a partialand impartialview on partitives - uzh7b9e59c4-7240-4204-80c7-67aab5b0de99/ta… · a...
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Apartial andimpartial view onpartitivesAnneTamm
[email protected],Hungarian Academy ofSciences
TheUniversityofHungarian Reformed Church,BudapestWorkshoponPartitives
Zürich,25- 26November2016
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Semantics andmorphology:a”partitive”mismatch
� Several Uralic languages have cases that are referred to as”partitive”.
� Thesemantics ofthese cases diverges from the generally assumednotion of ”partitive”.
� Itisuseful to distinguish between� ”partitive semantics”(andcases that express it)� and”partitive cases”(andthe semantics they express).
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Partitiveinthecaseparadigm
Morphological partitives:Finnic, Sami
----------------------Semantic partitives:Almostall Uralic cases have oneor morecases for ”separation”
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Partitive andsource cases:Estonian
Nominative book raamatGenitive ofabook raamatuPartitive (of)abook raamatu-tIllative intothebook raamatu-sseInessive inabook raamatu-sElative from(inside)abook raamatu-stAllative ontoabook raamatu-leAdessive onabook raamatu-lAblative fromthebook raamatu-ltTranslative in(to),asabook raamatu-ksTerminative untilabook raamatu-niEssive asabook raamatu-naAbessive withoutabook raamatu-taComitative withabook raamatu-ga
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Source cases:ablative,elative,delative,egressive,andexessive
� Ablative (Erzya,Estonian,Finnish,Hungarian,Mansi,Vepsian,Votic,etc) denotes movement away from something (e.g.,away from thehouse)
� Elative (Erzya,Estonian,Finnish,Hungarian,Lule Sámi,Pite Sámi,Votic,etc)denotes"outofsomething"(e.g.,outofthehouse).
� Delative (Hungarian)denotes movement from the surface (e.g.,from (the topof)the house)
� Egressive (Veps,Udmurt)markingthe beginning ofamovement ortime (e.g.,beginning from the house)
� Exessive (Karelian,Ingrian,Livonian,Votic,Estonian,etc )transitionaway from astate (from a house)
� Genitive-ablative (Komi)source ofinformation,resource
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Whatisthepartitive?Separation,motion…
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…andidenticalmatter(identity)
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Separation,motion,identity
• Intermsofspatialrelationships,thePartitiveConceptinstantiatesaseparativerelationship ofanindividualormattertoanotherindividualormatter.
• Intermsofidentity,thepartitive instantiatesthesamekindidentity (notdifferenceorsimilarity).
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KindsofNandamountsofN
“separablepart ofNthatbelongstothesamekind withN”versus“amount ofN”
Some/partofmychildrenvssomewater
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Part/kind-of-NandTAMextensions
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Amount-of-N
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Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)
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Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)
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Aspectual object case alternation
Mari küpsetas kooki.Mari baked cake.PAR‘Marywas bakingacake.’(atelic,imperfective,unboundedVP)
Mari küpsetas koogi.Mari baked cake.ACC‘Marybaked acake.’(telic,perfective,bounded VP)
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Someverbsareatelic(thusobjectispartitive)
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Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)
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V+v(presentparticiple suffix)+t(partitive)
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Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)
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Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for thecompletion/completability ofthe event”(partitive object case)
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IndirectEvidential
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Theemergenceoffunctionalpartitives,theTAMcategoriesa. “partofN”àb. à “partofV”(N-obj hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à (N-object isanon-finite,deverbal nominalization andpartitive marked)d. à “indirect evidence”(V-nonfin (mainpredicate)hasthemorphological partitive formative)e. à “partof/incomplete evidence”(V-nonfin (mainor embeddedpredicate)hasthe morphological partitive formative)f. à “partof/incomplete evidence for the completion oftheevent”(partitive object case)
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Boundedevent,partitive (psychpredicates)
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Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives,complementmarkinga. “partofN”b. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)
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Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives, complementmarkinga. “partofN”b. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)
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Adigressionbefore number phrases with partitiveUralic semantic partitive andinformationstructure
� Inthe Uralic languages,the semantic partitive isgenerally expressed by the elative case.If there isnodedicated elative case,then the semanticpartitive isexpressed by the ablative.
� Themorphological partitive ismorecharacteristicofpseudopartitive constructions.Pseudopartitiveconstructions andnumber phrases are expressedpredominantly via juxtaposition.
� Objects are accusative marked or unmarkeddepending on their information structural status
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Unmarked/accusative alternationNewversusoldinformation
Udmurt:unmarked/accusative oppositiona. n'an' s'i-i
bread[ACC] eat-INF‘to eat (apiece of)bread.’
b. n'an'-ezs'i-ibread- ACC eat-INF‘to eat (apiece of)this bread up.’
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Nominativeargumentheadsfortelic…remnantofinformationstructuralDOM
The state dried up two rivers (one would expect Accusative in Estonian)
Riik kuivatas ära
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Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives, complementmarkinga. “partofN”(themorphologicalpartitive markinghasdisappeared)àb. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)
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Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives, complementmarkinga. “partofN”(themorphologicalpartitive markinghasdisappeared)àb. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)
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Theemergenceofdefault(structural)partitives, complementmarkinga. “partofN”(themorphologicalpartitive markinghasdisappeared)àb. à “amount ofN”(hasthe morphological partitive marking)c. à “amount ofV”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)d. à “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitive marking)e. à Adpostion “N-obj”(Nhasthe morphological partitivemarking)
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Summary
• There are many Source (separative)cases inalanguage with adevelopedmorphological partitive.
• There isamismatch between part-ofandamount-ofsemantics vs the partitive case form.
• Theinteraction between TAM,definiteness,andthepartitive can beobserved inmany areas.•Aspectual DOM•Definiteness effects,telicity,andpartitivearguments
•Case on non-finites andverb stems•Partitive hasalso become anabstract case.
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Partitive:stagesofdevelopmentinEstonian
1)anNP-stage(Krifka 1992),thatis,thestagewherethemeaningofthepartitive pertainstopartsofawhole2)anaspectualstage(Larjavaara 1991,Laanest 1975,Krifka 1992),3)epistemicmodalandevidentialphase(Campbell1991,Aikhenvald2004).
• TheNP-partitive relatestothereferentialpropertiesofnouns• Theaspectualpartitive marksobjectsinsentencesdescribingincompleteevents,and
• Thepartitive evidentialappearsinsentencesthatencodeincompleteevidencecomparedtotheexpectationofcompleteevidence
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• SeemyarticleinLuraghi andHuumo’s bookforthereferences andfurtherdetails(onlythepartofnumeralheadsandnominativemarkingisanaddition).