อ นพ พงศธร พหลภาคย์ · mood stabilizer lithium - “minor s/e 70% ;...
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อ. นพ. พงศธร พหลภาคย ์ภาควิชาจิตเวชศาสตร ์
คณะแพทยศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแก่น
การประชุมเชิงปฏิบัติการเภสัชกรรมคลินิกครั้งที่ 3/2555 วันที่ 10 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2555 เวลา 13.00 -14.00 น.
ณ โรงแรม พูลแมน ขอนแก่นราชาออคิด จังหวัดขอนแก่น
Department of Psychiatry
ลักษณะอาการของภาวะอารมณ์ 2 ขั้ว
ทฤษฎีที่เกี่ยวข้องกับพยาธิสภาพของภาวะอารมณ์ 2 ขั้ว
ลักษณะของการด าเนินโรคของภาวะอารมณ์ 2 ขั้ว
หลักการรักษา และการด าเนินโรคของภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว
กลุ่มยาที่ใช้ในการรักษาฉับพลันของภาวะอารมณ์ 2 ขั้วชนิด Mania
รายละเอียดของยาท่ีใช้ในการรักษาฉับพลันภาวะอารมณ์ 2 ขั้วชนิด Mania
dose range & therapeutic level standard treatment regimen
adverse effect & drug interaction
Department of Psychiatry
Mood disorders
โรคทางอารมณ์ : อาการทางอารมณ์เด่น ส่งผลต่อพฤติกรรม และ ส่งผลกระทบต่อชีวิตของผู้ป่วยและญาติ อย่างชัดเจน
Bipolar disorders หนึ่งในโรคทางอารมณ์ที่อาการเปน็ episodic เปลี่ยนแปลงระหว่าง
major depressive episode และ manic episode ประกอบไป ด้วย 2 กลุ่มที่ส าคัญ
- Bipolar I disorder - Bipolar II disorder
Department of Psychiatry
Major depressive episode - “Pervasive depress mood most entire and every day”
- “Loss of interest and pleasurable activity”
- Weight or appetite change
- Insomnia or hypersomnia
- Psychomotor agitation or retard
- Fatigue
- Decrease concentration
- Guilt or worthlessness
- Recurrent thought of death
*** All symptoms occur together in 2 weeks or more ***
Department of Psychiatry
Major depressive disorder
Elev
ate
Dep
ress
-10
+10
9-12 months
> 2 weeks = Major Depressive episode
= Psychosis
หแูว่ว ภาพหลอน
Department of Psychiatry
Manic episode - “Period of abnormally elevated, expansive, irritable mood”
- Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- decreased need for sleep
- talkative / pressure of speech
- flight of idea / thought racing
- distractibility
- increase goal directed activity/ psychomotor agitation
- excessive pleasurable activities with painful consequences
*** All symptoms occur together in 1 week or more ***
Department of Psychiatry
Bipolar I disorder
Elev
ate
Dep
ress
-10
+10
> 1 week = Manic episode
3 – 6 months
Department of Psychiatry
Bipolar I disorder
Elev
ate
Dep
ress
-10
+10
Department of Psychiatry
Bipolar II disorder
Elev
ate
Dep
ress
-10
+10
No Manic episode
Department of Psychiatry
ทฤษฎีที่เกี่ยวข้องกับพยาธิสภาพของภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว
Monoamine theory - Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine Other neurotransmitters theory
2nd messenger and intracellular cascade theory Hormone theory Sleep neurophysiology theory Structural and Functional brain theory
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 1. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Department of Psychiatry
ลักษณะของการด าเนินโรคของภาวะอารมณ์ 2 ขั้ว
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 1. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
N = 258 OPD F/U 1 Yr. “Chronic” “Episodic”
Department of Psychiatry
ลักษณะรักษาและการด าเนินโรคของภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว (Manic)
Natural course
+10
Recurrent
2 เดือน
Normal
Disorder
Syndrome
Acute treatment
Remission Full / Partial
Recovery
2 เดือน
Relapse
Acute treatment
Department of Psychiatry
ลักษณะรักษาและการด าเนินโรคของภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว (Manic)
Natural course
+10
Recurrent
Normal
Disorder
Syndrome
Acute treatment
Full Remission
Maintenance treatment
Department of Psychiatry
หลักการใช้ยาใน acute manic episode“Less is more”
- Monotherapy ใน episode แรกๆ - หา Most efficient medication ใน episode หลังๆ
Rapid neuroleptization - หวังผล Sedative ของยา
ระวังประชากรกลุ่มเปราะบาง (Vulnerable) - เด็ก และวัยรุ่น - ผู้สูงอายุ
ระวัง Side effect และ Toxicity ของยา
Department of Psychiatry
กลุ่มยาที่ใช้รักษาภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว แบบ acuteManic episode
- กลุ่ม mood stabilizer : Antiepileptic drugs, Lithium - กลุ่ม Antipsychotics : Atypical vs. Typical - กลุ่ม Benzodiazepine - กลุ่มอื่นๆ Major depressive episode - รักษายาก มักไม่มาเพื่อหา acute treatment
Department of Psychiatry
ทฤษฎีที่เกี่ยวข้องกับพยาธิสภาพของภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว
Monoamine theory - Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine Antipsychotic, Atypical antipsychotic
Other neurotransmitters theory 2nd messenger and intracellular cascade theory
Mood stabilizer : Lithium, Valproate, CBZ, other
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 1. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Department of Psychiatry
Typical antipsychotics Trifluoperazine (Stelazine®) +++ Haloperidol (Haldol®) +++ Molindone (Moban®) ++
Benzodiazepine Clonazepam (Klonopin®) ++ Lorazepam (Ativan®) ++
Atypical antipsychotics Clozapine (Clozaril®) +++ Risperidone (Risperdal®) +++ Olanzapine (Zyprexa®) +++ Quetiapine (Seroquel®) +++ Ziprasidone (Geodon®) +++ Aripiprazole (Abilify®) +++
Possible mood stabilizers Lithium (Eskalith®) +++ Carbamazepine (Tegretol®) +++ Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal®) ++ Valproate +++ Lamotrigine (Lamictal®) + Gabapentin (Neurontin®) 0 Pregabalin (Lyrica®) 0 Tiagabine (Gabitril®) 0 Topiramate (Topamax®) 0
Ca channel blocker Nimodipine (Nimotop®) ++ Verapamil (Calan®) ++ Isradipine (DynaCirc®) + Amlodipine (Norvasc®) ±
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 1. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Department of Psychiatry
Full Remission
Partial Remission
Common regimensMonotherapy
ในขณะช่วง rapid neuroleptization จึงมักเป็น “Polypharmacy” BZDs = Benzodiazepine, APs = Antipsychotic
Maintenance treatment
Department of Psychiatry
Full Remission
Partial Remission
Common regimensMonotherapy
ในขณะช่วง rapid neuroleptization จึงมักเป็น “Polypharmacy” BZDs = Benzodiazepine, MS = Mood stabilizer
Maintenance treatment
Department of Psychiatry
ท าไมใช้แค่ Mood stabilizer และ Antipsychotics เป็นหลักNimodipine 360-450 mg/day Verapamil 240-480 mg/day
- บริษัทยาไม่สนใจ เพราะก าไรน่าจะหดถ้าลงทุน - compliance ; tid – qid
Benzodiazepine - Very sedate - Tolerance, Dependence - Abuse
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Sodium valproate (Depakene®)
Common Psychiatric practice - Usually combine with other drugs - Not routinely monitor blood level (clinical response) - Rapid loading = 50 mg/kg/1st day - May use at higher level 100-125 μg/mL *** ask for N/V, ataxia, dysarthria ***
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Sodium valproate (Depakene®)
Common A/E - Weight gain Metabolic syndrome Mx : Topiramate, Advice exercise/diet - Sedation + Cognitive disturbance Mx : give at h.s. - GI upset giddiness, irritate
Mx : Enteric coat - Tremor Mx : ER form, ± Propanolol
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Sodium valproate (Depakene®)
Uncommon A/E - Elevate Liver enzymes < 3 times Mx : F/U 3 months - Allopecia , curly hair Mx : ± Zince/Silenium - PCO syndrome Mx : Oral contraceptive
Rare A/E - Hepatitis - Hypothermia - Pancreatitis - Encephalopathy - Thrombocytopenia Mx : Discontinue and go to hospital !!!
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 2. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Sodium valproate (Depakene®)
Pregnancy Cat D - 1-4% Neural tube defect, spina bifida - Any defect : Valproate (20%) > Phenytoin > CBZ (8%) - Developmental delay without gross anomaly
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 2. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Sodium valproate (Depakene®)
OD vs. BID
Reed RC, Dutta S. Ther Drug Monit. 2006 Jun;28(3):413-8 Reed RC, Dutta S, et al Epilepsy Behav. 2006 Mar;8(2):391-6.
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Sodium valproate (Depakene®)
Common Co-prescribe Drugs - TCAs - BZDs - - Lamotrigine - Fluoxetine
- Phenothiazine : Chlorpromazine, Thioridazine Perphenazine, Fluphenazine *** always remind/warn physician ***
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Carbamazepine (Tegretal®)
Oxcarbamazepine (Trileptal®) Dose - CBZ : therapeutic dose 800 – 1600 mg start 400 mg/day , Increase 200 mg q 1-4 day - OXC : therapeutic dose 1200 -2400 mg start 600 mg/day , Increase 600 mg q 1 week Management - CBZ : BID of XR form = TID, QID of IR form
- OXC : BID only, no XR form Terence A. Ketter, Po W. Wang. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, 4th Edition .
Chapter 37. Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine. DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9781585623860.419522
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Carbamazepine (Tegretal®)
Oxcarbamazepine (Trileptal®) Therapeutic level - symptoms control less associate with serum level - CBZ : 4 – 12 μg/mL
- OXC : 15 – 35 μg/mL Advantage over valproate and Lithium
- Less weight gain - Less cognitive disturbances - Less elevate liver enzyme
Terence A. Ketter, Po W. Wang. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, 4th Edition . Chapter 37. Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine. DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9781585623860.419522
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Carbamazepine (Tegretal®)
Oxcarbamazepine (Trileptal®) Toxicity - sedation, ataxia, nystagmus, diplopia Serious adverse effects - Agranulocytosis - Aplastic anemia - Steven – Johnson ; HLA *1502 ; asian ethnic
Terence A. Ketter, Po W. Wang. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, 4th Edition . Chapter 37. Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine. DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9781585623860.419522
Contraindicate with Clozapine
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerAntiepileptic : Carbamazepine (Tegretal®)
Oxcarbamazepine (Trileptal®) Pregnancy Cat. D - 3% risk of spina bifida - Low birth weight - craniofacial deformities - digital hypoplasia Breast milk
- may not present but most “avoid”
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerLithium
Common Psychiatric practice - Usually combine with other - Monitor blood level closely - Monitor BUN/Cr/TFT q 1 year - Acute : 0.6 – 1.5 mEq/L - Maintainance : < 1.2 mEq/L - OD may effective as BID-TID (Ljubicic et al, 2008) and may prevent polyuria & polydypsia
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483, / Dulijano Ljubicic et al. Can J Psychiatry 2008;53(5):323–331
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerLithium
- “minor S/E 70% ; 30% more than minor S/E”
Common benign S/E Uncommon S/E - Cognitive distubance - seizure - Postural hypotension , EPS - cardiac arrythmia - Course tremor, dysarthria - nephrotic syndrome, RTA - Acne, Hair loss, Psoriasis - diabetes insipidus , AKI - GI upset (Giddiness), Diarrhea - Hyperthyroid - Weight gain, fluid retention - Hypothyroid, T- wave change
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerLithium
Toxicity Level 1.5 -2.0 : GI upset, N/V , ataxia, nystagmus tremor, dysarthria Level 2.0 above : myoclonus, jerking movements confusion, delirium, persistent N/V fasiculation, hyperreflexia, seizures FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerLithium : Pregnancy cat. D
- Ebstein’s Anomaly in 1st Trimester 10x - may be less or equal than valproate / CBZ - Most avoid during 1st trimester
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerLithium
“MUST” ask & advice list for Lithium candidate - Pregnancy - Renal - Thyroid - Cardiac arrythmia - Psoriasis - Risk for overdose / toxicity - Diet and hydration
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
Mood stabilizerLithium
FOCUS: The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry 2006; 4:480-483
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticTypical antipsychotics
- rapid control behavior - most patient need high dose, rapid titration - high dose more A/E : Acute dystonia, EPS, weight gain - EPS : require anticholinergic - mania remission major depression 1. Haloperidol : 10 – 20 mg/day 2. Trifluoperazine : 10 – 30 mg/day 3. Molindole : N/A
Sachs GS, Dupuy JM, Wittmann CW. The pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 May;72(5):704-15.
No standard regimen
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticAtypical antipsychotics
- rapid control behavior - most patient need high dose, rapid titration regimen - less A/E : less EPS, less weight gain, less drowsiness less hypotension - tend to protect from polar change into depression - 1. Risperidone 2. Olanzapine 3. Quetiapine 4. Aripriprazole 5. Ziprasidone 6. Clozapine
Sachs GS, Dupuy JM, Wittmann CW. The pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 May;72(5):704-15.
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticAtypical antipsychotics
- All reduce manic symptoms > placebo during 4 – 6 weeks - Head to head trials most showed “non-statistical significant differences” in reduction of mania - Arguable usefulness of 1. Combination of : APs + Mood stabilizer 2. Combination of : APs + APs
Sachs GS, Dupuy JM, Wittmann CW. The pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 May;72(5):704-15.
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticAtypical antipsychotics (SDA)
Anti Histamine : appetite, weight gain Anti Cholinergic : dry mouth, urinary retention, cognitive impair Anti Dopamine : EPS, cognitive impair Anti 5HT2C : appetite Anti α : hypotension Anti X : insulin resistance, CHOL
Stephen M Stahl.. Antipsychotics. Pocket book, 2009, ISBN 1-4225-0046-2
.
M1
D2
Drugs M3
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticAtypical antipsychotics : Comparative intensity of A/E
John W. Newcomer. Clinical Considerations in Selecting and Using Atypical Antipsychotics. CNS Spectr. 2005; 8(Suppl 10):12-19
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticAtypical antipsychotics : Comparative frequency of A/E
Therapeutic Guidelines: Psychotropic. Version 5. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines ; 2003
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticAtypical antipsychotics : FDA warning of A/E
P. Buckley et al. Schizophrenia Host Vulnerability and Risk of Metabolic Disturbances During Treatment with Antipsychotics.. FOCUS 2008;6:172-179.
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticAtypical antipsychotics : Pharmacokinetics
S.A. Deshmukh, T.S. Bhat, N.P. et al : Paliperidone ER - A novel antipsychotic. The Internet Journal of Pharmacology. 2009 Volume 7 Number 1
Department of Psychiatry
AntipsychoticAtypical antipsychotics : metabolize by CYP450
1A2 = Fluvoxamine, Quinolone Verapamil 2D6 = Fluvoxamine, Fluoxetine Ritonavir, Buproprion 3A4 = Fluvoxamine Protease Inh.,Clarithromycin Paliperidone / Ziprasidone “ Less CYP interaction ”
Antipsychotics 1A2 2D6 3A4 Clozapine +++ ++ ++
Risperidone 0 +++ +
Olanzapine +++ 0 0
Quetiapine 0 + +++
Aripriprazole 0 ++ ++
Ziprasidone 0 0 0
Stephen M Stahl.. Antipsychotics. Pocket book, 2009, ISBN 1-4225-0046-2
.
Department of Psychiatry
Vulnerable groupAtypical antipsychotics : summary approved regimen
Full benefit 4 – 6 weeks Risperidone [8 mg/day] : 0.5 -1 mg bid 3 mg at 1st week Olanzapine [20 mg/day] : 2.5 – 5 mg hs 5 mg weekly
Quetiapine [ 600 -800 mg/day] : 25 mg bid 50 mg q 1-3 days Quetiapine XR (300mg) : 1 tab OD 2 tab OD Ziprasidone [ 80 – 160 mg/day]: 20 mg od/bid 20-40 mg weekly Aripriprazole [30 mg/day] : 15 mg 30 mg at end of 1st week *** Acute : OD / BID Maintenance : at steady state OD *** Sachs GS, Dupuy JM, Wittmann CW. The pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 May;72(5):704-15.
Department of Psychiatry
กลุ่มยาที่ใช้รักษาภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว แบบ maintenanceManic episode
- กลุ่ม mood stabilizer : Valproate, CBZ, Lithium - กลุ่ม Antipsychotics : Atypical vs. Typical Major depressive episode predominant - Lithium - SSRI + Antimanic - Lamotrigine - Quetiapine XR (150 – 300 mg)
Department of Psychiatry
กลุ่มยาที่ใช้รักษาภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว แบบ maintenanceMajor Depressive Episode Predominant
Lamotrigine (Lamictal®) - 100 – 400 mg/day divide to BID
Inducer : CBZ Phenytoin Phenobarbital Rifampicin Inhibitor :Valproate
Weeks 1,2 3,4 5 6 7 Final LTG + Enz. Inducer 12.5 25 50 100 100 100-200
LTG alone 25 50 100 200 200 200-400
LTG + Enz. Inhibitor 50 100 200 300 400 400-800
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 2. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Department of Psychiatry
กลุ่มยาที่ใช้รักษาภาวะอารมณ ์2 ขั้ว แบบ maintenanceMajor Depressive Episode Predominant
Lamotrigine (Lamictal®) Why slow titrate ? Answer = - 10% Non serious rash - 0.3% Serious rash (SJS/TEN) - adolescent, exceed dose limit, rapid escalation - Nausea , vomitting, fatigue
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 2. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Department of Psychiatry
Pharmacotherapy in acute manic episode
Main : Mood stabilizer or Antipsychotic
Rapid control symptoms: Add BZDs
Polypharmacy : CAUTIOUS !!!
- Adverse effect & CYP450 Interaction : Sedation & Fall ,SJS, Agranulocytosis - - Compliance : OD is best
“Psychoeducation” is a very powerful intervention
every medical personal could perform
Department of Psychiatry
References
Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 1. Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009.
Schatzberg AF. Manual of clinical psychopharmacology. Washington, D.C.;
Edinburgh: APPI ; Compass Academic [distributor]; 2010.
Schatzberg AF. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, 4th Edition .Washington D.C.:APPI ; Compass
Academic [distributor]; 2011
Stahl SM, Muntner N, Grady MM. Stahl's essential psychopharmacology. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press; 2008.