มตทางวฒนธรรม¤ÃÙÈØÀ³Ñ°»ÃѪÞÒ ·íÒ¹ØÈÉ.Á.(¡ÒÃÊ͹ÀÒÉÒä·Â), M.A.TETAF

ความหมายของ

“มตทางวฒนธรรม”

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มตทางวฒนธรรม หมายถง

รปแบบและลกษณะของคานยม ความเชอ ระบบพฤตกรรมทสมพนธกบสงคมนน ๆ

(Hofstede, ๑๙๙๓ ; ๑๙๘๐ ; ๒๐๑๐)

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Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: Do American theories apply aboard?. Organizational Dynamics, 9(1),42-63.

Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theory. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 81-94.Hofstede, G., Hofstede, J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures andorganizations: Software of the mind (Revised and

Expand 3th ed.).New York: McGraw-Hill

๖ มตทางวฒนธรรม

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การแบงมตทางวฒนธรรม ออกเปน ๖ มต ทฤษฎของ ฮอฟสตด (Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions, Geert Hofstede Theory) นน เกดจากการศกษาวจยเชงเปรยบเทยบระหวางวฒนธรรมของประเทศตาง ๆ โดยศกษาขอมลจากพนกงานบรษทไอบเอมจากทวโลกกวา ๑๑๖,๐๐๐ คน ไดสรปความแตกตางออกเปน ๖ มต ไดแก

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๑) Power Distance คอ ความแตกตางทางอานาจ

๒) Individualism คอ สงคมนนอยคนเดยวหรออยเปนกลม

๓) Masculinity คอ เรองเกยวกบการใหความสาคญระหวางชาย-หญง และสภาพ

การแขงขนในสงคม

๔) Uncertainty Avoidance คอ การหลกเลยงความเสยง

๕) Long Term Orientation คอ ระยะของการเชอมความสมพนธกบคนหรอกลมคน

๖) Indulgence คอ การแสดงออกทางอารมณ (เกบอารมณ หรอ แสดงออก)

ñ. ¤ÇÒÁᵡµ‹Ò§·Ò§ÍíÒ¹Ò¨: Power Distance (PDI)

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• Power Distance ¤×Í àÃ×èͧà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁᵡµ‹Ò§ã¹àÃ×èͧÍíÒ¹Ò¨ÂÔ觤‹Ò PDI ÊÙ§¨Ð໚¹Êѧ¤Á·ÕèÁÕÅíҴѺªÑ鹪Ѵਹ ÃÇÁ·Ñ駤¹ã¹Êѧ¤ÁÂÍÁÃѺã¹àÃ×èͧÅíҴѺªÑé¹ ÍíҹҨ㹡ÒõѴÊԹ㨡ç¨Ðä»ÍÂÙ‹·Õè¼ÙŒºÃÔËÒÃÃдѺÊ٧͋ҧà´ÕÂÇ áÅФ¹ã¹Êѧ¤Á¡ç¨Ð¾ÂÒÂÒÁ·Õè¨Ð¼ÅÑ¡´Ñ¹µÑÇàͧ¢Öé¹ä»ÍÂً㹪Ñé¹·ÕèÊÙ§¡Ç‹Ò

• ¤‹Ò PDI ·ÕèµèíÒ¨Ð໚¹Êѧ¤Á·ÕèÁͧ·Ø¡¤¹à·‹Òà·ÕÂÁ¡Ñ¹ ʹã¨àÃ×èͧÅíҴѺªÑé¹¹ŒÍ áÅСÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨ã¹¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¨Ð໚¹¡ÒÃÃǺÃÇÁ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´¢Í§¤¹ã¹·ÕÁ

ò. ÃٻẺ¢Í§Êѧ¤Áà ÕèÂÇ/Êѧ¤Á¡ÅØ‹Á: Individualism (IDV)

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• ¤‹Ò Individualism ·ÕèÊÙ§¨Ð໚¹Êѧ¤Á·Õè์¹ÍÂÙ‹¤¹à´ÕÂÇ ·íÒ§Ò¹¤¹à´ÕÂÇ µÑ´ÊԹ㨤¹à´ÕÂÇàͧ䴌äÁ‹µŒÍ§àÍÒᵋÃͤÇÒÁàË繤¹Í×è¹ (·ÕèàËç¹ æ ¡Ñ¹ã¹Êѧ¤ÁµÐÇѹµ¡)

• ¤‹ Ò Individualism ·Õè µèí Ò ¨ Ð à »š ¹ ÊÑ § ¤ Á Ã Ç Á ¡ ÅØ‹ Á (Collective) ¤×Í ¨Ð·íÒÍÐäÃ໚¹¡ÅØ‹Á ÃÍ¡ÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨à»š¹¡ÅØ‹Á µŒÍ§¤ÍÂÍÒÈÑ¡ÒÃʹѺʹع¨Ò¡¤¹Í×è¹ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé¨ÐÂѧ໚¹Êѧ¤Á·Õè์¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�ÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ

ó. ¡ÒÃãËŒ¤ÇÒÁÊíÒ¤ÑÞÃÐËÇ‹Ò§à¾È: Masculinity (MAS)

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• Masculinity ¨Ðà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁàÊÁÍÀÒ¤ÃÐËÇ‹Ò§ªÒÂËÞÔ§ã¹Êѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹ æ áÅСÒÃä´ŒÃѺ¡ÒÃÂÍÁÃѺ¢Í§Êѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹ æ

• Êѧ¤ÁẺ Masculinity (¤‹Ò MAS ÊÙ§) ໚¹Êѧ¤Á·ÕèÂÍÁÃѺ¤¹¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊíÒàÃç¨ ÂѧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàËÅ×èÍÁÅéíÒÃÐËÇ‹Ò§ªÒÂËÞÔ§ ÂѧäÁ‹¤‹ÍÂà»�´âÍ¡ÒÊãËŒ¤ÇÒÁÂÍÁÃѺ¡Ñº¼ÙŒËÞԧ෋ÒäËË ¼ÙŒËÞÔ§ÍÒ¨·íÒ䴌ᵋµíÒá˹‹§·Ñè Ç æ ä » Ë Ã× Í Í ÂÙ‹ ºŒ Ò ¹ ·í Ò § Ò ¹ ºŒ Ò ¹ Í Â‹ Ò § à ´Õ Â Ç ÊÑ § ¤ Á Ẻ Masculinity ¤‹Í¹¢ŒÒ§¨Ð໚¹Êѧ¤Á·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃᢋ§¢Ñ¹·ÕèÊÙ§

• Êѧ¤ÁẺ Femininity (¤‹Ò MAS µèíÒ) ¨Ð໚¹Êѧ¤Á·Õè์¹¤¹ÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò§Ò¹ ์¹¤Ø³ÀÒ¾ªÕÇÔµÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò·Õè¨ÐÁØ‹§áÊǧËÒ¤ÇÒÁÊíÒàÃç¨Í‹ Ò §´Ø à´×Í´ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ àÊÁÍÀÒ¤ÃÐËÇ‹ Ò §ªÒÂËÞÔ § µÃ§¢Œ ÒÁ ¡Ñº Masculinity¼ÙŒËÞÔ§ÊÒÁÒöÍÂÙ‹ã¹µíÒá˹‹§·ÕèÊÙ§¡Ç‹Ò¼ÙŒªÒÂä´Œ

ô. ¡ÒÃËÅÕ¡àÅÕ觤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§: Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)

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• ໚¹ÁÔµÔ·Õè¾Ù´¶Ö§¡ÒÃËÅÕ¡àÅÕ觤ÇÒÁàÊÕ觷ÕèÍÒ¨¨Ðà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ ËÃ×ͤҴNjҨÐà¡Ô´ã¹Êѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹

• Êѧ¤Á·Õè¤‹Ò UAI ÊÙ§¨Ð໚¹Êѧ¤Á·Õè¾ÂÒÂÒÁËÅÕ¡àÅÕ觤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§ ¤ÇÒÁäÁ‹á¹‹¹Í¹ à¾ÃÒФ¹ã¹Êѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹äÁ‹ªÍº¤ÇÒÁäÁ‹á¹‹¹Í¹ ·íÒãËŒ¨ÐÁÕ¡®ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂÁÒ»‡Í§¡Ñ¹¤ÇÒÁäÁ‹á¹‹¹Í¹·ÕèÍÒ¨¨Ðà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÁÒ ËÃ×Í㹡Ò÷íÒÊÑÞÞÒ¡ç¨ÐÃкØà§×è͹ä¢ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂà¾×èÍ»‡Í§¡Ñ¹¤ÇÒÁàÊÕ觷ÕèÍÒ¨¨Ðà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ä´Œ

• ʋǹÊѧ¤Á·ÕèÁÕ¤‹Ò UAI µèíÒ¨Ð໚¹Êѧ¤Á·ÕèÃѺ¤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§䴌 äÁ‹¤‹Í¨ÃÔ§¨Ñ§¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§ ·íÒãËŒ¤¹ã¹Êѧ¤ÁẺ¹Õ餋͹¢ŒÒ§¨ÐÂ×´ËÂØ‹¹ ÊÒÁÒöÃѺʶҹ¡Òó�·ÕèäÁ‹»¡µÔä´Œ´Õ¡Ç‹ÒÊѧ¤Á·Õè¾ÂÒÂÒÁËÅÕ¡àÅÕ觤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§

õ. ÃÐÂТͧ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�: Long Term Orientation (LTO)

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• ¤‹Ò LTO ·ÕèÁÒ¡áÊ´§ãËŒàËç¹Ç‹Ò໚¹ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·Õè์¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�ã¹ÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�¨Ð¤‹Í æ ÊÌҧ àÁ×èÍÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�·Õè´ÕáÅŒÇ㹡ÒÃà¨Ã¨Ò¨Ð¤‹Í¹¢ŒÒ§ÃÒºÃ×è¹ «Ö觤ÇÒÁàª×èÍ㨨ÐÊíÒ¤ÑޡѺÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·Õè์¹¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�ã¹ÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ

• ¤‹Ò LTO ·Õ蹌Í ¨Ð໚¹ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·ÕèäÁ‹à¹Œ¹ÊÌҧ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�ÃÐÂÐÂÒÇ ·íÒ§Ò¹´ŒÇ¡ѹ¨ºà»š¹¤ÃÑé§æä» ÁÑ¡¨Ð໚¹ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ໚¹ Individualism ÊÙ§ äÁ‹Ê¹ã¨àÃ×èͧ¡Òê‹ÇÂàËÅ×ͨҡ¼ÙŒÍ×è¹à·‹ÒäËË

ö. ¡ÒÃáÊ´§ÍÍ¡·Ò§ÍÒÃÁ³�: Indulgence (IVR)

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• ໚¹ÃдѺ㹡ÒäǺ¤ØÁ¤ÇÒÁµŒÍ§¡Òà â´Â¤‹Ò Indulgence ·ÕèÊÙ§ ¤¹¨ÐËÒ¤ÇÒÁÊØ¢ËÃ×͵ͺʹͧ¤ÇÒÁµŒÍ§¡ÒÃ䴌͋ҧà»�´¡ÇŒÒ§ ໚¹Êѧ¤Á·Õ褋͹¢ŒÒ§ÍÔÊÃÐ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ໚¹»˜¨à¨¡ÊÙ§

• ¤‹Ò Indulgence µèíÒËÃ×Í àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò Restraint ¤¹ã¹Êѧ¤Á ¨ÐäÁ‹áÊ´§ÍÍ¡¤ÇÒÁµŒÍ§¡ÒÃÍ‹ҧªÑ´à¨¹ ¤‹Í¹¢ŒÒ§à»š¹Êѧ¤Á ·Õèà¤Ã‹§¤ÃÑ ã¹¡ÒÃáÊ´§ÍÍ¡µ‹Ò§ æ áÅÐ໚¹Êѧ¤Á·ÕèÁÑ¡¨Ðà¡çºÍÒÃÁ³�äÇŒ äÁ‹áÊ´§ÍÍ¡ÁÒ

About Us…Thai cultureIf we explore the Thai culture through the lens

of the 6-D Model©, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of Thai culture relative to other world cultures.

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¤ÇÒÁᵡµ‹Ò§·Ò§ÍíÒ¹Ò¨: Power Distance (PDI)

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This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal –it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power Distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

ÃٻẺ¢Í§Êѧ¤Áà´ÕèÂÇ/Êѧ¤Á¡ÅØ‹Á: Individualism (IDV)

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The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether people’s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “We”. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to ‘in groups’ that take care of them in exchange for loyalty.

¡ÒÃãËŒ¤ÇÒÁÊíÒ¤ÑÞÃÐËÇ‹Ò§à¾È: Masculinity (MAS)

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A high score (Masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner/best in field – a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organizational life.

A low score (Feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A Feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (Masculine) or liking what you do (Feminine).

¡ÒÃËÅÕ¡àÅÕ觤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§: Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)

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The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the score on Uncertainty Avoidance.

ÃÐÂТͧ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�: Long Term Orientation (LTO)

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This dimension describes how every society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and future, and societies prioritise these two existential goals differently. Normative societies. which score low on this dimension, for example, prefer to maintain time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. Those with a culture which scores high, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach: they encourage thrift and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future.

¡ÒÃáÊ´§ÍÍ¡·Ò§ÍÒÃÁ³�: Indulgence (IVR)

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One challenge that confronts humanity, now and in the past, is the degree to which small children are socialized. Without socialization we do not become “human”. This dimension is defined as the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised. Relatively weak control is called “Indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “Restraint”. Cultures can, therefore, be described as Indulgent or Restrained.

กจกรรมอภปรายในชนเรยน(๕ คะแนน)

*** เงอนไขการไดคะแนน คอ นกเรยนตองสง

เอกสารการบนทก ขอมลการอภปราย และขอมล

ตองสมบรณตามทครและนกเรยนรวมกนอภปราย

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20*** Thailand & United state of America

ËÇÁ¡Ñ¹ÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂ㹪Ñé¹àÃÕ¹ (Thailand & United state of America)• ñ) Power Distance ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁᵡµ‹Ò§·Ò§ÍíÒ¹Ò¨............................................................................................................................. .......................

• ò) Individualism ¤×Í Êѧ¤Á¹Ñé¹ÍÂÙ‹¤¹à´ÕÂÇËÃ×ÍÍÂً໚¹¡ÅØ‹Á............................................................................................................................. .....

• ó) Masculinity ¤×Í àÃ×èͧà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃãËŒ¤ÇÒÁÊíÒ¤ÑÞÃÐËÇ‹Ò§ªÒÂ-ËÞÔ§ áÅÐÊÀÒ¾¡ÒÃᢋ§¢Ñ¹ã¹Êѧ¤Á.................................................

• ô) Uncertainty Avoidance ¤×Í ¡ÒÃËÅÕ¡àÅÕ觤ÇÒÁàÊÕè§............................................................................................................................. .......

• õ) Long Term Orientation ¤×Í ÃÐÂТͧ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸�¡Ñº¤¹ËÃ×Í¡ÅØ‹Á¤¹.................................................................................

• ö) Indulgence ¤×Í ¡ÒÃáÊ´§ÍÍ¡·Ò§ÍÒÃÁ³� (à¡çºÍÒÃÁ³� ËÃ×Í áÊ´§ÍÍ¡)............................................................................................

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¢Í§ªÒµÔµ‹Ò§ æ à¾×èÍ»ÃÐ⪹�µ‹Ò§ æ ä´Œ ÍÒ·Ô ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ¡Ò÷íÒ ØáԨ ¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ ¡ÒþѲ¹Ò

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ÊÇÑÊ´Õ¤ÃѺ ^^ศภณฐปรชญา ทาน, ศษ.ม., M.A.0903452265krupasathai@Hotmail.com

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