a parcialidade na midia esportiva: uma análise sobre o programa jogo aberto da tv bandeirantes, que...

8/7/2019 A PARCIALIDADE NA MIDIA ESPORTIVA: uma análise sobre o Programa Jogo Aberto da TV Bandeirantes, que possivel…

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4

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Co hco jf 84;:, o phvlkwzh Gdhylfw Bvllfy jfwfbihygov co Iyhwkl, jfpokw jf }khahy

pflh Fvyoph, f zyovtf jh Kcnlhzfyyh vbh iolh# Chxvflh ëpogh ckcnvëb kbhnkch}hxvf fwzf oiafzo fb moybh jf gkygvcmfyácgkh wf zoychwwf h pykcgkphl pfywochnfb jo

fwpoyzf bhkw popvlhy jo bvcjo# H co}h bojhlkjhjf fwpoyzk}h gdfnov f ghzk}ov

pykbfkyhbfczf h flkzf fgocúbkgh, bhw lono ghkv co nowzo jhw ovzyhw glhwwfw wogkhkw#

Poyëb, o mvzfiol w÷ wf zoycov vbh pyèzkgh jf zojow h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 70, avczo

gob h popvlhykqhîço jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço co Iyhwkl#

O mvzfiol phwwov h wfy }kwzo co phâw gobo hlno bhkw jo xvf vb fwpoyzf, bhw gobo

vb lhqfy phyh nyhcjf phyzf jh wogkfjhjf iyhwklfkyh ‗ zhczo co wfczkjo jh wvh pyèzkgh

jfwpyfzfcwkowh xvhczo co hgobphcdhbfczo jow aonow jow glvifw jf pyfjklfîço,

wfah cow fwzèjkow, pflo yèjko ov pflh zflf}kwço# Gob kwwo, zhbiëb o aoychlkwbo

fwpoyzk}o phwwov h mhqfy phyzf jh }kjh jf }èykhw pfwwohw#

O mvzfiol ë bhkw jo xvf vb fwpoyzf co Iyhwkl# Ogvph fwphîow kbfcwvyè}fkw ch}kjh jf zojow# Bfwbo hxvflfw xvf cço nowzhb jflf cço fwzço kbvcfw# Omvzfiol cço wf yfwzykcnf how fwzèjkow# H iolh pfcfzyh cow loghkw bhkw jk}fywowpfybhcfczfbfczf# Cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, ch yvh, co ihy, fb ghwh, ch jo

}kqkcdo, dè vbh phyzkjh jf hlnvbh moybh# $YHBOW, 8;4:# p#88+#

Zfcjo o fwpoyzf gobo vb fwpfzègvlo, fb }kyzvjf zhbiëb jh wvh plhwzkgkjhjf, jow

hlzow }hloyfw fc}ol}kjow, jow aonhjoyfw zyhcwmoybhjow fb gflfiykjhjfw, bvkzow

bfkow jf gobvckghîço mkqfyhb jflf o ghyyo gdfmf jh wvh pyonyhbhîço#

Pykcgkphlbfczf h zflf}kwço, gob o wfv ghyèzfy hvjko}kwvhl, kc}fwzf bvkzo ch

goifyzvyh jow aonow f jow f}fczow goyyflhzow# Wço }èykow ow pyonyhbhw fwpoyzk}ow

gob goifyzvyhw jow glvifw jf bhkoy jfwzhxvf chw gobpfzkîöfw, zhczo fb câ}fl loghl

gobo chgkochl#

Fwzf zyhihldo boconyèmkgo hpyfwfczh vb fwzvjo woiyf h phygkhlkjhjf ch bâjkh

fwpoyzk}h# Jvyhczf h yfzh mkchl jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo jf 900;, zkbfw xvf cço

fyhb jh gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo jkwpvzh}hb, fb powkîöfw pyk}klfnkhjhw, o zâzvlo

chgkochl# Co fczhczo, bfwbo gob o gfcèyko fwpoyzk}o mh}oyè}fl how glvifw jf ovzyhw

gkjhjfw, o pyonyhbh fwpoyzk}o Aono Hifyzo, jh Z] Ihcjfkyhczfw, xvf ë }fkgvlhjo fb

câ}fl chgkochl, jh}h câzkjh pyfmfyácgkh à }fkgvlhîço jf cozâgkhw jow glvifw jh ghpkzhl

phvlkwzh#



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O fwzvjo hxvk pyopowzo, jk}kjkjo fb zyáw ghpâzvlow, zfb o kczvkzo jf hioyjhy ow mhzow

cozkgkhjow cfwwf pyonyhbh fwpoyzk}o, gobphyhcjo h }fkgvlhîço jf bhzëykhw jf

fxvkpfw jh gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo gob h jf ovzyow glvifw jf ovzyow fwzhjow, xvf wf

jfwzhgh}hb chxvflh fjkîço jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo jf Mvzfiol#

Co pykbfkyo ghpâzvlo, zfbow vb iyf}f yflhzo jh dkwz÷ykh jo mvzfiol co Iyhwkl#

Hioyjhyfbow o kcâgko jo co}o fwpoyzf co phâw f o wfv jfwfc}ol}kbfczo# H

jkwgykbkchîço yhgkhl, o hbhjoykwbo f h polábkgh pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jh bojhlkjhjf#

Zyhzhyfbow zhbiëb xvhl mok ghbkcdo zyhîhjo pflo mvzfiol, gobo mvcgkoch

hzvhlbfczf, gobo gobfîhyhb ow pykcgkphkw ghbpfochzow f xvhkw wço ow hzvhkw#

Hioyjhbow zhbiëb h oyknfb jhw fxvkpfw jo fkto Yko‗Wço Phvlo 2 gocwkjfyhjhwpoy bvkzow gobo hw pykcgkphkw fxvkpfw iyhwklfkyhw ‗ f hlnvbhw fxvkpfw moyh jfwwf

fkto, fwpfgkmkghbfczf, jf Bkchw Nfyhkw f Yko Nyhcjf jo Wvl#

Co wfnvcjo ghpâzvlo h jkwgvwwço ë woiyf o aoychlkwbo, gob jfwzhxvf phyh ow

pykcgkphkw kcwzyvbfczow vwhjow ch pyojvîço jf kcmoybhîöfw# ]hbow mhlhy jow

gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf f o xvf ë kczfyfwwhczf f wknckmkghzk}o phyh ow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço hioyjhyfb# H dkwz÷ykh jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o zhbiëb wfyè jfwzhghjh1gobo wvynkv, wfv jfwfc}ol}kbfczo, gyfwgkbfczo, ow pyfgocgfkzow fcmyfczhjow f wvhw

jkmkgvljhjfw# Hkcjh o zflfaoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o ë hioyjhjo, jfwjf h wvh

popvlhykqhîço hzë h hzvhlkjhjf, gob h}hcîow f pfxvfcow jfzhldfw xvf kbpfjfb h

Z] jf gdfnhy h pfymfkîço, wfnvcjo Aoynf Lvkq jf Ghy}hldo ]fyâwwkbo $9004+# O

hlghcgf xvf h bâjkh pojf zfy, h gdfnhjh jh kczfycfz, hw jk}fywhw bojhlkjhjfw jf

pyonyhbhw fwpoyzk}ow, hw xvfwzöfw gobfygkhkw f gobo ë mfkzh h goifyzvyh fwpoyzk}h

zhbiëb wfyço gocwkjfyhjow#

Co zfygfkyo f ñlzkbo ghpâzvlo, wfyè mfkzo vb yflhzo jow wfnvcjow ilogow jf gkcgo

fjkîöfw jo pyonyhbh fwgoldkjo, gob o oiafzk}o jf hchlkwhy hw yfpoyzhnfcw ftkikjhw#

Wfyço oiwfy}hjow ow zfbpow jf ghjh bhzëykh, ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf f o

zyhzhbfczo jhjo h ghjh vbh# O cowwo kczvkzo ë gocmkybhy ov cço h dkp÷zfwf

bfcgkochjh1 h goifyzvyh xvf o pyonyhbh Aono Hifyzo mhq jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo ë

phygkhl, pyk}klfnkhcjo ow zkbfw jo fkto Yko"Wço Phvlo?



80

8 O MVZFIOL

8#8 Mvzfiol f kjfczkjhjf gvlzvyhl

Jfwjf h gykhîço jo mvzfiol ch Kcnlhzfyyh, co mkchl jo wëgvlo TKT, o Iyhwkl zfb wf

jfwzhghjo cfwwh bojhlkjhjf fwpoyzk}h co gfcèyko bvcjkhl# Dflhk $8;;>+ jfwzhgh

xvf o co}o fwpoyzf gobfîh h nhcdhy popvlhykjhjf fb 84=7# Chxvflf bfwbo hco,

fb vbh phâw gocwkjfyhjo pozácgkh bvcjkhl, mok gykhjh h Hwwogkhîço jo Mvzfiol#

Hczfw jh ftphcwço jo mvzfiol, wfvw pyhzkghczfw fyhb ao}fcw jhw glhwwfw

pyk}klfnkhjhw fgocobkghbfczf#

Fb 84;:, Gdhylfw Bvllfy yfzoychyh jh Kcnlhzfyyh gob jvhw iolhw ch ihnhnfb f gob

kwwo yfhlkqov ow pykbfkyow aonow# H pykbfkyh phyzkjh omkgkhl hgoczfgfv fb 8;00, co jkh

8; jf avldo, co Fwzhjo jo Yko Nyhcjf jo Wvl# O aono xvf fyh pyhzkghjo gob ocqf

aonhjoyfw fb ghjh fxvkpf, nyhjhzk}hbfczf nhcdov popvlhykjhjf f bhkw hjfpzow#

Myhcqkck $8;;4+ jfwzhgh xvf h jëghjh jf 70 mok jfgkwk}h phyh h bhwwkmkghîço jo

mvzfiol co Iyhwkl# H polábkgh fc}ol}fcjo h powwkiklkjhjf jf zyhcwmoybhy h pyèzkgh jo

mvzfiol fb zyhihldo yfbvcfyhjo f yfnvlhbfczhjo nhcdov pyopoyîço chgkochl#

Jfwjf fczço, zhbiëb ow bfcow mh}oyfgkjow wogkhlbfczf wf hpyotkbhyhb jo co}o

fwpoyzf, xvf cço ë }kwzo bhkw gobo vbh bfyh opîço jf lhqfy, bhw ch ivwgh jf

vbh bfldoy gologhîço w÷gko"fgocúbkgh# Hwwkb o mvzfiol wf ftphcjf hkcjh bhkw,

goczhcjo gob pyhzkghczfw jf jk}fywhw glhwwfw wogkhkw#

Co fczhczo, fb vb pykbfkyo bobfczo, dov}f jkmkgvljhjf jo po}o iyhwklfkyo fb

hwwkbklhy o co}o fwpoyzf, lono hp÷w wvh gdfnhjh ho Iyhwkl#

Fwwf fwpoyzf womyfv, hxvk, vb kczfcwo pyogfwwo jf hwwkbklhîço, hzyh}ëw jh xvhlwf zoycov vb gobplfto mfcúbfco gvlzvyhl, xvf fc}ol}f cço hpfchw vbhpyèzkgh fwpoyzk}h ftzyfbhbfczf jkmvcjkjh, bhw zhbiëb fwpfzègvlo fgobvckghîço jf bhwwh $WKL]H, 900=, p# 86+#

Hkcjh cow hcow 70, ow golënkow phyzkgvlhyfw f ow glvifw gobfîhyhb h omfyfgfy

yfnhlkhw phyh ow pyhzkghczf jo fwpoyzf wfcwhîço, gobo ghbpow nyhbhjow, iolhw,

gdvzfkyhw f vckmoybfw# Hxvflfw xvf zkcdhb povghw gocjkîöfw, cço mkgh}hb jf moyh1kbpyo}kwh}hb, aonhcjo wfb ghbkwhw, ch yvh ov fb zfyyfcow ihljkow#



88

Gob h wvh bhwwkmkghîço fb plfch hwgfcwço, o mvzfiol phwwov h bowzyhy vbh co}h

moybh jf aonhy, ifb jkmfyfczf jhxvflf pyhzkghjo pflow kcnlfwfw, gykhjoyfw jo

fwpoyzf# Bhwoc $8;;6+ fcmhzkqh xvf h cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf jfwzhghy pflh gobpfzácgkh

mfq gob xvf o iyhwklfkyo gykhwwf vb co}o afkzo jf pyhzkghy o mvzfiol# Gob kwwo h

popvlhykjhjf xvf o fwpoyzf nhcdov co Iyhwkl mfq gob xvf, gob o goyyfy jo zfbpo,

flf wf jfwzhghwwf bvcjkhlbfczf ch wvh pyèzkgh# Ef}kc Mowzfy $9009+ pvilkgov co

hyzkno O aono iockzo vbh jfglhyhîço mfkzh pflo ft"zëgckgo jh wflfîço iyhwklfkyh, Aoço

Whljhcdh, fb 8;>0, ocjf flf hmkybh xvf o fwzklo jf aono jo iyhwklfkyo ë pyo}fckfczf

jf xvhzyo mhzoyfw1 o glkbh, h poiyfqh, h gvlzvyh f hw gocjkîöfw ftkwzfczfw phyh h

pyèzkgh jo mvzfiol#

Gob h gyfwgfczf popvlhykqhîço jo fwpoyzf, xvfb zyhihldh}h ch oynhckqhîço jhw

fxvkpfw phwwov h wfy pfywochnfb kbpoyzhczf jo mvzfiol, aè xvf o iob jfwfbpfcdo

jhw fxvkpfw wknckmkgh}h iob gobphyfgkbfczo jo pñilkgo f bhkw yfcjh# Lono hw

phyzkjhw phwwhyhb h wfy bhkw jkwpvzhjhw gob ow hjbkyhjoyfw ftknkcjo bhkw jow

aonhjoyfw# Ow jkyknfczfw jow glvifw zkcdhb xvf ivwghy iocw hzlfzhw phyh boczhyfb

fxvkpfw gobpfzkzk}hw# Ghwo oizk}fwwfb wvgfwwo chw goczyhzhîöfw f gocwfnvkwwfbiocw yfwvlzhjow flfw pojfykhb hzë hlbfahy ghynow co bfko polâzkgo#

Co wfczkjo kc}fywo, wfnvcjo Emovyk $9007+, bvkzow polâzkgow wf hpyo}fkzhyhb jo hvnf

jo mvzfiol chgkochl phyh wf pyobo}fyfb jkhczf h wogkfjhjf# Evikzwgdfe, Aoço

Novlhyz f Bëjkgk, ghjh vb h wvh bhcfkyh, pojfb wfy gkzhjow gobo ftfbplo# Zojow

yfgfifyhb ow zkbfw ghbpföfw jo bvcjo, 8;64, 8;=9 f 8;>0 yfwpfgzk}hbfczf,

}kwhcjo o moyzhlfgkbfczo jh wvh kbhnfb avczo à popvlhîço iyhwklfkyh# Bhkw

yfgfczfbfczf, zk}fbow o bfwbo pyogfjkbfczo gob Kzhbhy Myhcgo, fb 8;;:, f

Mfychcjo Dfcykxvf Ghyjowo, fb 9009#

Phyh Yoifyzo Yhbow $8;4:+, o mvzfiol ë bhkw xvf vb fwpoyzf phyh o iyhwklfkyo#

Wfcjo hwwkb, h pyonyhbhîço fwpoyzk}h phwwh wfy gocwzhczf co gozkjkhco jhw

pfwwohw#

O mvzfiol ë bhkw jo xvf vb fwpoyzf co Iyhwkl# Ogvph fwphîow kbfcwvyè}fkw ch}kjh jf zojow# Bfwbo hxvflfw xvf cço nowzfb jflf cço fwzço kbvcfw# Omvzfiol cço wf yfwzykcnf how fwzèjkow# H iolh pfcfzyh cow loghkw bhkw jk}fywowpfybhcfczfbfczf# Cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, ch yvh, co ihy, fb ghwh, ch jo



89

}kqkcdo, dè vbh phyzkjh jf hlnvbh moybh# O ihzf"phpo cço pyfwgkcjf jowaonhjoyfw, jow glvifw f jow ghbpfochzow $YHBOW, 8;4:# p#88+#

Ow nyhcjfw aonow phwwhyhb h mkghy bhyghjow ch bfb÷ykh jh wogkfjhjf, f ow âjolow

jfwwf fwpoyzf mhqfb phyzf jo cowwo kbhnkcèyko# Wfnvcjo Wkl}h $900=+, ow glvifw

mvzfiolâwzkgow phwwhyhb h wf kjfczkmkghy jkmfyfczfw wfnbfczow wogkhkw jo phâw,

oyknkchcjo h jkmfyfcgkhîço fczyf glvifw jf bhwwh f jf flkzf#

8#9 Gobo wf fwzyvzvyh o mvzfiol co Iyhwkl jf doaf

Fb 8;8; h wflfîço iyhwklfkyh gocxvkwzov wvh pykbfkyh gobpfzkîço kczfychgkochl, o

zoycfko wvl"hbfykghco# H gobpfzkîço mok yfhlkqhjh co Yko jf Ahcfkyo# Gob o iob

jfwfbpfcdo jo zkbf iyhwklfkyo, mok mvcjhjh vbh mfjfyhîço gob o kczvkzo jf

yfnvlhbfczhy o mvzfiol co phâw# H Mfjfyhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Wpoyzw wvynf co Iyhwkl f

jokw hcow jfpokw wf zyhcwmoybh fb Gocmfjfyhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Jfwpoyzow $GIJ+#

Fb 8;97, h GIJ wf kczfnyov à MKMH $fczkjhjf bètkbh jo mvzfiol bvcjkhl+#

Hwwkb, o mvzfiol phwwov h wfy }kwzo gobo pyomkwwço fb 8;77, phyhlflhbfczf h vbh

bhkoy hgfkzhîço, pflh wogkfjhjf, jf pfwwohw jf yhîhw jkmfyfczfw f gocjkîöfw wogkhkwkcmfykoyfw# H popvlhykjhjf jo fwpoyzf phwwov h gyfwgfy avczo gob h zëgckgh jow

hzlfzhw, xvf hpykboyhyhb bhkw hkcjh h pyèzkgh jo aono o xvf goczykivkv phyh o Iyhwkl

wfy yfgocdfgkjo, pflh pykbfkyh }fq, cow hcow 70, gobo o phâw jo mvzfiol#

H mhbh jf phâw jo mvzfiol wf moyzhlfgf gob ow kcñbfyow aonhjoyfw zhlfczowow xvf

wvynkhb co mkchl jh jëghjh jf :0# Fb 8;60, h Goph jo Bvcjo }olzhykh h wfy

jkwpvzhjh co goczkcfczf wvl"hbfykghco, bhw jfwzh }fq fb zfyyhw zvpkckxvkcw, h

pykbfkyh fjkîço jo zoycfko mok yfhlkqhjh co Vyvnvhk, fb 8;70# F phyh gflfiyhy h

gdfnhjh jf vb f}fczo jf pyopoyîço bvcjkhl, o Iyhwkl phwwov h zfy o bhkoy fwzèjko

jf mvzfiol jo plhcfzh# Wvynkh fczço o Bhyhghcç, gocwzyvâjo co Yko jf Ahcfkyo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Wkl}h $900=+, bfwbo hp÷w vb jow bhkoyfw myhghwwow jo mvzfiol

iyhwklfkyo, fb 8;60, h jfyyozh phyh o Vyvnvhk, ch mkchl jh Goph, gob o Bhyhghcç

yfgfifcjo vb pñilkgo xvf vlzyhphwwh}h h bhygh jf 900 bkl zoygfjoyfw, cço mfq gob

xvf o mvzfiol jfkthwwf jf wfy vbh }fyjhjfkyh phktço chgkochl#



87

Wf, poy vb lhjo, h Goph jo Bvcjo ë h pykcgkphl gobpfzkîço jf mvzfiol jo plhcfzh,

ow glvifw iyhwklfkyow }áfb h gocxvkwzh jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo gobo o pykcgkphl

oiafzk}o h wfy hlghcîhjo# Jfwjf 8;>8, ow bfldoyfw zkbfw jo phâw jkwpvzhb o zâzvlo

jf xvfb ë o bfldoy jo Iyhwkl# O zoycfko mok gykhjo pflh Gocmfjfyhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf

Jfwpoyzow $GIJ+# O Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo wvynkh fczço phyh wviwzkzvky h Zhîh

Iyhwkl, xvf avczo gob o Zoycfko Yoifyzo Pfjyowh f o Zoycfko Yko " Wço Phvlo fyhb

gocwkjfyhjhw hw gobpfzkîöfw jf bhkoy yflf}écgkh chgkochl#

Jf hgoyjo gob Hch Myhcîh $900>+, o Iyhwkl fyh h ñckgh pozácgkh mvzfiolâwzkgh xvf

hkcjh cço powwvâh vb ghbpfochzo ocjf ow bhkoyfw glvifw jo phâw pvjfwwfb wf

fcmyfczhy# H Zhîh Iyhwkl xvf mok jkwpvzhjh hzë 8;>0, yfvckh hpfchw ow ghbpföfwfwzhjvhkw, poyëb, ow phvlkwzhw f ghykoghw fczyh}hb wobfczf chw wfbkmkchkw# Ow

zkbfw xvf whnyh}hb ghbpföfw jkwpvzh}hb vb zoycfko kczfychgkochl, goczyh fxvkpfw

jo goczkcfczf wvl"hbfykghco $hzvhl Goph Lkifyzhjoyfw jh Hbëykgh+#

Bfwbo gob h zfczhzk}h jf oynhckqhy o fwpoyzf, h phjyockqhîço cço fyh fcgoczyhjh,

f gob kwwo bvjh}hb"wf hw yfnyhw hcvhlbfczf# Cfb bfwbo ow zoygfjoyfw whikhb

wf pojfykhb gobfboyhy yfwvlzhjow f hzë bfwbo zâzvlow# Gobo mok fb 8;4>, co

ghbpfochzo oynhckqhjo pflh Gocmfjfyhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Mvzfiol $GIM+, hczknh

GIJ, xvhcjo Mlhbfcno f Wpoyz moyhb ow bfldoyfw fb wfvw yfwpfgzk}ow b÷jvlow#

Poyëb, phyh jfmkcky xvfb wfykh o ghbpfço iyhwklfkyo, ghykoghw f pfychbivghcow

zfykhb xvf wf fcmyfczhy fb jokw aonow f h fxvkpf mlhbfcnvkwzh fczfcjfv xvf, gobo

mok à bfldoy co wfv b÷jvlo, moybhjo pflh flkzf jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo, pojfykh wf

gocwkjfyhy ghbpfço wf h cfgfwwkjhjf jf jkwpvzhy ow ovzyow aonow# Hwwkb, o zkbf jf

Yfgkmf mok gocwkjfyhjo Ghbpfço Iyhwklfkyo, pokw o Mlhbfcno wf yfgvwov h fczyhy fb

ghbpo phyh o aono mkchl#

Gob h hpyo}hîço jo G÷jkno jo Zoygfjoy, fb 9007, o Iyhwkl phwwov h zfy vb

ghlfcjèyko mkto# Ow glvifw pojfykhb wf pyonyhbhy phyh hw gobpfzkîöfw, jk}kjkjhw fb

fwzhjvhkw, Goph jo Iyhwkl f Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# H pykcgkphl gobpfzkîço chgkochl

zf}f vb pyhqo bhkoy phyh h jkwpvzh, gob ow aonow wfcjo yfhlkqhjow fb zvyco f

yfzvyco, f co moybhzo jf poczow goyykjow#

O co}o ghlfcjèyko jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo phwwov h wfy bhkw locno# Wfnvcjo Hch

Myhcîh $900>+, o Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo mok oiyknhjo h zfy wfv cñbfyo jf



8:

phyzkgkphczfw yfjvqkjow# Fb 900:, 9: fxvkpfw jkwpvzhyhb h gobpfzkîço# Vb hco

jfpokw hpfchw 99 glvifw wf fcmyfczhyhb# H phyzky jo hco wfnvkczf, hpfchw 90

hnyfbkhîöfw gobpfzfb o zâzvlo jf bfldoy zkbf jo Iyhwkl, xvhjyo xvf wf fwzhiklkqov

f goczkcvh }knfczf#

Hzvhlbfczf o “Iyhwklfkyço‒, gobo ë gocdfgkjo popvlhybfczf, ë jk}kjkjo fb xvhzyo

jk}kwöfw1 wëykfw H, I, G f J# Chw pykcgkphkw wëykfw $H f I+ ë vwhjo o bfwbo wkwzfbh

jf jkwpvzh1 poczow goyykjow# Ch pykbfkyh jk}kwço $wëykf H+ ow xvhzyo pykbfkyow

gologhjow hwwfnvyhb }hnh ch Goph Lkifyzhjoyfw, fcxvhczo ow xvhzyo ñlzkbow wço

yfihkthjow phyh h wfnvcjh jk}kwço $wëykf I+, ocjf 90 glvifw iyknhb poy xvhzyo

}hnhw ch flkzf jo mvzfiol chgkochl# Poy ovzyo lhjo, ow xvhzyo pkoyfw phwwhb phyh hzfygfkyh jk}kwço#

8#7 O fkto Yko " Wço Phvlo

Ow jokw fwzhjow xvf jkmvcjkyhb bhkw yhpkjhbfczf o mfcúbfco mvzfiol, lono hp÷w h

gdfnhjh jf Gdhylfw Bkllfy, moyhb Yko jf Ahcfkyo f Wço Phvlo# Wfnvcjo Dflhl $8;;>+

ow pykbfkyow nyhcjfw glvifw wvynfb co fwzhjo ghykogh# Mlhbfcno, xvf fyh oykvcjo

jo yfbo, Mlvbkcfcwf, Hbëykgh f Ihcnv, fyhb gocwkjfyhjow ow nyhcjfw#

Poyëb, fb 8;97 o ]hwgo wvynkv f lono nhcdov fwphîo fczyf ow nknhczfw jh gkjhjf#

Bhw dh}kh vb pyoilfbh# Ow glvifw gocwkjfyhjow jh flkzf fyhb moybhjow ch wvh

bhkoykh poy aonhjoyfw jh goy iyhcgh# Poy ovzyo lhjo, o ]hwgo jh Nhbh wvynkh gob

vbh bkwzvyh yhgkhl yflf}hczf, o xvf mfq gob xvf ow ovzyow glvifw cço hgfkzhwwfb

jkwpvzhy h Lknh jf Mvzfiol jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo#

Fczço, co hco wfnvkczf, mok gykhjh ovzyh lknh, wfb o ]hwgo jh Nhbh gobogocgoyyfczf# Poyëb, o pñilkgo pyfmfykv }fy h gobpfzkîço xvf phwwhyh h cço wfy

omkgkhl, pokw goczh}h gob h fxvkpf yfgëb gdfnhjh h flkzf ghykogh jo mvzfiol# Lono, ow

glvifw jh flkzf wf wfczkyhb oiyknhjow h goc}kjhy o ]hwgo phyh h co}h lknh omkgkhl#

Bhw hlnvbhw gocjkîöfw moyhb kbpowzhw#

Fczyf fwwhw gocjkîöfw, jvhw fyhb ftzyfbhbfczf yflf}hczfw phyh h yfwkwzácgkh

ho wvynkbfczo jo pyomkwwkochlkwbo co phâw1 h+ h ghjh zyáw bfwfw ow aonhjoyfwjf}fykhb pyffcgdfy vb jogvbfczo jfglhyhcjo wvh yfcjh f wfv fbpyfno f i+ow aonhjoyfw fyhb oiyknhjow h pyo}hy vb gfyzo câ}fl jf fwgolhykjhjf# Mok



86

gykhjh fczço vbh gobkwwço jf wkcjkgécgkh phyh mkwghlkqhy fwwhw ftknácgkhw#Jf}kjo h fwzhw gocjkîöfw, bvkzow aonhjoyfw hihcjochyhb o mvzfiol f ovzyowmoyhb aonhy ch Fvyoph, fwpfgkhlbfczf ch Kzèlkh, pokw, hlëb jhpyomkwwkochlkqhîço jo mvzfiol chxvflf phâw, bvkzow phvlkwzhw jfwgfcjkhb jfkzhlkhcow, o xvf mhgklkzh}h h kbknyhîço $DFLHL, 8;;>, p# :4+#

Poy goczh jh pyomkwwkochlkqhîço ch Kzèlkh f jh yfwkwzácgkh jh flkzf fb hjozhy wkwzfbh

wfbfldhczf co phâw, o cñbfyo jf aonhjoyfw xvf phyzkv phyh h Fvyoph mok bvkzo

nyhcjf# F hwwkb, pyfwwkochjo zhbiëb pflh pfyjh jf nyhcjfw zhlfczow, o mvzfiol co

Iyhwkl mok yfgocdfgkjo gobo pyomkwwço fb ahcfkyo jf 8;77, co Yko jf Ahcfkyo, f fb

bhyîo jo bfwbo hco fb Wço Phvlo#

Hzvhlbfczf, wço okzo nyhcjfw glvifw xvf gobpöfb o fkto Yko " Wço Phvlo jo mvzfioliyhwklfkyo# Wço flfw1 Goykczdkhcw, Wço Phvlo, Phlbfkyhw, Whczow, Mlhbfcno, ]hwgo,

Mlvbkcfcwf f Iozhmono#

Ho zojo wço 9> zâzvlow iyhwklfkyow gocxvkwzhjow, jfwjf h gykhîço jo Ghbpfochzo

Chgkochl fb 8;>8# O Wço Phvlo ë o bhkoy jfzfczoy jf gocxvkwzhw, wfkw }fqfw# Zyáw

}fqfw gocwfgvzk}hw w÷ cfwzh pykbfkyh jëghjh jo wëgvlo TTK# O Mlhbfcno }fb lono

hzyèw gob gkcgo zyomëvw gocxvkwzhjow# Phlbfkyhw, Goykczdkhcw f ]hwgo wobhb ghjh

vb xvhzyo zâzvlow# O Whczow gocxvkwzov jokw chgkochkw, hbiow ch hzvhl jëghjh# Ow

ñckgow xvf záb hpfchw vb zâzvlo wço Mlvbkcfcwf f Iozhmono#

8#7#8 Ow pykbfkyow jo fkto

O wvâîo Owghy Mot mok xvfb mvcjov o Mlvbkcfcwf Moozihll Glvi# Wfnvcjo

Ghy}hldo $9080+, O zkbf jhw Lhyhcafkyhw mok kchvnvyhjo fb 8;09, wfcjo o pykbfkyo

glvif jf mvzfiol ghykogh f zhbiëb o pykbfkyo zkbf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo h hjozhy h

pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jo mvzfiol#

Hzvhl jfzfczoy jh bhkoy zoygkjh jo Iyhwkl, o Glvif jf Yfnhzhw Mlhbfcno mok mvcjhjo

fb 84;6 gobo glvif jf yfbo, fwpoyzf popvlhy co phâw hczfw jh gdfnhjh jo mvzfiol#

O Mlhbfcno }fko h wf jfjkghy ho mvzfiol fb 8;88, xvhcjo vb nyvpo jf hzlfzhw xvf

wf jfwfczfcjfyhb gob o Mlvbkcfcwf f gykhyhb o zkbf mlhbfcnvkwzh# H popvlhykjhjf

xvf aè fyh nyhcjf, jfwjf fczço cço phyov jf gyfwgfy# O Yviyo"Cfnyo ghykogh, gobo

zhbiëb ë gdhbhjo, zfb popvlhykjhjf fb zojo phâw, f goczh gob hpyotkbhjhbfczf:0 bkldöfw jf zoygfjoyfw#



8=

Fb Wço Phvlo, o Wpoyz Glvi Goykczdkhcw Phvlkwzh ë o bhkw popvlhy jh ghpkzhl

phvlkwzh# Xvhzyo }fqfw ghbpfço iyhwklfkyo, o Zkbço, gobo ë gocdfgkjo, mok mvcjhjo

fb 8;80, poy gkcgo opfyèykow# Jf hgoyjo gob Ghy}hldo $9080+, o Goykczdkhcw mok o

pykbfkyo glvif jh gkjhjf h jhy opoyzvckjhjfw how bhkw poiyfw, f cço jfboyov bvkzo

phyh wfy zhthjo gobo o zkbf jo po}o#

Ovzyo nyhcjf jf Wço Phvlo ë o Phlbfkyhw# Glvif xvf mok mvcjhjo poy kbknyhczfw

kzhlkhcow fb 8;8:, gob o cobf jf Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh# Bhw gob o hvnf jh wfnvcjh

nvfyyh bvcjkhl, o fczço Pyfwkjfczf Nfzñlko ]hynhw jfgyfzov h yfzkyhjh jf zojhw hw

ftpyfwwöfw f cobfw fwzyhcnfkyow# Gob kwwo o zkbf mok oiyknhjo h bvjhy jf cobf,nhcdhcjo o cobf jf Wogkfjhjf Fwpoyzk}h Phlbfkyhw# H fxvkpf phwwov h nhcdhy

yflf}écgkh chgkochl cow hcow :0, xvhcjo o hl}k}fyjf phwwov h hpyfwfczhy vb iflo

mvzfiol f gdfnov h wfy gdhbhjo jf hghjfbkh#

Hw fxvkpfw jo fkto Yko " Wço Phvlo fwzço fczyf ow jfq glvifw xvf bhkw mhzvyhb co

mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo#

8#: Ow moyh jo fkto1 Bkchw f Yko Nyhcjf jo Wvl

Moyh jo fkto Yko " Wço Phvlo ow pykcgkphkw glvifw jf mvzfiol fwzço wkzvhjow cow

fwzhjow jf Bkchw Nfyhkw f Yko Nyhcjf jo Wvl# Hzlëzkgo"BN, Gyvqfkyo, Kczfychgkochl f

Nyábko wço hw fxvkpfw, gob ftgfîço jow zkbfw jo fkto, xvf bhkw fwzço ch bâjkh

chgkochl#

Avczhw, hw xvhzyo hnyfbkhîöfw wobhb wfzf zâzvlow chgkochkw# Ow nhñgdow aè

gobfboyhyhb h pykcgkphl gobpfzkîço fb gkcgo opoyzvckjhjfw# Pflo lhjo jhw

fxvkpfw jf Iflo Doykqoczf, ghjh vb mhzvyov vb zâzvlo#

Wkl}h $900=+ ftplkgh xvf mhlzh vbh jk}vlnhîço bhkoy jow glvifw xvf cço mhqfb phyzf

jow fwzhjow jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo f Wço Phvlo# Flf gkzh o ftfbplo jo Bvcjkhl jf

Glvifw jkwpvzhjo co Ahpço, fb 900=, ocjf o Kczfychgkochl fcmyfczov o Ihygfloch

$FWP+ f gocxvkwzov pflh pykbfkyh }fq o zâzvlo bhkw goikîhjo jf zojow ow glvifw jo

plhcfzh#



8>

Ch }fyjhjf, cço ë hpfchw o Iyhwkl bfykjkochl xvf phjfgf jf zhl pyogfjkbfczojf ftglvwço# Zojhw hw yfnköfw iyhwklfkyhw wço jf hlnvb bojo zyhzhjhw gobjfwjëb poy cowwow nyhcjfw aoychkw# Hlnvcw jf wfvw fjkzoyfw womyfb jf vbfwzyhcdo phyoxvkhlkwbo# Ow pyfavâqow jf zhl hzkzvjf wço ÷i}kow, h gobfîhy pflhphzkchîço chw zkyhnfcw# Wfcjo o xvf ë phyh ow iyhwklfkyow o mvzfiol, h wfîço h

flf jfjkghjh ë pyo}h}flbfczf h bhkw pyogvyhjh# Bhw xvfb pyogvyov, cçohgdov, f kwwo jvyhczf zojh h wfbhch# Gobo }fcjfy aoychl wfb }fcjfykcmoybhîço hlnvbh? $WKL]H, 900=+

Bfwbo goczhczo gob nyhcjfw zoygkjhw, hw fxvkpfw bkcfkyhw f nhñgdhw hkcjh

ivwghb vb fwphîo bhkoy ch bâjkh chgkochl, kc}fwzfb co bhyefzkcn f boczhb zkbfw

gobpfzkzk}ow phyh iyknhyfb jf knvhl gob hw fxvkpfw jo fkto Yko " Wço Phvlo# Hw

jvhw fxvkpfw jf Poyzo Hlfnyf hkcjh lf}hb }hczhnfb woiyf bvkzow glvifw

iyhwklfkyow, poy zfyfb wfvw py÷pykow fwzèjkow, Olâbpkgo f Ifkyh"Yko, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf,

gob kwwo flfw gocwfnvfb hyyfghjhyfb vbh ioh yfcjh gob ow aonow#

H zâzvlo jf ftfbplo jow fwphîow jhjow pflh bâjkh chgkochl how glvifw moyh jo fkto

bhkw ykgo jo mvzfiol, Wkl}h $900=+ mhq jvyh gyâzkgh à goifyzvyh jh Yfjf Nloio ch mkchl

jh Goph jo Iyhwkl jf 9008# Ch oghwkço o Nyábko fcmyfczh}h o Goykczdkhcw co

Boyvbik lozhjo f, wfnvcjo o hvzoy, o chyyhjoy jh fbkwwoyh zoygkh glhyhbfczf phyh h

fxvkpf phvlkwzh, fcxvhczo ow nhñgdow gdfnhyhb h hiyky 9 h 0 jf }hczhnfb coplhghy#

O Nyábko fwzh}h co Boyvbik phyh fcmyfczhy o Goykczdkhcw# Ch Yfjf Nloio,Nhl}ço Ivfco w÷ mhlzov gobfboyhy h }kz÷ykh jo Goykczdkhcw hczfw jf kckgkhy hchyyhîço# Mkchl jo pykbfkyo zfbpo1 o Nyábko }fcgkh poy 8 t 0# F pfyjfyh }èykownolw# $WKL]H, 9008+

O Kczfychgkochl goczh hzvhlbfczf gob bhkw jf 800 bkl w÷gko"zoygfjoyfw# Zojh fwwhkcmyh"fwzyvzvyh goczykivkv phyh lf}hy o zkbf à gocxvkwzh jh Goph Lkifyzhjoyfw jf

9080, f nhyhczky }hnh co Bvcjkhl jf Glvifw, xvf wfyè jkwpvzhjo co Oykfczf Bëjko,

co hco jf 9088#

Gyvqfkyo f Hzlëzkgo goczhb hpfchw gob o Bkcfkyço gobo fwzèjko pykcgkphl# Ow jokw

glvifw ivwghb ch }fcjh jf aonhjoyfw, ch pvilkgkjhjf, co bhyefzkcn, ch yfcjh jf

ghjh aono fb ghwh, ch }fcjh jf hyzknow fwpoyzk}ow fczyf ovzyow mhzoyfw, hvbfczhyfb



84

h hyyfghjhîço, phyh boczhyfb fxvkpfw gobpfzkzk}hw h hlzvyh phyh iyknhyfb gob ow

nyhcjfw phvlkwzhw f ghykoghw#

Wkl}h $9008+ gykzkgh h goifyzvyh mfkzh pflh kbpyfcwh chgkochl jow hgoczfgkbfczow xvfcço wfahb lknhjow h gykbf, moyh jo fkto Yko " Wço Phvlo#

O lfkzoy xvf nowzh jf mvzfiol cço o fcgoczyh cow nyhcjfw aoychkw, cfb chwnyhcjfw yfjfw jf zflf}kwço# W÷ wf flf xvkwfy whify hpfchw o xvf wf phwwh coYko f fb Wço Phvlo# Fb bhzëykh jf lkzfyhzvyh, cço ë jkmfyfczf# Fb bñwkgh,kjfb# Fb ovzyhw hyzfw, kikjfb# Fb ovzyhw èyfhw, h bfwbh obkwwço# Gobftgfîço jo gykbf# Jhâ o lfkzoy ë hihlyohjo poy cozâgkhw jf zojow ow ghczow jophâw# $WKL]H, 9008+#



8;

9 AOYCHLKWBO F GOCWZYVÎÇO WOGKHL JH YFHLKJHJF

Cfwzf ghpâzvlo wfyço hioyjhjow ow kcwzyvbfczow vzklkqhjow ch pyojvîço jo

aoychlkwbo# Jow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf how pyomkwwkochkw f fxvkphbfczowcfgfwwèykow phyh lf}hy kcmoybhîço àw pfwwohw f jf gobo fwwf zyhihldo phyzkgkph jh

gocwzyvîço wogkhl jh yfhlkjhjf#

9#8 Gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf f kczfyfwwfw

Zojow ow jkhw, jk}fywow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jk}vlnhb fb wfvw pyonyhbhw jf

cozâgkhw kcñbfyow hgoczfgkbfczow, xvf wço ghphqfw jf boiklkqhy h popvlhîço f h

opkckço pñilkgh# Hzvhlbfczf ow mhzow wço hgfwwâ}fkw jf moybh hivcjhczf, o xvfjfkth ow cozkgkèykow ifb hihwzfgkjow#

Bhvyo ^olm $8;;;+ yflhzh xvf o pykcgkphl oiafzk}o jow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço ë

pvilkghy cozâgkhw xvf wfahb wknckmkghzk}hw f kczfyfwwhczfw# Hwwkb, h gvlzvyh jow

aoychlkwzhw, ow pyogfwwow jf pyojvîço f h oynhckqhîço jo zyhihldo wço

pyfpocjfyhczfw phyh xvf vb mhzo wfah zyhcwmoybhjo fb cozâgkh# Ow hgoczfgkbfczow

h wfyfb hioyjhjow jf}fyço phwwhy poy vbh hcèlkwf gykzfykowh, pokw flfw pojfyço zfyjfczyo jo wfv pñilkgo hl}o, vbh moyîh wogkhl bvkzo nyhcjf#

Ow nyhcjfw }fâgvlow gobo xvhlxvfy ovzyh fbpyfwh, pyfgkwhb zfy vbh ioh

oynhckqhîço phyh mklzyhyfb ow kcñbfyow hgoczfgkbfczow xvf wvynfb h zojo kcwzhczf#

Wço zyáw hw ftknácgkhw ch fwgoldh jow mhzow1 yfgocdfgfy vb jfwgocdfgkjo

hgoczfgkbfczo gobo mhzo cozè}fl5 flhioyhy bhcfkyhw jf gobo yflhzhy ow

hgoczfgkbfczow, xvf cço zfcdhb h kczfcîço jf zyhzhy o ogoyykjo gobo jf moybhwviafzk}h5 f oynhckqhy o zyhihldo jf moybh zfbpoyhl f fwphgkhl, phyh xvf ow mhzow

cozkgkè}fkw phwwfb h wfy vzklkqhjow# $ZVGDBHC hpvj ̂ OLM, 8;>>, p# :6+#

Ë kbpoyzhczf oiwfy}hy o aoychlkwzh ch }fywço jo yflhzo jow mhzow# H gvlzvyh jo

pyomkwwkochl, gobo aè hmkybhjo, ë kbpoyzhczf phyh jfmkcky ow flfbfczow xvf mhqfb

phyzf jh wvh pyèzkgh#



90

Hlëb jf zojo o pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço jhw cozâgkhw, jokw mhzoyfw wço fwwfcgkhkw phyh

xvf fwzhw wfahb jk}vlnhjhw1 h kbpoyzécgkh f o kczfyfwwf# Fwzfw jokw gykzëykow hcjhb

bvkzo py÷tkbow# Wfnvcjo Bèyko Lvkq Mfychcjfw $9006+, xvhzyo gykzëykow gobpöfb h

kbpoyzécgkh# Wço flfw1

8+ Câ}fl dkfyèyxvkgo jow fc}ol}kjow co hgoczfgkbfczo cozkgkè}fl5 9+ Kbphgzowoiyf h chîço f woiyf o kczfyfwwf chgkochl5 7+ Xvhczkjhjf jf pfwwohw $jf mhzoov pozfcgkhlbfczf+ fc}ol}kjhw co mhzo5 :+ Yflf}écgkh f wknckmkghzk}kjhjf johgoczfgkbfczo xvhczo à wvh f}olvîço mvzvyh# $MFYCHCJFW, 9006, p# 7+

Jkqfy xvf vbh jfzfybkchjh cozâgkh ë jk}vlnhjh pflh wvh kbpoyzécgkh ov kczfyfwwf,

mhq gob xvf o nyhv f o câ}fl dkfyèyxvkgo jhw pfwwohw lknhjhw ho mhzo cozkgkè}fl

wfahb oiwfy}hjow# H zfcjácgkh ë xvf xvhczo bhkw o hgoczfgkbfczo zk}fy kcjk}âjvow

jh flkzf $pfywochlkjhjfw+, h powwkiklkjhjf xvf o mhzo wf zyhcwmoybf cozâgkh ë hkcjh

bhkoy#

Kbphgzo woiyf h chîço f woiyf o kczfyfwwf chgkochl# Jkq yfwpfkzo à kbpoyzécgkhxvf vb hgoczfgkbfczo zfb ch wvh ghphgkjhjf jf kcmlvky ov kcgkjky co kczfyfwwfjo phâw# Phyh wfy cozkgkè}fl, o hgoczfgkbfczo jf}f wfy wknckmkghzk}o# Hwwogkhjoh fwwf }hloy fwzè è pyotkbkjhjf zhczo gvlzvyhl gobo nfonyèmkgh# Xvhczkjhjf jfpfwwohw xvf o hgoczfgkbfczo jf mhzo ov pozfcgkhlbfczf fc}ol}f# Ow aoychlkwzhw

hzykivfb kbpoyzécgkh àw cozâgkhw fb xvf nyhcjf cñbfyo jf pfwwohw wffc}ol}f# Xvhczo bhkoy o cñbfyo jf fc}ol}kjow co jfwhwzyf ov xvhczo bhkoy ocñbfyo jf pfwwohw kbpoyzhczfw cvbh oghwkço moybhl, bhkoy h }kwkiklkjhjf fpoy gocwfxüácgkh h powwkiklkjhjf jf wf zoychy cozâgkh# Fwzè lknhjo zhbiëb àhmkckjhjf gvlzvyhl f nfonyèmkgh, gobo ftfbplo1 vb hgkjfczf hëyfo ov ghzèwzyomfchzvyhl gob cñbfyo lkbkzhjo jf pfwwohw xvf ogoyyf chw pyotkbkjhjfw ë bhkwcozkgkè}fl xvf ovzyo jf pyopoyîöfw bhkoyfw, poyëb, cvb loghl bhkw jkwzhczf#Yflf}écgkh f wknckmkghzkgkjhjf jo hgoczfgkbfczo xvhczo à f}olvîço mvzvyh jfvbh jfzfybkchjh wkzvhîço ‗ Jkq yfwpfkzo h wkzvhîöfw xvf záb jvyhîçopyolocnhjh, gobo, poy ftfbplo, h goifyzvyh jf vbh ghbphcdh jhw flfkîöfwpyfwkjfcgkhkw $ÔLM, 8;;;, p# 89+#

ôlm jfwzhgh xvhzyo ghzfnoykhw xvf jf}fb oykfczhy h hpyfwfczhîço jow bhzfykhkw

xvf wfyço zyhcwmoybhjow fb cozâgkhw f wfyço jk}vlnhjow phyh o pñilkgo1

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wviwzhczk}hw jh cozâgkh yflhgkochjhw ho goczfñjo5 bhzfykhl h jkwpowkîço f

ow gykzëykow yflhzk}ow ho pyojvzo kcmoybhzk}o5 pñilkgo5 f gocgoyyácgkh#

H pykbfkyh ghzfnoykh jf gocwkjfyhîöfw jkq yfwpfkzo ho hgoczfgkbfczo hzyhcwmoybhy fb cozâgkh5 h wfnvcjh, jkq yfwpfkzo ho gocavczo jow pyogfwwow jfpyojvîço f yfhlkqhîço5 h zfygfkyh, jkq yfwpfkzo à kbhnfb xvf ow aoychlkwzhw záb

hgfygh jow jfwzkchzèykow f h ñlzkbh jkq yfwpfkzo àw yflhîöfw fczyf ow bhwwbfjkh ftkwzfczfw co bfyghjo kcmoybhzk}o# $ÔLM, 8;;6, p# 8>;"840+#



98

Cozkgkhiklkjhjf f }hloyfw/cozâgkhw wço gykzëykow xvf havjhb h fczfcjfy gobo ë mfkzo o

pyogfwwo aoychlâwzkgo# H “cozkgkhiklkjhjf ë vb gocavczo jf flfbfczow hzyh}ëw jow

xvhkw o ÷ynço kcmoybhzk}o goczyolh f nfyf h xvhczkjhjf f o zkpo jf hgoczfgkbfczow,

jfczyf ow xvhkw dè xvf wflfgkochy h cozâgkh‒ $^olm, 8;;6, p# 8>6+# Ow }hloyfw/cozâgkh

wço gobpocfczfw mvcjhbfczhkw phyh whify xvhl mhzo zfb yflf}écgkh wknckmkghzk}h

phyh wfy zyhcwmoybhjo fb cozâgkh# Fwwh wknckmkgécgkh }hk jfwjf ow kczfyfwwfw jo

}fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço, how polâzkgow f gvlzvyhl jh wogkfjhjf#

9#9 Aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o

O kckgko jo wëgvlo TT bhygov o gobfîo jh goifyzvyh fwpoyzk}h co Iyhwkl# O fwphîojhjo à fjkzoykh jo wfnbfczo fyh pfxvfco, pokw fyhb pvilkghjhw hpfchw cozhw woiyf

o xvf jf bhkw kbpoyzhczf hgoczfgkh co phâw# Wfnvcjo Phvlo ]kckgkvw Gofldo $9004+,

h kbpyfcwh fwpoyzk}h nfyhl, cço zkcdh gocjkîöfw jf zyhihldo, fwphîo f yfbvcfyhîço

hjfxvhjh#

Ow pyomkwwkochkw yfcobhjow jh ëpogh yfafkzh}hb ow zyhihldow, xvhcjo o hwwvczo fyh

goiyky f}fczow fwpoyzk}ow, f h mvcîço mkgh}h phyh ow kckgkhczfw# H zhyfmh jf yfpoyzhy

ow hgoczfgkbfczow lknhjow how fwpoyzfw cço ftknkh ftpfykácgkh, bhw fyh oiyknhjo

zfy o bâckbo jf fczfcjkbfczo woiyf h bojhlkjhjf h wfy yfpoyzhjh#

Bhw hw pyf}kwöfw phyh xvf o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o jfwlhcgdhwwf cço fyhb jhw

bfldoyfw#

O Iyhwkl }k}kh vbh ocjh jf chgkochlkwbo, poyzhczo o iyhwklfkyo yfafkzh}h xvhlxvfy zkpo

jf cozkgkèyko woiyf o fwpoyzf gykhjo pflow kcnlfwfw# O yfbo, fwpoyzf popvlhy jh

ëpogh zhbiëb cço nhcdh}h jfwzhxvf chw pènkchw jow aoychkw# Ow mhzow xvf

fc}ol}khb h polâzkgh fyhb bhkw fcmhzkqhjow, pokw wfykhb jfgkwk}ow ch }kjh jhw

pfwwohw#

O aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o phwwov h wf ftphcjky co Iyhwkl avczhbfczf gob o mvzfiol fb

8;96, f gob kwwo phwwov h nhcdhy popvlhykjhjf# Hw goifyzvyhw fwpoyzk}hw,

gocwkjfyhjhw, hzë fczço, gobo phwwhzfbpo, phwwhyhb h nhcdhy fwphîow bhkoyfw



99

ch bâjkh, gob h gykhîço jf ghjfycow fwpfgâmkgow cow aoychkw f pyonyhbhw xvf

hioyjh}hb wobfczf hw cozâgkhw jow fwpoyzfw#

Ow aoychkw, co fczhczo, jfjkgh}hb how fwpoyzfw o fwphîo xvf ldfw fyhpowwâ}fl# F}kjfczfbfczf cço dh}kh ch ëpogh h gvlzvyh jow nyhcjfw aoychkw jfdoaf, gob ghjfycow kczfkyow jfjkghjow how fwpoyzfw# Dh}kh pfxvfchw golvchw,bhkw poy xvfwzço jf fwphîo how fwpoyzfw $GOFLDO, 9004, p# 88+#

Poyëb, hczfw bfwbo jo gyfwgkbfczo jh goifyzvyh fwpoyzk}h co Iyhwkl, fb 8;88, o

aoychl Mhcmvllh, phwwov h jfjkghy fwphîow ftglvwk}ow phyh o fwpoyzf# O mogo jh

pvilkghîço fyhb ow kbknyhczfw kzhlkhcow xvf boyh}hb ch gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo#

Hzyh}ëw jo aoychl ë xvf mok cozkgkhjo h mvcjhîço jo Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh, xvf bhkw zhyjf wf

zoychykh ch Wogkfjhjf Fwpoyzk}h Phlbfkyhw# Mok h phyzky jf fczço xvf o aoychlkwbo

fwpoyzk}o phwwov h jhy ow wfvw pykbfkyow phwwow#

Cço ftkwzkh o xvf wf pojf gdhbhy doaf aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o# Bhw cço mowwfbhxvflfw yflhzow f ckcnvëb ahbhkw whifykh, poy ftfbplo, xvhcjo f xvhl mok opykbfkyo aono jo }fldo Phlfwzyh# Cfb jo }fldo Goykczdkhcw, cfb jo Whczow,cfb xvf o mvzfiol jo Mlhbfcno w÷ chwgfv fb 8;88, hpfwhy jf o glvif zfy wkjomvcjhjo phyh h pyèzkgh jo yfbo 8= hcow hczfw# H pykbfkyh gfwzh co Iyhwkl, opykbfkyo whxvf# Zvjo mok yfnkwzyhjo# Zvjo bfko h goczyhnowzo# Poyxvf chwyflhîöfw jo phwwhjo ‗ f kwwo wf }fykmkgh zhbiëb chw jf doaf ‗ dh}kh wfbpyf

hlnvëb jkwpowzo h goyzhy vbh lkcdh h bhkw jfjkghjh ho fwpoyzf $GOFLDO,9004, p# >+#

Fb 8;70, o Aoychl jow Wpoyzw mok lhcîhjo poy Bèyko Mkldo, co Yko jf Ahcfkyo, wfcjo o

pykbfkyo aoychl jfjkghjo hpfchw h pvilkghîöfw fwpoyzk}hw# O mvzfiol phwwov h wfy

yfpoyzhjo gob vbh lkcnvhnfb bhkw yobéczkgh# Gob kwwo h fjkzoykh jf fwpoyzfw

phwwov h wfy, fb nyhcjf phyzf, o jfwzkco jow ao}fcw pyomkwwkochkw# Wfnvcjo Gofldo

$9004+ hw gyúckghw jf Bhyko Mkldo f Cflwoc Yojyknvfw, cço pojkhb wfy gdhbhjhw jf

aoychlkwbo, pokw phyfgkhb zfy }kjh py÷pykh# Chxvflh ëpogh, o bfwbo CflwocYojyknvfw, mkgov bhyghjo ch kbpyfcwh fwpoyzk}h poy gykhy ftpyfwwöfw xvf hzë doaf

wço zyhjkgkochkw co mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo#

O aono fczyf Iozhmono f Mlvbkcfcwf ë gocwkjfyhjo o “Glèwwkgo jo ]o}ú‒ poy xvf ë o glèwwkgo fczyf ow jokw glvifw bhkw hczknow jo Yko1 o Mlvbkcfcwf gykhjofb 8;09, f o Iozhmono, fb 8;0:# U###R O aono fczyf Mlhbfcno f ]hwgo phwwov hwfy gdhbhjo cow hcow jf 8;:0 jf “glèwwkgo jow bkldöfw‒ poy pyojvqky bkldöfwjf gyvqfkyow chw ikldfzfykhw jow fwzèjkow# Mlhbfcno f Mlvbkcfcwf? Ifb, o“Mlh"Mlv‒ chwgfv xvhyfczh bkcvzow hczfw jo chjh# $GOFLDO, 9004, p# 8=+#



97

Fb 8;=0, mok lhcîhjh h Plhghy(, h pykbfkyh yf}kwzh gob fcmoxvf ftglvwk}hbfczf fb

goifyzvyh fwpoyzk}h# Co lhcîhbfczo, o fczço zëgckgo jf mvzfiol Aoço Whljhcdh zfykh

hmkybhjo xvf o co}o }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço fwpoyzk}o cço kykh phwwhy jhw pykbfkyhw

fjkîöfw# Hw yfjhîöfw fwpoyzk}hw jh ëpogh pyë avlnh}hb xvf wobfczf hw pfwwohw jf

glhwwfw bfcow mh}oyfgkjhw gocwvbkhb hw pvilkghîöfw# Gobo ow hbhczfw jo mvzfiol

fgocobkqh}hb phyh myfxüfczhyfb ow fwzèjkow, cço woiyh}h jkcdfkyo phyh

gobpyhyfb ow jkèykow fwpoyzk}ow# Wobfczf cow mkcw jh jëghjh jf =0, ow nyhcjfw

ghjfycow fwpoyzk}ow phwwhyhb h mhqfy phyzf jow aoychkw, gologhcjo o Iyhwkl ch lkwzh

jow phâwfw gob kbpyfcwh fwpoyzk}h jf lhynh ftzfcwço $GOFLDO, 9004, p#80+#

O aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o mok h poyzh jf fczyhjh phyh bvkzow aoychlkwzhw yfcobhjow#Pyomkwwkochkw, gobo Aoflbky Ifzzkcn, xvf jfktov o fwpoyzf, phyh goiyky h polâzkgh, poy

cço gocwfnvky wfphyhy o lhjo zoygfjoy $jo Phlbfkyhw+ jo pyomkwwkochl, ë vb ftfbplo#

Ovzyh xvfwzço jknch jf cozh ë xvf bvkzow aoychlkwzhw jf doaf pyogvyhb bhkw hw

cozkgkhw jo xvf gocdfgkbfczo# Kcglvwk}f bvkzow zëgckgow, hzlfzhw, pyfphyhjoyfw

mâwkgow f jkyknfczfw, yfglhbhb pflh mhlzh jf gocdfgkbfczo jow co}ow aoychlkwzhw#

Fwwh mhlzh jf kcmoybhîço ë powwâ}fl ghvwhy gykwfw fb hbikfczf jf zyhihldo$GOFLDO, 9004# p# :9+# Vb fyyo pvilkghjo pojf nfyhy vbh polábkgh# O ft"pklozo jf

pklozo jf M÷ybvlh 8, Cflwoc Pkxvfz, fyh bvkzo gykzkghjo pflh kbpyfcwh cow hcow 40,

poy wfy hczkpèzkgo xvhcjo yfwpocjkh hw pfynvczhw jow yfp÷yzfyfw#

O xvf fv cço wvpoyzo ë aoychlkwzh xvf cço whif jo xvf fwzè mhlhcjo# Xvfbhgobphcdh h zfbpoyhjh kczfkyh, fczfcjf o xvf hgoczfgf cow iotfw, whif oxvf wf phwwh xvhcjo vb pklozo fwzè co goge"pkz # H fwwfw fv jfjkgo zozhlhzfcîço# Cço hnüfczo ë jfwfbihyghy cvb Nyhcjf Pyábko jo Iyhwkl f ov}kyhlnvëb bf pfynvczhcjo wf mhq jkmfyfcîh vwhy vb zkpo pcfv ov ovzyo ovxvhlxvfy ovzyo zkpo jf pfynvczh kbifgkl $PKXVFZ, hpvj GOFLDO, 9004# p#:7+#

O gocdfgkbfczo jh bojhlkjhjf h wfy jk}vlnhjh zfb xvf wfy pykoykqhjo# Cço ihwzh

hpfchw cozkgkhy, ë pyfgkwo gocdfgfy phyh lf}hy h kcmoybhîço goyyfzh ho lfkzoy,

ov}kczf, zflfwpfgzhjoy ov kczfychvzh# Hwwkb, phyh Gofldo $9004+, phyh wfy aoychlkwzh

fwpoyzk}o cço ihwzh hpfchw fczfcjfy jf fwpoyzfw#



9:

9#7 Aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o ch Z]

H zflf}kwço ë, hzvhlbfczf, o bfko jf gobvckghîço bhkw vwhjo pflo iyhwklfkyo# O

pñilkgo fcgoczyh cfwzf hphyfldo, vbh moybh jf fczyfzfckbfczo, xvf }hk jfwjf hwkcmoybhîöfw àw co}flhw, mklbfw f o mvzfiol# O fwpoyzf zfb phyzkgkphîço kbpoyzhczf

chw nyhjfw jf pyonyhbhîço jow pykcgkphkw ghchkw# Hlëb jhw phyzkjhw zyhcwbkzkjhw co

bfko f cow mkchkw jf wfbhch, jkhykhbfczf o zflfwpfgzhjoy pojf wf kcmoybhy gob

cozkgkèykow }olzhjow hpfchw phyh o fwpoyzf#

H zflf}kwço fwzè pyhzkghbfczf fb zojow ow lhyfw iyhwklfkyow, jow bhkw wkbplfw how

bhkw womkwzkghjow# Hylkcjo Bhgdhjo $9007+ jkq xvf h zflf}kwço ë o bfko dfnfbúckgo

jh bfzhjf jo wëgvlo TT, ch gocwzyvîço jhw wogkfjhjfw goczfbpoyécfhw, hp÷w h

kcwfyîço jfwwf bfko ch polâzkgh f ch fgocobkh f cow bojow jf wviafzk}hîço jhw

pfwwohw#

Gob o wvgfwwo hlghcîhjo pflow zflfaoychkw co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf wfwwfczh, h

zflf}kwço f}olvkv zfgcolonkghbfczf, o xvf powwkiklkzov xvf ow }fâgvlow jf

gobvckghîço kc}fwzkwwfb fb moybhzow jkmfyfczfw jf aoychlkwbo# Co kcâgko jh jëghjh

jf wfzfczh wvynfb hlnvcw pyonyhbhw fwpfgâmkgow, gobo o Mhczèwzkgo f o NloioYfp÷yzfy, hbiow fb 8;>7, pflh Yfjf Nloio# Fwzhw co}hw hzyhîöfw mkqfyhb gob xvf

hw poyzhw jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o ch zflf}kwço wf hiykwwfb# Co bfwbo hco, zhbiëb

ch Yfjf Nloio, mok lhcîhjo o Fwpoyzf Fwpfzhgvlhy , gob vb fwzklo jkmfyfczf jo xvf

fyh }kwzo cow zflfaoychkw zyhjkgkochkw# H hzyhîço fyh hpyfwfczhjh kckgkhlbfczf how

wèihjow à zhyjf, f phwwov h wfy zyhcwbkzkjh how jobkcnow pflh bhcdç# Wfnvcjo

Mfychcjh Bhvyâgko Wkl}h $9006+, o pyonyhbh zkcdh o ao}fb gobo pñilkgo hl}o,

lf}h}h hw kcmoybhîöfw gob vbh lkcnvhnfb kcmoybhl f hioyjh}h bvkzow fwpoyzfwyhjkghkw# Gobfîh fczço h zyhafz÷ykh jo zflfaoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o co Iyhwkl#

Gob o wvgfwwo jo pyonyhbh fwpoyzk}o, h Yfjf Nloio jfgkjf lf}hy ho hy fb 8;>4,

vb cozkgkèyko fwpoyzk}o jkèyko, kczkzvlhjo Nloio Fwpoyzf# O pyonyhbh wviwzkzvkv o

Goph Iyhwkl, xvf mogh}h hpfchw cozâgkhw jo mvzfiol# Poy ovzyo lhjo, h co}h hpowzh jh

Yfjf Nloio fyh }hloykqhy ow ovzyow fwzklow fwpoyzk}ow, doaf gocdfgkjow gobo

fwpfgkhlkqhjow#



96

Phyh Gofldo $9004+, h zflf}kwço jow fwpoyzfw f h Nloio wço h bfwbh gokwh# Ch

zyhcwbkwwço jf vbh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol, o aono pojf fwzhy pëwwkbo, gob aonhjhw

ikqhyyhw, hzvhîço yvkb jo èyikzyo ov vb nyhbhjo yvkb, cço kbpoyzh, h zflf}kwço

zyhcwmoybh kwwo zvjo fb wdo~# H bhzëykh aoychlâwzkgh cvcgh wf jfwzhgh chw

zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw, bhw wkb h fboîço jow logvzoyfw f yfp÷yzfyfw $GOFLDO,

9004# p# =:+# Jfwzh moybh o aoychlkwbo f o fczyfzfckbfczo ghbkcdhb avczow jfczyo

jh l÷nkgh jo zflfaoychlkwbo#

9#7#8 O ghchl jow fwpoyzfw

H Z] Ihcjfkyhczfw mok ho hy pflh pykbfkyh }fq fb Wço Phvlo, co jkh 87 jf bhko jf8;=># O ghchl jfwzhgh"wf pflhw goifyzvyhw fwpoyzk}hw, f jfwjf 8;>7 wfv wlonhc ë

“Ihcj, o ghchl jo fwpoyzf‒#

H Ihcj lhcîov o Wdo~ jo Fwpoyzf , fb 8;47, f fwzf pyonyhbh mkgov co hy jvyhczf 90

hcow# O ghchl phvlkwzh wf ghyhgzfykqov co aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o poy zfy pyomkwwkochkw

fwpfgkhlkqhjow phyh kcmoybhy f mhqfy h}hlkhîöfw woiyf hwwvczow jo nácfyo# Nyhcjfw

cobfw, gobo Lvgkhco jo ]hllf, Èl}hyo Aowë f Wkl}ko Lvkq mhqkhb phyzf jhpyonyhbhîço fwpoyzk}h# Poy fwzf bozk}o, Yoifyzo Yhbow $8;4:+ jfwzhgh xvf cço ë

yfgfczf o mhzo jo mvzfiol wfy pykoykjhjf cow ghchkw jf zflf}kwço f h Z] Ihcjfkyhczfw

wf hpyfwfczh gobo vbh hczknh kc}fwzkjoyh jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo#

H fbkwwoyh zkcdh ftglvwk}kjhjf chw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw jo Ghbpfochzo

Iyhwklfkyo, fczyf ow hcow jf 8;4= h 8;;7# Cfwzh ëpogh h Yfgoyj fyh h wvh pykcgkphl

gocgoyyfczf ch zyhcwbkwwço jow aonow ho }k}o# Wfnvcjo Gofldo $9004+, cfwwhëpogh, h Z] Nloio avlnh}h jkwpfcwè}fl h zyhcwbkwwço jf aonow ho }k}o, pokw co jkh

wfnvkczf o Nloio Fwpoyzf bowzyh}h zojow ow jfzhldfw jhw phyzkjhw# Gob kwwo, h

Ihcj pfyjkh ihwzhczf hvjkácgkh jvyhczf wfvw cozkgkèykow fwpoyzk}ow#

Gob h popvlhykqhîço jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o, o fwpoyzf ch zflf}kwço phwwov h zfy

wvh py÷pykh lkcnvhnfb# Ow cozkgkèykow jkèykow phwwhyhb h nhcdhy bhkw hvjkácgkh, f

gob kwwo nhcdhyhb bhkw fwphîo chw nyhjfw jf pyonyhbhîço jow nyhcjfw ghchkw#

“Fwwhw bojkmkghîöfw dkwz÷ykghw cow zflfaoychkw f pyonyhbhw fwpoyzk}ow moyhb



9=

gocwolkjhcjo moybhw fwpfgâmkghw jo mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo f, zhbiëb, jhw ftpfgzhzk}hw jow

zflfwpfgzhjoyfw gob yflhîço h fwwf zkpo jf pyonyhbh‒ $WKL]H, 9006# p# 98+#

9#7#9 O hlghcgf chgkochl jhw bâjkhw

Gob h gocwolkjhîço jh kczfycfz co bvcjo bkjkèzkgo, ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço

nhcdhyhb vbh co}h mfyyhbfczh f bhkw vb co}o gocgoyyfczf, o xvf wf jfwknch

gobo goc}fynácgkh jhw bâjkhw# Ghyjoqo $900>+ gologh h yfjf bvcjkhl jf

gobpvzhjoyfw gobo vb jow pykcgkphkw mhzoyfw jh zyhcwmoybhîço jow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço# Bfwbo gob o h}hcîo zfgcol÷nkgo, h gobvckghîço pñilkgh ho hlghcgfjo pñilkgo goczkcvhb wfcjo h zflf}kwço, o yèjko f h kbpyfcwh fwgykzh#

Hczfw jf wf popvlhykqhy chgkochlbfczf, h bâjkh wvynkv gobo yfnkochl, ov wfah, gob

vbh hiyhcnácgkh phyh o pñilkgo jhw pyotkbkjhjfw# Poyëb, bfwbo gob o

wvynkbfczo jhw zfgcolonkhw, hlnvbhw bâjkhw goczkcvhb loghkw, f ovzyhw gocwfnvkyhb

gdfnhy ho ébikzo chgkochl# Gobo ë o ghwo jh zflf}kwço# Co Iyhwkl, h Z] gobfîh h

bvjhy wfv pñilkgo hl}o, jo loghl phyh o phâw, ch jëghjh jf =0, gob h kcwzhlhîço jf

co}hw zfgcolonkhw jf gobvckghîöfw, gobo o }kjfozfkpf, powwkiklkzh}hb h moybhîço

jf yfjfw# Bhw w÷ fb 8;=;, xvf hw yfjfw chgkochkw pvjfyhb wfy mfkzhw gob

xvhlkjhjf, gob h kcwzhlhîço “jh yfjf jf bkgyoocjhw jh Fbpyfwh Iyhwklfkyh jf

Zflfgobvckghîöfw, h Fbiyhzfl‒ $Pfyvqqo, 9006# p, >0+#

Co Iyhwkl, o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jhw gobvckghîöfw, pykcgkphlbfczf hzyh}ëw jfnyhcjfw yfjfw jf zflf}kwço, hghiov pykoykqhcjo h gfczyhlkqhîço jh pyojvîço jfbfcwhnfcw cow nyhcjfw gfczyow vyihcow, jf ocjf phwwhb h wfy jkwwfbkchjhwpoy zojo o phâw# Fwwh fwzyhzënkh f}olvk gob h polâzkgh jf “kczfnyhîço chgkochl‒

dfyjhjh jh ëpogh jh jkzhjvyh bklkzhy f wf jfwfc}ol}f gob o h}hcîo jhwzflfgobvckghîöfw f jhw bâjkhw jknkzhkw# $PFYVQQO, 9006# p# >0">8+#

Gob h popvlhykqhîço jh kczfycfz, o zflfwpfgzhjoy/kczfychvzh phwwov h wfy hihwzfgkjo

gob bhkw opîöfw chw nyhjfw jf pyonyhbhîço jow ghchkw, pokw phwwov h wfy bhkw

ftknkjo# Dfy÷jozo Ihyifkyo f Phvlo Yojolmo jf Lkbh $9009+ gdhbhb h zflf}kwço jf

“h co}h Z]‒, pflo mhzo jflh zfy xvf goczfy bhkw wfy}kîow phyh goczkcvhy hzkcnkcjo wfv

pñilkgo#



9>

Ghyjoqo $900>+ fczfcjf xvf o wkwzfbh jf bâjkh wf hyzkgvlh poy jvhw yfjfw

pykcgkphkw, bhw flhw wf gobvckghb poy zfgcolonkhw jkmfyfczfw jf gobvckghîço f

kcmoybhîço# “Fwwhw yfjfw gocwzkzvfb"wf yfwpfgzk}hbfczf fb zoyco jh zflf}kwço f jh

kczfycfz fwzhiflfgfcjo c÷w gob jkmfyfczfw zfgcolonkhw, gobo o zflfmocf, o yèjko, h

kbpyfcwh fwgykzh fzg‒ $Ghyjoqo, 900># p#8>+#

Poyëb, ftkwzf vbh hioyjhnfb h wfy jkwgvzkjh h yfwpfkzo jo hlghcgf jhw bâjkhw,

jkhczf jhw wvhw mvcîöfw hzykivâjhw# Xvhkw hw wvhw gocwfxüácgkhw, f gobo zfbow

xvf h}hlkhy h yfhlkjhjf jo h}hcîo bkjkèzkgo?

H xvfwzço h xvf kbpoyzh }fyjhjfkyhbfczf yfwpocjfy ë hzë xvf poczo fwwf

hvbfczo jf powwkiklkjhjf jf hgfwwo, jo zfbpo jf ftpowkîço f jf kczfyhîçojkèykh gob h bâjkh ë ov cço pyopkgkhjoy jf hvbfczo jh cowwh hvzocobkh f, fbñlzkbh hcèlkwf, jo ftfygâgko jh cowwh gkjhjhckh chw wvhw bñlzkplhw moybhw#$GHYJOQO, 900># p# 9;+#

H bâjkh loghl phwwh wfy }kwzh gob ovzyow oldow h phyzky jh jëghjh jf ;0# Wfnvcjo

Pfyvqqo $9006+, hw zflf}kwöfw }k}fb fb goczyhjkîöfw, poy yflhîöfw polâzkghw f

kczfyfwwfw fgocúbkgow# Gob kwwo h kcmoybhîço zfb h wvh xvhlkjhjf gobpyobfzkjh,

pflo mhzo jow ghchkw bfcowpyfqhyfb h pyonyhbhîço loghl, gobo vbh moczf jfkcmoybhîço#

Dè fczyh}fw xvf pyfavjkghb h ftpyfwwk}kjhjf loghl hzyh}ëw jh bâjkh zflf}kwk}hzyhjkgkochl# Pykbfkyo, o lkbkzf jf zfbpo kbpowzo pflhw yfjfw, gobo aèbfcgkochjo# Wfnvcjo, ow doyèykow pfybkzkjow phyh kcwfyîço loghl, ftgfzvhcjoow pyonyhbhw aoychlâwzkgow, wço ow jf bfcoy hvjkácgkh ‗ zhyjf jh cokzf ov jfbhjyvnhjh# Zfygfkyo, h ftknácgkh jf fcxvhjyhbfczo cow phjyöfw chgkochkwjhw nyhcjfw yfjfw, xvf jkyfgkochb hw zfbèzkghw f o bojo jf ftpyfwwço,hghihcjo poy kckiky o hmloyhbfczo jow wozhxvfw yfnkochkw f bhkoy kcwfyîço jf

bço"jf"oiyh loghl# $PFYVQQO, 9006# p# >9+ 9#7#7 Bojhlkjhjfw jf pyonyhbhw fwpoyzk}ow

Gob h nloihlkqhîço f o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo zfgcol÷nkgo jhw bâjkhw, fb fwpfgkhl h

zflf}kwço, o fwpoyzf phwwov h wfy zyhcwmoybhjo fb fwpfzègvlo $Ifzzk, 900:+# O

aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o phwwov h wfy bhkw ftployhjo cow nyhcjfw ghchkw f nhcdov bhkw

fwphîo chw nyhjfw jf pyonyhbhîço# Ch jëghjh jf =0, gob h gdfnhjh jo



94

}kjfozfkpf, ow ghchkw jf zflf}kwço pojkhb yfnkwzyhy ow lhcgfw jhw pykcgkphkw phyzkjhw

jf mvzfiol jh ëpogh# O jogvbfczèyko Ghchl 800 fwzyfh}h chw zflhw jf gkcfbh, bhw

gobo nyhcjf pyfgvywoy jo hvjko}kwvhl fwpoyzk}o ch Z] iyhwklfkyh $Wkl}h, 9006+#

Cfwzf goczftzo, cço pojfbow fwxvfgfy jo jogvbfczèyko Ghchl 800 , jkyknkjopoy Ghylow Ckfbh{fy, ch jëghjh jf =0, f }fkgvlhjo yfnvlhybfczf cow gkcfbhw,hczfw jh pyoafîço jo mklbf pykcgkphl# Hzyh}ëw jow fcxvhjyhbfczow jf gébfyhw,o Ghchl 800 gykov vbh bhcfkyh co}h jf }fkgvlhy hw kbhnfcw jo mvzfiol f, fbgocwfxüácgkh, vbh co}h lkcnvhnfb $GHBHYNO hpvj WKL]H, 9006, p# 97+#

Gob h zyhafz÷ykh kckgkhjh jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o co Iyhwkl, bojhlkjhjfw moyhb wfcjo

gykhjhw# H Yfjf Nloio hpowzh}h fb pyonyhbhw gob vbh lkcnvhnfb bhkw kcmoybhl,gobo mok co Fwpoyzf Fwpfzhgvlhy , cozkgkèyko wfbhchl, xvf fwzyfov fb 8;>7# Gkcgo

hcow bhkw zhyjf o Nloio Fwpoyzf fwzyfh}h jkhykhbfczf, gob o kczvkzo jf lf}hy hlëb

jhw cozâgkhw woiyf o mvzfiol, ow mhzow jow fwpoyzfw hbhjoyfw, hzvhlbfczf

gocdfgkjow gobo fwpfgkhlkqhjow# Gofldo $9004+ jfwzhgh o Bfwh Yfjocjh, j h Z]

Nhqfzh, ghchl phvlkwzh# O pyonyhbh wfbhchl fyh zyhcwbkzkjo co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf

>0 zyhqkh gobfczhykwzhw popvlhyfw xvf jkwgvzkhb hw pykcgkphkw cozkgkhw jow nyhcjfw

glvifw jo fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo#

Ch jëghjh jf ;0, h Z] Ihcjfkyhczfw phwwh h kc}fwzky co fwpoyzf f wf kczkzvlh gobo o

“ghchl jo fwpoyzf‒# H pyonyhbhîço fwpoyzk}h jo ghchl phyzkh jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw jow

aonow, jow pykcgkphkw lhcgfw jhw phyzkjhw jf jfwzhxvf, jow gobfczèykow p÷w"aono, f h

opkckço jow aoychlkwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjow# H Ihcj mkgov bhyghjh co aoychlkwbo

fwpoyzk}o, poy wf zyhzhy jh pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh h zyhcwbkzky phyh o Iyhwkl, ho }k}o, ow

aonow jf Goph jo Bvcjo jkwpvzhjh co Bëtkgo, fb 8;>0# Jow pyonyhbhw fwpoyzk}ow

jh Ihcjfkyhczfw, o xvf bhkw bhygov mok o Wdo~ jo Fwpoyzf, xvf mkgov co hy jvyhczf90 hcow f jfv ácmhwf chgkochl, phyh jk}fywow aoychlkwzhw yfcobhjow hzvhlbfczf,

gobo poy ftfbplo, Lvgkhco jo ]hllf f Èl}hyo Aowë#

O fwpoyzf gyfwgfv ch zflf}kwço iyhwklfkyh, f gob kwwo nhcdov bhkw fwphîo chw

nyhjfw jf pyonyhbhîço# Ow pyonyhbhw jf jfihzf how jobkcnow, hp÷w ow aonow

}kyov zyhjkîço fb bvkzow ghchkw, gobo ch Ihcjfkyhczfw, ch Yfjf Z] f Gvlzvyh# Ow

cozkgkèykow jkèykow zhbiëb nhcdhyhb co}ow moybhzow f bhkw zfbpo jf jvyhîço# Jf

wfnvcjh h wftzh, aè co mkchl jh bhcdç, bvkzhw fbkwwoyhw lf}hb ho hy wfvw



9;

pyonyhbhw# Gobo ë o ghwo jo Aono Hifyzo , jh Ihcjfkyhczfw, xvf gobfîh phyh zojo

o phâw, àw 88d70#

Vbh jhw bhkoyfw bvjhcîhw cow hzvhkw cozkgkèykow fwpoyzk}ow mok xvhczo o moybhzo jfhpyfwfczhîço# Ow aoychlkwzhw xvf mhqfb o phpfl jf écgoyhw hphyfgfb ghjh }fq

bhkw gob vb fwzklo lf}f f jfwgoczyhâjo, bhw wfbpyf gob o oiafzk}o jf kcmoybhy jh

moybh jfzhldhjh o zflfwpfgzhjoy, gobo powzvlh co Bhcvhl jo Zflfaoychlkwbo, ow

hvzoyfw Dfy÷jozo Ihyifkyo f Phvlo Yojolmo jf Lkbh $9009+#

O hpyfwfczhjoy jf pyonyhbh aoychlâwzkgo ch Z] cço ë hyzkwzh cfb cozâgkh,zyhihldh gob flh# Kczfnyh vb pyogfwwo phyh goczhy h vbh phyzf jh wogkfjhjf oxvf h ovzyh fwzè mhqfcjo# Cço ë fwzyflh jo zflfaoychl, bhw ë o yowzo bhkw

gocdfgkjo f mhbklkhy jo zflfwpfgzhjoy $IHYIFKYO5 LKBH, 9009, p# >:+

9#7#: H goifyzvyh jo mvzfiol

Hlëb jo yèjko f jh kczfycfz xvf lf}hb ho zoygfjoy hw fboîöfw jhw phyzkjhw jf

mvzfiol, hzvhlbfczf jokw ghchkw hifyzow jf zflf}kwço zyhcwbkzfb ow pykcgkphkw aonow

jow ghbpfochzow jo Iyhwkl1 Yfjf Nloio f Ihcjfkyhczfw# Hw fbkwwoyhw hpowzhb hlzo

ch hvjkácgkh jo fwpoyzf iyfzço# Gob kwwo, vwhb f hivwhb jhw zfgcolonkhw jf

gobvckghîço phyh flf}hyfb h hvjkácgkh f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, ivwghyfb co}ow

phzyogkchjoyfw# Gob o gyfwgkbfczo jh Z] poy hwwkchzvyh, h Wpoyz} f h FWPC wço ow

ghchkw xvf wf jfwzhghb chw goifyzvyhw jow pykcgkphkw aonow jo Iyhwkl f jo Bvcjo#

H Yfjf Nloio ë h hzvhl jfzfczoyh jow jkyfkzow jf zyhcwbkwwço jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo#

Jkmfyfczf jow hcow 40, xvhcjo flh hgyfjkzh}h wfy jkwpfcwè}fl h zyhcwbkwwço jow

aonow, pokw co jkh wfnvkczf bowzyh}h co Nloio Fwpoyzf o xvf jf bfldoy hgoczfgfvchw phyzkjhw $Gofldo, 9004+# Jkmfyfczf jhw Z]‛w Ihcjfkyhczfw f Yfgoyj xvf

jkwpvzh}hb h hvjkácgkh co fwpoyzf# H Ihcj gdfnov h zyhcwbkzky gob ftglvwk}kjhjf

ow Ghbpfochzow Iyhwklfkyow jf 8;4= h 8;;7# Bfwbo wfb hgobphcdhy jf pfyzo ow

ghbpfochzow zyhcwbkzkjow poy ftglvwk}kjhjf poy ovzyow ghchkw, h Z] Nloio hpowzh}h

ch goifyzvyh aoychlâwzkgh mfkzh pflo wfv cozkgkèyko jo jkh wfnvkczf àw pykcgkphkw

phyzkjhw#

H gobpyh jow jkyfkzow jf zyhcwbkwwço jow aonow doaf fb jkh wf mhq poy }hloyfwkcmkckzhbfczf bhkoyfw jo xvf ow jhxvflh ëpogh# Ow bhkoyfw glvifw jo phkw



70

yfgfifb gfygh jf 900 bkldöfw jf yfhkw poy jkyfkzow jf zyhcwbkwwço, jf zojowow zoycfkow ‗ Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo, Lkifyzhjoyfw, fwzhjvhkw, yfnkochkw f Gophjo Iyhwkl $GOFLDO, 9004, p, =:"=6+#

Nfyhlbfczf, hw goifyzvyhw jf aonow ho }k}o goczhb gob vb chyyhjoy, ow

gobfczhykwzhw, hlëb jow yfp÷yzfyfw# Flfw wço ow yfwpocwè}fkw poy lf}hy ho

zflfwpfgzhjoy h kcmoybhîço f ow lhcgfw jh phyzkjh fb zfbpo yfhl# Ihyifkyo f Lkbh

$9009+ whlkfczhb xvf cço ftkwzf zyhcwbkwwço fwpoyzk}h wfb fboîço, poyëb o

aoychlkwzh ahbhkw jf}f wf lf}hy poy flh# “O fthnfyo ë vb phwwo phyh h

jfwkcmoybhîço‒ $Ihyifkyo5 Lkbh, 9009, p, 80>+#

H kczfyhzk}kjhjf zfb wkjo h nyhcjf hybh jow ghchkw xvf zyhcwbkzfb aonow ho }k}o

phyh wf hpyotkbhyfb bhkw jo zflfwpfgzhjoy# O h}hcîo jh kczfycfz co phâw

powwkiklkzov xvf hw yfjfw jf zflf}kwöfw iyhwklfkyhw jkwpockiklkqhwwfb how

zflfwpfgzhjoyfw/kczfychvzhw powwkiklkjhjfw jf mhqfyfb pfynvczhw how gobfczhykwzhw

jvyhczf hw zyhcwbkwwöfw fwpoyzk}hw# Hzë bfwbo ow ghchkw xvf cço jfzëb o jkyfkzo

jf zyhcwbkwwço mhqfb vwo jh kczfyhzk}kjhjf, oyh pflo wkzf jo py÷pyko ghchl, oyh pflhw

yfjfw wogkhkw, gobo poy ftfbplo, o Z~kzzfy #

9#7#6 H xvfwzço gobfygkhl

Pflo mvzfiol wfy o pykcgkphl fwpoyzf jo phâw, bvkzhw ovzyhw bojhlkjhjfw cço

hphyfgfb ch bâjkh fwpoyzk}h chgkochl# Hykhcf Mocwfgh $900;+ fcmhzkqh xvf o

aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o cço ë ftployhjo gobo jf}f# Gob mogo ch hvjkácgkh, ow

}fâgvlow xvf hpowzhb co aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o pykoykqhb o mvzfiol, pflo mhzo jf jhy

bhkw powwkiklkjhjfw jf mhzvyhbfczo# “Jhâ xvfb pfyjf wobow c÷w1 o pñilkgo wfjfczo

poy kcmoybhîço plvyhl f jf xvhlkjhjf‒ $Mocwfgh, 900;+#

Lvkq Pfhqá $9080+ jfwzhgh xvf o fwpoyzf hzvhl ë vb jfwhmko phyh o aoychlkwzh# Kwwo

jf}kjo hw xvfwzöfw gobfygkhkw, ov wfah, ow phzyogkchjoyfw xvf pyfwwkochb ghjh }fq

bhkw o zyhihldo jow pyomkwwkochkw jf gobvckghîço# Bfwbo gob zojhw hw jkmkgvljhjfw

fb mhqfy o aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o, o mvzfiol vlzyhphwwov zojhw hw bojhlkjhjfw xvf vb

jkh moyhb popvlhyfw, ov xvf hzvhlbfczf wço bvlzkbklkocèykhw#



78

H kcjñwzykh jo fwpoyzf f h chzvyfqh jfwzf, xvf ë vbh jhw hzk}kjhjfw dvbhchwbhkw fwpfzhgvlhyfw jo plhcfzh, wço vb jfwhmko wfb pyfgfjfczf phyh oaoychlkwzh# H }kwkiklkjhjf f jfpfcjácgkh ghjh }fq bhkoyfw jh mknvyh jophzyogkchjoy co gfcèyko jhw xvhzyo lkcdhw, xvf fcgfyyhb 97 dobfcw goyyfcjohzyèw jf vbh gokwh yfjocjh, ghjh }fq bhkw lknfkyh, wço moyîhw goyyvpzoyhw

bvkzo moyzfw# O zfygfkyo ikgo jfwzf zykécnvlo jhw ifybvjhw, ow bfkow jfgobvckghîço, fcxvhczo fbpyfwhw, gobplfzhb h pyfwwço how aoychlkwzhw$PFHQÁ, 9080+#

U###R o mvzfiol jf locnf wvpfyh o hvzoboiklkwbo, poy ftfbplo, hkcjh xvf fwzfwfah bvlzkbklkocèyko5 wvpfyov dè bvkzo zfbpo hw goyykjhw jf gh}hlow $ghjh }fqbhkw flkzkqhjhw+5 mhgklbfczf jfkth ow fwpoyzfw olâbpkgow h }èykow goypow jfjkwzécgkh, poy wfy fwzf myhnbfczhjo, jf kczfyfwwf f pyhzkghjo poy nyvpowbfcoyfw jf pfwwohw $kcmflkqbfczf+# O nohl hxvk ë lfbiyhy xvf cfcdvbh ovzyhhzk}kjhjf fwpoyzk}h, cfcdvb ovzyo fwpfzègvlo, wf hyyhwzh ho locno joghlfcjèyko gk}kl, f ho locno jf vbh fwghlhjh jf câ}fkw jf gobpfzkîço $yfnkochl,chgkochl, fczyf goczkcfczfw f poy mkb fczyf phâwfw+ gobo o mvzfiol# Kwwo ftplkgho kczfyfwwf polâzkgo, hw jfbhcjhw gobplfthw jf lonâwzkgh f jf bfldoyfwpyèzkghw jo bvcjo bojfyco f, poy mkb, h boiklkqhîço jf zojh h ghjfkhpyojvzk}h f gobfygkhl# Zojow ow wfnbfczow jh wogkfjhjf wço hmfzhjow, jf vbafkzo ov jf ovzyo, pflh kcjñwzykh jo mvzfiol5 jf bojo goczâcvo, fwghlhy fhpozf÷zkgo# $PFHQÁ, 9080+

H gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo zfb h bhkoy popvlhîço jo Iyhwkl# Wfnvcjo o KINF $Kcwzkzvzo

Iyhwklfkyo jf Nfonyhmkhw f Fwzhzâwzkghw+ $900;+, h ghpkzhl jo fwzhjo phvlkwzh powwvk

80#;;0#9:; dhikzhczfw# Wfnvcjo Gflwo Boczfkyo $9004+, h fc}fynhjvyh jh fgocobkhjh gkjhjf phvlkwzh ë cozè}fl, f gob kwwo ow nyhcjfw glvifw jf mvzfiol jh gkjhjf

mfgdhb nyhcjfw phzyogâckow# Hwwkb, gocwfnvfb hzyhky bhkw h bâjkh, f

gocwfxvfczfbfczf yfgfifb bhkoyfw gozhw jh zflf}kwço#

Ow glvifw phvlkwzhw, Goykczdkhcw, Wço Phvlo, Phlbfkyhw f Whczow, powwvfb flfcgow

jf jfwzhxvf co mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo f wço ow xvf phnhb ow bfldoyfw whlèykow phyh

aonhjoyfw f zëgckgow jo mvzfiol# Gob fwzèjkow, fwzyvzvyh f zkbfw gobpfzkzk}ow, owglvifw phvlkwzhw zoychb"wf yfmfyácgkh phyh ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço#



79

7 HCÈLKWF

7#8 Bfzojolonkh

Gobo h cowwh pfwxvkwh pyfzfcjf hchlkwhy h wvpowzh phygkhlkjhjf jh bâjkh fwpoyzk}h,

zobhbow gobo oiafzo jf hcèlkwf o pyonyhbh Aono Hifyzo, jh Z] Ihcjfkyhczfw, co

pfyâojo jf 70 jf co}fbiyo h 0: jf jfqfbiyo jf 900;, jfwzhghcjo cflf wobfczf o

wfnvcjo ilogo# Fwzf yfgoyzf mok mfkzo pflo mhzo jh bhkoykh jhw yfpoyzhnfcw

hioyjhjhw wfyfb jf câ}fl chgkochl# H phyzky jfwwf bhzfykhl pyfzfcjfbow }fykmkghy o

fwphîo gfjkjo how glvifw jh gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo, loghl ocjf ë pyojvqkjo o

pyonyhbh# H phygkhlkjhjf hzvhl ch bâjkh fwpoyzk}h pojf wfy fczfcjkjh gobogoczyhjkz÷ykh#

Wfnvcjo Pfyvqqo $9006+, hw zflf}kwöfw }k}fb fb goczyhjkîöfw, poy yflhîöfw

polâzkghw f kczfyfwwfw fgocúbkgow# Poyzhczo, poy zfy vbh pyo}è}fl bhkoy hvjkácgkh ch

ghpkzhl phvlkwzh, o cozkgkèyko já pykoykjhjf how glvifw jhxvflh gkjhjf, ho kc}ëw jf

yfpoyzhy gob bhkw pyomvcjkjhjf hw cozkgkhw woiyf ow glvifw jf ovzyhw gkjhjfw, xvf

ch ëpogh }k}khb vb bfldoy bobfczo co Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo#

O xvf jfwpfyzov o cowwo kczfyfwwf ë h zfczhzk}h jf gobpyffcjfy o bozk}o jf vb

pyonyhbh ftkikjo fb yfjf chgkochl pyk}klfnkhy o wfv vck}fywo bhkw py÷tkbo,

jfkthcjo fb wfnvcjo plhco ovzyhw fxvkpfw xvf fwzh}hb fb bhkoy f}kjácgkh ch

gobpfzkîço, wfnvkcjo ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf# Xvhczo h kwwo, Bhvyo ^olm

$8;;;+ yflhzh xvf o pykcgkphl oiafzk}o jow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço ë pvilkghy

cozâgkhw xvf wfahb wknckmkghzk}hw f kczfyfwwhczfw#

Poyzhczo, co mkchl jhw goczhw, phyh xvfb o pyonyhbh ë jkyfgkochjo? Fwwh ë vbh

fwgoldh }kgkhjh jh fbkwwoyh, hgowzvbhjh gob ow glvifw phvlkwzhw wfbpyf ch

lkjfyhcîh jfwwf gfyzhbf, ov mhlzh jf yfgvywow phyh vbh goifyzvyh chgkochl?

Pflo mhzo jf wfy pyojvqkjo fb Wço Phvlo, ë pfygfiâ}fl xvf o zfbpo jhjo how glvifw

jhxvflh gkjhjf wço bhkoyfw, bfwbo hw fxvkpfw cço fwzhcjo fb f}kjácgkh co

gfcèyko fwpoyzk}o chgkochl# Chxvflh oghwkço, Goykczdkhcw, Phlbfkyhw f Wço Phvlo aè



77

cço zkcdhb nyhcjfw gdhcgfw jf gocxvkwzhy o zâzvlo jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# Fb

goczyhphyzkjh, xvfb iyknh}h phyh gocxvkwzhy h gobpfzkîço fyh o Glvif jf Yfnhzhw

Mlhbfcno, jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo f o Wpoyz Glvi Kczfychgkochl, jo Yko Nyhcjf jo Wvl#

Jvyhczf h wfbhch moyhb jk}vlnhjhw bhzëykhw jhw jvhw fxvkpfw fb hpfchw jokw

jkhw# Ovzyow glvifw xvf zkcdhb oiafzk}ow ch gobpfzkîço cfb wfxvfy moyhb

hioyjhjow# Fyh o ghwo jo Gyvqfkyo Fwpoyzf Glvif, jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, xvf lvzh}h poy

vbh }hnh ch Goph Lkifyzhjoyfw#

O Glvif Hzlëzkgo Bkcfkyo lkjfyov h gobpfzkîço jvyhczf co}f yojhjhw wfnvkjhw f ghkv

jf pyojvîço avwzo ch yfzh mkchl jo ghbpfochzo# Xvhcjo mok jfyyozhjo pflo Phlbfkyhwch pfcñlzkbh yojhjh, h fxvkpf jf Iflo Doykqoczf pfyjfv hw gdhcgfw jf iyknhy pflo

zâzvlo f zhbiëb iyknhy poy vbh }hnh ch Lkifyzhjoyfw# O bhl jfwfbpfcdo jo glvif

bkcfkyo cço mok yfpoyzhjo fb cfcdvb jkh jo cozkgkèyko#

O bozk}o jf hchlkwhy o wfnvcjo ilogo jo pyonyhbh Aono Hifyzo mok poy fwzh fzhph

jo cozkgkèyko wfy h xvf bhkw phwwhb bhzëykhw jf ébikzo chgkochl, f bfwbo hwwkb ë

câzkjh h pyfmfyácgkh jh hzyhîço fb yfpoyzhy hwwvczow jow glvifw phvlkwzhw#

Wfyço hchlkwhjow ow zfbpow jf ghjh bhzëykh, ow gobfczèykow jf ghjh yfpoyzhnfb

ftkikjh f hw fczyf}kwzhw ho }k}o# H lkcnvhnfb vwhjh pflh hpyfwfczhjoyh f pflow

yfp÷yzfyfw zhbiëb wfyço hchlkwhjow#

7#9 Aono Hifyzo

O pyonyhbh Aono Hifyzo mok ho hy pflh pykbfkyh }fq co jkh 6 jf mf}fyfkyo jf 900>,

woi o gobhcjo jh Bkww Iyhwkl 8;;;, aoychlkwzh f hpyfwfczhjoyh Yfchzh Mhc# O

cozkgkèyko ë zyhcwbkzkjo phyh zojo o Iyhwkl jf 88d70b hw 89d70b# Mfychcjo

Mfychcjfw, Lvkq Gfhyè f Hczúcko Pfzykc, wço ow pykcgkphkw yfp÷yzfyfw jh hzyhîço#

Fwzfw wço ow yfwpocwè}fkw poy mhqfy ow lkcew ho }k}o, cow GZ‛w $Gfczyow jf

Zyfkchbfczow+ jow pykcgkphkw glvifw phvlkwzhw#



7:

7#7 Hcèlkwf jo bhzfykhl fbpâykgo

7#7#8 Pykbfkyo jkh

Yfchzh Mhc kckgkh o wfnvcjo ilogo mhqfcjo h gdhbhjh jow nolw kczfychgkochkw# H

bhzëykh zfb jvyhîço jf 9 bkcvzow f :4 wfnvcjow, f bowzyh ow nolw jow pykcgkphkw

ghbpfochzow jo mvzfiol bvcjkhl# Ch wfxüácgkh, h hpyfwfczhjoyh mhq h ghifîh jh

py÷tkbh yfpoyzhnfb# Co zftzo, flh fcmhzkqh h }kz÷ykh jo Phlbfkyhw woiyf o Hzlëzkgo"

BN, poy 7 h 8, fb phyzkjh }èlkjh pflh pfcñlzkbh yojhjh jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo

900;# Ch oghwkço, zhczo o zkbf bkcfkyo xvhczo o phvlkwzh iyknh}hb poy vb oiafzk}o

ch gobpfzkîço# O Phlbfkyhw lvzh}h poy }hnh ch Goph Lkifyzhjoyfw jh Hbëykgh fzkcdh vbh gdhcgf yfbozh jf gocxvkwzhy o zâzvlo chgkochl# Aè o wfv hj}fywèyko hkcjh

wocdh}h gob vbh }hnh ch gobpfzkîço kczfychgkochl, bhw ghwo mowwf jfyyozhjo cço

zfykh bhkw gdhcgfw jf hlghcîhy h bfzh#

H yfpoyzhnfb mfkzh pflo yfp÷yzfy Mhiko Lvghw Cf}fw zfb h jvyhîço jf : bkcvzow, f

gobfîh gob h mfwzh jh zoygkjh phlbfkyfcwf co Fwzèjko Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh, fb Wço

Phvlo# O chyyhjoy Ck}hljo Pykfzo chyyh ow bfldoyfw bobfczow jo zkbf phvlkwzh# Chwkbhnfcw ë powwâ}fl pfygfify h pykoykjhjf fb bowzyhy ow pykcgkphkw lhcgfw jo

Phlbfkyhw# Hw jvhw wocoyhw jh bhzëykh wço gob kczfnyhczfw jh fxvkpf phvlkwzhch,

gob o aonhjoy Jh{}kj Whggocck f o zëgckgo Bvykg{ Yhbhldo# Ch phwwhnfb jo

yfp÷yzfy, flf ftplkgh o xvf o Phlbfkyhw zfykh xvf mhqfy phyh gocxvkwzhy o

Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# Fb cfcdvb bobfczo flf mhlov woiyf h wkzvhîço jo Hzlëzkgo"

BN ch gobpfzkîço#

H py÷tkbh bhzëykh gdhbhjh poy Yfchzh Mhc mok jh phyzkjh jo Wpoyz " PF goczyh o

Kczfychgkochl " YW, ch Kldh jo Yfzkyo, fb Yfgkmf ‗ PF# Ow nhñgdow fwzh}hb ch iyknh

pflo zâzvlo chgkochl, fcxvhczo ow pfychbivghcow aè fwzh}hb yfihkthjow phyh h

wfnvcjh jk}kwço jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo jo hco wfnvkczf# Ch ghifîh jh yfpoyzhnfb, h

hpyfwfczhjoyh fcmhzkqh h }kz÷ykh poy 9 h 8 jo Kczfychgkochl f yflfbiyh xvf o glvif,

hlëb jf lvzhy pflh gocxvkwzh jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo, aè zkcdh vb lvnhy nhyhczkjo

ch Goph Lkifyzhjoyfw jf 9080#



76

H bhzëykh mfkzh pflh yfp÷yzfy Fbbkl{ ]kynâlko gob jvyhîço jf 9 bkcvzow f 70

wfnvcjow# Fb omm, flh ftplkgh h wkzvhîço hzvhl jo Kczfychgkochl ch gobpfzkîço,

hczfw jo kckgko jo aono#

H yfpoyzhnfb bowzyov ow pykcgkphkw lhcgfw jh phyzkjh, bhw gobo hpfchw o

Kczfychgkochl jkwpvzh}h hlno ch gobpfzkîço, h bhzëykh hpyfwfczov hpfchw hw

pykcgkphkw aonhjhw jh fxvkpf nhñgdh# Jfpokw jow nolw f jow bfldoyfw bobfczow,

moyhb mfkzhw wocoyhw gob ow aonhjoyfw Hcjyfqkcdo f Nvkøhqv, hbiow jo

Kczfychgkochl# Ch phwwhnfb, h yfp÷yzfy ftplkgh o xvf h fxvkpf jo Yko Nyhcjf jo Wvl

pyfgkwhykh phyh pojfy gobfboyhy o zâzvlo ch ñlzkbh yojhjh# Fb wfnvkjh bhkw jvhw

wocoyhw, jfwzh }fq gob o zëgckgo jo Kczfychgkochl, Bèyko Wëynko, f ovzyh }fq gobHcjyfqkcdo, xvf mok o hvzoy jo nol jh }kz÷ykh jow nhñgdow#

Yfchzh Mhc gdhbh h py÷tkbh bhzëykh# Ch ghifîh flh mhlh woiyf ow powwâ}fkw

pykcgkphkw pfywochnfcw jh phyzkjh fczyf Mlhbfcno f Goykczdkhcw, pflh pfcñlzkbh

yojhjh jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo, bhw fcmhzkqh o iob bobfczo jo aonhjoy Që

Yoifyzo, hvzoy jf vb jow nolw jh }kz÷ykh mlhbfcnvkwzh, poy 9 h 0, woiyf ow

goykczkhcow#

H bhzëykh mfkzh pflo yfp÷yzfy Lvkq Gfhyè zfb h jvyhîço jf 9 bkcvzow f zfb o mogo

pykcgkphl chw aonhjhw jo bfkh jo Mlhbfcno# O chyyhjoy Zëo Aowë chyyh o nol jo

aonhjoy#

Co omm, o yfp÷yzfy fcmhzkqh o iob bobfczo jo glvif ghykogh ch gobpfzkîço, xvf

hlghcîov h lkjfyhcîh f pojfykh gocxvkwzhy o zâzvlo chgkochl, hp÷w 8> hcow jf fwpfyh#Jfpokw jow bfldoyfw lhcgfw jf Që Yoifyzo, Lvkq Gfhyè mfq h wvh phwwhnfb, f mhlov

jh kbpoyzécgkh jo aonhjoy phyh o zkbf f jo phpfl jo fczço zëgckgo Hcjyhjf, ch

hwgfcwço jo hzlfzh# Ch wocoyh, Që Yoifyzo goczov woiyf h wvh }olzh poy gkbh f

gyfjkzov wfv iob bobfczo ho zyfkchjoy#

Ch bhzëykh wfnvkczf, Yfchzh Mhc gdhbh bhkw vbh yfpoyzhnfb jo aono fczyf

Phlbfkyhw f Hzlëzkgo"BN# Ch ghifîh, h hpyfwfczhjoyh mhlh jo yflhgkochbfczo jo

zkbf gob h zoygkjh hp÷w h }kz÷ykh jo glvif phvlkwzh woiyf ow bkcfkyow poy 7 h 8#



7=

H bhzëykh mfkzh pflh yfp÷yzfy Phlobh Zoggk zfb h jvyhîço jf 7 bkcvzow f zfb gobo

fcmoxvf o gobpoyzhbfczo jh zoygkjh f jow aonhjoyfw, hczfw f jfpokw jo aono# Co

kckgko jh bhzëykh ow zoygfjoyfw phlbfkyfcwfw wço bowzyhjow gdfnhcjo ho Fwzèjko

Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh# H yfp÷yzfy mhq fczyf}kwzhw co fwzklo po}o"mhlh gob ow zoygfjoyfw, woiyf

h fwpfyhcîh jf o zkbf pojfy gocxvkwzhy o zâzvlo jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# Ch

phwwhnfb, h aoychlkwzh, aè jfczyo jo ghbpo jf aono, ftplkgh hw bhckmfwzhîöfw jh

zoygkjh, ch wfbhch hczfykoy, xvf bvjhyhb h yozkch jow aonhjoyfw f gobkwwço

zëgckgh jo glvif# Vbh wocoyh gob vb aonhjoy jo Phlbfkyhw ë mfkzh, f lono fb

wfnvkjh jokw zoygfjoyfw wço ov}kjow# Co omm , zojow ow nolw wço bowzyhjow, f co mkb

jh bhzëykh, bhkw jvhw wocoyhw wço mfkzhw, gob o hzhghczf ^hncfy Lo}f f gob ozëgckgo Bvykg{ Yhbhldo#

Co mkchl jo wfnvcjo ilogo, h hpyfwfczhjoyh mhq h gdhbhjh phyh o kczfy}hlo f

hcvcgkh xvf }hk bowzyhy cozâgkhw woiyf o Gyvqfkyo, Nyábko f ow nolw xvf

hgoczfgfyhb co mkchl jf wfbhch#

7#7#9 Wfnvcjo jkh

Co wfnvcjo ilogo, h hpyfwfczhjoyh Yfchzh Mhc kckgkh gdhbhcjo vbh bhzëykh jo

Phlbfkyhw# Ch ghifîh, h aoychlkwzh fcmhzkqh h o bobfczo }k}kjo pflo glvif jh gkjhjf

jf Wço Phvlo# Flh kczkzvlh o aonhjoy Glfkzoc Th}kfy gobo o dfy÷k jh phyzkjh goczyh o

Hzlëzkgo"BN, jokw jkhw hczfw#

H yfpoyzhnfb mfkzh poy Ck}hljo Jf Gkllo, gob jvyhîço jf : bkcvzow f 70 wfnvcjow,

hioyjov ow iocw bobfczow jo bfko"ghbpkwzh ch zfbpoyhjh 900;# Aè co pykbfkyo

omm o yfp÷yzfy mhlh jh gykwf }k}kjh fczyf zkbf f zoygkjh# Fb wfnvkjh h pykbfkyh wocoyh,

gob aonhjoy, nyh}hjh hphyfczfbfczf ch ghwh jo hzlfzh# O zfbh jh fczyf}kwzh mok h

mhwf jo Phlbfkyhw ch gobpfzkîço# Mok mfkzh ovzyh wocoyh gob o nolfkyo Bhygow, woi o

bhckmfwzo }kolfczo jf hlnvcw zoygfjoyfw# O yfp÷yzfy mhlh xvf h powwkiklkjhjf jo zkbf

phvlkwzhco gobfboyhy o zkzvlo jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo hkcjh ë pfxvfch# O py÷pyko

aonhjoy hwwvbf xvf cço }hk mhlzhy opoyzvckjhjf#



7>

Ck}hljo Jf Gkllo pfynvczh h Glfkzoc Th}kfy woiyf h jkwpvzh jo zâzvlo chgkochl fczyf

Mlhbfcno f Kczfychgkochl# Wflfîço Iyhwklfkyh f wvh yfgfczf goczvwço zhbiëb moyhb

hioyjhjhw# Bhw o nyhcjf mogo jh fczyf}kwzh mok bfwbo h xvfjh jo yfcjkbfczo jo

zkbf ch yfzh mkchl jh gobpfzkîço, xvf nfyov bvkzo cfy}owkwbo fczyf ow phlbfkyfcwfw#

H py÷tkbh yfpoyzhnfb h wfy ftkikjh ë woiyf o Mlhbfcno, hzvhl lâjfy jo Ghbpfochzo

Iyhwklfkyo f o zkbf gob bhkw gdhcgfw jf gocxvkwzhy o zâzvlo chgkochl# Ch ghifîh, h

hpyfwfczhjoyh Yfchzh Mhc mhlh woiyf h gdhcgf glhyh jh fxvkpf ghykogh wf whnyhy

dfthghbpfço jh gobpfzkîço#

H bhzëykh jf jvyhîço jf 9 bkcvzow f 90 wfnvcjow, mfkzh pflh yfp÷yzfy Phzyâgkh Gdvfykgobfîh gob kbhnfcw jh wfbhch hczfykoy h }kz÷ykh woiyf o Goykczdkhcw# O omm

hpyfwfczh ft"aonhjoyfw jo Mlhbfcno goc}fywhcjo gob ow hzvhkw f h gobkwwço

zëgckgh# Fb wfnvkjh fczyh hw wocoyhw jf ft"hzlfzhw, xvf aè jfmfcjfyhb h ghbkwh

mlhbfcnvkwzh, vb jkh hp÷w h phyzkjh goczyh h fxvkpf phvlkwzh# ]èykow âjolow jo

Mlhbfcno jço jfpokbfczo woiyf h mhwf hzvhl fb xvf o glvif }k}f# H yfp÷yzfy

zhbiëb bowzyov h kbfcwh mklh fb zoyco jhw ikldfzfykhw jo Bhyhghcç, fwzèjko ocjf o

zkbf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo kykh fcmyfczhy o Nyábko f gob vb yfwvlzhjo powkzk}ogobfboyhykh o zâzvlo# Co mkchl jh bhzëykh, bhkw vbh wocoyh ë mfkzh, ocjf o ft"

aonhjoy jo Mlhbfcno Wè}ko, fcmhzkqh o zyhihldo jo zëgckgo Hcjyhjf f jf zojow ow

aonhjoyfw#

Jfpokw jf jhy vbh cozh kczfychgkochl, Yfchzh Mhc gdhbh o yfp÷yzfy Hczúcko Pfykc,

xvf fwzh}h co Gfczyo jf Zyfkchbfczo jo Wço Phvlo Mvzfiol Glvif, ch Ihyyh Mvcjh,

ch ghpkzhl phvlkwzh# Ch gdhbhjh, h hpyfwfczhjoyh hcvcgkh vbh fczyf}kwzh gob oaonhjoy Dfychcfw f o gologh gobo myhcgo mh}oykzo h wfy o gyhxvf jo Ghbpfochzo

Iyhwklfkyo jf 900;#

Hczúcko Pfzykc gobfîh h fczyf}kwzhy o hzlfzh xvfwzkochcjo"o gobo h fxvkpf jo Wço

Phvlo zkyhykh moyîhw phyh o py÷tkbo aono, fwzhcjo pyhzkghbfczf moyh jh jkwpvzh pflo

Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# Jvyhczf o jfpokbfczo jo aonhjoy, moyhb bowzyhjhw kbhnfcw

jh ñlzkbh phyzkjh jh fxvkpf, jfyyozhjh pflo Nokèw Fwpoyzf Glvif# O yfp÷yzfy ftplkgh

phyh o aonhjoy woiyf hw gdhcgfw yfbozhw jh fxvkpf phvlkwzh wf whnyhy dfpzhghbpfç



74

iyhwklfkyh# Ch ñlzkbh pfynvczh, Hczúcko Pfzykc pfynvczh h Dfychcfw woiyf h

ftpfgzhzk}h jf flf wfy fwgoldkjo o gyhxvf jh gobpfzkîço# Lono hp÷w h fczyf}kwzh, o

aoychlkwzh mhlh woiyf hw goczyhzhîöfw fwpfgvlhjhw co zkbf phyh h zfbpoyhjh

wfnvkczf#

Jfpokw jh phyzkgkphîço ho }k}o jf Hczúcko Pfzykc, gob jvyhîço jf 7 bkcvzow f 70

wfnvcjow, Yfchzh Mhc hcvcgkh vbh bhzëykh jo Goykczdkhcw co py÷tkbo ilogo#

7#7#7 Zfygfkyo jkh

O wfnvcjo ilogo gobfîh gob h hpyfwfczhjoyh Yfchzh Mhc gdhbhcjo vbh bhzëykh

jo Goykczdkhcw# Co zftzo jh ghifîh, h aoychlkwzh mhlh xvf bfwbo moyh jh jkwpvzh pflo

zâzvlo chgkochl, o glvif phvlkwzh hkcjh ë cozkgkh, flh hkcjh hcvcgkov h goczyhzhîço jo

lhzfyhl Yoifyzo Ghylow xvf wfykh hpyfwfczhjo gobo vb pyfwfczf jf chzhl phyh h

zoygkjh goykczkhch# H yfpoyzhnfb mfkyh poy Fbbkl{ ]kynâlko zfb jvyhîço jf 7 bkcvzow f

80 wfnvcjow f bowzyh h yfpfygvwwço jh jfyyozh phyh o Mlhbfcno co ñlzkbo mkchl jf

wfbhch# Jvhw wocoyhw jo nolfkyo Mflkpf moyhb mfkzhw f mok jfzhldhjo o xvf o aonhjoygocxvkwzov co pykbfkyo wfbfwzyf jf 900;, o Ghbpfochzo Phvlkwzh f Goph jo Iyhwkl,

xvf nhyhczkh ho glvif jf bhkoy zoygkjh co fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo, o jkyfkzo jf jkwpvzhy

h Goph Lkifyzhjoyfw fb 9080, hco jo gfczfcèyko goykczkhco#

Yfchzh Mhc gdhbh o yfp÷yzfy Whcjyo Nhbh, jkyfzo jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo, xvf fb moybh

jf wzhcj"vp bowzyh h gdfnhjh jow aonhjoyfw jo Mlhbfcno à gocgfczyhîço phyh o

aono jfgkwk}o goczyh o Nyábko, co Bhyhghcç, phyzkjh fwzh xvf gologhykh o glvifghykogh gobo o co}o ghbpfço iyhwklfkyo# H phyzkgkphîço jo aoychlkwzh xvf bowzyov h

gdfnhjh jow pykcgkphkw hzlfzhw, hlëb jo zëgckgo Hcjyhjf zf}f h jvyhîço jf 7

bkcvzow# Lono fb wfnvkjh vbh yfpoyzhnfb mfkzh pflo bfwbo Whcjyo Nhbh, gob

jvyhîço jf 9 bkcvzow ë hpyfwfczhjh# Cflh wço mfkzhw wocoyhw gob o zëgckgo

Hcjyhjf, gkcgo }fqfw ghbpfço iyhwklfkyo gobo hzlfzh, f gob o aonhjoy Jh}kj# H

yfpoyzhnfb zfybkch gob h zoygkjh hczfgkphcjo h mfwzh jo zâzvlo chgkochl#



7;

Jf }olzh ho fwzñjko, o gobfczhykwzh Cfzo mhlov woiyf o hzvhl bobfczo jo Mlhbfcno,

f ho zëybkco jo gobfczèyko, hcvcgkov vbh “iobih‒ co zkbf jo Wço Phvlo# Jfpokw

jf vbh cozh woiyf h Goph jo Bvcjo, Yfchzh Mhc gdhbov h py÷tkbh bhzëykh# Ch

ghifîh, h aoychlkwzh mhlov woiyf h goc}kgîço jow zoygfjoyfw jo Wço Phvlo fb

gobfboyhyfb o xvhyzo zâzvlo iyhwklfkyo wfnvkjo, f xvf o mfkzo mkgov jkwzhczf jf wfy

gocxvkwzhjo hp÷w h jfyyozh co mkchl jf wfbhch phyh o Nokèw, co gfczyo"ofwzf jo

Iyhwkl#

H yfpoyzhnfb jf : bkcvzow, mfkzh pflh yfp÷yzfy Phlobh Zoggk bowzyov o glkbh co

glvif wço"phvlkco jfpokw jf jfwpfyjkîhy h gdhcgf jf wfy ghbpfço# Hw ftpyfwwöfw

jow pykcgkphkw aonhjoyfw wço bowzyhjhw# Wocoyhw moyhb mfkzhw gob o zëgckgo YkghyjoNobfw f gob o aonhjoy Dfychcfw# Ow fczyf}kwzhjow moyhb pfynvczhjow wf o flfcgo

hgyfjkzh}h chw gdhcgfw bâckbhw jh fxvkpf gocxvkwzhy o zâzvlo, f jf ocjf flfw kykhb

zkyhy bozk}hîço# Ch phwwhnfb, h yfp÷yzfy ftplkgh ocjf moyhb ow poczow myhgow jo

zkbf ch yfzh mkchl jh gobpfzkîço# Fb omm , h aoychlkwzh mhlh woiyf ow yfmoyîow xvf o

zyfkchjoy zfyè phyh h ñlzkbh yojhjh jh gobpfzkîço f fcgfyyh h bhzëykh gob vbh

wocoyh jo aonhjoy Dfychcfw#

7#7#: Xvhyzo jkh

Cfwzf jkh xvfb hpyfwfczh o pyonyhbh ë h aoychlkwzh Phlobh Zoggk, h hpyfwfczhjoyh

Yfchzh Mhc }khaov phyh h Èmykgh jo Wvl phyh mhqfy h goifyzvyh jo woyzfko jow nyvpow

jh Goph jo Bvcjo jf 9080# Phlobh gdhbov h pykbfkyh yfpoyzhnfb jo wfnvcjo

ilogo# O hwwvczo fyh woiyf o Goykczdkhcw#

Ch ghifîh, h yfp÷yzfy mhlh xvf bfwbo fb glkbh jf mëykhw o glvif zfb polábkgh co

hy# H yfpoyzhnfb jf : bkcvzow 90 wfnvcjow bowzyh o hbikfczf co Gfczyo jf

Zyfkchbfczow Phyxvf Wço Aoynf, ocjf ow aonhjoyfw zyfkchb# Fbbkl{ ]kynâlko mok

xvfb goiykv o zyfkco jo glvif hl}kcfnyo, f hioyjov ow hwwvczow jh ñlzkbh phyzkjh jo

glvif, ch jfyyozh phyh o Mlhbfcno, co jobkcno# Moyhb mfkzhw wocoyhw jh fczyf}kwzh

golfzk}h jo zëgckgo Bhco Bfcfqfw# H yfpoyzhnfb zhbiëb mfq vb pfxvfco ihlhcîo

jo glvif goykczkhco, xvf chxvflf bobfczo cço zkcdh oiafzk}ow co ghbpfochzo#



:0

Ch bhzëykh wfnvkczf, Phlobh Zoggk gdhbh h goifyzvyh jo aono jo Mlvbkcfcwf, ch

mkchl jh Goph Wvlhbfykghch, goczyh h LJV $Fxvhjoy+, ch cokzf hczfykoy, co

Bhyhghcç# Ch oghwkço o zkbf iyhwklfkyo zfykh xvf }fcgfy poy xvhzyo nolw jf

jkmfyfcîh, bhw }fcgfv ow fxvhzoykhcow poy hpfchw zyáw, f mkghyhb gob o }kgf"

ghbpfochzo# H yfpoyzhnfb jf 6 bkcvzow mfkzh pflo yfp÷yzfy Whcjyo Nhbh bowzyov

ow bfldoyfw lhcgfw jh phyzkjh, gob h chyyhîço jf Lvgkhco jo ]hllf# Ho zëybkco jh

phyzkjh moyhb ov}kjow aonhjoyfw f o zëgckgo Gvgh, phyh fcgfyyhy h yfpoyzhnfb#

Jfpokw jf cozkgkhw woiyf ghbpfochzow kczfychgkochkw f woiyf h Goph jo Bvcjo,

Phlobh Zoggk gdhbov o yfp÷yzfy Ck}hljo Jf Gkllo, ho }k}o, jh Hghjfbkh jf Mvzfiol

jo Phlbfkyhw# O yfp÷yzfy bowzyov ovzyow aoychlkwzhw zyhihldhcjo f bowzyov obobfczo fb xvf ow aonhjoyfw f h gobkwwço zëgckgh jo glvif jfkth}hb o Gfczyo jf

Zyfkchbfczo yvbo à Kzv"WP, phyh h pyfphyhîço jo ñlzkbo aono jo ghbpfochzo,

oghwkço fwzh fb xvf o glvif zkcdh bâckbhw gdhcgfw jf gocxvkwzh jf zâzvlo# Jf Gkllo

zhbiëb yfpoyzov cozâgkhw woiyf bhckmfwzow }kolfczow jf zoygfjoyfw phlbfkyfcwfw,

goczyh o úckivw jo glvif xvf mhqkh h logoboîço jow hzlfzhw phyh h gocgfczyhîço,

vbh wfbhch hczfw# H phyzkgkphîço ho }k}o jo aoychlkwzh jvyov 8 bkcvzo f 80

wfnvcjow#

7#7#6 Xvkczo jkh

Poy wfy o jkh jo woyzfko jow nyvpow jh Goph jo Bvcjo ch Èmykgh jo Wvl, o pyonyhbh

}hloykqh}h bhkw hw yfpoyzhnfcw mfkzhw co phâw jh gobpfzkîço# Wkbvlzhcfhbfczf

hgoczfgkh vb f}fczo co Bvwfv jo Mvzfiol, fb Wço Phvlo, f ow yfp÷yzfyfw

Mfychcjo Mfychcjfw f Ck}hljo Pykfzo fwzh}hb co loghl phyh goc}fywhy gob owaonhjoyfw xvf aè jfmfcjfyhb h ghbkwh jh wflfîço iyhwklfkyh#

Jfpokw jf ; bkcvzow gob kcmoybhîöfw jf Goph jo Bvcjo, h hpyfwfczhjoyh Phlobh

Zoggk gdhbov bhkw vbh bhzëykh woiyf o Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# Ch ghifîh, h

aoychlkwzh gdhbh jf glkbh jf nvfyyh o glkbh co Phlbfkyhw#

H yfpoyzhnfb jf 9 bkcvzow gobfîh gob h kbhnfb jf vb mvcgkocèyko jo glvif

ihyyhcjo ow yfp÷yzfyfw jh Z] Ihcjfkyhczfw# H bhzëykh mfkzh pflo yfp÷yzfy Ck}hljo Jf



:8

Gkllo bowzyov ow úckivw jo glvif fwgolzhjow pflh polâgkh co zyhafzo phyh Kzv, gkjhjf

py÷tkbh jh ghpkzhl phvlkwzh, ocjf h fxvkpf kykh wf pyfphyhy phyh o aono goczyh o

Iozhmono, co jobkcno, pflh ñlzkbh yojhjh jo Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# Ch oghwkço,

vbh jfyyozh pojfykh yfihkthy o zkbf ghykogh, f o Phlbfkyhw zkcdh pfxvfchw gdhcgfw

jf gocxvkwzhy o zâzvlo, pokw hlëb jf }fcgfy zfykh xvf zoygfy poy vbh gobikchîço jf

yfwvlzhjow, xvhwf xvf kbpowwâ}fl chxvflf bobfczo# Vbh wocoyh gob o aonhjoy

Jkfno Wovqh mok mfkzh# H yfpoyzhnfb zhbiëb bowzyov kbhnfcw jow wvwpfkzow poy

hnyfjkyfb o aonhjoy ^hncfy Lo}f#

Phlobh Zoggk gdhbh h py÷tkbh bhzëykh, jfwzh }fq woiyf o Iozhmono# Ch ghifîh, h

hpyfwfczhjoyh mhlh xvf o zkbf ghykogh pyfgkwhykh jh }kz÷ykh phyh cço zfybkchy hzfbpoyhjh fb zyhnëjkh, gob vb powwâ}fl yfihkthbfczo phyh h wfnvcjh jk}kwço jo

Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo#

H bhzëykh gob o zfbpo jf 8 bkcvzo f 70 wfnvcjow hioyjov hw powwkiklkjhjfw jo

Iozhmono wfy yfihkthjo f mfq vb ihlhcîo jo glvif co hco jf 900;# O yfp÷yzfy Mèiko

Hqf}fjo mfq wocoyhw gob ow aonhjoyfw Lñgko Mlè}ko f ^fllkcnzoc# Ch phwwhnfb o

aoychlkwzh yflfbiyov wkzvhîöfw wfbfldhczfw ho xvf o glvif ghykogh }k}kh chxvflhoghwkço, f yfgoyjov o hco jf 900:#

H py÷tkbh bhzëykh ë jf ovzyh fxvkpf moyh jf Wço Phvlo# Jfwzh }fq, o Kczfychgkochl,

glvif xvf avczo gob o Mlhbfcno zkcdh hw bhkoyfw gdhcgfw jf gocxvkwzhy o

Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo# H bhzëykh jf 8 bkcvzo f 70 wfnvcjow zyhzh}h jo aono jo

zkbf nhñgdo goczyh o Whczo Hcjyë, f zhbiëb jh phyzkjh jo Mlhbfcno, xvf zkcdh xvf

wfy jfyyozhjo ch ovzyh phyzkjh phyh xvf o Kczfy wf whnyhwwf ghbpfço chgkochl#Poyëb, o hj}fywèyko jh fxvkpf ghykogh fyh o hyxvkyyk}hl jo Kczfychgkochl, o Nyábko,

xvf aè cço hlbfah}h chjh ch gobpfzkîço#

Ch phwwhnfb, o yfp÷yzfy Bèygko Bfcfndkcck mhlov woiyf h pyfphyhîço jow

aonhjoyfw, phyh cço wfyfb wvypyffcjkjow pflo zkbf jo HIG Phvlkwzh# Moyhb mfkzhw

wocoyhw gob ow aonhjoyfw Nkvlkhco f Hlfgwhcjyo, ocjf flfw jkqkhb fwzhy hpfchw

pyfogvphjow gob h phyzkjh jo Kczfychgkochl, f gocmkhczfw ch gobikchîço jf

yfwvlzhjow xvf pojfykh jhy o zâzvlo phyh h fxvkpf jh gkjhjf jf Poyzo Hlfnyf#



:9

7#: Phygkhlkjhjf ch bâjkh fwpoyzk}h

H phyzky jo yflhzo jo bhzfykhl fbpâykgo woiyf h wvpowzh phygkhlkjhjf jo pyonyhbh

Aono Hifyzo, jh Z] Ihcjfkyhczfw, cozhbow vbh pyfmfyácgkh bhkoy jo cozkgkèyko fb

jk}vlnhy kcmoybhîöfw jf glvifw jh gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo#

Poy bhkw xvf glvifw jf ovzyow fwzhjow }k}hb vb bfldoy bobfczo co gfcèyko jo

mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo, h jk}vlnhîço jow glvifw jh gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo, wfbpyf zfyço

pykoykjhjfw ch }fkgvlhîço jf cozkgkhw jfczyo jo cozkgkèyko# Ftfbplo jkwwo fyh o

bobfczo }k}kjo poy Gyvqfkyo, Hzlëzkgo"BN, Kczfychgkochl f Mlhbfcno, xvf fwzh}hb

fb f}kjácgkh f cço zkcdhb o bfwbo zfbpo jf ftkikîço jhw bhzëykhw gobo zkcdhbWço Phvlo, Phlbfkyhw f Goykczdkhcw#

Hzvhlbfczf ow mhzow hgoczfgfb jf moybh hivcjhczf, o xvf jfkth ow cozkgkèykow

fwpoyzk}ow ifb hihwzfgkjow# Bhw xvhcjo hchlkwhbow o pykbfkyo jkh jo cozkgkèyko

fwpoyzk}o, fcgoczyhbow ow gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf, gkzhjo poy Bhyko ^olm $8;;;+#

O pykcgkphl oiafzk}o jow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço ë pvilkghy cozâgkhw xvf wfahb

wknckmkghzk}hw f kczfyfwwhczfw# Jkhczf jkwwo, h gvlzvyh jow aoychlkwzhw, ow pyogfwwow jfpyojvîço f h oynhckqhîço jo zyhihldo wço pyfpocjfyhczfw phyh xvf vb mhzo wfah

zyhcwmoybhjo fb cozâgkh# Poyëb, ch hchlkwf jo bhzfykhl fbpâykgo ë pfygfiâ}fl xvf ow

hgoczfgkbfczow wknckmkghzk}ow cço vlzyhphwwfb bvkzo hw myoczfkyhw phvlkwzhchw#

“Wço jokw ow mhzoyfw pykcgkphkw phyh h jk}vlnhîço jh cozâgkh1 h kbpoyzécgkh f o

kczfyfwwf‒ $MFYCHCJFW, 9006+# Poy wfy pyojvqkjo fb Wço Phvlo, o Aono Hifyzo

mogh bhkw cow zflfwpfgzhjoyfw phvlkwzhcow f chw nyhcjfw fbpyfwhw phvlkwzhw, poykwwo fwwf kczfyfwwf f fwwh kbpoyzécgkh bhgkîh fb goiyky ow glvifw phvlkwzhcow#

Ch wfbhch hchlkwhjh Mlhbfcno f Kczfychgkochl fyhb ow glvifw xvf fwzh}hb bhkw

py÷tkbow jf gocxvkwzhyfb o Ghbpfochzo Iyhwklfkyo jf 900;, mfkzo fwzf gocwfnvkjo

pflh fxvkpf ghykogh#

Chxvflh oghwkço, h yfpoyzhnfb jo Aono Hifyzo mfq vb lkce ho }k}o, gob o aoychlkwzh

Hczúcko Pfzykc, co Gfczyo jf Zyfkchbfczo jo Wço Phvlo, xvf aè zkcdh pfyjkjo hw



:7

fwpfyhcîhw jf gocxvkwzhy o zâzvlo# O yfp÷yzfy Ck}hljo Jf Gkllo zhbiëb phyzkgkpov jo

cozkgkèyko gob kcmoybhîöfw ho }k}o jo Phlbfkyhw, xvf hlëb jf cço zfy bvkzhw

gdhcgfw jf wfy ghbpfço, hkcjh }k}kh fb gykwf gob h wvh zoygkjh# Wf o pyonyhbh ë

ftkikjo fb yfjf chgkochl, poyxvf cço mok boczhjh vbh goifyzvyh ho }k}o co glvif

ghykogh f co glvif nhñgdo? O bètkbo xvf }kbow mok vb wzhcj"vp mfkzo pflo yfp÷yzfy

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aonhjoyfw jo Mlhbfcno ho dozfl, phyh kckgkhy h gocgfczyhîço phyh o aono jfgkwk}o

goczyh o Nyábko#

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zyhzhjow wobfczf gobo zflfwpfgzhjoyfw, bhw wkb gobo gocwvbkjoyfw jf bvkzhphygkhlkjhjf ch bâjkh# Wfnvcjo Aoynf Lvkq jf Ghy}hldo ]fyâwwkbo $900=+, wço

bâckbow jfzhldfw xvf mhqfb gob xvf h zflf}kwço gdfnvf pfyzo jh xvhlkjhjf

pfymfkzh#

O bâckbo xvf wf pfjf ë kbphygkhlkjhjf ch jfwgykîço jow mhzow f chyyhîço chdoyh jf chyyhy, jfkthcjo ifb glhyh h jkmfyfcîh fczyf o xvf ë opkckço$gobfczèyko, ov wfah, lè o xvf moy+ f h yfhlkjhjf jow mhzow# Ow gocwvbkjoyfwbfyfgfb xvf h xvhlkjhjf hzë hnoyh hpyfwfczhjh wfah bfldoyhjh# Bfyfgfb

xvf wfahb fcghyhjow gob yfwpfkzo, gobo vwvèykow jf vb wfy}kîo jf nyhcjfyflf}écgkh, f cço gobo bhwwh jf bhcoiyh# $]FYÂWWKBO, 900=+#

Hgyfjkzhbow xvf bfwbo gob zhczhw opîöfw jf wf kcmoybhy, h zflf}kwço goczkcvh

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hioyjhy zfbhw jf gvcdo chgkochl#

Co xvkczo jkh, vbh bhzëykh jf : bkcvzow f 90 wfnvcjow, woiyf o Goykczdkhcw mok ho

hy, o glvif hl}kcfnyo pyhzkghbfczf fwzh}h jf mëykhw jh zfbpoyhjh, pokw aè cçojkwpvzh}h chjh ch gobpfzkîço, f bfwbo hwwkb mok ho hy# Fcxvhczo kwwo, woiyf o

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vb bkcvzo f 70 wfnvcjow, hczfw jo gocmyoczo goczyh o Whczo Hcjyë, fb Poyzo

Hlfnyf#

Co wfnvcjo jkh, o yfp÷yzfy Ck}hljo Jf Gkllo mfq vbh yfpoyzhnfb gob o aonhjoy jo

Phlbfkyhw Glfkzoc Th}kfy, jo Phlbfkyhw, gob jvyhîço jf : bkcvzow f 70 wfnvcjow#

Co bfwbo jkh o yfp÷yzfy Hczúcko Pfzykc fczyf}kwzov o bfko"ghbpkwzh Dfychcfw, jo



::

Wço Phvlo, h bhzëykh zf}f jvyhîço jf 7 bkcvzow f 70 wfnvcjow# Hchlkwhcjo o

bobfczo jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo, ë kbpowwâ}fl fczyf}kwzhy ovzyow aonhjoyfw fb

f}kjfcgkh chxvflf bobfczo, gobo hzlfzhw jo Kczfychgkochl, jo Mlhbfcno, ov jo

Gyvqfkyo?

O xvf wf cozh ë xvf h Z] Ihcjfkyhczfw jf Wço Phvlo gologh hxvflf fwzhjo gobo

pykoykjhjf f jfkth ow hwwvczow fwpoyzk}ow jf ovzyhw yfnköfw phyh h pyonyhbhîço

loghl# O xvf wf xvfy lf}hczhy hxvk cço ë vbh ihcjfkyh phyh pykoykqhy ow glvifw

bkcfkyow, nhñgdow, ihkhcow, ghykoghw, fczyf ovzyow, bhw xvf wfah }fkgvlhjo fb vb

pyonyhbh xvf }hk ho hy phyh zojo Iyhwkl, hwwvczow yflhgkochjow how glvifw jo cowwo

phâw#

Poyëb, phyh Pfyvqqo $9006+ ftkwzf vb bfcowpyfqo gob h pyonyhbhîço loghl,

zkyhcjo xvhlxvfy fwpfyhcîh jf vb jkh }fybow vb pyonyhbh fb yfjf chgkochl, xvf

yfpoyzf hwwvczow jf zojow ow glvifw iyhwklfkyow#

Dè fczyh}fw xvf pyfavjkghb h ftpyfwwk}kjhjf loghl hzyh}ëw jh bâjkh zflf}kwk}hzyhjkgkochl# Pykbfkyo, o lkbkzf jf zfbpo kbpowzo pflhw yfjfw, gobo aèbfcgkochjo# Wfnvcjo, ow doyèykow pfybkzkjow phyh kcwfyîço loghl, ftgfzvhcjoow pyonyhbhw aoychlâwzkgow, wço ow jf bfcoy hvjkácgkh ‗ zhyjf jh cokzf ov jfbhjyvnhjh# Zfygfkyo, h ftknácgkh jf fcxvhjyhbfczo cow phjyöfw chgkochkw

jhw nyhcjfw yfjfw, xvf jkyfgkochb hw zfbèzkghw f o bojo jf ftpyfwwço,hghihcjo poy kckiky o hmloyhbfczo jow wozhxvfw yfnkochkw f bhkoy kcwfyîço jfbço"jf"oiyh loghl# $PFYVQQO, 9006# p# >9+



:>

YFMFYÁCGKHW IHYIFKYO, Dfy÷jozo5 LKBH, Phvlo Yojolmo jf# Bhcvhl jf zflfaoychlkwbo1 owwfnyfjow jh cozâgkh ch# Z]# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Ghbpvw, 9009#

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PFYVQQO, Gkgklkh B# Eyodlkcn# Bâjkh yfnkochl f loghl1 hwpfgzow gocgfkzvhkw fzfcjácgkhw# Wço Ifychyjo jo Ghbpo, wfz# 9006# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1<

http://www.artigonal.com/futebol-artigos/grandes-clubes-do-futebol-brasileiro-1686680.html


http://sbpjor.kamotini.kinghost.net/sbpjor/admjor/arquivos/iiisbpjor2005_-_ci_-_mario_luiz_fernandes.pdf


http://www.arianefonseca.com/index.php/de-olho-na-midia/a-midia-e-o-esporte

http://empresasefinancas.hsw.uol.com.br/sao-paulo-economia.html


http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/artigos.asp?cod=594JDB005

http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/artigos.asp?cod=594JDB005



http://www.arianefonseca.com/index.php/de-olho-na-midia/a-midia-e-o-esporte







:4

dzzp1//~~~#gkgklkhpfyvqqo#pyo#iy/hyzknow/bkjkh_yfnkochl_f_loghl_hwpfgzow_gocgfkzvhkw_f_zfcjfcgkhw#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb1 0> wfz# 9080# YHBOW, Yoifyzo# Mvzfiol1 Kjfolonkh jo Pojfy# Pfzy÷polkw1 ]oqfw# 8;4:#

WKL]H, Jfocâwko jh# O mvzfiol fb cowwhw lfzyhw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo, 90 jf avc# 9008#Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#oiwfy}hzoykojhkbpyfcwh#gob#iy/hyzknow/hl900=90088#dzb3# Hgfwwo fb10: wfz# 9080#

WKL]H, Mfychcjh Bhvyâgko jh# Jow zflfaoychkw how pyonyhbhw fwpoyzk}ow1 Nácfyow zflf}kwk}ow f bojow jf fcjfyfîhbfczo# 900=#Jkwwfyzhîço $Bfwzyhjo fb Gobvckghîço+ ‗ Vck}fywkjhjf Mfjfyhl jh Ihdkh,

Whl}hjoy, 9006# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 < dzzp1//~~~#powgob#vmih#iy/hyxvk}ow/Powgob"Pyojvgho_Gkfczkmkgh"Mfychcjh_Bhvykgko_jh_Wkl}h#pjm3# Hgfwwo fb1 0: wfz# 9080#

WKL]H, Bhygflkco Yojyknvfw jh # Bkl f vbh cokzfw jf mvzfiol5 o Iyhwkl bojfyco jfBèyko Mkldo# 8# fj# Iflo Doykqoczf1 Fjkzoyh VMBN, 900=#

]FYÂWWKBO, Aowf Lvkq jf Ghy}hldo# Gobo wfbpyf, o yfzyhzo jo hzyhwo# Yko jfAhcfkyo, > Co}# jf 900=# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1dzzp1<//~~~#oiwfy}hzoykojhkbpyfcwh#gob#iy/hyzknow#hwp?goj2:0=MJW0063# Hgfwwofb1 0: wfz# 9080# ^OLM, Bhvyo, Zfoykhw jh Gobvckghîço# Fjkzoykhl Pyfwfcîh, 8;;6# ^OLM, Bhvyo, Zfoykhw jh Gobvckghîço# Fjkzoykhl Pyfwfcîh, 8;;;#

http://www.ciciliaperuzzo.pro.br/artigos/midia_regional_e_local_aspectos_conceituais_e_tendencias.pdf


http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/artigos/al200620011.htm

http://www.poscom.ufba.br/arquivos/Poscom-Producao_Cientifica-Fernanda_Mauricio_da_Silva.pdf




http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/artigos/al200620011.htm



a parcialidade na midia esportiva: uma análise sobre o programa jogo aberto da tv bandeirantes, que...

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