a life shaped by the landscape

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34 Landscape Architecture China

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35Landscape Architecture China

摘要…从历史上看，在景观设计行业中女性并不多见，在拉丁美洲就更为有限了；但是我们为今天越来越多从事

景观设计的女性铺平了道路。针对这个标题，本文将集中讨论景观是如何塑造我的生活，使其充满激动人心的

机遇、责任和体验。我也将重点介绍我在这个新兴领域中的实践，以及作为国际景观设计师协会的前任主席的

经验，我将回答关于专业和实践现在将走向何方这一基本问题。

在21世纪中全世界许多国家，不同社会经济水平、教育和种族背景的女性，在环保运动中成为了勇往直前

的先驱。今天比起以往任何时候，是女性在领导着环保运动。

关键词…景观设计；女性；IFLA；全球

景观塑造的生活

玛莎·法加多 [国际景观设计师联盟（IFLA）前主席]

我的故土，及我如何在获得景观设计学位的过

程中发现了自我

当我在哥伦比亚还是一个小女孩时，我父

母的家和咖啡园就是我的世界。我在产咖啡的

地区出生，我一天天地观察着这片土地，也一

天天地长大，并且热爱着我所知道的关于土地

的一切。咖啡作物、竹林、青蛙、水蝇、鸟儿

都是我最好的朋友。

随着我逐渐长大，我的世界扩展到了波哥

大市，我去那里开始学习建筑。我并没有忘记

那片独特的故土，但对于我是谁，以及我与那

片土地之间关系的认识发生了改变。在我取得

学士学位后，我到欧洲攻读景观设计的硕士学

位。我变得成熟，并且学会了以一个景观设计

师的角度来看待景观和城市。我期望你们也有

相同的感受。我也期望你们找到属于自己的那

片独特的土地，期望你们发现周围的景观在随

着城市的增长、科技的变化和基础设施的发展

也在不断改变着。

我们的知识和对世界的认识扎根于那些对

于我们每个人来说意义非凡的地方。这些文化

景观有不同性质、特点、意义和关联，而且正

是这种多样性使得我们所居住的都市化之地成

为如此有活力的场所。

因为经济力量、重大事件和政治运动，场

所随时间而改变。我们有能力在特定的场地引

导和改善这些变化，并必须在区域和全球尺度

上制定计划来保留文化景观的价值，尤其是当

我们越来越关注可持续性和生活质量时。

我通过阿方索·莱瓦（Alfonso Leiva，哥

伦比亚景观设计师）的视角发现了景观设计，

他的视角展示了“设计创造可持续”的专业维

度。除此之外，我儿时生长的环境，那风景如

画的竹林，香气四溢、纹理清晰、丰富多彩的

土地也同样激发了我。

我一完成我的建筑学学士学位，就前往欧

洲谢菲尔德大学攻读景观设计硕士学位，师从

当时最负盛名的学者之一阿诺·韦德尔（Arno

Weddle）教授。他将他所影响的这个行业巧妙

地从相关行业中区分出来，通过跨越它们之间

“细微的技术局限”和“狭窄的领域边界”。

这正是景观规划的独特之处。在英国，阿诺·

韦德尔教授将我引荐给全球性的组织，并在

1979年邀请我以学生身份参加国际景观设计师

联盟（IFLA）的世界大会及其在剑桥景观协会

举办的50周年庆典。

国际景观设计师联盟（IFLA）1948年诞生

于英国剑桥，作为对于全球专业人士（不论种

族、宗教信仰和教育背景）联合的迫切回应，

协会的主要目标集中在规划、恢复和重建第二

次世界大战中被摧毁的城市和地区。景观设计

师开始在国际上关注于此要远早于其他行业和

环保机构。IFLA在保护具有重要意义的环境和

自然区域、恢复公共空间的大型项目、保护和

恢复历史公园和花园、保护世界遗产城市以及

景观策略方面，所做的工作是无价的。

在哥伦比亚，就像在大多数新兴国家中一

样，这个行业才刚刚起步。20世纪80年代完全

是无知和陌生的，这就是为什么我认为，识别

它最好的方法就是通过团结协作：组织协会，

依赖于其他国家，积极发起关乎行业利益的运

动，并加入像IFLA这样的国际组织。

我作为一个女人的职业生涯，以及如何克服困难

我一生都着迷于景观、多样性和人的一

切，它们从方方面面主导着我的事业和态度。

面临每一个挑战时，我都对社会持有强烈的责

任心并采取可持续的途径。多年以前，我重新

调整我的职业生涯策略，从以努力向上作为最

主要的目标转移到了对于动力和重大机遇的不

断追求，这同时支持了我职业和个人的成长，

因而我能获得长足的进步。我答应自己要回报

社会，要尽一切努力来激励那些想要拯救我们

所生活于其中的景观的人们。

这一进步使我获得了事业上的丰厚回报。

除此之外，我有一位优秀的丈夫，他是一名日

本景观设计师，还有我的儿子，他们在我所有

的事业中都给予了帮助。

幸运的是，我生长在一个小镇，有一个6个

姐妹的大家庭，幸福、自信并且和睦。直到我

念完英国的研究生课程回到波哥大时，我才愤

怒并惊奇地发现，同事、机构和大多数人对于

景观设计这个行业毫无所知，同时我也发现一

名女性设计师想要在一个建筑、规划、工程界

都被男性统治的国度中立足是多么困难。

当我与这种狭隘的想法作斗争时，我的乐

观精神、信心和能力帮助我克服了他人的抵制

态度。我践行了这一褒奖：“很有学识，很强

大，很成功，但也很开明”。

然后，我使他们认识到，作为女人，我们

是“管理房子、孩子、预算和环境”的专家，

因此，生态学和经济学的起源都是和女性有关

的（希腊语oikos（生态学）的意思即为“家”

或“生活之所”），并认可了女性在土地规

划、设计和管理领域的领导潜能！这似乎仍是

顺理成章的事情，因为女性所提出的很多东西

实际上都源于自然，或者说是自然界的馈赠，

也就是说，它们来源于土壤、树木、土地和资

源的管理。

由于在剑桥大学召开的IFLA大会上获得的

灵感，在1983年我们成立了哥伦比亚景观设计

师协会（SAP），协会还包括了另外6位专业

人士—所有建筑师都在各自不同的洲获得了

硕士学位。我再一次受到了韦德尔教授的深刻

影响，他拥有我们组织所代表的所有品质：教

育、道德、政治敏感性、专业才干、合作和我

们专业的学术本质。因此，我决定追随他们！

作为哥伦比亚景观设计师协会的第一任

主席，我于1984年9月出席了在匈牙利举行的

IFLA世界大会；正是在此次大会上，哥伦比亚

协会的成员资格获得了批准。在这30年中，我

们经历了一场宏大的战役，通过不同的焦点来

展现这门学科；从它与生态学和环境科学的关

系，到与设计相关的景观美学和文化层面的立

场。

2003年，我当选为IFLA主席—领导一个

聚集了超过68个国家的多元文化背景的专业协

会是一个很大的挑战。这种多元性表现在这些

群体身份的特殊性和多重性。在这个意义上，

我带着对这种多样性的尊重来工作，但是在理

解经济变化和现代技术之前，更多的是需要推

广观念的革新。

无需惊讶，当IFLA于1948年创建时，我们

正在进入一个与之前截然不同的新世界。它是

一个由全球化、技术、科学知识和网络空间所

塑造的世界，在这里我们可以不再依赖于过去

的方法和途径，每一代成员都需要以新的方式

推动组织前进，并在前任领导者们辛勤耕耘的

基础上继续奋发图强。这就是为什么成员们批

准了《2003~2006年IFLA战略计划》；这是一

项对于该组织的明智的思考，包括它的抱负、

使命和行动。

女性的身份给了我莫大的帮助。大门开

敞，讨论也更加亲切，并且对于我们来说更有

利地利用直觉，更加注重细节而不忽视细节，

这一点将变得非常重要，尤其是当你分析一个

需要及时果断决定的问题时。

作为一个领导者，我在协会代表和执行

部门中建立了的灵活机变和突破常规的积极态

度。灵活机变指的是，通过学习跨越边界，

探索新的领域，从而产生态度的转变。突破

常规指的是温故而知新，创立新范例或创新的

纲要。领导的目的是从根本上安排、组织和执

行，以及说明如何做、与谁做。

显然，作为一个领导者，团队的成功就是

自己的成功。我坚定不移地信任团队精神。在

通往领导的路上，我们会遇到困难和障碍，要

克服它需要创造力、协同作用和决心。此外，

灵活的能力，愿意打破计划，对于新的可能性

始终开明，使我们能够达成共识并取得成功。

在这些领导岗位上时，我花费在我的私人事务

所GroupVerde有限公司上的时间很少，我所有

的精力都献给了IFLA。

景观的权利和IFLA的全球景观公约—我的新

挑战

在过去10年中，“景观”这一术语已经变

得非常受欢迎。在各方面的研究中，无论是政

策还是旅游，人们都在谈论文化景观、自然景

观或是普通的景观。《欧洲景观公约》强调了

景观对社会和全人类的重要性。它给景观下了

一个简单而全面的定义，并且寻求景观的合理

和可持续的发展。它要求所有景观根据自己的

具体需要和情况而合理发展。

《欧洲景观公约》的通过引起了大多数

欧洲国家对他们的景观认识、立法、规划和管

理的悄然转变。它也被非欧洲国家视为一个榜

样，尤其是在南美洲。该条约引发了对于与景

观相关的规划实践的重新审视，并强调了教育

和提供专业人才的需要，来处理城市、区域、

国家和国际尺度的景观问题。

2005年6月我应邀出席了在爱尔兰举行的

实施《欧洲景观公约》第三次研讨会。在科克

市的此次会议给予了我很大的启发。之后我职

业生涯中所做的所有精彩发言都与那一天联系

在一起……一个关于景观将成为我们政策的一

部分，以动态的、与时俱进的方式来保存、保

护和管理景观的梦想。

对于景观的日益关注也扩展到其他领域和

组织中。IFLA正致力于全球景观公约的设想。

该项目于2006年在明尼阿波利斯世界理事会已

大体获得同意，并于2009年10月已在里约热内

卢的世界大会上获批。当然采取国际化进程也

有麻烦，因为难以对于本土景观概念的诠释予

以充分尊重。然而，如果对地方和全球尺度的

关注都同时成为可能的话，这一条约将会使关

于景观的讨论提高到超出欧洲理事会而上升到

1 2 3

1. EFLA主席特丽萨•安德森，拉德米拉•菲格罗娃，国际城市与

区域规划师学会阿方索•维格拉，IFLA前主席玛莎•法加多 © Martha Fajardo

2. 哈佛大学的卡尔•斯坦尼兹、阿兰查•穆尼奥斯、马格洛•妮德-彦本与玛莎•法加多 © Martha Fajardo

3. 签署中国风景园林学会加入IFLA，詹姆斯•海特、周干峙、玛

莎•法加多 © Martha Fajardo1. Teresa Andersen EFLA president，Radmila Figerova IFLA

SG，Alfonso Vegra ISOCARP，President Martha Fajardo IFLA president © Martha Fajardo

2. Harvard University Carl Steinitz, Arancha Muñoz, Maguelone Déjeant-Pons and Martha Fajardo © Martha Fajardo

3. Signing CHSLA membership James Hayter, Zhou Ganzhi, Martha Fajardo © Martha Fajardo

专题文章


TOPIC ARTICLE


全球的层次。

这些城市改造和对景观多样性的公众关注

首先为《哥伦比亚景观宪章》的实施创造了基

础。宪章强调有必要在法律上认识景观；我们

正在努力将景观条例法律化。我们拥有前所未

有的机会，在全国范围内来为高标准的景观保

护、管理和规划奠定基础。

我们受到公约的启示，物质环境本身并

不能单独存在。许多欧洲人对他们的景观热情

关心，并为其独特性和多样性而骄傲。城市、

城镇、村庄和景观是其社会、政治、经济和环

境方面的反映，因此，任何的改善都是人民福

祉的一部分。这些城市、城镇和乡村必须有效

和可持续地利用土地和其他资源；必须是安

全的和可步行、骑自行车、坐汽车和用公共交

通方式到达的；在不同的发展阶段都有明确的

边界；有不同用途和社会多样性；有街道和公

园，尊重当地的历史、景观和地理的空间；并

有多样性使得社会、功能和设计能够演变。

这是我关于《欧洲景观公约》的理想。那

时，只有到那时，我们作为景观设计师的自豪

感将与我们对这个世界的贡献的品质相匹配。

回到私人事业：维护和促进地方或区域特征

在这些令人惊讶的“全球性理解”之后

再回到我的私人事业，事实上它给了我很多经

验，以维护和促进地方和区域的特征。

Grupo Verde l tda是一家于1984年在哥

伦比亚成立的小公司。该公司是本国的先锋之

一，它提供设计并对项目从概念到完成设计再

到建设施工都予以指导。我们是一个跨学科的

专业团体：规划师、建筑师、城市设计师、工

程师在景观设计师的领导下团结协作。我们的

工作是关于自然资源管理、关于安全、关于

欢乐、关于现在和未来、关于连接起自然和文

化、关于连接起景观实践和景观政策、关于左

右景观朝着可持续的方向转变。

我的生活充满了成功的经验……我想是因

为我的梦想、憧憬与激情：

·梦想曾让我们探索天空般无边的可能性；

·憧憬曾使我们体验项目成为现实的狂喜；

·激情见证我们的目标实现。

尽管哥伦比亚继续经历着严重的经济危

机和困难，其城市的空间、社会、政治和经济

结构发生了重大变化。但危机本身就意味着机

会，可以说明我们的职业如何提供一种与众不

同的介入城市的方式，通过优化、多样化、人

性化城市空间和再生城市空间，而不消耗不必

要的资源、资金而且不产生不必要的浪费。这

种干预措施可播下再生的种子，并使市民积极

地融入城市空间中。

地球的人口正越来越沉迷于城市—尽管

它有众多不便，私人空间也在不断缩小。哥伦

比亚78％的人居住在城市中。没有人否认这个

城市过度的复杂性和它的吸引力。但是，我们

必须从质朴性和宜居性来看待城市，而不是从

视觉壮观的角度。城市是最令人着迷的工作，

它们有很多问题，而且它们是其未来的发展潜

力的一部分。通过如人行道、桥梁等基础设施

连接起社区、公园、广场、学校、城市绿色森

林、屋顶花园，我们所创造的环境极大地影响

了我们的日常生活。

正是全球生态和环境危机，使我们有机

会重新解释和理解景观的新含义，重新定义专

业和实践，为景观的未来和我们土地的未来谋

划新的理想和工具。使城市成为更适合人民

生活的环境。未来10年的重点将是学科之间

的整合；使时间和地点的尺度与使用者、研究

人员和决策者相匹配，以加强交流和理解。在

关于景观的权利的会议中，世界城市论坛探讨

了景观新的含义。这包括了健康景观的权利，

儿童的游戏与自然重新联系的权利，以及战争

所带来的问题，外来主导文化的价值观强加在

景观上的问题等。这就是为什么通过实践，我

们拥有巨大的机会来有所作为，创造可负担的

景观、幸福的景观，在这其中最重要的资源是

人，所以我们是为人类的快乐与幸福而创造。

（许婵译，涂先明校）

4

4. 屋顶花园项目 © Grupo Verde ltda4. A roof-garden © Grupo Verde ltda

A Life Shaped by the Landscape

Martha FAJARDO [Former President of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA)]

Abstract… Historically, women in landscape architecture were few and far between, and even more limited in Latin America; however we helped pave the way for a growing number of women practicing landscape architecture today. To address this title, this paper will focus on how my life has been shaped by the Landscape with an exciting existence full of opportunities, responsibilities and experiences. I will also highlight my practice from an emergent world, however with the international experience as IFLA Former President will reply basic questions of where the profession and practice is headed today.The 21 century in many countries around the world, women from every economic level of society, education and ethnic background, have been courageous pioneers in the environmental movement. Today, more than ever, women lead the environmental movement.

Key words… Landscape Architecture; Female; IFLA; Global

My land and how I did find myself pursuing a degree in landscape architectureWhen I was a little girl in Colombia my parents’ home

and coffee garden was my world. I was born in the

coffee region, I grew to discover it day by day, and

to love what I learnt about it. Coffee crops, bamboo

forest, frogs, water-flies, birds were among my best

friends.

As I grew older my world expanded into the city of

Bogotá where I moved to study Architecture. I did not

forget my special place but my understanding of who

I was and my relationship with that place changed.

After I finished my bachelor I moved to Europe to do

my master degree on Landscape Design. I matured

and learned to appreciate landscapes and cities as

a landscape architect. I expect it was the same for

you. I also expect that you found your special places

and your landscapes changing around you too as

cities grew, technologies changed and infrastructure

developed.

Our knowledge and understanding of the world is

founded in places that are meaningful to each one

of us. These cultural landscapes differ in character,

features, meaning and association and it is that

diversity which helps to make the urbanized places we

dwell in such vibrant places.

Places change over time, from economic forces,

cataclysmic events, and political movements. Our

ability to guide and enhance that change at site

specific, regional and global scales must be planned for

retention of cultural landscape values while we address

growing concerns of sustainability and quality of life.

I discovered landscape architecture through the eyes

of Alfonso Leiva (Colombian landscape architect)

which displayed the profession dimension “sustainable

by design”. In addiction I was a child inspired by the

environment in which I was born; landscape bamboo

forest, land of aromas, textures, and great diversity.

Once I had finished my degree in architecture I moved

to Europe to apply to the University of Sheffield for a

Master’s of Landscape Design, directed in those days

by one of the most prestigious academics Professor

Arno Weddle. He wrote deeply of an activity he

influenced as distinguished from related professions

by looking beyond their 'closely drawn technical limits'

and 'narrowly drawn territorial boundaries'. This is

a distinguishing feature of landscape planning. In

England Prof. Weddle also introduces me to the global

organization when in 1979 invited me as a student

to attend the International Federation of Landscape

Architects (IFLA) World Congress and the Golden

Jubilee celebration of the Landscape Institute in

Cambridge.

The International Federation of Landscape Architects

was born in Cambridge, England in 1948, as an

urgent professional response for the unification of

world professionals (independent of race, creed, and

education), whose primary objective concentrated on

the planning, restoration, and reconstruction of cities

and regions destroyed by World War II. Landscape

Architects began to emerge at the international level

long before other professions and environmental

agencies initiated this. The influence of IFLA on the

preservation of the environment and natural areas

of great significance, in large projects of recovery of

public space, in the conservation and restoration of

historical parks and gardens, in the conservation of

World Heritage cities, and on strategic landscapes, has

been invaluable.

In Colombia, like in the majority of emerging countries,

the profession is incipient. In the 1980s there was

complete ignorance and unfamiliarity, which is why

I thought that the best way to recognize it, was

through synergies: form the association, lean on other

countries, initiate aggressive campaigns about the

benefits of the profession, and join the international

organization IFLA.

My professional career as a woman, and how to overcome obstaclesFascinated my entire life with everything about the

landscape, diversity, and people has pursued all

aspects of my profession and my attitude. Underlying

every challenge I undertake a tenacious commitment

to social responsibility and sustainable approaches.

Quite many years ago, I refocused my career strategy,

shifting from upward mobility as the primary goal

toward a continuous search for motivating and

significant opportunities, which support both my

professional and personal growth in settings where I

could make a significant approach. I promise myself

to give back to society and make all effort to be

inspirational for people who want to save the landscape

on which we live.

This advance resulted in an extraordinary rewarding

career. In addition to a most rewarding career, I have

a wonderful husband who is a Japanese landscape

architect and a son, who have helped me in all my

undertakings.

Fortunately, I grew up in a small town but large

household of six sisters based on happiness, self

confidence and performance. It was not until when I

come back from my postgraduate studies in England

to Bogotá that I discovered, with irritation and surprise

the ignorance from colleagues, institutions and a

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diversity. Cities, towns, villages and the landscape

are a reflection of their social, political, economic

and environmental context, consequently that any

improvement should be part of the well-being of

the people. That cities, towns and villages must

make efficient and sustainable use of land and other

resources; be safe and accessible by foot, bicycle, car

and public transport; have clearly defined boundaries

at all stages of development; have mixed uses and

social diversity; have streets and parks, spaces that

respects local history, the landscape and geography;

and have a variety that allows for the evolution of

society, function and design.

This is the vision that I l ink with the European Landscape Convention. Then, and only then, the pride

we feel as landscape architects will be matched by

quality of our contributions to this world.

Back to the private practice: to defend and promote local or regional identitiesComing back to my private practice after these

amazing “global understanding” has given me a lot

of experience to defend and promote the local and

regional identities.

Grupo Verde ltda a small firm established in Colombia

in 1984. The firm is one of the pioneers in the country,

which produces designs and directs projects from

concepts to its completion and construction. We are

a group of interdisciplinary professions: planners,

architects, urban designers, engineers under the

leadership of the Landscape Architects. Our work is

about the management of natural resources, it is about

safety, it is about cheerfulness, it is about now and

tomorrow, it is about connecting nature and culture,

it is about connecting practice and landscape policy,

and it is about influencing landscape change towards

sustainability.

All my life is full of successful experiences…I guess

because of my dream, vision and passion:

·a dream which once makes us explores the

possibilities as boundless as the sky;

·a vision which once allows us to experience the

climax of making the projects a reality;

·passion in achieving our goals.

Despite the deep economic crisis and difficulties

that Colombia continues to experience, the spatial,

social, political, and economic structure of its cities

have undergone important changes. The crisis on the

contrary has been an opportunity, to demonstrate

how our practice is evidencing a different way of

intervention of the cities; by optimizing, diversifying,

humanizing, and regenerating urban space, without

consuming unnecessary amounts of resources, money

and generating unnecessary waste. Interventions that

can sow the seeds of regeneration and actively involve

the citizens in the urban space.

The population of the planet is increasingly addicted

to cities-despite all its inconveniences and shrinking

personal space. 78% of the Colombian people live in

cities. Nobody denies the city's overflowing complexity

and its attractions. However, we must approach the

city from the point of view of its qualitative simplicity

and its livability, rather than its propensity for the

spectacular. Cities are the most fascinating task, they

have many problems, but also they are part of the

potential for its future. Through the infrastructures

like sidewalks, bridges connecting communities, parks,

plazas, schools, urban green forest, roof-gardens, the

surrounds we create affect tremendously our daily life.

It is the global ecological and environmental crisis

that gives us the opportunity to reinterpret and

understand the new meaning of the landscape, to

redefine professions and practices, to develop a new

vision and new tools for its future, and for the future

of our territory; to make the cities a better place for

the people to live in. Priorities for the next decade will

be integration between disciplines; matching of scales

in time and place with users, researchers and decision

makers to enhance interaction and understanding. A

conference on the Right to Landscape, the world urban

forum explores newer meanings of landscape. This

include rights to a healthy landscape and children’s

right to play and reconnecting with nature, and issues

arising from wars and the imposition of another

dominant culture’s values on a landscape. This is why

through our praxis we have a huge opportunity to

make a difference…creating affordable landscapes,

landscape of happiness, where the most important

resource is people, therefore we build for the happiness

and wellbeing of people.

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5. 玛莎•法加多

6. 玛莎•法加多的故乡 © Martha Fajardo7. 印度卡塔赫纳景观总体规划，反映出景观的权利，2009 © Grupo Verde ltda5. Martha Fajardo 6. Martha Fajardo land pictures © Martha Fajardo7. Cartagena de Indias Landscape Master plan, the right to

landscape project, 2009 © Grupo Verde ltda

good number of people about landscape architecture

profession and, additionally the difficulty with a woman

architect in a country were architecture, planning,

engineering were the domain of a man.

By the time I deal such narrow thinking, my happy

spirit and sense of confidence and competency helped

to counteract the mindedness of others. I did follow a

testimonial: “too educated, too strong, too successful,

but too open-minded”.

Then, making them to recognize that as woman we are

expert to “keep the house, the children, the budget,

the surroundings”, therefore ecology and economics

share a common woman root (The Greek word oikos

meaning “home” or “a place to live”), and also ratify

the potential leadership of women in the territorial

planning, design and management! It seemed quite

logical because many of the things that the women

were mentioning were actually things that come out or

are gifts of nature, so to say, they come out of the soil,

the trees, the land, and the resources administration.

With the inspiration obtained from IFLA in the Congress

of Cambridge, in 1983 we formed the Colombian

Society of Landscape Architects (SAP) with 6 other

professionals – all architects with Master’s obtained

on different continents. Once more, I was very much

influenced by Professor Weddle who embraced all

values which our organizations should represent:

Education, ethics, political sensitivity, professional

excellence, collaboration and the collegiate nature of

our profession. Therefore I decided to follow them!

As its first president in September 1984 I attend the

IFLA World Congress in Hungary; were the membership

of the Colombian association was approved. During

three decades it has been an enormous fight presenting

this discipline through distinct focuses; from its

relation with ecology and environmental sciences,

passing through postures connected to design with the

aesthetic and culture dimensions of the landscape.

In 2003, I was elected IFLA President - to lead an

organization that grouped professional associations

of the diverse cultures of more than 68 countries

was a large challenge. This diversity manifested itself

in the singularity and plurality of the identities that

characterized these groups. In that sense, I worked

for the respect of this diversity; but understanding

that before the economic changes and modern

technologies, vast perspectives for innovation needed

to be promoted.

Not surprisingly, we were moving into a very different

world from the one that existed when IFLA was

created in 1948. It was a world shaped by globalism,

technology, scientific knowledge and cyberspace,

where we can no longer rely on our old tools and

approaches, every generation needs to advance the

organization in new ways and build upon the hard

work of those that were in leadership positions before

us. This is why the members approved the 2003-2006 IFLA Strategic Plan; a conscious reconsideration of the

organization, its vision, mission and actions.

Being a woman helped me incredibly. The doors

open, discussions are more cordial, and also it is more

favorable for us to use intuition, work with greater

attention to detail and not neglect details, which can

become very important when you analyze a problem

and it requires assertive and timely decisions.

As a leader, I developed in the delegates of the

associations and in the executive board a positive

attitude of change and of breaking from plans. The

changes refer to people learning to cross borders

by exploring new territories, generating changes of

attitude in people. The breaking from plans refers

to assimilating from the ‘known’ to new paradigms,

or a new and innovative outline. The objectives of

that leadership were fundamentally to program,

organize, and execute, indicating how to do it, and

with whom.

It is clear for a leader that the success of his team is

his own success. I blindly believe in teamwork. On the

path towards leadership we will encounter difficulties

and obstacles, but in order to overcome them it

requires creativity, synergy, and determination. In

addition, the capacity to be flexible, willing to break

plans, and be open to new possibilities that allow us to

reach consensus and success. During those leadership

positions while I took very little time for my private

business Group Verde Ltda., all of my energy was

dedicated to IFLA.

The Right to landscape and the IFLA Global Landscape Convention my new challenge In the last decade the term "landscape" has become

very popular. At all levels of research, policy or

tourism people talk about cultural landscapes, natural

landscapes or just common landscape. The European Landscape Convention stresses the importance of

landscape for society and all human beings. It offers

a simple and holistic definition of the term landscape.

And it seeks a sensible and sustainable development

for the landscape. It seeks a sensible development of

all landscapes according to their specific needs and

situation.

Adoption of the European Landscape Convention

is causing a quiet evolution in how most European

nations view, legislate, plan and manage their

landscapes. It is also being seen as a model for non-

European countries, especially in South America.

The treaty is cause of re-examination of planning

practices relating to the landscape, and has focused

attention on the need for the education and provision

of professionals to deal with landscape issues at urban,

regional, national and international scale.

In June 2005 I was invited to attend the third meeting

of the workshops for the implementation of the

European Landscape Convention, in Ireland. The Cork

meeting was an inspiration. All the grand statements

made after the course of my career are now linked

to that concrete date …a dream that Landscape

will become part of our policies for its conservation,

protect ion and management in a dynamic and

contemporary approach.

This growing concern on the landscape has taking

place on other latitudes and other organizations. IFLA

is being working on the idea of a global landscape

convention. The project approved in principle in 2006

in the world council in Minneapolis, has been ratified

by the world council in Rio Janerio October 2009. Of

course there are troubles in taking an international

approach, without respecting the local interpretation of

the idea of landscape. However if the local and global

are both possible then this treaty will raise the profile

of discussions about landscape beyond the European

Council level to the global.

These urban transformations and the public concern

on the landscape diversity are creating the bases to

implement as first step the Colombian Landscape Charter. The charter highlights the need to recognize

landscape in law; we are working to bring landscape

into its legal ordinances. We had an unprecedented

opportunity to set the foundations for higher standards

of landscape protection, management and planning

nationally.

From the convention we have being inspired that

physical improvement cannot stand alone. Many

Europeans care passionately about their landscapes

and take pride in their distinctive character and

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a life shaped by the landscape

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