a comparison of driving characteristics and environmental characteristics

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ntelligent Transportation System A Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm omparison of ving Characteristics and Environmental Characteri ng Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algori : 지지지 지지지지지 지지 지지지 지지 지지지 지지 Virginia Tech 지지지 2012. 10. 26

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A Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithms. : 지능형 첨단차량을 위한 친환경 주행 모형의 개발. 2012. 10. 26. 정희진. Virginia Tech. Table of Contents. Introduction Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Conclusion and Further Study. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

A Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristicsusing Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithms: 지능형 첨단차량을 위한 친환경 주행 모형의 개발

Virginia Tech

정희진

2012. 10. 26

Page 2: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm2

Table of Contents

1. Introduction2. Study 13. Study 24. Study 35. Conclusion and Further Study

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm3

Introduction: 연구 배경

첨단 기술의 발달로 과거와 달리 운전자의 행동에 직접적으로 영향을 줄 수 있는 잠재적 가능성이 높아짐 .

Driving Assistance Systems충돌 예방 경보 시스템

지능형 첨단 차량Intelligent Vehicle

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm4

첨단 교통 시스템 분야에서 운전자의 행동과 자동차 제어 전략의 변화의 환경적 영향에 관심이 높음

Eco-driving assistance Systems경제적 환경적 주행 보조 시스템

Eco-driving 의 개념은 운전자의 주행 거동의 변화를 통해 연료소모를 최소하는 것임

Introduction: 연구 배경

Page 5: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm5

Eco-driving 기대 편익

소음 감소

대기 오염물질의 감축

온실가스 감축

운전기술의 강화

도로 안전의 강화

Environ-mental

Safety

운전자 및 탑승객 승차감 향상

주행 중 스트레스 감소

더욱 책임감 있는 주행

차량 유지 보수 비용 저감

사고 비용 감소

연료 소모량 감소 SocialFinan-cial

Introduction: 연구 배경

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm6

연료 소모량 배기가스배출량

엔진 온도차량 종류

구배

차량 무게

차량 연식유지 관리

노면 상태

주행 습관

Introduction: 연구 배경

Page 7: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

본 연구의 목표는 eco-driving 을 모형화를 위해 개별 운전자의 주행 특성과 환경 특성을 분석하여 이상적인 주행 형태를 찾는 것임

Introduction: 연구 배경

주요 연구 내용

이상적 주행행태 도출을 통한 Eco-driving 구현

동일 교통류 상의 개별 차량 간 배기가스 배출량과 연료소모량의 차이 분석Task 1

개별 운전자의 가감속도 차이에 따른 배기가스 배출량과 연료 소모량을 비교Task 2

운전자의 유형 차이에 따른 주행 및 환경 영향 특성을 비교Task 3

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm8

Introduction: 전체 연구 흐름도

Trajectory Data 분석 및 처리

Microscopic emissions model 을 이용한 연료소모량 및 배기가스 배출량 산정

Study 1: 배기가스 배출량 및 연료 소모량 비교

Study 2: aggressivity 기반의 운전자 분류와 운전자 그룹의 배기가스 및 연료소모량 비교

Study 3: 주행 특성 기반 분류와 환경 영향 기반 분류의 비교 및 상관성 연구

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Used NGSIM trajectory data sponsored by FHWA (Next Generation Simulation Program.

The data was collected every deci-second for 15 minutes, and then con-verted to trajectory data including 18 items.

The site where data was collected is a segment of I-80 including 6 main stream lanes of 1650 ft and 1 on-ramp of 140 ft.

The data was collected three times on April 13, 2005:

Periods Assumed traffic condition

# of observed Cars (motorcycle/auto/ trucks & buses)

Average speed (TMS/SMS)

4:00-4:15 PM Non-congested 2052 (14/1942/96) 22.19 /17.86 MPH

5:00-5:15 PM First congested 1836 (24/1742/70) 18.72 / 14.04 MPH

5:15-5:30 PM Second congested 1790 (17/1724/49) 17.40 / 12.40 MPH

NGSIM trajectory data

Introduction: Trajectory 데이터

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

NGSIM trajectory data

Introduction: Trajectory 데이터

7 digitalcameras

segment of I-80

각 차량의 궤적 데이터 구성

속도와 가속도 선행 및 후행차량인식

Time/distance headway 와 상대속도

18 개 항목으로 구성된 trajectory data 구축

영상 처리 알고리즘을 이용한 분석

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

VT-Micro for first and second studies

Microscopic Energy and Emissions Models

Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model(CMEM) for third study

e auLauLauLauLauLauLuaLuaLuaLuLuLuLaLaLaLLMOE33

1523

143

1332

1222

112

103

92

873

62

543

32

210

e auMauMauMauMauMauMuaMuaMuaMuMuMuMaMaMaMMMOE33

1523

143

1332

1222

112

103

92

873

62

543

32

210

For accelerating (equation1):

For braking (equation 2):

Introduction: 연료소모량 및 배기가스 배출량 산정

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

연구 흐름도

Study 1

Smoothing 속도 프로파일 데이터

VT-Micro Model 을 이용한 연료소모량 및 배기가스 배출량 산정

Percentile 분석

배기 가스 배출량 및 연료 소모량 비교

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

연료 소모량 및 배기가스 배출량 예측 VT-Micro model 사용

정체 정도에 따라 3 개의 데이터 셋 사용 . 예측은 다음과 같은 전제에서 수행됨

– 모든 차량은 같은 연식 같은 타입의 승용차로 구성– 각 차량의 차이는 속도 프로파일에 의해서만 정의됨

Study 1

Percentile 분석 예측된 연료 소모량 및 배기가스 배출량을 기준으로 순서대로 재 배열

순서대로 100 개의 percentile 로 균등 분배

각 percentile 내의 차량 중 가장 많은 연료를 소모했거나 가장 많은 특정 배기가스를 배출한 차량을 대표차량으로 선정

각 percentile 의 대표차량의 연료소모량 과 배기가스 배출량을 비교

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

검증 1: 비정체 상황에서

Percent of fuel consumption and emissions for different percentile of vehicles in non-congestion condition.

High emitters

Study 1

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

검증 2: 정체 상황에서

Study 1

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

결론

비정체 , 정체 모든 상황에서 약 15% 의 차량 percentile 에 해당하는 차량들이 다른 차량에 비해 최대 300% 의 많은 배기가스를 배출하였다 .

연료소량은 배기가스 배출량에 비해 차이는 적었으나 약 5% 의 차량 percentile 이 약 두배의 연료를 소모하였다 .

그러므로 , 동일 교통류에서 배기가스 배출량과 연료소모량이 많은 주행 특성을 가지는 차량이 존재한다 .

Study 1

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

연구 흐름도

Study 2

가속도 프로파일 데이터 처리

Phase 분석을 통한 target operating acceleration modeling

Target operating acceleration 을 이용한 운전자 분류

운전자 그룹별 배기가스 및 연료 소모량 비교

운전자 주행 특성 변화에 의한 배기가스 배출량 및 연료소모량 개선 효과 분석

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Concept of the Five Pro-cesses

0 o oo

o

o o

o

o o o o

o

o

o o o

o

o

o

o

o

Constant Speed(Zero Acceleration)

Accelerating

Recovery A

Braking Recovery B

o Acceleration DataProcess

Target operating Acceleration

Target operating Acceleration

Study 2

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Separating Processes Al-gorithm

Where, Acc is acceleration, and dAcc/dt is variation of acceleration

ProcessCondition 1

(value of acceleration)Condition 2

(variation of acceleration)

targetOperating

AccelerationAccelerating Positive Not Negative Highest valueBraking Negative Not positive Lowest valueRecovery A Positive Negative ZeroRecovery B Negative positive ZeroConstant Speed Zero - Zero

Study 2

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Phasing 된 가속도 프로파일 데이터와 target operating acceleration 의 예

Time versus acceleration diagram for an example recognized process and its target operating acceleration.

Study 2

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

분류 방법

Study 2

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

conditionsThe first time period The second time period The third time period

mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Acceleration 6.28 0.91 5.93 0.84 6.02 0.74

Brake -6.31 0.88 -5.92 0.78 -5.93 0.74

Mean and standard deviation of operating acceleration and brakeAverage Target Operating Acceleration and Brake

Study 2

avgiiaccel AAD , avgiibrake BBD ,

Where, Daccel,i and Dbrake, i are the differences in average operating accel-eration and brake of ith vehicle from the mean of average operating accelera-tion of all vehicles respectively. Ai and Bi are the average operating accelera-tion and brake of ith vehicle respectively, and Aavg and Bavg are the mean of average operating acceleration and brake of all vehicles under consideration.

Vari-ables

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Results of Classifi-cation

Study 2

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Traffic condition

The first time period

The second time period

The third time period

Total # of vehicles

Defensive 301 289 256 846Moderate 1448 1275 1291 4014

Aggressive 303 272 243 818

Total # of vehicles 2025 1836 1790 5678

Results of Classifi-cation

Study 2

Number of vehicles in each class

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Results of fuel consumption and emissions in each condition.Note: 1: number of vehicles, 2: Fuel Consumption 3: HC, 4: CO, and 5: Nox

the numbers on bar: rates in percentage

13.580

72.12

14.30

11.47

73.39

15.14

16.01

69.91

14.06

18.63

68.26

13.12

17.69

69.24

13.07

14.770

70.57

14.67

13.81

71.99

14.20

21.52

66.04

12.44

23.40

64.98

11.63

20.40

67.39

12.22

14.810

69.44

15.74

13.20

69.60

17.20

19.08

65.59

15.33

21.60

64.28

14.12

19.79

66.14

14.07

Evaluation of emissions and fuel con-sumption

Study 2

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Considered two alternative scenarios.

Alternative 1 All aggressive drivers changed their driving behaviors to moderate drivers

Alternative 2 All aggressive and moderate drivers changed their driving behaviors to de-

fensive drivers

Estimation of impact of driving behavior changes

Study 2

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Time period emissionsBase Alternative 1 Alternative 2

Total Total Changed % Total Changed %

The first time period

Fuel 136082ml 137797.1ml 1715.1ml 1.3% 131736.2 -4345.8ml -3.2%

HC 25866mg 23875.4mg -1990.6mg -7.7% 21953.7gm -3912.3mg -15.1%

CO 686980mg 619584mg -67396mg -9.8% 543909gm -143071mg -20.8%

NOx 56131mg 52589.3mg -3541.7mg -6.3% 46779.8mg -9351.2mg -16.7%

The secondTime period

Fuel 131991ml 134149ml 2158ml 1.6% 144298.2ml 12307.2ml 9.3%

HC 23639mg 22447.4mg -1191.6mg -5.0% 22961.5mg -677.5mg -2.9%

CO 601293mg 553803mg -47490mg -7.9% 539230.9mg -62062.1mg -10.3%

NOx 50028mg 47183.4mg -2844.6mg -5.7% 44629.1mg -5398.9mg -10.8%

The third time period

Fuel 141915ml 145243.1ml 3328.1ml 2.3% 150181.6ml 8266.6ml 5.8%

HC 23654mg 22972.4mg -681.6mg -2.9% 23267mg -387mg -1.6%

CO 587667mg 553774mg -33893mg -5.8% 538807mg -48860mg -8.3%

NOx 48731mg 46451.3mg -2279.7mg -4.7% 44563.6mg -4167.4mg -8.6%

Note: Alternative 1: Aggressive drivers change to moderate drivers, and Alternative 2: Aggres-sive and Moderate drivers change to defensive drivers.

Results of estima-tions

Study 2

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

alternative 1 에 비해 alternative 2 에서 개선 효과가 더 기대됨

비 정체상황에서 Alternative 1 의 경우 CO, HC, and NOx 각각 9.8%, 7.7%, and 6.3 % 감소하였음 .

비 정체상황에서 Alternative 2 의 경우 CO, HC, and NOx 각각 20.8%, 15.1%, and 16.7% 감소하였음 .

정체 상황에서 연료소모량과 분류된 운전자 그룹간의 상관관계는 발견되지 않았음 . 모든 교통 상황에서 배기가스 배출량과 운전자 그룹간의 상관관계가 발견되었음 .

Results of estima-tions

Study 2

차량의 속도특성이 연료 소모량의 주요인으로 추측됨 . 제안된 average target operating acceleration 은 배기가스 배출량의 차이의

주요인으로 간주될 수 있음 . 비정체 상황 보다는 정체상황에서 배기가스 배출량의 감소효과가 더 기대됨 . 운전자 교육 및 홍보를 통해 aggressive 운전자의 주행 습관을 변화시킨다면

배기가스의 유의미한 감소를 기대할 수 있음 .

Summary of Find-ings

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

연구 흐름도

Study 3

Driving data 구성

Factor Analysis

Cluster 수 결정

Driving Clustering

Mapping

Environmental data 구성

Factor Analysis

Cluster 수 결정

Environmental Clustering

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

variables min max median mean std skewness kurtosis N

avg. speed in ft/s 13.16 78.56 24.26 29.16 13.63 1.73 5.24 1940

std. speed in ft/s 2.12 23.88 7.81 8.03 2.54 0.76 5.13 1940

avg. target operating acceleration in ft/s^2 3.87 9.83 6.68 6.61 1.22 0.01 1.87 1940

std. target operating acceleration in ft/s^2 2.95 5.00 4.04 4.04 0.26 0.01 3.71 1940

avg. spacing in ft 26.51 1256.14 62.52 75.58 54.64 8.75 144.21 1940

std. spacing in ft 3.68 284.43 18.42 22.53 17.07 5.13 60.54 1940

avg. time headway in second 0.88 2077.58 3.39 105.47 262.41 3.86 19.94 1940

std. time headway in second 0.05 4055.40 1.35 507.12 828.09 1.89 6.13 1940

avg. relative speed in ft/s -17.82 24.72 0.08 0.12 2.02 1.45 34.22 1940

std. relative speed in ft/s 2.19 16.95 5.34 5.62 1.71 1.77 8.83 1940

5 Selected variables were converted to 10 variables from the trajectory data

Driving Data

Study 3

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Results of Factor Analysis of Driving Data

Factor analysis of Driving Data

Study 3

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

microscopic Factor

Mac

rosc

opic

fact

or

공간 기반 운전자 그룹(Spacing-based drivers group)

속도 기반 운전자 그룹(Speed-based drivers group)

Moderate group

Results of driving clus-tering

Study 3

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Definition of clus-ters

Study 3

상대적으로 큰 Microscopic factor 값을 가진 운전자 그룹 .

cluster 2 의 속도 기반 운전자 그룹

상대적으로 큰 Macroscopic factor 값을 가진 운전자 그룹 .

cluster 1 의 공간 기반 운전자 그룹

두 factor 값 모두 작은 값을 가진 운전자 그룹

cluster 3 의 Moderate 운전자 그룹

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

CMEM 을 이용하여 예측한 배기가스 배출량과 연료소모량

gram/mile min max median mean std skewness kurtosis N

Hydrocarbons (HC) 0.01 1.50 0.04 0.15 0.21 2.22 8.73 1940

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 0.19 179.21 1.85 16.18 24.59 2.18 8.66 1940

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) 0.15 1.22 0.32 0.36 0.13 1.83 7.86 1940

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 231.18 787.79 487.42 494.79 89.22 0.35 3.08 1940

Fuel consumption 78.60 311.50 161.20 164.14 30.47 0.58 3.81 1940

Descriptive statistics of variables as emissions and fuel consumption

Environmental Data

Study 3

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Factor analysis of Environmen-tal Data

Study 3

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Incomplete Combustion Factor

Fuel

Con

sum

ptio

n Fa

ctor

Moderate emitters group

High emitters group

Results of Environmental clustering

Study 3

Page 37: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Clustering clusters

Number of

VehiclesHC CO NOx CO2 Fuel

N % grams % grams % grams % grams % grams %

drivingclustering

Spacing-based 195 10.05 29.89 34.12 3394.24 35.75 32.17 15.39 25301.91 8.84 9689.15 10.20

Speed-based 294 15.15 8.21 9.37 850.38 8.96 32.99 15.79 52792.08 18.45 17071.44 17.97

moderate 1451 74.79 49.49 56.50 5249.33 55.29 143.81 68.82 208096.07 72.71 68250.52 71.83

Environmen-tal

clustering

high 538 27.73 56.96 65.03 6508.16 68.55 83.22 39.82 90808.00 31.73 31909.81 33.59

moderate 1402 72.27 30.62 34.97 2985.80 31.45 125.75 60.18 195382.07 68.27 63101.30 66.41

Entire vehicles 1940 100 87.58 100 9493.96 100 208.97 100 286190.07 100 95011.11 100

Comparative Analysis of Emissions and Energy

Study 3

Page 38: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Map-ping

Comparative analysis between (a) driving clustering and (b) environmental clustering on the incomplete combustion factor versus fuel consumption space.

Moderate driversSpeed based driversspacing based drivers

Spacing-based Drivers group

Speed-based Drivers group

Moderate drivers group

Study 3

Page 39: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

앞에서 제시한 전제에 근거해 약 75% 운전자들은 두 분류 방법에서 일치 되게 분류됨 .

공간 기반 운전자들은 적은 양의 배기가스를 배출하였으나 상대적으로 많은 양의 연료를 소모하는 High energy consumers’ group 으로 분류 될 수 있음 .

반면 , 속도 기반 운전자는 같은 연료 소모 성향을 가진 운전자들 중에 상대적으로 많은 배기가스를 배출하는 high emitters’ group 으로 분류할 수 있음 .

대부분의 moderate 운전자들은 그렇지 않은 운전자들에 비해 적은 배기가스 및 연료를 소모하는 성량이 있음 .

Summary of Find-ings

Study 3

Page 40: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

Significant factors for driving clustering and environmental clustering was found.

While the high error rate (25%), the relationship between driving clustering and environmental clustering is significant.

A potential to estimate emissions and fuel consumption based on driving clustering is found.

The moderate drivers’ group should be similar to the eco-drivers.

Changing driving behavior to moderate drivers is recommended.

Conclusion

Page 41: A Comparison of  Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics

Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

본 연구의 study 3 에서 돌출된 결론인 정체상황 하에서도 유효한지에 대한 추가 연구가 필요함 .

비선형 classification algorithm 을 사용하여 보다 정교하고 확고한 분류를 수행할 필요가 있음 .

운전자의 주행 특성을 보다 잘 반영할 수 있는 추가적인 변수의 개발이 필요함 .

Eco-driving 의 모형화 및 평가 모델의 개발이 필요함 .

운전자의 주행 환경을 반영한 eco-driving 모형의 개발이 필요함 .

Further Study

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Intelligent Transportation SystemA Comparison of Driving Characteristics and Environmental Characteristics using Factor Analysis and K-means Clustering Algorithm

감사합니다 .