(å°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ã»
ç¯çœªåŠéé¢ä¿)éšäŒïœ£ïŒæ°èšïŒã«ä»èšããŠå¯©è°ããããã§ïŒéšäŒããã®å ±åãåããåŸã«æ¹ã
ãŠç·äŒã§å¯©è°ããããšãšãããã«è³ã£ãŠïŒå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã®è°è«ã¯ïŒçŸå®çåé¡
ãšããŠä¿äžã«ä¹ããããããšã«ãªã£ã
â € é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«å¯Ÿããè³åŠ
å è¿°ã®åããŸãšãå ±åæžãåèã«å°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ããããè°è«ã®ç¶æ³ãæŽçãããšïŒå°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢
ããããïŒçŸè¡æ³ã® 20 æ³æªæºãšããå°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ãç¶æãã¹ãã§ãããšããèãæ¹ãš 18 æ³æª
æºã«åŒãäžããã¹ãã§ãããšããèãæ¹ãšãããã
1 è³ææèŠ
å°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒäžãã«è³æããç«å Žããã¯ïŒ(1)åœæ³äžã®çµ±äžã®å¿ èŠæ§ïŒ(2)æ°æ³ã»
å ¬è·éžææ³ãšã®é¢ä¿ïŒ(3)äžè«ã®ååïŒ(4)被害è ææ ãžã®é æ ®ïŒ(5)è«žå€åœã®å°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ç
ãçç±ãšããŠæãããã37ã
(1) åœæ³äžã®çµ±äžã®å¿ èŠæ§
äžè¬çãªæ³åŸã«ãããŠã倧人ããšããŠåãæ±ãããããšãšãªã幎霢ã¯äžèŽããæ¹ãããã
ãããïŒ18 æ³ã«éããè ã«å¯ŸããŠå€§äººãšããŠã®èªèŠãä¿ãäžã§ãé©åã§ãããšããŠïŒå°ãª
ããšãæ°æ³ãå°å¹Žæ³ãªã©ã®äž»èŠãªæ³åŸã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒåœæ°ã®æ··ä¹±ãæããªãããã«ãçµ±äžã
ã¹ãã ãšã®æèŠãããã
(2) æ°æ³ã»å ¬è·éžææ³ãšã®é¢ä¿
æ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã 18 æ³ã«åŒãäžããããå ŽåïŒæ°æ³ã§æ幎ãšããŠæ±ãããè ã«ïŒæªæç
ã§å€æèœåãäžååã§ããããšãçç±ã«ä¿è·äž»çŸ©ïŒãã¿ãŒããªãºã ïŒã«åºã¥ãä¿è·åŠåã課
37 å å èãå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©âœ€å¹Žéœ¢åŒäžãããããè°è«ãåœâœŽåœäŒå³æžé€šèª¿æ»ãšæ å ± 963 å·(2017) 6 é -7 é
20
ãããšã¯ïŒéå°ãªä»å ¥ãšãªããã倧人ããšããŠæ±ããã幎霢ãäžèŽãããæ¹ãããããããïŒ
幎é·å°å¹Žã«èªèŠãä¿ãããšãã§ãïŒå ¬è·éžææ³ã®éžæ暩幎霢åã³æ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ãåŒãäž
ãã趣æšãšæŽåããã
(3) äžè«ã®åå
è³æã®ç«å Žããã¯ïŒäžè«ã®å€§åãå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«è³æããŠããããšã䞻匵
ãããããã®èæ¯ã«ã¯ïŒäžè«ã®å€ããå°å¹Žç¯çœªã¯å¢å ããŠãããšãšãã«ïŒå¶æªåããŠãããš
èããŠãããšæšæž¬ã§ãããç£çµæ°è瀟㚠FNN ãå®æœããååäžè«èª¿æ»ã«ãããšïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®
察象幎霢ã®ã20 æ³æªæºãããã18 æ³æªæºããžã®åŒãäžãã«ã€ããŠïŒè³æã 82.2ïŒ ã«äžãïŒ
å察㮠14.1ïŒ ã倧ããäžåã£ããæ人幎霢åŒãäžãã«ã€ããŠã¯ 52.2ïŒ ãè³æãïŒå察ã¯
42.4ïŒ ã ã£ã38ãæ¿åºã®å®æœãããå°å¹Žéè¡ã«é¢ããäžè«èª¿æ»ã39ã«ãããŠãïŒå°å¹Žéè¡ã®
å¢å ã«é¢ãããããªãã®å®æãšããŠïŒãããã 5 幎åãšæ¯ã¹ãŠïŒå°å¹Žã«ããé倧ãªäºä»¶ãå¢
ããŠãããšæããŸããïŒæžã£ãŠãããšæããŸãããããšãã質åã«å¯ŸããŠïŒ78.6%ã®äººãå¢
ããŠãããšåçããŠãã40ããŸãïŒãããªãã¯ïŒãããã 5 幎åãšæ¯ã¹ãŠïŒå°å¹Žéè¡ã¯ã©ã®
ãããªãã®ãå¢ããŠãããšæããŸããããã®äžããããã€ã§ããããŠãã ãããããšãã質
åã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ïŒãæ²ç€ºæ¿ã«ç¯è¡äºåã誹è¬äžå·ã®æžã蟌ã¿ããããªã©ã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããå©çš
ãããã®ãã 63.0ïŒ ïŒãèªåã®ææ ãã³ã³ãããŒã«ã§ããªããŠè¡ããã®ïŒçªç¶ãã¬ãŠè¡ãã
ã®ïŒãã 52.7ïŒ ïŒãå¶æªã»ç²æŽåãããã®ãã 45.9ïŒ ïŒãéå£ã«ãããã®ãã 42.3%ãšåçã
ãŠãããããããäžè«ã®æèãèæ¯ã«ïŒåè¿°ã®äžè«èª¿æ»ã«ãããŠïŒé©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«ã€ã
ãŠè³æãäžåã£ãŠãããšèããããã
(4) 被害è ææ ãžã®é æ ®
ç¯çœªè¢«å®³è çããïŒå°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãã¯ç¯çœªã®ææ¢ã«ã€ãªãããšã®æèŠãïŒéžæ暩幎霢
ãæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ãå€ããã®ã§ããã°ïŒè²¬ä»»ããè¡åããšãããšåœã«ãã£ãŠèªãããã 18
æ³ïŒ19 æ³ã®è ãé倧ãªçœªãç¯ããå Žåã«å°å¹Žæ³ãé©çšãããŠå眰ãæžå ãããããšã¯èš±ã
ããªããšã䞻匵ãããŠããã
å°å¹Žæ³ã¯å¹³æ 12(2000)幎æ¹æ£ä»¥éïŒè¢«å®³è ã«é æ ®ããæ¹æ£ãè¡ãããŠãããïŒå°å¹Žç¯çœª
ã«ãã被害è ã被害è éºæã¯ãæ¬è³ªçã«ã¯ïŒå 害å°å¹Žã®ä¿è·ã»æŽçãã«äž»çŒã眮ããæ³åŸã§
ããããšã«å€ãããªãæšäž»åŒµããããŸãïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®åºæ¬çãªç²Ÿç¥ã«ã¯è³åããŠãããïŒé倧
ãªç¯çœªãç¯ããå°å¹Žãæ人ãã軜ãå眰ã«åŠãããããšã¯å°åºæ¿æã§ããªããšã䞻匵ããã
38 ããç£çµã»FNN ååäžè«èª¿æ»ãå°å¹Žæ³ã®å¯Ÿè±¡å¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«è³æ 82ïŒ ãå é£æ¯æç㯠53.6ïŒ ã§ 4 ã«æ
é£ç¶äžæãhttps://www.sankei.com/politics/news/150330/plt1503300017-n1.html
(2019/12/19 æçµé²èŠ§) 39 調æ»å¯Ÿè±¡å šåœ 20 æ³ä»¥äžã®æ¥æ¬åœç±ãæããè 3,000 人 40 42.3%ãå¢ããŠããïŒ36.3%ãããçšåºŠå¢ããŠãããšåçã
21
(5) è«žå€åœã®å°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢
è«žå€åœã§ã¯ 18 æ³ä»¥äžãæ人ãšããåœãå€ãïŒæãåœã®å°å¹Žæ³ãé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®äžéã 18 æ³
ã«åŒãäžããããšã¯ïŒåœé瀟äŒã®æœ®æµã«åãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããšäž»åŒµãããŠããã
è¡š è«žå€åœã®å°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢41
åœå 幎霢 åè
æ¥æ¬ 20 ç¯è¡æ 16 æ³ä»¥äžã®å°å¹Žãæ æã®ç¯çœªè¡çºã«ãã被害è ãæ»äº¡ããã
眪ã®äºä»¶ã¯ïŒååãšããŠæ€å¯å®éèŽæ±ºå®ãããªããã°ãªããªãã
ã€ã®ãªã¹ 18 å°å¹Žäºä»¶ã®ç®¡èœã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒ1908 幎ã®å ç«¥æ³ã«ããå°å¹Žè£å€æ
(Juvenile Court)ãåµèšããïŒ7 æ³ä»¥äž 16 æ³æªæºã®è ããã®ç®¡èœãšã
ããŠãããïŒ1933 幎ã®å ç«¥åã³è¥å¹Žè æ³ã«ãã 8 æ³ä»¥äž 17 æ³æªæº
ã®è ãšãªãïŒããã« 1963 幎ã®å ç«¥åã³è¥å¹Žè æ³ã«ããäžéã 10 æ³
以äžã«åŒãäžããããããããŠïŒ1991 幎ã®åäºè£å€æ³ã«ããïŒå°å¹Ž
è£å€æã®å称ãéå°å¹Žè£å€æ(Youth Court)ã«æ¹ãããšãšãã«ïŒå°å¹Ž
幎霢ã®äžéã 17 æ³æªæºãã 18 æ³æªæºã«åŒãäžããããã
ã¢ã¡ãªã« 18 å°å¹Žè£å€æã管èœããäºä»¶ã«ã¯ïŒæ人ãè¡ãã°ç¯çœªãšãªãéè¡ã«ä¿ã
äºä»¶ã®ã»ãïŒå°å¹Žã«åºæã®å®¶åºçã®äžè¯è¡çºã«ä¿ãäºä»¶ãå«ãŸããã
å°å¹Žè£å€æã管èœããéè¡å°å¹Žã®å¹Žéœ¢ã®äžéã¯ïŒå€ãã®å·ã§ 18 æ³æª
æºãšãããŠããããã®å¹Žéœ¢èšå®ã¯ïŒãã®èšå®ã®çµéããã¿ããšïŒéžæ
暩幎霢ãç§æ³äžã®æ幎幎霢ãšé¢é£ããããšãªãç¬èªã«èšå®ãããä¿
è·ã»æè²ãè¡ã£ãŠç€ŸäŒã«åã³è¿ãå ¥ããããšãç®çãšããä¿è·åŠåã
ç§ãæ矩ããã幎霢ïŒããªãã¡ïŒå°å¹Žã®å¯å¡æ§ãè±ããªå¹Žéœ¢ã 18 æ³
æªæºã«èšå®ããŠãããšèšã£ãŠããããšã®è©äŸ¡ã瀺ãããŠããã
ãã€ã 18 ãã€ãã§ã¯ïŒè¡çºæ 14 æ³ã«æºããªãè ã¯åäºè²¬ä»»èœåããªãïŒå°å¹Ž
è£å€ææ³ã¯ïŒè¡çºæ 14 æ³ä»¥äž 18 æ³æªæºã®è ããå°å¹Ž(Jugend)ããšïŒ
18 æ³ä»¥äž 21 æ³æªæºã®è ããé幎(Heranwachsende)ããšå®çŸ©ãïŒå
æ³ç¬¬ 1 æ¡ç¬¬ 2 é ïŒïŒå°å¹Žåã³é幎ã®äºä»¶ãå°å¹Žè£å€æã®ç®¡èœãšãªãã
åæ³ã®èŠå®ã®å€ãã¯å°å¹Žã«å¯ŸããŠé©çšããããã®ã§ãããïŒé幎ã«ã€
ããŠã¯ïŒåã®ç·©åã«é¢ããèŠå®ïŒåæ³ç¬¬ 106 æ¡ïŒã®ã»ãïŒè£å€æã®æ§
æïŒç®¡èœïŒèª¿æ»ã®ç¯å²çå°å¹Žåäºæç¶ã«é¢ããè«žèŠå®ãé幎ã«å¯Ÿãã
æç¶ã«æºçšããèŠå®ïŒåæ³ç¬¬ 107 æ¡ïŒç¬¬ 108 æ¡åã³ç¬¬ 109 æ¡ç¬¬ 1 é ïŒ
ã眮ãããŠããã
41 倧åµåº·åŒ(2017) ãæãåœã«ãããå°å¹Žåžæ³å¶åºŠã®çŸç¶ãšå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãã«é¢ãã課é¡ã17 é
-24 é ã«åºã¥ããŠçè ãäœæ
22
éåœ 19 éåœã®å°å¹Žåžæ³å¶åºŠã¯ïŒæ€å¯å®å è°äž»çŸ©ããšãç¹ã«ãããŠå®¶åºè£å€æ
å è°äž»çŸ©ããšãæãåœã®å°å¹Žæ³ãšç念ã«é¢ãã倧ããªå¶åºŠççžéã
ãããïŒæ²¿é©äžã®çç±ããã£ãŠïŒå¯©å€æç¶ãåŠåã«ãããŠã¯æãåœã®
å°å¹Žåžæ³å¶åºŠãšé¡äŒŒããç¹ãå€ãã
å¶å®æã®å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ïŒ20 æ³æªæºã®è ãå°å¹ŽãšãïŒ12 æ³ä»¥äž 20 æ³æªæº
ã®è ãå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡ã§ãã£ããïŒ2007 幎 12 æã®æ¹æ£ã«ããå°å¹Ž
幎霢ã®äžéåã³äžéã®åŒäžããè¡ããïŒæ¹æ£åŸã®å°å¹Žæ³ã§ã¯ 19 æ³æª
æºã®è ãå°å¹ŽãšãïŒåæ³ç¬¬ 2 æ¡ïŒïŒ10 æ³ä»¥äž 19 æ³æªæºã®è ãå°å¹Žæ³
ã®é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªã£ãã19 æ³ãžã®åŒäžãã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒä»ã®æ³åŸãšã®çµ±
äžæ§ïŒéžæ暩幎霢ãéå°å¹Žä¿è·æ³ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã§ãªããªã幎霢ããããã
19 æ³ä»¥äžïŒïŒå€§åŠå ¥åŠå¹Žéœ¢ã 19 æ³ã§ããããšïŒéå°å¹Žã®æç床ãªã©
ãèæ ®ãããã
2 å察æèŠ
å°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«å察ããç«å Žããã¯ïŒ(1)åœæ³äžã®çµ±äžã¯åŒäžãã®çç±ãšã¯
ãªããªãããšïŒ(2)å°å¹Žäºä»¶ã®å¢å ã»å¶æªåã®äºå®ã¯ãªãããšïŒ(3)åç¯é²æ¢ã®èŠ³ç¹ããåé¡
ãããããšïŒ(4)èç¯å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããåãæããã§ããªããªãããšïŒ(5)çŸè¡æ³ã§å¯Ÿå¿å¯èœãªã
ãšçãçç±ãšããŠæãããã42ã
(1) åœæ³äžã®çµ±äžã¯åŒäžãã®çç±ãšã¯ãªããªãããš
æ³åŸã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã¯ïŒç«æ³è¶£æšãç®çã«ç §ãããŠæ³åŸããšã«åå¥å ·äœçã«æ€èšããã¹ãã§
ããïŒå°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ã¯ïŒå¿ ç¶çã«éžæ暩幎霢ãæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ãšé£åããªããã°ãªããªããã®ã§
ã¯ãªããããã¯ïŒæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã 20 æ³ã§ãã£ãã®ã«å¯ŸãïŒæ§å°å¹Žæ³ãé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã 18 æ³
æªæºãšããŠããããšãããæããã§ããã
(2) å°å¹Žäºä»¶ã®å¢å ã»å¶æªåã®äºå®ã¯ãªãããš
äžè«èª¿æ»ã§ã¯ïŒåœæ°ã®å€ããå°å¹Žäºä»¶ã¯å¢å ã»å¶æªåããŠãããšèªèããŠãããïŒç¯çœªçœ
æžã®ããŒã¿ã«ãããšïŒå°å¹Žéè¡ã¯å¢å ãå¶æªåãããŠãããïŒãããæžå°ããŠããã
èŠå¯åºãå ¬è¡šããè³æã«ãããšïŒæ€æ人å¡ã¯ïŒå¹³æ 16 幎以é 14 幎é£ç¶ããŠæžå°ããŠã
ãïŒ29 幎äžã¯ 2 äž 6,797 人ãšå幎ãã 4,719 人(15.0ïŒ )æžå°ãïŒäººå£æ¯ã¯ 3.8 ãšå幎ãã
0.7 ãã€ã³ãäœäžãïŒããããæŠåŸæå°ãæŽæ°ãã43ãããããå¶æªç¯ãšåŒã°ãã殺人ïŒåŒ·
42 åæ²æ³š(38) 9 é -12 é 43 èŠå¯åºç掻å®å šå±å°å¹Žèª²ãå¹³æ 29 幎äžã«ãããå°å¹Žã®è£å°åã³ä¿è·ã®æŠæ³ã2 é
23
çïŒæŸç«ïŒåŒ·å¶æ§äº€çã«ã€ããŠãå¹³æ 29 幎äžã®æ€æ人å¡ã¯ 438 人ãšïŒå幎ãã 100 人
(18.6ïŒ )æžå°ãïŒäžã§ãå šäœã®çŽ 6 å²ãå ãã匷ç㯠77 人(23.5%)æžå°ãã44ãäžæ¹ïŒæ€æ
人å¡åã³äººå£æ¯ãšãæžå°åŸåã«ãããïŒäººå£æ¯ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ人ãšæ¯ã¹åŒãç¶ãé«ãæ°Žæºã«
ããããã®ãããªåŸåã¯ïŒ18 æ³ïŒ19 æ³ã®å¹Žé·å°å¹Žã«ã€ããŠãåæ§ã§ãã45ã
(3) åç¯é²æ¢ã®èŠ³ç¹ããåé¡ãããããš
å°å¹Žåžæ³ãæŠæäžã§å®è³ªçã«ã¯åœ¢éªžåãïŒè§£äœç¶æ ã«é¥ã£ãŠããïŒçµæŠåŸïŒæªæŸæã®ç€ŸäŒ
解äœçãªç¶æ³ã®äžã§å°å¹Žç¯çœªãæ¿å¢ããããã®åçãèžãŸãïŒæŠåŸã®æ°äž»åïŒæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ã
æè²åºæ¬æ³ïŒå ç«¥çŠç¥æ³ã®å¶å®ãšé£åããŠå°å¹Žæ³ãå šé¢æ¹æ£ããïŒå°å¹Žã¯ä¿è·ã®å®¢äœã«çãŸ
ããïŒäººæš©ã»æš©å©ã®äž»äœãšäœçœ®ã¥ããããããããæãé¡èã«è¡šããŠããã®ãïŒå®¶åºè£å€æ
ãå è°æš©ãæã€å šä»¶éèŽäž»çŸ©ãæ¡çšããããšãšå°å¹Žã®å¹Žéœ¢äžéãåŸæ¥ã® 18 æ³ãã 20 æ³ãž
åŒãäžããããšã§ãããçŸåšã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã®è°è«ã¯ïŒãã®æŽå²çèæ¯ã«ãåããŠããã
ãŸãïŒå°å¹Žã«ããåæ³ç¯ã®å èš³ãã¿ããšïŒãã®å€§åãçªçã®ãããªè»œåŸ®ãªç¯çœªãå ããŠã
ããçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ïŒååãã¹ãŠã®äºä»¶ã家åºè£å€æã«éèŽããïŒå°å¹Žéå¥æã«ããéå¥ãïŒ
家åºè£å€æ調æ»å®ã«ãã調æ»ãéããŠïŒå°å¹Žã®ä¿è·ãšæè²ãç®çãšããåŠéãéžæãããã
äžæ¹ïŒçŸåšã®åäºæç¶ã§ã¯ïŒåè¿°ã®ãããªè»œåŸ®ãªç¯çœªã®å€§åã¯èµ·èšŽç¶äºãšãªã£ãŠãããä»®ã«
å°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžããããå ŽåïŒäžèšã®ãããªè»œåŸ®ãªç¯çœªãç¯ãã 18 æ³ïŒ19 æ³ã®
幎é·å°å¹Žã«å¯ŸããŠå°å¹Žæ³ã«åºã¥ãä¿è·åŠåãè¡ãããšã¯ã§ããªãã
(4) èç¯å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããåãæããã§ããªããªãããš
å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ïŒå眰æ³ä»€ã«è§ŠããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããïŒå°æ¥ç¯çœªã«åã¶å¯èœæ§ãé«ãç¶æ ã«ã
ãå°å¹ŽïŒç¬¬ 3 æ¡ç¬¬ 1 é 第 3 å·ããã®ãããªå°å¹Žããèç¯å°å¹ŽããšãããïŒã«å¯Ÿããåãæã
ã«ã€ããŠãèŠå®ããŠãããå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžããããå ŽåïŒããããèç¯å°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿ
ããã¢ãããŒãã¯å°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšããã£ãŠåããŠå¯èœã«ãªããã®ã§ããã
(5) çŸè¡æ³ã§å¯Ÿå¿å¯èœãªããš
å°å¹Žæ³ã¯ïŒå¹³æ 12(2000)幎ã®æ¹æ£ã«ããïŒæ æã®ç¯çœªè¡çºã«ãã被害è ãæ»äº¡ããã眪
ã®äºä»¶ã§ãã£ãŠïŒè¡çºæ 16 æ³ä»¥äžã®å°å¹Žã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒååãšããŠæ€å¯å®ã«éèŽããå¶åºŠã
å°å ¥ãããŠããïŒç¬¬ 20 æ¡ç¬¬ 2 é ïŒããŸãïŒè¡çºæ 18 æ³ä»¥äžã®å°å¹Žã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒçŸè¡æ³äžã§
ãæ»åãããåŸãïŒç¬¬ 51 æ¡ç¬¬ 1 é ïŒ46ã
44 åæ²æ³š(44) 4 é 45 åæ²æ³š(44) 12 é 46 åæ²æ³š(38) 12 é
24
3 èå¯
ãããŸã§ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«è³æã»å察ã®ç«å Žã«ã€ããŠããããã®äž»åŒµãæŠèŠ³
ããŠãããããã§æ³šæãããã®ã¯ïŒåæ¹ã®äž»åŒµïŒç¹ã«é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãã«è³æããåŽã®äž»
匵ã®èæ¯ã«ã¯æ ¹åŒ·ãå³çœ°åè«ãæœãã§ããããšã§ãããããªãã¡ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒã
äžãã«å察ããåŽã¯ïŒãããŸã§ã®å°å¹Žæ³ã®æ¹æ£ããå³çœ°åããšãïŒé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãããå³
眰åãã®æçµåœ¢æ ãšäœçœ®ä»ããŠãããäžæ¹ïŒããã«è³æããç«å Žã¯ïŒå°å¹Žç¯çœªã®ãå¶æªåã
ãæ ¹æ ã«é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãããå³çœ°åãã®ç«¯ç·ãšããããšãæå³ããŠãããšãããããã
ãïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžããè«ããã«ããã£ãŠã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ãå³çœ°åããããšãšæ°æ³ãå ¬
éžæ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã«åãããŠé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžããããšã¯æ確ã«åããŠè«ããå¿ èŠãããã
ãå°å¹Žæ³ãå³çœ°åãããããšãšã¯ïŒå°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããå眰ãæåéãéãããããšã§ãããäŸ
ãã°ïŒäžå®æåã®é·æåã³çæã®äžéã®åŒäžããç¡æåãç·©åããŠææåãšããå Žåã«ã
ããåœè©²ææåã®äžéã®åŒäžããçã蟌ãã å¹³æ 26 幎æ¹æ£æ³ãããã«ãããã
ä»åã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«ãã£ãŠïŒ18 æ³åã³ 19 æ³ãå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšç¯å²ããå€ããå ŽåïŒ
18 æ³åã³ 19 æ³ã®å°å¹Žã¯æ人ã®åäºæç¶ãã«ä»ãããããšã«ãªããäžè«èª¿æ»ã§ãé©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒ
ãäžããã«ã€ããŠè³æã 82.2%ãšéåæ°ãè¶ ããŠããïŒãã®ããã«äžè«ã被害è åã³è¢«å®³è
éºæãé©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«åŒ·ãè³æããã®ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ãã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒæ°æ³äžã¯æ幎ãšã
ãŠæ±ãããããšã«ãªã£ãã«ãé¢ãããïŒçœªãç¯ããšä¿è·ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšããŠæ±ãããããšãžã®é
åæãçŽæçã«è§£æ±ºããŠããïŒãã®ãããªæå³ã§ã®ãå³çœ°åãã«çŽçµãããšèããããŠãã
ããã ãšæšæž¬ããããããã«ïŒ18 æ³åã³ 19 æ³ã®å°å¹Žã¯æ人ã®åäºæç¶ãã«ä»ãããããšã«
ãªãããïŒå³çœ°åãããããã«ãèŠããããããïŒçµ±èšè³æ47ãã¿ããšïŒæ®ºäººã»åŒ·çã»æŸç«ã»
匷å¶æ§äº€ç眪ã§æ§æãããå¶æªç¯ã¯å¹ŽéçŽ 600 件ãšä»ã®ç¯çœªãšæ¯ã¹ãŠå°ãªãïŒ2 äžä»¶ãè¶
ããçªç眪ã®å ŽåïŒå·è¡ç¶äºå€æ±ºãåºãããããšãå€ã48ããŸãïŒå¶æªç¯ã«ã€ããŠã 16 æ³
以äžã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ 20 æ¡ 2 é ã§ééå¶åºŠãèšããããŠããïŒé©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«ãã£ãŠå°å¹Žã«
察ããå眰ãšããŠãå³çœ°åããšããæå³ã§å€åããéšåã¯ãã»ã©å€ããªããäžæ¹ã§ïŒå°å¹Žã«
ããåæ³ç¯ã®æ€æ人å¡ã®ãã¡ïŒå¹Žé·å°å¹Žã§åæ°ãå ããŠãã49ããšããïŒ18 æ³ïŒ19 æ³ã®è
ã®è ãä¿è·åŠåã®å¯Ÿè±¡ããã¯ãããããšã«ãªãã°ïŒåç¯ã»åé£è¡é²æ¢ã«å¿ èŠãªåŠéãåãã
ããè¡ãããªããªãïŒãã®çµæãšããŠåç¯ã»åéè¡ã®å¢å ãæžå¿µãããã
ä»®ã«ïŒå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžãããšããŠãïŒ18 æ³ã»19 æ³ãäžå¿ãšããè¥å¹Žæ人ãžã®ç¹
å¥ãªé æ ®ãæ±ããèŠè§£ãèŠããïŒæ³å¶å¯©ã§ããã®ç¹ã«éç¹ã眮ããŠè°è«ãé²ããããŠããã
47 æ³åçæ³åç·åç 究æãå¹³æ 29 幎床çç¯çœªçœæžã第 3 ç·š/第 1 ç« /第 1 ç¯/3 3-1-1-6 è¡šå°å¹Žã«ããåæ³
ç¯ æ€æ人å¡ã»å°å¹Žæ¯ïŒçœªåå¥ïŒç·å¥³å¥ïŒ 48 å¹³æ 29 幎 åžæ³çµ±èšå¹Žå ± 2 åäºç·š 第 9 è¡š åäºèšŽèšäºä»¶ã®çš®é¡åã³çµå±åºåå¥æ¢æžäººå¡âå°æ¹è£å€æ 49 åæ²æ³š(48) 3-1-1-2 å³ å°å¹Žã«ããåæ³ç¯ æ€æ人å¡ã»äººå£æ¯ã®æšç§»ïŒå¹Žéœ¢å±€å¥ïŒ
25
ãªãã§ãïŒè¥å¹Žæ人ã«å¯Ÿããç¯çœªè åŠéçãšããŠïŒå¹Žé·å°å¹Žã«å¯ŸããŠä¿è·åŠåé¡äŒŒã®å¶åºŠã®
åµèšãæ€èšããŠããããš50ïŒããªãã¡ 18 æ³ã»19 æ³ã®è¥å¹Žæ人ãçŽã¡ã«æ人ãšåæ§ã®åäºè£
å€ããã³å眰ã«ä»ãããããšãåé¿ããæ¹æ³ãæ€èšããŠããããšã«éã¿ãŠïŒä»åã®é©çšå¹Ž
霢åŒãäžãã®åãã¯ïŒè¢«å®³è 䞊ã³ã«è¢«å®³è éºæã®äž»åŒµãäžè«ãšã¯è£è ¹ã«ïŒãå³çœ°åããšãã
ãããä»ã®æ³åŸãšå¹³ä»ãåãããããšã«äž»çŒããããšãã£ãŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªããã
ã§ã¯ïŒæ°æ³ãå ¬éžæ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã«åãããŠé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžããããšã®åŠ¥åœæ§ã¯ã©ã®ã
ãã«èããã¹ãããé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžããããšã«è³æã®ç«å Žããã¯ïŒåè¿°ã®éãïŒäžè¬çãª
æ³åŸã«ãããŠã倧人ããšããŠåãæ±ãããããšãšãªã幎霢ã¯äžèŽããæ¹ãããããããïŒ18
æ³ã«éããè ã«å¯ŸããŠå€§äººãšããŠã®èªèŠãä¿ãäžã§ãé©åã§ãããšããŠïŒå°ãªããšãæ°æ³
ãå°å¹Žæ³ãªã©ã®äž»èŠãªæ³åŸã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒåœæ°ã®æ··ä¹±ãæããªãããã«ãçµ±äžãã¹ãã§ãã
ãšäž»åŒµãããŠããããŸãïŒæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã 18 æ³ã«åŒãäžããããå ŽåïŒæ°æ³ã§æ幎ãšã
ãŠæ±ãããè ã«ïŒæªæçã§å€æèœåãäžååã§ããããšãçç±ã«ä¿è·äž»çŸ©ïŒãã¿ãŒããªãºã ïŒ
ã«åºã¥ãä¿è·åŠåã課ãããšã¯ïŒéå°ãªä»å ¥ã§ããïŒã倧人ããšããŠæ±ããã幎霢ãäžèŽã
ããæ¹ãããããããïŒããã«ïŒå¹Žé·å°å¹Žã«èªèŠãä¿ãããšãã§ãïŒå ¬è·éžææ³ã®éžæ暩幎
霢åã³æ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ãåŒãäžãã趣æšãšæŽåãããšã䞻匵ããŠããã
ãããïŒæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã®åŒãäžãã®èåŸã«ããèãæ¹ã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžã
ãšã¯ç°ãªã£ãŠãããæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã®åŒãããã¯ïŒèªãã®å€æã§ç€ŸäŒç掻ãéãããšãã§ã
ã幎霢ã®åŒãäžããæå³ãïŒè¥è ã®è²¬ä»»ãåãããšã§ã¯ãªãïŒè¥è ã®æš©å©ãèªç±ãæ¡å€§ãã
ããšã«äž»çŒããããããªãã¡ïŒæ°æ³ã®æ幎幎霢ã®åŒãäžãã¯ïŒã芪ã®åºè·ãé¢ããŠïŒèªç«ã
ããããšèããŠããæ©çãªè¥è ãçµéšäžè¶³ã«é æ ®ããªãã瀟äŒã«ããã¥ãŒããïŒäžäººåã®
倧人ã«æé·ãããŠããããã®æ³æ¹æ£ã51ã§ãããäžæ¹å°å¹Žæ³ã®ç®çã¯ïŒãå°å¹Žã®å¥å šãªè²æ
ãæãïŒéè¡ã®ããå°å¹Žã«å¯ŸããŠæ§æ Œã®ç¯æ£åã³ç°å¢ã®èª¿æŽã«é¢ããä¿è·åŠåãè¡ããšãš
ãã«ïŒå°å¹Žã®åäºäºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠç¹å¥ã®æªçœ®ãè¬ãããããšã§ããïŒã瀟äŒããããããã¢ãŠ
ãããŠããŸã£ãæªçãªè¥è ãïŒã©ã®ããã«ç€ŸäŒã«åŸ©åž°ããããã52ãéèŠã§ããããããã£
ãŠïŒããããæ°æ³ãšå°å¹Žæ³ã®ããã«è¶£æšã®ç°ãªãæ³åŸã®å¹³ä»ãåããããšããããšã ãã
çç±ãšããŠïŒé©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãã®è°è«ãé²ããããšã¯ïŒå šãè«æ ãæ¬ ãããã®ãšèšããã
ãåŸãªãã
50 æ³å¶å¯©è°äŒå°å¹Žæ³ã»åäºæ³ïŒå°å¹Žå¹Žéœ¢ã»ç¯çœªè 21 åŠéé¢ä¿ïŒéšäŒç¬¬ 12 åäŒè°é åžè³æ PP.24-35
ãç¯çœªè ã«å¯ŸããåŠéãäžå±€å å®ãããããã®åäºã®å®äœæ³åã³æç¶æ³ã®æŽåïŒæ€èšã®ããã®çŽ æ¡ïŒã 51 å°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢åŒãäžãã«å察ããã·ã³ããžãŠã è³æ 11 é . 52 åæ²æ³š(48) 11 é .
26
â ¥ çµããã«
æåŸã«ïŒçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã®æ¯æ³ã§ãããšããã®ç±³åœå°å¹Žæ³ã«ã€ããŠãèšåããŠããããã
2005 幎 Roper v. Simmons å€æ±ºã¯ïŒãç¯è¡æ 18 æ³æªæºã§æ»åçžåœç¯çœªãç¯ããè ã«å¯Ÿã
ãŠïŒæ»åãç§ãããšã¯åè¡åœæ²æ³ä¿®æ£ 8 æ¡ã«ãã£ãŠçŠæ¢ãããæ®èãã€ä»¥äžãªå眰ã«ãã
ãããšå€äºãïŒå°å¹Žã«å¯Ÿããæ»åãå»æ¢ãã53ããã®ä»ã®å€äŸã§ãïŒå°å¹Žã®åã®æžè»œãèªã
ãå€æãåºãããŠããããããã®é£éŠæé«è£ã®å€æã¯ïŒæ人ãšå°å¹Žãšã¯éãååšã§ãããã
ãã«ïŒãšãã¹ã責任ã®è³ªãç°ãªãïŒå°å¹Žä¿è·æç¶ã«ããæè²çåŠåãååãšãã¹ãã§ããã
ãšïŒä¿éãããã¹ãæç¶çæš©å©ã®è³ªãç°ãªãïŒå°å¹Žã®ç¹æ§ã«é æ ®ããæç¶çæš©å©ä¿éãå¿ èŠ
ã§ããããš54ãæããã«ãããã®ã§ããããã®ãããªé£éŠæé«è£ã®å€æã«ãã£ãŠïŒç±³åœåå·
ã«ãããå³çœ°åã®åãã¯èŠçŽããè¿«ãããŠãããç±³åœã®å€§å€æ°ã®å·ã§ã¯ïŒåè¿°ã®ããã«å°å¹Ž
è£å€æã®ç®¡èœå¹Žéœ¢ã 18 æ³ãšããŠãããïŒäžéšã®å·ïŒãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯å·ïŒããŒã¹ã«ãã©ã€ãå·ïŒ
ã§ã¯ïŒ16 æ³ããæ人ç¯çœªè ãšããŠæ±ã£ãŠããããããïŒåå·ã¯ïŒãã®é£éŠæé«è£ã®å€æã
åŸè¿°ããè³ç§åŠã»ç¥çµç§åŠã®ç¥èŠããïŒ2017 幎ïŒå幎霢ã 18 æ³æªæºã«åŒãäžããæ³åŸãå¯
決ããŠãã55ãããããåããããšã¯ïŒãå³çœ°åãåŸè¿œãããæ³æ¹æ£ã®æ代ã¯çµçãè¿ããŠ
ãã56ãïŒè«žå€åœã®æœ®æµã«åããããšããããšãçç±ãšããŠåŠ¥åœæ§ãæ¬ ããŠãããšããããš
ã§ããã
以äžã®æ€èšããæãããªããã«ïŒå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãã«ã€ããŠã®ææ¡ã¯ïŒè«æ ãæ¬
ããŠãããšèšããããããªãã18 æ³ã»19 æ³ã«å¯Ÿããå°å¹Žæ³äžã®äœçœ®ã¥ããæªçããèæ ®ã
ãããšãªãïŒåã«ãåœæ³äžã®å¹Žéœ¢çµ±äžããšãã圢åŒç芳ç¹ããè°è«ãè¡ãããŠããç¹ã«æ±ºå®
çãªåé¡ãããããŸãïŒãããŸã§ã®å°å¹Žæ³ã®åŠéã¯ïŒå°å¹Žã®æ€æ人å¡ãæžå°ããŠããããšã
ããïŒå®çžŸããããã®ãšã¿ãŠããããããã£ãŠïŒä»æ¥ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžãè«ã¯ïŒèåŸã«èŠ
ãé ãããå³çœ°åè«ãããããšãªããïŒåè¿°ã®ããã«åœ¢åŒçãªè°è«ã«çµå§ããŠããïŒæ£åœæ§
ãæ¬ ããã®ã§ãããšãããã
ãã¡ããïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžããªãç¶æ ã§ïŒå¹Žé·å°å¹Žãå«ããå°å¹Žç¯çœªè ã«å¯Ÿã
ãé©åãªåŠéãæ€èšããããšã¯ïŒæé€ãããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããå°å¹Žãšããååšã¯ïŒä»æ¥ã®è³ç§
åŠã»ç²Ÿç¥ç§åŠã®çºèŠã«ããïŒéåžžïŒ25 æ³çšåºŠãŸã§ã¯é¡åçã«èªç¥çµ±å¶æ©èœãè匱ã§ããïŒ
è¡åçè¡åãå¶åŸ¡ããèœåãæªæçã§ãã57ãšããããã®ãããªèŠ³ç¹ããã¿ãå ŽåãïŒå°å¹Ž
æ³ã®é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ãåŒãäžããããšã¯ïŒå°å¹Žæ³ã®ç®çã«åããããšã«ãªãããããã£ãŠïŒå±±å£
(2015)ã®ããããã«ïŒç±³åœé£éŠæé«è£ã®è«žå€äŸã®æ矩ãèžãŸããã°ïŒç±³åœè«žå·ã§å±éãããŠ
53 å±±å£çŽä¹ãå°å¹Žæ³ããããè«žåé¡ è³ç§åŠã»ç¥çµç§åŠã®é²æ©ãå°å¹Žåžæ³ã«åãŒã圱é¿âç±³åœã«ãããæ
è¿ã®ååãäžå¿ã«âãèªç±ãšæ£çŸ© 2015 幎 10 æå·(2015) 31 é 54 å±±å£ åæ²æ³š(53)35 é . 55 å±±ïšä¿æµãå°å¹Žæ³ã®é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡å¹Žéœ¢ãä¿®éæ³åŠ 40 å·» 2 å·(2018) 179 é 56 å±±å£ åæ²æ³š(53) 37 é 57 å±±å£ åæ²æ³š(48) 37 é
27
ããå°å¹Žæ³é©çšå¹Žéœ¢ã®åŒãäžããããæåãããã¹ãã§ããã58ãäŸãã°ãã€ãã§ã¯ïŒé©çš
察象ã¯è¡çºæ 14 æ³ä»¥äž 18 æ³æªæºã®è ïŒå°å¹Ž:JugendlicherïŒã§ããããããïŒ18 æ³ä»¥äž 21
æ³æªæºã®è ïŒé幎:HeranwachsenderïŒã«ã€ããŠãïŒâ é幎ã®é埳çåã³ç²Ÿç¥ççºè²ããã¿
ãŠå°å¹Žãšåçã§ããããšãæãããªãšãïŒâ¡è¡çºã®çš®é¡ïŒåæ©çããã¿ãŠå°å¹Žéè¡ãšããŠå
ãæ±ãããã¹ããšãã«ã¯ïŒåæ³ã®äžã®å€ãã®èŠå®ãé©çšåã¯æºçšãããŠããïŒããã«å£ã£ãŠ
æ¥æ¬ã§ãåæ§ã« 20 æ³ä»¥äžã«ãå°å¹Žæ³ãé©çšããä»çµã¿ãèšããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããããã®ããš
ã¯ïŒçŸè¡å°å¹Žæ³ã®ç念ãšæ§é ãç¶æãããŠããéæå¯èœãªãã®ã ãšããããšãå床èªèãïŒ
ä¿è·åŠåã®æŽãªãå å®ã®ããã«å°å¹Žã®å¯å¡æ§ã«çŠç¹ãåœãŠãŠå·éã«æ€èšããããšãä»æã
ã«ã¯æ±ããããŠããã
è¬èŸ
æ¬ç 究ãé²ããã«åœããïŒæå°æå®ã®èéå°ä¹ææããã¯å€å€§ãªå©èšãè³ããŸãããææ
ã®ãæå°ãªãããŠæ¬è«æã®å®æã¯ããåŸãŸããã§ãããåãæè¬ç³ãäžããŸãããŸãæ¬è«æ
ã«äŸ¡å€ãã瀺åãäžããŠãã ãã£ãæ³åŠç 究ç§èéãŒãã®çããŸã«ãæè¬ã®æãè¡šããŸãã
58 å±±å£ åæ²æ³š(48) 37 é
28
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®äžç«æ§ãšç¬ç«æ§
ââã匷ãéŠçžãäžã®æš©ååç«ââ
äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ä¿®äºïŒ2019 幎 3 æïŒ
äžæ©å€§åŠå€§åŠé¢æ³åŠç 究ç§å士åŸæ課çš
é»éå°å€§
ç®æ¬¡
â ã¯ããã« ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãè«ããæ矩 ....................................................................... 28
â ¡ ç±³åœã®è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æŽå² ................................................................................................ 34
â ¢ æ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ .................................................................................................. 37
â £ ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒããããåŠèª¬ã®å±é ............................................................................ 42
â € ç±³åœã®ç¬ç«æ©é¢ããããå€äŸãšåŠèª¬ ............................................................................. 51
â ¥ ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ããæå¶åè¡¡ ................................................................................... 56
â Š çµããã« ã匷ãéŠçžãäžã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ ............................................................ 60
â ã¯ããã« ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãè«ããæ矩
æ¬è«æã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ãããŒããšããŠãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒå€ªå¹³æŽæŠäº
åŸã®æŠåŸæ¹é©ã®äžã§ïŒæ¥æ¬ã«æ¬æ Œçã«å°å ¥ãããããããŠïŒãã®æ²æ³é©åæ§ã¯ïŒå°å ¥åœåã
ãåé¡ãšãããŠãããæš©ååç«ååãæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®åçã«æµè§Šããããããææãã
ãã®ã§ãããäžå¿ãšãªãåé¡ã¯ïŒãè¡æ¿æš©ã¯ïŒå é£ã«å±ããããšå®ããæ²æ³ 65 æ¡ãšã®é¢ä¿ã§
ãããè¡æ¿ã«åœãããšèããããã«ãé¢ãããïŒå é£ã®ææ®ç£ç£ãå¿ ãããåããªãç¬ç«è¡
æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒãã®èŠå®ã«éåãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšçãããŠããããŸãïŒåæ¡ã¯ïŒãå é£ã¯ïŒ
è¡æ¿æš©ã®è¡äœ¿ã«ã€ããŠïŒåœäŒã«å¯Ÿãé£åž¯ããŠè²¬ä»»ãè² ãµããïŒæ²æ³ 66 æ¡ 3 é ïŒïŒãå é£ç·ç倧
è£ã¯ïŒâŠâŠè¡æ¿åéšãææ®ç£ç£ããããïŒæ²æ³ 72 æ¡ïŒãšäœµãïŒåœäŒã«å¯ŸããŠå é£ãïŒè¡æ¿æš©
ã®è¡äœ¿å šè¬ã«ã€ããŠè²¬ä»»ãè² ããšããæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®åçãå®ãããã®ãšè§£ãããŠããã
ãããããšïŒå é£ã責任ãè² ãããªãç¬ç«ã®è¡æ¿æ©é¢ã¯ïŒãã®åçã«ãåããããšã«ãªãåŸ
ãã
ãããïŒä»æ¥ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠã«ã€ããŠïŒæ²æ³åŠã®åŠèª¬ãšããŠéæ²èª¬ãå±ããããã
ãšã¯ïŒã»ãšãã©ãªã1ãçµè«ã«ãããŠå¯Ÿç«ããªããšããç¹ããèŠãã°ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å
æ²æ§ãšããåé¡ã¯ïŒæ¢ã«è§£æ±ºãããã®ãšã¿ãããšãã§ããªãã§ã¯ãªãããšããã°ïŒãããŠä»
æ¥ã«ãããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãæ²æ³åŠäžïŒåãäžããæ矩ã¯ã©ãã«èŠåºãããã®ã§ããããã
1 éäžä¿åœŠã»ããæ²æ³â ¡ 第 5 çã202 é ãé«æ©åä¹ãïŒææé£ïŒ2012ïŒ
29
ãã®ããšãïŒè«ããã«ããã£ãŠãŸãïŒæš©ååç«è«ã®çŸä»£ã«ãããç¶æ³ã確èªããŠããããšãš
ãããã
ä»æ¥ïŒæš©ååç«è«ãšããã®ã¯å€å®¹ãäœåãªããããŠãããå€å žçãªæå³ã§ã®ïŒãåœå®¶ã®è«ž
äœçšãæ§è³ªã«å¿ããŠç«æ³ã»è¡æ¿ã»åžæ³ãšããããã«ãåºå¥ããïŒãããç°ãªãæ©é¢ã«æ åœã
ããããã«ãåé¢ããïŒçžäºã«ãæå¶ãšåè¡¡ããä¿ãããã2ãšãã圢ã§ã¯ïŒæš©ååç«ã¯ïŒçŸ
å®ã«ã¯æ©èœããªãã®ã§ããããªããªãã°ïŒæ¿æ²»éšéãæ§æããç«æ³åºãšè¡æ¿åºãïŒæ¬æ¥çã«
ã¯ïŒçžäºã«æå¶åè¡¡ãåãããããšãæåŸ ãããŠãããã®ã®ïŒæ¿å æ¿æ²»ã®äžã§ã¯ïŒäžå ãé
ããŠäžäœåããŠããŸãããã§ãã3ã
ãã®ç¹ïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠã¯åŸæ¥ïŒç¹æ®ãªæ¿å ã®ããæ¹ãšæ¿æ²»çæ £è¡ã«ãã£ãŠïŒããæ¬æ¥ã®åœ¢
ãšã¯ç°ãªã£ãŠã¯ãããã®ã®ïŒåœäŒãšå é£ãšã®äºå çãªç¶æ³ãååšããŠãããå ·äœçã«ã¯äžéž
æåºå¶ãèæ¯ãšãã掟é¥ã®é£åäœãšããŠã®èªæ°å ã®ããæ¹ãäžå ã®äºå審æ»å¶ã®æ £è¡4ãçž
察çã«éŠçžã®æš©éã匱ãïŒå ã®åã匷ããŠããã®ã§ãã5ãããã 1990 幎代以éïŒéžæå¶åºŠ
ã®æ¹é©ãéŠçžã®ãªãŒããŒã·ãããéèŠããæ¹é©ãè¡ãããããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒãã®ãããªç¶æ³
ã¯äžå€ããŠãããæ§é çã«ã¿ãŠïŒéŠçžãè¡æ¿åºã®é·ã§ããã®ã¿ãªããïŒäžå ã®ãªãŒããŒãšã
ãŠå€§ããªæš©éãæã¡ïŒç«æ³åºãäºå®äžææ¡ã§ããç¶æ³ãæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠãããŸããŠããŠãã6
ãšèšãããå€å žçãªæå³ã§ã®æš©ååç«è«ã«ããç«æ³åºãšè¡æ¿åºã®çžäºã®æå¶åè¡¡ãšããç
念ã¯ïŒããªãã¡æ¿å æ¿æ²»ã®ç念åã«ãããŠãïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ãããçŸå®ã®æ¿æ²»ç¶æ³ããã¿ãŠãïŒæ
ããã«åŠ¥åœããªããªã£ãŠããŠããã®ã§ãããããã§ïŒçŸä»£ã§ã¯ãšãããè°é¢å é£å¶äžã«ãã
ãã匷ãéŠçžããããã«ãã§ãã¯ããããšããããšãéèŠãªåé¡ãšãªãã
æ¬è«æã§ã¯ïŒåºŠã ã匷ãéŠçžããšããèšèãçšãããããã§ç§ãïŒã匷ãéŠçžããšããŠå®
矩ãããã®ã¯ïŒäž»ãšããŠè°é¢å é£å¶äžã«ãããŠïŒéŠçžãè¡æ¿åºã®ã¿ãªããïŒäžå ãéããŠç«
æ³åºããææ¡ããŠïŒæ¿æ²»éšéã«ãããŠåŒ·å€§ãªæš©éãæã€ç¶æ³ã§ããããã®ã匷ãéŠçžããšã
ãçšèªèªäœã«ã¯ïŒäœããã®åŠå®çãªããè¯å®çãªå«æãå«ãŸããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãããããïŒ
ããã§åŒ·èª¿ããŠããããã®ã¯ïŒæ¬è«æã§èšããšããã®ã匷ãéŠçžãã¯æ²æ³äžã®æ³å®ã«æ²¿ãã
ã®ã§ãããšæããããšããå¯èœã§ãããšããç¹ã§ããããŸãïŒéŠçžããè¡æ¿åéšãïŒæ²æ³ 72
æ¡ïŒã匷åã«ãªãŒãããŠããããšèªäœã¯ïŒæ²æ³ãéŠçžã«ïŒè¡æ¿æš©ã®äž»äœããå é£ïŒæ²æ³ 65
æ¡ïŒã®ãéŠé·ãããå°äœïŒ66 æ¡ 1 é ïŒãäžãïŒåœå倧è£ã®ä»»å æš©ïŒ68 æ¡ïŒãäžããããšã
ãïŒæ²æ³äžïŒæåŸ ããããã®ãšããããããŸãïŒãæ²æ³ã®å®ããè°äŒå¶æ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã¯æ¿å ãç¡
èŠããŠã¯å°åºãã®åæ»ãªéçšãæåŸ ããããšã¯ã§ããªãã®ã§ããããïŒæ²æ³ã¯ïŒæ¿å ã®ååš
ãåœç¶ã«äºå®ããŠãããã®ã7ãšããã以äžïŒå é£ãåœäŒã®ä¿¡ä»»ãåŸãŠåç¶ããŠããéãã«
2 èŠéšä¿¡åãé«æ©åä¹è£èšããæ²æ³ 第 6 çã287 é ïŒææé£ïŒ2015ïŒ 3 èŠéšã»åæ²æ³šïŒ2ïŒ289 é 4 倧山瀌åãæ¥æ¬ã®åœäŒã82ïŒ83 é ïŒå²©æ³¢æ°æžã2011 å¹ŽïŒ 5 åŸ é³¥è¡å²ãéŠçžæ¿æ²»ã®å¶åºŠåæ çŸä»£æ¥æ¬æ¿æ²»ã®æš©ååºç€åœ¢æã39 é ïŒååæžæ¿ïŒ2012ïŒ 6 åŸ é³¥ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ5ïŒ173 é 7 æ倧å€æå 45 幎 6 æ 24 æ¥æ°é 24 å·» 6 å· 625 é ã629 é ã
30
ãããŠã¯ïŒéŠçžãåæã«äžå å éŠãšããŠïŒç«æ³åºããäžå®çšåºŠïŒææ¡ãããšããããšã¯ïŒæ²
æ³ã®äºå®ãããšãããšã¿ãªããã°ãªããªããã匷ãéŠçžããšããã®ã¯ïŒè°é¢å é£å¶äžã«ãã
ãæ¬æ¥ã®å§¿ãšãããã8ã
ãããä»æ¹ã§ïŒæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ã¯ïŒãã®çµ±æ²»æ§é ãšããŠæå¶åè¡¡ã®åçãæ¡çšããŠãããšèã
ããã以äžïŒãã®ãããªåŒ·ãéŠçžã«å¯ŸããŠååãªãã§ãã¯ãåãããŠäžå®ã®æå¶ãå³ããš
ããããšããŸãïŒæ²æ³äžã®èŠè«ã§ãããšèŠãªããã°ãªããªããæ¿æ²»éšéã®äžäœåãåæãšã
ããªãã°ïŒãã®ãããªåœ¹å²ããŸãæåŸ ãã¹ãã¯åžæ³åºã§ããããããåžæ³åºã¯ãã®æ§è³ªäžïŒ
éæ°äž»çãªæ©é¢ã§ããïŒãã®åœ¹å²ã¯ïŒãããŸã§ãè¬æçãªãã®ã«ãªããããåŸãïŒå ·äœçãª
æ¿çè«ã®é åã«ãŸã§ç«ã¡å ¥ã£ãæå¶æ©èœãæåŸ ããããšã¯åŠ¥åœãšã¯ãããªã9ã
ããã§æ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ãã匷ãéŠçžãã®æå¶åè¡¡ãå³ãããã«ïŒä»ã«ãããªãæ©é¢ã«ïŒãããª
ã圹å²ãæåŸ ããŠããã®ããšããç¹ãããã«æ¢æ±ããå¿ èŠãããããããïŒæ®å¿µãªããïŒæ¥
æ¬åœæ²æ³ã®æ¡æäžã«ïŒãããã圹å²ãæåŸ ãããŠããæ©é¢ãšããŠèŠåºãããšãã§ããã®ã¯ïŒ
ãããã«äŒèšæ€æ»é¢ïŒæ²æ³ 90 æ¡ïŒãããã§ããããã ïŒãã®äŒèšæ€æ»é¢ã®èŠå®ã¯ïŒæ²æ³ã¯
å¿ ãããæš©ååç«ãç«æ³ïŒè¡æ¿ïŒåžæ³ã®äžæš©ã®åç«ã§ãããšç¡¬çŽçã«èããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒ
ããã®ãããã«ãå±ããªãç¬ç«æ§ããæ©é¢ã«ããè¡æ¿æŽ»åã®ãã§ãã¯ãšããããšãïŒãã
åŸããã®ãšããŠããããšããããã
ããã«åœ¢åŒçæå³ã®æ²æ³ã®ã¿ãªããïŒåœå®¶çµ±æ²»ã®åºæ¬æ³ãšããŠã®å®è³ªçãªæå³ã®æ²æ³ã
æ§æãããããªããã€ãã®æ©é¢ãèæ ®ã«å ¥ããŠèå¯ããŠãããšïŒäžå€®äººäºè¡æ¿æ©é¢ãã人
äºé¢ãäžå€®éè¡ããæ¥æ¬éè¡ãªã©ã®éèŠãªæ©é¢ã«ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãªããããã«é¡ããè·
æš©è¡äœ¿ã«ç¬ç«æ§ããå§å¡äŒå¶åºŠãçšããããŠããããšããããããã®ãããªç¬ç«è¡æ¿å¡äŒ
ã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ã®å¶å®ãšåæã«ïŒæŠåŸæ¹é©ã®äžç°ãšããŠïŒæ¬æ Œçã«æ¥æ¬ã«å°å ¥ãããå¶åºŠã§
ããããããã®ç¹ããèããã«ïŒæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ã¯ïŒåŒ·ãéŠçžããã§ãã¯ãæå¶åè¡¡ãå³ããã
ã®ã·ã¹ãã ã®äžã€ãšããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠãäœçœ®ä»ããŠãããšç解ããããšãå¯èœã§
ã¯ãªãã ãããã
å®éïŒã匷ãéŠçžããç®æãã 1990 幎代ã®äžé£ã®æ¹é©10ã«ãããŠãïŒã匷ãéŠçžãã«å¯Ÿã
ããã§ãã¯æ©èœãïŒããã«åãããããšããç¹ã¯ïŒåé¡ãšãããŠããããããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§
å¡äŒã«ãäžå®ã®åœ¹å²ãæåŸ ãããŠããã®ã§ãããäŸãã°ïŒäžé£ã®æ¹é©ããªãŒãããŠããäžäºº
ã§ãããšããã11äœè€å¹žæ²»ã¯ïŒæ確ãªè¡šçŸã§ãã®ããšãèªã£ãŠãããããã¯ããšã³ãžã³ã匷
åããŠïŒã¹ããŒããåºãããã«ãããšåæã«ïŒããå©ããã¬ãŒãããããããçšæããŠãã
8 åŸ é³¥ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ5ïŒ3ïŒ4 é 9 ãã¡ãããåæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠã®å€æãå¿ ç¶çã«æ¿æ²»æ§ãã¯ãã¿ãåŸã£ãŠäžçš®ã®æ¿çå€æãè£å€æã«ããåž
æ³å¯©æ»ã«ãæ±ããããã®ã¯äºå®ã§ãããããããããã«ã¯éçãããã®ã§ããããåžå·æ£äººãéæ²å¯©æ»å¶
ãšæ°äž»å¶ãäœè€å¹žæ²»ã»ãç·šãæ²æ³äºå幎ã®å±æâ ¡ èªç±ãšç§©åºã314 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1998ïŒã 10 æ¬è«æã§ã¯éžæå¶åºŠæ¹é©ïŒ1994 幎ïŒãæ©æ¬å é£ã«ããè¡æ¿æ¹é©ïŒ1996 幎ïœïŒãåžæ³å¶åºŠæ¹é©ïŒ1999 幎
ïœïŒã® 3 ã€ã 1990 幎代ã®äžé£ã®æ¹é©ãšããŠäžäœçã«æããã 11 äœè€ã¯ãè¡æ¿æ¹é©äŒè°ã®å§å¡ã§ãããåžæ³å¶åºŠæ¹é©å¯©è°äŒã§ã¯äŒé·ãåããã
31
ãªããã°ãªããªãã12ãšãããã®ã§ããããšã³ãžã³ãšã¯ïŒåŒ·åãªãªãŒããŒã·ãããçºæ®ãã
éŠçžãäžå¿ãšãããæ¿æ²»ãã§ãããããã«å¯ŸããŠïŒãã¬ãŒããšã¯ïŒåžæ³å¶åºŠãã¯ãããšãã
æ¿æ²»éšéã«ããã匷åãªæš©åãæå¶ããããã®å¶åºŠã§ãããäœè€ãïŒãã®è¡šçŸã«ãããŠïŒäž»
ãšããŠå¿µé ã«ãããŠããã®ã¯ïŒè£å€æã§ãããåžæ³å¶åºŠæ¹é©ãšããã®ã¯ïŒãŸãã«ïŒãã®æ§æ³
ã®äžç°ã«ãããã®ãšããŠæããããšãã§ãã13ããããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãäŒèšæ€æ»é¢ãšã
ã£ãéŠçžã®åŒ·åãªãªãŒããŒã·ããã«æããªãæ©é¢ã®åœ¹å²ãšããã®ãïŒãã¬ãŒã圹ãšããŠå
æ§ã«ïŒæåŸ ãããŠããããã§ãããäœè€ã¯ïŒè¡æ¿æ¹é©çã«ããæ¿æ²»éšéã®æ©èœåŒ·åãšå ±ã«ïŒ
æå¶ã»åè¡¡ã®ã·ã¹ãã ã®ç¢ºç«ãæ±ããããŠããããšãææããäžã§ïŒæ¬¡ã®ãããªèŠè§£ã瀺ã
ãŠããã
åŸæ¥ïŒåžæ³éšéãã¯ãããšããŠç¬ç«æ§ãèªæ²»æš©ãä»äžãããŠæŽ»åããããšãæåŸ ãã
ãæ©é¢ãªããçµç¹ã¯ïŒããããã®âäžçâã®ç©èªã«éãç± ããïŒä»ã®æ©é¢ãªããçµç¹ã
åœæ°ãšã®éãããé¢ä¿ãç¯ãäžã§ç©æ¥µçãªæŽ»åãå±éããããšã«ããèç ã«éãããš
ããããªãã£ãã§ãããããä»è¬ã®äžé£ã®è«žæ¹é©ã¯ïŒãåœã®ããã¡ãã®åæ§ç¯ãšãã倧
ããªç©èªã«ããããã®ã§ããïŒããããã®æ©é¢ãªããçµç¹ã¯ãã®å€§ããªç©èªã®äžã«èª
å·±ã®åœ¹å²ãåå®çŸ©ãã€ã€ïŒ21 äžçŽæ¥æ¬ã®ç€ŸäŒãçŽé¢ãã諞課é¡ã«ç©æ¥µçã«åãçµãã
ãšãæåŸ ããããšæãã14
äžé£ã®æ¹é©ãïŒè€æ°ã®æ²æ³åŠè ã倧ããªåœ¹å²ãæãããŠè¡ããããã®ã§ããïŒæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³
ã®æ³å®ãã統治æ§é ã«ççŸãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒãããïŒããã«æ²¿ããã®ãšããŠæ§æ³ãããã
ãšã¯ïŒãã®å 容ãšããããã¬ãŒã圹ãšããŠã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãïŒæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ã®ç解ã«æ²¿ãã
ã®ã§ããããšã®äžã€ã®å蚌ã§ããã
ãããïŒçŸå®ã«ã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒæŠåŸã®äžææãå¢ã«å€§å¹ ãªæŽççž®å°ãè¡ããïŒé·
ãæ°å幎ã«æž¡ãå¬ã®æ代ãéãããŠãããè¿å¹ŽïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ã掻æ§åããšãè©äŸ¡ãã
ããããªæ³šç®ãã¹ãåã15ãããããšããŸãäºå®ã§ãããïŒå šäœãšããŠãã®å¶åºŠã掻çºã«çš
12 äœè€å¹žæ²»ãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ãšãæ³ã®æ¯é ãã301 é ïŒææé£ïŒ2002ïŒ 13 åžæ³å¶åºŠæ¹é©å¯©è°äŒå ±åæžã§ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªèšèŒãããã
ã身äœã«ããšããŠãæ¿æ²»éšéãå¿èãšåèã«åœãããšããã°ãåžæ³éšéã¯éèã«åœãããšèšããããæ¢ã«
觊ããæ¿æ²»æ¹é©ãè¡æ¿æ¹é©çã®äžé£ã®æ¹é©ã¯ãããã°å¿èãšåèã®äœåãªéçç©ãåãé€ããè¡æ¶²ãå¢ã
ããæµããããããã®æ©èœã®å埩ã»åŒ·åãå³ãããšãããã®ã§ããããã®æ¯å©ã«ãããªãã°ãåžæ³æ¹é©
ã¯ãåŸåã®éèãéå°ã§ãªãã£ããã«æ ¹æ¬çåçãå ãã21 äžçŽã®ããã¹ãããã®åœã®ããã¡ããšã
ãŠããã®èŠæš¡åã³æ©èœãæ¡å€§ã»åŒ·åãã身äœã®èª¿åãšåŒ·å¥åãå³ãããšãããã®ã§ãããšèšããããã
åžæ³å¶åºŠæ¹é©å¯©è°äŒãåžæ³å¶åºŠæ¹é©å¯©è°äŒæèŠæžââ21 äžçŽã®æ¥æ¬ãæ¯ããåžæ³å¶åºŠââã5ïŒ6 é
ïŒ2001ïŒ
https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/sihouseido/report/ikensyo/index.html
ïŒ2019 幎 9 æ 12 æ¥æçµé²èŠ§ïŒ 14 äœè€å¹žæ²»ãæ²æ³ãšãåœã®ããã¡ãããäŒèšæ€æ»ç 究ã25 å· 4 é ïŒ2002ïŒ 15 æœæéšçè£ãå ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠãç³å·æ£å çå€çšèšå¿µãçµæžç€ŸäŒãšæ³ã®åœ¹å²ã8 é ïŒå
äºæ³åïŒ2013ïŒ
32
ããããŠãããšã¯èšãé£ãããã®ãããªç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠã®åæ»ã®å€§ããªçç±ã¯ïŒåœäŒã
éããæ°äž»çã³ã³ãããŒã«ã®åçãšççŸãããã®ãšèããããŠããããšã«ãã16ããã®ç¹ã¯ïŒ
èŠããã«æ¬¡ã®ãããªçåã§ãããæ°äž»çãªæ£çµ±æ§ã®ãªãæ©é¢ãïŒãªãæ°äž»çãªæš©åããã§ã
ã¯ããããšãã§ããã®ãããã®æ ¹æ¬çãªçåã«å¯ŸããŠïŒæ¥æ¬ã®æ²æ³åŠã¯ïŒäŸãã°ïŒäžç«æ§ãš
ãã£ãããŒã¯ãŒããçšããããšã«ãã£ãŠçããããšããŠãããããããªããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡
äŒããããåŸæ¥ã®è«èšŒã¯ïŒå€§ããªéçãæ±ããŠããïŒå¿ ãããæåããŠãããã®ãšã¯ã¿ãªã
ããŠããªãããã®æ°äž»çæ£çµ±æ§ã®ãªãæ©é¢ããªãæ°äž»çæš©åããã§ãã¯ã§ããã®ãïŒãšãã
åãã¯æ¿æ²»éšéãææ¡ããŠãã匷ãéŠçžãæå¶ããã§ãã¯ãããšããå Žåã«ã¯ïŒåžžã«çã
åŸãæ ¹æ¬çãªåé¡ã§ããããšãããªãã°ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ãåãçŽããšããããšã¯
ããªãã¡çŸä»£ã«ããã匷ãéŠçžã®äžã§ã®æš©ååç«ãåèããããšã«ä»ãªããïŒããã«æ²æ³
åŠäžã®æ矩ãèŠåºããããšèããã
æ¬¡ç« ä»¥éã«ãããŠïŒãã®åé¡ã«åãçµãã«å ç«ã£ãŠïŒæ¬è«æã®æ€èšã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã§ãããç¬ç«è¡
æ¿å§å¡äŒããšããæŠå¿µåã³çšèªã«ã€ããŠïŒããã§ç¢ºèªããŠãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ãããŸã§ïŒ
è¬åŠäžã®æŠå¿µã§ããã®ã§ïŒæ確ãªå®çŸ©ãããããã§ã¯ãªããããã§ïŒããã€ãã®æ³åŸçšèªèŸ
å žãåç §ãããšïŒæŠã以äžã®ãããªç解ããããŠããã
〠åœã®è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯å é£åã¯å€§è£ã®ïŒå°æ¹å ¬å ±å£äœã®è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯åºã®æèœã®äžã«
ãããïŒãã ãäŒèšæ€æ»é¢ã¯å é£ããç¬ç«ããŠããïŒïŒå ·äœçãªè·æš©è¡äœ¿ã«ã€ããŠã¯ç¬
ç«æ§ãèªããããããšïŒ
ã ãããšå¯æ¥ã«é¢é£ãããå§å¡ã®èº«åãä¿éãããŠããããšïŒ
ã æºç«æ³çæš©èœåã³æºåžæ³çæš©èœãæããããšã§ããã17
ãããïŒç¬ç«æ§ã»èº«åä¿éã»æºç«æ³åã³æºåžæ³äœçšãšããäžã€ã®ç¹ã¯ïŒãããã䞊åçãªã
ã®ãšã¯èšããªãããŸãïŒèº«åä¿éãå§å¡ã«èªããããŠãããšããããšã¯ïŒæ¬æ¥ã¯ç¬ç«æ§ãæ
ä¿ããããã®æªçœ®ã«ãããªãã®ã§ãã£ãŠïŒãããããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ã¡ã«ã¯ããŒã«ãšãª
ããšã¯èšãé£ããå®éïŒä»ã®èŸå žãã¿ããšïŒèº«åä¿éã®ç¹ã¯ç¬ç«ããŠèšåããŠããªããã®ã
ãã18ããŸãïŒæºç«æ³ãªããæºåžæ³äœçšã«ã€ããŠãïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æ¬è³ªçç¹åŸŽãšã¿ãã«
ã¯ç¡çããããããããïŒæºç«æ³äœçšããèŠåå¶å®æš©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒéåžžã®è¡æ¿æ©é¢ã«ãããŠ
ãïŒè¡æ¿èŠåã®å¶å®ãèªããããŠããããš19ãèãããšïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ç¹åŸŽãšããã«ã¯
èºèºããããåŸãªãããŸãïŒæºåžæ³äœçšã«ã€ããŠãïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«åœãããšäžè¬ã«è§£ã
ããŠããæ©é¢ããããã¯ãããšåæ§ã®æ§æ Œãæãããšèããããæ©é¢ã«ãããŠãå¿ ããã
16 åç°è±å€«ãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒããžã¥ãªã¹ã 372 å· 71 é ïŒ1967ïŒ 17 ãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãéåå®ã»ãç·šãæ³åŸåŠå°äºå ž 第 4 çè£èšçã214 é ïŒææé£ïŒ2008ïŒæ¹è¡ãè£ã£
ãã 18 æ³ä»€çšèªç 究äŒç·šãææé£ æ³åŸçšèªèŸå ž 第 4 çã217 é ïŒææé£ïŒ2012ïŒãªã©ã 19 å¡©éå®ãè¡æ¿æ³â 第 5 çè£èšçãïŒææé£ïŒ2013ïŒ96 é
33
ãããæããŠããªããã®ãèŠããããäŸãã°ïŒåœå®¶å ¬å®å§å¡äŒãªã©ã¯ïŒå¯©å€çãè¡ãæš©èœã
ãã£ãŠããªãããŸãïŒåŸæ¥ïŒæºåžæ³äœçšãæããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å žåãšèããããŠããå ¬
æ£ååŒå¡äŒã«ããŠãïŒå¹³æ 25幎ã®ç¬å çŠæ¢æ³æ¹æ£ã«ãããŠïŒå¯©å€å¶åºŠã¯å»æ¢ãããŠãããïŒ
ããããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããçµç¹åœ¢æ ãšæºåžæ³äœçšãçµã³ä»ããŠç解ããããšã«ã¯ïŒåŠ
説ã®äžéšããæ¹å€20ãããããããããšïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ç¹åŸŽãšããŠæ¬è³ªçãªãã®ã¯ïŒè·
æš©è¡äœ¿ã«ãããŠç¬ç«æ§ãèªããããŠãããšããããšãšè§£ããã¹ãã§ãããã
ãããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšãã£ãŠãïŒæ§ã ãªãã®ãååšãããç¬ç«æ§ã®åŒ·ãé ããïŒæŽç
ãããšïŒäŒèšæ€æ»é¢ïŒäººäºé¢ïŒ3 æ¡å§å¡äŒïŒ8 æ¡å§å¡äŒã®é çªãšãªãããã®ãã¡ïŒäŒèšæ€æ»
é¢ã¯ïŒæ²æ³ 90æ¡ã«æ ¹æ ãæã€ã®ã§ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããšãããããšãå€ãã
次ã«ïŒäººäºé¢ã¯ïŒåœå®¶å ¬åå¡æ³ 3 æ¡ã«æ ¹æ ããã¡ïŒåœå®¶è¡æ¿çµç¹æ³ã®é©çšãåããªãããã®
ç¬ç«æ§ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒä»ã®ïŒäŒèšæ€æ»é¢ãé€ããïŒæ©é¢ã«æ¯ããŠïŒãã£ãšãé«ããšãããŠãã
21ïŒæ²æ³åŠäžã®è°è«ãç¹ã«æ¿ãããªãããŠããã
次ã«ïŒ3 æ¡å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒåœå®¶è¡æ¿çµç¹æ³ 3 æ¡ 2 é ã«æ ¹æ ããã¡ïŒæ¯èŒçïŒç¬ç«æ§ã¯é«ããšã
ããã3 æ¡å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒåœå®¶è¡æ¿çµç¹æ³ã®å¥è¡šç¬¬ 1 ã«åæãããŠããïŒä»ã«åçã®ç¬ç«æ§ãæ
ããæ©é¢ãšããŠïŒå é£åºèšçœ®æ³ 64 æ¡ã«åºã¥ããã®ãååšããã
8 æ¡å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒåœå®¶è¡æ¿çµç¹æ³ã§å¯©è°äŒçãšããŠèŠå®ãããŠããããããã¯ïŒè·æš©è¡äœ¿ã«
ãããŠäžå®ã®ç¬ç«æ§ã¯èªããããŠãããã®ã®ïŒãããŸã§è«®åæ©é¢çãªæ§æ Œã匷ãïŒãã®çšåºŠ
ã¯äœããšãããŠãã22ããã®ããïŒåŸæ¥ããåæ²æ§ããããè°è«ã«ãããŠïŒäžå¿çãªããŒã
ãšã¯ãããŠããªãã£ããããã§æ¬è«æã§ãïŒäž»ãšããŠäººäºé¢åã³ 3 æ¡å§å¡äŒçã®æ©é¢ã念
é ã«ãããŠè°è«ãé²ããŠããããšãšãããã
ããŠïŒæ¬è«æã§ã¯ïŒãããŸã§ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããçšèªãçšããŠããããããïŒçŸåšã§ã¯
ãããè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããçšèªãçšããããããšã®æ¹ãå€ãããã§ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãš
ããèªãçšããå ŽåãšïŒè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããèªãçšããå Žåã§ïŒã©ã®ãããªå·®ç°ãããããšã
ãç¹ã¯æããã§ã¯ãªããå€ãã®å ŽåïŒäž¡è ã¯äºæçãªç©ãšããŠçšããããŠããããã§ããã
ãã ïŒä»æ¥ïŒè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããçšèªã®æ¹ãå€ãèŠãããã®ã¯ïŒããããåŸæ¥ã®åæ²è«ãïŒç¬
ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãå¿ ãããå é£ããå®å šã«ç¬ç«ããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããšããç¹ãçç±ã«ããŠ
ããããš23ãšé¢é£ãããã ãããã€ãŸãïŒç¬ç«ãšããèšèãæ¢ããŠçšããããšã¯ïŒãã¹ãªãŒ
ãã£ã³ã°ãªãã®ãšãæãããã®ã§ããããããïŒå ã»ã©ç¢ºèªããããã«ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®
æ¬è³ªçãªç¹åŸŽãšããã®ã¯ïŒãŸãã«ç¬ç«æ§ã«ããããããŠïŒè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããçšèªãçšããã
20 çµæžæ³ç 究è ã«ããæ¹å€ãšããŠãè¶æºä¿èŠãèŽèæç¶ã»å¯©å€æç¶ãšç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒïŒäžïŒãåœéåäºæ³
å 37 å·» 4 å· 439 é ïŒ2009ïŒ
è¡æ¿æ³ç 究è ã«ããæ¹å€ãšããŠãäžå·äžä¹ ãç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã«ããã審å€å¶åºŠå»æ¢ã®è¬ãæ³åŸæå ± 89 å·» 1 å·
43 é ïŒ2017ïŒ 21 å®è³å ä¹ãè¡æ¿æ³æŠèª¬â ¢ è¡æ¿çµç¹æ³ïŒå ¬åå¡æ³ïŒå ¬ç©æ³ 第 4 çã142 é ïŒææé£ïŒ2015ïŒ 22 äœè€åãè¡æ¿çµç¹æ³ æ°çã268 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1979ïŒ 23 ããã¯ãåŸã«è¿°ã¹ããããããç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ã ããæããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããä»ã®å€ãã®åŠèª¬ããå é£
ããã®å®å šãªç¬ç«ã¯ãéæ²ãšãªãåŸããšææããŠããã
34
ãããã«ãããããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãäžå®ã®ç¬ç«æ§ãæããŠããããšã¯ïŒä»æ¥ã®äž»èŠãªåŠ
説ã«ãããŠã¯å ±éããŠèªããããŠããããããããšç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããçšèªã¯ïŒæ£ç¢ºæ§ã
æ¬ ããã®ãšã¯èšããªããïŒããããã®ç¹åŸŽã«ç §ãããŠé©åãªãã®ã§ãããšèãããããã§æ¬
è«æã§ã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããçšèªãçšããããšãšããã
â ¡ ç±³åœã®è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æŽå²
æãåœã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒæŠåŸã®å é æã«ãããŠïŒç±³åœã®å¶åºŠãç¶å24ãããã®
ã§ãããšäžè¬ã«ç解ãããŠããããããŠïŒãã®éã«ã¯ïŒç±³åœã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«
è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ã¢ãã«ã§ãããšãããã®ãïŒéäŸã§ããããã®ç¹ã¯ïŒæŠåŸã®æåæããïŒæã
åœã®ã»ãŒãã¹ãŠã®ç 究è ã®å ±éç解ã§ããããã®ããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å¡äŒãè«ããéã«ã¯ïŒç±³åœ
ã«ãããç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®æŽå²ã«é¡ã£ãŠæ€èšãããããšãå€ãããã®æŽå²ãšã¯ïŒå€§èŠïŒæ¬¡ã®
ããã«èª¬æããã25ã
ç±³åœã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®æŽå²ã¯ïŒ19 äžçŽã®åŸåã«é¡ããåœæã®æå 端ã®ç£æ¥ãšããŠïŒçº
éããŠããã®ãééã§ãã£ãããããïŒæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«ïŒééäŒç€Ÿã®æŽ»åã®è² ã®åŽé¢ãã¯ããŒãºã¢ã
ããããããã«ãªããééäŒç€ŸãïŒææ©çè¡åã«èµ°ãïŒãããã¯å·®å¥çãªéè³ãåããªã©ïŒ
å ¬å ±ã®å©çã«æããã«åãããããªè¡çºãè¡ã£ãŠããããšãåé¡èŠãããã®ã§ããã
ãããïŒåŸæ¥ã®ç±³åœã®æ³å¶åºŠã®äžã§ã¯ïŒãããã®åé¡ã«åå察åŠããããšãã§ããªãã£ãã
ã³ã¢ã³ã»ããŒã®äŒçµ±ã«åºã¥ãïŒåœæ°ã®æš©å©çŸ©åã®ææžã¯ïŒè£å€æã«ãããåžæ³æç¶ãã§è¡ã
ãã®ãšãããŠããããã§ãããããã§ïŒäŒæ¥ã®æŽ»åã«ãã£ãŠïŒæ害ãåãããšèãã被害è
ãïŒè£å€æã«å¯ŸããŠïŒèªãæ蚎ããŠïŒæ³åŸã®èŠå®ã«åºã¥ãè³ åãåç¶å埩ã®å€æ±ºãåŸãŠïŒã¯
ãããŠææžãåãããããšããããšã«ãªãããããïŒãã®ãããªæç¶ã¯ïŒéåžžã«çžæã®æš©å©
ä¿è·ã«æåãåé¢ïŒæ¥µããŠæéããããïŒè¢«å®³è ã¯å®¹æã«ææžãåããããªãããšã«ãªãã
ãŸãïŒè£å€ã®æ§æ ŒäžïŒäºåŸã®ææžãåºæ¬ãšãªãïŒäºåã®èŠå¶ãšããã®ãäžååã«ãªãããã
åŸãªããäŒçµ±çãªè°äŒãç«æ³ããæ³åŸã«åºã¥ãïŒè£å€æã®å€æ±ºã«ãã£ãŠïŒæš©å©ææžãå³ããš
ãã圢ã§ã¯ïŒååã§ãªãããšãæããã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããã
ããã§ïŒéè³ã®èŠå¶ãªã©ãè¡ãç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãïŒãŸãïŒå·ã¬ãã«ã§èšç«ããïŒé£éŠã¬ã
ã«ã§ã¯ïŒå·ééåå§å¡äŒã 1887 幎ã«èšç«ãããããããïŒç±³åœæåã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã§ã
ããšãããããã®ãããªç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒåŸæ¥ã®è±ç±³æ³ã®çè«ããã¯ïŒåãå ¥ãé£ããã®
ã§ããïŒåŒ·ãåçºãåããããããïŒçŸå®ã®ç€ŸäŒçµæžçãªå¿ èŠæ§ããïŒ20 äžçŽã«å ¥ããšäž
å±€ã®æ¡å€§ãå³ãããããšãšãªããç¹ã«ãã®äžã€ã®é ç¹ãè¿ããã®ã¯ïŒ1930 幎代ïŒãã©ã³ã¯
24 ç°äžäºéãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠã®äžè¬çèå¯ãå£åæ¥æ¬ç®¡çæ³ä»€ç 究 25 å· 3 é ïŒ1949ïŒ 25 以äžã®ç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®æŽå²ã«ã€ããŠã®èšè¿°ã¯ãéµé£Œä¿¡æãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ãããè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
å¶åºŠã®ç±æ¥ãæ±äº¬å€§åŠç€ŸäŒç§åŠç 究æç·šãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒâçè«ã»æŽå²ã»å®æ âã253ïœ271 é ïŒæ¥æ¬è©è«
瀟ïŒ1951ïŒã«æ ãã
35
ãªã³ã»ã«ãŒãºãã«ãæ¿æš©äžã§ããããã¥ãŒãã£ãŒã«æ¿çã«ãããçµæžæŽ»åãžã®æ¿åºã®åœ¹å²ã®
æ¡å€§ãåããŠïŒèšŒåžååŒå§å¡äŒïŒ1934 幎ïŒïŒé£éŠéä¿¡å§å¡äŒïŒ1934 幎ïŒïŒå šç±³åŽåé¢ä¿å§å¡
äŒïŒ1935 幎ïŒãªã©å€ãã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãèšããããããšã«ãªãã®ã§ããã
ãè¡æ¿ç®¡çã«é¢ãã倧統é ã®å§å¡äŒãã®å ±åæžïŒ1937 幎ïŒã«ãããŠïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã«
ã€ããŠãé ã®ãªãïŒæ¿åºã®ç¬¬åéšéïŒç¡è²¬ä»»ãªæ©é¢ãšé£çµ¡ã®ãªãæš©åãšã®ã§ããããªéç©ã
ãšæ¹å€ããããªã©ããŠïŒéšåçã«ã¯çž®å°ããããã®ãããã€ã€ãïŒå šäœãšããŠç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡
äŒã¯ïŒç±³åœã«ãããŠå®çããŠããã
ãã®ãããªç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®æŽå²ãèžãŸããŠïŒæ¥æ¬ã«å°å ¥ãããã®ãç¬ç«
è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã§ãããšã®ç解ãïŒäžè¬çã§ããããã¡ããïŒæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®äžã€ã®ã¢
ãã«ãšããŠïŒç±³åœã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãååšããããšã¯äºå®ã§ããããããïŒåæã«æ¬¡ã®ãã
ãªè¶³ç«å¿ 倫ã®ææã«ã¯æ³šç®ãã¹ãç¹ãããã
ããŠïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãå³ã«è¿°ã¹ããããªæ§æ Œãæã€ãã®ã§ãããšèŠå®ããŠïŒæã ã¯å»º
åœä»¥æ¥ã®åè¡åœã®è¡æ¿æ©æ§ã®æŽå²ãæ¯ãè¿ã£ãŠèŠããšãïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãšåæ§ã®å
è°å¶ãšäžè¬çè¡æ¿éŠé·ããã®ç¬ä»»å¶ã®äºã€ã®æ§é çç¹è³ªãæã¡ãªãããïŒãã®æ©èœã®
æ§è³ªãæããã¹ã䜿åœã«æŒããŠã¯å¯ãªãèããçžéã®ååšããå®åºãèŠåºãã®ã§ããã
ããªãã¡ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ç«¯ç·ããªããå·ééåå§å¡äŒãæç«ããå¯ãªã以åã«ïŒã
ããïŒäŒçµ±çæ¿åºè·èœã®é åã«æŒããŠïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãšåããããªæ§é ããã£ãè¡æ¿
å§å¡äŒãçºèŠããã®ã§ãããæã ã¯åè¡åœã«æŒããæè²å§å¡äŒïŒå ¬å®å§å¡äŒïŒéžæ管ç
å§å¡äŒçã®æŽå²ã蟿ã£ãŠè¡ããšãïŒå€ãã¯æ€æ°å°æ代ã«ãŸã§é¡ããªããã°ãªããªãã®
ã«åŸŽããŠãïŒããã¯æããã§ãããã26
足ç«ã¯ïŒç±³åœã®è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ãïŒäºçš®é¡ã®ãã®ããããšããŠããããããŠïŒè¶³ç«ã®ãããäŒ
çµ±çæ¿åºè·èœã«ãããå§å¡äŒããã¢ãã«ãšãªã£ãæ¥æ¬ã®è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããŠïŒæè²å§å¡äŒãå ¬
å®å§å¡äŒãæãïŒãæãåœã®è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯åè¡åœã«æŒããç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãã¢ãã«ãšããŠæ
ç«ãããšããïŒæãåœã§äžè¬ã«æ¿èªãããŠããåœé¡ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯è¥å¹²ã®ä¿®æ£ã®å¿ èŠãããã27
ãšäž»åŒµããŠãããç±³åœã«ãããŠïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãšã¯å¥åã®ç³»çµ±ã®ç¬ç«ã®å§å¡äŒçµç¹ãååš
ããããšèªäœã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã§ãåºãèªèãããŠãããäŸãã°ïŒéµé£Œä¿¡æã¯ïŒæ€æ°å°æ代ã®å°æ¹å¶
床ã«ãããåŠæ ¡å§å¡äŒãè¡çå§å¡äŒã®ååšãæããŠãã28ããããïŒãããã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ïŒ
ãã£ã±ãå°æ¹èªæ²»äœã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«é¢ä¿ãããã®ã§ããïŒåœã®æ©é¢ãšã®é¢ä¿ã¯
èããšç解ãããŠããããã«æãããããããïŒå ¬å®å§å¡äŒãäžå€®éžæ管çå§å¡äŒãªã©ïŒåœ
ã¬ãã«ã§ãïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãšã¯æ§æ Œã®ç°ãªãå§å¡äŒçµç¹ãååšããŠããã®ã¯æããã§ã
26 足ç«å¿ 倫ãå°æ¹å ¬å ±å£äœã«æŒããè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠãæ³ãšæ¿æ²» 4 å·» 2 å· 52 é ïŒ1953ïŒ 27 足ç«ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ26ïŒ47 é 28 éµé£Œä¿¡æãè¡æ¿æ©æ§ã«ãããå§å¡æå¶ã9 é ïŒæ¥æ¬è©è«ç€ŸïŒ1950ïŒ
36
ããããã§ïŒç±³åœã®äºã€ã®ç³»çµ±ã®å§å¡äŒçµç¹ãåºå¥ããŠïŒæ¬è«æã§ã¯ïŒäŒçµ±çç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡
äŒãšç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãšåŒã³åããããšãšãããã
ã§ã¯ïŒäž¡è ã«ã¯ïŒãããªãéããããã®ã§ãããããããã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãïŒç¬ç«ãš
èŠå¶ã«ãããŠïŒãã®æ§æ Œã説æãããŠããããšãèžãŸããã°ïŒæ¬¡ã®ããã«ç解ã§ããã§ãã
ã29ã
ç¬ç«æ§ïŒããªãã¡ïŒéåžžã®è¡æ¿æ©æ§ãšã¯ç°ãªãïŒå¿ ãããïŒäžçŽåºã®ææ®ç£ç£ã«æããªã
ãšããç¹ã¯ïŒãããã®é¡åã®å§å¡äŒã«ãèªããããã察ããŠïŒèŠå¶çãªäœçšã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒç¬
ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ç¹åŸŽã§ãããèŠå¶ãšã¯ïŒç§ç掻åã«å¯ŸããèŠå¶ã§ãããšèª¬æããã30ããã
ã¯ïŒå žåçã«ã¯ïŒå ã«æããééã®ããã«ïŒç§äººã®çµæžæŽ»åãžã®èŠå¶ã§ãããããã«å¯ŸãïŒ
äŒçµ±çç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å ŽåïŒæè²ãèŠå¯ãªã©ã®äŒçµ±çãªïŒè³æ¬äž»çŸ©ã®çºé以åããåœå®¶ã®
è·åãšãããäºé ãæ åœããŠããïŒç§çãªæŽ»åã察象ãšããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã®å Žåã®å§
å¡äŒã®èšçœ®ç®çã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ããã«ç£æ¥ãžã®èŠå¶ã§ã¯ãªãïŒè¡æ¿ã®ãæ°è¡çµ±å¶ã31
ãšããããšã«ãªãããã®ããã«ïŒäŒçµ±çç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒãã®æ©èœãšã
ãŠã倧ããç°ãªãïŒåºå¥ããŠè°è«ãã¹ãã§ããã
ãªãïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãæããŠããèŠå¶äœçšãšã¯ïŒæ³çãªåœ¢åŒãšããŠã¯ïŒæºç«æ³äœçšãšæº
åžæ³äœçšã§ãããšãããããããïŒããã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ãèŠå¶ããšããåŽé¢ã«é¢ãã
ç¹åŸŽã§ãããªãããã®ç¹ãå ·äœçã«èª¬æããã°ïŒç±³åœã«ãããŠã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ç»å Žä»¥
åã¯ïŒè°äŒã®ç«æ³ã«åºã¥ããŠïŒè£å€æãå€æ±ºãåºããšãã圢ã§ïŒæš©å©ææžãå³ãããšããŠã
ããã®ã®ïŒååã«æåããŠããªãã£ãã®ã§ãããããã§ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãïŒè°äŒãšè£å€æ
ã®åœ¹å²ãèªãå ŒãïŒèŠåãå¶å®ãïŒå¯©å€ãè¡ãããšã§ïŒè¿ éãªåŠçãå®çŸããããšããããš
ãšãªã£ã32ããã®ãããªç±³åœã«ãããç£æ¥èŠå¶ã®å¿ èŠæ§ãšããçŸå®ã®ç€ŸäŒçµæžçç¶æ³ã«åºã¥
ããŠïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãæºç«æ³äœçšãšæºåžæ³äœçšãæã£ãŠããã®ã§ãããã€ãŸãïŒæºç«æ³äœ
çšãšæºåžæ³äœçšãšããã®ã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã«ãããæŽå²çãªçµç·¯ã«åºã¥ãç¹åŸŽ33ã§ã¯ãã£
ãŠãïŒïŒäŒçµ±çç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãå«ããïŒç¬ç«æ§ããè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå šäœã®å®çŸ©ãªããæ¬è³ªçç¹
城ãšæããå¿ èŠã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã
ãŸãïŒéµé£Œã¯ïŒééèªç©ºåŽå調æŽå§å¡äŒã人äºå§å¡äŒãïŒäžè¬ã«ç±³åœã«ãããŠç¬ç«èŠå¶å§
å¡äŒã«æããããŠããªãããšãçåèŠããŠãã34ãïŒãããç§ç掻åãžã®èŠå¶ãè¡ãæ©é¢ãš
ããŠïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãååšããã®ã§ãã£ãŠïŒç¬ç«æ§ããå§å¡äŒçµç¹ã§ããã°ïŒããã«è©²åœ
ãããšã¯ïŒå¿ ãããç解ãããŠããªãããšã瀺ããã®ã§ããããç¹ã«äººäºå§å¡äŒãïŒç¬ç«èŠ
å¶å§å¡äŒã§ãªããšèããããŠãã35ããšã«ã¯ïŒäžå®ã®æå³ãããã人äºå§å¡äŒã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®äºº
29 éµé£Œã»åæ²æ³šïŒ28ïŒ11ïŒ12 é 30 éµé£Œã»åæ²æ³šïŒ28ïŒ12 é 31 足ç«ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ26ïŒ53 é 32 éµé£Œã»åæ²æ³šïŒ25ïŒ262 é 33 äœè€ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ22ïŒ 34 éµé£Œã»åæ²æ³šïŒ28ïŒ13ïŒ14 é 泚 1 35 æé«è£å€æäºåç·å±è¡æ¿å±ãç±³åœã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã8 é 泚 4ïŒæé«è£å€æäºåç·å±è¡æ¿å±ïŒ1950ïŒ
37
äºé¢ã«çžåœãããã®ãšäœçœ®ä»ãåŸãããïŒæãåœã«ãããŠç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ä»£è¡šäŸãšãã
ã人äºé¢ãïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ç³»çµ±ã«å±ãããã®ãšã¿ãããšãé£ãããšããããšã«ãªãã
ãã§ããã
ããŠïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãšã®é¢ä¿ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒ
æ¬¡ç« ã«ãããŠïŒããã«æ€èšãé²ããããšãšããŠïŒç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®æŽå²ã«ã€ã
ãŠïŒããã€ãã®ç¹ãææããŠããããšãšãããã
ç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒå ã«è¿°ã¹ãããã«æ¿åºã®åœ¹å²ãæ¡å€§ãããã®ãšããŠç»
å Žãããã®ã®ïŒãã®åŸã®äœçœ®ã¥ãã¯ïŒããªã埮åŠãªãã®ãšãªã£ãŠããããã¥ãŒãã£ãŒã«æ¿ç
ã®åŒ·åãªæšé²ã®ããã«ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ã®äžã«æš©åãéäžããããšãå¿ èŠã§ãããšèããã«ãŒãº
ãã«ãæ¿æš©ã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ç¬ç«æ§ãïŒãããé害ãšæããããã«ãªãããé ã®ãªãïŒ
æ¿åºã®ç¬¬åéšéããšç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãæ¹å€ãããè¡æ¿ç®¡çã«é¢ãã倧統é ã®å§å¡äŒãã¯ïŒã
ã®ãããªã«ãŒãºãã«ãæ¿æš©ã®é²æ©æŽŸã®ç«å Žã«ç«ã€ãã®ã§ãã£ãããã®å ±åæžã¯ïŒãã¹ãŠã®ç¬
ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ç«æ³ïŒè¡æ¿æš©èœãåçã«ç§»ãïŒæºåžæ³çãªæ©èœã®ã¿ãæ®ããšãã倧èãªææ¡
ãè¡ã£ã36ããããïŒãã®ææ¡ãè°äŒã«æåºããããšïŒãããããããŸãã«åŒ·å€§ãªæš©åãèªå·±
ïŒå€§çµ±é ïŒã®æäžã«ææ¡ããããšããç¹ã§æ¿ããéé£ãæããïŒã€ãã«è¬ãå»ãããã37çµæ
ã«çµãã£ããã€ãŸãïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒè°äŒã倧統é ã®æš©éãæå¶ããæ¹æ³ãšããŠãèã
ããã38ã®ã§ãããããããæ§æ Œã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®èªçåœåããååšããŠãããæ¬æ¥ãª
ãã°ïŒç£æ¥ã®é«åºŠåãžã®å¯Ÿå¿ãšããŠïŒæ¢åã®è¡æ¿æ©æ§ã®æš©éãæ¡å€§ããããšã«ãã£ãŠå¯Ÿå¿ã
ãããšãèããããããããïŒãè°äŒã¯è¡æ¿å®åºã«å¯ŸããŠåŸæ¥ããããŠããæ©èœãšç°ãªã€ã
æ°ããæ©èœãä»»ããã ãã®å¥œæã瀺ããªãã€ãã39ã®ã§ããã
ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒè¡æ¿æš©ãæ¡å€§ããæå³ãæã€åé¢ã§ïŒå€§çµ±é ã®æš©éãå¶çŽãããã®ã§
ããããè°äŒã«ãã倧統é ã®æš©åã®æå¶ãšããç©æ¥µçæå³ãïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã«èªããããŠ
ããã®ã§ããã
â ¢ æ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
æ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«çžåœããæ©é¢ã¯ïŒæŠåïŒã»ãšãã©ååšããŠããªãã£ãã
ãã£ãšãïŒãå§å¡äŒããšããåã®ã€ããåè°å¶ã®è¡æ¿æ©é¢ãååšããªãã£ãããã§ã¯ãªãã
ãã ãïŒãã®å€ãã¯ïŒè«®åæ©é¢ã«éããïŒä»æ¥ã® 8 æ¡å§å¡äŒçã«çžåœãããã®ã§ãã£ãã3
æ¡å§å¡äŒçãšé¡äŒŒããæ©èœãæããå§å¡äŒãšããŠã¯ïŒåçš®ã®è©Šéšå§å¡äŒãåçšå¯©æ»äŒïŒæµ·å¡
36 èŸ»æž æãç±³åœè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ç¬ç«æ§âãã®å€é·ãšå°æ¥âãæ±äº¬å€§åŠç€ŸäŒç§åŠç 究æç·šãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒâç
è«ã»æŽå²ã»å®æ âã284ïœ288 é ïŒæ¥æ¬è©è«ç€ŸïŒ1951ïŒ 37 蟻ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ36ïŒ290 é 38 äœè€ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ22ïŒ280 é 泚 10 39 éµé£Œã»åæ²æ³šïŒ25ïŒ281 é
38
審å€æãšãã£ãæ©é¢ãååšãã40ããªãïŒæ³šç®ããŠããã¹ãã¯ïŒåçšå¯©æ»äŒãæµ·å¡å¯©å€æã¯ïŒ
圢ãå€ããªãããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããŠæŠåŸãé·ãåç¶ããŠãããšããç¹ã§ãããããã
ã¯ïŒç±³åœã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãšã¯ç°ãªã沿é©ãæã€ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã§ãããšãããã
ãã£ãšãïŒåçšå¯©æ»äŒçã¯ãããŸã§ïŒäŸå€ã§ãã£ãŠïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æŽå²
ãïŒGHQ ã«ããæŠåŸæ¹é©ã®äžã§å§ãŸã£ããšããããšã¯çãããªããæŠåã®æ¥æ¬ã®çµ±æ²»ã·ã¹
ãã ã§ã¯ïŒéŠçžã¯ïŒãå茩äžã®éŠåžãã«éããïŒå倧è£ã¯åç¬ã§å€©çãèŒåŒŒïŒå€§æ¥æ¬åžåœæ²
æ³ 55 æ¡ïŒãããã®ãšããïŒå é£ãšããæŠå¿µã¯ïŒæ²æ³äžã«çŸããŠããªãã£ãããŸãïŒçµ±åž¥æš©
ã®ç¬ç«ã«ããïŒè»éšãç¬èªã«æš©åããµãã£ãŠãããããã«ïŒæ¢å¯é¢ãïŒå é£ã®äžã«ãªãæ©é¢
ãšããŠååšãïŒæš©åšãæããŠãããGHQ ã®æŠåŸæ¹é©ã¯ïŒããããç¶æ³ãæ¹ããŠïŒå é£ã®äž
ã«è¡æ¿æš©ãéäžããããšãç®çãšããŠãããGHQ ã®ãæ²æ³æ¹æ£ã®èª¬æã®ããã®èŠãæžãã
ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªèšèŒãããã
3
c äžåã®è¡æ¿æš©ãå é£ã«éäžãïŒæ¢å¯é¢ãã®ä»éç«æ²çãªå·è¡æ©é¢ââãããã¯åŸæ¥æš©
åäºãã«åå ããŠããââãæé€ããããš
d æå¶ãšåè¡¡ã®äœå¶ãä¿®æ£ããã圢ã§å®çŸãïŒåžæ³æš©ã®ç¬ç«ã確ç«ããããš41
GHQ ã¯ïŒæŠåã®äœå¶ãæ¹ãïŒè¡æ¿æš©ãå é£ã«éäžãããäžæ¹ã§ïŒãæå¶ãšåè¡¡ã®äœå¶ãã確
ç«ããããšããæ±ããŠãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å°å ¥ã¯ïŒGHQ ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ïŒããããæ¹éã«
ç §ãããŠïŒç¹ã«åé¡ã®ãªããã®ã ãšèããŠããïŒåœæã®ç±³åœã«ãããçµç¹ããã®ãŸãŸïŒç§»æ€
ãããããªææ¡ããã°ãã°è¡ã£ãŠããããããïŒãã®ãã㪠GHQ ã®æ 床ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒæ¥æ¬æ¿
åºã¯ïŒå°æãïŒãããã¯åçºããå Žé¢ãå€ãã¿ããããæ¥æ¬åŽã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ïŒãäžåã®è¡æ¿æš©
ãå é£ã«éäžããããããšããªããïŒäžæ¹ã§ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãèšããããšãã姿å¢ã¯ççŸ
ãããã®ã®ããã«ã¿ããã®ã§ããã
äŸãã°ïŒå ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã®åµèšã«ãããåå·¥ç倧èµçåºèº«ã®å®åãã¡ã®æèŠ42ãèŠãŠã¿ã
ãã1946 幎ïŒGHQ ã®çµæžç§åŠå±ã®ã«ã€ã æ°ããã®ç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã«çžåœããæ³æ¡ã«ã€ããŠã®
æ¡ãæ瀺ããããããããã«ã€ã æ°è©Šæ¡ã§ãããããã¯ç±³åœã®åžæ³çåãã©ã¹ãå±ãšé£éŠå
åŒå§å¡äŒãåäœããããããªç¹ç°ãªæ¡ã§ãããïŒå®äœãšããŠã¯ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã§ãã£ãŠïŒç¬
ç«æ§ãä¿éãããŠããã
ãã®æ¡ã®æ瀺ãåããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã®èµ·èäºåå±ã®å®åãã¡ã¯ïŒãçµæžç§©åºã«é¢ãã瀺åã«
察ããéå ¬åŒæèŠãã GHQ ã«æåºããããã®äžã§ïŒæ°æ²æ³ã® 65 æ¡ïŒ66 æ¡ 3 é ãåŒããŠïŒ
40 æç°é Œæãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒâè¡æ¿çµç¹é¢ä¿çšèªã®è§£èª¬â1âãæã®æ³ä»€ 395 å· 53 é ïŒ1961ïŒ 41 é«æ³è³¢äžã»ãç·šãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³å¶å®ã®éçšâ åæãšç¿»èš³ã305 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1972ïŒ 42 å¹³æè±åãç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã®èµ·èéçšã«ã¿ãå ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒââç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®èªçââãç¥å¥å·æ³åŠ
41 å·» 1 å· 30ïŒ31 é ïŒ2008ïŒ
39
ç¬ç«æ§ãæ²æ³éåã§ã¯ãªãããšã®çåãæèµ·ããŠããããããŠïŒäž»å倧è£ã®æš©éã匷ãæ®ã
ã察æ¡ãææ¡ããŠãããçµå±ïŒæçµçã«ã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããŠã®å ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒãèšã
ãããããšãšãªããïŒããããããåãããã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«å¯Ÿããæ¥æ¬åŽå®åã®åŒ·ã
æµææãèŠãŠåãããšãã§ããããã®ãããªåå¿ã¯ïŒåŸæ¥ã®æš©ååºç€ã解äœãããããšã«å¯Ÿ
ããåçºãšããé¢ããããããããïŒããã«å°œãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒæš©ååç«ïŒæ°äž»ç責任è¡
æ¿ã®åçã«ç §ãããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšããå¶åºŠã«æžæã£ãŠããæ§åãèŠåããããã
ããã«å¯ŸããŠïŒåŠè ãã¯ãããšããŠã®æ°éã®åå¿ãšããã®ã¯ïŒçžå¯Ÿçã«ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
ã«å¯ŸããŠå¥œæçã§ãã£ãããã®éã«ïŒçç±ãšããŠçšããããã®ã¯ãè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åãã§ãã£ãã
ãè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åããããã¯ãè¡æ¿æ©æ§ã®æ°äž»åããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå°å ¥ã®ç®çãšãããã®ã§
ããããããïŒãªãïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å°å ¥ããè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åãã«ã€ãªãããã¯å®ã®ãšãã
æããã§ã¯ãªããåè°å¶ãç¬ç«æ§ã¯ïŒåŸæ¥ã®è¡æ¿æ©é¢ãšã¯ç°ãªãæ§è³ªãæããŠããããšã瀺
ããã®ã§ã¯ãããïŒããã§ãããšãã£ãŠæ°äž»çã§ãããšã¯ãããªãã®ã§ãã43ã
ããããïŒãè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åããšããè¡šçŸã¯ïŒæŠåã®éæ°äž»çãªå®åæ©æ§ã解äœãããšãã
çšåºŠã®æå³ã§çšããããŠããã®ã§ãããããã ãïŒæ¬æ¥çã«èãããªãã°ïŒæ°äž»çã«éžã°ã
ãåœäŒã®ä¿¡ä»»ãåããŠããå é£ã®äžã«ãªãç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒãããïŒéæ°äž»çã§ããã
ãã®ãè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åããšããç¹ã«ã€ããŠïŒçè«çãªèª¬æãè©Šã¿ãè ãäœäººããããäŸãã°ïŒ
足ç«ã¯ïŒäŒçµ±çç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å Žåã®ãè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åãã¯ïŒæ°è¡ã«ããè¡æ¿ã®çµ±å¶ãç®æ
ããã®ã§ãããšããäžã§ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã«ããããè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åãã¯ããã¹ãŠã®åœæ°ã«çŽ
åŸã®ããé©æ£ãªè¡æ¿ãéè¡ãããšããæå³ã§ã®è¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åãã§ãããšäž»åŒµ44ããŠãããã
ããïŒåŸè ã®äž»åŒµã¯ããã«ãèŠãããšããä»ãªãããããïŒç«¯çã«ãè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åãã¯ïŒäŒ
çµ±çç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ã¯åŠ¥åœãããïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã«ã¯åŠ¥åœããªããšãã45ã®ãçŽ çŽã§ã
ããããã®ãè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»åãè«ãïŒç³»çµ±ã®ç°ãªãç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãäžã€ã«ãŸãšããæ ã®ïŒæ··
ä¹±ãšã¿ããã
ãã®ããã«ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å°å ¥ã«åœãã£ãŠã¯ïŒçè«çãªåé¡ãïŒå®åæ©æ§ã®åçºãååš
ãããã®ã®ïŒGHQ ã®åŒ·åãªæšé²ã«ãã£ãŠïŒæ¥éã«å¶åºŠåãé²ãã§ããããšã«ãªããäžã¯ïŒ
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ãæçæã46ãšãèšããã 1951 幎ã®æ®µéã§ã®ïŒåœå®¶è¡æ¿çµç¹æ³ã®å¥è¡šã«
èšèŒãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒïŒãããã 3 æ¡å§å¡äŒïŒã®äžèŠ§ã§ããã
43 å¡©éå®ãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠã«ã€ããŠââæ¥æ¬ã«ãããå®ç床ââãæ¥æ¬åŠå£«é¢çŽèŠ 59 å·» 1 å· 9 é
ïŒ2004ïŒ 44 足ç«ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ26ïŒ51 é 45 å¡©éã»åæ²æ³šïŒ43ïŒ9 é 46 å¡©éã»åæ²æ³šïŒ43ïŒ4 é
40
è¡š 1
ç·çåº æ³åç 倧èµç æéšç é茞ç åŽåç çµæžå®å®æ¬éš
çµ±èš
å ¬æ£ååŒ
å šåœéžæ管ç
å ¬çäºæ¥
åœå®¶å ¬å®
å°æ¹è²¡æ¿
å€åœçºæ¿
éŠéœå»ºèš
é»æ³¢ç£ç
åå°èª¿æ»
äžå€®æŽçä¿è·
åžæ³è©Šéšç®¡ç
蚌åžååŒ
å ¬èªäŒèšå£«ç®¡ç
æå財ä¿è·
è¹å¡åŽå äžå€®åŽå
å ¬å ±äŒæ¥äœä»²è£
åœæééäžå€®èª¿å
å°å£²å ¬ç€Ÿäžå€®èª¿å
åœæééå°æ¹èª¿å
å°å£²å ¬ç€Ÿå°æ¹èª¿å
å€è³
å®éã«ã¯ïŒãããã®ä»ã«äººäºé¢ãªã©ãååšãããïŒçæéã®ãã¡ã«çžåœæ°ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡
äŒãèšãããïŒæŠåŸã®è¡æ¿æ¹é©ã®æéèŠç¹ãšããïŒå°æ¥çã«ã¯è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãïŒè¡æ¿æ©æ§ã®äž
å¿ãå ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšã®äºæž¬47ãããããç¶æ³ã«ãªã£ãã®ã§ããã
ãããïŒå®éã«ã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®èŒãããæ代ã¯ïŒçããã®ã§ãã£ããæ¥æ¬ã®å é çµ
äºãè¿ã¥ãã 1951 幎ïŒåç°å é£ã¯ãæ¿ä»€è«®åå§å¡äŒããäœã£ãŠè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æŽçã«çæã
ã48ãè¡š 2 ã¯ïŒè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æŽçãããã 1952 幎æç¹ã§ã® 3 æ¡å§å¡äŒã®äžèŠ§ã§ããã
è¡š 2
ç·çåº æ³åç æéšç é茞ç åŽåç
å ¬æ£ååŒ
åœå®¶å ¬å®
åå°èª¿æŽ
åžæ³è©Šéšç®¡ç
å ¬å®å¯©æ»
æå財ä¿è·
è¹å¡åŽå
æç²å¯©æ€å審æ»
äžå€®åŽå
å ¬å ±äŒæ¥äœä»²è£
å ¬å ±äŒæ¥äœç調å
ãããäžå¹Žã®éã«ïŒçžåœã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãå»æ¢ãããããšãåãããå»æ¢ãå ãããã®ãïŒ
審è°äŒãšããŠïŒæš©éãçž®å°ããããã®ãå€ãããããŠïŒåç°å é£ã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®
æŽç以éïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãïŒæŠåŸåæã«ã¿ãããããã«å€§èŠæš¡ã«çšããããããšã¯ãªãã£
ããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æ°èšãšããã®ã¯ïŒé·ãããªãã£ãã®ã§ããã1972 幎ã«å ¬å®³ç調æŽå§
å¡äŒãèšçœ®ãããäŸã¯ãããã®ã®ïŒããã¯åå°èª¿æŽå§å¡äŒãšäžå€®å ¬å®³å¯©æ»äŒã®çµ±åã«äŒŽã
ãã®ã§ããïŒå šãã®æ°èšãšããããã§ã¯ãªãã£ã49ãäžè¬çã«ã¯ïŒ1952 幎ã®æŽç以éïŒç¬ç«
è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯é·ãåæ»æãéãããŠãã50ãšèããããŠããã
47 ææç« äžéãæ°äžå€®å®åºæ³ãåœå®¶åŠäŒéèª 61 å·» 5 å· 320 é ïŒ1947ïŒ 48 å¡©éã»åæ²æ³šïŒ43ïŒ6 é 49 äŒè€æ£æ¬¡ãæ¥æ¬åè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠã®åœ¢æã228ïŒ229 é ïŒæ±äº¬å€§åŠåºçäŒïŒ2003ïŒ 50 å¡©éã»åæ²æ³šïŒ43ïŒ7 é
41
ãã ãïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå šäœãšããŠã¯ãã®ããã«ç解ã§ãããšããŠãïŒåã ã®çµç¹ãã¿ãŠ
ãããšãŸãç°ãªã£ãæ§çžãããããŸãïŒç±³åœã«ãããäŒçµ±çç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡
äŒã®å¥ãåç §ããŠãããšïŒåŸè ã®é¡åãã»ãšãã©å»æ¢ãããããšãåããããçµæžåéã«é¢
ããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯å ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒãé€ãå šå»ãããã51ã®ã§ãããæ®ã£ãç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡
äŒãšããã®ã¯ïŒå ¬å®å§å¡äŒã®ãããªæ°äž»ççµ±å¶ãå³ãããã®äŒçµ±çç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«çžåœ
ããæ©é¢ãšïŒäžå€®åŽåå§å¡äŒã®ããã«ïŒç°ãªãå©å®³ãæããåœäºè ãïŒåç»ããŠïŒå©å®³ã®èª¿
æŽãå³ãã¿ã€ãã®æ©é¢ãç®ç«ã€ã1952 幎æç¹ã§ã¯ïŒåŽåå§å¡äŒç³»ã人äºé¢ãå ¥ããªããšã
ãŠãïŒ4 æ©é¢ãåç¶ããŠããããã以å€ã«ã¯ïŒåžæ³è©Šéšç®¡çå§å¡äŒãªã©ãåç¶ããŠãããïŒ
è³æ Œè©Šéšã®ç®¡çãè¡ããã®ãšããŠïŒæŠåããååšããŠããé¡åãšãããã
äžè¬ã«ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å žåäŸãšã¿ãããå ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã¯ïŒãããäŸå€ã§ãã£ãŠïŒç±³åœ
ã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ç³»èã«å±ãããããªç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒå€ããå»æ¢ãããã§ãã52ãã
ããïŒæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãšã¯ïŒäŒçµ±çè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«çžåœããæ°äž»ççµ±å¶ã®ããã®æ©é¢ãšïŒ
åŽåå§å¡äŒåã®æ©é¢ãäž»ãªã®ã§ããããããŠïŒåŽåå§å¡äŒã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒGHQ ã®çŽæ¥ã®æ瀺
ãåããããšãªãïŒæ¥æ¬åŽãèªçºçã«èšç«ããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®é¡åã§ãããšææãããŠ
ãã53ããã®ç¹ãããïŒæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å¡äŒãèããã«ããã£ãŠã¯ïŒåŸæ¥ïŒãã°ãã°è¡ãã
ãŠããããã«ïŒç±³åœã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã«çžåœãããšå®æã«ã¿ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒãã®æ©é¢ã®å®
æ ã«ãã圢ã§æ€èšããããªããã°ãªããªãã
ããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å šäœãšããŠã®åæ»ç¶æ³ã¯ïŒå°ããã€å€åããŠããŠããããã§ããã
é·ãããªãã£ã 3 æ¡å§å¡äŒçã®æ°èšãå°ããã€èŠãããããã«ãªã£ãŠããŠããããã§ããã
ãã®æåã¯ïŒ1998 幎ã®æéçãªéèåçå§å¡äŒã§ãã£ãããã®åŸïŒé茞å®å šå§å¡äŒïŒ2008
幎ïŒïŒåååèŠå¶å§å¡äŒïŒ2012 幎ïŒïŒå人æ å ±ä¿è·å§å¡äŒïŒ2016 幎ïŒïŒã«ãžã管çå§å¡äŒïŒ2020
幎ãŸã§ã«èšçœ®äºå®ïŒãªã©ã次ã ã«æ°èšãããŠããŠãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãïŒåã³ïŒè¡æ¿çµç¹
ãšããŠã®éžæè¢ãšããŠèããããããã«ãªã£ãŠãããšããããããã«ã¯ãé©æ£ãªæå¶ã»åè¡¡
ã®èŠ³ç¹ã¯ïŒäžå€®çåºã®å€§æ¬ãåç·šæã«ã€ããŠãçããããªããã°ãªããªããïŒäžç¥ïŒãŸãïŒ
è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ååšæ矩ã«ã€ããŠãïŒãã®ãããªèŠ³ç¹ããåè©äŸ¡ããªãããã¹ãã§ããããã
54ãšæèšããè¡æ¿æ¹é©äŒè°ã®æçµå ±åãäžå®ã®æå³ãæããŠããã§ããããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
ã¯ïŒæ±ºããŠéå»ã®ãã®ãšã§ããªãéèŠæ§ãæã¡å§ããŠããã®ã§ããã
51 å¡©éã»åæ²æ³šïŒ43ïŒ6 é 52 å¡©éã»åæ²æ³šïŒ43ïŒ14 é 53 äŒè€ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ49ïŒ44 é 54 è¡æ¿æ¹é©äŒè°ãæçµå ±åãïŒ1997ïŒ
https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/gyokaku/report-final/index.html
ïŒ2019 幎 9 æ 12 æ¥æçµé²èŠ§ïŒ
42
â £ ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒããããåŠèª¬ã®å±é
ãã®ç« ã§ã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æ²æ³ 65 æ¡ãšã®é¢ä¿ã§ã®åæ²æ§ããããåŸæ¥ã®åŠèª¬åã³è£
å€äŸã®ç¶æ³ãæŠèŠ³ããããšãšããããããïŒåžå·åã«ãããã®55ãå§ããšããŠïŒæ¢ã«ïŒãã®
ç¹ã«ã€ããŠã®åŠèª¬ã®æŽçã«ã¯ïŒç確ãã€è©³çŽ°ãªãã®ãããã€ãååšãããããã§ïŒããã§ã¯ïŒ
ããããšã¯å°ãåãå£ãå€ãïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã«é¢ããè£å€äŸã»åŠèª¬ã®å±ééçšã
æŽå²çã«æŽç56ããŠã¿ãããšãšããããããããããšã§ïŒåŠèª¬ç¶æ³ã®ç解ã«ãïŒæ°ããªãã®
ãåŸããããšèããããã§ããã
åŸæ¥ã®åŠèª¬ãåé¡ãããšïŒä»¥äžã®ããã«ãªãã
ããã§ããç¬ç«æ§è¯å®èª¬ïŒç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ã¯ïŒçŸå®ã«ååšããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãïŒè¡æ¿æš©ã®åž°
å±ããå é£ã®ææ®ç£ç£ã«æããªãïŒã€ãŸãç¬ç«æ§ãæããŠããããšãèªèã®ã¬ãã«ã§èªã
ããåŠãã«ãã£ãŠåºå¥ããããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒæ²æ³ 65 æ¡ã®äŸå€ã§ã¯ãªããšã¿ãã®ãåŠ
å®èª¬ã§ããïŒæ²æ³ 65 æ¡ã®äŸå€ãšããŠæ²æ³äžèªããããŠãããšè§£ããã®ãè¯å®èª¬ãšããããš
ã«ãªããä»æ¥ã®åŠèª¬ã®å€ããæ¡ãäžçªå³ã® 3 ç¹ã®çç±ä»ããçµã¿åãããåæ²è«ãããã«
ããŠçãŸããŠããã®ããïŒæéãè¿œã£ãŠã¿ãŠããããšãšããã
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ããããåŠèª¬ã®å±ééçšã¯ïŒâ ïœâ ¢ã® 3 æã«åããŠäžå¿ïŒç解
ããããšãã§ãããšèããããã¡ããïŒå€æ§ãªè«è ãïŒå€æ§ãªè°è«ãå±éããŠããããïŒäŸ
å€ãå€ããïŒæ€èšã®æããããšã¯ãªããã
ãŸãïŒâ æã¯ïŒæŠåŸçŽåŸã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å°å ¥æããå§ãŸããæŠåã«ã¯ïŒç±³åœã®è¡æ¿å§
å¡äŒã«ã€ããŠã®è°è«ã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ã»ãšãã©çŽ¹ä»ãããŠããã57ïŒãã®æ°ããå¶åºŠã«å¯ŸããŠïŒåŠ
55 åžå·åãå é£ã®è¡æ¿æš©ãšè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãå°å¶ååžç·šãæ²æ³ã®äºç¹ïŒæ°çïŒã186ïœ188 é ïŒææé£ïŒ
1985ïŒ 56 ãªããäœç³»æžãæç§æžã®åŒçšã«ã€ããŠã¯ãååããã£ãšãæ°ããçãçšããããšãšãããããåŠèª¬ã®æ
ç«ã®ææãšã¯ããããããããšã«çæããããã 57 å¡©éã»åæ²æ³šïŒ43ïŒ4 é
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒéæ²è«
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒåæ²è«
ç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬
ç¬ç«æ§è¯å®èª¬
å¿ èŠæ§
蚱容æ§
åœäŒã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«
43
説ã¯æ§ã ã«ïŒãã®åæ²æ§ãè«èšŒããããšè©Šã¿ãããã£ãšãïŒåœåã¯ïŒæŠåã®å²æ æ§ã«ãã責
ä»»ã®äžæ確åã®åçãèžãŸãïŒæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®è«çã貫培ããã¹ãã§ããïŒå é£ã®äžã«ãª
ãè¡æ¿æ©é¢ã¯èš±ãããªããšã®è°è«ãç®ç«ã¡ïŒãããšççŸããããã«æãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡
äŒã®åé¡ã¯ïŒååèªèãããŠããªãã£ãã
äŸãã°ïŒçŸæ¿éšéåã®ãæ¥æ¬åæ²æ³åè«ã58ã¯ïŒæ²æ³ 65 æ¡ãäŸå€ãèš±ããã«ã€ããŠèšå
ããªããäœã æšæ£äžã®ãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³è«ãã«ã¯ä»¥äžã®ãããªèšèŒãããããå é£ã¯ïŒãããã®
è¡æ¿äºåãïŒèªå·±ã®æ¬éãã奪ãããïŒããšã¯ãªãããããããïŒæ²æ³ç¬¬äžåäžæ¢ã«ãããŠïŒ
å é£ãïŒäžè¬è¡æ¿äºåã®å€ïŒå瀺ã®äºåãè¡ãïŒãšèŠå®ããïŒæ¶æ¥µçã®æå³ã§ããããããŠïŒ
ãã®æ¶æ¥µçã®æå³ãç¹ã«éèŠãªãã®ã§ãããã59ãšè«ããŠããã65 æ¡ã§ã¯ãªãïŒ73 æ¡ã®è§£é
è«ãšããŠã§ã¯ãããïŒå é£ã®äžã«å±ããªãè¡æ¿æ©é¢ã¯äžåïŒèš±ãããªããšã®ç«å Žããšã£ãŠã
ãããšãåãããåæ代ã®ä»ã®äœç³»æžãã¿ãŠã¿ããšïŒå€§ç³çŸ©éãæ²æ³ã60ã«ã¯ïŒç¬ç«ã®è¡æ¿
æ©é¢ã«ã€ããŠèšåããªãããããã®ãã®ã¯ïŒæ²æ³ 65 æ¡ãæ²æ³äžã®ææã®äŸå€ãé€ãäžåã®
è¡æ¿æš©ãå é£ã«å±ãããã®ãšèããŠãããšã¿ãŠããã§ãããã
ãããïŒæ³šç®ãã¹ãã¯ïŒãã§ã« 1940 幎代æ«ãã 50 幎代ã«ãããŠïŒä»æ¥ã§ãçšãããã
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒåæ²è«ã®çç±ã¥ããçŸããŠããããšã§ããããŸãïŒæ²æ³ 65 æ¡ã«ã¯ïŒåœäŒã
ãå¯äžã®ãç«æ³æ©é¢ã§ãããšå®ãã 41 æ¡ãè£å€æã«ããã¹ãŠãåžæ³æš©ãå±ãããšãã 76 æ¡
1 é ã®ãããªéå®ããªãããšãæããŠïŒäŸå€ãèªãããããšã®èŠè§£ãïŒäººäºé¢ã®åæ²æ§ã«é¢
é£ããŠæµ äºæž 61ã«ãã£ãŠå±ãããããæµ äºã¯åœæïŒäººäºé¢ç·è£ã§ããïŒåœäŒçåŒã§ã次ã®ã
ãã«äž»åŒµããŠããã
åœäŒãå¯äžã®ç«æ³æ©é¢ã§ããïŒãããã¯ãã¹ãŠåžæ³æš©ã¯è£å€æã«å±ãããšããããšã«
察ããŠïŒæ²æ³ã¯ãã¹ãŠãšãå¯äžãšãè¡æ¿æš©ã«ã€ããŠã¯èšã€ãŠããªãã®ã§ãããŸãããïŒ
å é£ä»¥å€ã®æ©é¢ãïŒããšãã°äººäºé¢ã®ãããªãã®ãè¡æ¿æš©ã®äžéšãæã€ããšã°ïŒå¿ ãã
ãç§ã¯æ²æ³éåã§ãªããšæã€ãŠãããŸãã62
æ²æ³ 65 æ¡ã®æèšã«çç®ãããã®èŠè§£ã¯ïŒåŸã®å€ãã®åŠèª¬ã«åãå ¥ããããŠããããŸãïŒå·
æ¿ãšè¡æ¿ãåºå¥ãïŒæ²æ³ 65 æ¡ãå é£ã«ç¬å ãããããšããã®ã¯ïŒå·æ¿ã§ããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§
å¡äŒãè¡æ¿ãè¡ãããšã¯èš±å®¹ããããšããèŠè§£ã®åå63ããã®ææã«æ¢ã«èŠåããããã
ãã®ããã«ïŒçŸåšã®åŠèª¬ã§ãçšããããŠããçç±ã¥ããååšããäžæ¹ã§ïŒãã®â æã®åŠèª¬
ã®æ倧ã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ïŒç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ïŒããªãã¡ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãå é£ã®äœããã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ã
58 çŸæ¿éšéåãæ¥æ¬åæ²æ³åè«ãïŒææé£ïŒ1948ïŒ 59 äœã æšæ£äžãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³è«ã288 é ïŒææé£ã1949ïŒ 60 倧ç³çŸ©éãæ²æ³ãïŒåèæžæ¿ïŒ1950ïŒ 61 æµ äºæž ãåœå®¶å ¬åå¡æ³ç²ŸçŸ©ã68ïœ72 é ïŒåŠéœæžæ¿ïŒ1951ïŒ 62 æµ äºæž ïŒç¬¬ 19 ååœäŒè¡è°é¢ç¬¬ 1 é¡ç¬¬ 2 å·äººäºå§å¡äŒè°é²ç¬¬ 10 å· 613 é ïŒ1954 幎 3 æ 30 æ¥ïŒ 63 å±±ç°å¹žç·ãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ç¬ç«æ§ã«ã€ããŠãå ¬æ³ç 究 1 å· 46 é ïŒ1949ïŒ
44
åãã§ãããšã®è°è«ãåºãè¡ãããŠããããšã§ãããæ³åŠåäŒã®ã泚解æ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ãã§ã¯ïŒ
次ã®ãããªèšèŒãããã
åçš®ã®è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãïŒãã®è·æš©ã®ç¬ç«æ§ã¯èªãããã€ã€ãïŒçµç¹ãã®ãã®ã¯ïŒå é£åã¯
å é£ç·ç倧è£è¥ããã¯åç倧è£ã®æèœïŒç®¡çåã¯ç£ç£ã«å±ãããã®ãšããïŒå°ãªããšã
ãã®äººäºæš©ãšäºç®æš©ãšã究極çã«å é£ã«çä¿ããããšã«ããïŒãã®è¡æ¿ã«ã€ããŠå é£
ã責任ãè² ãããšã建åãšããŠãããå é£ããå®å šã«ç¬ç«ããè¡æ¿æ©é¢ãèšããããš
ãã§ãããã©ããã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒç 究äŒã§ã¯ïŒãããè¯å®ããèŠè§£ãšåŠå®ããèŠè§£ãšãã
ã£ãŠïŒéã«äžèŽãã¿ãã«è³ããªãã£ããïŒå€æ°ã¯ïŒæ°æ²æ³ã¯ïŒè°é¢å é£äž»çŸ©ã®å é£ãé
ããŠè¡æ¿å šäœã®æ°äž»æ§ãä¿éããããšãæå³ããŠãããã®ãšã®èŠå°ã«ç«ã¡ïŒå é£ã®å€
ã«ïŒå®å šã«ç¬ç«ããè¡æ¿æ©é¢ãèšããããšã¯èš±ãããªããšè§£ãã¹ãã§ãããšããã64
ããã¯ïŒäººäºæš©ãšäºç®æš©ãå é£ã®æã®äžã«ããããšããã£ãŠïŒçŸè¡ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒãå
é£ããå®å šã«ç¬ç«ãããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ïŒåæ²ã§ãããšã®è°è«ã§ãããåæ§ãªèŠè§£ã¯ïŒ
ç°äžäºé65ãäœè€å66ïŒéµé£Œ67ãªã©ãè¡ã£ãŠããããã®ãããªäººäºæš©ã»äºç®æš©ãäžå¿ãšããŠïŒ
å é£ã®æ¯é ãïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ã¯åŒ±ããªãããåã¶ãšããè°è«ã¯ïŒèŠãã説æã§ã¯ããã
ã®ã®ïŒæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®è«çãšæ£é¢ããè¡çªããããšãåé¿ããããšãå¯èœã§ããã®ã§ïŒçž
å¿ã®é åãæããŠããïŒâ æã®è°è«ã«ãããŠã¯ïŒæåãªãã®ã§ãã£ãã
ç¶ãâ ¡æã¯ïŒå®®æ²¢ä¿çŸ©ã«ããã³ã³ã¡ã³ã¿ãŒã«ãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ãïŒ1955 幎ïŒã§ã®è°è«ã«å§ãŸãã
宮沢ã¯å ã ïŒæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®åçã«åºã¥ããŠïŒãå é£ãããŸã€ããç¬ç«ãªè¡æ¿æ©é¢ãèšã
ãããšã¯ïŒæ²æ³ã®ç²Ÿç¥ã«åãããšãããªããã°ãªããªãã68ãšè«ããŠãããã³ã³ã¡ã³ã¿ãŒã«
ã§ã¯ïŒãã®ç¹ããã詳现ã«æ€èšããŠããããŸãïŒ65 æ¡ã®è¶£æšã¯ïŒè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»çã³ã³ãããŒ
ã«ã«ããã®ã ããïŒåœäŒã®çŽæ¥ã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ãåã¶éãã¯åé¡ããªãããšãæ¹ããŠç¢ºèª
ããã次ã«ïŒãããšã®æ§è³ªäžïŒåœäŒã®ã³ã³ãããªã«ã«æããã«é©ããªããåœå®¶äœçšã®ååšã
ææãïŒãããã¯ïŒå é£ïŒåœäŒã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«äžã«çœ®ãããªããšãæ²æ³äžïŒåé¡ããªããšã
ããããã¯ïŒè·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å¿ èŠæ§ã䞻匵ããè°è«ã§ã¯ããããããïŒ
宮沢ã¯ïŒãã®è«çã§å šãŠã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ãè«èšŒã§ãããšã¯ããªããåœäŒã®ã³ã³ã
ããŒã«ãåã¶å¿ èŠããªããšããã®ã¯ïŒãç°è°ã»èšŽé¡çã®äºèšã®è£æ±ºãšãïŒãããã¯æè¡äžåŸ¡
èœåã®è©Šéšã®æ¡ç¹ã®é¡ããã«éå®ããã®ã§ããããããã¯ïŒæŠåã«ãããŠãïŒåè°å¶ã®å§å¡
äŒçµç¹ãçšããããŠããé¡åã§ãããïŒãã£ãšãæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ãšã®æµè§Šãåé¡ãšãªãã«
ãããã®ãšãããã§ãããããããïŒãã®ç¯å²ã¯ããã«ãçããæž å®®åéãåæ§ã®ç¯å²ã§ã®
64 æ³åŠåäŒã泚解æ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³äžå·»ã998ïŒ999 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1954ïŒ 65 ç°äžäºéãè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠã®äžè¬çèå¯ã æ¥æ¬ç®¡çæ³ä»€ç 究 25 å· 16ïŒ17 é ïŒ1949ïŒ 66 äœè€åããã±ããèš»éå šæž æ²æ³ã419 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1955ïŒ 67 éµé£Œä¿¡æãæ°çæ²æ³ã190 é ïŒåŒæå ïŒ1968ïŒ 68 宮沢ä¿çŸ©ãæ²æ³ã315 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1949ïŒ
45
ã¿åæ²æ§ãèªããŠãã69ãïŒæ瀺ã¯ãããªããã®ã®ïŒå矩éã解ãããªãïŒäººäºé¢ãå ¬æ£å
åŒå§å¡äŒãªã©ïŒãããã«ãšã©ãŸããªãå€æ§ãªè·åãè¡ãç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯éæ²ã§ãããšèŠ
ãããåŸãªãã§ãããã
å®éïŒå®®æ²¢ã¯äººäºé¢ã«ã€ããŠïŒäºèšã®è£æ±ºä»¥å€ã®æºç«æ³äœçšãçŽç¶ããè¡æ¿äœçšã«ã€ããŠ
ç¬ç«æ§ãèªããããŠããããšã«ãæ²æ³æ¬æ¡ã®ç²Ÿç¥ã«é©åãããã©ããçžåœã«çããããšã
ãããã70ãšçåãåããŠããããã®å®®æ²¢ã®è°è«ã®ç¹åŸŽã¯ïŒäžã€ã«ã¯ïŒãããšã®æ§è³ªäžïŒåœäŒ
ã®ã³ã³ãããªã«ã«æããã«é©ããªããè·åãšïŒäººäºè¡æ¿ïŒèŠå¯è¡æ¿ãªã©ãã§ããã ãæ¿å ç
ãªã³ã³ãããªã«ããç¬ç«ã§ããããšãèŠè«ãããŠããäºé ããåºå¥ããŠãããšããã«ããã
è·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ïŒäžç«æ§ïŒå°éæ§ãšããèšèã§ïŒããããã«æ§æ Œã®ç°ãªãè¡æ¿æŽ»åãïŒæ確ã«
åºå¥ããã«è«ããè°è«ããã°ãã°èŠãããäžã§ïŒæ³šç®ãã¹ãè°è«ã§ããããããïŒãã®ç¹ã¯ïŒ
åŸã®åŠèª¬ã«ãããŸã§å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãäžãããšã¯ãããªãããã®ç¹ãå¿ ãããåºåãããŠè«ã
ãããªãåŸåã¯åŸã ãŸã§æ®ã£ãŠããããã§ããããã泚ç®ãããã®ã¯ïŒç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ãžã®æ¬¡
ã®ãããªæ¹å€ã§ããã
ããïŒäººäºé¢ãïŒäººäºå®ãå é£ã«ãã£ãŠä»»åœãããããšãïŒãã®äºç®ãå é£ã«ãã£ãŠåŠ
çãããããšãçç±ãšããŠïŒãããå é£ã®ã³ã³ãããªã«ã®ããšã«ç«ã€ãšããããšãã§
ãããšããã°ïŒè£å€æããããŸãïŒå é£ã®ã³ã³ãããªã«ã®ããšã«ç«ã€ïŒãšãã€ãŠãããª
ãããšã¯ãªããªãã ããã人äºé¢ãå é£ã®ã³ã³ãããªã«ã®äžã«ããïŒå é£ã人äºé¢ã®è¡
åã«ã€ããŠïŒåœäŒã«å¯ŸããŠè²¬ä»»ãè² ãããšãã§ããç¶æ ã«ãããšã¯ïŒãšããŠãããããª
ããšãããã71
è£å€å®ã¯ïŒå é£ã«ãã£ãŠæåïŒä»»åœïŒæ²æ³ 6 æ¡ 2 é ïŒ79 æ¡ 1 é ïŒ80 æ¡ 1 é ïŒããïŒè£å€æ
ã®äºç®ã«ã€ããŠãïŒè£å€ææ³ 83 æ¡ 1 é ã§ç¬ç«ããŠèšäžãã¹ããã®ãšã¯ãããŠãããã®ã®å
é£ã®äœæãããã®ïŒæ²æ³ 73 æ¡ 5 å·ïŒã§ãããããïŒäººäºæš©ãäºç®æš©ã ãã§ç¬ç«æ§ãåŠå®ã
ãããªãã°ïŒè£å€æãå é£ã®äžã«ãããšããå¥åŠãªåž°çµããããããããªããšææããã®
ã§ããã
ãã®å®®æ²¢ã®æ¹å€ã¯ïŒååãªèª¬åŸåãæãããã®ã§ïŒãã以éïŒç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ãããã ãã§
䞻匵ãããããšã¯å°ãªããªã£ãŠãããããã»ã©ïŒåŒããäœè€åã®ããã±ããèš»éå šæž æ²æ³ã
ã®æ§çã¯ïŒã¯ãããã§å®®æ²¢ã®ã³ã³ã¡ã³ã¿ãŒã«ãåç §ã§ããªãã£ãããšãæã£ãŠãããïŒæ°ç
ã§ã¯ããããä»»åœæš©ãäºç®ã«é¢ããæš©éãããã°è¶³ãããšããããšã«ã®ã¿çç±ãæ±ããã
ãšãããªãã°ïŒè£å€æããããŸãå é£ã®çµ±å¶ã®äžã«ç«ã€ãšãããããããšãšãªãã72ãšå®®æ²¢
69 æž å®®åéãæ²æ³â ã第 3 çãã305 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1979ïŒ 70 宮沢ä¿çŸ©ãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ïŒã³ã³ã¡ã³ã¿ãŒã«ç·š 1ïŒã494 é ïŒæ¥æ¬è©è«æ°ç€ŸïŒ1955ïŒ 71 宮沢ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ70ïŒ 72 äœè€åããã±ããèš»éå šæž æ²æ³ïŒäžïŒãæ°çãã882 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1984ïŒ
46
ã®è°è«ãèžãŸãïŒåœäŒã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ãšè·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ã«æ ¹æ ãæ±ããç«å Žã«èšè¿°ãæ¹ããŠ
ããã
â ¡æã«ãããŠã¯ïŒçŽç¶ããç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ã¯å°ãªããªããïŒä»»åœæš©ã«å ãïŒãã®æéãåç
çã§ããã°ïŒå é£ã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ãåã¶ãšããèŠè§£73ãå察ã«ïŒä»»åœæš©ããããã°åé¡ãªã
ãšããèŠè§£74ãååšããããããïŒè°è«ã®äžå¿ã¯ïŒç¬ç«æ§è¯å®èª¬ãåæã«ããïŒäŸå€ãèªã
ãããšã®åæ²æ§ã®è«èšŒã«ç§»ã£ãŠãã£ãããããŠïŒãã£ãšãåºãæ¡çšãããè«æ ã¯ïŒäžç«æ§ïŒ
æºåžæ³çæ§è³ªïŒå°éæè¡æ§ãªã©ã®è·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å¿ èŠæ§ããããšãã
ãã®ã§ãã£ãããã®ãããªç«å Žã«ç«ã€ãã®ãšããŠïŒæä¿®äžãäžç«çè¡æ¿æ©é¢ãšå é£ã®è²¬ä»»ã
ããžã¥ãªã¹ãã216 å· 8 é ïŒ1960ïŒïŒç°äžç©£æ²»ãæ°çæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³åè«ã261 é ïŒéææžé¢ïŒ
1985ïŒïŒäœè€å 450 é ãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³æŠèª¬ãå šèšäºçããïŒåŠéœæžæ¿ïŒ1996ïŒïŒå±±æ¬æµ©äžãæ²æ³
ãæ¹èšçãã207 é ïŒè©è«ç€ŸïŒ1989ïŒïŒæšå£éœäžãæ²æ³â ã300 é ïŒéææžé¢ïŒ1998ïŒïŒãªã©
ããããããšãã§ããã
â ¡æã®ç¹åŸŽãšããŠç解ãããã®ã¯ïŒäººäºæš©ãšäºç®æš©ãçç±ãšããç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ãæ¯æã
倱ãäžã§ïŒç¬ç«æ§è¯å®èª¬ã«ç«ã£ãäžã§ïŒå¿ èŠæ§ãäžå¿ã«åæ²æ§ã®è«èšŒãè©Šã¿ãããããšã«ã
ãããããïŒâ ¡æãšïŒãã®æ¬¡ã®â ¢æãæ確ã«ææçã«åºåããããšã¯å°é£ã§ããããã ïŒæ¬¡
第ã«è°è«ãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ãïŒç¬ç«æ§è¯å®èª¬ã®çç±ã¥ããšããŠïŒåäžã®ãã®ã§èª¬æããããšã¯å°
é£ã§ããããšãæããã«ãªã£ãŠããïŒè€æ°ã®çç±ã¥ããçµã¿åãããããšã«ããïŒåæ²æ§ã
è«èšŒããããšãã姿å¢ãé¡èã«ãªã£ãŠãããšã¯ãããããã¡ããïŒè€æ°ã®çç±ã¥ããæãã
ãšããããšèªäœã¯ïŒæ³åŠäžã®è«èšŒã«ãããŠãããéäŸã§ã¯ããããããïŒããããã®çç±ã
ãã§ã¯äžååã§ããããšãåæã«ãã€ã€ïŒãããè€æ°çµã¿åãããããšã§è«èšŒãæåãã
ãããšãããšããã®ã¯ããïŒç°äŸãšããããäŒè€æ£å·±ã¯ïŒæ¬¡ã®ããã«è«è¿°ããŠãããæ¡æã®
æèšïŒå é£ã®äººäºæš©ãšäºç®æš©ïŒè·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ãæãïŒã以äžã®äžã€ã®è«æ ã¯ïŒããããåç¬
ã§ã¯ååã®åæ²ã®çç±ãšãªãã«ãããïŒãã®å šäœãç·åããŠèãããšïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯é
æ²ãšããå¿ èŠã¯ãªããšè§£ããããã75ãŸãïŒèŠéè±æ²»ã¯ïŒå·æ¿ã»è¡æ¿ã®åºå¥ãè·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ãª
ã©ãæãããããã®çç±ã¯çžè£ãïŒããåãããŠèããããã¹ããã®ã§ãããšæãããã76
ãšè«ããŠãããæŠãïŒ1970 幎代é ããã¯ç¬ç«æ§è¯å®èª¬ã«ç«ã¡ãªããïŒè€æ°ã®çç±ã¥ãã䜵
çšããããšã§å šäœãšããŠåæ²ã®çµè«ãå°ãããšããåŸåã匷ãŸã£ãŠããããã«æãããã
â ¢æã®è€æ°çç±ã®ç·åèæ ®ã«ããè«èšŒãšããŠã¯ïŒäŸãã°æ³šéæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ã®æ¬¡ã®ãããªã
ã®ãããã
è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã¯ïŒïŒã€ïŒãã¹ãŠã®è¡æ¿ãå é£ã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ã®äžã«çœ®ãããšã«ã
73 å±±å äžå€«ãæ²æ³ãšè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒããžã¥ãªã¹ã 130 å· 64 é ïŒ1957ïŒ 74 å¹³äºåãè«ç¹åäžãç°äžç©£æ²»ç·šãæ²æ³ã®è«ç¹ã274 é ïŒæ³åŠæžé¢ïŒ1965ïŒ 75 äŒè€æ£å·±ãæ²æ³ã494ïŒ495 é ïŒåŒæå ïŒ1982ïŒ 76 èŠéè±æ²»ãæ³åŸåŠå šé 1 æ²æ³ã131 é ïŒããã«ãŽã¡æžæ¿ïŒ1973ïŒ
47
ã£ãŠæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®ååã確ç«ãããšããåæãç¶æããªããïŒïŒãïŒè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®
è·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ã«ããç¬ç«æ§ã®çšåºŠã«å¿ããŠå é£ã®æš©éãšè²¬ä»»ãçž®å°ããããïŒæå°é
床äºç®æš©ãšäººäºæš©ãå é£ãä¿æãïŒïŒãïŒå é£ã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ã®äžååããåœäŒã®ã³ã³
ãããŒã«ã«ãã£ãŠè£å ããããšã«ãã£ãŠæ ¹æ ã¥ãããããã®ãšè§£ãããã®ã§ãããã
ãã«ïŒè·æš©è¡äœ¿äžã®ç¬ç«æ§ãæããè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ååšã¯ïŒåºæ¬çã«ã¯ïŒè¿ éãã€ç°¡æãª
æç¶ãã«ããåœæ°ã®äººæš©ä¿éã®å¿ èŠæ§ã«å¿ãããšããæ²æ³äžã®äººæš©ä¿éã®ååã«æ£çµ±
æ§ãè£åŒ·ããããã77
人暩ä¿éãžã®èšåã¯ïŒããç¹åŸŽçã§ãããïŒäžååãªç¹ãä»ã®çç±ã«ãã£ãŠãè£å ããããš
ããã®ãïŒâ ¢æã®åºæ¬çãªçºæ³ã§ããããã«æãããããã®æå³ã§ïŒä»æ¥ã®äž»èŠãªäœç³»æžãª
ããæç§æžé¡ãåç §ãããšïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã«é¢ããè«èšŒã¯ïŒããªããã䌌ãŠããã
ããããã®è«è ã«ãã£ãŠïŒææããèŠçŽ ã«ã¯åŸ®åŠã«éãããããã®ã®ïŒè€æ°èŠçŽ ãæãïŒã
ãããäºãã«è£ãåãããšã§åæ²ãšã®çµè«ãå°ãããšããŠããã®ã§ããã
ãã®ããã«è€æ°ã®çç±ã¥ããç·åããŠè«èšŒãè¡ãã®ãïŒâ ¢æã®ç¹åŸŽãšããããã
ããŠïŒãããŸã§ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ããããåŠèª¬ã®å±éãæŠèŠ³ããŠãããâ æã«ã
ããŠã¯ïŒå€ãã®åŠèª¬ãç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒåæ²èª¬ã«ç«ã¡ã€ã€ãïŒãã®è«æ ãšããŠã¯å€æ§ãªãã®ã
ããïŒç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ãæåã§ãã£ãããããïŒå®®æ²¢ã®äººäºæš©ãšäºç®æš©ã®ã¿ã§ç¬ç«æ§ãåŠå®ã
ãããšã¯ã§ããªããšã®æ¹å€ãåããŠïŒç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ã¯æ¯æã倱ã£ãŠãã£ãããããŠïŒâ ¡æã«
ãããŠã¯ïŒå€ãã®åŠèª¬ãïŒç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ã®æ å ã«ãããªããïŒæ§ã ãªçç±ã¥ããæããŠãã£
ãããããïŒæ±ºå®çãªçè«ãšããã®ã¯çŸããïŒæ¬¡ç¬¬ã«è€æ°ãçµã¿åãããŠåæ²æ§ãè«èšŒãã
ããšããâ ¢æã®æ¹åæ§ã«ç§»è¡ããŠãã£ããšãããã®ã§ããã
ãã¡ããïŒããã¯ãããŸã§ããã倧ãŸããªåŸåã§ããïŒããã«ãã£ãŠã¯èª¬æã§ããªãè°è«
ãæ°å€ããããšããã§ããããšãããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒéæ²è«ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒå šããããŸã§ïŒ
説æãããŠããªãã®ã§ïŒããã§ãã®è«çããã©ã£ãŠããããšãšããããããããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿
å§å¡äŒã«å¯ŸããŠïŒåã«ç矩ãæãã«ãšã©ãŸããïŒãã®éæ²æ§ãæ£é¢ããè«ããè ã¯ã»ãšãã©
ããªããéæšäžç·ã®éæ²è«ãã»ãšãã©å¯äžãšããããéæšã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«äž»åŒµããã
å é£ç·ç倧è£ãè¡æ¿åéšãææ®ç£ç£ãïŒå šéšã®è¡æ¿æš©ã®è¡äœ¿ã«ã€ããŠåœäŒã«å¯Ÿã責任
ãè² ããšããäžé£ã®èŠå®ã¯ïŒåœäŒãéããŠïŒå šè¡æ¿ãåœæ°ã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ã®äžã«ãããš
ããæ°äž»æ¿æ²»ïŒè²¬ä»»æ¿æ²»ã®ååãå®ããæ²æ³ã®æ ¹å¹¹ã§ããïŒããããæ¹æ²è«è ããèŠãŠ
ãæ¹æ£ã®äœå°ã®ãªãå®åããéèŠèŠå®ã§ãããæ²æ³å°éè«è ãšããŠã¯ç¹ã«éèŠã寞毫
ã®éåãèš±ããªããšããæ 床ã§ãªããŠã¯ãªããªããç¶ãã«ïŒå ¬æ£ååŒå¡äŒãç¬çŠæ³ã®æœ
è¡äžïŒå é£ããç¬ç«ããŠè·æš©ãè¡äœ¿ããã®ã¯ãã®æ²æ³ã®æ ¹å¹¹ã«æµè§Šãããšããã®ãïŒã
77 æšå£éœäžã»ãã泚éæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ïŒäžïŒã1026 é ãäžæçŠç·ãïŒéææžæ¿ïŒ1988ïŒ
48
ãããç§ãæ¬è«ã§è¿°ã¹ãããšããç¹ã§ããã78
ãŸãã«ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠåœåããåé¡ãšãªã£ãŠããæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®è«
çãšã®æµè§Šãåé¡ãšããŠããã®ã§ããããããŠïŒéæšã¯å®®æ²¢ã®ç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ãžã®æ¹å€ãæŽçš
ããŠïŒãä»»åœæš©ãäºç®æš©ãæ¡ã£ãŠãããšããçç±ã§å ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒãå é£ã®ææ®ç£ç£äžã®æ©
é¢ãšãããªãã°ïŒæé«è£å€æãå é£ã®ææ®ç£ç£äžã®æ©é¢ãšããããšã«ãªããã79ãšè°è«ãé²
ããŠããããã ãïŒéæšã¯ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå šè¬ã«ã€ããŠïŒéæ²è«ã䞻匵ããŠããããã§ã¯ãª
ããå ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã®ã¿ãåé¡ãšããŠããã®ã§ãããéæšã¯ïŒå®®æ²¢ã®ãç°è°ã»èšŽé¡çã®äºèš
ã®è£æ±ºãšãïŒãããã¯æè¡äžåŸ¡èœåã®è©Šéšã®æ¡ç¹ã®é¡ããã¯åæ²ãšããããšã®è«ãåŒããã
ãã§ïŒæ¬¡ã®ããã«ããã
ç§ã¯ïŒããã«å°éæè¡ã®äºåãå ããŠïŒç¬ç«æ§ãèªããŠç¶ãã¹ããã®ã¯ïŒ
æºåžæ³ã®äºåïŒäŸãã°å ¬å®³ç調æŽå¡äŒïŒ
å°éæè¡ã®äºåïŒäŸãã°èªç©ºäºæ 調æ»å§å¡äŒïŒ
åœå®¶è©Šéšã®äºåïŒäŸãã°äººäºé¢ã®å ¬åå¡ã®è³æ Œè©ŠéšïŒ
ã®äžè ã§ãããšèãããæ¿æ²»äžã®äžç«å ¬æ£ãªã©ã¯ããã«è©²åœããªããšè§£ãã¹ãããšïŒå
è¿°ã®ãšããã§ããã80
ã€ãŸãïŒéæšã®éæ²è«ã¯ïŒïŒãã®èªæ°ã®åŒ·ãã¯ãšããããšããŠïŒå®®æ²¢èª¬ã«ããªãã®çšåºŠãŸã§
沿ã£ããã®ã§ãã£ããšãããã§ããããéæšã®éæ²è«ã¯ïŒãããšã®æ§è³ªäžïŒåœäŒã®ã³ã³ãã
ãªã«ã«æããã«é©ããªããè·åãšãã§ããã ãæ¿å çãªã³ã³ãããªã«ããç¬ç«ã§ããããšã
èŠè«ãããŠããäºé ããšã®éã«ïŒåæ²ã»éæ²ã®ã©ã€ã³ãåŒãã¹ãã§ãããšãããã®ã§ãã£ãã
ãã®éæšã®éæ²è«ã¯ïŒæ¿åºã®æ¿çãåããããšã¯ãªãïŒãŸãïŒåŠèª¬ã«ã圱é¿ãã»ãšãã©äžã
ãªãã£ãããã ïŒæãããŠéæšã®è«ãååãªçç±ããªããã®ã§ãã£ããã¯æããã§ãªãããã
ãšã®æ§è³ªäžïŒåœäŒã®ã³ã³ãããªã«ã«æããã«é©ããªããã®ã¿ã«ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãéå®ãã¹
ãã ãšããç«å Žã¯ïŒçè«çã«åŸ¹åºããŠããç¹ã§ïŒåŒ·ã¿ããããåŠèª¬äžãïŒäŸãã°ïŒå°Ÿå¹å人
ã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ã€ããŠïŒãäžéšãè¯å®ã§ãããšããŠãïŒè©Šéšã®å€å®ã»äºèšã®è£å®ã»èŠ
å¯ã®ç®¡çã»éžæã®ç®¡çãªã©ã®ãããªåéã«éå®ããªãéãïŒãã€ãŸã§ããã£ãããã解決ã¯
åŸãããªããã81ãšè«ããŠããã
次ã«ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠã®åžæ³ã®å€æã§ããããã®ç¹ã«æé«è£å€äŸã¯ãªãïŒ
å¯äžã®åžæ³å€æã¯ïŒçŠäºå°è£ã®æå 27 幎å€æ±ºã§ããããã®å€æ±ºã¯ïŒäººäºé¢èŠåãé©çšããŠ
78 éæšäžç·ãå ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒéæ²è«ãã®ä»ã®æ³åŸè«éã44ïŒ45 é ïŒç¬¬äžæ³èŠåºçïŒ1976ïŒ 79 éæšã»åæ²æ³šïŒ78ïŒ75 é 80 éæšã»åæ²æ³šïŒ78ïŒ70 é 81 å°Ÿå¹å人ãæ¥æ¬æ²æ³ åŠèª¬ãšå€äŸã127 é ïŒæšéžç€ŸïŒ1990ïŒ
49
ãªãããå è·åŠåã«ã€ããŠïŒäººäºé¢ãæ²æ³ 65 æ¡çã«éåãïŒãéæ²ã®è¡æ¿æ©é¢ãã§ããã
ãïŒäººäºé¢èŠåããŸãç¡å¹ã§ããïŒåŠåãåãæ¶ãããã«æ±ããŠååãåºèšŽãããšããäºä»¶
ã§ãããå€æ±ºã¯ïŒæ²æ³ããåã«è¡æ¿æš©ã¯ïŒå é£ã«å±ãããšèŠå®ããŠïŒç«æ³æš©ãåžæ³æš©ã®å Žå
ã®ããã«éå®çãªå®ãæ¹ãããŠããªãããšã«åŸŽããã°ïŒè¡æ¿æš©ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ²æ³èªèº«ã®èŠå®
ã«ãããªããŠãæ³åŸã®å®ãããšããã«ããå é£ä»¥å€ã®æ©é¢ã«ãããè¡ãããããšãæ²æ³ã
èªå®¹ããŠãããããšïŒäººäºé¢ã®èšçœ®ç®çããæ²æ³ã®æ ¹æ¬ååã§ããæ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã«é©åãååœå®¶
ç®çããèããŠå¿ èŠã§ããã82ããšãæãïŒäººäºé¢ã¯åæ²ã§ãããšå€æãããè£å€æã¯ïŒèŠ
ããã« 65 æ¡ã®æèšãšïŒäººäºè¡æ¿ã®ç¹æ®æ§ãæããŠïŒåæ²æ§ãå°ãããã®ãšç解ããããšã
ã§ããããããã¯ïŒå€ãã®åŠèª¬ã®æ¡ããšãããšïŒåæ§ã§ããããªãïŒåå€æ±ºã«å¯ŸããŠïŒäŒè€
æ£å·±ãåç¬ã§ã¯åæ²ã®ååãªçç±ãšã¯ãªããªããšããŠãïŒè€æ°ãç·åããããšã§åæ²ãšã®
èªèº«ã®è°è«ã«è¿ããã®ãšè©ããŠããããš83ã¯æ³šç®ã«å€ããã
æ¿åºã®èŠè§£ãïŒåŠèª¬ãšã®å ±éæ§ããããå ã«æµ äºã®èŠè§£ãæããããã«åæã«ã¯ïŒãã£ã±
ã 65 æ¡ã®æèšã«çç®ããåæ²è«ãå±éããããšããã£ããåäžã®çç±ã¥ããæ¿åºã®åœåã®
説æã®ä»æ¹ã§ãã£ãã®ã§ããããã®åŸïŒæ¿åºïŒç¹ã«å é£æ³å¶å±ã®èŠè§£ãã©ã®ãããªãã®ãšãª
ã£ããã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒå é£ã人äºäºç®ã®æš©éãæããŠããéãã§åæ²ãšããç¬ç«æ§åŠå®èª¬ã«
çžåœãããããªèãæ¹ã«ç«ã£ãŠãããšãããããšããããå®éã«ïŒãå é£ã人äºåã³è²¡åç
ãéããŠäžå®ã®ç£ç£æš©ãè¡äœ¿ãããšããæ¡ä»¶ãæºããããå Žåã«ã¯åæ²ã§ãããšè§£ããŠã
ãŠããããã§ãããŸããã84ãšã®çåŒããããããšãããããããïŒå ã»ã©ã®éæšã宮沢ã®è°
è«ãªã©ãåç §ãã€ã€ïŒæ³å¶å±ãè¿œåããéã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ãããªçåŒããããŠããã
äžå£ã«è¡æ¿ãšç³ããŸããŠãéåžžã«å¹ ãåºããïŒè€éã§ããïŒåå·®äžå¥ã§ãã£ãŠïŒç¹ã«å ¬
æ£äžç«ã§ããããšã匷ãèŠè«ãããéšåãšãããã®ã¯ãããããªãã§ããããŸããŠïŒ
åœå®¶å ¬å®å§å¡äŒïŒèŠå¯ïŒââèŠå¯è¡æ¿ãªã©ã¯ãã®å žåã ãããšæãããã§ãããŸããã
ãã§ïŒããŸã®ç¬çŠè¡æ¿ãæ¿æ²»æ§ã®åœ±é¿ãæé€ããå¿ èŠãïŒç¹ã«åŒ·ãæãŸãããšããè©äŸ¡
ãããããã¯ããŠãããããªãã§ããããŸããŠïŒããããè©äŸ¡ããããããšãã£ãŠïŒã
ãæ²æ³éåãã§ããã®ããšãããµããªåŸ¡è°è«ã§ããããŸãããã©ãïŒç§ãã¡ã¯ããã
ããªããŠïŒããããæ¿æ²»æ§ã匷ãæé€ããªããã°ãªããªãè¡æ¿åéã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒæ²æ³èª
身ãïŒäžåäºæ¡ãªãå åå æ¡äžé ã®äŸå€ãã¿ãããèš±ããŠããã85
ããã¯ïŒè·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ã«çç®ããŠïŒç¬ç«æ§ã®å¿ èŠæ§ã䞻匵ãããã®ãšã¿ãããšãã§ãããã€
ãŸãïŒæ¿åºã®èŠè§£ãïŒå é£ã®äººäºæš©ãšäºç®æš©ãåºæ¬ãšãã€ã€ãïŒããã«å°œãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒ
82 çŠäºå°å€æå 27 幎 9 æ 6 æ¥è¡é 3 å·» 9 å· 1823 é ã1855 é ïŒ1856 é ã 83 äŒè€ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ49ïŒ495 é 84 éªç°é è£ïŒç¬¬ 140 ååœäŒç¬¬ 1 é¡ç¬¬ 5 å·è¡è°é¢å€§èµå§å¡äŒè°é²ç¬¬ 20 å· 2 é ïŒ1997 幎 5 æ 14 æ¥ïŒ 85 çç°ç§å€«ïŒç¬¬ 80 ååœäŒç¬¬ 9 éšåè°é¢åå·¥å§å¡äŒäŒè°é²ç¬¬ 10 å· 32 é ïŒ1977 幎 5 æ 19 æ¥ïŒ
50
è·åã®ç¹æ®æ§ãªã©ã®çç±ãå®è³ªçã«ã¯çµã¿åãããŠãããã®ãšç解ã§ããã
ãããŸã§ã«ã¿ãŠããããšããïŒåŠèª¬ãè£å€äŸãæ¿åºã®èŠè§£ãïŒå€§ãããã£ãŠããŸãã°ïŒå¿
èŠæ§ïŒèš±å®¹æ§ãåœäŒã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ãªã©ã®è€æ°ã®çç±ãçµã¿åãããããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒåæ²æ§
ãå°ããšããè«çã«ç«ã€ãã®ãå€ããã§ã¯ïŒãã®ãããªçç±ä»ãã¯ïŒåå説åŸçãªè«èšŒãšãª
ã£ãŠãããšãã£ãŠããã®ã§ããããã
æ ¹æ¬çãªçåã¯ïŒåç¬ã«ãããŠïŒããããã«éçãæ±ããŠããè«æ ãè€æ°çµã¿åãããã
ãšã«ãã£ãŠïŒãªãïŒåæ²æ§ãè«èšŒãåŸãã®ããšãããšããã«ãããåè«æ ãïŒãã®å¹æãšã
ãŠã¯å°ãããïŒå 容ã«ãããŠã¯ç矩ããªããšãããªãã°ãšãããïŒåè«æ ã¯ããããã«ïŒæ¬
åœã«ãã®ããã«è§£ããŠããã®ãåé¡ãæ±ããŠããã®ã§ããããã®ãããªè«æ ãéããŠãïŒå š
äœãšããŠïŒä¿¡é Œã«è¶³ãæ ¹æ ããåŸããã¯æããã§ãªãããã¹ãŠãåãããããšã¯ããã¹ãŠã®
匱ã¿ãæã¡åãããããšã§ããã86ããã§ããã
åã ã®è«æ ãèŠãŠãïŒãŸãïŒ65 æ¡ã®æèšã¯ïŒããèªäœïŒäžå¿ïŒè¡æ¿æš©ã®åž°å±ã«äŸå€ãèª
ãããã®ãšè§£ããäœå°ã¯ããããããïŒ72 æ¡ã§ç·ç倧è£ãå é£ã代衚ããŠãè¡æ¿åéšææ®
ç£ç£ãããããšå®ããããŠããããšãšã®é¢ä¿ã¯åé¡ã«ãªãããŸãïŒããããïŒãå¯äžãïŒããã¹
ãŠãã®æèšããªãããšã¯ïŒå é£èªèº«ããã¹ãŠã®è¡æ¿æŽ»åãè¡ãããã§ã¯ãªãïŒåçåºãªã©ã«
ãã ããããéšåã倧ããããšãèžãŸããæžãæ¯ãã§ãããšã®è§£éãååã§ããããïŒå°
ãªããšãïŒãã®æèšã ãã§åæ²æ§ã«ã€ãªãããšã¯èšãé£ãã
ãŸãïŒå·æ¿ãšè¡æ¿ãåºå¥ããèŠæ¹ã«ã¯ïŒé åããããã®ã®ïŒããããæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³ã®è§£éãš
ããŠãããåºå¥ãã©ããŸã§æã¡èŸŒãããšãã§ãããïŒããã«ïŒä»®ã«åºå¥ã§ãããšããŠïŒç¬ç«
è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®çŸåšã®è·åãæãããŠïŒè¡æ¿ã«å°œãããã®ã§ãããã¯çããã87ããããïŒå ¬
åå§ã®ç«¶äºæ¿çãïŒåœå®¶å ¬å®å§å¡äŒã管çãããšããããèŠå¯ã«é¢ããå¶åºŠã®äŒç»åã³ç«æ¡ã
88ãªã©ã¯å·æ¿ã«åœãããããä»ã®çç±ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒæºç«æ³ïŒæºåžæ³äœçšãç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®
ç¹è³ªã§ãããšããããšãïŒé©åã§ã¯ãªãããšã¯ãã§ã«è¿°ã¹ããè·åã®äžç«æ§ãå°éæ§ã«ã€ã
ãŠã¯ïŒè¡æ¿æ©é¢å šäœã«æ±ãããããã®ã§ãã£ãŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®çç±ãšã¯ãªãããªããã
ãã«ïŒããããïŒãã®ãããªèŠ³å¿µèªäœãïŒäŸãã°ïŒåçºäºæ ã«ãããåååå°é家ãžã®ä¿¡é Œ
ã®å€±å¢ãªã©ãèãããšïŒçŸä»£ç€ŸäŒã«ãããŠã©ããŸã§ç¶æå¯èœãªã®ã89ãåé¡ãšãªããè·åã®
ç¹æ®æ§ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒãããšã®æ§è³ªäžïŒåœäŒã®ã³ã³ãããªã«ã«æããã«é©ããªãããã®ã«ã€ã
ãŠã¯ãšãããïŒãã以å€ã«ïŒæ¡åŒµããããšã¯ååãªæ ¹æ ããããã®ãšã¯èšããªãããæ¿å äž
ç«æ§ãããå°éæè¡æ§ããçç±ãšããåæ²è«ã«å¯ŸããŠãçŸè¡å¶åºŠãè¯å®ããããšã«ãªãã ã
ã§é説ãšãªã£ãŠãããšæãããã90ãšè©ãããã®ããããïŒãã®ææã«ã¯çŽã¡ã«åŠå®ã§ããª
86 éªæ¬ææãæ²æ³ 1 åœå¶ã¯ã©ã·ãã¯ã第äºçãã206 é ïŒæä¿¡å é«æå ïŒ2000ïŒ 87 çš²ç°éœäžãå é£ã®è¡æ¿æš©ãšç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒããæ²æ³å€äŸçŸéžâ ¡ïŒ»ç¬¬äºçã359 é ïŒ1988ïŒ 88 èŠå¯æ³ 5 æ¡ 4 é 1 å· 89 å±±äžç«äžãåååæ³å¶åºŠã«æ±ããããæ©èœãšã¯äœãïŒäžïŒãæ³åŸæå ± 89 å·» 11 å· 123 é ïŒ2017ïŒã¯
ãä»åŸã¯ãè¡æ¿åºèªããå°éæè¡çç¥èŠãæããŠãããšããããšããããã¯è¡æ¿åºã®å€æéçšã«å°ééå£
ãé¢äžããŠããããšã ãã§ããããä¿¡é Œããå°éæè¡çè£éãèªããããšã¯é£ããããšããã 90 çš²ç°ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ87ïŒ359 é
51
ããã®ãããã
çµå±ã®ãšããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²è«ã«ã¯ç矩ãæ®ãã®ã§ãããåŸæ¥ã®ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡
äŒã®ç¬ç«æ§ãèªãã€ã€ïŒäŸå€çã«èš±å®¹ãããç¯å²ãèšå®ããããšããè°è«ã¯ïŒååæåããŠ
ããªããã ããããïŒè€æ°ã®çç±ãçµã¿åãããããšã«ããåæ²è«ãäžå¿ãšãªã£ãŠãããã
ã§ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æ²æ³äžã®äœçœ®ã¥ããæ²æ³å šäœã®æ§é ãèžãŸãïŒãŸãïŒãã®å®éã®
æ©èœãèæ ®ããŠïŒæ ¹æ¬çã«èãçŽãå¿ èŠããããæ¬¡ç« ä»¥éã§ã¯ïŒç±³åœã§ã®è°è«ãåç §ãã€ã€ïŒ
æš©ååç«è«ã®èŠ³ç¹ããïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠã®æ°ããªè«èšŒãè©Šã¿ãŠããã
â € ç±³åœã®ç¬ç«æ©é¢ããããå€äŸãšåŠèª¬
æ¬ç« ã§ã¯ïŒç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«æ©é¢ããããå€äŸãšåŠèª¬ãæŠèŠ³ãïŒæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®
åæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠïŒç±³åœã®è°è«ããåŠã³ããç¹ã¯ãããªããã®ããšããããšãæ€èšããããªãïŒ
æ¬ç« ã«ãããç±³åœã®è«äºã«ã€ããŠã®å 容ã¯ïŒè£å çã«æŸäºèèšãã¢ã¡ãªã«æ²æ³å ¥é 第 8 çã
153ïœ164 é ïŒææé£ïŒ2018ïŒåã³å€§æååŸãã¢ã¡ãªã«æ²æ³ãšå·è¡ç¹æš©ã177ïœ180 é ïŒæ
æå ïŒ2008ïŒãåç §ããä»ã¯ïŒé§æååŸãæš©ååç«ã®è«žçžã第 1 ç« ããã³ç¬¬ 2 ç« ã«äŸæ ã
ãŠããã
ããŠïŒåç« ïŒåã ç« ã«ãããŠïŒæãåœã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãïŒäžè¬ã«ããããŠããã
ãšãšã¯ç°ãªã£ãŠïŒç±³åœã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®åçŽãªç§»æ€ãšã¯ã¿ãããšãã§ããªãããšãæã
ãã«ãªã£ãããããïŒããã§ãïŒç±³åœã«ãããè°è«ãåç §ããããšã«ã¯ååãªæ矩ãããã
ãŸãïŒæŽå²çäºå®ãšããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãè¡æ¿ã®åšãæ¹ãšããŠç©æ¥µçã«çšãããšããçºæ³
ã¯ïŒç±³åœãããããããããšããããšã¯åããªããïŒç±³åœã§ã®è°è«ã®èç©ã¯ïŒèšå€§ãªãã®ã§
ãããæ¥æ¬ã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²è«ã«æ±ºå®çãªãã®ããªããšããã°ïŒç±³åœã«ããã
è°è«ãåç §ããã®ã¯ïŒèªç¶ãªããšã§ããïŒå¿ èŠãªãã®ãšããããã
ç±³åœã«ãããŠç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠã®è°è«ã¯æªã 決çãããã®ãšã¯ãªã£ãŠã
ãªããå€äŸäžãïŒçŸåšãŸã§åºŠã ïŒäºãããŠãã91ãé£éŠæé«è£ãïŒæåã«ãã®åé¡ãåãæ±
ã£ãã®ã¯ïŒ1935 幎㮠Humphreyâs Executor 察åè¡åœäºä»¶ã§ããããã®äºä»¶ã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶
å§å¡äŒã§ããé£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒã®å§å¡ã倧統é ã解任ãããšããïŒè§£ä»»ãããå§å¡ã解任ã
äºã£ãŠæ蚎ãããšããäºä»¶ã§ããããã®çç±ã¯ïŒé£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒæ³ãïŒå§å¡ã®è§£ä»»äºç±ãïŒ
è·åæ æ ¢ïŒç¡èœåãªã©ã®æ³å®ã®äºç±ã«éå®ããŠããã®ã«ïŒåã«å€§çµ±é ãšã®æ¿çã®äžäžèŽãç
ç±ã«è§£ä»»ããããã®ã¯ïŒèš±ãããªããšãããã®ã§ãã£ãã
ããã«å¯ŸããŠïŒåè¡åœæ¿åºã¯ïŒãããã倧統é ã®å§å¡ã®è§£ä»»æš©ãå¶çŽããé£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒ
æ³ãéæ²ã§ãã£ãŠïŒè§£ä»»æš©ã¯å¶éãããªããšåè«ããããã®ãããªäž»åŒµãããã®ã¯ïŒ1926
幎㮠Myers 察åè¡åœäºä»¶ãšããå äŸãååšããããã§ããããã®äºä»¶ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ã®éµäŸ¿å±
91 以äžãé£éŠæé«è£ã®å€äŸã«ã€ããŠã¯æ瀺ã®ãªãéãã
é§æååŸãæš©ååç«ã®è«žçžã24ïœ49 é ïŒ54ïœ57 é ïŒåçªç€ŸïŒ2000ïŒã«åºã¥ãã
52
é·ã®çœ·å ãäºããããã®ã§ãããé£éŠæé«è£ã¯ïŒéµäŸ¿å±é·ã®çœ·å äºç±ãéå®ããé£éŠæ³ãé
æ²ã§ãããšãããåè¡åœæ²æ³ 2 æ¡ç¬¬ 1 ç¯ããå·è¡æš©ã¯ïŒåè¡åœå€§çµ±é ã«å±ãããããšãïŒ3
æ¡ 3 ç¯ãïŒå€§çµ±é ã®çŸ©åãšããŠããæ³åŸã®èª å®ãªå·è¡ã«ã¯ïŒå ¬åå¡ã®ïŒä»»åœæš©ã®ã¿ãªããïŒ
解任暩ãä¿æããå¿ èŠãããããããŠïŒåè¡åœæ²æ³ 2 æ¡ 2 ç¯ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ã®å ¬åå¡ã®ä»»åœã«
ã€ããäžé¢ã®å©èšãšæ¿èªããèŠæ±ããŠãããïŒãã®ããã«å€§çµ±é ã®ä»»å æš©ãå¶çŽããã«ã¯æ²
æ³äžã®èŠå®ãããããªããã°ãªããïŒåæ§ã®èŠå®ããªã以äžïŒè§£ä»»æš©ã¯ç¡å¶çŽãšè§£ããã¹ã
ã§ãããšããã®ãïŒè«æ ã§ãã£ãã
ãããïŒé£éŠæé«è£ã¯ïŒHumphreyâs Executor 察åè¡åœäºä»¶ã§ã¯ïŒäžè»¢ããŠè§£ä»»äºç±ã®
å¶éãåæ²ãšãããå ã® Myers äºä»¶å€æ±ºã®å°çšããçŽç¶ããå·è¡çå ¬åå¡ãã«éå®ãïŒç¬
ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã§ããé£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒã®å§å¡ã®è§£ä»»ã«ã€ããŠã¯åã°ãªããšããã®ã§ãããã
ããŠïŒä»åã¯ïŒè§£ä»»æš©ã®å¶çŽãèªããããšãã§ããçç±ãšããŠïŒé£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒã«ã¯äžç«æ§
ãæ±ããããããšïŒãŸãå§å¡äŒã®è·åã¯ïŒæ¿æ²»çãªããå·è¡çã§ã¯ãªãããšïŒæ±ããããå°
éæ§ãç²åŸããããã«ã¯é·æã®ä»»æãå¿ èŠã§ããããšãªã©ãæããäžã§ïŒé£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒ
ã¯ç«æ³æš©ãšåžæ³æš©ãè¡äœ¿ããç«æ³éšãšåžæ³éšã®ã代çæ©é¢ãã§ããã®ã§å€§çµ±é ã®è§£ä»»æš©ãèª
ããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªããšããã
1976 幎㮠Buckley 察 Valeo äºä»¶ã«ãããŠã¯ïŒé£éŠéžæ管çå§å¡äŒã«ã€ããŠïŒå€§çµ±é ã®å§
å¡ã®è§£ä»»æš©ã§ã¯ãªãïŒä»»åœæš©ãåé¡ãšãªã£ããé£éŠéžæ管çå§å¡äŒã®äžéšã®å§å¡ãäžé¢ä»®è°
é·ããã³äžé¢è°é·ã®ä»»åœãšãããŠããããšãïŒåè¡åœæ²æ³ 3 æ¡ 2 ç¯ã®å€§çµ±é ã®ä»»åœæš©ã䟵
害ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšãããã®ã§ããããããŠïŒãŸãã«é£éŠæé«è£ã¯ïŒãã®æ¡é ãæ ¹æ ã«é
æ²ã§ãããšããã倧統é ã®è§£ä»»æš©ã®å¶çŽã¯èªãããããšããŠãïŒä»»åœæš©ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒè·åã®
ç¹æ®æ§ãçç±ãšããŠå¶çŽãèªããããããšã¯ãªããšããã®ã§ããã
1986 幎㮠Bowsher 察 Synar å€æ±ºã¯ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã§ã¯ãªãïŒç±³åœäŒèšæ€æ»é¢ãåé¡
ãšãªã£ãäºä»¶ã§ãããç±³åœã«ãããŠã¯ïŒäŒèšæ€æ»é¢ã¯ãè°äŒã®ä»£ç人ãã§ãããšèããããŠ
ããïŒäŒèšæ€æ»é¢é·ã¯è°äŒã®åæãçµãŠå€§çµ±é ãä»»åœãããïŒè§£ä»»ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒé£éŠè°äŒã
æš©éãæãïŒå€§çµ±é ã®è§£ä»»æš©ã¯äžåèªããããŠããªãã£ãããããŠïŒ1985 幎ã«å¶å®ããã
åè¡¡äºç®ã»ç·æ¥èµ€åçµ±å¶æ³ã¯ïŒäŒèšæ€æ»é¢é·ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒäžéãè¶ ããé£éŠæ¿åºã®èµ€åã«ã€ã
ãŠïŒäžå®ã®åæžå 容ã決å®ãïŒæ³çææåããã£ãŠèªåçã«åæžãããæš©éãä»äžãããã®
ã§ãã£ãããã®ãããªæš©éããã£ã±ãè°äŒã®çµ±å¶ã«ã®ã¿æããäŒèšæ€æ»é¢é·ã«äžããããš
ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ã®äºç®å·è¡æš©ãäžåœã«äŸµå®³ãããã®ãšããŠæš©ååç«åçã«åããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã
ãšããç¹ãåé¡ãšãªã£ãã®ã§ããããã®ç¹ã«ã€ããŠïŒåè¡åœæé«è£ã¯ïŒãããæš©éã¯ãŸãã«
å·è¡æš©ã§ããïŒè°äŒã«ã®ã¿è²¬ä»»ãè² ãæ€æ»é¢é·ãå·è¡æš©ãè¡äœ¿ããããšã¯æš©ååç«åçã«
ç §ãããŠèš±ãããªããšå€æããã
1988 幎㮠Morrison 察 Olson äºä»¶ã¯ïŒç¬ç«æ€å¯å®å¶åºŠã®åæ²æ§ãåé¡ãšãªã£ããã®ã§ã
ããç¬ç«æ€å¯å® Morrison å¬åãåãã Olson ãïŒç¬ç«æ€å¯å®ã®æ ¹æ ããæ¿åºå«çæ³ãéæ²
ã§ããããïŒå¬åã«å¿ãã矩åã¯ãªããšäž»åŒµããã®ã§ãããOlson ããã¯ïŒããã€ãã®éæ²
53
ã®äž»åŒµãããããïŒããã§éèŠãªã®ã¯ïŒå ¬åå¡ã§ããç¬ç«æ€å¯å®ã«ã€ããŠåžæ³é·å®ã®è§£ä»»æš©
ãïŒçžåœãªäºç±ã®ããå Žåã«éå®ãããŠããããšã®éæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠã®äž»åŒµã§ããã
ãã®äž»åŒµã«å¯ŸããŠïŒåè¡åœæé«è£ã¯çµè«ãšããŠã¯åæ²ã§ãããšã®å€æã瀺ããã®ã§ãã
ãïŒãã®çç±ã¥ãã¯åŸæ¥ã®å€äŸãšã¯ç°ãªããã®ã§ãã£ããåå€æ±ºã¯ïŒHumphreyâs Executor
察åè¡åœäºä»¶ä»¥æ¥ã®ãçŽç¶ããå·è¡çå ¬åå¡ããšç«æ³çåžæ³çäœçšãè¡ããè¡æ¿ãçå ¬åå¡
ã®åºå¥ãæ瀺çã«ç Žæ£ãïŒè§£ä»»äºç±ã®å¶çŽã倧統é ã®ãå·è¡æš©ããªãããèª å®å·è¡çŸ©åãã
é»å®³ãããã®ã§ããããšããåºæºã«ãããŠå€æããã¹ããšããã®ã§ããããããŠïŒç¬ç«æ€å¯
å®ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ã®è§£ä»»æš©ã®å¶çŽãèªãããšãå·è¡æš©ãçã害ããã»ã©ã®éèŠæ§ãæããªãã®ã§ïŒ
åæ²ã§ãããšã®çµè«ãå°ããã
Morrison 察 Olson å€æ±ºã¯åŸæ¥ã®åœ¢åŒçæ ¹æ ãšå®è³ªçæ ¹æ ã䜵çšããè«çããïŒå®è³ªçæ ¹
æ ã®ã¿ããã£ãŠïŒæ£çµ±åããè«çãžãšè»¢æããããããå€æ±ºã§ãããšè©äŸ¡ãããŠããããã£
ãšãïŒãã®åŸãïŒåœ¢åŒçæ ¹æ ã«åºã¥ããšèããããå€äŸãã¿ããããšããã
ãã®ãããªç±³åœã®å€äŸã®åŸåã¯ïŒè¡šå±€çã«ã¯æ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒããããè°è«ãšãã
䌌ãŠãããå°éæ§ãäžç«æ§ãªã©ã®å®è³ªçæ ¹æ ãããšã«ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ååšãæè»ã«èªã
ãããšããç«å ŽãïŒãããã¯æš©ååç«ã圢åŒçïŒå³æ Œã«ã¿ãŠïŒéæ²ãšã®çµè«ãå°ãç«å ŽãèŠ
ãããããšã«å ãïŒãããã®äœ¿ãåããã¢ãããã¯ã«ã¿ããæ¯é¢æ» è£ããšãè©ãããããã«
äžå®ã®èª¬åŸåããè°è«æ çµã¿ãæ§ç¯ãããŠããªãããš92ã«ãïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ãããè°è«ç¶æ³ãšå ±é
æ§ãèŠãã ãããããããªãã
ãããïŒããã§ã¯ãããïŒç±³åœã®å€äŸãšæ¥æ¬ã«ãããè°è«ç¶æ³ãšã®éã§ã®åæã®éãã«ç
ç®ããããç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«èŠå¶æ©é¢ãã¯ãããšããç¬ç«æ§ããæ©é¢ã®åæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠã®
çŽäºãšããã®ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ã®ä»»åœæš©ïŒè§£ä»»æš©ã®å¶éã«ã€ããŠïŒäž»ã«çããŠããŠããããããŠïŒ
ãã®å¶éã¯èª°ã«ãã£ãŠãªãããŠããããšããã°ïŒé£éŠè°äŒã«ãããã®ã§ããããšãæ確ã«
æèãããŠãããã€ãŸãïŒç±³åœã®è°è«ãšããã®ã¯ïŒå·è¡åºãšç«æ³åºãšã®éã®æš©éã®è¡çªã®å
é¡ãšããŠåãæ±ãããŠããã®ã§ãããæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å Žåã¯ïŒãã®ãããªæèã¯ä¹
ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã«ã€ããŠã®äžæ žçãªç矩ãšããã®ã¯ïŒåœæ°ããåœäŒïŒåœäŒã
ãå é£ïŒå é£ããåè¡æ¿æ©é¢ãšããïŒè²¬ä»»ã®é£éããå€ããæ©é¢ãååšããããšãïŒæ°äž»äž»
矩ã®èŠ³ç¹ããèš±ãããããšããç¹ã§ãã£ãããã§ãããå é£ã®ææ®åœä»€æš©ãåã°ãïŒããã
ã£ãŠåœäŒã®ã³ã³ãããŒã«ãåååã°ãªãããšãåé¡ã§ããã®ã§ãã£ãŠïŒåœäŒã®çŽæ¥ã®ã³ã³
ãããŒã«äžã«ãããªãåé¡ã¯ãªããšããã®ãïŒåŸæ¥ã®æ¥æ¬ã®å€ãã®åŠèª¬ãæ¡ããšããã§ã
ã£ãããã®ç¹ã®æ¥ç±³ã®åæã®éãã¯ïŒéèŠãªæå³ãæã€ãšèãããããã§ïŒé£éŠæé«è£ã®å€
äŸã®åæãšãªã£ãŠããæèã«ã€ããŠïŒç±³åœã®åŠèª¬ãåç §ãã€ã€ïŒããã«æ€èšããããšãšãã
ãã
é§æã®æŽç93ã«ããã°ïŒç±³åœã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶æ©é¢ãå§ããšããç¬ç«ã®æ©é¢ããããåŠèª¬ã¯ïŒâ
92 é§æã»åæ²æ³šïŒ91ïŒ68 é 93 é§æã»åæ²æ³šïŒ91ïŒ84 é ïœ107 é
54
ç¬ç«æ©é¢éæ²èª¬â¡è°äŒæ©é¢è«â¢å€§çµ±é ïŒè°äŒç«¶åæ©é¢è«ã® 3 ã€ã«å€§å¥ããããšãã§ãããš
ãããããã«ïŒé§æã¯ãããã®ä»ã«ïŒã第åéšéãè«ã玹ä»ããŠãããããã¯ïŒãæ¢åã®çµ±æ²»
æ©é¢ããå®å šã«ç¬ç«ããïŒå ¬æ£ã»äžç«ãªè¡æ¿æš©åéšéãã§ãããšãããããŸãã«ïŒãé ã®ãª
ã第ïŒéšéããšããå€å žçãªç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒæ¹å€ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã«çžåœããè°è«ãšãããããã
ãããïŒç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®è°è«ã®éã«ã¯ïŒå®ã¯ããããã第åéšéãè«ã¯ïŒæ¢
ã«äžå¿çãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªããšããã以äžã§ïŒããããã®åŠèª¬ãããç°¡åã«çŽ¹ä»ããã
ãŸãïŒâ ç¬ç«æ©é¢éæ²èª¬ã¯ïŒæš©ååç«åçã®å³æ Œãªé©çšãæ±ãïŒç¬ç«æ©é¢ãéæ²ãšããè°
è«ã§ãããå·è¡æš©ã倧統é ã«åž°å±ãããšããååã匷調ãããâ¡ã®è°äŒæ©é¢è«ã¯ïŒç¬ç«æ©é¢
ã®åæ²æ§ãèªãããïŒãã®è«çã¯æè»ãªæš©ååç«èŠ³ãåæãšãã€ã€ïŒé£éŠè°äŒã®äžéš
congress of arm ãšããŠç¬ç«æ©é¢ã®ååšãèªãããHumphreyâs Executor 察åè¡åœäºä»¶ãïŒ
ãã®ç«å Žã«åºã¥ããã®ãšããŠç解ãããŠãããåå€æ±ºã§ã¯ïŒãäžç«æ§ããïŒãã®éèŠãªè«æ
ãšãªã£ããïŒããã§ãããäžç«æ§ããšã¯è°äŒã®å¶å®ããæ³ä»€ããã®éãã«ïŒå·è¡åºã«ããè£
éçå€æãªãã«ïŒå®è¡ããããšã§ãããšãããããã®ãããªæå³ã§ã®ãäžç«æ§ããéæãã
ããã«ã¯ïŒé£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒã¯ïŒè°äŒã®æ©é¢ãšããŠååšããã¹ãã§ããïŒåŸã£ãŠïŒå€§çµ±é ã®è§£
任暩ãå¶çŽãããããšãèš±ããããšããã®ã§ãããâ¢ã®å€§çµ±é ïŒè°äŒç«¶åæ©é¢è«ã¯ïŒâ¡ãšå
ããæè»ãªæš©ååç«èŠ³ã«ç«ã¡ã€ã€ãïŒãŸãç¬èªã®ãäžç«æ§ãæŠå¿µãçšããŠïŒç¬ç«æ©é¢ã®ååš
ãè¯å®ããŠãããããã§ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ãšè°äŒãšã®äž¡æ¹ããçè·é¢ãä¿ã€ããšããäžç«ãã§ãã
ãšèŠ³å¿µããïŒå·è¡åºãšç«æ³åºã®ç®¡èœæš©ã競åããå ŽãšããŠïŒç¬ç«æ©é¢ãååšãããšã®ç解ã
瀺ããããããã§ã¯ïŒâ¡èª¬ãšã¯ç°ãªãç¬ç«æ©é¢ã¯ïŒå šãã®è°äŒã®æ©é¢ã§ããªããïŒäžæ¹ã§å€§
çµ±é ã ãã管èœããæ©é¢ã§ããªããšãããã
ãã¡ããïŒâ ïœâ¢ã®å説ã¯ããããã«ïŒããè±ããªå 容ãå«ãã§ãããïŒããã§ç¢ºèªããŠ
ããããã®ã¯ïŒé§æãææããéãïŒã第åéšéãè«ã«ããããããªïŒæã ãéåžžã€ã¡ãŒãž
ãããããªãäžç«æ§ããªãããç¬ç«æ§ãã®æŠå¿µãšã¯çžåœç°ãªã£ãåæã«ç«ã£ãŠïŒç±³åœã«ãã
ãè°è«ã¯è¡ãããŠãããšããããšã§ãããããªãã¡ïŒå€ãã®åŠèª¬ã¯ïŒç¬ç«ã®æ©é¢ãšã¯ããã€
ã€ãïŒãã®ãç¬ç«æ§ãã¯ïŒä»ã®ãããªãè ã®æå³ãåããïŒèªãå€æè¡åããããšããæå
éãã®æå³ã§ã¯ãªããšèããŠãããšããã®ã§ãããåæ§ã«ãäžç«ãæ§ãïŒå šãã®äžåäžå ïŒ
äžç«å ¬å¹³ãšããæå³ã§ã¯ç解ãããŠããªãã
ããŠïŒé§æã¯ç±³åœã«ãããè°è«ç¶æ³ãåç §ããããã§ïŒæ¬¡ã®ãããªç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®è«èšŒ
ãè¡ã94ãåœå®¶äœçšã®äžæš©ãžã®éçãªé åã®ã¿ãªããïŒæš©åçžäºã®é¢ä¿æ§ã«çç®ããç«å Žã«
ç«ã¡ïŒãã®é¢ä¿æ§ãèŠåŸããåºæã®æ³çãšããŠãæå¶ã»åè¡¡ããäœçœ®ã¥ããããããŠïŒæå¶ã»
åè¡¡ã®æ³çãïŒå·è¡åºã®æ¡å€§ã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€çã»å¯Ÿæçæªçœ®ãšããŠã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ååšã
蚱容ããŠããããããã ãããšãã£ãŠïŒãããªãæ©é¢ãèšããŠãèš±ããããšããããšã«ã¯ãª
ããïŒãã®èšçœ®ã®åçççç±ã¯å¿ èŠãšãªãïŒãã®å€æåºæºãå é£ã®æ³åŸã®èª å®å·è¡çŸ©åïŒæ²
94 é§æã»åæ²æ³šïŒ91ïŒ245ïœ248 é
55
æ³ 73 æ¡ 1 å·ïŒã«çœ®ããããæ¿åºãèª å®ãªå·è¡ãã§ããªããšæãããéã«ã¯ïŒç«æ³æªçœ®ãå
ãïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãèšçœ®ããããšãèªãããããšããã®ã§ããã
äžèšã®ãããªé§æã®è°è«ã¯ïŒç±³åœã®çè«ã®æ¥æ¬ãžã®å°å ¥ãšããŠïŒèª¬åŸåã®ãããã®ã§ããã
ãã ãïŒå¿ ãããé§æã«ãããŠãæ瀺çã«è«ããããŠããªãæ¥æ¬ãšç±³åœã®æ¿æ²»å¶åºŠã®éã
ã«èµ·å ããåé¡ãæ®ããšç§ã¯èããŠãããããã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®æ²æ³åŠèª¬ã«ãããŠïŒãã£ãšãæ ¹æ¬
çãªåé¡ãšãããŠãããïŒç±³åœã«ãããŠã¯çŸåšããã»ã©åé¡ãšãããŠããªãç¹ïŒæ°äž»ç責任
è¡æ¿ã®åçãšã®æµè§Šã®åé¡ã«ããããããã®è«ç¹ã¯ïŒç±³åœã«ãããŠã¯ïŒæåéãã®ãç¬ç«æ§ã
ã¯ãªããšããããšã«ãã£ãŠåé¿ãããŠãããããªãã¡ïŒç±³åœã«ãããç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒãå§ã
ãšããç¬ç«ã®æ©é¢ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ã®å®å šãªæ¯é ã®äžã«ãªããšããã ãã§ããïŒè°äŒããããã¯å€§
çµ±é ãšè°äŒã®ç«¶åãã管èœã«ã¯æããŠãããšãããã®ã§ããããã®æå³ã§ïŒç±³åœã®ç¬ç«æ©é¢
ã¯ïŒæ°äž»çãªæ©é¢ã§ãããšããããããã§ããã
ãããããšïŒæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ãããŠã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³äžïŒæå¶ã»åè¡¡ã®æ³çãèªã
ããïŒãã€èª å®å·è¡ã®æ«æãèŠããããšããŠãïŒããã ãã§ã¯ïŒæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®åçãšã®
æµè§Šãåé¡ã«ãªããªããšããããšã¯ã§ããªãããšã«ãªãããããŸã§ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
ã¯ïŒã第åéšéãè«ã®ããã«ïŒæåéãã®ç¬ç«æ§ãæãããã®ãšããŠæ§æ³ãããŠããããã§
ãããã ãšããã°ïŒäžèšã®é§æã®è«èšŒã«ã¯ïŒåæãšããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®äœçœ®ã¥ããäœã
ãã®æå³ã§ã®æ°äž»çãªãã®ãšèšå®ããããšãå¿ èŠãªã¯ãã§ããã
ç±³åœã®è°äŒæ©é¢è«ã倧統é ïŒè°äŒç«¶åæ©é¢è«ã«ãªããïŒåœäŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšäœçœ®ã¥ãããïŒã
ããã¯å é£ãšåœäŒã®ç®¡èœæš©ã競åããæ©é¢ãšããŠäœçœ®ã¥ããããšãèããããããããïŒé§
æã瀺åãã95ããã«ïŒç±³åœãšç°ãªãè°é¢å é£å¶ãæ¡çšããæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠã¯ïŒæ°äž»çãªæ£çµ±
æ§ã¯åœäŒã«äžå çã«åž°å±ããã®ã§åœäŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšããããšãèªç¶ã§ããããç±³åœã«ããã
è°è«ããåŠã³ïŒæããã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ã®è«èšŒãšããŠã¯ïŒ
åœäŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšããŠã®æ°äž»çæ£çµ±åãèãããããšããããšã§ããã
95 é§æã»åæ²æ³šïŒ91ïŒ111 é
56
â ¥ ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ããæå¶åè¡¡
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãåœäŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšããŠäœçœ®ä»ããããšãšããã°ïŒæ°äž»ç責任è¡æ¿ã®åç
ãšã®æµè§ŠãšããïŒåŸæ¥æ²æ³äžãã£ãšãåé¡ãšãããŠããç¹ã¯ã¯ãªã¢ãããããšãšãªãããã
ãŠïŒãã®äžã§ïŒæè»ãªæ©èœçæš©ååç«èŠ³ãæ¡çšããã°ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ååšãæ²æ³ 65 æ¡
çãšã®é¢ä¿ã§èª¬æããããšã¯ååå¯èœã§ãããæš©ååç«ã®ç®çãïŒãæš©åã®åé¢ããšãã以
äžã«ïŒçžäºã®æå¶ã»åè¡¡ã«ãããšèãããªãã°ïŒå¿ ãããïŒè¡æ¿ãšããäœçšãïŒå é£ã®äžã«
眮ãããå¿ ç¶æ§ã¯ãªããšããããšã«ãªãããã§ãã96ããããïŒãã®ãããªäœçšãšæ©é¢ãäž
察äžã§å¯Ÿå¿ããïŒãå³æ Œåé¢ããå¿åããããšã¯ïŒæå¶ã»åè¡¡ãé»å®³ããããšã«ããªããã
ãªããæ©é¢çžäºã®é¢ããåãããªããªãã°ïŒæå¶ãåãããæ¹æ³ããªãããã§ãããæš©åå
ç«è«ãïŒæå¶ã»åè¡¡ãšããç®çã«ç §ãããŠæ©èœçã«èãããªãã°ïŒæ²æ³ 65 æ¡ãïŒå é£ã«æš©
éãç¬å ãããèŠå®ãšã¿ãã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãããïŒæå¶ã»åè¡¡ãåãããããã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
ã®ååšã¯æ²æ³ã«é©åãããšããããšãã§ããã
ãããïŒãã®ãããªèãæ¹ã«ç«ã£ãå Žåã«åé¡ãšãªãããã®ã¯ïŒæãããŠåœäŒä»å±æ©é¢ã
ãç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒããã®ç®çãéæããããšãã§ããããšããç¹ã§ãããè°é¢å é£å¶ãæ¡
çšããæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠã¯ïŒåœäŒã®å€æ°æŽŸã®ä¿¡ä»»ãåæã«å é£ãååšããã®ã§ããããïŒå é£ãš
åœäŒã®å€æ°æŽŸã¯éåžžäžèŽããããããŠïŒå é£ã®é·ããéŠçžã¯ïŒäžå ã®ãããã§ãããïŒãšã
ããä»æ¥ã®å å·è¡éšã®åãéåžžã«åŒ·ãç¶æ³ã®äžã§ã¯ïŒåœäŒãäºå®äžææ¡ããŠãããšããã
ããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«å é£ããã®ç¬ç«æ§ãèªãïŒåœäŒã«å±ããããšãã£ãŠãïŒå®è³ªçãªéã
ã¯ã»ãšãã©ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšãæãããã®ã§ãããããã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åæ²æ§ãšã
ãããã£ãŠããäºé ã§ãããæå¶ã»åè¡¡ãšããæš©ååç«åçã®ç®çã«æå¹ã§ãªããªãã°ïŒã
ããŠç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãèšçœ®ããåççãªçç±ã¯ãªãããã§ããã
ãã®åé¡ã®èæ¯ã«ããäžå ãéããç«æ³åºãšè¡æ¿åºã®äžäœåã¯ïŒè°é¢å é£å¶ã®å Žåã«ã¯ïŒ
é¡èã§ããããããïŒå€§çµ±é å¶ããšã£ãå Žåã«ã¯çããªãããšããã°ïŒå®ã¯ããã§ã¯ãªãã
倧統é å¶ã®äžã§ãïŒè°äŒã®å€æ°æŽŸãšå€§çµ±é ã®æå±æ¿å ãäžèŽããããããçµ±åæ¿åºã®ããš
ã§ã¯åæ§ã®ç¶æ³ãšãªãããã®ããšãæ確ã«ææããè°è«ãšããŠïŒLevinson ãš Pildes ã®ãæ¿
å åç«è«ã97ãããã
ãµããã¯ïŒåè¡åœæ²æ³ãæ³å®ããç«æ³åºãšè¡æ¿åºã®çžäºãã§ãã¯ãåããã¯ïŒåå²æ¿åºãš
çµ±åæ¿åºã®å Žåã«ãã£ãŠç°ãªãããšãææãïŒçµ±åæ¿åºã®å Žåã«ã¯ãã§ãã¯ãåååããª
ããšããåé¡ããããšè«ããããããŠïŒçµ±åæ¿åºã®å Žåã«ã¯ïŒåžæ³ã«ããæš©åã®ãã§ãã¯ã«
ãååæåŸ ã§ããªããšãããããããïŒè£å€æã«ã¯ïŒéæ°äž»çãªæ©é¢ã§ããããïŒæ°äž»çã«
éžåºãããè°äŒã倧統é ã®è¡åããªãïŒåŠå®ã§ããã®ããšãããåå€æ°æ§ã®é£ç¹ããæ ¹æ¬ç
ãªåé¡ãšããŠã€ããŸãšãããããŠïŒçµ±åæ¿åºã®å Žåã«ã¯è°äŒãšå€§çµ±é ãäžèŽããŠïŒããæ¿ç
ãæšãé²ããããšãšãªãã®ã§ïŒãã®æ°äž»çãªæ£çµ±æ§ã¯éåžžã«é«ãããšãšãªãïŒåžæ³ãããã«
96 æ西è¯å€ªãå·æ¿æ©é¢ãšããŠã®è°äŒã4ïŒ5 é ïŒææé£ïŒ2011ïŒ 97 倧æååŸãã¢ã¡ãªã«æ²æ³ãšå·è¡ç¹æš©ã238ïœ242 é ïŒææå ïŒ2008ïŒ
57
å察ããããšã«ã¯ïŒãåå€æ°æ§ã®é£ç¹ããã€ããæèããïŒååãªãã§ãã¯æ©èœãæãããª
ãããšãšãªãããã§ããã
ããã§ïŒçµ±åæ¿åºã®å Žåã«ããã«ïŒæ¿æ²»éšéããã§ãã¯ããããšããããšã倧ããªèª²é¡ãš
ãããã®ã§ããããã®æ段ãšããŠäºäººãæããã®ã¯ïŒè°äŒã«ãããå°æ°æŽŸã®æš©å©ãä¿éãã
ããšãšç¬ç«èŠå¶å§å¡äŒã§ããã
è°é¢å é£å¶ããšãæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ïŒåºæ¬çã«ã¯åœäŒã®å€æ°æŽŸãšå é£ã¯äžèŽããŠããïŒç±³åœã§ãã
ãšããã®çµ±åæ¿åºã®ç¶æ ãåžžã«çããŠããããšã«ãªããã ãšããã°ïŒLevinson ãš Pildes ã®
ãæ¿å åç«è«ãã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®ç¶æ³ãèããäžã§ã倧ãã«åèã«ãªããã®ãšãããããç¬ç«è¡æ¿
å§å¡äŒã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ïŒã匷ãéŠçžãäžã®æš©ååç«ã«ãããŠïŒæå¶ã»åè¡¡ãå³ãããã«ãã倧ã
ãªåœ¹å²ãæåŸ ããŠããã¯ãã§ããããããŠïŒåœäŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšããŠäžå®ã®æ°äž»çæ£çµ±æ§ãä»äž
ããããšã¯ãã®ããšã«ã€ããŠïŒããžãã£ããªæå³ãæã€ãåé¡ã¯ïŒããã«ããŠïŒå é£ãšäžäœ
ãšãªã£ãäžå ãå€æ°æŽŸãå ããåœäŒã®æ©é¢ãšããŠã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ãã§ãã¯æ©èœãæã
ãããå¶åºŠãæ§ç¯ããããšããç¹ã§ããã
ããã§ïŒæ³šç®ãã¹ãã¯ïŒLevinson ãš Pildes ã®ããçµ±åæ¿åºã«å¯Ÿããããäžã€ã®ãã§ãã¯
æ段ïŒè°äŒã«ãããéå ã®å°æ°æŽŸæš©ã§ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«å¯ŸããŠïŒãã£ã±ãå€æ°æŽŸãã
äžå ã®ã¿ã圱é¿åãè¡äœ¿ã§ããããã«ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒéå ã«å¯ŸããŠãäžå®ã®æš©å©ãä¿é
ãïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãæ¿åºäžå ã«å¯ŸããŠããã§ãã¯æ©èœãæããããšã®ã§ããããã«å¶åºŠ
ã工倫ããããšãèããããã
éå ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒäžçš®ã®å°æ°æŽŸæš©ãšããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãèªããããšã¯ïŒæ°
䞻䞻矩ã®åçããããŠãåºç€ä»ããããšãå¯èœã§ãããããããïŒæ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã«ãããŠïŒå°é
ãããã¹ããæ°æããšã¯åºå®çãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããïŒä»æ¥ã®å°æ°æŽŸã®æèŠãå°æ¥ã®ãããå€
æ°æŽŸãšãªããããã®ãšããŠååå°éã«å€ãããšã¿ãããšãã§ãã98ããã®ããšã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬åœæ²
æ³èªèº«ãåæã«ããŠãããæ²æ³ã¯ïŒå¿ ãããåçŽå€æ°æ±ºãæ¡çšããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãïŒå°æ°
掟暩ãèªããèŠå®ãããã€ã眮ããŠããã®ã§ããããã®æãéèŠãªèŠå®ã¯ïŒæ²æ³æ¹æ£æç¶ã
ãå®ãã 96 æ¡ 1 é ã§ããïŒ3 åã® 1 以äžãæããå°æ°æŽŸã«å¯ŸããŠïŒæ²æ³æ¹æ£ã®çºè°ãé»æ¢
ããããšãèªããŠãããä»ã«ãïŒ55 æ¡ïŒ56 æ¡ 1 é ïŒ57 æ¡ 1 é ïŒ3 é ïŒ58 æ¡ 2 é ïŒ59 æ¡ 3
é ãªã©ã«å°æ°æŽŸæš©ãå®ããèŠå®ãã¿ãããã以äžããïŒäžå®ã®å°æ°æŽŸã«ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«å¯Ÿ
ããé¢äžãèªããããšã¯æ²æ³äžïŒåå蚱容ãããã¹ããã®ãšããã99ã§ãããã
ããã«ïŒçŸè¡ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå¶åºŠã«ãããŠãïŒãã®ãããªéå ãšã®çµã³ã€ãããããã
ããšã«ããæå¶ã»åè¡¡ã®çºæ®ãèªããæããããšãªãããèŠå®ãååšãããããã¯ïŒãåäž
æ¿å æ¡é ãã§ããããã®èŠå®ã¯ïŒå€ãã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«èšããããŠãããïŒåäžã®æ¿å ã«
æå±ããè ãå§å¡ã®éåæ°ãè¶ ããŠã¯ãªããªããšãããã®ãå€ããããã€ãäŸãæãããšïŒ
98 åç°æ åžãæ²æ³ç責任远åå¶è«â ã46ã47 é ïŒé¢è¥¿å€§åŠåºçéšïŒ2010ïŒ 99 æ西è¯å€ªãå°æ°æŽŸã»å察掟ã»éå äŒæŽŸââæ¿åºçµ±å¶ã®äž»äœã«é¢ããèŠæžãæ³åŸæå ± 90 å·» 5 å· 29 é
ïŒ2018ïŒã¯ãè°é¢å é£å¶ã®æ§é èªäœãããéå ã®å°æ°æŽŸæš©ãå°ãåºãããšãå¯èœã§ãããšããã
58
人äºé¢ã«ã€ãïŒåœå®¶å ¬åå¡æ³ 5 æ¡ 5 é ãã人äºå®ã®ä»»åœã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒãã®äžã®äºäººãïŒåäž
æ¿å ã«å±ãïŒåã¯åäžã®å€§åŠåŠéšãåæ¥ããè ãšãªãããšãšãªã€ãŠã¯ãªããªããããšå®ãïŒ
å ¬å®å§å¡äŒã«ã€ããŠïŒèŠå¯æ³ 7 æ¡ 5 é ããå§å¡ã®ä»»åœã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒãã®ãã¡äžäººä»¥äžãå
äžã®æ¿å ã«æå±ããããšãšãªã€ãŠã¯ãªããªããããšããŠãããäžå€®éžæ管çäŒã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒ
å ¬è·éžææ³ 5 æ¡ã® 2 第 3 é ããåé ã®æåã«åœã€ãŠã¯ïŒåäžã®æ¿å ãã®ä»ã®æ¿æ²»å£äœã«å±
ããè ãïŒäžäººä»¥äžãšãªããªãããã«ããªããã°ãªããªããããšããŠãããå°æ¹ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿
å§å¡äŒã§ãã人äºå§å¡äŒïŒå ¬å¹³å§å¡äŒïŒæè²å§å¡äŒã«ãåæšã®èŠå®ãããã
ãããã®èŠå®ã®ãã¡ïŒäººäºé¢ã«ã€ããåäžã®å€§åŠåŠéšãåæ¥ããè ãã«ã€ããŠèŠå®ããŠã
ãã®ã¯ïŒæ±äº¬ïŒåžåœïŒå€§åŠæ³åŠéšæ¯é ãæžå¿µããããšã«ãããŠããŒã¯ãªååšã§ãããïŒä»ã¯ïŒ
ç±³åœã«ãããåçš®ã®æ¡é ãæŠåŸæ¹é©æã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒå°å ¥ã«éããŠãã®ãŸãŸèšãããã®
ã§ããããã®ãåäžæ¿å æ¡é ãã¯ïŒåŸæ¥ïŒãã»ã©éèŠãããŠããªãã£ããããã¯ïŒå§å¡ã®æ¿
æ²»çäžç«æ§ã確ä¿ããããã®èŠå®ã§ãããšç解ããïŒæ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠæ¿å ã«å ¥å ãããšãã
ããšã¯æ¯èŒççããããšã§ããïŒåäžã®æ¿å ã«æå±ãããã®ãéåæ°ãå ãããªã©ãšãã
ããšã¯ã»ãšãã©ããåŸãªãããšã§ãã£ãããã§ãããã
ãããïŒãåäžæ¿å æ¡é ãã¯ïŒã©ã®æ¿å ãšãé¢ããããªããšããæå³ã§ã®ãäžç«æ§ãã確
ä¿ããããã®èŠå®ãšã¯èŠãã¹ãã§ãªãããã®ãããªæå³ã§ã®ãäžç«æ§ãã確ä¿ãããããªã
ã°ïŒç«¯çã«æ¿å æå±ãæ¿æ²»ç掻åãçŠæ¢ããèŠå®ã眮ãæ¹ãã¯ããã«ç®çã培åºããïŒéå
æ°ã«æºããªãéãæ¿å ã«æå±ããããšãèªããèŠå®ãšããå¿ èŠããªãã
ãåäžæ¿å æ¡é ãã®èµ·æºã§ããç±³åœã«ãããŠã¯ïŒãã®æ¡é ãå ã«ïŒå ±åå ïŒæ°äž»å ã«ç¬ç«
è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å§å¡ãå²ãåœãŠãéçšãè¡ãããŠãããäŸãã°ïŒæŸéãéä¿¡ã«ã€ããŠã®ç¬ç«èŠ
å¶å§å¡äŒã§ãã FCC é£éŠéä¿¡å§å¡äŒã§ã¯ïŒãå§å¡ã¯ïŒå€§çµ±é ãä»»åœããŠïŒãããè°äŒäžé¢ã
æ¿èªãã圢ã ãïŒå®è³ªçã«ã¯è°äŒãäžå¿ã«ãªã£ãŠäººéžãã審æ»ãŸã§ãè¡ãããã®ãã¡ 1 人
ã倧統é ãå§å¡é·ã«æåãããå§å¡ã®ä»»æ㯠5 幎ã§ïŒåéžãå¯èœã§ãããåäžæ¿å ããéžã¹
ãã®ã¯ 3 人ãŸã§ã§ïŒäžå åŽ 3 人ïŒéå åŽ 2 人ãšããæ§æã«ãªããã100ãšããã®ãå§å¡ã®ä»»çš
ã®æ £è¡ã§ãããšãããããã¯ïŒåŸ¹åºãããŠããåååèŠå¶å§å¡äŒã®ãããªæè¡è²ã®åŒ·ãæ©é¢
ã§ãå ±åå ãã¹ãïŒæ°äž»å ãã¹ããšããç¹ãæ確ã«ãããŠãã101ããªãïŒãã®ãããªéçšã«
ã¯ïŒå§å¡äŒå éšã§ã®å¯Ÿç«ãçãïŒéå¶ã«å°é£ãçããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšã®æžå¿µãèããããã
ãããïŒå 掟å¥å²åœã®æ £è¡ã¯ç±³åœã«ãããŠã¯å®çããŠããïŒäŸãã° FCC ã®å Žåã§ã¯ïŒæ¬¡ã®
ãããªçµ±èšããããšããããæ°äž»ã»å ±åäž¡å ã®å 掟è²ãåºãŠïŒæèŠãå²ããããšãå€ãã®ã§
ã¯ãªãããšãã質åã«å¯ŸããŠïŒ3 幎éã® 5 人ã®æ祚ã調ã¹ããšããïŒçŽ 700 åã®è°æ±ºã®ã
ã¡ïŒ90ïŒ ã 5ïŒ0 ã®å šäŒäžèŽã ã£ããšããã®ã§ããã5ïŒ ã審è°æ¡ä»¶ã«å¯ŸããæèŠã®çžéïŒ
100 æŽç°åãåœéæ¯èŒç 究ïŒæŸéã»éä¿¡åéã®ç¬ç«èŠå¶æ©é¢ 第 3 å ã¢ã¡ãªã« FCCïŒé£éŠéä¿¡å§å¡äŒïŒã
æŸéç 究ãšèª¿æ» 60 å·» 8 å· 31 é ïŒ2010ïŒ 101 åç°äžéãç±³åœåååèŠå¶å§å¡ã®æåã»åæã«ã€ããŠãJAIF ç±³åœåååæ¿çåå 2014 幎 9 æ 25 æ¥
http://www.jaif.or.jp/cms_admin/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/new-nrc-commissioners140925.pdf
ïŒ2019 幎 9 æ 12 æ¥æçµé²èŠ§ïŒ
59
æ®ãã® 5ïŒ ãããããå 掟è²ã®åŒ·ãæ祚ã ã£ããã102å¿ ãããïŒå§å¡äŒéå¶ãé床ã«å¯Ÿç«ç
ã«ãªããšãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠãïŒæ¿å å¥ã«å§å¡ãå²ãåœãŠãæ¹åŒã«ãã£ãŠéå¶ãããŠããè¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã
ååšãããããã¯ïŒ8 æ¡å§å¡äŒã®äžã€ã§ããäžå€®éžæ管çäŒã§ãããäžå€®éžæ管çäŒã®å§å¡
ã®æåã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒåäžæ¿å æ¡é ãæ ¹æ ã«ïŒåå ãžå²ãåœãŠããããªã£ãŠãã103ãéžæã®é
å¶ãšããæ¿æ²»çãäžç«æ§ãã極ããŠåŒ·ãæ±ããããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ãããŠïŒå®çŸãããŠã
ãäžç«æ§ã¯ïŒãããã®å ãããè·é¢ã眮ããšããæå³ã§ã¯ãªãïŒç°ãªãå©å®³ãæããè ãã
ãããã«ïŒæèŠãè¡šæããæ©äŒãäžãããããšããæå³ã§ãããšããããšã¯ïŒåŸæ¥ïŒæé»ã®
ãã¡ã«åæãšãããŠãããäžç«æ§ãç解ã®åèãä¿ããã®ãšãããã
ãåäžæ¿å æ¡é ãã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ããããäžç«æ§ããïŒå€æ§ãªå©å®³é¢ä¿è ã®æèŠã
çããè¡šåºããïŒãã®ããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒããæãŸãã決å®ãç®æããã®ã§ããããšã瀺ãèŠå®
ã§ããïŒåæã«ïŒéå ãšããå°æ°è ã«ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãä¿éãïŒã匷ãéŠçžã
äžã®æš©ååç«ã«ãããŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®åœ¹å²ãå®å¹åããå¥æ©ãšããªãèŠå®ã§ãããšç
解ãã¹ãã§ããã
ãã®ããšã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®ãå§å¡äŒãïŒããªãã¡åè°å¶ã®æ©é¢ã§ãããšããå¿ ç¶çãª
æ§æ Œãããåºç€ä»ããããšãã§ãããåè°å¶ããªããšãããšããã°ïŒããã¯åè°ã«ãã£ãŠïŒ
ç¬ä»»å¶ã®å ŽåãããããæãŸãã決å®ãéæããããšãã§ãããšã®æåŸ ãååšããããã«
ä»ãªããªãããããïŒåäžã®æèŠãæããè å士ãåè°ãããŠãïŒãã®æ±ºå®ãããæãŸãã
ãã®ã«ãªãããšã¯èãé£ãããïŒããã§ã¯ç°ãªãæèŠãæããè å士ãè°è«ããïŒæ±ºå®ãã
ãåªãããã®ã«ããããšãæ³å®ãããŠããã¯ãã§ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãåè°å¶ã®æ©é¢ã§
ããããšã¯ïŒå§å¡ãããããã«ç°ãªãæèŠãªããå©å®³ãæããŠããããšãåæã«ãããã®
ãšããããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«æ±ããããã®ã¯ïŒçœçŽçãªäžç«æ§ã§ã¯ãªãïŒå€æ§ãªæèŠãçã
ãæ±ãããšã§ããã
ããã«ïŒãã®ãããªå€æ§ãªå©å®³ã®è¡šåºïŒèª¿æŽãšããæ§æ Œã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®æŠåŸã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
ã®å®æ ã«ãå³ãããã®ã§ãããâ ¢ã«ãããŠïŒæããã«ãªã£ãããã«ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
ã®äžã§ïŒç¬ç«èŠå¶å¡äŒåã®æ©é¢ãšããã®ã¯ïŒå®ã¯å ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒãªã©ã®ããäžéšã«éããïŒ
ãããïŒäžå€®åŽåå§å¡äŒã®ãããªç°ãªãå©å®³é¢ä¿äººãåå ããŠïŒèª¿æŽãè¡ãã¿ã€ãã®æ¹ãäž»
æµãªã®ã§ããã8 æ¡å§å¡äŒã«èŠéãåºããŠãïŒææã®èŠå®ã§ãã£ãŠç¹å®ã®å©å®³ã代衚ããè
ãå§å¡ãšããèŠå®ããªãå Žåã§ããå®éã«ã¯ïŒçµæžå£äœïŒåŽåçµåïŒæ¶è²»è å£äœçã«å±ãã
è ãïŒå§å¡ãšããŠéžåºããããšã¯å€ãããããå Žåã«ã¯ïŒåœè©²ç€ŸäŒéå£ã®å°éç¥èã»çµéšç
ã審è°éçšã«ã€ã³ããããã圹å²ãæåŸ ãããŠãããšãããããã104ãšã®ææããããŠãã
ãšããã§ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãè«ããéã«ïŒåŠèª¬äžïŒåæãšãããŠããæåéãã®æå³ã§
102 æŽç°ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ100ïŒ35 é 103 æ²³é矩å ïŒç¬¬ 38 ååœäŒç¬¬ 15 éšåè°é¢è°é¢éå¶å§å¡äŒäŒè°é²ç¬¬ 19 å· 1 é ïŒ1961 幎 3 æ 27 æ¥ïŒ 104 å®è³ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ21ïŒ221 é
60
ã®äžç«æ§ã¯ïŒçŸå®ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«ã¯ååšããŠããªããã®ã§ããã
â Š çµããã« ã匷ãéŠçžãäžã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
æ¬è«æã§ã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãåœäŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšããŠäœçœ®ä»ããªããïŒéå ã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹æš©ã
ä¿éããããšã§ïŒåæ²æ§ãšå®å¹æ§ã確ä¿ãïŒããç©æ¥µçãªæŽ»çšãžã®éãéããšããå¯èœæ§ã
瀺ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ïŒã匷ãéŠçžãäžã®æš©ååç«ãååãªãã®ãšããããã®éèŠãªã
ãŒã¹ãšããŠïŒããè¯å®çã«æãçŽãããããšãšãªããããã§ã¯ïŒåŸæ¥ã®ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãã
ãã解éè«ãšã¯ãç¬ç«æ§ãïŒãäžç«æ§ããšããæŠå¿µã®æå³å 容ãå€ãã£ãŠããããšãšãªããã
ãªãã¡ïŒæåéãã®æå³ã§ã®ïŒäœè ã®æ瀺ã«ãæããªãïŒãããªããã®ãšãè·é¢ããšããšã
ããç¬ç«æ§ãïŒãäžç«æ§ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒè°äŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšããŠïŒè¡æ¿åºãããç¬ç«æ§ããæãïŒç°
ãªãå©å®³ãæããè ã®æèŠãçããè¡šåºããããšããæå³ã§ã®ãäžç«æ§ããæããæ©é¢ãšã
ãŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯ç解ãããããšãšãªãããã®ãäžç«æ§ãç解ã¯ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®é
å¶ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒæ¹å€çã«æ€èšããèŠåº§ãäžããããšã«ããªããåŸæ¥ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã«å¯ŸããŠ
ã¯ïŒååãªç¬ç«æ§ãå®éã«ã¯ãªãïŒæ¿åºã®ãã«ã¯ã¬ããããšãªã£ãŠãããšã®æ¹å€105ããã£ãã
ãã®ãããªæ¹å€ã¯ïŒäºå®èªèãšããŠã¯æ£åœãªå Žåãå°ãªããªãã£ããšæããããïŒãã®çè«
çæ ¹æ ãæ¬ ããŠããããäžç«æ§ããå€æ§ãªæèŠãçããè¡šåºãããããšã§ãããšèãããªã
ã°ïŒãããã®äºæ ã¯ïŒäžç«æ§ãæ¬ ãéçšãšããŠæãŸãããªããšããããšãã§ããã
ããã«ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒãïŒãã®ãããªæ©é¢ãšããŠæããããšã¯æ°äž»äž»çŸ©èŠ³ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒäž
å®ã®å€å®¹ãè¿«ãéšåããããåœäŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšããŠäœçœ®ä»ããããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒ
ã®æ±ºå®ã«ã€ããŠïŒæ°äž»çæ£çµ±åãã¯ããããšãã§ãããšããŠãïŒããã¯ãå šåœæ°ã代衚ããã
ïŒæ²æ³ 43 æ¡ 1 é ïŒåœäŒã®ææ決å®ãã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããŸããŠãïŒãåäžæ¿å æ¡é ããæ ¹æ
ãšããŠïŒäžå®ã®å©å®³é¢ä¿è ãå§å¡ãšããŠéžä»»ããããšã«ãªãã°ïŒããã¯ïŒãã¹ãŠã®åœæ°ãå¹³
çãªéžææš©ããã£ãŠéžåºããåœäŒã«ããææ決å®ãšã¯ïŒå°ãããªãä¹é¢ãããããããšãš
ãªããã
ãã€ãæ²æ³åŠã«ãããŠã¯ïŒBöckenförde ã«ä»£è¡šãããäžå åã¢ãã«ãš Bryde ã Groà ã
ã®å€å åã¢ãã«ãšããç°ãªãæ°äž»çæ£çµ±åè«ãååšãããäžå åã¢ãã«ã«ãããŠã¯ïŒäžäººã²
ãšãã®åžæ°ãïŒæ祚ãªã©ãéããŠïŒãåœæ°ãã圢æãïŒåœæ°ã®ææã«åºã¥ããŠïŒè¡æ¿æŽ»åã
è¡ãããéãã§æ°äž»æ£çµ±åãå¯èœã§ãããšãã106ã察ããŠïŒåŒè·å£«äŒãªã©ç¹å®ã®éå£ã®èªæ²»
ãªã©ã¯ïŒæ¿æ²»çå¹³çã確ä¿ãããŠããªãã®ã§ïŒæ°äž»çã«æ£çµ±åããããªããšãã107ãäžå å
ã¢ãã«ãå³å¯ã«è²«ããªãã°ïŒç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã¯è°äŒä»å±æ©é¢ãšäœçœ®ä»ããŠã¿ãŠãïŒçµå±ã®ãš
105 æåæ³°éãæ²æ³â ¡ 統治ã®æ©æ§ã317 é ïŒææé£ïŒ1989ïŒ
åç°åæãæ¥æ¬åœæ²æ³è« 第 3 çã164 é ïŒäžçå ïŒ2003ïŒ 106 é«æ©é 人ãå€å çè¡æ¿ã®æ²æ³çè« ãã€ãã«ãããè¡æ¿ã®æ°äž»çæ£åœåè«ã87ïŒ88 é ïŒæ³åŸæå瀟ïŒ
2017ïŒ 107 é«æ©ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ106ïŒ89 é
61
ããæ£çµ±åãããªããšããããšã«ãªããã
ç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®æ£çµ±åã«ã¯ïŒãããšå¯Ÿæ¯ãããå€å åã¢ãã«ã®æ°äž»äž»çŸ©èŠ³ãå¿ èŠãšãª
ãã108ããã®è°è«ã§ã¯ãéãããæ°äž»äž»çŸ©ããšããåçã䞻匵ããããããªãã¡ïŒå¿ ããã
åžžã«ïŒå šåœæ°ã®ä»£è¡šããè°äŒã®æ±ºå®ã«ããæ£çµ±åãæ±ããããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒåã ã®å±é¢ããš
ã«å©å®³é¢ä¿ãæãã人ã ã«ãã決å®ããããããšãæ°äž»çã«æ£çµ±ãªãã®ãšããŠç解ããã
ãšãã§ãããšããã®ã§ãããGroà ã®è«ãããšããã«ããã°ïŒåè°æ©é¢ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒé¢ä¿å£
äœã®éžæã«ããå§å¡ã®éžåºãïŒãããã¯ç€ŸäŒå£äœçžäºã®å©å®³é¢ä¿ã®èª¿æŽãšãã圢ã§ç¬èªã®
æ£åœåãããããšãèãããããšããããã®ãããªãéãããæ°äž»äž»çŸ©ã芳ã¯ïŒé åçãªæŠ
念ã§ã¯ãããïŒãã®å ·äœçã«ãããªãå Žåã«ãããŠïŒæ£çµ±åããããããªã©ïŒãã®å 容ã¯å¿
ãããæ確ã§ãªãéšåãããïŒçŽã¡ã«æ¡çšããããšã¯é£ããã
ãšã¯ããïŒè¡è°é¢ã®éåæ°ããã£ãŠè¡šåºãããæ°æãšã¯ïŒç°ãªãè€æ°ã®æ°æãããïŒãã
ããã«äžå®ã®æ£çµ±æ§ããã€ãšããå€å 䞻矩çãªæ°äž»äž»çŸ©ç解ã¯ïŒã匷ãéŠçžãäžã®æš©ååç«
ãèããŠããäžã§ïŒååèæ ®ã«å€ãããã®ã§ãããçŸä»£ã®è°é¢å é£å¶ã§ã®æå¶ã»åè¡¡ãšã¯ïŒ
ãã®ãããªå€æ§ãªæ°æãåæã«ããŠããïŒæå¹ã«æ©èœããããã§ãããç¬ç«è¡æ¿å§å¡äŒã®å
æ²æ§ã®åé¡ã¯ïŒã匷ãéŠçžãäžã«ãããæ°äž»äž»çŸ©èŠ³ã®åãçŽããžãšåºãã£ãŠããåé¡ã§ããïŒ
ä»åŸããã«æ€èšãé²ããŠããããšãšãããã
è¬èŸ
æ¬çš¿ã¯ãæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢åšåŠäžã«å±¥ä¿®ãããæ³åŠç 究åºç€ãã«ãããŠå·çããè«æã®äžéšã§ã
ãããæå°ããã ããåªéé 人å çã«æ¹ããŠãæ·±ãæè¬ç³ãäžããŸãã
108 é«æ©ã»åæ²æ³šïŒ106ïŒ
62
ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšæ³äººåŠçœ°
äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ä¿®äºïŒ2019 幎 3 æïŒåç° é
ç®æ¬¡
I. ã¯ããã«
II. ç±³åœã«ãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã
III. ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšçµç¹æå
IV. çµç¹åŠçœ°ã«é¢ããçè«
V. ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹åã³çµç¹æåã®çè«çäœçœ®ä»ã
VI. å®çŸå¯èœãªåœ¢
VII. ãããã«
I. ã¯ããã«
çµç¹1掻åããçãã瀟äŒã«å¯Ÿããé倧ãªæ害ãè¿å¹Žæ³šç®ãããŠãããããããé¿ããã
ãïŒæ³ã«ããã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãä»äžã®å¿ èŠããããããã§éèŠã«ãªãã®ãïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»
ããã°ã©ã ã§ããã
æ¥æ¬ã«ãããŠã¯ïŒäŒç€Ÿæ³ 362 æ¡ 4 é 6 å·ãå éšçµ±å¶ã·ã¹ãã ã®æŽåã«é¢ããäºé ãåç·
圹äŒã®æ±ºå®äºé ãšãããïŒå éšçµ±å¶ã·ã¹ãã ã®æ§ç¯ã»éçšã®äžåãåç· åœ¹ã®å管泚æ矩åé
åã®å 容ãšããå€äŸãçŸããããããªã©ïŒç§æ³ã®åéã«ãããŠã¯ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°
ã©ã ã«é¢ããèæ ®ãæ¡ãå ¥ãããå§ããŠãã2ããããïŒåäºæ³ã®åéã«ãããŠæŽåããã
ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãŸãã¯å éšçµ±å¶ã·ã¹ãã ãã©ã®ããã«æ±ããã¯ïŒå®èŠãåã
ãªããšãããããã®ããïŒæ¬è«æã§ã¯ãã®ç¹ã«é¢ããæ€èšãè¡ãã
ç±³åœã«ãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«ããéæ³è¡çºåé¿ã®ã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãä»äž
ã®æ ¹åºã«ããèãæ¹ã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å 容ãïŒåãªãæ³ä»€éµå®ãšããã
ã®ããïŒãããè¶ããŠçµç¹ã®æãã颚åã«é¢ããäœããã®èŠåŸãšãããã®ãžãšå€åãã€ã€
ãããçµç¹ç¯çœªã®åå ã¯åœè©²ç¯çœªè¡çºã®è¡çºè ãšãªã£ãå人ã®ã¿ã§ã¯ãªãïŒåœè©²å人ãææ®
ããŠããäžäœè ïŒåœè©²çµç¹ã®ã·ã¹ãã ã®åšãæ¹ïŒã²ããŠã¯åœè©²çµç¹ã®äŒçµ±çãªçµç¹æåãžãš
é¡ã£ãŠããããšãã§ãã3ãçµç¹åŠçœ°ã«ã€ããŠèå¯ããå Žåã«ã¯ïŒçµç¹ç¯çœªã®åå ãåæã
1 æ¬è«æã¯äŒæ¥ãæ³äººã«éããçµç¹ã«ãã£ãŠããŸãã¯çµç¹ã®å éšã§åŒãèµ·ããããç¯çœªãæ€èšå¯Ÿè±¡ãšãã
ãããçµç¹ãšããèšèãçšããããæŽå²ççµç·¯ãèè ã®èª¬æã«ãããŠã¯ããã«ä»£ããŠäŒæ¥ãæ³äººãšããèš
èãçšããããå Žåãå€ãããã®å Žåã«ã¯çšèªããã®ãŸãŸçšããŠããããªããç¯çœªãåŒãèµ·ããããšãç®
çãšããŠæç«ããçµç¹ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ¬çš¿ã®å¯Ÿè±¡å€ã§ããããªããçè ã¯ãçµç¹ããšãããïŒãšãã«å¥æ§ã«è§£
ããå¿ èŠããªãã®ã§ïŒæç®ã®çšèªããã®ãŸãŸäœ¿çšããã 2 æå€å¹³æ 21 幎 7 æ 9 æ¥å€æ 2055 å· 147 é ã 3 ç°å£å®äžãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªãšå¶è£å¶åºŠã®ããæ¹ãç°å£ä»ãåæ³ã¯äŒæ¥æŽ»åã«ä»å ¥ãã¹ããã(ææå ïŒ2010
幎)5-6 é ã
63
ãã®ææ¢ãå³ãããšãå¿ èŠãšãªãããïŒãã®åå ãã©ãã«æ±ããã¹ãããéèŠãšãªããæ¬è«
æã¯ïŒç±³åœã®èãæ¹ãšè»ãäžã«ãïŒåãªãæ³ä»€éµå®ã®ä¿é²ã ãã§ãªãïŒçµç¹é¢šåãéèŠãªåœ¹
å²ãæãããšèããããïŒç±³åœã«ãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«ã€ããŠã®èå¯ãè¡
ãïŒããããåŸãããç¥èŠãåºã«ããŠïŒæãåœã®åæ³äœç³»ã®äžã§çµç¹åŠçœ°ãã©ã®ããã«äœçœ®
ã¥ãããããã®ãã®èå¯ãå ããªããçµç¹åŠçœ°ã®äžã§ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãã©
ã®ããã«æŽ»çšã§ããã®ãã«ã€ããŠã®èå¯ãå ããŠããã
II. ç±³åœã«ãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã
1. é£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³å¶å®åã«ãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã
1960 幎代ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã¯ïŒäŒæ¥ãåŸæ¥è ã®åãã©ã¹ãæ³éåè¡çºã
é²æ¢ããããã®äºé²çãšããŠæ®åãããéé»æ©ã¡ãŒã«ãŒåãã©ã¹ãæ³éåäºä»¶ã§ã¯ïŒã³ã³ã
ã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã¯æ³çæ矩ãèªããããïŒäŒæ¥æ³äººã®åäºè²¬ä»»ãå€æããã«ããã£
ãŠäŒæ¥ã«æå©ã«ã¯äœçšããªãã£ãããããïŒå€æ±ºã«ãããŠåœæãšããŠã¯ããããŠéãå眰ã
èšãæž¡ãããããšããïŒç®èã«ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã å°å ¥ãžã®æ©éãé«ãŸã£ãã®
ã§ãããããã«ïŒäŒæ¥ãåãã©ã¹ãæ³ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãå°å ¥ããåãã¯ïŒè¡
æ¿æ©é¢ã«è¯å®çã«åãæ¢ããããããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒãã®é²åºŠãå éããŠãã£ããšãããã4ã
1970 幎代ã«ã¯ïŒãŠã©ãŒã¿ãŒã²ãŒãäºä»¶ãçžæ¬¡ãäŒæ¥ç®éã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ã®äžïŒâ äŒæ¥å éš
ã§ã¯éæ³è¡çºã«å¯Ÿãããã€ãã¹ã»ã€ã¡ãŒãžãéåžžã«åžèã§5ïŒâ¡åç· åœ¹ãåŸæ¥è ãã®è¡åã®
劥åœæ§ãé©æ³æ§ãä¿èšŒããæ確ãªã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ãæ¬ åŠã6ïŒâ¢äŒæ¥å éšã§ã®æ å ±äŒéæ©èœã
äžè¶³ããŠãã7ãšãã£ãåé¡ç¹ãæ¹åããããã«ïŒèšŒåžååŒå§å¡äŒã¯äŒæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠèªäž»çã«
éæ³ãªäŒæ¥æŽ»åãé²æ¢ããããã®è¡åèŠåãäœæãïŒãã®é©æ£ãªéçšã«åªããããšãæ±ã
ãããŸãã1977 幎é£éŠå€åœäžæ£æ £è¡é²æ¢æ³(The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1997)ã¯ïŒ
äŒæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠå éšçãªäŒèšã³ã³ãããŒã«ã·ã¹ãã ã®æŽåã矩åä»ããããããã®æ¿çã¯å
ãå¥ãïŒå€ãã®äŒæ¥ãçµå¶ææ³ãèŠçŽãïŒäŒèšã»çµçé¢ãäžå¿ãšããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ã
ãã°ã©ã ã®æŽåãé²ãã8ã
1980 幎代ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã¯ïŒãã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãããŸããŸãªæ³é åãžãšæ¡å€§ã
ãŠãã£ãããã®ãããªå¯Ÿè±¡ã®æ¡å€§ã®èæ¯ã«ã¯ïŒåžžã«äŒæ¥ã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ããã£ããã€ãŸãïŒäŒ
æ¥ã¹ãã£ã³ãã«ãçºèŠãã床ã«ïŒæ³å·è¡æ©é¢ãå°æ¥ã®éæ³è¡çºãé²æ¢ããããã«äŒæ¥ã«ã³
ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å®æœãæ±ãïŒãããã¯äŒæ¥ãèªãã®èªæµåªåã瀺ãããã«ã³
4 å·åŽåå·³ãäŒæ¥ã®åäºè²¬ä»»ã(ææå ïŒ2004 幎) 227-228 é ã 5 John C. Coffee. Jr., Beyond the Shut Eyed Sentry: Toward a Theoretical View of Corporate misconduct and an Effective Legal Response, 63 VA. L. Rev. 1102-03 (1977). 6 Id. at 1130. 7 Id. at 1146-47. 8 Id. at 1121-22.
64
ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å°å ¥ã«ç©æ¥µçã«åãçµãã çµæãšããŠïŒå€æ§ãªæ³é åã«ã³ã³
ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãæ®åããã®ã§ãã9ã
2. é£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³å¶å®åŸã«ãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã
1991 幎ã«é£éŠè°äŒåžæ³éšæå±ã®ç¬ç«å§å¡äŒã§ããåè¡åœéåå§å¡äŒã¯ïŒãçµç¹äœã«å¯Ÿã
ãé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ããæ³å¶åããããããŸã§ã¯åäºçœ°ã®éåã¯è£å€å®ã®è£éã®äžã§è¡
ãããŠãããïŒå®éã«å€æ±ºã§æ±ºå®ãããåæãªã©ã«ã€ããŠã¯çžåœã®æ£ææ§ãããïŒãŸãæ圹
äžã®ååè ã«å¯Ÿããä»®éæŸã«é¢ããæ±ããååè ã«ãã£ãŠçžåœçšåºŠã®å·®ãèªããããŠãã
ããïŒãã客芳æ§ã®ããéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«åºã¥ãå€æ±ºãå®æœããããšããé£éŠè°äŒã®æ
åããã£ã10ããã®ã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã¯ïŒäŒæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠåŸæ¥ãšã¯æ¯èŒã«ãªããªãé«é¡ã®çœ°éåã
ç§ãããšãå®ããäžæ¹ã§ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãé©æ£ã«å®æœãããŠããå ŽåïŒçœ°
éé¡ãå¿ èŠçã«è»œæžããããšãæ瀺ããããã®é£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã¯ïŒäŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿãã眰é
é¡ã®è»œæžäºç±ãšããŠã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«ã€ããŠïŒãåœè©²ç¯çœªã®é»æ¢ããã³çº
èŠã®äžæåã¯ïŒããã ãã§ã¯ããã°ã©ã ãå¹æçã§ãªãã£ãããšãæå³ããªãããšèŠå®ããŠ
ããã
ããã«ïŒé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å ·äœçãªå 容ã決å®
ããéã«ïŒæ¬¡ã® 3 ã€ã®èŠçŽ ãååã«èæ ®ããããšãæ±ããã第 1 ã«ïŒäŒæ¥ã®çµç¹èŠæš¡ã§ã
ããçµç¹ã®èŠæš¡ã倧ããã»ã©ïŒããã°ã©ã ã®åœ¢åŒçãªåŽé¢ãéèŠãããã第 2 ã«ïŒäºæ¥ã®å
容ã§ãããäŒæ¥ã®äºæ¥ã®æ§è³ªããã¿ãŠïŒäžå®ã®é¡åã®ç¯çœªãçºçããèç¶æ§ãé«ããšãã¯ïŒ
ãã®çš®ã®ç¯çœªã®äºé²ããã³çºèŠã®ããã®é©åãªæã ãŠãè¬ããã°ãªããªãã第 3 ã«ïŒéå»
ã®éæ³è¡çºæŽã§ãããäŒæ¥ãéå»ã«éæ³è¡çºãè¡ã£ããšããäºå®ã¯ïŒäºé²æªçœ®ãè¬ããã¹ã
ç¯çœªã®é¡åãæã瀺ããŠãããšèãããã11ã
ãŸãïŒé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã¯ïŒäŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿããåºæã®åäºå¶è£ãšããŠïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»
ããã°ã©ã ãéµå®äºé ãšãããããã€ã·ã§ã³ãå°å ¥ãããããã§ã¯ïŒè£å€æãåç¯ã®äºé²ã®
ããã«å¿ èŠãšèªããå ŽåïŒãããã€ã·ã§ã³ã»ãªãã£ãµãŒãå€éšã®å°é家ãã®å€æ±ºå調æ»ã®çµ
æããµãŸããŠïŒäŒæ¥ã«ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å®æœãšïŒå®æœç¶æ³ã®å®æçãªå ±åã
åœããããšãèªããããŠããã
é£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ãïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å®æœãä¿é²ããããïŒç©æ¥µç
ã«äŒæ¥æŽ»åã管çã·ã¹ãã ã«ä»å ¥ããŠããæ¹éã瀺ããããšã¯ïŒåŸæ¥ã®èŠå®ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠïŒè£å€
æã®æš©éãæ¡å€§ããããšãæå³ãïŒãã®å¹æã«å€§ããªæåŸ ããããããŠããããããïŒä»æ¹
ã§ã¯ïŒæ¬¡ã®ãããªæ ¹åŒ·ãæ¹å€ã«ãããããŠãããâ çµæžæŽ»åãžã®åžæ³æš©ã®é床ã®ä»å ¥ã§ããã
9 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 4)231-235 é ã 10 æ¢ æŽ¥å åŒãæ¹æ£é£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ãšãã®èæ¯ïŒäŒæ¥å«çã®å¶åºŠåãšã®é¢ä¿ãããäžç°ååŠç 究第
48 巻第 1 å·(2005 幎) 148 é ã 11 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 4)231-237 é ã
65
â¡æå¹æ§ãååã«å®èšŒãããŠããªããâ¢ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšéåã®é¢ä¿ããªã
äžæ確ã§ããïŒçœ°éåã®è»œæžäºç±ããããã€ã·ã§ã³ã®éµå®äºé ãšããŠã©ã®ã¬ãã«ã®ããã°
ã©ã ãèŠæ±ãããŠããã®ãããªãäžæ確ã§ãããâ£äŒæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°
ã©ã ã®ä¿é²ã®ã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ããšãªãåŸããäžæã§ããã
3. é£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®æ¹æ£
é£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã¯ïŒç£ç£å®åºãïŒäŒæ¥ã«ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å°å ¥ã
ç©æ¥µçã«åãããïŒãããã¯äŒæ¥èªèº«ããã®å°å ¥ãå³ãéã«çšããããåºæºãšããŠïŒåºã
è¡ãæž¡ãããšãšãªã£ãããŸãïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«ã¯ïŒå€æ§ãªæ³åŸå¹æãä»
äžããããïŒãã®ååŠãæ€èšããéã«ãïŒçµç¹äœã«å¯Ÿããé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®å®ãã
7 ã€ã®ã¹ããããå 足ããŠããããåºæºãšããããäŸãã°ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©
ã ã®å®è¡ã«ããåç· åœ¹ã®è²¬ä»»æžå ã®å¯èœæ§ã«èšåããã±ãŒã¹ãïŒäŒæ¥ã®äœ¿çšè 責任ã®å é€
ã®äœå°ãããããå€æããã«ããã£ãŠïŒé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã® 7 ã€ã®ã¹ããããåç §ã
ãã±ãŒã¹ãªã©ã§ãããå ããŠïŒéåã«è³ãåã®èµ·èšŽè£éã®æ®µéãïŒäŒæ¥ã®æ Œä»ããªã©ã«ã³
ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å®æœç¶æ³ãåç §ãããããšããã£ãããã®ãããªæŽ»çšã®æ®
éåãïŒãšã³ãã³äºä»¶ã«ãã£ãŠã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®ç¯çœªäºé²å¹æã«å¯Ÿããä¿¡
é Œãæºããã ããšããïŒSOXæ³ã®å¶å®ã NYSEèŠåã®æ¹å®ïŒåœæã®åžæ³å¯é·å®ãã¡ã«ãã
ããã«ããŒã»ã¡ã¢ãããã³ããœã³ã»ã¡ã¢ãã«ãããŠèµ·èšŽååå ã§ã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ã
ãã°ã©ã ã®æŽåç¶æ³ã®èæ ®ãèšåãããããšã«å ãïŒé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«å®ããã³ã³
ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å 容ã®åæ€èšã«åããåãã掻çºã«ãªã£ã12ã
ãã®ãããªçµç·¯ããïŒåè¡åœéåå§å¡äŒã¯ïŒ2002 幎ããïŒç¹å¥è«®åã°ã«ãŒããèšçœ®ãïŒ
åã°ã«ãŒãã«å¯ŸããŠïŒçµç¹äœã«å¯Ÿããé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®æå¹æ§ã«å¯Ÿããæ€èšŒäœæ¥ã
å§ãããããã€ãã®ãã¢ãªã³ã°13ãçµãã®ã¡ïŒç¹å¥è«®åã°ã«ãŒã㯠2003 幎 8 æã®å ±åæžã«
ãããŠãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®æå¹æ§ã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®æŽ
åã«å¯Ÿããçžåœã®æ³šæã«å ããŠïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã«å¯ŸããåŸæ¥å¡ã®åäžãä¿ãæåãåµ
åºããããã®å¯Ÿçãè¬ããããšã«ãã£ãŠåŒ·åããããããšã®çµè«ãäžãã14ã
12 Paul, F. (2004) WILL U.S. SENTENCING COMMISSION AMENDMENTS ENCOURAGE A NEW
ETHICAL CULTURE WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS? Wake Forest L. Rev, 39 at 571. 13 ã³ã¡ã³ããè¡ã£ããã¥ãŒã¯å€§ã® Krawiec ææã«ããã°ïŒäŒæ¥ã¯éæ³è¡çºãæžå°ãããããšãªãç°¡åã«
ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ããŸããããšãã§ãããšãããããšããã®ãïŒææã«ããã°ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€
ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãå¹æçã§ããããšã«ã€ããŠã¯äœãå®èšŒçæ ¹æ ãåããªãããã§ãããKimberly
D. krawiec. (2003). Cosmetic Compliance and the Failure of Negotiated Governance, 81 Wash. U.L.Q.
ãŸãããã³ã·ã«ããã¢å€§ã® Laufer ææã«ããã°ïŒææ»æ©é¢ã®èœåã®éçã«ãã£ãŠïŒäŒæ¥ã¯æäœéã®ã³ã³
ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«ãã£ãŠå éšã®åŸæ¥å¡ã«è²¬ä»»ã転å«ããããšãã§ãããã Krawiec ææã®è
ããšåæ§ã®äºæ ãèµ·ãããšããããWilliam S. Laufer. (1999). Corporate Liability, Risk Shifting, and
the Paradox of Compliance, 52, Vand. L. Rev. 14 The Ad Hoc Advisory Group on the Organizational Sentencing Guidelines. (2003). REPORT OF
THE AD HOC ADVISORY GROUP ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL SENTENCING GUIDELINES
October 7,2003 at 51. <https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/training/organizational-
guidelines/advgrprpt/AG_FINAL.pdf>(2019 幎 10 æ 31 æ¥é²èŠ§)
66
ãã®åŸïŒåè¡åœéåå§å¡äŒã¯ïŒ2004 幎 5 æã«ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«é¢ã
ãèŠå®ã®å å®ãªã©ãç®çãšããçµç¹äœã«å¯Ÿããé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®å€§å¹ ãªæ¹æ£ãé£éŠ
è°äŒã«ææ¡ããã
ãã®æ¹æ£ã«ãããæ¹æ£ç¹ãšããŠïŒæ¬¡ã®ãããªãã®ãæãããã15ã
第äžã«ïŒçµç¹äœã«å¯Ÿããé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«ãããŠïŒãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°
ã©ã ãã¯ïŒãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹åã³å«çããã°ã©ã ããšåŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãããšã³ãã³
瀟ã¯æ³åã³äŒèšã®æè¡çãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ãéµå®ããŠããã«ããããããäºä»¶ã¯èµ·ããŠ
ããŸã£ãããšããïŒäŒæ¥ã眰éã®æžå ãåããããã«ã¯ïŒçµç¹ã¯åã«åœ¢åŒçãªã«ãŒã«ãžã®
é©åãæ±ããããªã¹ããäœæãããããã ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹éµå®ãèŠç¯ãšãª
ãïŒããããã®éžè±ã蚱容ãããªãé°å²æ°ãéžæããããšã«æ倧éã®åªåã泚åããªãã
ã°ãªããªããšã®è¶£æšã®ææããªãã16ïŒãããåããŠã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«ããå«çãã®æèšã
ããã«ã€ãå ãããããã®ã§ããããããïŒãã®ããã«å«çã®èŠ³ç¹ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»
ããã°ã©ã ã«çã蟌ãããšã«ã¯å察ã®æèŠãæ ¹åŒ·ããåè¡åœã§ã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã®æ
矩ãç¯çœªã®äºé²ã ãã«éå®ããïŒæ°äºäžã®éæ³è¡çºã«å¯Ÿããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©
ã ã®æŽåãéèŠãšã®ç解ãåºãã£ãŠãããïŒãã®æ¹æ£ã§ã¯ïŒå¯Ÿè±¡ã¯ç¯çœªè¡çºã«åŒãç¶ãé
å®ãããŠããã
第äºã«ïŒæ°ããçµç¹äœã«å¯Ÿããé£éŠéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã§ã¯ïŒçµç¹äœã¯ïŒâ ç¯çœªè¡çºãäº
é²åã³çºèŠããçžåœã®æ³šæãå°œããã ãã§ã¯è¶³ããïŒâ¡å«ççãªè¡çºåã³æ³ä»€éµå®ãžã®é¢
äžãä¿é²ããçµç¹æåãéžæããããšãæ±ããããããã«ãªã£ãã1990 幎代以éã®ç±³åœã§
ã¯ïŒçµç¹æåãïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å¹æãé«ããããã®ã«ã®ãæ¡ããšãã
èŠè§£ãæåã«å±ããããŠããŠãã17ïŒãã®èŠè§£ã¯ïŒéå» 10 幎ã®äŒæ¥ã«ããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³
ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®åãçµã¿ã«ãããŠãå®èšŒãããŠãã18ã
第äžã«ïŒè²¬ä»»è ã®è²¬ä»»ã®ç¯å²ã«ã€ããŠïŒâ çµç¹äœã®çµå¶è²¬ä»»è ïŒçµç¹äœã®äžçŽæ§æå¡å
ã³â¢å®è³ªçãªæš©éãæããæ§æå¡ã®ããããã«ã€ãïŒå²ãåœãŠãããã¹ã責任ã«ã€ããŠè©³
现ãªèŠå®ãçã蟌ãŸãããç¹ã«ïŒCECO(Chief Executive Compliance Officer)ã®åµèšãèŠ
æ±ããïŒå®éã«ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ãæšé²ããããã®ãªãœãŒã¹ãæš©éãäžããããšã矩åå
ãããã
第åã«ïŒã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã¯ïŒçµç¹äœã«å¯ŸããŠïŒå®è³ªçãªæš©éãæã€è ã®ãªãã«ïŒæ³ä»€éå
15 å·åŽåå·³ãç±³åœã«ãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®æ°ååãåå¿ç€Ÿæ³åŠ 56 å·» 7 å·(2005 幎)ã«äŸ
ãã 16 Public Hearing Before the United States Sentencing Commission. (2004). (Testimony of Dov
Seidman) < https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/transcript_2.pdf>(2019 幎 10 æ 31 æ¥é²èŠ§) 17 Lynn, S. P. (1994). Managing for Organizational Integrity HARVARD BUSINESS REV. 72(2) 106-
17.ãŸãïŒæ¢ 接ã»åæ²æ³š 10) 154 é ã¯ïŒãããŸã§ã¯ãæ責æ§ã¹ã³ã¢ã軜æžããããã®åœ¢åŒçãªå«çããã°
ã©ã å°å ¥ãè¡ãäŒæ¥ãè·¡(ãã)ã絶ããªãã£ãã®ã§ãããïŒãã®å Žåããããã®äŒæ¥ã«åºæã®ãªã¹ã¯æ¡ä»¶
ãæå³çã«èŠèœãšãåŸåããã£ãããšææããã 18 Supra note 14 at 52.
67
ã«åŸäºããåæŽçãæã€è ãªã©ãå«ãŸãªãããã«ããåççãªåªåãã€ãããªããã°ãªã
ãªããšããŠãããïŒãã®æ¹æ£ã«ãããŠïŒè©³çŽ°ãªæéã瀺ãããããã«ãªã£ãã
第äºã«ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®è©äŸ¡ã«ããã£ãŠïŒâ é©åœãªæ¥çã®æ £äŸãŸãã¯
äžå®ã®è¡æ¿èŠå¶ã«ãã£ãŠèŠæ±ãããåºæºïŒâ¡çµç¹äœã®èŠæš¡(èŠæš¡ã倧ããªçµç¹äœã¯ïŒå°ã
ãªçµç¹äœãããïŒã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®èŠä»¶ãå 足ããããã«ïŒåœ¢åŒçãªéçšã«æ³šåãïŒå€é¡ã®
è³éãè²»ããã¹ãã§ãããå¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠïŒå¹æçãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹åã³å«çããã°ã©ã
ã®å®è¡ã®ããã«ïŒèŠæš¡ã®å€§ããªçµç¹äœã¯ïŒããããçµç¹äœãšåååŒäžã®é¢ä¿ãæãããïŒ
æããããšãæ±ããŠããå°ããªçµç¹äœã«åããããã°ãªããªã)ãåã³â¢é¡äŒŒã®éæ³è¡çº
(é¡äŒŒã®éæ³è¡çºã®åçºã¯ïŒçµç¹äœãïŒã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®èŠä»¶ãå 足ããåççãªæ段ãè¬
ããŠãããåŠãã«ã€ããŠïŒçããçã)ïŒãèæ ®ããããšãæ±ããããããã«ãªã£ããã¬
ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã¯ïŒå¿ èŠã«å¿ããŠïŒå®æçã«ç¯çœªè¡çºã®èµ·ãããªã¹ã¯ã®è©äŸ¡ãè¡ãããšãæ±
ãïŒå¿ èŠãããã°ïŒã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«å®ããèŠä»¶ãå 足ãã掻åã«åªå é äœãã€ããŠïŒä¿®æ£
ãå ããããšãæ±ããŠããã
ãã®åŸã® 2010 幎ã®æ¹æ£ã§ã¯ïŒäŒæ¥ã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹åã³å«çããã°ã©ã ã®æ¹åãéµå®
äºé ãšãããããã€ã·ã§ã³ã«ãã£ãŠïŒè£å€æãäŒæ¥ãã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ããæš©éãæããããš
ãæ確åããããšãšãã«ïŒéæ³è¡çºã«å¯ŸããäŒæ¥ã®å¯Ÿå¿ã«é¢ããæéãå®ãããã19ããŸãïŒ
眰éåã®ç®å®æç¶ã«ãããŠïŒé«ãå°äœã«ããè ãç¯çœªã«é¢äžããŠããå Žåã«ã¯èªããããª
ãã£ãïŒå¹æçãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹åã³å«çããã°ã©ã ã®å®æœã眰éåã®è»œæžäºç±ãšããŠ
èªããèŠå®ãæ°èšããããªã©ããããŸãïŒCECO ã®åœ¹å²ãéèŠããããCECO ã¯åç· åœ¹äŒ
ã«éæ³è¡çºããã£ãå Žåã«å ±åããã ãã§ãªãïŒå人çãªå ±åãåç· åœ¹äŒã«å®æçã«(å°ãª
ããšãïŒ1 幎㫠1 å)è¡ãæš©éãäžãã矩åããããšããã20ã
III. ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšçµç¹æå
1. ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«é¢ããèŠåŸ
äŒæ¥æŽ»åã«äŒŽãéžè±ãžã®å¯ŸåŠãšããŠïŒéæ³è¡çºã«å¯ŸããäŒæ¥ãžã®ééçå¶è£ãå®è¡è¡çº
è ã®åäºè²¬ä»»çã匱ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšããç念ãç±³åœã§ã¯æèµ·ãããããããïŒå人ã§
ããå®è¡è¡çºè ã«å¯Ÿããå¶è£åŒ·åã¯ïŒå人ãåççãªå¹çšèšç®ãè¡ã£ãŠãããšä»®å®ããã°
æå¹ã®ããã«ãæããããïŒçµç¹ã®ææ決å®æš©éã®åæ£ãå®åçãªéšéæ©æ§ããïŒãããã
éé£ãã¹ãå人ãç¹å®ã§ããªãå Žåãå°ãªããªããšèãããã21ãéé£ãããã¹ããçµç¹ã®
æ¬ é¥ã§ãããšèããããå Žåã«ã¯ïŒå人ãžã®å眰ã®åŒãäžãã¯å ¬æ£ã®èŠ³ç¹ããåé¡ããã
19 Paul E McGreal âCorporate Compliance surveyâ at 126 20 Supra note 19 at 127-128 21 John C. Coffee, Jr., âMaking the Punishment Fit the Corporation: The Problems of Finding an
Optimal Corporation Criminal Sanctionâ, 3 N.â ¢. Univ. L. Rev. 3, 13 (1980); Christopher D. Stone,
âThe Place of Enterprise Liability in the Control of Corporate Conductâ, 90 Yale L. J. 1, 31 (1980)
68
ãšãšãã«ïŒéæ³è¡çºã«å¯Ÿããé»ç€ºã®æ瀺ãäžããäžäœè ãèŠéããŠããŸãå¯èœæ§ããã22ã
ãŸãïŒçµç¹ã«å¯Ÿããå¶è£åŒ·åã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒçµç¹ãšãããã®ã®è€éæ§ããååãªã³ã³ãããŒ
ã«ãæãããšãã§ããªããšãšãã«23ïŒçµç¹ç¯çœªã®çºèŠçã®å°ãªãããçµç¹ã«å¯Ÿããçµç¹äžç¥¥
äºã®æåŸ æ倱ã¯å¶è£ãäžçžåœã«åŒãäžããªããã°é«ããªããïŒäžçžåœã«å¶è£ãåŒãäžãã
å Žåã«ã¯å¶è£ã«ãã被害ãäŒç€Ÿã«é¢ããæ§ã ãªã¹ããŒã¯ãã«ããŒã®å©å®³ã«æ³¢åããå¯èœæ§
ãããããšããïŒåŠ¥åœã§ã¯ãªãã
ãã®ãããªå¶è£åŒ·åã«å¯Ÿããåé¡ç¹ããïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å®æœã泚ç®ã
ããã
2. çµç¹æåã«é¢ããèŠåŸ
ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã¯äž¡é¢çãªå¹æãæããããšãç 究ã«ãã£ãŠææãããŠ
ãããå ·äœçã«ã¯åŒ±ãå«çã€ã³ãã©ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ãŒã¯ããããªããšããããéå«ççãªè¡
çºãæãããããšããç¹ãææãããŠãããã€ãŸãïŒè£ä»ããšãªãå«ççæåããªãã
ã°ïŒåŸæ¥å¡ã¯èŠç¯ã®åãªãååšããïŒèŠç¯ãè¡šå±€çãªãã®ã«ãããªããšã®ã·ã°ãã«ãåã
åãããšã«ãªãã
çµå¶åŠã§ã®é説çèãæ¹ã®ãµã€ã¢ã³ã®èãã«ãããš24ïŒææ決å®ãšã¯ïŒè«žåæããçµè«
ãéžæããéçšã®ããšãèšãïŒãã®æ§é ã¯ïŒæ±ºå®åæããå皮代æ¿æ¡ãåºããïŒãã®äžã
ãïŒæçµæ¡ãéžæãããŠãããšããããã»ã¹ã§ãããšããããããã§ïŒæ±ºå®åæã¯ïŒäŸ¡å€
åæãšäºå®åæã«åããããã䟡å€åæã¯ïŒææ決å®ã®å 容ãè©äŸ¡ããåºæºã§ããïŒäººé
ã®äž»èŠ³ã«ç±æ¥ããããïŒçµéšçãªæ€èšŒãäžå¯èœã§ãããšããããä»æ¹ïŒäºå®åæã¯ïŒææ
決å®ãè¡ãã«éããŠã®äºå®çèŠå ã§ããããã®ãã¡ïŒäŸ¡å€åæãçµç¹æåã«åœããã
ãã®ãããªããã°ã©ã åãããªãææ決å®ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒããã°ã©ã åãããææ決å®ïŒã
ãã¥ã¢ã«åãããææ決å®ãšãããããã®ããµã€ã¢ã³ã®ææ決å®è«ã«ã¯ååšããããã
ã¯ïŒãããããžã§ã¯ããäºæ¥ã«é¢ããææ決å®ã®ããã¥ã¢ã«ãã§ããŠããŠïŒææ決å®ãè¡
ãããžã·ã§ã³ã®äººãå€ãã£ãŠãïŒåãç¶ãã ããã¥ã¢ã«ãå©çšããŠææ決å®ãè¡ãããšã
ã§ãïŒææ決å®ãã«ãŒãã£ã³ãšããŠãªãããã®ã§ããã
ãã®äºã€ã®ææ決å®ã«ã€ããŠïŒãããããçµç¹æåããšãããã¥ã¢ã«ããšããåãç¶ã
ãããã®ãããããããŠïŒææ決å®è ã¯çžåœãªèŠæããªãéãïŒãã®ãåãç¶ãããæåŠ
22 Kenneth Elzinga and William Breit, The Antitrust Penalties: A Study in Law and Economics, 38-
39(1976). ãããïŒJohn C. Coffee, Jr., âCorporate Crime and Punishment: A Non-Chicago View of the
Economics of Criminal Sanctionsâ 17 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 419, 456-7 (1980)ã¯ïŒç¯çœªã«ããå©æœ€ã¯äŒç€Ÿã
çµå¶è ã«çããã®ã§ããåŸæ¥å¡ã«çããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããïŒåŸæ¥å¡ã«å¯Ÿããææ¢ã®æ¹ãäŒç€Ÿã«å¯Ÿããææ¢ã
ããã³ã¹ããäœããšããã 23 å·æ¿±æãç¬çŠæ³éµå®ããã°ã©ã ã®æ³çäœçœ®ã¥ãããå·åè¯åå çéæŠèšå¿µã»åæ³ã»çµæžæ³ã®è«žåé¡ã(å
äºæ³åç 究äŒïŒ1994 幎) 550-551 é ã 24 H. A. ãµã€ã¢ã³è(æŸç°æŠåœŠïŒé«æ³æïŒäºæä¿åèš³)ãçµå¶è¡åã第 2 çãã(ãã€ã¢ã¢ã³ã瀟ïŒ1966 é )
7 é ã
69
ããããšã¯ã§ããªãããããïŒçŸåšã®ããåœã®åäºæ³ã®äžã§ã¯ïŒè¡çºè å人ã®è²¬ä»»ã«éå
ã§ããªããããªãåãç¶ããããã®ããçµç¹å ã«ãã£ãå Žåã«ãïŒãã®çµç¹çãªãåãç¶
ãããã¯åé¡ãšãããïŒããŸããŸç«ä»¶ãããåœæã®æ åœè¡çºè ã®è²¬ä»»ãšãã®è¡çºè ã«å¯Ÿã
ãç£ç£è²¬ä»»ãéããçµç¹è²¬ä»»ãåãããšãšããããåŸãªã25ããã®ããã«ïŒçµç¹ã®ææ決
å®ãïŒã決å®ã®é£éãã§ã¯ãªãã決å®åæã®é£éãã§ãããšããã°ïŒçµç¹ã®æ§æå¡ãæ¢å
ã®ãçµç¹ã®è¡çºããåæãšãã€ã€ãã®æç¹ã®ç¶æ³ãèžãŸããŠå€æããããšã«ããçãã
ãçµç¹ã®è¡çºãã®é£éã¯æ±ºå®åæã«å€§ãã«äŸåãããã®ã§ããïŒãã®ãããªæ§è³ªãçµç¹äœ
ç¯çœªã«ãããå人責任ã®è¿œåãå°é£ãšããŠããèŠå ãšããŠæãããã26ã
IV. çµç¹åŠçœ°ã«é¢ããçè«
1. å人ã¢ãã«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«
第äºç·šã«ãããæ€èšã«ãã£ãŠéèŠæ§ã®æããã«ãªã£ãïŒçµç¹æåãšããçµç¹ã®æããç¬
èªã®æ§è³ªãåäºåŠçœ°ã«ãããŠæ¡ãå ¥ããããšã¯ã§ããªãã®ã ããããçµç¹åŠçœ°ãã©ã®ãã
ãªçè«æ§æã§ïŒãŸãã©ã®ãããªæ ¹æ ã«åºã¥ããŠãªãããã¹ãããšããåé¡ãšçµç¹æåãã³
ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ãã©ã®çšåºŠèæ ®ã§ããããšããåé¡ã¯é¢é£ããããããã®ç·šã«ãããŠè«ã
ãŠããããšã«ããã
ããåœã§ã¯ãçµç¹åŠçœ°ã®åºç€ä»ããšããŠãå人ã¢ãã«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã®äºã€ã®ã¢ãã«ã䞻匵
ãããŠããã
èªç¶äººãã代衚è ãåªä»ããŠçµç¹ã¯èäœãšç²Ÿç¥ãæã€ãšãïŒçµç¹äœã®åœ¢æã»éå¶ã«é¢äžã
ãŠããå人ã®è¡åãïŒå眰ãçšããŠéé£ãïŒãã®åšåã«ãã£ãŠçµç¹äœã®è¡çºãå¶åŸ¡ããããš
ããçè«ãå人ææ¢ã¢ãã«ã§ããïŒãã®äžã§ãæåãªãã®ãç¹å®ã®èªç¶äººã®ç¯çœªãçµç¹ã®
ç¯çœªãšåäžèŠããããšã§çµç¹åŠçœ°ãèªããã¹ããšããåäžèŠçè«ã§ããã
ããã«å¯ŸããŠïŒå人ã®è²¬ä»»ãåªä»ãšããïŒçµç¹ããèªäœã®åºæã®æ§è³ªã«åŠçœ°æ ¹æ ãèŠåºã
ããšããã®ãïŒçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã§ããã
ãã®ãããªåäžèŠçè«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã®é¢ä¿ã«ã€ããŠïŒåäžèŠåçã®ããã«ïŒèªç¶äººãåªä»
ã«ãã垰責åçã§ã¯ïŒèªç¶äººãšã®åäžæ§ã«çç®ããçµç¹ãšããŠã®æ§è³ªã¯æããããšã¯ã§ã
ãŠãïŒçµç¹ãšããŠã®æ§è³ªãæããããšãã§ããïŒéã«ïŒçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã§ã¯ïŒçµç¹ãšããŠã®æ§è³ª
ãæããããšãã§ããªãããšããïŒäž¡è ã®æè¡·ãã©ã®ããã«å³ãããåé¡ãšãã27ïŒäœµçšèª¬
ãšçµ±å説ããããŸã§ã«äž»åŒµãããŠããã
25 çœç³è³¢ãäŒæ¥ã®ææ決å®éçšã«ãããäŒæ¥äœè³ªã»äŒæ¥æåãšäŒæ¥è²¬ä»»ãç°å£å®äžä»ç·šèãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªãšã³
ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã(åäºæ³åïŒ2007 幎) 126 é ã 26 ç¥äŸåº·åãæ³äººåŠçœ°è«ã®èª²é¡âè¿æã®çè«å±éãèžãŸããŠâãæµ ç°åèã»ãç·šãåäºæ³çè«ã®æ¢ç©¶ãšçº
èŠâæè€è±æ²»å çå€çšç¥è³è«æéâã88 é ã 27 å·åŽãäŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿããåäºå¶è£ã®ããæ¹ãç²æå åç·šãäŒæ¥æŽ»åãšåäºèŠå¶ã(æ¥æ¬è©è«ç€ŸïŒ2008 幎)
223-224 é ã
70
2. 䜵çšèª¬
䜵çšèª¬ã¯ïŒå·åŽææã«ãã£ãŠæå±ãããèŠè§£ã§ïŒå人ã¢ãã«ãšããŠã®åäžèŠçè«ãšïŒçµç¹
ã¢ãã«ãšããŠã®äŒæ¥ã·ã¹ãã é倱è«ã®åçŽãªäœµçšãèªããèŠè§£ã§ãããäŒæ¥ã·ã¹ãã é倱
ãšã¯ïŒäŒæ¥ã®å·šå€§åã»è€éåã«ããäŒæ¥ç¯çœªã«ãã被害ã®æ·±å»åã®äžæ¹ã§ïŒè¡çºè ãç¹å®ã§
ããªãã±ãŒã¹ãåäžèŠå¯Ÿè±¡è ãç¯çœªè¡çºã«é¢äžããŠããªãå Žåãªã©åäžèŠçè«ã«ãã£ãŠã¯
åäºè²¬ä»»ãåããªãå Žåã«å¯Ÿå¿ããããã®çè«ã§ãã28ããã®å 容ãšããŠã¯ïŒãäŒæ¥ã®æ³šæ
矩åãšããŠã®ç¯çœªé²æ¢äœå¶ãååã«æŽåãïŒãã®é²æ¢äœå¶ã®å ·äœç掻åãææãããªãè¡
ãããšãã代衚è ãšã¯åãé¢ãããæ³äººåºæã®æ³šæ矩åãšããããã§ïŒãã®æ³šæ矩åãäŒæ¥
ãå°œãããªãã£ãããã«å éšè ã«ãã£ãŠéæ³è¡çºãå®è¡ããïŒæ³ç䟵害ãçºçããå Žåã«
ã¯ïŒäŒæ¥ã®ã·ã¹ãã é¢ã«ã€ããŠã®ç®¡çç£ç£é倱責任ãåãã¹ããšãããã®ã§ãã29ããã®äŒ
æ¥ã·ã¹ãã é倱ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒäŒæ¥ã®åŸæ¥è ãïŒæ¥åã«é¢ããŠéåè¡çºãå®æœããå ŽåïŒãã
ããè¡çºã¯éåžžïŒäŒæ¥ã®éžä»»ç£ç£ã«åºã¥ãè¡çºãšèããããããšããïŒäŒæ¥ã®é倱ãæšå®ã
ããã¹ãã§ãããšããŠããããããŠïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®éµå®ããã£ãŠïŒéå
ã«ãããæ ç¶ã®äžã€ãšããŠã®å°äœã«ãšã©ãŸãã30ïŒãã®æšå®ã«å¯ŸããæåŒãšããããšãæå±
ããããã®æåŒã¯ïŒäž¡çœ°èŠå®ã«ãããé倱æšå®èª¬ã«ãããæšå®ã«å¯Ÿããå蚌ãšããŠã ãã§ã¯
ãªãïŒäŒæ¥ã®åŸæ¥å¡ã»ãŸãäŒæ¥èªèº«ã«å¯Ÿããé倱æšå®ã®å蚌ãšããŠäœ¿çšãããããšãæ³å®ã
ããŠãã31ãå·åŽææã¯ãã®å 責ãšãã匷ãå¹æã«ãã£ãŠïŒäŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿãç¯çœªé²æ¢ã®åŒ·ãã€ã³
ã»ã³ãã£ããäžããããšãæå³ããŠããã
ãã®èŠè§£ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ïŒåäžèŠçè«ïŒäŒæ¥ã·ã¹ãã é倱è«ã®äœµçšãïŒå°ãçµè«ã®åŠ¥åœæ§ã匷
調ããããšãã䞻匵ãããŠããïŒæ¢åã®åæ³çè«ãšã®æŽåæ§ãæ確ã§ãªããšããæ¹å€ãã
ã32ããŸãïŒæ³äººãšããŠã®é倱ã®å 容ãããã«æ€èšããããšãªãäŒæ¥ã·ã¹ãã é倱ãåé¡ã«
ããã°ïŒæ³äººã®æ§æå¡ã«ããçµæã®äºèŠãèããå°é£ãªå Žåã§ãïŒæ³äººã«äŒæ¥ã·ã¹ãã é倱
ãèªããããäœå°ã倧ãããªãããã®ãããªåž°çµã¯ïŒç®¡çã»ç£ç£é倱è«ã«å«ãŸããïŒæ¥µããŠ
æœè±¡çãªçµæçºçã«å¯ŸããäºèŠå¯èœæ§ã«ããé倱ãè¯å®ããå±éºæ§ãäžå±€å¢å€§ããããã®
ã§ãã£ãŠïŒäžåœã§ãããšã®ææããªããã33ãå¥ã®èŠ³ç¹ããïŒåœ¢åŒçïŒå€åœ¢çã«ã¯ã³ã³ãã©
ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãæŽããããŠããŠãïŒäŒç€Ÿã®åéšéãžã®æ¥çžŸèŠè«çãæ³éµå®ã軜èŠã
ãããªãçµç¹äžã®å§åããããããããªãã®ã§ïŒå 責ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å®
æœã ãã§å€æããã®ã¯ééã£ãŠããïŒãšããæ¹å€ããã34ããã®æ¹å€ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©
ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãå®æœããŠããäºå®ããæ³äººã泚æ矩åãå°œãããŠãããšè©äŸ¡ãã
ãããã«ã¯ïŒåœ¢åŒé¢ã ãã§ãªãå®è³ªçãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãæŽã£ãŠããªããã°
28 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 4) 211 é ã 29 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 4) 211-212 é ã 30 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 4) 300-301 é ã 31 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 4) 486-490 é ã 32 ä»äºçåãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšæ³äººåŠçœ°ãåäºæ³ãžã£ãŒãã« 17 å·(2009 幎) 17 é ã 33 ä»äºã»åæ²æ³š 32) 17-18 é ã 34 å·æ¿±ã»åæ²æ³š 23) 577 é ã
71
ãªããªããšããŠïŒå·åŽææã¯å¿ããŠãã35ã
ãŸãïŒäŒæ¥ã·ã¹ãã é倱è«ããèªäœã«ã€ããŠãïŒèªç¶äººã察象ã«ããäŒçµ±çãªåæ³ã®è«žå
åãšåèŽããªãç¹ãæ¹å€ããããäŸãã°ãç¹å®ã®èªç¶äººããããããªã客芳ç泚æ矩åãã·
ã¹ãã ãšããŠã®ç¯çœªé²æ¢çŸ©åã®éåã芳念ããããšã¯åæ³ã®èŠç¯åå®äººã倱ãããšã«ãªãã
ãšããäŒæ¥çµç¹äœè²¬ä»»è«ã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€ãåœãŠã¯ãŸããšãããã®36ãïŒãäŒæ¥ã·ã¹ãã é倱ãïŒ
ãã£ã±ã客芳çé倱ãæå³ããŠããïŒçŸè¡åæ³ã®äºå®ããŠãã䞻芳çé倱ãç¡èŠããŠããã
ç¹ã¯ïŒã客芳çé倱ãæ¡ä»¶ãšãã代äœè²¬ä»»ãèªããããšã«ä»ãªããªãããšãããã®37ã§ããã
ããã«å¯ŸããŠïŒå·åŽææã¯ïŒæ³äººåŠçœ°ã«ãããŠéèŠãªã®ã¯åæ³ã®è«žååã®å¢šå®ã§ã¯ãªãåŠçœ°
ç¯å²ã®åçåãå æããããšã§ãããšããŠïŒãã®æ¹å€ã«å¿ããŠãã38ã
3. çµ±å説
çµ±å説ã¯ïŒæšå£ææã«ãã£ãŠæå±ãããèŠè§£ã§ããã
ãã®èŠè§£ã¯ïŒæ³äººåŠçœ°ã®ååšæ矩ãïŒææ¢å¯Ÿè±¡ã®æ¡åŒµæ©èœãšææ¢æ¹æ³ã®æ¡åŒµæ©èœã«æ±ããã
ææ¢å¯Ÿè±¡ã®æ¡åŒµæ©èœãšã¯ïŒåå¥ã®èªç¶äººã«åŠçœ°ã«å€ããã»ã©ã®éæ³ã»è²¬ä»»ãåãããªãå Žå
ã§ãå€æ°äººã®æŽ»åãèç©ããããšã§æ³çã«å¯Ÿããé倧ãªè åšãçºçããããšã¯çéã§ããïŒ
ä»æ¹èªç¶äººã®åŠçœ°ç¯å²ã®æ¡åŒµã«ãã察åŠããããšãããšåäºè²¬ä»»ã®é床ã®æ¡åŒµãæãããš
ããïŒèªç¶äººåŠçœ°ã«ä»£ããïŒå€æ°äººã®æŽ»åãéç©ããçµç¯ç¹ãšããŠã®æ³äººèªäœãåŠçœ°å¯Ÿè±¡ãš
ããããšã§ïŒèªç¶äººåŠçœ°ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªããªãæ³äººå éšã®èªç¶äººåŸæ¥å¡ã«ïŒéæ¥çã§ã¯ãããã®
ã®ïŒå æ¬çã«ç¯çœªã®ææ¢ãåãããããšãããã®ã§ãã39ããããïŒç¯çœªäºå®ã®è§£æãé²ã¿ïŒ
æ³äººå éšã®èªç¶äººå šå¡ã«ç¯çœªãæç«ããŠãããããªå Žåã«ã¯ïŒæ³äººåŠçœ°ã«ãã£ãŠææ¢å¯Ÿè±¡
ãæ¡åŒµããå¿ èŠæ§ãæ¶å€±ããããšã«ãªãããã®ãããªå Žåã«ãæ³äººåŠçœ°ãèªããããšã®æ
矩ãšããŠïŒæ³äººã®æŽ»åã«é¢é£ããç¯çœªã«ã€ããŠèªç¶äººåŠçœ°ãšã¯ç°çš®ã®åäºå¶è£ã§ããæ³äºº
åŠçœ°ãšããå¶åºŠãèšå®ããå ŽåïŒèªç¶äººãåŠçœ°ããå Žåãšç°ãªãïŒå眰ã®ã¹ãã£ã°ãã¯æ³äºº
ããèªäœã«äžããããããšããïŒæ³äººã®æŽ»åé åããéæ³è¡çºãçããããšãæ瀺ããã
ãšããææ¢æ¹æ³ã®æ¡åŒµæ©èœãæå±ããã4041ã
ãããŠãã®äžã§ïŒæ³äººåŠçœ°ã®åæ³çè«äžã®æ£åœæ§ã¯ïŒæ³äººã®æŽ»åããçããå±éºæ§ãéæ³
ãªçµæã«å®çŸããå Žåã«ã¯(èäœãæããªã)æ³äººã§ãã£ãŠãèªå·±è²¬ä»»ãåãããã¹ãããšïŒ
ä»è¡çºå¯èœæ§ãæããè¡çºè ãšããŠã®æ³äººã«å¯Ÿããéé£ã¯ïŒ(粟ç¥ãæããªã)æ³äººã«å¯Ÿã
35 å·åŽåå·³ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšæ³äººåŠçœ°ãåäºæ³ãžã£ãŒãã« 17 å·(2009 幎) 29 é ã 36 ç¥å±±æéãæ³äººåŠçœ°å¶åºŠã®å€åãšçè«ãç²åæ³åç 究 1 å·(2005 幎) 81 é 以äžã 37 æµ ç°åèãæ³äººã®ç¯çœªãšãã®åŠçœ°ããç¥å±±æéå çå€çšç¥è³è«æé 第 2 å·»ã(ææå ïŒ2006 幎) 54 é ã 38 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 35) 28 é ã 39 æšå£äº®ä»ãæ³äººåŠçœ°ãšåæ³çè«ã (æ±äº¬å€§åŠåºçäŒïŒ2009 幎)153 é ã 40 æšå£ã»åæ²æ³š 39) 154-155 é ã 41 ãã®ãããªææ¢æ¹æ³ã®æ¡åŒµæ©èœã¯ïŒäŒçµ±çã«ã¯åäžèŠçè«ã®ç«å Žããè«ããããŠãããã®ã§ãããïŒçµ
ç¹ã¢ãã«ã«ãã£ãŠãïŒåäºåžæ³ãžã®ã³ã¹ãã®å¢å€§ãææ¢ãã芳ç¹ããèªãããããã®ãšãããŠãããæš
å£ã»åæ²æ³š 39) 102,154-155 é ã
72
ãŠãèŠç¯çã«ã¯åãããããšããå°ãããŠãããã€ãŸãïŒå®¢èŠ³é¢ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒåæ³ã«ããã
è¡çºæ§ã®èŠä»¶ãæäœéïŒç¯çœªææãè¶ ããå€éšçæ 床ã®ååšãèŠæ±ããŠãããšè§£ãããã
ã§ïŒæ³äººã®æŽ»åãããããç¯çœªæ¹èµ·ãžã®å±éºãåµåºãããŠããéãã«ãããŠå€éšåãšãã
èŠè«ãæºããããŠãããã®ãšèãïŒèªç¶äººã®è¡çºãæ³äººã®æããå±éºãåµåºãããšããã
ç¯å²ã§åœè©²èªç¶äººã®è¡çºãæ³äººã®è¡çºãšèŠç¯çã«è©äŸ¡ããããšã§ïŒæ³äººã«èäœããªããšã
ãæ³äººåŠçœ°ã«é¢ãã客芳é¢ã®çè«çéå£ã解決ãããã®ã§ãã42ããããŠïŒäž»èŠ³é¢ã«ã€ããŠ
ã¯ïŒæ æãéé£å¯èœæ§ã®é«åºŠãã瀺ãææšãšããŠç解ããå Žåã«ã¯ïŒä»è¡çºå¯èœæ§ã®çšåºŠãš
ããèŠç¯çå€æã«ãã£ãŠå€æããããšã¯å¯èœã§ãããïŒç¹å¥äºé²ã®å¿ èŠæ§ã®é«ãã城衚ã
ããã®ãšããŠç解ããå Žåã«ã¯ïŒæ³äººã«å¯Ÿããç¹å¥äºé²ã®å¿ èŠæ§ã®çšåºŠãšããŠå€æããã
ãšãå¯èœãšãªããšããŠïŒãã®ãããªæ æã®èŠç¯çæ ¹æ ã¯æ³äººã«ã劥åœããããïŒäž»èŠ³é¢ã§ã®
çè«çéå£ã«ã€ããŠã解決ããããã®ã§ãããšãã43ã
ãã®ãããªæ³äººåŠçœ°ã®æ ¹æ ã¯åäžèŠçè«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã®åæ¹ã«åŠ¥åœããããšããïŒçµ±å
説ã¯ïŒããããã®åºç€çè«ãšããŠçµ±äžçã«ç解ãããã¹ããã®ã§ãããšããã
çµ±å説ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ïŒå ·äœçäºæ¡ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒåäžèŠçè«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«ãšããããªãåºæºã§é©
çšããã®ã(äž¡çè«ã®åªå é¢ä¿ãããã¯é©çšã®å åŸé¢ä¿)ãæ確ã§ã¯ãªããšããåé¡ãææ
ããã44ããŸãïŒææ¢å¯Ÿè±¡ã®æ¡åŒµã«ãã£ãŠèªç¶äººåŠçœ°ã«èŠæ±ãããåŠçœ°èŠä»¶ã®æ°Žæºãæ³äººåŠ
眰ã«éã£ãŠåãäžããããšã¯ïŒèªç¶äººã«å¯Ÿããåæ³çè«ã®æ³äººã«å¯Ÿããé©çšã®æ ãè¶ ãã
ããšã«ãªãïŒåæ³çè«ãšããŠã®å¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ã倱ããããšã®ææããã45ã
ãŸãïŒäœµçšèª¬ã®ç«å Žããã¯ïŒä»¥äžã® 3 ã€ã®çåãåãããŠãã46ã第äžã«ïŒçµç¹ã®è¡çºã
ããã«ããçµæã®ãã¡ïŒæ§æå¡ããèªç¶äººã«éå ã§ããªãéšåã«ã€ããŠã®èªèã«ã€ããŠã
çµç¹ã¢ãã«ã«ããæ³äººåŠçœ°ã®ååšæ矩ãšããŠéèŠããäœå°ãããã第äºã«ïŒçµ±å説ã®ç«å Žã
ãå±ããããææ¢å¯Ÿè±¡ã®æ¡åŒµãšææ¢æ¹æ³ã®æ¡åŒµãšããæ³äººåŠçœ°ã®æ矩ã¯ïŒæ³äººåŠçœ°ã®å¹æ
ãè¿°ã¹ãã«ãããïŒæ³äººåŠçœ°ã責任䞻矩ã«åããªãïŒä»äººã®è¡çºã«å¯Ÿãã責任ã§ãªãããšã
è«èšŒããŠãããšã¯èšããªã47ã第äžã«ïŒçµ±å説ãïŒåäžèŠçè«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã«ã€ããŠïŒæ³äºº
åŠçœ°ã®çè«çåºç€ãå 足ããå žåäŸãšããäœçœ®ã¥ããäžããŠããããšã«å¯ŸããŠïŒæ³äººåŠçœ°
ç«æ³ã®å ·äœçåŠçœ°èŠä»¶ãšããŠåäžèŠçè«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã«å¯Ÿå¿ãããã®ãææ¡ããã®ã¿ã§ïŒ
éå žåçãªå Žåã«å¯Ÿå¿ããèŠä»¶ãæŽåãããŠããªãç¹ã«é¢ãã説æããªãããŠããªãã
42 æšå£ã»åæ²æ³š 39) 159 é ã 43 æšå£ã»åæ²æ³š 39) 162-163 é ã 44 ä»äºçåãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªãšæ³äººã®åäºè²¬ä»»ãåæ²æ³š 3) 57 é ã 45 ç¥äŸã»åæ²æ³š 26) 87 é ã 46 å·åŽåå·³ãæ³äººåŠçœ°è«ã®æ°å°å¹³âæšå£äº®ä»èãæ³äººåŠçœ°ãšåæ³çè«ã(æ±äº¬å€§åŠåºçäŒïŒ2009 幎)ã®å ¬
åãå¥æ©ã«âãå·ç«¯åä»ç·šãçè«åæ³åŠã®æ¢ç©¶ 3ã(ææå ïŒ2010 幎) 191-194 é ã 47 䜵çšèª¬è«è ã«ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããïŒç¥äŸã»åæ²æ³š 26) 87 é ã¯ïŒãããäž»äœã®éåè¡çºãææ¢ãããã
ã«ïŒå ±ç¯ãšããŠãè¡çºäž»äœãšããŠææ¡ãããªãå¥ã®æ³äž»äœã«å¶è£ã課ããšããããšã¯ïŒèªç¶äººã«å¯Ÿããå¶
è£äœç³»ã§ã¯èããããªãã§ãããããšè¿°ã¹ãã
73
4. ä»äºææã»ç²æææã®èŠè§£
ãã®ãããªæŽçã«å¯ŸããŠïŒä»äºææã¯ïŒå眰ã¯æ³äººãšããŠè¡åãããèªç¶äººã®ææã«åã
æããŠããæå¹ã«æ©èœããããšãã芳ç¹ããèå¯ãå ãã48ãä»äºææã¯ïŒçµ±å説ã«ããã¢
ãããŒããåºæ¬çã«æ¯æããªãããïŒçµ±å説ã®çºæ³ãæ³äººãšåäžèŠã§ããã ãã®æš©éãæ
ããè ã«ã¯åäžèŠçè«ãïŒãŸããã以å€ã®è ã«ã¯ïŒãããã®è ã®é¢äžãçµ±åããããã§çµç¹
ã¢ãã«ãé©çšãããã®ã§ãããšç解ããããã§ïŒåäžèŠçè«ã®é©çšãããå Žåã®ã¿ãªãã
çµç¹ã¢ãã«ã®é©çšãããå Žé¢ã§ãèªç¶äººã®é¢äžãéèŠãããªãã°ïŒãã®æ ¹æ ã¯çµç¹ã¢ãã«
ããã§ã¯ãªãïŒåäžèŠçè«ããåºç€ä»ããããã¹ãã§ãããšèããŠãã49ã
ç²æææã¯ïŒäž¡çœ°èŠå®ä»¥å€ã®å Žé¢ã«ãããæ³äººåºæã®ç¯çœªèœåãåŠå®ããããšããç«å Ž
ã«ç«ã£ãäžã§ïŒé倱æšå®ã®å蚌ã®çŽ æãšããŠã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãèæ ®ããå¯èœ
æ§ãèªããŠãã50ã
V. ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹åã³çµç¹æåã®çè«çäœçœ®ã¥ã
1. ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã«é¢ããèæ ®
å·åŽææã®èãã«ããã°ïŒçµç¹ããèªäœã«åºæã®æ³šæ矩åã課ãïŒç¯çœªãææ¢ããããšã
ã趣æšãå®å¹çãªãã®ã«ããããã«ã¯ïŒçµç¹ãå°œããã¹ã泚æ矩åã®å 容ãæ確ã§ããå¿
èŠããããïŒä»æ¹ïŒæ³šæ矩åã®å 容ãèŠå¶æ³ä»€ã«ãã£ãŠå€æ§ã§ããããšããïŒäž¡è ã®èª¿åã®
äžã€ã®åœ¢æ ãšããŠïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã人çåŽé¢ãšçµç¹æ§é ã®äž¡æ¹ã«æ³šæãæ
ã£ãæ³ä»€éµå®ã®ããã®å éšçµ±å¶ã·ã¹ãã ãšäœçœ®ã¥ãïŒãããçµç¹åºæã®æ³šæ矩åã®å 容ãš
æããããšãæå±ãã51ã
æšå£ææã®èãã«ããã°ïŒç¯çœªãææ¢ããããšããè¡çºã»ææãååšããå Žåã«ã¯ïŒæ³äºº
åŠçœ°ã®çè«çåºç€ã§ããå±éºã®éãæžå°ãããã®ãšèããããããïŒç¯çœªææ¢çãªäžäœè
ã®ç£ç£æªçœ®ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãèæ ®ããŠæ³äººåŠçœ°ã®å¯åŠãç·åå€æãããš
ããåž°çµãå°ããã52ãããã§ã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«ãã£ãŠæ³äººã®ä¿æãã
å±éºãã©ã®çšåºŠæžå°ããããåé¡ãšãªããã®ã§ããããããã£ãŠïŒæ³äººå ã«ãããŠäžäœã«äœ
眮ããåŸæ¥å¡ã®è£éãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«ãã£ãŠååã«çµ±å¶ãããŠãããã
ãªå Žåæ³äººãå 責ããããšã¯å¯èœã§ãããïŒä»£è¡šè ãªã©ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«
ãã£ãŠããã®è£éæš©éãããã»ã©å¶çŽãããªããããªèªç¶äººã®è¡çºã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒçŽã¡ã«å
責ãèªããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒå®è¡è¡çºã®è£éæš©éããã®éžè±ãšãã£ãäºæ ããå å³ããŠå 責
48 ä»äºçåãæ³äººåŠçœ°ãæ³åŠæ宀 260 å·(2002 幎) 75 é ã 49 ä»äºã»åæ²æ³š 32) 19-20 é ã 50 ç²æå åãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšäŒæ¥ã®åäºè²¬ä»»ãç°å£ä»ã»åæ²æ³š 25) 116 é ã 51 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 4) 211-213 é ã 52 æšå£ã»åæ²æ³š 39) 171 é ã
74
ã®å¯åŠã決å®ãã¹ãã§ãã53ã
ä»äºææã®åäžèŠçè«ãéèŠããç解ã«ããã°ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšã¯ïŒã
ããæ³äººãšåèŠãããã¹ããã®ãåŸãã¹ãéæ³è¡çºé²æ¢ã«åããããã¥ã¢ã«ã§ãããšãšã
ã«ïŒéæ³è¡çºãæ¹èµ·ãããšããŠãæ³äººã«å 責ã®äœå°ãäžããããã®æåŒäºäŸéãšããŠç解
ãããŠãããåè ã¯ïŒéæ³æ§é»åŽãé¢é£æ³èŠã®ä¿è·æ³çãšäŸµå®³ãããæ³çãšã®æ¯èŒè¡¡éãšç
解ããããã§ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ããããã®æ¯èŒè¡¡éã®ããã¥ã¢ã«ã«ãããïŒ
ããã«æ²¿ã£ããããšãã£ãŠçŽã¡ã«éæ³æ§é»åŽãèªããããããã§ã¯ãªããšãããã®ã§ããã
åŸè ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã責任é»åŽäºç±ãšãšããããã®ã§ããïŒæ³
人ã®æ¥åå·è¡ãšã®é¢é£ã«ãããŠéæ³çµæã®æ¹èµ·ãäºæ³ãããå Žåã§ãïŒãããåé¿ããã
ãçµç¹å šäœãšããŠåªããã¹ãããšã®èšè¿°ãéèŠãªãã®ã§ãããšããŠããããŸãïŒéåé»åŽäº
ç±ãšããŠã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒæ³äººã®è²¬ä»»é»åŽäºç±ã«é¢é£ããäºæ
ããŸãèæ ®ãããããšãåæã«ïŒæ眪ãšèªå®ãããæ³äººã®ç¹å¥äºé²ïŒäžè¬äºé²ã«é¢ããäºæ
ãèæ ®ãããã¹ããã®ãšããŠãã54ã
ãŸãïŒç²æææãïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®éæ³æ§ã«å¯Ÿããæ©èœã«ã€ããŠã¯å¯èœ
æ§ã®ææãè¡ãã«ãšã©ããŠãããïŒè²¬ä»»ã®é»åŽã»æžå°ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒæ§é倱è«ã®ç«å Žã«ç«ã¡ïŒ
ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãããã§ããŠããŠãäºæ ãèµ·ããããšã¯ãããããšãã芳
ç¹ããïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãïŒæ±ºå®çãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã«ããŠããå人ã®è¡çºã®
èªå®ã«ãããŠãè¡çºç°å¢ã®äžéšãšããŠå€æèŠçŽ ãšããããšãèªããŠãã55ããŸããæ³äººã®è¡
çºã®èªå®ã«ãããŠã¯ãé倱æšå®èª¬ã«ãããå蚌ã®çŽ æãšããŠãèæ ®ããäœå°ãèªããããã
ãïŒåææã¯ïŒããã°ã©ã ã«ãçžåœã®æ³šæãã®ãããªæåŒãšããŠã®æ³çæ矩ãäžããããšã¯
å°é£ã§ãããšãã56ãããã¯ïŒå€§äŒæ¥ãšäžå°äŒæ¥ãšã®éïŒãŸãæ¥çš®éã«ãããŠã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢
ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®åãçµã¿ã«ã°ãã€ãããããšããäºå®èªèãèžãŸãããã®ã§ãããåæ
æã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«é¢ããåé¡ãç£ç£é倱è«ãšå¯æ¥ãªé¢ä¿ã«ãããïŒåŸ
æ¥å¡ã®é倱è¡çºãå¿ ãããä»åšãããšã¯éããªãç¹ã§ïŒå žåçãªç£ç£é倱è«ãšã¯åºå¥ãã
ããšããç¹ãææããã
2. çµç¹æåã«é¢ããèæ ®
äžèšã®ãããªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«é¢ããçè«ã®ãªãã§ïŒçµç¹æåã«é¢ããè
æ ®ãšãããã®ãè¡ãããšã¯æãããŠå¯èœãªã®ã§ããããã
å·åŽææã¯ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ããããããã®æ¥åå 容ïŒçµç¹èŠæš¡ïŒè³åïŒ
äŒæ¥é¢šåã«å¿ããŠãæ§ç¯ãã¹ãã§ãããšããŠãã57ïŒäŒæ¥æå(äŒæ¥é¢šå)ã¯ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³
53 æšå£äº®ä»ãæ³äººåŠçœ°ãšåæ³çè«ãåæ³éèª 46 å·» 2 å·(2007 幎 2 æ) 24 é ã 54 ä»äºã»åæ²æ³š 49) 20-23 é ã 55 ç²æã»åæ²æ³š 50) 114-116 é ã 56 ç²æã»åæ²æ³š 50) 109 é ã 57 å·åŽã»åæ²æ³š 35) 29 é ã
75
ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å 容ã決å®ããéã®äžã€ã®èæ ®èŠçŽ ã§ãããšèããŠããããã§ãããåè¿°
ããå®è³ªçãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšã¯ïŒãã®ãããªèæ ®èŠçŽ ãåå šã«èæ ®ããŠäœ
æãããããã°ã©ã ã§ãããšèšãããã
æšå£ææã¯æ瀺çã«äŒæ¥æåã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãŠããªããïŒç¯çœªé²æ¢ïŒæ³ä»€éµå®çãªäŒæ¥æå
ãååšããå Žåã«ã¯ïŒçµç¹åŠçœ°ã®çè«çåºç€ã§ããå±éºã®éãæžå°ãããã®ãšèãããã
ããïŒçµç¹åŠçœ°ã®å¯åŠã«é¢ããç·åå€æã®äžã§ãããçšããããšãã§ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ã
ããã
ãã®ç¹ã«ã€ããŠïŒä»äºææã¯ïŒçµç¹äœèªäœã®ææ決å®ãšïŒããã«åºã¥ãéæ³ãªçµææ¹èµ·ã
æ ¹æ ãšããŠïŒèªç¶äººãšã¯å¥åã«çµç¹äœãéé£ããããšããèªå·±åäžæ§ã¢ãã«ãçµç¹äœã®ç²Ÿ
ç¥ãæåãéèŠããŠããããšã«å¯ŸããŠïŒãçµç¹äœã®åäºè²¬ä»»ã¯ïŒåœè©²çµç¹äœãéæ³ãªçµæã
æ¹èµ·ããè¡çºã«åºãã®ããããããªããã®ã§ãã£ããã©ãããïŒè¡çºæã®äºæ ã«åºã¥ããŠ
客芳çåå¥çã«æ€èšããŠåããŠå€æãããäºé ãã§ããïŒãã®ãããªäºé ãçµç¹äœã®æåãš
ããæŠå¿µã«ãã£ãŠäžåŸã«è©äŸ¡ããããšãããããäžå¯èœã§ããããšããïŒçµç¹äœã®æåã
åæ³åŠã«ãããŠåé¡ãšããããšã¯ã§ããªããšãã58ã
ç²æææã¯ïŒçµç¹äœã®æåã«ã€ããŠæ瀺çã«ã¯è§ŠããŠããªããïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ãã
ã°ã©ã ã«ç矩ã®æ³åŸãè¶ ããå 容ã§ããäŒæ¥å«çïŒå皮瀟å èŠçšãã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ãå«ãŸã
ãŠããããšãåæã«èå¯ããŠãããã®ã§ããïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å 容ãšããŠ
äŒæ¥äœã®æåãèæ ®ãããã®ãšèãããã59ã
VI. å®çŸå¯èœãªåœ¢
1. çµç¹åŠçœ°çè«
äžèšã®çµç¹åŠçœ°ã®çè«ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒçµç¹ã¢ãã«é©çšã®çè«çãªåºç€ä»ã(ååšæ矩ãšæ£åœ
æ§)ããªãããŠããããšïŒãããšèª¿åããã圢ã§åæ³ã®åºç€çè«ã®è²«åŸ¹ãå³ãããŠãããšã
ãçè«çæŽåæ§ããïŒæšå£ææã®ã¢ãããŒã(çµ±å説)ã«ããã®ãé©åã§ãããšèããã
çµ±å説ã«å¯ŸããŠã¯ïŒåäžèŠçè«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã®é©çšã®å åŸé¢ä¿ãæ確ã§ãªããšã®æ¹å€ã
ãããïŒçµ±å説ã«ãããŠéèŠãªç¹ã¯ãçµç¹åŠçœ°ã®çè«çåºç€ã®å 足ãå€æããããšã«ããã
åäžèŠçè«ããã³çµç¹ã¢ãã«ã¯çè«çæ ¹æ ãå 足ããå žåäŸãšããŠã®åœ¹å²ãäžããããŠã
ã60ããã®ãããåäžèŠçè«ãšçµç¹ã¢ãã«ã¯ãã®æããå žåã«è¿ãäºäŸã«ããããåªå ãã
ãŠé©çšãããããšã«ãªãããã®ç¹ã«ãããŠå åŸé¢ä¿ã«é¢ããŠã®åºæºãèŠåºãããšãã§ããã
ãŸãïŒåŠçœ°èŠä»¶ã®æ°Žæºã®åãäžãã«ãã£ãŠåæ³çè«ãšã®å¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ãåªå€±ãããŠãããšã®æ
58 ä»äºçåãäŒæ¥ã®åäºè²¬ä»»ãç²æç·šã»åæ²æ³š 27) 15 é ã 59 ç²æã»åæ²æ³š 55) 107-109 é ã
60 æšå£ã»åæ²æ³š 39) 170 é ã
76
æ61ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒåœè©²æ³äººåŠçœ°ãèªç¶äººäžäººã²ãšãã«å¯ŸããåŠçœ°ã§ãããšã¿ãå Žåã«ã¯åã
äžããããŠããããã«èŠãããïŒåœè©²æ³äººåŠçœ°ã«ãã£ãŠåŠçœ°ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãæ³äººã®æ®µéã«ã
ããŠã¿ãå Žåã«ã¯èªç¶äººåŠçœ°ãšåã¬ãã«ã®èŠä»¶ãååšããããšã§62åŠçœ°èŠä»¶ã®æ°Žæºã¯ä¿æ
ãããŠããïŒåãäžããããŠãããã®ãšã¯èšããªããšèããããã
ãŸãïŒäœµå説ããã¯ïŒçµç¹ã®è¡çºã»çµæã«ã€ããŠèªç¶äººã«éå ã§ããªãéšåã«é¢ããèªè
ãååã§ãªããšã®ææããããïŒæšå£èª¬ã«ãããåŠçœ°æ¹æ³ã®æ¡åŒµæ©èœã¯ïŒãæ³äººã®æŽ»åé å
ããéæ³è¡çºãçããããšãæ瀺ããã63ãããšã«æå³ãæ±ãããã®ã§ããïŒãããããèª
ç¶äººã«éå ã§ããªãéšåã«é¢ããæ©èœã§ãããããèªç¶äººã«éå ã§ããªãçµç¹ã®è¡çºã»çµæ
ã«é¢ããèæ ®ã¯ååã«ãªãããŠãããã®ãšèããããããããŠïŒæ³äººåŠçœ°ã®è²¬ä»»äž»çŸ©ãšã®æµ
觊ã«é¢ããææïŒã€ãŸãïŒä»äººã®è¡çºã«å¯Ÿãã責任ãåããŠããããšãžã®æžå¿µã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒ
çµ±å説ã«ãããŠã¯èªç¶äººãè¡ã£ãããšããèªäœã«å¯Ÿãã責任ãåããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒæ³
人ã®æŽ»åã®ããããç¯çœªæ¹èµ·ãžã®å±éºãå€éšåãšããèŠè«ãæºãããããšãæ³äººã«ããè¡
çºãšåèŠããããšã«ãã£ãŠè²¬ä»»ã®æåšãæ±ãããã®ã§ããããïŒããã¯æ³äººèªèº«ã®è¡çº(ãš
åèŠããããã®)ã«å¯Ÿãã責任ã§ããïŒä»äººã®è¡çºã«å¯Ÿãã責任ãåããŠãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã
以äžã®ããã«ïŒçµ±å説ã«å¯ŸããŠææãããŠããäž»èŠãªåé¡ã¯è§£æ±ºäžèœãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã
ãïŒçµ±å説ã«ããã¢ãããŒããæ¯æããããšãã§ããã
ãããïŒãã®ã¢ãããŒãã«ããå ŽåïŒèŠç¯ç責任è«ãæ ¹æ ã«ããããã§ã®æ³äººåŠçœ°ã®äž»èŠ³
çèŠçŽ (æ æã»é倱ã®å¯Ÿå¿ç©)ãäžæ確ã§ãã64ãšããåé¡ã¯æ®ãããïŒãã®ç¹ã«ã€ããŠé¡å
åã»æ確åããå¿ èŠã¯æ®ããšãããã
2. ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®çè«çäœçœ®ã¥ããšæå³åã
çµ±å説ã«ããã°ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ããèªäœã¯å 責äºç±ãšãªããã®ã§ã¯ãªãïŒ
責任ã»éæ³æ§æžå°ã®èæ ®èŠçŽ ã«ãšã©ãŸãããšã«ãªãããã®å Žåãé倱æšå®ã«ãããé倱ã®é»
åŽäºç±ãšããŠã§ã¯ãªããæšå®ãèŠãããã®äžäºæ ãšããŠã®äœçœ®ã¥ããäžãããããšãšãã«ã
責任ãéæ³æ§ã®çšåºŠã§æ±ºå®ãããéåã«ãããŠã®èæ ®ãåããããšã«ãªãã
ããã§ãçµç¹ã«å¯Ÿããã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãä»äžãšããŠã®å¹æãåé¡ãšãªããããïŒè²¬ä»»æžå°äº
ç±ãšããŠéå段éã«ãããŠèæ ®ããªãããããšãé®®æãšãªãã°ïŒããã¯èµ·èšŽæ®µéã«ãããŠ
ãèæ ®ãåããããšã«ãªãããããªãã°ïŒèµ·èšŽããããšããçµç¹ã®è©å€ã«ãšã£ãŠæã倧ããª
ãã¡ãŒãžãåé¿ããããšãã§ããããã«ãªãïŒååã«ã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãä»äžã®å¹æãæã¡ã
ããã®ãšèããããã
61 ç¥äŸã»åæ²æ³š 26) 87 é ã 62 äžã«è¿°ã¹ãããã«äž»èŠ³çèŠçŽ ã®æ確æ§ãåæãšãã¹ãã ããã 63 æšå£ã»åæ²æ³š 39) 155 é ã 64 å·åŽåå·³ãæ³äººåŠçœ°è«ã®ä»æ¥çå±éâãäŒæ¥ã®åäºè²¬ä»»ãåè«âãç¬å·æç·šã倧谷寊å çå寿èšå¿µè«æ
éã(ææå ïŒ2011 幎) 385 é ãéæšçŽåãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ããããæ³äººè²¬ä»»è«ãã®è©Šã¿ãç£å€§æ³åŠ 30 å·» 3.4
å·(1997 幎) 589 é ã
77
ã€ã®ãªã¹ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã§ã¯ïŒäŒæ¥æåãšããæŠå¿µãæ¡çšãããŠãããïŒæªããäŒæ¥æ
åã®ååšã ãã§äŒæ¥é倱ãããšèªå®ããããšã«å¯ŸããŠã¯æ¹å€ãããïŒäŒæ¥æåãç¯çœªãä¿
é²ããããïŒãããã¯ïŒæ³éµå®ã®é°å²æ°ãç¶æãæããããšãæ æçã§ããããšã蚌æãã
ãå¿ èŠãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšããæèŠããã65ãçµç¹æåã¯ïŒçµç¹å ã®æ瀺ã®ã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³
ãšããŠç€ºãããŠãããã®ããããïŒé»ç€ºçãªãã®ïŒäžäœçºïŒæ¶æ¥µçãªãã®ãããããããã®
ããã«ææ§ãªãã®ãç¯çœªã®æ§æèŠä»¶ãšããããšã¯ïŒåœæ°ã®äºæž¬å¯èœæ§ã倧ãã害ããããš
ã«ãªãïŒåäºæ³äžïŒæ確æ§ã®ååã«åãïŒãã®èŠå®ã¯ç¡å¹ã«ããªããããªã66ã
ããããçµ±å説ã®ã¢ãããŒãã«ããã°ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã¯è²¬ä»»æžå°èŠçŽ ã®
äžéšãšããŠèæ ®ãããã«ãšã©ãŸãïŒãã®ååšã®ã¿ã以ãŠç¯çœªã®æç«ãå·Šå³ãããããšã«ã¯
ãªããªãããïŒèŠæ±ãããæ確æ§ã®ã¬ãã«ã¯ããçšåºŠæžå°ãããã®ãšããïŒçµç¹æåãçµç¹
颚åãšããæŒ ç¶ãšãããã®ãæããããšãã§ããæ çµã¿ãšãªã£ãŠããã®ã§ããã
ãããŠïŒçµ±å説ã«ããã°ïŒæ¬è«èã®ååã«ãããŠæ€èšãããããªç±³åœã§ã®å¶åºŠã®å€é·ã®å
çãèžãŸããããšãã§ãããç±³åœã«ãããŠã¯ïŒåœåã®éåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ããããŠ
ããã®ã¯åœ¢åŒçãªããã°ã©ã ã ã£ããïŒãšã³ãã³äºä»¶çã«ãã£ãŠçµç¹å«çã®èŠ³ç¹ã«èžã¿èŸŒ
ãã ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å¿ èŠæ§ãèªèãããããšããïŒäºåºŠã®æ¹æ£ã«ããïŒçµ
ç¹å«çïŒçµç¹æåçãªèŠ³ç¹ãå«ãã ããã°ã©ã ãéåã¬ã€ãã©ã€ã³ã«ãã£ãŠæ±ããããã
ãã«ãªã£ãããã®ãããªçµç·¯ã掻ããããã«ã¯ïŒåœ¢åŒçãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã
ãã§ãªãçµç¹å«çãçµç¹æåã«å¯Ÿãã圱é¿ãèæ ®ãããå®è³ªçãªå 容ã®ããã°ã©ã (以äžã
çµç¹å«çã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšãã)ã®æŽåã«å¯Ÿããã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ããäžããå¿
èŠãããïŒçµ±å説ã¯ããã«å¿ããããšã®ã§ããæ çµã¿ã§ããã䜵çšèª¬ã®çºæ³ã®ããã«ã³ã³ã
ã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®ååšãå 責äºç±ãšããŠããŸããšæ確æ§ã®èŠè«ããããçšåºŠæ確
ãªãã®ã®ã¿ãå 責äºç±ããããããã°ã©ã ãšããŠèš±å®¹ãããããšã«ãªãããïŒçµç¹å«çã«
察ããèæ ®ãšãããã®ãé£ãããªããïŒçµ±å説ã«ãããèæ ®ã®å Žåã«ã¯èæ ®èŠçŽ ã«ãšã©ãŸ
ãããšããèŠæ±ãããæ確æ§ã®ã¬ãã«ã¯ããçšåºŠäžãããã®ãšèããããããã§ããã
ããã«é¢ããŠïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®èæ ®ãã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãããããããã«ã¯
çµç¹ã«å¯Ÿããå眰ãçŸç¶ã«æ¯ããŠããé倧ã§ããå¿ èŠããããšã®ææããªãããããšãã
ãããããïŒéæ³æ§ã責任ãé»åŽãåŸãçšåºŠã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®ååšã¯å€æ±º
ã®æ®µéã«ãããŠéæ³æ§æžå°ã責任æžå°ã®å¹æãæã¡ããã®ã¿ã§ãªãïŒèµ·èšŽæ®µéã«ãããŠã
èæ ®ãããããšã«ãªããšèãããïŒãŸãå éšã§ã®éæ³çºèŠã®ããã»ã¹ãæŽåãããã³ã³ã
ã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãååšããå Žåã«ã¯åžæ³ååŒçã«ãã£ãŠçµç¹ã蚎远ãé¿ããããš
ãã§ããå¯èœæ§ãé«ããªããã ãšããã°ïŒçµç¹ã¯ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®ååšã«ã
65 Boisvert. (1999). Corporate Criminal Liability Discussion Paper 1999.
<https://www.ulcc.ca/en/annual-meetings/365-1999-winnipeg-mb/criminal-section-documents/1840-
corporate-criminal-liability-discussion-paper?showall=1&limitstart=>(2019 幎 10 æ 11 æ¥é²èŠ§) 66 çœç³ã»åæ²æ³š 25) 132 é ã
78
ã£ãŠèšŽè¿œãã®ãã®ãé¿ããããããšãããïŒæ眪å€æ±ºãåããããšã«ãšã©ãŸãã蚎远ãã
ãããšèªäœãçµç¹ã®è©å€ã«å¯Ÿãã倧ããªæ害ãšãªã£ãŠããçŸç¶ããããã°ïŒããã¯ååãª
ã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ããããããã®ãšèããããããã®ããïŒå眰ã®å³æ Œåã¯çµç¹åŠçœ°ã«ãããŠã³
ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãèæ ®ããããšã«é¢ããŠã¯å¿ é ã®ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããšèããããã
3. æãŸããå 容ã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã
ããã§ã¯ïŒçµç¹ãç¯çœªãçºçãããå±éºãæžå°ããããããããªçµç¹å«çã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢
ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ïŒçµç¹é¢šåã®åœ¢æãšã¯ïŒã©ã®ãããªå 容ã®ãã®ã ããããçµå¶ãããã®é¢
äžïŒåŸæ¥å¡ãžã®äŒéïŒç£æ»ã»ç£ç£ã®è«žç¹ã«åããŠèå¯ããŠã¿ããã
(1) çµå¶ãããã®é¢äž
ããŒããŒãããžãã¹ã¹ã¯ãŒã«ã®ãã€ã³ææãå±ããã€ã³ãã°ãªãã£ã»ã¢ãããŒãã§ã¯ïŒæ£
ããåäžã®ã€ã³ãã°ãªãã£æŠç¥ãããããã§ã¯ãªãïŒçµå¶è ã®äººæ ŒïŒäŒç€Ÿã®æŽå²ïŒæåïŒå¶
æ¥çš®ç®ïŒç£æ¥èŠå¶ã¯ïŒé©åãªäŸ¡å€ã®åœ¢æãå®æœããã°ã©ã ã®èšèšã«éããŠïŒèæ ®ããªããã°
ãªããªããšãããŠããããããïŒãªãäœããã®æåãéæããŠããåªåã«è¥å¹²ã®ç¹åŸŽããã
ãšããŠïŒãäŒç€Ÿã®ãªãŒããŒãïŒåœŒããåãäžãã䟡å€ã«åºã¥ããŠè¡åããããšã«å人çã«ã³
ãããããŠããïŒããããã£ãšãããããã®ã§ããïŒèªçºçã«è¡ãããããªããš67ããæã
ãããŠããã
å ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã®è¡ã£ãã¢ã³ã±ãŒãã«ããã°ïŒçµç¹å«çã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã«
å«ãŸããèŠçŽ ã®äžã§ãçµå¶ãããã®æèãéèŠã§ããïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹æ åœã®åœ¹å¡çã
èšçœ®ãïŒãŸããã®æ åœåœ¹å¡ã瀟é·ïŒå¯ç€Ÿé·ãªã©ã®çµå¶ãããã®é¢äžã«ãããã®ã§ããããšã
éèŠã§ãããšããã68ãããã¯ïŒçµå¶ãããã«ãã£ãŠæå±ãããæ³ä»€éµå®ã«é¢ãã䟡å€èŠ³ã
çµå¶ææ決å®ã®äžã§æ確ã«ç€ºãããŠããïŒçµç¹ã®éèŠãªæŽ»åã«ãããŠåæ ãããŠããããš
ãå¿ èŠã§ãããšãããã€ã³ææã®ææ69ã«ã沿ããã®ã§ããã
åããå ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã®è¡ã£ãçµç¹ã®åãçµã¿äºäŸã®åæ70ã§ãïŒçµå¶ããããåŸæ¥å¡ã«
察ããã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®å Žã«ãããŠå©çãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ãéèŠãã姿å¢ãçµç¹ã®æ¹é
ãšããŠæ確ã«çºä¿¡ãã¹ã71ã§ãããšã®èªèã瀺ãããã
ãŸãïŒãããããŠã³çãªçµç¹é¢šåã®åœ¢æãç®æãã ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒæ³ä»€éåãå®éã«çºçã
ãå Žåã«å šç€Ÿçãªäœå¶ãè¿ éã«ãšããããïŒç€Ÿé·ãå¯ç€Ÿé·ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹æ åœåœ¹å¡ã
åããããšãæãŸããïŒç€Ÿé·ã»å¯ç€Ÿé·ãçŽæ¥ã®æ åœãšãããŠããªãå Žåã§ãïŒæ³ä»€éåã瀟
67 Supra note 17 at 112. 68 å ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒãäŒæ¥ã«ãããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹äœå¶ã«ã€ããŠâç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ãäžå¿ãšããŠæŽåç¶æ³ãšèª²
é¡ã倧西äžæž ç·šãäŒæ¥ã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ãšç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã(åäºæ³å,2006 幎) 17-35 é ã 69 Supra note 17 at 112. 70 å ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã»åæ²æ³š 68) 36-53 é ã 71 å¿ç°è³æãäŒæ¥ã«æ±ããããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ãžã®åçµâã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã®å®å¹æ§ãé«
ããæ¹çâãå ¬æ£ååŒ 775 å·(2015 幎 5 æ)10 é ãïŒããžãã¹ã«ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ãåªå ãããšããäŒæ¥
ã®æ¹éã®æã¡åºãã«ããããããã®ã³ãããã¡ã³ãã®éèŠæ§ã匷調ããã
79
é·ãŸã§éããã«å ±åãããããšãæãŸããã
(2) çµç¹ã®æ§æå¡ã®å容
ãã¬ããŒãã§ãã®ç 究ã«ããã°ïŒçµç¹å«çã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®ãã¶ã€ã³ã«åœ
ãã£ãŠã¯ïŒå ±æããã䟡å€èŠ³ã«å¯Ÿããéçšè ã®å容ãéèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ãããèŠç¯ãä¿¡æ¡ã¯çµç¹
ã®ãªãŒããŒã·ããã«ãã£ãŠåœ¢äœããïŒå ±æããã䟡å€èŠ³ãè¡åååã®åœ¢ã§ç€ºããïŒçµç¹å ã®
æ§ã ãªã·ã¹ãã ãæç¶ãã«ãã£ãŠåŒ·åããã72ã
çµç¹ã®æ§æå¡ã«å¯ŸããŠå容ãä¿ãããã®ããã»ã¹ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒãŸãææžåãè¡ãããšã
éèŠã§ãããç±³åœã® SECé«å®ã«ããã°ïŒåªããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹æåã¯ïŒææžåãããŠãã
ãšããèŠçŽ ãæããŠãããã®ã§ãããšãããŠãã73ïŒå ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã®ã¢ã³ã±ãŒãã«ããã°ïŒ
æ³ä»€éµå®ã«é¢ããããã¥ã¢ã«ãææžåããŠå®ããŠããªãäºæ¥è ã¯ããã¥ã¢ã«ã®æŽåãå¹æ
çã§ãããšèããŠãããšåæã«ïŒçŸåšè¡ã£ãŠããã·ã¹ãã ãäžååã§ãããšèããŠããå²
åãé«ãã£ããã«ãŒã«ãã¡ãã»ãŒãžãææžåãããŠããããšã¯ïŒçµå¶ãããã®æ³ä»€éµå®ã«å¯Ÿ
ããæèã圢ã§ç€ºãããšãã§ãããã®ã§ããïŒæ§æå¡ãç®ã«ããæ©äŒãå¢ããããšããïŒç¶
ç¶çãªæ³ä»€éµå®é¢šåãžã®åèã®åºç€ãšãªãæå¹ãªæ段ã§ããã
äŒéã®ãã®ã»ãã®æ段ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒçµç¹ã®æ¥çš®ïŒèŠæš¡ã«ãã£ãŠããŸããŸãªåœ¢æ ã®ãã®ãã
ãåŸããïŒå°äººæ°ã°ã«ãŒãã§ã®èšç·Žãç ä¿®ãè¡ãã ãã§ãªãç ä¿®ã«åºã¥ããèªå·±ã®èãã
èšèªåããããªã©çµç¹æ§æå¡ã®èœåçãªåå ãä¿ãæ段ãªã©ãå¹æçã§ãããšèããããã
(3) ç£èŠãç£ç£
ç£æ»ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒå®æçã«ç£æ»ããã ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒåžžæå¶æ¥éšéããæ å ±ãä»å ¥ããŠãã
ããšãéèŠã§ããããŸãïŒç£æ»ã¯ãããè¡ãããããšèªäœã«ãã£ãŠå¹æãæã€ãšãšãã«ïŒã
ã€ç£æ»ãè¡ããããããããªããšããããšãéèŠãªææ¢åã«ãªããããã®ã§ãã74ã
ã¯ã¬ãã·ãŒææã®ç 究ã«ããã°ïŒäŒæ¥äžç¥¥äºã¯åæ©ã»æ©äŒã»æ£åœåã®äžã€ã®æ¡ä»¶ãæŽã£ã
å Žåã«èµ·ããããšãåãã£ãŠãããïŒäžèšã®çµå¶ãããã®ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®çºä¿¡ã»äŒéã¯äžæ£ã®
ãæ£åœåãã®èœãæã¿åãããšã«ãªãã®ã«å¯ŸããŠïŒå éšéå ±çªå£ã®ååšã¯ãæ©äŒãã倱ãã
ãããšã«ãªã75ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹æŽ»åã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒå€éšæ¥è ãèµ·çšããŠå®æçã«å šç€Ÿå¡ã
察象ãšããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ãå®æœãã¹ãã§ããã
ç£æ»ãã¯ãããšããåŸæ¥å¡ãéæ³è¡çºãžãšåãããªãããã«ããããã®ç£ç£ã¯ïŒæ§æå¡
ã«é床ã«ç£ç£ãããŠãããšã®æèŠãæ±ãããªãããïŒçµç¹æ§æå¡ãšã®éã®ä¿¡é Œé¢ä¿ãç Žå£
72 Linda Klebe Treviño et al., Managing Ethics and Legal Compliance: What Works and What Hurts,
41 CAL. MGMT. REV. 131, 131-132(1999). 73 Lori A. Richards âThe Culture of Complianceâ
<https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/spch042303lar.htm> (2019 幎 10 æ 11 æ¥é²èŠ§) 74 å ¬æ£ååŒå§å¡äŒã»åæ²æ³š 68) 42-43 é ã 75 Cressey D. R. (1973) Other Peopleâs Money (Montclair: Patterson Smith) p.30
80
ãããªãããã«æ³šæããŠè¡ãããã¹ããã®ã§ãããç 究ã«ããã°ïŒé床ã®ç£èŠã¯åŸæ¥å¡ã«å¯Ÿ
ããŠäžä¿¡ãæãïŒããæ ã«äžä¿¡ã«åºã¥ããè¡åãèªçºããŠããŸããïŒãŸãã¯å€åšçãªèŠå ã
å åšçãªäŒç€Ÿã®åºæºã«å¯Ÿããéµå®ãžãšåããèŠå ãã¯ã©ãŠãã¢ãŠãããŠããŸãã®ã§ã¯ãªã
ããšããæžå¿µã瀺ãããŠããããã®ã©ã¡ãã®ã±ãŒã¹ã§ãã£ãŠãïŒããã°ã©ã ã¯éå¹æãæã
ãŠããŸãããšã«ãªãã
å éšéå ±å¶åºŠã«ãããŠãïŒä¿¡é Œé¢ä¿ãç Žå£ãããªãããïŒå éšéå ±ã«ããäžå©çãçºçã
ãªãããã«æ³šæãããšãšãã«(å ¬çéå ±è ä¿è·æ³ 3 æ¡ïŒ5 æ¡åç §)ïŒç€Ÿå ãªãŒããšã³ã·ãŒå¶åºŠ
ã®æŽ»çšãæ€èšãããã¹ãã§ããã
VII. ãããã«
ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã¯ïŒçµ±å説ã®äžã§ïŒäž¡çœ°èŠå®ã«ãããé倱æšå®ãèŠãèæ ®
èŠçŽ ã§ãããšãšãã«ïŒéåã«ãããŠïŒéæ³ã»è²¬ä»»æžå°äºç±ãšããŠèæ ®ãããã¹ãã§ãããã
ã®ãããªèæ ®ãåãããå®è³ªçãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãšã¯ïŒæ³ä»€éµå®ãå¿åãã
ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã圢åŒçã§ãªãå®è³ªçãªãã®ã§ããããšãçµç¹æ§æå¡ã«äŒéãããšãšãã«ïŒã
ãã«ãã£ãŠå¥å šãªçµç¹æåã®éžæã«å¯äžãã¹ããã®ã§ãªããã°ãªããªãããã®æ段ãšããŠïŒ
çµ±äžãããçµç¹ã®ææãšããŠã®æ³ä»€éµå®ã瀺ãïŒãªããã€ãããäžéšæ§æå¡ãšã®å ±åã®äž
è¡ã£ãŠããããçžäºã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«ãããããã®é¢äžãæ確ã«ç€ºãããå¿ èŠãããã
ãŸãïŒçµç¹ã®ææãšããŠã³ãããã¡ã³ããè¡ãããã«ïŒã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ã®å
容ãææžåãããšãšãã«ïŒå éšéå ±çªå£ãèšãããªã©æ§é çãªæªçœ®ãè¡ãããšã§çµç¹ã®æ
æã«ã€ããŠã³ãããã¡ã³ããè¡ãããšãçµç¹äžç¥¥äºã®æžå°ã®ããèèŠã§ããããã®ãããª
ç¹æ§ãåããã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãïŒå®å¹çã«çµç¹ã®éµæ³åŸåã圢æããããã®
ãšããŠéæ³ã»è²¬ä»»ã®æžå°ã®èŠ³ç¹ããèæ ®ãããã¹ãã§ãããã
以 äž
â è¬èŸ
æ¬è«æã®äœæã«ããããæå°æå®ã®æ¬åºæŠå çããã¯å€å€§ãªãæå°ãšãå©èšãããã ã
ãŸããããæå°ãåããªãããå çã®é培ããæèã«ã¯å¹ŸåºŠãšãªãé©ããããŸãããåŠéšå
ã³æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®æå°ã§ãå¿ãããªããçžè«ãããŠããã ããã³ã«ææ°ãªãå©èšããã ããã
æè¬ã«å ªããŸããã
ãŸããæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®å人ã®é¢ã ã«ã¯ãå€é ããŸã§æ§ã ãªè°è«ã®äžã§æèã®æŽçã«åã貞ã
ãŠããã ããŸããã圌ãã®å©ããªãããŠãã®è«æã®å®æã¯ããåŸãŸããã§ãããæ·±è¬ããã
ãŸãã
81
åäºåŒè·ã®å€åãèŠã
åŸè€æïŒäžæ©å€§åŠã»éå±±åŠé¢å€§åŠåèªææïŒ
è¿æ³å ±å
I äžæ©æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®ç§ããããæ§æ³
II åäºåŒè·ã®æŽå²ãæ¯ãè¿ã
III å€åã®æå³
IV ããããäœãç®æãã
è¿æ³å ±å
ä¹ ãã¶ãã«ä¿®äºçã®çãããšãäŒãããã®ã§ïŒç§ã®è¿æ³ãå ±åããŸã1ãç§ã¯ïŒ
2014幎ã«äžæ©å€§åŠãå®å¹Žéè·ããåŸïŒéå±±åŠé¢å€§åŠæ³åç 究ç§ã«ç§»ã£ãŠæ³ç§å€§åŠ
é¢çãæå°ããŸããã2019幎ïŒæã«éå±±åŠé¢ãå®å¹Žéè·ããŸãããçŸåšã¯ïŒéå±±
åŠé¢ã§éåžžå€è¬åž«ã®ã»ãïŒåžæ³éèš³é€æè¬åº§ã®è¬åž«ãåããŠããŸãããã®è¬åº§
ã¯ïŒæ±äº¬å€åœèªå€§åŠãšéå±±åŠé¢å€§åŠãé£æºããŠ2019幎床ããå§ãã瀟äŒäººåãã®
履修蚌æããã°ã©ã ã§ãã
I äžæ©æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®ç§ããããæ§æ³
ä»æ¥ã¯ïŒäžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®ç§ããããæ§æ³ãåããŠçããã«æããããšæ
ããŸããäžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã¯ïŒâ ããžãã¹æ³åã«ç²ŸéãïŒâ¡åºãåœéçèŠéã
ãã¡ïŒâ¢è±ããªäººæš©æèŠãæããæ³åŸå®¶ã®è²æãç®æããšããç®æšãæ²ããŠåºçº
ããŸãããçŸåšã§ãïŒãã®ç®æšãç¶æããŠãããšç解ããŸãããã®ãããªç®æšèš
å®ã¯ïŒåžæ³æ¹é©ã®ç念ãšäžæ©å€§åŠã®æ²¿é©ãå®çžŸïŒç«å°ãªã©ã«ç §ãããŠé©åã§ãã£
ããšæããŸãã
ãããïŒå®ã¯æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ãåµã£ããšãïŒç§ã«ã¯ãã®ã»ãã«ïŒããäžã€å¯ããªç®
æšããããŸãããããã¯ïŒãåäºåŒè·ãåŠã³ãããã°ïŒäžæ©Lawã«è¡ãïŒããšèš
ããããããªæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ãåµããããšããç®æšã§ãããã®åºã«ã¯ïŒåäºåŒè·ã®æ°Ž
æºãäžããããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒæ¥æ¬ã®åäºåžæ³ã®æ°Žæºãäžãããšãã倧ããªç®çãã
ããŸããã
ãã®ç®æšã®ããã«ïŒãããããªå·¥å€«ãããŸãããæ岡åäžææãå°ä»»æå¡ã«è¿
ããã®ãïŒæ€å¯å®æå¡ã®æŽŸé£ããã¡æ©ãæ³åçã«ãé¡ãããã®ãïŒè£å€å¡ä»æ§ã®
æ³å»·æ宀ãé ã£ãã®ãïŒçºå±ãŒãã®äžã«åäºäžèšŽã¯ãªããã¯ãèšããã®ããã®ã
ãã§ãããæèœãªåŒè·å£«ã¯æèœãªæ€å¯å®ãäœãèãããæ³åã§ããªããã°ãããŸ
ããããã®ããã«åªããæ€å¯å®ãæå¡ã«è¿ããããšãã ããã§ãããç§èªèº«ã®æ
åœç§ç®ã§ã¯ïŒåŒè·äººïŒæ€å¯å®ãšããåœäºè ç®ç·ã®ææãäœãïŒåè¬è ã«ã¯åœäºè
ãšããŠã®ç«è«ã®æ³ååãæãããããšãçããŸããã
82
ãã®ãããªç®æšã¯ïŒäžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®åºå ±æŽ»åã®è¡šã«ã¯çŸããŠããŸããã
ãããïŒå šãç§ã®ç¬æã§é²ãããšããããã§ã¯ãããŸããããåéšæ°å ±ãèªã®äŸ
é Œã«å¿ããŠ2002幎4æå·ã«ç§ãæžãããäžæ©å€§åŠãšããŒã»ã¹ã¯ãŒã«ïŒæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ïŒ
æ§æ³ãã§ïŒçè ã«ã¯ãã®ãããªç®æšãããããšãæ£çŽã«æžããŠããŸãããããã
芧ã«ãªã£ãåœæã®å±±å æåŒæ³åŠç 究ç§é·ã¯ïŒããã§è¯ããšèšã£ãŠäžãããŸããã
çŸåšïŒãäžæ©Lawã®ä¿®äºè ã«ã¯ïŒåäºåŒè·ã§æŽ»èºããŠãã人ãå€ãããšããïŒ
æ¥çå ã§ã®è©å€ãèããŸããå ã«ã話ã«ãªã£ãïŒèµ€æšç«å€ªéãããïŒãã®ä»£è¡šæ Œ
ã®äžäººã§ãããã®æå³ã§ã¯ïŒç§ã®å¯ããªæ§æ³ã¯æåãããšãããã§ãããããã
ãïŒçŸåšïŒæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã§äœãåŠã³ããã®ãïŒãã®ããã«ã©ã®æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã«å ¥ãã®
ãè¯ãããèããŠéžã¶æ¹ã¯å°ãªãã§ãããããã®æå³ã§ã¯ïŒç§ã®ç®æšã¯éæã§ã
ãŠããŸããããã£ãšåæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®ç¹åŸŽãéèŠãããããã«ãªãã°ïŒæ³æ¹ã®å€æ§
åã«ãç¹ããããšã§ãããã
II åäºåŒè·ã®æŽå²ãæ¯ãè¿ã
21äžçŽåé ã®åžæ³æ¹é©ã®äžç°ãšããŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ãã§ããŠããïŒ15幎ãçµã¡ãŸã
ãããã以åãèŠéã«å ¥ããªããïŒçŸè¡åäºèšŽèšæ³ã®äžã§ïŒåäºåŒè·ãã©ã®ãã
ã«å€ãã£ãŠããããæ¯ãè¿ã£ãŠã¿ãŸãã
ïŒ 1990幎以å
1949幎ã«ïŒçŸè¡åäºèšŽèšæ³ãæœè¡ãããŠããïŒ1980幎代ãŸã§ã®ç¶æ³ããŸãèã
ãŸã2ãåœæïŒæŸå·äºä»¶ãªã©ã®åŽåã»å ¬å®äºä»¶ã§å éãªåŒè·æŽ»åããããŸãããã
ããïŒåäºåŒè·å šäœãšããŠã¯ïŒæŽ»çºã§ã¯ãªãã£ããšããã¹ãã§ããããææ»æ®µé
ã§åŒè·äººã®ã€ã被çè ã¯ïŒå²åãšããŠã¯ããå°æ°ã§ããã被å人ãåŠèªããŠãã
ã®ã«åŒè·äººã蚎å äºå®ãèªãããããªäœèª¿ãªåœéžåŒè·ã®äŸãçãããããŸããã§
ãããç·ããŠïŒåäºåŒè·ã¯ïŒåŒè·å£«ã§ããã°èª°ã§ãã§ããä»äºãšã¿ãããŠããŸã
ãã
ãããïŒãã®ãªãã«ãã£ãŠãïŒåäºåŒè·ã掻æ§åããããã®åŒè·å£«äŒã®åªåã¯
ç¶ããŠããŸãããåŒè·å£«äŒã¯ïŒæ¥èŠæå®ã®éçšãæ¹åããããã«åœå®¶è³ åè«æ±èšŽ
èšã«çµç¹çã«åãçµã¿ãŸããããã®çµæïŒ1978幎ã®æå±±å€æ±ºïŒæå€æ53ã»7ã»10
æ°é32å·»5å·820é ïŒããäžè¬çæå®ãã®éçšãåŠå®ããŸããããã®åŸïŒ2009幎ã®
æ倧å€å¹³11ã»3ã»24æ°é53å·»3å·514é ãïŒæ¥èŠæå®ã«é¢ããå€äŸæ³çãé倧æã
ãŸããããã®çµæïŒæ¥èŠæå®ããããçŽäºã¯ïŒéåžžã«å°ãªããªãïŒçŸåšã§ã¯ãã
ãæ¥èŠæã®é»ååšæ©ã®å©çšãæ¥èŠã®ç§å¯ã®ä¿è·ãªã©ãïŒåŒè·äººæ¥èŠã«é¢ããäž»èŠ
ãªè«äºç¹ã«ãªããŸããã
1970幎代ããã®ç£çæ³æ¹æ£ã®éçšã§ïŒåŒè·å£«äŒã¯ä»£çšç£çå»æ¢éåãå±éããŸ
ããããã®éåã¯ïŒçŸåšãŸã§ãã®ç®æšãéæããŠã¯ããŸããããããïŒãã®éå
ã¯ïŒè¢«çè å調ã¹ãäžå¿ãšããææ»ã®åé¡ãæèãããå¹æããããŸãããå審
è«æ±ã«ã€ããŠã®åŒè·å£«äŒã®æ¯æŽã¯ïŒæ»å4äºä»¶ã§ã®å審ç¡çœªãšããææããããã
83
ãšåæã«ïŒèªçœã«äŸåããäºå®èªå®ã®å±ãããæããã«ããŸããã ïŒ 1990幎代ââåœçªåŒè·å£«ã®æ代
1990幎代ã«å ¥ããšïŒåäºåŒè·ã掻æ§åããããã®åŒè·å£«äŒã®æŽ»åã¯ïŒæ°ããªæ®µ
éã«å ¥ããŸããå°æ¹ã®åŒè·å£«äŒãåœçªåŒè·å£«ã®æŽŸé£ãå§ããŠïŒãããç¬ãéã«å š
åœã«åºãããŸãããããã«ãã£ãŠïŒè¢«çè ãåŒè·äººãªããåŒè·å£«ã®æŽå©ãåãã
æ©äŒãå€§å¹ ã«æ¡å€§ããŸããã1995幎ã«çŸä»£äººæ瀟ã¯ãå£ååäºåŒè·ããåµåããŸ
ããããã®éèªã«ãã£ãŠïŒåŒè·å£«ãã¡ãåäºåŒè·ã®çµéšãåºãå ±æããããã«ãª
ãïŒãããç®ã«èŠãã圢ã§èç©ãããããã«ãªããŸããã
ãã®ææã«ïŒè¢«çè ïŒè¢«å人ã®æš©å©ã培åºããŠå®çŸããããšããåœäºè 䞻矩ç
ïŒadversarialïŒãªåŒè·ã®æµåãæ¥æ¬ã§ãå§ãŸããŸããããããäž»å°ããã®ã¯ïŒé«
ééåŒè·å£«ã§ããïŒé»ç§æš©å®çŸã培åºããããšãããã©ã³ãã®äŒã®æŽ»åã¯ïŒãã®
åŒè·ã®æµåã象城ããŠããŸãããã®ãããªåŒè·ã®æ¹æ³ãçŸããããã«ïŒæ€å¯å®åŽ
ããã¯ïŒåŒè·äººã被çè ã«é»ç§ãå§ããããšã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€ããããŸãããããã
ãã£ããã«ïŒåŒè·äººã®åœ¹å²ã«ã€ããŠæ°ããªè°è«ãèµ·ããŸãã3ã
ïŒ 2000幎以åŸïŒåžæ³æ¹é©ã®æ代
2000幎以åŸã¯ïŒåžæ³æ¹é©ã®æ代ã«å ¥ããŸããããã«ãã£ãŠïŒåäºåžæ³ã®æ§çžã¯
äžæ°ã«æµåçãšãªãïŒåäºåŒè·ã®æ¹æ³ã倧ããå€ããå§ããŸããã
2001幎ã®ãåžæ³å¶åºŠæ¹é©å¯©è°äŒæèŠæžããåäºåžæ³ã«ã€ããŠææ¡ããè«žå¶åºŠ
ã¯ïŒ2004幎ã®ç«æ³ã§æ³åŸãšãªããŸããããã®ãã¡ïŒè¢«çè åœéžåŒè·å¶åºŠã¯ïŒ2006
幎ã«æœè¡ããïŒ2009幎ãã察象äºä»¶ãå¿ èŠçåŒè·äºä»¶ã®çœªåãŸã§æ¡å€§ããŸããã
ããã§è¢«çè åœéžåŒ
å¶åºŠã®çŸå®æ§ãèªã
ãããã®ã¯ïŒ10幎é
ã«ãããåœçªåŒè·å£«
掟é£ã®å®çžŸããã£ã
ããã§ãã蚌æ é瀺
ãå«ãå ¬å€åæŽçæ
ç¶ã¯2005幎ããïŒè£
å€å¡è£å€ã¯2009幎ã
ãå§ãŸããŸãããå
äºåžæ³ã®æ ãæãšãª
ãæ³æ¹ãé€æããå¶
床ã倧ããå€ãããŸ
ãããæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã
äžæ žãšããæ°ããæ³
æ¹é€æå¶åºŠãã§ã
ãŠïŒåŒè·å£«ã®æ°ã以åã«æ¯ã¹ãŠå¢ããŸããã
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
å³ïŒ åŸç被çè æ°ã»è¢«çè åœéžåŒè·äººéžä»»æ°
åŸç被çè æ° è¢«çè åœéžæ°
84
ãã®çµæïŒè¢«çè ã«åœéžåŒè·äººãä»ãå²åã¯ïŒæ¥éã«æ¡å€§ããŸãããå³ïŒã¯ïŒ
2006幎ãã2017幎ãŸã§ã®åŸç被çè æ°ãšè¢«çè åœéžåŒè·äººéžä»»æ°ãè¡šããŠããŸ
ãã
å³ïŒã¯ïŒåãææã®åŸçããã被çè äžã®åœéžåŒè·äººéžä»»ã®å²åã瀺ããŠããŸãã
ãã®ããã«è¢«çè åŒè·ãæ®åããã®ã¯ïŒãã®ææã®éèŠãªå€åã§ãã起蚎åŸã®æ
ç¶ã§ã¯ïŒèšŒæ é瀺ã®å¯èœæ§ãæ Œæ®µã«åºãããŸãããè£å€å¡è£å€ã®å°å ¥ã«ãã£ãŠïŒäŸ
述調æžãããæ³å»·ã§
ã®äŸè¿°ã«ãã£ãŠç«èšŒ
ããåŸåãçãïŒå ¬å€
äžå¿äž»çŸ©ã匷åãã
ãŸãããåŒè«ãæžé¢ã®
èªã¿äžãã§ã¯ãªãïŒè£
å€å¡ã«èªããããã
ãã«ãªãïŒæ³å»·ã掻çº
ã«ãªããŸããããã®ã
ããªå€åã®çµæïŒåœäº
è æ³æ¹ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ïŒå°
åãåŒè«ã®æ³å»·æè¡
ãéèŠåºŠãå¢ããŸã
ãã
ãããã®ç«æ³ã«ããæ°å¶åºŠã®ã»ãã«ïŒåŸçïŒä¿éã®éçšã«ãå€åãçããŸã
ããè£å€æãåŸçã®å¿ èŠæ§ã«ã€ããŠããæ éã«å€æãïŒè£éä¿éã®çžåœæ§ããã
åºãèªããåŸåãçããŸãããæé«è£ã®å€äŸãšããŠã¯ïŒåŸçã«é¢ããæ決平26ã»
11ã»17å€æ2245å·129é ãïŒè£éä¿éã«é¢ããæ決平26ã»11ã»18åé68å·»9å·
1020é ã代衚çãªãã®ã§ãã
21äžçŽã®åé ã«ãã®ãããªå€§ããªå€åããã£ããã®ã®ïŒãã®ææã®ç«æ³ã¯ïŒè¢«
çè åœéžåŒè·ä»¥å€ã«ã¯ïŒææ»ã®ããæ¹ã倧ããå€ãããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ã
ãã
ïŒ 2016幎å蚎æ¹æ£ä»¥åŸ
ãã®ç¶æ³ãå€ãããã£ãããšãªã£ãã®ã¯ïŒ2010幎ã«ããããéµäŸ¿äžæ£äºä»¶ã§ç¡
眪å€æ±ºãåºãŠïŒåæã«æ åœæ€å¯å®ã蚌æ ç©ãæ¹ç«ããŠããããšãæãã¿ã«åºããš
ããçµéšã§ããããã®äºä»¶ã§ïŒè£å€æã¯ææšè¢«åã®å ±ç¯è ãšããã人ã®æ€é¢èª¿æž
ã®å蚎æ³321æ¡ïŒé ïŒå·åŸæ®µã«æ ã蚌æ è«æ±ãåŽäžããŸãããæ åœæ€äºã¯ïŒæ€é¢èª¿
æžã«åºã¥ãçæžãã«åãããããã«èšŒæ ç©ãæ¹ç«ããŠããŸããããã®äºäŸã¯ïŒå
調ã¹ãšäŸè¿°èª¿æžã«äŸåããåäºè£å€ã®å±ããã象城ããŠããŸããã
ãã®äºä»¶ãåããŠïŒæ³å倧è£ã¯ãæ€å¯ã®åšãæ¹æ€èšäŒè°ããèšããŸããããã®
äŒè°ã¯ïŒå調ã¹ã®é²é³ã»é²ç»ãç®æãæ¹åã§æ°ããªåäºåžæ³ãæ§æ³ããããšãæ
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
å³ïŒ åœéžåŒè·äººéžä»»ç
éžä»»ç
85
èšããŸãã4ããããå ·äœåããããã«ïŒæ³å倧è£ã¯æ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã«æ°ããªåäºè£å€
ã®ããæ¹ãè«®åãïŒæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã«ãæ°æ代ã®åäºåžæ³å¶åºŠç¹å¥éšäŒããã§ããŸã
ããããã§ã®èª²é¡ã¯ïŒãå調ã¹åã³äŸè¿°èª¿æžã«é床ã«äŸåããææ»ã»å ¬å€ã®åšã
æ¹ããèŠçŽãããšã§ãã5ãç§èªèº«ãïŒãããã®äŒè°ã®å§å¡ãšããŠïŒè°è«ã«åå ã
ãŸãããç§ããããã®å§å¡ã«ãªã£ãã®ã¯ïŒéµäŸ¿äžæ£äºä»¶ãæ°äž»å æ¿æš©ã®äžã§èµ·ã
ããšããæŽå²ã®å¶ç¶ã圱é¿ããã§ãããã
ãã®è«®åã«å¯Ÿããæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒã®çç³ã¯ïŒ2016幎ã®å蚎æ³æ¹æ£ããããããŸã
ãããã®çµæãŸãïŒè¢«çè åœéžåŒè·ã®é©çšç¯å²ãããã«åºããïŒçœªåã®éå®ããª
ããªããŸãããæãéèŠãªã®ã¯ïŒè¢«çè å調ã¹ã®é²é³ã»é²ç»å¶åºŠãå ¥ã£ãããšã§
ããæ³åŸäžã®é²é³ã»é²ç»çŸ©åã®ç¯å²ã¯çããã®ã®ïŒçŸå®ã®éçšã¯ãããè¶ ããŠåº
ãã£ãŠããŸãã蚌æ é瀺ã«é¢ããŠã¯ïŒåŒè·äººãæ€å¯å®ã«å¯ŸããŠèšŒæ äžèŠ§è¡šã®äº€ä»
ãæ±ããããšãã§ããããã«ãªããŸãããåœäºè ã«ã¯ïŒå ¬å€åæŽçæç¶ã®è«æ±æš©
ãèªããããŸãããããã«ïŒåè°åæå¶åºŠïŒããªãã¡ææ»ã»èšŽè¿œåååã®åžæ³å
åŒãå蚎æ³ã«å ¥ããŸãããåæã«ïŒäž»ãšããŠå ±ç¯è 蚌èšãããããã®åäºå 責ã«
ãã蚌人å°åã®å¶åºŠãã§ããŸãããéä¿¡ååã®ç¯å²ã倧ããåºãããŸããã
III å€åã®æå³
ãã®ããã«ïŒæè¿30幎éã§ïŒåäºåŒè·ã®ç°å¢ã¯å€§ããå€ãããŸããããŸãææ»
åŒè·ãæ¥åžžçãªä»äºãšãªããŸããã起蚎åŸã«åŒè·äººãæ€å¯å®ãã蚌æ é瀺ãåã
ãæ©äŒã¯æ¡å€§ããŸããããããã®å€åã®çµæïŒä»¥åã«æ¯ã¹ãã°ïŒãã£ãšææ»ã®é
çšãå€ããèŠããããã«ãªããŸãããè£å€å¡è£å€ã«ãã£ãŠïŒå ¬å€äžå¿äž»çŸ©ã建å
ã ãã§ãªãïŒçŸå®çãªæå³ããã€ããã«ãªããŸããã
ãã®ãããªå€åãããããã倧ããªèŠå ã®ïŒã€ã¯ïŒåŒè·å£«ãã¡ã®ããã¿ãªãå®
è·µãšéåã§ããæè¿åŒè·å£«ã«ãªãæ¹ãã¡ã¯ïŒè¢«çè ã§ãåŸçãããã°åœéžåŒè·äºº
ãä»ãããšïŒå調ã¹ã®é²é³ã»é²ç»ãåŒè·äººã芳ãããããšïŒåŒè·äººãæ€å¯å®ææ
ã¡èšŒæ ã®é瀺ãåããããããšãªã©ãåœããåã®ããã«æãããããããŸããã
ãããïŒæ¥æ¬ã®åäºèšŽèšæ³ã®æŽå²ã®äžã§èŠãã°ïŒãããã¯ããæè¿å®çŸããããš
ã§ããïŒãããã30幎åã«ã¯å€¢ã®ãããªè©±ã§ãããããŸåœããåã®ããã«èŠãã
ãã®ã§ãïŒããã¯å 人ãã¡ã®åªåãèç©ããçµæã§ããããšãæèããŠã»ãããš
æããŸãã
ãã®ãããªç°å¢ã®å€åã«å¿ããŠïŒåäºåŒè·ã®æ¹æ³ãå€ãããŸããããŸãïŒåŒè·
ã®æ段ãè±å¯ã«ãªããŸããããšãã«èšŒæ é瀺ã«ãã£ãŠå€ãã®æ å ±ãåŸãããšãã§
ããããã«ãªã£ãã®ãéèŠã§ããããã«ãã£ãŠïŒåŒè·äººã¯æ確ãªåŒè·æ¹éãç«ãŠ
ãããã§ïŒå ¬å€å¯©çã«èšãããã«ãªããŸãããè£å€å¡è£å€ã¯ïŒæ³å»·æè¡ã®èŠãå Ž
ã§ããåžæ³ååŒãïŒååŒåœäºè ã®åŒè·äººã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ïŒæ°ããªåŒè·ã®æ段ãšãªããŸ
ãã
åäºåŒè·äººã®åœ¹å²æèãå€ãããŸããããã€ãŠã¯ïŒç²Ÿå¯åžæ³ã®äžã§çå®ãæã
86
ãã«ããããšãåŒè·ã®åœ¹å²ãšããæèããããŸããããããïŒä»ã¯äŸé Œè ã®æš©å©
ãšå©çãå®çŸããããšãåŒè·äººã®åœ¹å²ãšããæèã匷ããªããŸãããæè¿ç§ãã¡
ãç®ã«ããã«ã«ãã¹ã»ãŽãŒã³è¢«çè ã®åŒè·äººäº€ä»£åã¯ïŒãã®ãããªåŒè·ã®æµåã®
å€åã象城ããŠããããã«æããŸããåŒè·å£«ã®æ°ãå¢ããŠïŒåŒè·ã®æ段ãè±å¯ã«
ãªã£ãçµæïŒèªèŠçã«åäºåŒè·ãå°éãšããåŒè·å£«å±€ãçãŸããŸãããåŒè·å£«ã®
ä»äºã®äžã§ïŒåäºã¯ïŒã€ã®å°éåéãšããŠæç«ããŸãããä»ãæ¬æ ŒçãªåäºåŒè·
ã¯ïŒãåäºã«åŒ·ãåŒè·å£«ãããã¹ãä»äºããšæãããããã«ãªããŸããã
ãã ãïŒãã®30幎éã«åŒè·äººã ããæ段ãæ¡å€§ããŠïŒãã®åæ€å¯å®ãé åã倱
ã£ãèš³ã§ã¯ãããŸããããã®éïŒæ€å¯å®ãïŒéä¿¡ååïŒåžæ³ååŒïŒåäºå 責ãªã©
ã®å€ãã®æ°ããæ段ãåŸãŸãããå調ã¹ã®é²é³ã»é²ç»ã¯ïŒææ»å®ã«ãšã£ãŠãæçš
ã§ããããšã¯ïŒè¯ãç解ãããŠããŸãã蚌æ é瀺ã«ããŠãå調ã¹ã®é²é³ã»é²ç»ã«
ããŠãïŒå°å ¥ããåã«ã¯æµææããã£ãŠãïŒå®éã«ãã£ãŠã¿ãã°ïŒããã«ããã
èªç¶ã ãšæããããã«ãªããŸããããšããšïŒæ¥æ¬ã®åäºåžæ³ã¯ãæ€å¯å®åžæ³ããš
åŒã°ããã»ã©ã«ïŒæ€å¯å®ã倧ããªæš©éãšè²¬ä»»ãç¬å ããåŸåããããŸããããã
ãã ãã ããšïŒæ€å¯å®ãšåŒè·äººãäºä»¶è§£æ±ºã®è²¬ä»»ãåæ ããããã«å€ãã£ãŠãã
ãšèŠãã¹ãã§ããããåè°åæå¶åºŠã¯ïŒãã®è±¡åŸŽã§ãã
IV ããããäœãç®æãã
ããã§ç§ãã¡ã¯ïŒããããå ïŒäœãç®æãã¹ãããèããŸãã
æ¥æ¬ã®åäºåžæ³ã®æ倧ã®åé¡ã¯ïŒéæ床ãäœãããšã ãšç§ã¯èããŸãããå調
ã¹ãšäŸè¿°èª¿æžã«äŸåããåäºè£å€ããšããè¡šçŸã¯ããã象城ããŸãããã®30幎é
ã®å€åã«ãã£ãŠïŒãããã«éæ床ã¯äžãã£ãŠããŸããããããïŒãŸã ååã§ã¯ã
ããŸãããããã«éæ床ãäžããããšãç®æãã¹ãã§ãã
ææ»ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒãŸã被çè å調ã¹ãžã®åŒè·äººç«äŒãå®çŸããããšãéèŠã§
ããå調ã¹ã®åŒè·äººç«äŒã¯ïŒçŸä»£ã®åäºåžæ³ã®åœéæšæºãªã®ã§ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®åžæ³ãã
ããå®çŸããªããšåœéçãªä¿¡çšãåŸãããšã¯ã§ããŸãããå調ã¹é²é³ã»é²ç»çŸ©å
ã®ç¯å²ãæ¡å€§ããããšãïŒææ»ã®éæ床ãäžããããã«å¿ èŠã§ãããŸãïŒå調ã¹
ãæ¥èŠæå®ã®çç±ãšããããšãèªããçŸåšã®å€äŸã¯ïŒå æããã¹ããã®ã§ã 6ã
被çè å調ã¹ãžã®äŸåãå æãïŒåŒè·äººç«äŒãçŸå®çã«ããããã«ïŒå調ã¹ã«
ãããæéãççž®ããããšãå¿ èŠã§ããæ³å¶å¯©è°äŒç¹å¥éšäŒã®é åžè³æã®äžã«ïŒ
æ³åçãå調ã¹ã«é¢ããåœå 調æ»çµæå ±åæžãïŒ2011幎ïŒããããŸããããã¯ïŒ
2010幎ïŒæã«å šåœã®å°æ€ãåŠçããå šäºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠïŒåšå® 調ã¹ãå«ããŠè¢«çè å
調ã¹ã«ã©ããããã®æéãããããã調æ»ããå ±åã§ããïŒãšãŠã貎éãªæ å ±æº
ã§ããããšãã°ïŒæ¬¡ã®ãããªæ°å€ãåãããŸãã
å³ïŒã¯ïŒå šäºä»¶ãšè£å€å¡å¶åºŠå¯Ÿè±¡äºä»¶ã«ã€ããŠã®å調ã¹æéã®å¹³åã瀺ããŠã
ãŸããè£å€å¡å¯Ÿè±¡äºä»¶ã§ã¯ïŒå¹³å43æéçšåºŠã®è¢«çè å調ã¹ãããŠããããšãå
ãããŸãã
87
å³ïŒ
å šäºä»¶ è£å€å¡å¶åºŠå¯Ÿè±¡äºä»¶
èŠå¯å¹³å ïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå ïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå
æ€å¯å¹³å ïŒæéïŒïŒå ïŒæéïŒïŒå
åèšå¹³å ïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå ïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå
å³ïŒã¯ïŒè¢«ç眪åå¥ã«èŠå¯ãšæ€å¯åºã§ã®åèšè¢«çè å調ã¹æéã®å¹³åãšæé·äº
äŸã§ã®æéã瀺ãããã®ã§ãã殺人ã ãšå¹³åã§51æé以äžã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããåè³
ã ãšå¹³åã§130æé以äžïŒæé·ã§ã¯250æéã«è¿ãå調ã¹ã®äŸãããããšãåãã
ãŸããããïŒã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã€ãã®ææ»å®ããããèŠããïŒãããããã®é·
ãã«é©ãã§ããããæ¬åœã«ããã»ã©ã®å調ã¹ãããå¿ èŠããããã©ããèããªã
ãã°ãªããŸããã
å³ïŒ
被ç眪å å¹³åæé æé·äºäŸ
殺人 ïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå ïŒïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå
çŸäœå»ºé ç©çæŸç« ïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå ïŒïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå
åè³ ïŒïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå ïŒïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå
è©æ¬º ïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå ïŒïŒïŒæéïŒïŒå
æªæ±ºã®èº«äœææã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒéåœã«çŸããŠãããããªèº«äœäžææååãå®çŸã
ããã§ããçŸåšã®å€äŸã¯ïŒåŸçãæ éããã«ïŒè£éä¿éãããç·©ããã«ãšããåŸ
åãèŠããŠããŸãããããã®å€äŸã¯ïŒå蚎æ³60æ¡ïŒé ïŒå·ïŒ89æ¡ïŒå·ã«å®ãã
ã眪蚌ãé æ» ãããšçãã«è¶³ããçžåœãªçç±ãããããšããå€æãåæã«ããŠïŒ
ã眪蚌é æ» ã®çŸå®çå¯èœæ§ã®çšåºŠããåŸçã®å¿ èŠæ§ïŒããªãã¡çžåœæ§ïŒãïŒè£é
ä¿éã®çžåœæ§ã®äž»èŠãªèŠçŽ ãšããŠèæ ®ããŠããŸãããããïŒèšŒæ é æ» ã®çŸå®çå¯
èœæ§ãäœãã®ã§ããã°ïŒããããæ¡æã®èŠä»¶ã«åœãããªããšããã¹ãã§ããç«æ³
è«ãšããŠã¯ïŒèµ·èšŽåä¿éå¶åºŠãæ¡ãå ¥ããããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒå調ã¹ãšèªçœç²åŸã®ã
ãã®åŸçãšããå®æ ããè±åŽããã¹ãã§ãã
å ¬å€æç¶ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒèšŒæ é瀺è«æ±æš©ãå ¬å€åæŽçæç¶ããåãé¢ããŠïŒäžè¬
çãªå¶åºŠãšããã¹ãã§ããçŸåšã§ãïŒåŒè·äººãå ¬å€åæŽçæç¶ãæ±ããäž»èŠãªç®
çã¯èšŒæ é瀺è«æ±æš©ãåŸãããšã§ãããããã®ããã«ïŒå¿ ãå ¬å€åæŽçæç¶ãã
ãªããã°ãªããªãå¿ ç¶æ§ã¯ãããŸããã
åäºåžæ³ã®éæ床ãé«ããããã«ã¯ïŒå ¬å€äžå¿äž»çŸ©ããªãã¡ææ»ãšå ¬å€ã®åé¢
ã培åºããã¹ãã§ãããã®ããã«ïŒè¢«å人ã®å ¬å€å€äŸè¿°ã䜿ããªãç«èšŒãå¿ èŠã§
88
ããåŠèªäºä»¶ã§ææ»æ®µéã§ã®èªçœã蚌æ ã«ããå Žåã§ãïŒåºæ¬çã«ã¯è¢«å人èªèº«
ãæ³å»·ã§ä»¥åã®èªçœã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããããšã«ãã£ãŠïŒèšŒæ åãããšããéçšãã§
ããŸã7ãæ€å¯å®é¢åäŸè¿°èª¿æžã®èšŒæ èœåã«é¢ããå蚎æ³321æ¡ïŒé ïŒå·ã¯ïŒèšŽè¿œ
å®ãå ¬å€å€ã§ãŸãšããã蚌èšçããªäŸè¿°8ãäŒèäŸå€ãšããŠç¹å¥ã«åªéããŠããŸ
ããããã¯ïŒå ¬å€äžå¿äž»çŸ©ã«åããŸãã
ãã®ãããªåäºåžæ³ã®ãããªãå€åãå®çŸããããã«ïŒåŒè·å£«ãã¡ã«ã¯ïŒå€§ã
ãªåœ¹å²ããããŸãããŸãã¯ïŒæ¥åžžçãªåå¥äºä»¶ã®åŒè·æŽ»åã®äžã§ïŒçŸè¡å¶åºŠã®äž
ã§ã®éçšã®å¯èœæ§ãæ¡å€§ããŠããããšãã ããã§ãããŸãïŒæ¥èŠäº€éæš©ã«ã€ããŠ
åŒè·å£«äŒãããããã«ïŒå€äŸãç²åŸããããšã«ãã£ãŠæ³ã®éçšãæ¹åãããšãã
æ¹æ³ããããŸããè£å€å®ã¯ïŒåŒè·å£«ãã¡ã®åé¡æèµ·ã«å¿ããŠïŒåäºæç¶ã®çŸå®ã«
çç®ããå€äŸãåºããŠã»ããã§ããæ¥æ¬ã®å€äŸã«ã¯ïŒæ²æ³ãæ³åŸã«æš©å©ããããš
æžããŠããã°ïŒæš©å©ã¯ä¿éãããŠããã®ã ãšãã芳念çãªæ³ã®æãæ¹ããããŸ
ããããã§ã¯ãªãïŒæ²æ³ãæ³åŸãã©ããããå®å¹çãªæš©å©ä¿éãèŠæ±ããŠããã
ãèããã¹ãã§ãããããã«å ããŠïŒç«æ³ã®ããã®éåãïŒåŒè·å£«ãã¡ã®åœ¹å²ã§
ãã
åŒè·å£«ãã¡ããã®ãããªåœ¹å²ãæç¶ããããã«ã¯ïŒãããæ°äººãå ããç¶æ³ã
å¿ èŠã§ããæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ãåäºåŒè·ã«ç±æãæã€åŒè·å£«ãã¡ãäŸçµŠããªããã°ïŒã
ãã¯å®çŸã§ããŸãããçŸåšã®æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢å¶åºŠã®æ¹åã¯ïŒåžæ³è©Šéšã«æ©ãåæ Œãã
ãããšã«åããŠããŸããæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ãèšçœ®ããæ¬æ¥ã®ç®çã«ç«ã¡æ»ã£ãŠïŒå€æ§ãª
æ³åŸå®¶ããã£ããè²ãŠãããšãç®æãã¹ãã§ããå ¥åŠè ãïŒåäºåŒè·äººãç®æã
ãŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ãéžã¶ãããªç¶æ ãäœãåºãããšãã§ããã°ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®åäºåžæ³ã¯ã
ãã«å€§ããªé²åãéããããšãã§ããã§ããããç§ã®äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã«ãã
ãç®æšã¯ïŒãã®ãšãåããŠå®å šã«å®çŸããããšã§ãããã
1 æ¬çš¿ã¯ïŒ2019 幎ïŒæïŒæ¥ã®äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢åçªäŒã§ã®è¬æŒå 容ããŸãšãããã®ã§ããã 2 çŸè¡åäºèšŽèšæ³ã®äžã§ã®åäºåŒè·ã®æŽå²ã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒå€§åºè¯ç¥ãåäºåŒè·ã®å±éãšåäºèšŽèšæ³ã
ïŒçŸä»£äººæ瀟ïŒ2019 幎ïŒã詳ããã 3 åœæã®è°è«ç¶æ³ã¯ïŒå£ååäºåŒè· 22 å·ïŒ2000 幎ïŒã®ç¹éãåäºåŒè·ã®è«çãšå«çãã«ããã 4 ãæ€å¯ã®åçã«åããŠïŒæ€å¯ã®åšãæ¹æ€èšäŒè°æèšãïŒ2011 幎ïŒã 5 æ³å倧è£è«®å第 92 å·ã 6 åŸè€æãæ¥èŠæå®æš©ã®åççåé¡ãçŠäºåå çå€çšç¥è³è«æéãæ¹é©æã®åäºæ³çè«ãïŒæ³åŸæå
瀟ïŒ2013 幎ïŒ138 é ã 7 åŸè€æãäŒèæ³åã«åŒ·ããªããïŒæ¥æ¬è©è«ç€ŸïŒ2019 幎ïŒ117-118 é ã 8 åŸè€ã»å泚 7ïŒ29 é ã
89
ã³ã©ã ãåœé人暩æ³ãšåŒè·å£«ã
åŒè·å£« å°å·å²å²ïŒ2006 幎修äºïŒ
ç®æ¬¡
I. æ¬çš¿ã®ç®ç
II. åœé人暩ãšã®å¥éãªåºäŒã
III. ããæ²æ³èšŽèšâãè£å€ãåããæš©å©ãã®äŸµå®³
IV. ããã³âæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã§ã®åŠç¿ã¯å®åã§æŽ»ãã
I. æ¬çš¿ã®ç®ç
æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢çã®çããã«ïŒåŒè·å£«å®åã®é¢çœããç¥ã£ãŠããã ãããïŒäºä»¶ãšã®å¥éãªåº
äŒããšïŒæ²æ³èšŽèšã®äºäŸããäŒãããããšæããŸãã
ç§èªèº«ãïŒåœé人暩æ³ãæ²æ³èšŽèšã¯ïŒçžé ããšååšã§ãããšæã£ãŠããŸãã1ããããïŒ
æ°å¹ŽåïŒããå 茩ã®çŽ¹ä»ããã£ãããšãªã£ãŠïŒé£æ°äºä»¶ã 1 件åä»»ããŸããããã® 1 ã€ã®
æ¡ä»¶ããïŒå€ãã®åºäŒããçãŸãïŒåºãäžçãç¥ãããšã«ãªããŸãããããã«ïŒãã®çžããïŒ
æ²æ³èšŽèšã«é¢ããããšã«ãªããŸãããæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯äºäŸçŽ¹ä»ãŸã§ããåºæ¥ãŸãããïŒçŸå Žã§èµ·ã
ã£ãŠããæ°ããè«ç¹ã«ã€ããŠïŒã玹ä»ããããšæããŸãã
æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢çã®çãããïŒãèªèº«ã®ç¹æ§ãé¢å¿ã掻ãããã©ã€ãã¯ãŒã¯ãèŠä»ããŠãã
ã«ãããïŒäžã€ã®åèã«ããŠããã ããã°å¹žãã§ã2ã
II. åœé人暩ãšã®å¥éãªåºäŒã
1. æ§ã ãªæ³åéã«å€çš®å€æ§ãªç 究äŒ
ãšã¯ã¹ã¿ãŒã³ãªã©ã§ãåããããããŸãããïŒåŒè·å£«ã¯ïŒæ§ã ãªç 究äŒïŒå匷äŒã«é¡ãåº
ããŠããŸãããããšããããæ³åéã«ïŒæ§ã ãªç 究äŒãååšããŸãã詳ããããã©ã³ãšè¥æïŒ
é£æ¥å£«æ¥ãå°é家ãåå ããŠããäŸãå€ãïŒåŒè·å£«äŒã®å§å¡äŒã®éšäŒãªã©åã°å ¬çãªãã®
ããïŒèªäž»çãªéãŸããªã©å€çš®å€åœ©ã§ãã
å¶ç¶ïŒæ°å¹ŽåïŒç§ã¯äžæ±åºèº«ã®äŸé Œè ã®é£æ°ç³è«ã®æ¡ä»¶ãåä»»ããŸããããã®æ¡ä»¶ã®åŠç
æ¹éãè³æåéãªã©ã«ã€ããŠå°ãïŒã¢ããã€ã¹ãæ±ããŠïŒããåŒè·å£ã«ãéªéããããã«ãª
ããŸããããã®åŒè·å£ã§ã¯ïŒæ€èšäžã®äºæ¡ãïŒææ°ã®æ å ±ãç¥ãããšãã§ãïŒéåžžã«åºæ¿ã
åããŸããããã®ãçžããïŒæ°ãã«äºä»¶ãåä»»ãããïŒãŸãïŒé æ¹ã®åŒè·å£«ãšå ±ååä»»ãã
1 ç§ã¯ïŒåŒè·å£«ã®æåã® 4 幎éãæ¥æ¬åžæ³æ¯æŽã»ã³ã¿ãŒåžžå€åŒè·å£«ãšããŠå€åããŠããŸããããã®éïŒåš
çå€åœäººã®äžè¬æ°äºäºä»¶ãäžå®çšåºŠåä»»ããŠããŸãããïŒæ²æ³ãåœé人暩æ³ãæèããäºæ¡ã¯ãããŸãã
ã§ããã
2 åœé人暩ã®åéã«ãããŠèåãªåŒè·å£«ã«ã¯ïŒäžæ©ããŒä¿®äºçãçãããããŸãããåœé人暩åéã®ã¢ã
ãŒã«ã«ã¯ïŒç§ãããïŒãã£ãšé©ä»»ã®æ¹ã沢山ãããããšæããŸããïŒæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯ïŒæ°äºäžå¿ã®åŒè·å£«ã§ãã£
ãŠãïŒå€æ§ãªæŽ»åãããŠãããšããç¹ããäŒãããããšæããŸãã
90
ããªã©ïŒæŽ»åã®å¹ ãåºãããŸãããæ¡ä»¶ã«é¢ãããçžè«ãåããå人ãã§ããŸããã
2. é£æ°ç³è«ã®ä»£ç人掻åã®ç¹åŸŽ
é£æ°ç³è«ã®ä»£ç人掻åãšãããšçããããã«èãããŸããïŒèšŒæ ã«åºã¥ããŠæ³ç䞻匵ã
æ§æãããšããç¹ã§ã¯ïŒéåžžã®åŒè·å£«æ¥åãšåãã§ãã
ç¹åŸŽçãªç¹ãäžã€æããŸããšïŒäŸé Œè ã®çµéšïŒäŸãã°ïŒè»ã«ããéžæ劚害ã®ç¶æ³ïŒãè£ä»
ãã客芳çè³æïŒåºèº«åœæ å ±ïŒCOIïŒãšåŒã³ãŸããïŒãæ¢ããŠïŒèª¬æãããšããç«èšŒæŽ»åã
ãããŸã3ãåœéæ å¢ïŒäººé¡åŠïŒå°çã»æŽå²ïŒæåã»å®æã«é¢å¿ã®ãã人ã«ã¯æé©ã ãšæããŸ
ã4ã
ãã®çŽ æã®ã¡ã€ã³ã«ãªãã®ã¯ïŒã¢ã¡ãªã«ãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®æ å ±æ©é¢ãå ¬éããŠããå ±åæž5ã
UNHCR ã®ãrefworldããšããããŒã¿ããŒã¹ã§ããNGO ã®ãµã€ãããã¥ãŒã¹ã¬ã¿ãŒïŒåçš®
ã¡ãã£ã¢ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹èšäºïŒãžã£ãŒããªã¹ãã®æžããæ¬ã貎éãªçŽ æã§ããå€åœèªãå ªèœã§ã
ããšïŒããããµãŒãã£ã³ã§æ å ±ãåããšããäœæ¥ã ãã§ãïŒãªãµãŒãã®æ·±ããå¹ ãæ Œæ®µã«é
ã£ãŠããŸã6ã
åœé人暩æ³ã®äžçãå£éèŠãç§ã¯ïŒãã£ãšç¥ããããšæãããã«ãªãïŒæ¥åŒé£ãå çããŠ
ããåœéåŠäŒã®å¹Žæ¬¡å€§äŒã«åå ããããã«ãªããŸãã7ãã·ã³ããžãŠã ã§ã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬äººåŒè·å£«
ãç±åŒãæ¯ãã£ãŠãã姿ãèŠãããšãããïŒåæ°ã¥ããããããšããããŸãã
ãŸãïŒãã®ç 究äŒããã£ãããšãªã£ãŠïŒäžèš 3 ã®æ²æ³èšŽèšã®ä»£ç人ã«ãªãããšã«ãªããŸ
ãããããã¯ïŒãè£å€ãåããæš©å©ãã®äŸµå®³ãåé¡ãšãªãäºä»¶ã§ãããé£æ°ã®åŒ·å¶ééã«é¢
ããè£å€æã§ãã®è«ç¹ãæ±ãããã®ã¯åããŠã§ãã
3 ãé£æ°ãã®èŠä»¶ã¯ïŒãâ 人皮ïŒå®æïŒåœç±ïŒç¹å®ã®ç€ŸäŒçéå£ã®æ§æå¡ïŒæ¿æ²»çæèŠã®ããããã®çç±
ã«åºã¥ããŠïŒâ¡è¿«å®³ãåãããããããããšããååã«çç±ã®ããææãã§ãããããã®èŠä»¶ã®è§£éïŒç«
蚌責任ïŒä¿¡çšæ§è©äŸ¡ã¯ïŒãããã倧ããªè«ç¹ã§ããïŒæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯å²æããããŸãã
4 åœé人暩ã«é¢ããåŒè·å£«ã®ãããã£ãŒã«ã¯ïŒå€çš®å€æ§ã§ããïŒããã¯ããã«ãŒåºèº«è ãåž°åœå女ãäžå®
æ°ããããã®ã¯ïŒãç°æåãžã®é¢å¿ããéèŠãªãã¡ã¯ã¿ãŒã§ããããšã瀺ããã®ïŒãšå人çã«ç解ããŠã
ãŸãã
5 åºèº«åœæ å ±ã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ã®æ³åçã®ããŒã ããŒãžã«ãæ¥æ¬èªèš³ïŒä»®èš³ïŒãå ¬éãããŠããŸãã2019 幎 9 æ
24 æ¥çŸåšïŒã¢ã¡ãªã«åœåçïŒã€ã®ãªã¹å åçïŒãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢å€å貿æçã®åå ±åæžãå ¬éãããŠããŸ
ãã
6 äŸãã°ïŒãã©ã³ã¹èªãåããããåŒè·å£«ã¯ïŒåœéå»çãã©ã³ãã£ã¢å£äœã®ãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ã¬ã¿ãŒ
ã®äžããïŒæ åœäºä»¶ã«åœ¹ç«ã€éèŠãªèšèŒãèŠä»ãåºãïŒèªåã§ç¿»èš³ããŠèšŒæ æåºããŠããŸããããããäž
ã®èšå€§ãªæ å ±ã®ãã¡ïŒæ¥æ¬èªã§æžããããã®ãæçã§ãããªãããšãçæããŸããç§ã¯ïŒãããŠè±èªã ã
ã¯äœ¿ããããã«ãªããããšæããŸããã
7 ç§ãåå ããŠããã®ã¯ïŒLAWASIAïŒããŒãšã€ã·ã¢ïŒãšããåŠäŒã§ããä»ã«ïŒIBAïŒAIJA ãªã©æ°å£äœã
ãããŸãããããã®å£äœãããžãã¹ç³»ãäž»æµã§ããïŒããããç¹åŸŽããããŸããæžå€ç³»ã®äºåæããæ¥å
ãšããŠåå ãããæ¹ãïŒåŒè·å£«äŒã®äŒåãšããŠåå ããæ¹ãããããŸãã
91
III. ããæ²æ³èšŽèšâãè£å€ãåããæš©å©ãã®äŸµå®³
1. è£å€ãåããæš©å©ã䟵害ãããã·ãã¥ãšãŒã·ã§ã³
æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢çã®çããã¯ïŒåœå®¶ããè£å€ãåããæš©å©ãã劚害ããããšããŠããå Žé¢ãæ³
åã§ããŸãã§ãããããç«æ³ãè¡æ¿åŠåã«ãã£ãŠïŒãè£å€ãåããæš©å©ãã倱ãããããšã
ãå Žé¢ã§ããåçæš©ã§ã¯ãªãïŒåŠšå®³ãããªããšãããèªç±æš©çåŽé¢ãã䟵害ãããç¶æ³ã§ãã
ç§ã¯ãã®äºä»¶ã«åºäŒããŸã§ã«ïŒãè£å€ãåããæš©å©ãã䟵害ãããïŒãšããã·ãã¥ãšãŒã·ã§
ã³ãæ³åããããšããããŸããã§ãã8ã
ãããïŒèšŽèšèªäœãã§ããªããªãïŒãšããäºä»¶ãèµ·ãããŸãããã§ããªããªã£ã蚎èšã¯ïŒ
ãé£æ°äžèªå®åŠååæ¶èšŽèšããšããè¡æ¿èšŽèšã§ããã劚害ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ïŒã匷å¶ééã®å·è¡ãã§
ãããäŸé Œè ã¯ïŒå€åœç±ã§ïŒé£æ°èªå®ã®å¯©æ»è«æ±ã®çµæãåŸ ã£ãŠããç¶æ ã§ãããæ¯åœã§ã®
æ¿æ²»æŽ»åæŽãæ¿åºã«æµèŠãããŠè¿«å®³ãåãïŒæ¥æ¬ã«éããŠããŠããŸããã
äŸé Œè ã¯ïŒå¯©æ»è«æ±ãæ£åŽã§ãã£ãå ŽåïŒåæ¶èšŽèšãæèµ·ããããšæºåããŠããŸãããã
ããïŒçªåŠïŒå容ããïŒå¯©æ»è«æ±ã®çµæã®åç¥ãåãïŒç¿æ¥ïŒåŒ·å¶ééãããŸããã
ããã§ã®ãã€ã³ãã¯ïŒåŒ·å¶ééã«ãã£ãŠïŒãé£æ°äžèªå®åŠååæ¶èšŽèšãã®ã蚎ãã®å©çã
ããªããªãïŒãšããç¹ã§ãã蚎ãã®å©çããªããªãçç±ã¯ïŒæ¬æ¡ã®å®äœæ³äžã®èŠä»¶ïŒé£æ°æ¡
çŽã®ãåœç±åœã®å€ã«ããè ãïŒãæ¬ ãããšã«ãªãããã§ãïŒæå€å¹³æ 8 幎 7 æ 12 æ¥ïŒããã®
ããïŒæ¥æ¬ã®è£å€æã§ã¯ïŒãã®è¡æ¿åŠåãäºãæ©äŒã¯äžå倱ãããŠããŸããŸããã
2. èæ¯çç¥èâé£æ°ç³è«ãšåŒ·å¶ééã«é¢ããå®åã®ç¶æ³
ãã®äºä»¶ã®ç¹æ®æ§ãç解ããŠããŠããã ãããïŒé£æ°ç³è«ããåæ¶èšŽèšãŸã§ã®æç¶ãã®
æµããšå®åã®ç¶æ³ãïŒå°ãã説æããŸãã
(1) é£æ°ç³è«ããåæ¶èšŽèšãŸã§
é£æ°ç³è«ããããšïŒç¹å¥æ©ãå Žåã身æææäžã®å Žåãé€ããŠïŒå幎ãã 1 幎åçšåºŠã§ïŒ
çµæãéç¥ãããŸã9ããã®äºä»¶ã®äŸé Œè ã®å Žåã¯ïŒä»®æŸå ïŒããã»ãããïŒãšããç¶æ ã§ïŒ
åžäžã§æ®ãããªããïŒçµæãåŸ ã£ãŠããŸããã
é£æ°ç³è«ãäžèªå®ã§ãã£ãå ŽåïŒäžèªå®åŠåã«å¯ŸãïŒã審æ»è«æ±ããããããšã§ããŸãã
ã審æ»è«æ±ãããããšïŒè³æãè¿œå æåºããŸããããã«ïŒãå£é æèŠé³è¿°ããšããåäžå¡ã
åºåžããæç¶ããããŸãããããã®æç¶ããçµãŠïŒå¯©æ»è«æ±ã®çµæãåããã®ã¯ïŒãã¯ãå
8 å€ãæé«è£å€äŸïŒæå€æå 24 幎 5 æ 18 æ¥ïŒã§ã¯ïŒåºèšŽæéã®é¡åçççž®ãæ²æ³ 32 æ¡éåã ãšäž»åŒµã
ãããã®ããããŸããæé«è£ã¯ãèããäžåçã§å®è³ªäžè£å€ã®æåŠãšèªãããããããªå Žåããé€ããŠæ²
æ³ã«åããªããšå€ç€ºããŠããŸãããŸãïŒåšç£è ã®åºå»·æš©ãæ°äºäºä»¶ã®ä»£ç人åŒè·å£«ãšã®å€éšäº€éãåé¡ã«
ãªã£ãäºäŸããããŸãã 9 æè¿ïŒéçšã¯å€§ããå€ãã£ãŠããŠããŸãããããŸã§ã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«æããäŒãããããã®ã¢ãã«çãªèª¬æ
ã§ãã®ã§ïŒæ£ç¢ºæ§ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã容赊ãã ããããªãïŒå ¥ç®¡ã¯ïŒ2018 幎ããé£æ°ç³è«æ¡ä»¶ãïŒåæã®æ®µé
ã§ïŒ¡ïŒ¢ïŒ£ïŒ€ã® 4 ã€ã®ã«ããŽãªãŒåé¡ãïŒç³è«äžã®åšçè³æ Œãæç¶ã®é²è¡ã«å·®ãèšããŠããŸãã
92
幎ãã 1 幎以äžå ã«ãªããŸãã
ãããŠïŒå¯©æ»è«æ±ã®çµæãïŒæ£åŽã§ãã£ãå ŽåïŒåæ¶èšŽèšãæèµ·ããããšã«ãªããŸããã
ã¡ããïŒå蚎ã®èŠèŸŒã¿ãèãããšçãã蚎èšãæ念ãã人ãããã°ïŒé£æ°èªå®ä»¥å€ã®æ¹æ³ã
æ€èšãã人ãããŸããæ¯åœã®ç¶æ³ã®æªåãªã©æ°ããªäºå®ãçç±ã«ïŒé£æ°ç³è«èªäœã®ç³è«ãã
å§ãã人ãããŸãã
åæ¶èšŽèšãæèµ·ããå Žåã¯ïŒãåºèšŽæéãïŒè¡èšŽæ³ 14 æ¡ïŒããããŸãã®ã§ïŒãã®æéã¯éµ
å®ããããã«ããŸãã
ããã§ã¯ïŒåæ¶èšŽèšã§åãŠãã®ãïŒãšããç¹ã§ããïŒãã¡ããå³ããã®ã¯å³ããã§ããïŒ
äžèªå®ãåãæ¶ããè£å€äŸã¯å°ãªããããããŸã10ããã®ããïŒãåžæ³ææžã«æã¿ããããã
ãšããäºæ¡ã¯ãã¡ãããããŸãã
(2) ãã³ã»ã«ãã«ãã³ååâå±éºã®ããåœãžééã§ããªã
㢠é£æ°èªå®æç¶ããé²è¡ããŠããé
é£æ°ç³è«ãã審æ»è«æ±ãæ£åŽããããŸã§ã®éã¯ïŒåŒ·å¶ééã¯åæ¢ãããŸãïŒå ¥ç®¡æ³ 61 æ¡
ã® 2 ã® 6 第 3 é ïŒé£æ°æ¡çŽ 33 æ¡ïŒãããã¯ïŒãã³ã»ã«ãã«ãã³ååãšåŒã°ããåœéå ¬æ³äž
ã®ååãææåããããã®ã§ããé£æ°æ¡çŽã®èšèã䜿ããŸããšïŒãçåœã»èªç±ãè åšã«ãã
ããããããã®ããé åã®åœå¢ãžè¿œæŸãåã¯ééããŠã¯ãªããªãããšããã«ãŒã«ã§ãã
〠åæ¶èšŽèšä¿å±äž
審æ»è«æ±ã®åŸïŒåæ¶èšŽèšãããŠããéã«ã€ããŠïŒææã§ã®èŠå®ã¯ãããŸããã
ãããïŒå¯©æ»è«æ±ãæ£åŽããããšããŠãïŒãé£æ°ãã§ããããšãåŠå®ãããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸ
ããã11ïŒåæ¶èšŽèšã§å蚎ããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãããŸãïŒäžèšã®ãã³ã»ã«ãã«ãã³ååããè£
å€ãåããæš©å©ããä¿éããããã«ã¯ïŒåŒ·å¶ééã¯ãã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãïŒãšèããã¹ãã§ãã
å®éïŒé£æ°äžèªå®åŠååæ¶èšŽèšä¿å±äžã«åŒ·å¶ééããäŸã¯ïŒæ¥æ¬ãé£æ°æ¡çŽãæ¹åããæ
æ以éã§ã¯ïŒèª¿ã¹ãéãã¯èŠåœãããŸããã§ããã
åœã®å ¬åŒèŠè§£ã«ãããšïŒãé£æ°äžèªå®åŠåã®åæ¶èšŽèšãæèµ·ãããå Žåã«ãããŠã¯ãåœè©²
蚎èšãçµçµãããŸã§ã®éãåœè©²èšŽèšãæèµ·ããè ã®ééãèŠåãããããšãšããŠè£å€ãå
ããæš©å©ãžã®é æ ®ãè¡ã£ãŠããã12ãšã®ããšã§ãã
æ¬ä»¶ã®äŸé Œè ãïŒå¯©æ»è«æ±ã®çµæãåŸ ã¡ïŒæ£åŽã§ããã°ïŒåæ¶èšŽèšã§åè² ãããïŒãšæºå
ããŠããŸããã
10 å šé£é£ç£ä¿®ãé£æ°å蚎å€æ±º 20 éžãïŒä¿¡å±±ç€Ÿã»2105ïŒãåèã«ãªããŸãã
11 é£æ°èªå®ã¯ïŒè¡æ¿æ³ã®è¬åŠäžã®ã確èªãã§ããïŒèªå®ã®æç¡ã«ãããããïŒèŠä»¶ãæºããè ã¯ãé£æ°ã
ã«è©²åœããããã§ãã
12 åè°é¢ããã®è³ªåäž»ææžã«å¯Ÿããå é£ã®çåŒæžïŒå é£å質 190 第 157 å·ã»å¹³æ 28 幎 6 æ 10 æ¥ïŒ
93
3. æ¬ä»¶ã®ç¹æ®æ§
æ¬ä»¶ã§ã¯ïŒåæ¶èšŽèšãæèµ·ããæéã»æ©äŒãå šããããŸããã§ããã審æ»è«æ±ã®çµæãç¥
ããªããŸãŸïŒå ã«ïŒèº«æãææããïŒãåç¥ããåããŸããããããŠïŒãåç¥ã13ã«åŒãç¶ã
ãŠã匷å¶ééããå·è¡ããã®ã§ãã身æææã®ãã空枯ãŸã§éã°ãïŒé£è¡æ©ã«ä¹ããããŸã
ããé£è¡æ©ã§ïŒæµ·ã®äžã®åœå¢ç·ãè¶ãïŒãã®ç¬éïŒãåæ¶èšŽèšãã®ã蚎ãã®å©çãã¯ãªããª
ã£ãã®ã§ãã
ãããïŒä»åã¯ïŒå ¥ç®¡ããã£ãŒã¿ãŒããé£è¡æ©ãïŒX ããŒã«é¢éžãããããšãšãïŒå šåœã
ãéé察象è ãéããïŒãšãããããžã§ã¯ãã§ããããŸããã審æ»è«æ±ã®çµæãåããåŸïŒ
èªäž»ééãä¿ããšãïŒåºèšŽã®ææã確èªããïŒãšãã£ãæç¶ãããŸããã§ãããéé察象è
ã«éžã°ããæç¹ïŒããããïŒå¯©æ»è«æ±ã®çµæãç¥ãåïŒæ°ãæåã®é ïŒã«ïŒåæ¶èšŽèšãã§ã
ãªãããšãã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«çã«æ±ºãŸã£ãŠããŸã£ãŠããïŒãšããããšã§ãã
ãããããšïŒå ¥ç®¡ã¯ïŒäŸé Œè ã«ãè£å€ãããªããããšãç®çã«ã¹ã±ãžã¥ãŒã«ãçµã¿ïŒçã
æã¡çã«å容ããããã§ãåç¥ãããŠééãïŒã蚎ãã®å©çãã倱ãããããšã«ãªããŸãã
4. æ³çãªè«ç¹
åæ¶èšŽèšã¯ïŒäžå¯èœã«ãªããŸãããåœå®¶è³ åè«æ±ãããããŸãããåžæ³ã®å Žã§é£æ°äžèªå®
ãäºãïŒãšãããè£å€ãåããæš©å©ãã䟵害ãããç¹ã«ã€ããŠïŒæ °è¬æãè«æ±ãã蚎èšãæ
èµ·ããŸããã
åååŽã®äž»åŒµã®è¶£æšã¯ïŒâ 匷å¶ééã«ãã£ãŠæ æã«èšŽãã®å©çã倱ãããããšã¯ïŒæ²æ³ 32
æ¡ã»13 æ¡ïŒäººæš©èŠçŽ 14 æ¡ïŒé£æ°æ¡çŽã«éåããããšïŒâ¡èšŽãæèµ·ã®ã§ããªãã¿ã€ãã³ã°ã§
è¡æ¿åŠåã®åç¥ãè¡ãããšãé©æ£æç¶ïŒæ²æ³ 31 æ¡ã»13 æ¡ïŒã«éåããããšã§ãããåºèšŽæ
éã® 6 ãæäžžã ã§ã¯ãªãã«ããŠãïŒãæ蚎ã®ããã®åççæéãã¯ïŒåŒ·å¶ééãããŠã¯ãªã
ãªãïŒãšäž»åŒµããŸããã
蚎èšã«ãããåœåŽã®äž»åŒµã®èŠæšã¯ïŒæ¬¡ã®ãããªãã®ã§ãããâ 審æ»è«æ±ã®çµæã®åç¥ãçµ
ãã£ãæç¹ã§ïŒé£æ°æç¶ã¯çµäºããŠãããå·è¡åæ¢æ±ºå®ããªãéãã¯ïŒå ¥ç®¡æ³äžïŒåŒ·å¶éé
ããŠããããâ¡åŒ·å¶ééã«ãã£ãŠè£å€ãåããæš©å©ã倱ãããšã¯ç¥ã£ãŠãããïŒãè£å€ãå
ããæš©å©ãã«é æ ®ãã¹ãæ³ç矩åã¯ãªããâ¢å¯©æ»è«æ±ã®æç¶ã®é²è¡äžã«ãããŠããååŠåã«
察ããåæ¶èšŽèšã®æèµ·ã¯å¯èœã§ãã£ãããããã®éãã§ã¯ãæ蚎ã®æ©äŒã¯ãã£ãã
åœã®äž»åŒµã®èŠæšã®â ãšâ¡ã¯ïŒãè£å€ãåããæš©å©ãã¯ããããèæ ®ããå¿ èŠããªãïŒæ³ä»€
ã«æ²¿ã£ãŠããã°æ²æ³éåã«ã¯ãªããªããšããè°è«ã§ãã£ãŠïŒè«ççã§ã¯ãããŸãããâ¢ã«ã€
ããŠãïŒåºæ¬çã«ã¯â â¡ãšåãè°è«ã§ããïŒå¯©æ»è«æ±ãšåæ¶èšŽèšã®èªç±éžæ䞻矩ïŒè¡èšŽæ³ 8
æ¡ïŒã®è¶£æšã没åŽããŸãã
13 è¡èšŽæ³ 46 æ¡ã®ãæ瀺ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ïŒè£æ±ºã®ãåç¥ããšåæã«ïŒã6 ãæéã¯åæ¶èšŽèšãã§ããããšæžã
ãããæ瀺æžããæž¡ããïŒèª¬æããããŸããããããïŒãã®çŽåŸïŒåŒ·å¶ééããŠã蚎ãã®å©çãã倱ãã
ããŸããããã®ãæ瀺ãã«é¢ããŠã¯ïŒå®éã«ã¯è€éãªçµç·¯ããã£ãã®ã§ããïŒæ¬çš¿ã§ã¯å²æããããŸãã
94
ããã§ã¯ïŒè£å€æã¯ã©ã®ãããªå€æãäžãã§ãããã14ãæ¯éïŒçãããèµ·æ¡ããŠã¿ãŠã
ã ãããããã¯å®åã§èµ·ãã£ãŠããæ°ããè«ç¹ã§ãã
IV. ããã³âæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã§ã®åŠç¿ã¯å®åã§æŽ»ãã
åããŠã®äºä»¶ã«ééããéïŒåŒè·å£«ãè¡ãäœæ¥ã¯ïŒãã€ãåãã§ããäºå®é¢ä¿ãäžå¯§ã«æŽ
çãïŒé¢ä¿ããå€äŸã»æ³ä»€ã調ã¹ãïŒãããŠïŒå€§ãŸããªä»®èª¬ãç«ãŠãïŒãããŠïŒå€è§çã«ä»®
説ãå©ãïŒãã©ãã·ã¥ã¢ããããŠããããã®æèåè·¯ã¯ïŒãŸãã«æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã§ç¿åŸãããã®
ã§ããäžèšã®æ²æ³èšŽèšã«ééããæïŒç§ã¯ïŒæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã§åŠãã æèåè·¯ãã®ãã®ã䜿ã£ãŠïŒ
ãã®äºä»¶ãšæ ŒéããŸããã
çãããïŒã©ã®ãããªåéã§ïŒã©ã®ãããªç¹æ§ãçãããŠæŽ»èºããããã¯ïŒçãã次第ã§
ãããŸãã«ç¡éã®å¯èœæ§ãåºãã£ãŠããŸããæ³å®å€ã®ãçžã«æµãŸããããšãããã§ãããã
ç§èªèº«ãïŒèªåã®æªæ¥ã«ãŸã ãŸã æåŸ ããŠãããããã§ãã
æ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã§ã®å匷ã¯ïŒå¿ ã圹ã«ç«ã¡ãŸããä¿¡ããŠé 匵ã£ãŠãã ãããè¿ããã¡ã«å®åã§
ãäŒãã§ããããšã楜ãã¿ã«ããŠããŸãã
以 äž
14 æ¬çš¿äœææã«ãããŠã¯ïŒæ§èšŽå¯©ä¿å±äžã§ãããªãïŒåæ§ã®äºæ¡ã«ã€ããŠïŒæ¥åŒé£ã¯äººæš©ææžç³ç«ãåã
ãŠïŒæ³å倧è£çã«å¯ŸãèŠåãçºããŠããŸãã
95
ç·šéåŸèš
ä»ïŒäžçäžã®åœã ãæ°åã³ãããŠã€ã«ã¹(COVID-19)ãšããæªç¥ãªãæµãšã®éãã匷ãã
ããŠããã人ã ã¯ïŒèªç²ãšçµæžæŽ»åã®äž¡ç«ãšããæ°ããªèª²é¡ã«çŽé¢ããªããïŒãŠã£ã«ã¹ãšå ±
åãããšããæãããšã®å°é£ãªãã©ãã€ã ã·ããã®æžŠã®äžã«ããã
ãã®ãããªäºæ ã«ãããŠïŒæ³åŸãçæ¥ãšããè ãããã¯æ³åŸãåŠã³ç¶ããè ãšããŠïŒãã®
çŸå®ã«äœãã§ããããšã¯ãªããïŒæ³åŸã¯äžäœäœãã§ããã®ã ãããïŒãšèªåèªçãç¶ãã人
ãå€ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã ãããããã®çãã®äžã€ãšããŠïŒåžžã«æ³åŸã¯äººã ã®ç掻ã®æ ¹åºã§ããè¯
ãçããçºã®æéãšãªãïŒæã«ã¯äžå€ã貫ãïŒæã«ã¯å€§ããå€é·ãã瀟äŒã«å¯Ÿå¿ã§ããæè»
ããæã¡åãããŠããããšãéèŠã§ã¯ãªãããšèããŠããã
æ¬å·ã¯ïŒæ³åŸãå¶åºŠïŒãããŠå®åã«ããããå€åããããŒããšããè«æã»ãšãã»ã€ãå€å
ã«çã蟌ãã ãã®ãšãªã£ãŠãããããã¯ïŒäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒãæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢çïŒå®å家ãšããŠ
掻èºããä¿®äºçãªãã³ã«æå¡ãäžäœãšãªã£ãŠïŒæ°ããæ³åŸïŒæ°ããè°è«ïŒæ°ããå®å課é¡ã«
åãçµãåºãèŠéãšæè»æ§ãæã¡åãããŠããããšãäŒããå Žãšãªãããšãç®æããŠãã
ããã§ããã
äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®çŽ æŽããããšããã¯ïŒå¹ åºãããã¯ã°ã©ãŠã³ããæã€äººãéãïŒåž
æ³è©Šéšã«åæ Œããããã®åŠç¿ã«çãŸããïŒè¯ãæ³æ¹ãšãªãããã®æªæ¥ãèŠæ®ããåŠç¿ã«å
ãçµãåŠçãå€ãããšã«ãããæ¬å·ã«æ²èŒããè«æã¯ïŒæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã®ä»»æç§ç®ã§ãããæ³åŠ
ç 究åºç€ãã§å çæ¹ã®ãæå°ãåããªããå·çããè«æã«å çä¿®æ£ãå ãããã®ã§ãããïŒ
æçš¿ãå«ãå šå¡ãç°ãªãæ³é åãåãäžããŠãããã®ã®ïŒãããããå€åããæ³åŸããå€å
ããå¶åºŠãã«ç®ãåããè«æãéãŸã£ãããšã¯ïŒäžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã§ã®åŠç¿ã®ææã瀺ã
ãã®ãšããŠïŒé«ãæ矩ãæãããã®ã«ãªã£ããšèããŠãããããã«ïŒå€§å€ãå¿ããäžïŒå¯çš¿
ããŠãã ãã£ãäžæ©å€§åŠã»éå±±åŠé¢å€§åŠåèªææ åŸè€æå çïŒå¥è¯çåŒè·å£«äŒæå± å°å·å²
å²å çã«ããïŒæ¬å·ã¯äžè²«ããããŒãã®ããšã§è³ªã®é«ãå®ãçµãã ãšèããŠãããåŸè€æå
çïŒå°å·å²å²å çã«å¿ããã®æè¬ãç³ãäžããã
æ¬å·ã¯ïŒæšå¹Žåè¡ããã第äžå·ã«åŒãç¶ãïŒææã®æ¹ã ã«è«æãæ»èªããã ãåã«å·çè
éã§äºåçãªæ»èªãè¡ãïŒãã®åŸã®æ ¡æ£ãå·çè éã§è¡ã£ããæ»èªãæ åœããŠãã ãã£ãå
çæ¹ïŒç·šéå§å¡é¡§åã®äœèŠäº®å çïŒè§ç°çŸç©åå çã®ãåæ·»ãã«ããæ¬å·ã®åè¡ã«è³ã£ãã
ãšã«å¿ããã®è¬æãè¡šãããã
æåŸã«ïŒäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒã¯ïŒå¹ åºãèŠéãšé«ãåé¡æèãå ±æããä¿®äºçã®å 茩æ¹ã«ã
ã£ãŠåŒãç¶ããïŒè£å€äŸã§åŒçšããããªã©ææãæ®ããŠãããä»åŸããã®æµãã絶ãããªã
ããã«ïŒå€ãã®åŠçãäžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ã§åŠãã ããšã®èšŒãšããŠïŒãã®äžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒ
ã«è«æãæçš¿ãïŒããã«çºå±ãããŠãããããšãåã«æãã§ããã
2020 幎 6 æ
äžæ©å€§åŠããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒç·šéå§å¡
æ責 äŒè€å€äœ³
96
å·çè ã»ç·šéå§å¡äžèŠ§
å·çè
äŒè€å€äœ³ äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ 2018 幎床修äºç
é»éå°å€§ äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ 2018 幎床修äºç
åç°é äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ 2018 幎床修äºç
åŸè€æ äžæ©å€§åŠã»éå±±åŠé¢å€§åŠåèªææ
å°å·å²å² åŒè·å£«(äžæ©å€§åŠæ³ç§å€§åŠé¢ 2005 幎床修äºç)
ç·šéå§å¡
äŒè€å€äœ³ïŒåç°éïŒç³äºã¿ã
顧å
äœèŠäº® äžæ©å€§åŠæ³åŠç 究ç§ææ
è§ç°çŸç©å äžæ©å€§åŠæ³åŠç 究ç§ææ
ââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
ãäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒã 第åå·
2020 幎 6 æ 30 æ¥çºè¡
çºè¡è äžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒç·šéå§å¡äŒ
æ¬èªããåŒçšãããå Žåã¯ïŒãäžæ©ããŒã¬ãã¥ãŒã
ããã®åŒçšã§ããæšæèšããŠãã ããã
ââââââââââââââââââââââââââ