abjekt : injekt : adjekt

8/3/2019 Abjekt : Injekt : Adjekt

1/25

Mnk`g| ; Ihk`g| ; Mlk`g|Uybp|fbm|ig* Lyhmbig* ^`p~u`h|mh{* Dhg|ifh

tfh G~p`~unk`g| hl G~p`~fnk`g|

Tf~m~nì| {b df~`huiuec"puyecfmhmjy|iuec`h J`c~df~uechaup~fk`g| Unk`g| ib Hù"ufuc`bl [~ Gjihig lù df~`huiuec`h Unk`g|u ib ihu|i||ifh`jj`h Liug~u >??0">??1

Tfh Dmjj { DmjjLi` Gfbp`|`h{ lù Gjihig`~u iu| li`

uìh`~ _~msiu( Li` ]mji|| l`~ {a~hlà`jà|`h & mna`jì|`|`h \c`f~i` `~qìu| uiec

ib |c`~mp`|iuec`h _~f{ùu( Up~iec; nìlùiu| dmjjqìu` Tf~muu`|{ha qi` ^ùj|m|l`~ N`cmhljha(

Qf~md ù mhgfbb| iu|* mju N`cmhl"j`~ #u)ìh` ~`dj`g|i`~|` |c`~mp`|iuec` _fui"|ifh { qmc~`h* ìh` |c`~mp`|iuec` N`{i`"cha ìh{a`c`h hl { cmj|`h* l`h |c`~m"p`|iuec`h _~f{ùu { aù|mj|`h* l`h \|`~mju Unk`g| { l`hg`h(

Q`hh l`hh {l`b lmu Iec tf~ mj"j`b ìh g~p`~jiecù* lmbi| `n`h hiec|

h~ ìh Fn`~djec`hqù`h* ufhl`~h u`jnu|li` _~fk`g|ifh ìh`~ Fn`~djec` iu| #D~`l=9>5* >05)* qi~l li` D~ma` l`~ N`{i`chatfh _uyecÙfbm mb `cù|`h mhcmhlgmuiu|iuec`~ Tiah`||`h { `s`bpjidi{i`~`huìh(

G~p`~unk`g| G~p`~fnk`g|Li` ^fjj` lù G~p`~u ih l`~ L`jih"

}`h{* g~p`~n`{fa`h` Mup`g|`* u`jnu| puy"

ecfufbm|iuec` U|~ha`h hl l`~`h ^`j`"tmh{ d~ ìh T`~u|hlhiu l`~ _uyecflyhm"big lù \|`~unk`g|u q`~l`h `~u| u`j"|`h ib Gfh|`s| df~`huiuec`~ D~maù|`jjh"

a`h mua`m~nì|`|( U`jnu| g~p`~jiec` Ih"|`~hmjiui`~ha`h* li` tfh l`~ p~ib~`h* jìn"n`{fa`h`h Ihgf~pf~m|ifh n`~ Ih|~fk`g|ifh`h#{( N( n`~hmcb` tfh Hf~b`h) cih { Il`h"|idi{i`~ha #{( N( mnnijlcmd|` @h|qiegjha lù

Il`mj"Iecu) ~ìec`h* ufqi` Bècmhiub`hl`~ `h|jmu|`hl"upmhhhau~`l{i`~`hl`h @s"|`~hmjiui`~ha ib Uihh` tfh @sgf~pf~m|if"h`h #{( N( Uiec"Mugf|{`h* Cmjj{ihi`~`h)n`~ _~fk`g|ifh`h #{( N( T`~dfjahauil``h*n`~|~maha`h) niu cih { U`jnu|fnk`g|iti`"~ha`h # {( N( _`~ufhidi{i`~ha tfh U`jnu|"mh|ìj`h ih `~`h Fnk`g|`h* L`jàm|if"h`h) q`~l`h mjj`hdmjju ih ic~`~ Dhg|ifh*hiec| k`lfec lidd`~`h{i`~|`~ ih ic~`~ `h|qieg"jhaupuyecfjfaiuec`h hl puyecflyhmbi"uec`h N`l`|ha `~m~nì|`|( Lmuu Ih|~fk`g"|ifhup~f{ùu` hiec| h~ mju #hfec ajfnmj)lidd`~`h{i`~`hl` T`~ihh`~jiechaubècmhiu"b`h* ufhl`~h mec mju pcmh|mubm|iuec`~Mnq`c~bècmhiubu ìhaù`|{| q`~l`hghh`h* juu| uiec mb Nìupi`j l`~ qmch"cmd|`h T`~m~nì|ha l`~ [fd`h _mpih `~u`"c`h* l`~`h dìhlu`jia` Tiuifh`h ihl`buiec l`~ Ihh`h~mb lù _uyeciuec`h {~Q`j| u`jnu| `~qì|`~| #L~`q`~bmhh =99>*


2/25

>&>0

Gmuiu|ig;

Li` pm~mhfil"ih{ù|u` Upi`"a`jn`{i`cha l`~ [fd`h _mpih

D~ li` puyecflyhmbiuec` @~c`j"

jha liù`~ Lyhmbig ni`|`| uiec l`~ Dmjj l`~[fd`h _mpih hl ic~`~ C`~~uecmd| mh #Gfn"n #=9957 =990)( L`~ Nùec~ìnha Jmemhu#=955m* 539"5997 =955n* 501"503) dfja`hl*u|`jj| uiec lmu \m|aùec`c`h qi` dfja| lm~;

Li` nìl`h >3 hl >= Kmc~` mj|`h Uecqù"|`~h uihl uì| b`c~`~`h Kmc~`h li` Li`hu|blec`h`c~`hq`~|`~ N~a`~ l`~ gjìh`h _~ftih{u|ml|* ìhùMhqmj|ù* uìh`~ D~m hl uìh`~ \fec|`~( Bu|`~"cmd|` Li`hu|blec`h* qi` bmh aùma| cm|* li` ibCmucmj| aùec|{| qm~`h7 {ajìec hnà~ìdjiec`Li`hu|blec`h* l`hh* q`hh bmh dù|aù|`jj| cm|*

lmuu l`~ C`~~uecmd| u`j|umb`~qìu` b`huecjiecùBi|a`dcj mnaiha* uf n`~èc|ia| hu hiec|u { l`~ Mh"hmcb`* lmuu li` cfecb|ia` Ajìecaj|iagì| l`~Cmumhaù|`jj|`h j`liajiec ìh` ^`mg|ifh md liù`Cmj|ha qm~7 fh h` u` pm~jmi| pmu* lmu cì|* ìhÀ~pp` up~mec hiec| bi| l`~ mhl`~`h( LiùùUecqìa`h k`lfec gfhh|` hiec| j``~* hiec| n`l`"|haujfu uìh* u`jnu| q`hh ù l`h N`|ìjia|`h lhg`jqm~(

@ihù Mn`hlu* mb >( D`n~m~* hibb| liù`Lhg`jcì| Aù|mj| mh ihdfja` ìhù nmhmj`h L`d`g|ùlù `j`g|~iuec`h Jiec|ù( @ih` Phaùeciegjiecgì| l`~Uecqù|`~h cm| ich t`~~umec|* hl li` mnqù`hl`hCmuc`~~ihh`h cmn`h n`~ì|u nì a`~ihadaia`~`h

A`jà`hcì|`h ic~`h j`ncmd|`h Phb| n`qiù`h( Qi`cmn`h uiec li` B||`~ hl li` \fec|`~ t`~cmj|`h* mjuui` nì ic~`~ êgg`c~ liù` hn`l`|`hl` Gm|mu|~f"pc` `h|lèg|`h6 Ec~iu|ihù Muuma`h cmn`h liù"n`{ajiec aùecqmhg|( Qi` l`b mec uì* lmu L~m"bm gfbb| u`c~ uech`jj ihu ^fjj`h* hl qmu li` M~|hl Qìu` lù Mha~iddu n`|~idd|* gmhh gmb ìh` mh"l`~` T`~uifh mju ~iec|ia mh`~gmhh| q`~l`h* mju li`k`"hia` l`~ Uecqù|`~h* hbjiec lmuu `~ uecjmam~|ia*ajìec{ì|ia `~dfja|` hl md Mhci`n l`h Cc`phg|l`~ ^mu`~ì `~~ìec|`; K`l` n`bec|ia| uiec ìh`~Qil`~umec`~ih* g~m|{| hfec j`n`hlia li` Ma`h mul`h Ccj`h* ìh`* qi` bmh aùma| cm|* ih l`~ A`"ueciec|` lù T`~n~èc`hu nìupi`jjfu` \m|* hl `~"uecja| ui`( Lmhh u|~{`h ui` uiec bi| l`b* qmu uiec

ih ic~`~ ^ìecqì|` n`dihl`|* Cmbb`~* [ihhg~a* G"ec`hbùu`~* md li` G~p`~ ic~`~ Fpd`~* {`~uecb`|"|`~h ich`h lmu Aùiec| hl uecji|{`h* ich`h lmu A`"uecjèc| `h|nj`hl* li` Uec`hg`j hl Cih|`~nmeg`hl`~ ìh`h |i`d md* b bi| liù`b Nj| li` l`~ mhl`"~`h { n`djèg`h( Lmhh qmuec`h ui` li` Ihu|~b`h|`liù`~ a~uujiec`h î|`h* ~ìhia`h uiec u`jnu| hl j`"a`h uiec {umbb`h ihu u`jn` N`||( E!ù| l p~fp"~`- L`~aù|mj| iu| li` Uecjuudf~b`j* li` ui` mu|m"uec`h hl li` l`h \fh l`~ @~hec|`~ha nm~ k`l`~@bf|ifh qi`l`~{a`n`h uecìh|* li` nì ich`h mdli` nj|ia` F~ai` dfja|(

Ih l`~ Ihgfc~`h{ aù`jjuecmd|jiec`~

F~lhha l`~ Aùecjèc|`~lidd`~`h{ iu| l`~î|mjbf~l l`~ Uecqù|`~h _mpih `n`hufìh Mg| bfb`h|mh`~ Mdamn` ic~`~ _`~uh"jiecgì| qi` l`~ Ihnùi|{hmcb` l`~ C`~~"

uecmd| ic~`~ Fpd`~( Li` ~`mj` Uecjuu`jih"u{`hi`~ha l`~ cfc`h U|`jjha l`~ ìh`hhl hi`l~ia`h _fui|ifh l`~ mhl`~`h t`~"qìu| {l`b md l`h tfh A`h`| #=901) c`~"mua`m~nì|`|`h Gfh|`s| tfh mhmj`b Uecb|{bi| l`~ uf{imj`h U|`jjha( L`~ Ghi`"Dmjj

li`h| l`~ Nùì|iaha tfh Mn"Dmjj* l`~ nìA`h`| ih l`~ Gec`hm~nì| mb Muauu* ihl`h Mulhu|ha`h hl mju Muq~d tfhUmn`~`b fl`~ ^ìh`b { |~`hh`h iu|( Ihl`~ l`b|ia`hl`h Muìhmhl`~u`|{ha bi|ic~`h C`~~ihh`h `~j`n`h li` [fd`h ~`mj qi`"l`~cfj| li` d~ Uecmbmdd`g|` ecm~mg|`~iu|i"uec` \~imu #Q~bu`~ =931* =>0) tfh Uecq"ec`* Uecb|{iagì| hl L`d`g|( \c`bm|iueca`c| ù mjuf lm~b* q`~ uiec neg`hbuu* q`~ li` #qìnjiec`) M~nì| 2 q`~ l`hL~èg qàbmec|* fl`~ hmec l`~ C`~~"

Ghèc|"Limj`g|ig Cà`ju df~bji`~|; Q`~ bi|l`~ u`jnu|hlia`h Uì|` l`~ Liha` gfhd~fh"|i`~| iu|* b liù`* li` l`b ~ìh`h A`hi`"`h ib Qà` u|`c|* l`b C`~~h { `~upm"~`h #A~|j`~ =99>* >>4)(

Uf l~d`h li` ih|`~unk`g|it`h Mu"p`g|` lù gfhg~`|`h Dmjju hiec| tfh l`hciu|f~iuec`h N`lihaha`h mna`|~`hh| q`~"l`h( Ih l`~ tfh Cà`j #=3?1* =* 1=) `h|cj| hl ih li`Lyhmbig hl T`~q`~dha lù C`~~`hliu"g~uù bhl`|(

Mnn( =; Limj`g|ig lù \m|aùec`c`hu

Ib T`~cj|hiu l`~ Uecqù|`~h _mpih{ Bmlmb` hl Bml`bfiu`jj` Jmhe`jih k`"lfec `~qìu| uiec* lmuu liù` Limj`g|ig lù


3/25

5&>0

mh uiec hiec|ci`~m~eciuec"d~ìqijjia`h Lid"d`~`h{ ~`{ip~fg mh`~g`hh`hl`h T`~cj|"hiuuù #_mg|u) tfh C`~~ hl Ghèc| l~ecìh` ci`~m~eciuec` \y~mhhì n`~ li`Li`hu|blec`h mda`cfn`h q~l` hl mjuCi`~m~eci` lù n`l~fcjiec`h

Fn`h

Ph|`h

`~u|m~~|`( N`~ì|u ib C`~~`hliug~u a~`h{|li` l`dihi|f~iuec` Bmec| lù C`~~h hqì"a`~jiec `|qmu uiec l`~ up~mecjiec`h N`"u|ibbha @h|{i`c`hlù mu* qmu ìh` pm"~mhfil` Lyhmbig nìhcmj|`h gmhh hl ih"h`~cmjn l`~ tf~a`dhl`h`h C`~~uecmd|u"t`~cj|hiuu` n`liha`h buu; Bmh up~mechiec| bi|ìhmhl`~* cì| ù ih l`~ N`"

uec~ìnha lù \m|tf~d`jlù( Li` ~ùj|i`"~`hl` Ihd~maù|`jjha l`~ Ghèc|uecmd| ib"pji{i`~| mec lmu a`qmj|umb"|ljiec` Md"n~èc`h l`~ C`~~uecmd|ut`~cj|hiuu`; Iblji~` l`s l`~ Uecqù|`~h _mpih* ic~`~pm~mhfil a`d~n|`h [qììhcì| mju puy"ecfjfaiuecù _mm~ #Jmemh =955m* 590)*gfbb| ù {~ lfpp`j|`h Hàm|ifh l`~ ihl`~ _m~mhfim `h|cmj|`h`h cfbfu`s`jj`hQhuecpcmh|mui` #D~`l =9==* >99)( Li`\~mhudf~bm|ifh lù Nà`c~`hu ih Hìl hlCmuu* li` p~fk`g|it` @h|u|`jjha ìa`h`~

N`l~dhiuu` n`l`|`|* lmuu l`b [`~~"Dmjjl`~ C`~~uecmd| mec l`~ [`~dmjj l`~ Il`mji"ui`~ha ihh`qfch| hl {b Dmjj l`~ C`~~"uecmd| q`~l`h buu;

L`~ Bf~l* `s`bpjm~iuecù @~ìahiu* {i`j|*ihbi||`h ìh`~ `~u|m~~|`h Q`j|* md li` [ì|jfuiagì|l`~ Ph|`~l~egha hl md li` F~lhha l`~ Bmec|#_`|`~ $ Dmt~`| =915* >=0)(

L`~ hmec|~ajiec dmu| jmpilm~ `~"uecìh`hl` Gfbb`h|m~ E!ù| l p~fp~`-qi~l ib Mjja`bìh`h bi| @ih` uech` N`"uec`~ha- n`~u`|{|* h|`~uecja| {hecu|

mn`~ mju `h|uecìl`hl`h Cihqìu li` N`"l`|ha`h tfh Hm* lmu iu| qmu Umn`~ù-#A~|j`~ =99>* >>4 Dh


4/25

0

q`~l`h gmhh* ìh`h liddu`h Mup`g| lùG~p`~jiec`h mubmec| hl mju Fnk`g|WgjìhR . ìh`h H`su l`~ Mhau| nà~hl`|#Jmemh =915m* 0>07 Nhmnf >??>* =0)(

_m~mjj`j ci`~{ bmec| Jmemh #=903n*

5>5"5>


5/25

0&>0

lmuu d~`blmaa~ùuit` Cmhljha`h h~hfec mnu|~mci`~| fl`~ ~`p~u`h|i`~| q`~l`h(

K`l`~ Gfh|mg| bi| ìh`b ~`mj`h mhl`~`hQù`h mu Djìuec hl Nj|* k`lù u`s`jj` T`~ah"a`h* lmu hu li` N`~c~ha ìhù mhl`~`h B`h"uec`h n`~ì|`|* iu| hiec| `|qmu Fdd`huiec|jiecù* ufh"

l`~h `|qmu ihc~`h| \~mbm|iuecù hl h~ { `~|~m"a`h* q`hh liù`~ mhl`~` ih l`h pcmh|mubm|iuec`h^mcb`h lù Unk`g|u ih|à~i`~| qi~l #i`g =999*===)(

Ib Dmjj lù C`~~h D( k`lfec `~qi`"u`h uiec li` Mdd`g|` hiec| #b`c~) mju lùf"bm|iui`~|* qi` liù D~`l ih l`~ _~fk`g|ifhmu l`b Ufbm|iuec`h md ìh` puyeciuec`Fn`~djec` bfl`jjcmd| df~bji`~|( Ufhl`~hù gfbb| { ìh`~ ^ùfbm|iui`~ha l`~nmumj`h Mdd`g|` hl _cmh|mui`h bi| l`~ md"d`g|jfaiuec`h Gfhu`}`h{* lmuu liù` ihl`~ ^à~ùuifh tfh uybnfjiuec`h Ih|`~mg"|ifhudf~b`h md gfhg~`|` G~p`~qmc~h`c"bha hl "`~dmc~ha hiec| b`c~ mnupmj|`hltfb Jìn` a`cmj|`h q`~l`h ghh`h* ufh"l`~h mju Bècmhiub`h l`~ @iht`~jìnhalù Fnk`g|u hl l`~ Duifh jinilihu`~hl lù|~g|it`~ \~i`n{i`j` #Uec~ =900*54>) hbi||`jnm~ `~j`n| hl mai`~| q`~l`hbuu|`h( Ih l`~ Ihgf~pf~m|ifh cm| liù l`h@dd`g| ìhù [umbb`hdmjj`hu tfh A`hi`"`h hl G~p`~* ìh`~ ijjuifh~`h Il`h|i||bi| l`b Mhl`~`h M ib ^`mj`h(

_~fnj`bm|ig* Lyhmbig hl N`"&L`"|ha tfh @iht`~jìnhau" hl Ihgf~pf~m|i"fhup~f{ùu`h ihh`~cmjn tfh U|~md|m|`h jmu"u`h uiec gmuiu|iuec mhcmhl l`~ L`jih"}`h{ lù C`~~h D( `s`bpjidi{i`~`h;

Ib \m|tf~d`jl uec| l`~


6/25

4&>0

ui`n`h ihlg|it a`qfhh`h`* |ypiuec` N`"l`|hauihcmj|` l`~ L`bfhu|~m|ifh tfh Bhhjiecgì|* lù Muqìec`hu tf~ A`hi|mji||* tfh Q| hl Cmuu* lù fppfui|ifh`jj`h Mun~ecu*

l`~ Fbhipf|`h{* lù Mddjj`hu ihh`~`~ J``~`* l`~ il`h|idigm|f~iuec`h Qhuec`~djjha*li` uiec h|`~ @ihn`{i`cha qì|`~`~ Df~"uechaun`dhl` #Gfnn* >??5n* =4"=9) bqì|`~` Ihcmj|umup`g|` l`~ N`qj|iaha tfh Uecmb hl Uecjl* l`~ U`jnu|qi~gumbgì|`~ah{`h jmuu`h(

Liù` ìhmhl`~ |c`bm|iuec `~ah{`hl`hUybp|fbn`l`|ha`h ghh`h uiec md ti`~qù`h|jiec` U|~haumup`g|` l`~ _`~uh"jiecgì| ~ega`dc~| q`~l`h* li` mju Bhhjiecgì|up~fnj`bm|ig n{q( U|~ha`h

l`~ bhhjiec`h Il`h|i||*

Maa~ùuifhup~fnj`bm|ig* U|~ha lù U`jnu|`~j`n`hu md l`~ hm~"

{iuu|iuec`h @n`h` hl N`{i`chaup~fnj`bm|igmhaà`n`h hl mju n`~l`|`~bihi`~`hl`N`lihaha`h lù j`liajiec uybp|fbm|iuec`h#U`smj")L`jig|u mda`dmuu| q`~l`h;

\c`f~`|iuec`~ df~bji`~| `~ain| uiec* lmuuli` L~mbm|~ai` lù p`~t`~u`h Uybp|fbu h|`~ 5Mup`g|`h { n`|~mec|`h iu|; l`b \~i`nmup`g|#bhh"jiec` Il`h|i|| hl Maa~ùuifh)* l`b Mup`g| l`~ Fn"k`g|n`{i`cha`h #N`{i`chaup~fnj`bm|ig) hl l`bhm~{iuu|iuec`h Mup`g| #U`jnu|`~j`n`h) #Uecf~uec `|

mj( =930* U( ; Uec`bm|iuec` Lm~u|`jjha l`~ T`~cj|hiuu` tfh Mul~egua`cmj| hl A~hlp~fnj`bm|ig


7/25

1&>0

_cmh|mub`h tfh àf hl mj|`~Pb liùù d~ l`jih}`h|` n{q(

p`~t`~u` Uybp|fbnijlha`h c`~mua`m~"nì|`|` Bu|`~ l`~ Uybp|fbn`l`|ha`hbi| gf~~ùpfhli`~`h A~hlgfhdjig|`h md

l`h gfhg~`|`h @ih{`jdmjj mhq`hl`h hlMuuma`h n`~ li` ihlitil`jj` Lyhmbighl U|~g|~ l`~ _`~uhjiecgì| tfh C`~~hD( bmec`h { ghh`h* n`l~d|` ù ìh`~ìha`c`hl`~`h Mhmjyu` l`~ mhmbhù|iuect`~danm~`h Lm|`h;

N`{ajiec l`~ puyecfu`s`jj`h @h|"qiegjha tfh C`~~h D( dmuu| ìh Tf~a|"mec|`~ {umbb`h* li` N`{i`chauu|~hal~eg` uiec up`{i`jj lm~ih mu* lmuu C`~~ D({qm~ u|hlia md l`~ Uec` iu| hmec ìh`~liec|`h N`{i`chauih|`hui|| uì* ih l`~ `~

uiec mda`cfn`h dcj`h ghh`* lmuu `~ {"ajìec mn`~ Hc` qi`l`~b mec uec``*uflmuu `~ uiec ih [u|hl`h tfh T`~ji`n|"cì|* mha`~ìec`~| bi| _~fk`g|ifh`h* { t`~"ji`~`h l~fc`( Lmnì t`~da` `~ n`~ h~ a`"~iha` M|fhfbi`* |`hli`~` lm{* uiec ihMnchaiagì|`h { nà`n`h hl uiec lf~|{ t`~ji`~`h( C`~~ D( up~` liù` mnchai"a`* qìec`* hu`jnu|hlia` Uì|` ih uiechl j`ch` ui` {ajìec u`c~ t`c`b`h| mn*qmu `ha bi| uìh`~ n~ecia`h* uecqmec`hbhhjiec`h Il`h|i|| {umbb`hcha`(

C`~~ D( ain| mh* uì| l`~ _n`~|| uìuìh` u`s`jj` F~i`h|i`~ha muuecji`jiecmd Kha`h a`~iec|`|* hl `~ cmn` liù`cfbfu`s`jj` F~i`h|i`~ha ibb`~ hl tfhNàihh mh gfhdjig|d~ì `~j`n| hl mg{`p|i`~|(L`b aà`hn`~ n`~|ìj| l`~ A|mec|`~liù` Cfbfu`smji|| mju l~ecmu hiec|uf gfhdjig|d~ì qi` liù C`~~ D( n`~iec|`|hl n`quu| qmc~a`hfbb`h cm|; @ih`~"uì|u cmn` ich li` Muìhmhl`~u`|{halmbi| ich ih uìh`b Ajìeca`qiec| { u`c~n`l~fc|* mhl`~`~uì|u uì hiec| qi~gjiec ui"

ec`~* fn ìh` Cfbfu`smji|| ib Uihh` ì"h`~ disi`~|`h hl u|mnij`h u`s`jj`h F~i`h"|i`~ha #ef~` a`hl`~ il`h|i|y) tf~jià`fl`~ hiec| lfec ìh j`|{|jiec i~~`t`~uinjùh`~f|iuecù Muqìect`~cmj|`h7 lm ù nììh`~ uf jmha` p~mg|i{i`~|`h Cfbfu`smji||m`~a`qchjiec uì* lmuu C`~~ D( `~u| ibMj|`~ tfh 55 Kmc~`h `~u|bmju ìh` c`|`~f"u`s`jj` N`{i`cha a`cmn| hl liù` qi` `~ ù n`~iec|`| u`c~ ih|`huit hl `~f"|iuec u`c~ ti`j n`d~i`lia`hl`~ `~j`n| cm| mjuuìh` cfbfu`s`jj`h Gfh|mg|`(

Mju {`h|~mjù _~fnj`b tfh C`~~h D( qi~lmn`~ a|mec|`~jiec n`~ì|u tf~ l`b \m|a`"uec`c`h hiec| li` Cfbfu`smji|| mhaù`"c`h* ufhl`~h up`{idiuec` _cmh|mui`h l`"

u|~g|it`h Ihcmj|u* li` ich uì| l`~ Up|p"n`~|| nùecd|ia| hl {h`cb`hl n`h~"cia| cmn`h; Liù` _cmh|mui`h cmn`h n`~Kmc~` cihqà ìh` @ia`hlyhmbig `h|qi"eg`j| hl uiec |c`bm|iuec b [`~u|eg`jh*Mduechìl`h* C`~muh`cb`h tfh @iha`"

qìl`h hl b Nj| a`l~`c|( Lmu cì|* ùcmhl`j| uiec hiec| b umliu|iuec` _cmh|m"ui h lù ]j hu #Uecjma`h* Uecb`~{{"daha)* lù Uiec"N`bec|ia`hu hl&fl`~lù Q`c~jfu"Bmec`hu( Liù`~ Ph|`~ueci`liu| puyecflyhmbiuec ihufd`~h n`l`|umb*mju ih l`~m~|ia umliu|iuec`h _cmh|mui`h ì"h`* q`hh mec u`c~ ~lib`h|~`* `h|u|`jj|`hl t`~{`~~|` N`{i`chaudf~b { ìh`b pcmh|mui`~|`h Aà`hn`~ {b Mul~eggfbb|* qmu k`lfec ih l`h _cmh|mui`h tfhC`~~h D( hiec| ìhbmj mju ufjec` N`{i`"

chaun~ecu|eg` tf~gfbb|( Ib Uihh` ì"h`~ u|~g|~`jj`h hl hiec| h~ uybp|f"bm|iuec`h _`~t`~uifh iu| l`~ Aà`hn`~ìh `h|ihlitilmjiui`~|ù* mu|muecnm~ùFnk`g|* md lmu `~ uiec hiec| ìhbmj mjuufjecù .$, n`{i`c`; Ti`jb`c~ li`h`l`~ t`~fnk`g|iti`~|` mhl`~` muuecji`jiecmju _~fk`g|ifhudjec` l`~ md l`h Cmhl"jhaumup`g| lù Mduechìl`hu disi`~|`h_cmh|mui`h( D~ l`h Mul~egua`cmj| li`"u`~ _cmh|mui`h iu| lidd`~`h|imjlimahfu|iuecqù`h|jiec* lmuu uiec liù` ~up~hajiecmd l`h ìa`h`h G~p`~ n`{fa`h* `~u| up"|`~ md l`h G~p`~ ìhù |ypiui`~|`h* mjughmn`hcmd|* qìec* d`bihih pcmh|mui`~"|`h mhl`~`h(

Mnn( 5; Uml#iu|)iuecù _cmh|mubm=

Ih|~mpuyeciuec ibpji{i`~| liù ìh`pcmh|mubm|iuec` Ih|`~mg|ifh* nì l`~ C`~~D( uiec ìh`h _m~|h`~ pcmh|mui`~|* md l`h`~ uìh` ìa`h`h qìec`h* mnchaia`h*d`bihih`h Uì|`h p~fk`g|it cihìht`~jma`~hhl uiec u`jnu| lml~ec u|mnij`~* bhhji"ec`~* m|fhfb`~ dcj`h gmhh( Ih|`~unk`g"|it dihl`h uiec l`b `h|up~èc`hl mhu|`jj`~ìd`~* qècu`juì|ia`~ N`{i`chaudf~b`huf a`hmhh|` hm~{iuu|iuec` N`{i`chau"bu|`~* ih l`h`h l`~ pcmh|mui`~|` mh"l`~` hiec| ìa`hu|hliaù Ihlitilb iu|

= Jmemh #=94>* =5? uecbm I)


8/25

3&>0

fl`~ uìh lm~d* ufhl`~h ajìecchjiec`~ \ìjl`~ ìa`h`h Unk`g|iti|| l#,$,!) bi|qiec|ia`~ Dhg|ifh d~ lmu ìa`h` ihh`~Àjìeca`qiec| uìh buu( Q`hh ih uìh`h_cmh|mui`h mhdmhau C`~~ D( u`jnu|* lmhhl`~ d`bihih#iui`~|)` \yp lmu Fnk`g| uìh`~

lù|~g|it`h Ibpju`h qi~l* juu| uiec liùmju Mul~eg l`~ uiec ih l`~ p~fk`g|it`hIl`h|idigm|ifh bi| l`b ajìecchjiec`h mh"l`~`h u`jnu| a`j|`hl`h [`~u|~haupcmh|m"ui`h hl "ibpju` t`~u|`c`h( A`~ml` ihliù`b Uihh` l~d|` li` Gfhdjig|jfuiagì|uìh`~ Cfbfu`smji|| h~ tf~l`~a~hliahl uecìhnm~ uìh* lm l`~ uiec ci`~ mn"{ìech`hl` Gfhdjig| mu l`h Muybb`|~i`hl`~ gmu|~m|it"bhhjiec`h t`~uu pcmjjiuec"qìnjiec`h Dhg|ifh> ssss uf"qi` l`~ pcmjjiuec"bhhjiec`h t`~uu gmu|~m"

|it"qìnjiec`h Dhg|ifh

5

ssss `h|up~iha| #Jmemh =915e)( Lmu cì|* l`~Gfhdjig| ~ma| uf qì| ih li` ìa`h`h U|~g|~hl Il`h|i|| cihìh* lmuu `~ hiec| n`quu|"uìhudcia iu|(

T`~uecb`j{haupcmh|mui`hn`~ uìh` _cmh|mui`h n`~iec|`| C`~~ D(u`jnu| n`~ì|u Kmc~` tf~ l`b \m|aùec`"c`h ih ìh`~ tfh icb lmhh |~maiuec`~qì"

u` mna`n~fec`h`h N`cmhljha;Iec cmn` lm uf Bf~la`lmhg`h nìb U`s*

cmn` ti`~bmj t`~uec|* ìh`h Kha`h ib N`|| b{"n~iha`h( Af|| uì Lmhg nji`n ù h~ nìb T`~uec(Q`hh iec ìh`h Kha`h `~q~a`* q~l` ù hiec|nìb @~q~a`h njìn`h( Iec q~l` ich mnuecjmec|`hqi` ìh U|eg Ti`c* b ù cm~| mu{l~eg`h( L`~_m|i`h| n`~iec|`|* lmuu `~ liù |h qfjj` hl ajìec"{ì|ia hiec| |h qfjj`( Fd| cmn` `~ }j`hl` _cmh|m"ui`h* qi` `~ ìh`b Kha`h l`h Gfpd mnuechìl`|*l`h Nmec mduecji|{|* ich muqìl`|* l`h _`hiu mn"uechìl`|* uiec li` nj|ia`h* qm~b`h @iha`qìl` mdl`h Jìn jà|* ti`jjìec| lmu Nj| mu l`~ Cmjuuecjma"ml`~ |~ihg|( @g`j tf~ ìh`~ ufjec`h \m| hl lmu T`~"jmha`h lmhmec uì`h `|qm ajìecu|m~g(

L`~ _m|i`h| u|`c| hn`~u`cnm~ h|`~ `s"|~`b`b Jìl`hul~eg* qi~g| ihh`~jiec h~cia* tfjj`~Mhau|* pmhiuec( Li` Mbnitmj`h{ aà`hn`~ uìh`hdmu| u|hlia p~u`h|`h u`s`jj`h _cmh|mui`h iu| ibIh|`~ti`q a| `~j`nnm~( Nì l`~ Uecijl`~ha liù`~_cmh|mui`h iu| `~ uiec|jiec `~~à|* uecja| bi| l`~Cmhl md uìh fdd`hnm~ `~iai`~|ù Aji`l( @~ bec|ùiec hn`liha| n`cmhl`jh jmuu`h* n`|``~| uìh` N`"~ì|uecmd|* uiec k`lq`l`~ N`cmhljha { h|`~q`~"d`h* mec ìh`~ Ph|`~n~ihaha ih ìh`~ aùecjfuu`"h`h Mhu|mj| fl`~ ìh`b ci~heci~~aiuec`h @iha~idd(Hf|dmjju qijj `~ uiec bn~iha`h* b qì|`~` \m|`h {t`~cihl`~h( Phbi||`jnm~ lmh`n`h n`|fh| `~ uìh`h

>ss 2 @u ain| bihlù|`hu ih s* lmu hiec| pcmjjiuec iu|7ss 2 @u ain| gìh s* lmu hiec| pcmjjiuec iu|(5ss 2 D~ mjj` s aij|* lmuu ui` pcmjjiuec uihl7 ss 2Hiec| mjj` s uihl pcmjjiuec(

hnhlia`h J`n`huqijj`h* uìh`h L~mha hmec D~ì"cì| hl Phmnchaiagì|( @~ n~iha| l`|jiec {b Mu"l~eg* qi` dmu{ihi`~`hl hl n`hau|ia`hl {ajìec`~ uìh` _cmh|mui`h `~j`n| #_dddjih $ Cmmg`* =935*93)(

[b N`{i`chaut`~cmj|`h tfh

C`~~h D( cì| ù lmhh qì|`~;@u amn Bfb`h|`* ih l`h`h `~ lbpd tf~

uiec cihn~|`hl lmum* `~ueci`h lmhh qi` ìh A~ìu*lmu Aùiec| ih |i`d` D~ec`h a`jà|* qi` ìha`"uec~bpd|* li` Ma`h tfjj`~ Mhau|* t`~n~mhh|` uiecli` Cmhl bi| ajibb`hl`h [iam~`||`h fl`~ uecja bi|l`b Cih|`~gfpd amh{ ht`~bi||`j| cm| aà`h li`Qmhl( Bìu| n~|`|` `~ lmhh n`~ uìh`h u`s`jj`h_cmh|mui`h hl q`hh `~ uecji`jiec Qf~|` dmhl*`h|qieg`j|` `~ liù` _cmh|mui`h ih mjj`h L`|miju*q~l` {h`cb`hl `~~à|( Lmh`n`h amn ù [ì|`h*ih l`h`h `~ bi| Qi|{ hl Cbf~ l`h U|m|ifhun`|~i`nuecijl`~|` hl n`~cmp| ìh` @bpdihlumbgì| hlDìhdcjiagì| d~ uf{imj` Ui|m|ifh`h mh l`h \ma jà"|` #_dddjih $ Cmmg`* =935* 99)(

[~ _uyecflyhmbign`~iec|`h li` M|f~`h;

L`~ _m|i`h| `~j`n| uìh` u`s`jj`h _cmh|m"ui`h hl Qhuec` mju l`|jiec gfhdjig|cmd|( M`~liù`~ u`smjiui`~|`h Gfhdjig|`n`h`* ih l`~ `~ {qi"uec`h @iht`~jìn`h hl Mugf|{`h lù @iht`~jìn|`hp`hl`j|* uecìh`h icb mhl`~` Gfhdjig|`n`h`h n`"quu| q`hia {ahajiec* fnqfcj `~ { nà~ìd`huecìh|* lmuu `~ uìh` M|fhfbi` hl D~ìcì|* li` `~uf u`c~ qhuec| hl qfcj mec d~ec|`|* mdu Upi`ju`|{|( @ih` f~mj` Ai`~ juu| ich Ui|m|ifh`h uf u|~g"|~i`~`h* lmuu `~ l`~ @iht`~jìn`hl` iu|( Ih l`h um"liu|iuec`h _cmh|mui`h upià`jh uiec N`{i`chau"qhuec` hmec T`~uecb`j{`h* @iht`~jìn`h hl @ih"

l~iha`h qil`~ #_dddjih $ Cmmg`* =935* 99)([b T`~u|hlhiu l`~ unk`g|it`h

Dhg|ifhl`~ umliu|iuec`h _cmh|mui`h qi~llmnì l`|jiec* lmuu ù bi|hiec|`h b ìhciha`{fa`hù ]j`h mju Ecm~mg|`~iu|igb|ypiuec umliu|iuec`~ M~~mha`b`h|u a`c|*l`hh;

Li` ^`mg|ifh lù Fpd`~u iu| amh{ hqiec"|ia( Ti`jb`c~ a`c| ù b lmu \|`h ìhù uech`h*hn`djèg|`h hl huecjlia`h Ghmn`h* li` Uec`hmec l`~ J`n`hliagì| liùù Ghmn`h ih uìh`b Ih"h`~`h* lmu Tf~l~iha`h { l`h @iha`qìl`h* lmu

\~ihg`h lù J`n`huumd|ù* lmu @iht`~jìn`h hllmhh hm|~jiec lmu @~n~èc`h lù @iht`~jìn|`h* qìjli` {qì Uì|`h ih l`~ _cmh|mui` lù _m|i`h|`h mh"|mafhiu|iuec uihl* hiec| ih uìh`~ N~u| j`n`h gh"h`h( Tfh N`l`|ha njìn| lmnì* lmuu C`~~ D( mduìh` ìa`h` N`l~d|iagì| hl U`chuec| q|`hliu|* md uìh`h Qhuec hmec Mhj`chha* T`~|~m`h*Uiec`~cì|* li` Cfddhha md Mha`hfbb`h"Q`~l`h(Liù`~lib`h|~`h A`dcj` buu `~ ih uiec mn||`h*ufnmjl `~ ui` b`~g|( Hf~bmj`~qìu` b`~g| `~ ui`hiec|* qìj `~ ui` uiec l~ec l`h Mnq`c~bècmhiu"bu l`~ Mnupmj|ha tfb Jìn` cj|* ui` mjj`hdmjju ihmhl`~`h p~fk`g|it `~j`n`h gmhh( Ufnmjl l`~ Dhg`n`~up~iha|* li` Mnq`c~ {umbb`hn~iec|* n~èc`hli` b~l`~iuec`h Ibpju` l~ec( Li` cijdjfu` U`ch"

uec| hl N`l~d|iagì| iu| d~ ich lùcmjn uf mdaì"j`hl* qìj `~ ui` hm|~jiec mec {jmuu`h bec|`* uiìu| km ìh t`~uec||`|`~ \ìj uìh`~ U`jnu|( Mda~hll`~ nifa~mpciuec nà~hl`|`h \~mbm|m* li` iec ci`~ib ìh{`jh`h hiec| `h|dmj|`h qijj* gmhh `~ ui` mn`~


9/25

9&>0

hiec| {jmuu`h* buu ui` mnupmj|`h( Li` cijdjfuÙ`chuec| hl N`l~d|iagì| iu| li` a~f` Uecqìh`"~ì hl lmu Uecqìh buu aùecjmec|`| q`~l`h( Uiìu|* ih uìh`~ _cmh|mui`* j`n`hua`dc~jiec* lùcmjnbuu `~ ui` ||`h hl n`qìu| lmbi| `~h`|* qi` j`"n`hua`dc~jiec ui` iu|* uecmdd| `~ uiec lml~ec lfecuìh ìa`hù A`dhahiua~mn #_dddjih $ Cmmg`*

=935* =??"=?=)(

Cfb#b)fu`s`jj` L`jig|lyhmbig_~d| bmh lmu L`jig|aùec`c`h cih"

uiec|jiec |ypiuec`~ N`l`|hauihcmj|` l`~Uybp|fbm|ig* uf qi~l l`|jiec* lmuu ù ihu"nùfhl`~` b Df~b`h l`~ U`jnu|t`~uiec`"~ha tfh cfb#b)fu`s`jj`~ Bhhjiec"gì|< mju mec l`~ `s|`~hmjiui`~`hl`h N`"qj|iaha tfh Q| hl Cmuu* lù ui|m|i"t`h U`jnu|`~j`n`hu tfh Bmec| #Fbhipf"|`h{) mju Hài`~ha tfh Fchbmec| hl l`~p~fk`g|it" il`h|idigm|f~iuec`h Qhuec`~dj"jha a`c|( U|~g|~`jj qìu| liù md bmhi"dù|` U|~ha`h ih l`h _`~uhjiecgì|un`"~ìec`h l`~ bhhjiec`h Il`h|i|| hl U`jnu|"gfha~`h{* l`~ Maa~ùuifhun`qj|iaha*l`~ hm~{iuu|iuec`h Cfbfu|mu` ufqi` l`~dhlmb`h|mj`h N`{i`chaudciagì| cih(

Lmuu liùù _cmh|mubm uecji`jiecih ìh`b pmuuma` jme|` uecji`jiec gfh"g~`|iui`~| hl ~`mj a`j`n| q~l`h* bmec|

lm~md mdb`~gumb* qi` q`hia li` cfbf"u`s`jj` N`{i`cha hl li` mju _jfbn`*_~fpd #Bf~a`h|cmj`~) ìh` U|~g|~jegùecji``hl` Uybp|fbm|ig l`~ lù|~g|it`hu`s`jj`h _cmh|mui`q`j| a`ìah`| qm~`h*C`~~h D( l`dihi|it { u|mnijiui`~`h( A`~ml`li` \m|umec`* lmuu li` p`~t`~u`h _cmh|m"ui`h hl Ibpju` uiec {l`b t`~u`jnu|h"lia|`h hl ih liù`~ @ia`hlyhmbig ìh`l`|jiec` _~fa~`li`h{ mdqiù`h* ji` li`_~fahfu` n`~ì|u { d~c`~`h [ì|phg|`hhahu|ia `~uecìh`h( Lmu \m|aùec`c`hu`jnu| bm~gi`~| uf{uma`h ih pm~mlfs`bQil`~up~ec { l`~ {i`ja`~iec|`| `~uecì"h`hl`h \m|bf|itm|ifh hl "l~ecdc~haìh`h [umbb`hn~ec l`~ niu lmcih {"bihlù| qì|a`c`hl qi~gumb`h Mnq`c~"bècmhiub`h(

@ih qì|`~ù _m~mlfsfh liù`~ \m|"cmhljha iu|* lmuu ù lmnì qi` mh mh"l`~`~ U|`jj` mua`dc~| hiec| b li` \"|ha lù gfhg~`|`h mhl`~`h* lù mju \yp{qm~ mdd`g|it jfaiuec* ufhu| mn`~ n`ji`nia"{djjia mua`qcj|`h C`~~h \( a`c|* ufh"

< Jmemh #=91>* ==7 =915e* =?1) p~{iui`~| li` Cfbfu`smji"|| mju Cfbbfu`smji||* ihl`b liù` mju ecm~mg|`~iu|iuec`puyecfu`s`jj` _fui|ifh #u|m||) B`huec`h #jcfbb`)mhhibb|(

l`~h uiec ib A~hl` ih l`~ \m|cmhljhab ìh` M~| U`jnu|mujuecha fl`~U`jnu|bflidi{i`~ha cmhl`j|* ihl`b C`~~ D(tf~c`~ hl hmecc`~ hiec| b`c~ lmu ajì"ec` Unk`g| iu| #Bijj`~ =939* )( Qù`h|"jiec iu| d~ lmu T`~u|hlhiu l`~ Dfja`h

l`~ \m| li` puyecflyhmbiuec` \m|umec`*lmuu hiec| lmu h`~~ìecnm~` hl h"n`d~i`lia`hl` _cmh|mui`fnk`g| mju `~j`n|`~Bmha`j n`h~cia`hl iu| hl ih uìh`~Qi`l`~cfjhaulyhmbig njìn|* ufhl`~h lmuuli` C`~u|`jjha ìh`~ { a~f`h Hc` bi|l`b Fnk`g| lù Nà`c~`hu* qi` liù` ihl`h @iht`~jìnhau" hl T`~uecb`j{hau"t`~uec`h qc~`hl l`~ \m| ~`mjiui`~| qi~l*ih cfc`b Bm` hau|ia`hl hl lù|mniji"ui`~`hl qi~g|* lm li` Lmhg liù`~ _jfb"n` `~bajiec|` hl md~èc| `~cmj|`h`

hm~{iuu|iuec` Cfbfu|mu` #Bf~a`h|cmj`~=919"5?) l~ec l`h Qàdmjj l`~ p~f"|c`|iuec`h Dhg|ifh liùù _cmh|mubmuhl l~ec ìh` eci~~aiuec` Gmu|~m|ifh hhhiec| b`c~ {~ T`~daha u|`c|(

Ih|`~hmjiui`~hau"@s|`~hmjiui`"~hau"Bècmhiub`h

T`~g~p`~hau" hl T`~uecb`j{hau"pcmh|mub`h tfh àfhl mj|`~* @h|jìnha

hl Ihgf~pf~m|ifh lù mhl`~`h* fp`~m|it`hGmu|~m|ifh hl hiec| {j`|{| mec li` Ly"hmbig lù djmuc"nmeg t`~qìu`h lm~md*lmuu ù ìh`~ lidd`~`h{i`~|`h \c`f~i`nij"lha g~p`~hmc`~ hl g~p`~n`{fa`h`~_uyecflyhmbig n`lm~d* b li` ci`~mu ~`"uj|i`~`hl` Ih|`~mg|ifhulyhmbig ih ic~`~ md"d`g|it`h Jfaig cih~ìec`hl hmectfjj{i`c`h{ ghh`h(

Liùn`{ajiec njìn| {hecu| a~hl"u|{jiec { g~i|iui`~`h* lmuu li` bìu| pm~mj"j`jiui`~`hl` Ajìecu`|{ha l`~ mju mh|maf"

hiu|iuec t`~u|mhl`h`h Ih|`~hmjiui`~haup~f"{ùu` #Ihgf~pf~m|ifh* Ih|~fk`g|ifh* Il`h|idi"gm|ifh) hl @s|`~hmjiui`~haup~f{ùu` #@s"gf~pf~m|ifh* _~fk`g|ifh* U`jnu|fnk`g|iti`~ha)ihufd`~h hiec| u|ibbia iu|* mju ui` gìhù"qàu md l`~u`jn`h T`~m~nì|hau`n`h``~dfja`h; Nìupi`jcmd| juu| uiec d~ li` _~f" k`g|ifh hl Ih|~fk`g|ifh c`~mum~nì|`h#Jmemh =90


10/25

=?&>0

h` up~mecmnchaia` Il`h|idigm|ifh bi|l`~ uybnfjiuec`h N`l`|ha lù mhl`~`h(^`j`tmh| iu| liù` Lidd`~`h{i`~ha hl Gf~"~`g|~ ihufd`~h* mju `~u| mu liù`b U|~g"|~bfl`jj lù Uybnfjiuec`h hl Ibmaih"~`h ci`~mu t`~u|`cnm~ qi~l* qm~b

p~fk`g|it` Bècmhiub`h ib Dmjj tfhC`~~h D( hiec| cih~ìec|`h* b li` Upmh"hha ih|~fki{i`~|`~ Fnk`g|mh|ìj` { ~`l"{i`~`h*

mec li` Mnq`c~bfli l`~ Ihgf~pf~m|ifhhiec| mha`bùu`h l~ec `sgf~pf~i`~`h"l`* puyecfu`hmc` Bècmhiub`h cfb"fu|m|iuec munmjmhei`~| q`~l`h gfhh|`h*

bi|cih li` ih|~mpuyeciuec` Aùmb|lyhm"big ih ìh` qì|`~` ^à~ùuifh l`~ @s"|`~hmjiui`~ha md l`~ ih|`~unk`g|it`h

Cmhljhau`n`h`(

Ihgf~pf~m|ifh hl @iht`~jìnhaMju qì|`~`~ Mup`g| l`~ ufbm|fpuy"

eciuec`h Nùfhl`~cì|`h lù Dmjjù dmjj`hlmu _cmh|mubm hl li` U|~g|~nijlhal`~ Ihgf~pf~m|ifh hl&fl`~ @iht`~jìnhamd* l`~`h Lyhmbig niujmha q`l`~ lidd`"~`h{i`~| gfhg~`|iui`~| hfec gfh{`p|ifh`jjmua`m~nì|`| q~l`h(

Li` Tf~u|`jjha tfh ìh`b puyeciuec`hIhh`h~mb* ih l`b Il`h|idi{i`~ha`h mdn`qmc~|uihl* bmec| h~ lmhh Uihh* q`hh qi~ ich mju ìh`hpcmh|mui`~|`h F~| l`hg`h ghh`h* l`~ hfec ìh`~mhl`~`h puyeciuec`h Dhg|ifh li`h| #N|j`~ >??5*=?1)(

M|f~`h qi` Mn~mcmb $ \f~fg#=919) bmec`h liùn`{ajiec lm~md md"b`~gumb* lmuu Ih|~fk`g|ifh hl @iht`~jì"nha tfhìhmhl`~ h|`~ueci`l`h q`~l`hbuu`h* ihl`b lmu Iec mju Aùmb|cì| l`~Ih|~fk`g|ifh`h md{dmuu`h uì hl lmnì

li` @iht`~jìnha ib ìa`h|jiec`h Uihh`mju u`bmh|iuec`~ T`~ihh`~jiechaup~f{ùuht`~bi||`j|* pj|{jiec hl {qìj`h uyb"p|fbm|iuec cmjj{ihm|f~iuec md|mec`* q`hhih|~fk`g|it` N`qj|iahaup~f{ùu` { uecì"|`~h l~fc|`h #L`~~ilm =919* =5)( Qù`h|jiec`~uecìh| lmnì* lmuu liù`~ mhl`~` lmnìqi` ìh D~`blg~p`~* qi` ìh u|~`hlùLiha* ìht`~jìn| hl ìh`~ _jfbn` ajìecli` U|~g|~jeg` ìhù pcmh|mubm|iuec`hFnk`g|t`~ju|u uecji`|( L`~~ilm #=919* 53)ugi{{i`~| liù mju ìh Qf~|"Liha bi| mhm"u`biuec`~0 U|~g|~* lùu`h qil`~up~ec"jiec"unk`g|it` N`l`|ha hl Uihhcmd|ia"

0mhmu`biuec 2 qil`~uihhia* {qìl`|ia* hjfaiuec

gì| |~f|{ uìh`~ p~f|cù`hcmd| u||{`hl`hDhg|ifh mhl`~`~uì|u mju hiec|"lècidd~i`~"nm~ù* ht`~u|hljiec"n`l~fcjiecù* g~"p`~up~mecjiecù Ef"Uybnfj l`h ih|~mpuy"eciuec`h U|~g|~l`d`g| {ajìec md~èc|`~cj| hl ìh` b`|mpcf~iuec`h n`~n`"

u`|{ha lù G~p`~u {~ Dfja` cm|(Ih liù`b Uihh` juu| uiec li` @ih"

t`~jìnha bi| Mn~mcmb hl \f~fg mju ì"h` _cmh|mui` hiec| mju _~f{ùu ecm~mg"|`~iui`~`h;

L`bhmec qi~l l`~ Ihh`h~mb* ih l`h ìhFnk`g| cihìha`hfbb`h qi~l* ibmaihi`~|* hl {qm~ih ìh`~ Up~mec`* li` ufjec` ^b` { nùecq~`hhl { t`~lihajiec`h t`~bma( Q`hh lmu Iec uiec li`WR Il`h|idigm|ifh`h ìht`~jìn|* njìn| li` D~ma`; qfjià| liù`~ ìht`~jìn|` ^mb6 Jià| `~ hiec| ib ji|`"~mj`h Uihh` ihh`~cmjn lù G~p`~u* uf n`dihl`| `~uiec bajiec`~qìu` md l`b G~p`~ mju lùu`hFn`~djec`h"N`{ìechha* qfbi| l`~ G~p`~ u`jnu|mju ìht`~jìn|`~ ^mb t`~u|mhl`h q`~l`h buu#N|j`~ >??5* =?1)(

Mju Mnq`c~bècmhiubu juu|uiec ìh` ufjec` @iht`~jìnha WR mju li`ìh{ia` M~| hl Qìu` t`~u|`c`h* li` ùC`~~h D( `~bajiec|`* {qì bi|ìhmhl`~ h"t`~ìhnm~` Mup`g|` lù Aà`hn`~ qi`nì uiec u`jnu| {umbb`h { `~|~ma`h; @uiu| qi` Mn~mcmb $ \f~fg #=919* 43"49){qm~ mh D~`lu Dmjj lù Qfjdubmhhumd{ìa`h* mn`~ qi` liù ajìec`~bm`h

mec md C`~~h D( {|~idd| li` ìh{ia`M~|* l`h mhl`~`h { ji`n`h* b ich hiec|{ ||`h* hl {ajìec ich ihgf~pf~i`~`hl{ ||`h* b ich hiec| { ji`n`h( Lmnì qi~ll`~ hjunm~` Gfhdjig| {qiuec`h maa~ùui"t`b hl jinilihu`b Nà`c~`h t`~bi||`jul`~ @iht`~jìnha tfb Fnk`g| qà ihu ì"a`h` Iec t`~jma`~|* lf~| ib Uihh` ìh`~ ti"~j`h| n`h~cia`hl`h* fu{ijji`~`hl`h Ly"hmbig tfh Cmuu hl U`jnu|cmuu* tfh Il`m"jiui`~ha hl U`jnu|il`mjiui`~ha k`qìjuh~ g~{d~iu|ia #mu")a`cmj|`h* k`lfec q`"

l`~ ih|à~i`~| hfec n`~cia|( Mhaùiec|u ì"h`~ p~fa~`li`h|`h @h|qiegjha hl ìhù`h|u|mhl`h`h Qi`l`~cfjhau{qmhau bh"l`| li` uiec uf t`~u`jnu|hlia`hl`h @i"a`hlyhmbig lù ec~fhiuec`h Gfhdjig|u ~à"~ùuit ih lmu L`jig|aùec`c`h mju pmuum"a` jme|`* lfec iu| liù`~ Gfhdjig| jhau|u|~g|~nijl`hl* l( c( \ìj l`~ _`~uhjiec"gì|uu|~g|~ a`qf~l`h #\~ùec`~ $ Diha`~"\~ùec`~ =995* 93"=?>)(


11/25

==&>0

L`~ G~p`~ mju N~eg`h"Fnk`g|Bi| liù`~ |~mbmup`{idiuec`h U|~g"

|~ u|`c`h dfjajiec p~f|f|ypiuec` Fnk`g|~`p"~u`h|mh{`h hiec| #b`c~) uf {~ T`~d"aha* lmuu liù` mju ìh a|` b||`~jiec`

n`~amhaufnk`g|` gfbp`hum|f~iuec qi~g"umb uìh ghh|`h; L`~ ìa`h` G~p`~buu mju Tf~jd`~ lù n`~amhaufnk`g|uliù` Dhg|ifh`h n`~h`cb`h hl dhai`~|hh mju ìh ih|`~b`li~ù Fnk`g|* lmu ihuìh`~ N~eg`hdhg|ifh t`~juujiec p~u`h|hl gfh|~fjji`~nm~ iu|* qìj lmu Unk`g| uiecliùù u`jnu| aùecmdd`h cm|( @u cmhl`j|uiec mjuf b ìh` g~iu`hcmd|` ^à~ùuifhtfh l`~ _cmh|mui` ìh`~ uybnfjiuec`h^`p~u`h|mh{ md gfhg~`| p~u`h|` U`jnu|"fnk`g|` lù G~p`~u* l`~ lmnì {b G~"p`~"N~eg`h"Fnk`g| qi~l hl `h|n`c~|`N`{i`chau`~dmc~ha`h gfbp`hui`~| #Gù"|`hn`~a =91=)( Lmnì qi~l liù`~ fdd`huiec|"jiec ìh`~uì|u mju Hiec|"Iec* mju iec"lyu"|fhù G~p`~fnk`g|* qmc~a`hfbb`h hln`h|{|* mhl`~`~uì|u ib Uihh` l`~ tfhD~`l #=9>5* >05) mju {qì`~jì @bpdih"lha`h nùec~i`n`h`h G~p`~qmc~h`c"bha`h {ajìec mec iec"uyh|fh mju #\ìjlù) U`jnu|* mju G~p`~unk`g|* `~j`n|( Qi~lih liù`b u`jnu|fnk`g|iti`~`hl`h Bmht`~li` jm|`h|` fl`~ bmhidù|` Pha`qiuu"cì| n`~ li` ìa`h` Il`h|i|| hl Ihliti"

lmji|| uybnfjiui`~`hl { nùì|ia`h t`~"uec|* nìhcmj|`| li` p`~t`~u u|~g|~i`~|`*u`s`jj` _~msiu d~ lmu u`smjl`jih}`h"|` Unk`g| `|qmu ihc~`h| \~mbm|i"uecù* lmu h~ { `~|~ma`h iu|* q`hhliù`~ mhl`~` ih l`h pcmh|mubm|iuec`h^mcb`h lù Unk`g|u ih|à~i`~| hl tf~liù`b Cih|`~a~hl md `h|unjibi`~|` M~|hl Qìu` mha`ìah`| qi~l #i`g =999*===)(

Ih liù`b Uihh` iu| lmu d~`blma"a~ùuit` Cmhl`jh gfhu`}`h| { @hl`

a`lmec| ìh p`~t`~uù Uybp|fb nùfh"l`~`~ M~|* ìh Mnk`g|* lmu bi|hiec|`h puy"ecfjfaiu|iuec md ìh` mhl`~qì|ia t`~qì"u`hl` Ecidd~` { ~`l{i`~`h q~`* ufhl`~hù iu| d~ liùù gfhg~`|` Unk`g| mju ih|`"a~mj`~ \ìj uìhù G~p`~u ih Djìuec hlNj| n`~aàmha`h( Lmbi| iu| liù` _`~"t`~uifh mju U|~g|~ lmu ìh{ia`* lmuqmc~cmd|ia `siu|i`~|* lmu l`~ ^`mji|| ic~`Gfhuiu|`h{ a`~ml`{ ihufd`~h t`~jìc|* mjuù mu ic~ mju ìh` M~| D~`blg~p`~ c`~"mudmjj`h buu( Phl ihufd`~h ib G`~h lù

Uybp|fbu ìh G`~h lù A`hi``hu p`~uiu"|i`~|* l`~ k`l`~ Ih|`~p~`|m|ifh qil`~u|`c|*jià| lmu [i`j l`~ N`cmhljha hiec| ih ì"h`~ ih|`~p~`|m|it`h Mdjuha lù Uyb"

p|fbu W(((R* ufhl`~h ih ìh`~ Il`h|idigm|ifhbi| icb* ih ìh`~ Il`h|idigm|ifh lù Unk`g|ubi| liù`b hiec|"mhmjyui`~nm~`h _hg|pm~|igj~`~ _m|cfjfai`* li` j`|{|`hljiecli` ìh{ia` U||{` liùù Lmuìhu nijl`|#i`g =99=* >4">1)(

Li` T`~g~p`~halù p`~t`~u`h _cmh|mubmu

_m~mlfs`~qìu` ni`|`h q`l`~ li`"uù _cmh|mubm hfec li` l`jih}`h|` "^`mjiui`~ha liù`~ _cmh|mui` Bajiecgì"|`h l`~ @~djjha fl`~ N`d~i`liaha lùNà`c~`hu( @~u| l~ec lmu _cmh|mubm n`"u|`c| d~ l`h _m|i`h|`h li` Bajiecgì|*uìh Nà`c~`h n`~cmp| { ~`mjiui`~`h*up~iec* uiec mju nà`c~`hlù Unk`g| {gfhu|i|i`~`h hl lml~ec {qm~ n`h~"cia| hl {qiùpj|ia* uf lfec uiec u`jnu| &uìh U`jnu| up~`hl n`~cmp| mju j`"n`hlia"pjui`~`hlù Unk`g| `siu|i`~`h {ghh`h( Ihufd`~h iu| lmu _cmh|mubm {qm~ìh `siu|`h|i`jjù _~fnj`b* lfec {ajìecnecu|njiec T`~g~p`~ha ìhù [i`jù*lmu q`l`~ { `~~ìec`h iu| hfec `~~ìec|q`~l`h lm~d;

U|id|`| li` Ih|~fk`g|ifh li` Bajiecgì| b`"|mpcf~iuec`~ N`l`|ha* uf iu| li` @iht`~jìnha

qù`h|jiec mh|i"b`|mpcf~iuec* qìj ui` l`h T`~ju|a`~ml` mju ~mligmj Phh`hhnm~ù n`qmc~|( Mhl`~udf~bji`~|; li` @iht`~jìnha t`~d`cj| hiec| h~* l`hT`~ju| { n`h`hh`h fl`~ ìh{aù|`c`h* ufhl`~hh|`~a~n| li` N`lihaha`h d~ li` b`|mpcf~iuec`N`l`|ha mju ufjec` #N|j`~ >??5* =?3)(

L`|jiec qi~l liù h|`~ mhl`~`bmec ih l`~ Tf~aùeciec|` lù \m|aùec`"c`hu; Niu lmcih qm~`h li` mju \|hau"hl @iht`~jìnhaut`~uec` ih|`~p~`|i`~"nm~`h D~`blmaa~ùuifh`h hi` qi~gjiec `~"dfja~ìec ib Uihh` ìh`~ `dd`g|it`h* gfb"pj`||`h ^`mjiui`~ha lù _cmh|mubmu* qmulm~md cihl`|`|* lmuu ù lm~b aiha* uiecl`~ Phbajiecgì| l`~ ^`mjiui`~ha lù_cmh|mubmu { t`~uiec`~h ((( hl uiec li`"uù uf mju `n`h jìncmd|iaù _cmh|muià`"uec`c`h { `~cmj|`h( _m~mlfs`~qìu` iu|dfjajiec hiec| hn`liha| li` pcmh|mubm|i"uec` U{`h` u`jnu|* uìh Ihcmj|* li` h|`~"u|`jj|` Mnuiec| uq( li` a~hljà`hl`Gfbpfh`h|` lù _cmh|mubmu* ufhl`~hli` Lidd`~`h{ mnuiec`~hl` Phbajiecgì|uìh`~ T`~g~p`~ha hl Pbu`|{ha ih l`~\m| #i`g =99>* =4)( L`hh;

Mhau| |~i|| hiec| md* q`hh li` Fnk`g|"P~um"ec` lù Nà`c~`hu d`cj|7 hiec| lmu D`cj`h lù Fn"k`g|u ju| ui` mu* ufhl`~h* ib Aà`h|ìj* li` A`dmc~*uiec l`b Fnk`g| { u`c~ { hc`~h hl lml~ec lù


12/25

=>&>0

Bmha`ju u`jnu| t`~ju|ia { a`c`h mhl`~u aùma|*lmu T`~uecqihl`h lù Nà`c~`hu { `~jìl`h#i`g =99>* ==)(

\m|uecjiec `~qiù uiec lmu gfhg~`"|` Unk`g| hmec l`~ `h|jìn`hl`h \m| mju`s|~`b t`~u|~| hl lù|mnijiui`~|* qmu

{qm~ mju \~mbm|iui`~ha l~ec lmu @~j`"n`h l`~ ìa`h`h \m|* mn`~ `n`h mec mjudhlmb`h|mj` hau|iaha l~ec Bflidi{i`"~ha lù niu lmcih u|mnijiui`~`hl`h _cmh"|mubmu t`~u|mhl`h q`~l`h gmhh(

Mju mh|ib`|mpcf~iuec` \|iagì| ji|`~mjiui`~|li` @iht`~jìnha l`h T`~ju| md fl`~ ib G~p`~(Ui` `~uecìh| uf mju g~p`~jiec` Dmg|i{i|| n{q( mjulmu Bi||`j* lmu n`qi~g|* lmuu l`~ G~p`~ uecji`jieclmu M||~in| Aùecjèc| #u`s) mju uìh` ji|`~mj`Qmc~cì| |~a| #N|j`~ >??5* =?3"=?9)(

Hiec| b`c~ ih|à~i`~" hl b`|mpcf"

~iui`~nm~ dc~| liù ib gfhg~`|`h Dmjj {~pmuuma` jme|`* l`~`h \m|cmhljha uiec qi` k`l` Cmhljha qi` ìh` M~| tfhU`jnu|bf~l lù Unk`g|u muqi~g|;

Lmu bmec| l`h Mg| ib ìa`h|jiec`h Uihhmu* lmuu lmu Unk`g| tf~c`~ hl hmecc`~ hiec|b`c~ lmu ajìec` iu| #Bijj`~ =939* )(

Li` p~f|c`|iuec` Dhg|ifhlù _cmh|mubmu

Nì ìha`c`hl`~`~ |c`f~ià`jì|`|`~Liuguuifh qi~l mhcmhl l`~ Gmuiu|ig l`|"jiec* lmuu l`~ ufbm|iuec t`~cmd|`|`h Gfb"p`hum|ifhudhg|ifh lù G~p`~"N~eg`h"Fn" k`g|u ib N`~ìec l`~ puyeciuec`h U|~g|~ìh` p`~t`~u` _cmh|mui`nijlha `h|up~iec|*li` uiec mb nù|`h mju _jfbn`* _d~fpd*mju ìh c`|`~fa`hù A`nijl` nùec~ìn`hWjuu|R* lmu li` Jeg` uecji`|* li` ìh`d`cjaàmha`h` hm~{iuu|iuec` @h|qiegjhaaùecmdd`h cm|( Lmhg liù`~ _jfbn` qi~lli` Cfbfu|mu` ib hm~{iuu|iuec`h N`~ìec

`~bajiec| hl md~èc|`~cmj|`h( Lmnìnjìn|* qìj Ijjuifh hl Qi~gjiecgì| hiec|l~ecahaia ih n`~ìhu|ibbha { n~ih"a`h uihl* {qm~ ìh ihh`~`~ Qil`~up~ecnù|`c`h* l`~ lm`~hl li` ~`mji||umha`"pmuu|`h Iec"U|~g|~`h n`l~fc| hl ih D~m"a` u|`jj|* lfec mnuf~ni`~| liù` U|~g|~li` hm~{iuu|iuec` Q| lù Unk`g|u hlu|`jj| mju p~f|c`|iuec` @~ah{ha WR lmu^ùj|m| ìh`~ Pbdf~bha maa~ùuit`~@h`~ai`h ih ìh` pfjybf~pc` U|~g|~ lm~(Ihl`b lmu p`~t`~u` Uyhl~fb uf ìh dù"|`~ Nù|mhl|ìj lù Unk`g|u iu| #Bf~"a`h|cmj`~ =919"5?)* u|`jj`h G~p`~fn"k`g|" hl G~p`~unk`g|mh|ìj` hih|à~i`~|`

Mup`g|` ìhù }mui {`~u|eg`j|`h G~"p`~u lm~(

L`~ T`~uec* li` ti~j`h|` Maa~ù"uifhup~fnj`bm|ig l~ec Gmu|~m|ifh fp`~m|itmd{ju`h* gfbb| ìh`~uì|u ìh`~ Up~`h"

aha l`~ _jfbn`hdhg|ifh #Bf~a`h|cmj`~)ajìec hl iu| {l`b l`~ n`d~`bljiec`T`~uec* li` mju `n`huf n`l~fcjiec qi`ju|ia `~j`n|` _`~t`~uifh mju ib A~hl``siu|`h|i`jj i~~`j`tmh|ù G~p`~uybp|fb {iufji`~`h hl lmu Unk`g| mju ufhu| ìa`h|"jiec hf~bmj hl ha`dc~jiec { pcmh|m"ui`~`h( Lmu cì|* l`~ `h|bmhh`hl` @ih"a~idd lù|mnijiui`~| hiec| h~ li` fch`cih jm"nij` hm~{iuu|iuec` Nmjmhe` liùù Unk`g|u*ufhl`~h t`~g`hh| mec* lmuu hl qi` u`c~liùù g~p`~hmc` Mnq`c~uyu|`b l`~u|~g|~`jj`h _`~t`~uifh mec k`huì|u

l`~ uybp|fbm|iuec`h _cmh|mui` l~eclyhmbiuec` Mup`g|` l`~ @~hi`l~iaha cbijim|ifh n`{i`chauqìu` U`jnu|"`~hi`l~iaha hl l`~ Dìhlu`jiagì| cfu|iji|y a`p~a| iu| #U|fjj`~ =919* =1)(A`~ml` mu liù`h A~hl`h n`lm~d ùhiec| l`~ Jàhha lù Uybp|fbu l~eclùu`h @jibihi`~ha* ufhl`~h l`~ Il`h|idi"{i`~ha lù Unk`g|u bi| liù`~ Dhlm"b`h|mjpcmh|mui`(

Lm l`b Unk`g| uìh` ~up~haji"ec` pcmh|mubm|iuec` G~p`~uybp|fbm|ighl uìh #n`~")J`n`huue~ip| lù G~p`~"cmhl`jhu hiec| b`c~ d~ li` @sgf~pf~i`~hatfh Dìhlu`jiagì| qi` {~ Liu|mh{i`~halù N`{i`chaufnk`g|u {~ T`~daha u|`"c`h hl {ajìec mec li` ihgf~pf~i`~`hl`Qi`l`~c`~u|`jjha #u)ìhù G`~hu`jnu| hiec|b`c~ bajiec iu|* cm||` uiec ib gfhg~`|`hDmjj li` ih|~mpuyeciuec` Ui|m|ifh `c`~ t`~"uec~d| l`hh `h|upmhh|( A`~ml` ihl`b li`niu lmcih ih l`~ _`~t`~uifh md~èc| `~cmj"|`h` Lidd`~`h{ tfh ^`mji|| hl _cmh|mubm{`~u|~| hl l`~ pcmh|mubm|iuec` ^mb

md ìh` a`qchjiec` Mjj|mau~f|ih` ~`l"{i`~| q~l`* dmhl uiec lmu df~`huiuec` Un"k`g| lù F~|ù n`~mn|* mh l`b `~ niu lm"cih uìh Nà`c~`h m~|igji`~`h gfhh|`#i`g =99>* =0)( Lmu cì|* li` Muj"uecha lù _cmh|mubmu n`qi~g| ìh`Gmu|~m|ifh lù Nà`c~`hu hl lmbi| ìh`Mhhjji`~ha tfh J`n`hliagì|* li` lmuUnk`g| qi` ìh` h`~|~ajiec` Qmc~cì|*mju ìh` M~| Ju|"ih"Phju|* mju hiec|"ih|`"a~i`~nm~ù Ih|~fk`g| `bpdmhl* li` k`lfecmju hbajiec`~ Qù`hug`~h ìh n`~j`"

n`h lù ìa`h`h \~mbmu am~mh|i`~|`(


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Ih|~uifh Mhl`~`~uì|u k`lfec qi~l `~ l~ec

ìhueci``hl` @~ihh`~haunijl`~ mh li`j`|{|` \m| hl nàjì|`hl` Mdd`g|{u|hlà`pìhia| hl l~ec liù` djmuc"nmegu

n`h~cia|( Q`hhajìec bi| l`~ Gmu|~m|ifhli` tf~c`~ lfbihi`~`hl`h p`~t`~u`h _cmh"|mui`h t`~uecqhl`h qm~* `~qiù uiec lmugfhg~`|` Unk`g| md |~maiuec` Qìu` l`h"hfec qì|`~ mh #u)ìh a~mumbù* |~mbm"|iui`~`hlù \m|aùec`c`h* mh liù` t`~"a`njiec`h T`~uec` tfh fchbec|ia`~ Ih"|~uifhu`~dmc~ha hl lù|~g|it`b U`jnu|"cmuu a`nhl`h* l~ec liù` Mhau|mdd`g|`cecu| n`h~cia| hl ih uìh`~ niu lmcihgfbp`hum|f~iuec qi~gumb`h Mnq`c~ ufu`c~ lù|mnijiui`~|* lmuu `~ l`h icb hmu"

up~ècjiec`h Cf~~f~ l`~ \m| hiec| lm`~cmd|t`~l~ha`h gmhh( Ib Aà`hum|{ {~ a|"mec|`~jiec`h N`~|ìjha {h`cb`hl`~ M"|fhfbi` lù Unk`g|u `~j`n|` uiec liùùu`jnu| b`c~ l`hh k` mju Fnk`g| ìhueci`"`hl`~ djmuc"nmegu* mju Fnk`g| ìh`~ ih"h`h u|m||dihl`hl`h Ih|~fk`g|ifh* tfh l`~q`l`~ ìh` d~`bl" hfec ìh` u`jnu|maa~ù"uit` N`d~ìha bajiec iu|( \m|uecjiec`M|fhfbi` uì l`h unk`g|it`h Hìah"a`h amh{ hl am~ d~`bl* gfhu|m|i`~| ["pmhi #=990* >* =??)( Ihl`b liù` Uiahidi"gmh|`h l`~ Cfjfpc~mu` li` \`hl`h{ cm"n`h { t`~gj`n`h* { t`~gjbp`h* lm"l~ec { a`d~i`~`h #Nf~`hu) hl md li`ìha`d~f~`h`h Ih|~fk`g|` ih l`~ liuuf{im|i"t`h @~j`nhiut`~m~nì|ha t`~qìu`h* dc~|liù { uecq`~ mdjunm~`h* dmu| gfhg~`"|iu|iuec`h B`|mpc`~h #Nf~`hu =993* >=9)(

L`hh li` ih|`~p`~ufh`jj` Lyhmbign`liha| ib @ih{`jdmjj mec* lmuu li` Ih|~f" k`g|ifh ih Df~b tfh Up~mecjfuiagì| t`~"


14/25

=0

qìa`~| fl`~ h|`~uma| qi~l hl uf hiec|b`c~ t`~nmj m~|igji`~| q`~l`h gmhh( Mju{qmhaujdia `~dfja`hl` Ihgf~pf~m|ifh |~m"bm|iuec`~ Il`h|i||unijlha #Gec`hcfdd=99?* =3) q`~l`h liù` hh`hhnm~`h Lih"a` }mui g~yp|iuec mju _cmh|mubm l`~

@iht`~jìnha #L`~~ilm =919* =)( Lmbi| cmhl`j| ù uiec hiec|b l`h Mjp|~mb uecjèc|cih* ufhl`~h\c` Hiac|bm~` tiumjiui`~| l`h p~f|f|ypi"uec`h Mjp|~mb l`~ \~mbm|iui`~|`h #Mj|>??>* =13* ? Dh =01)* lmu cì| ìh` di"si`~|ù* mdd`g|it"|~mbm|iuecù @~j`n`h* ì"h` up`{idiuec` ih|~uit` N`{i`chau`~dmc"~ha hl li` lmbi| ih|~fki{i`~|` Fnk`g|~`p"~u`h|mh{( Liùù \~mbmpm~mliabm `~"bajiec| ìh` Hìh|`~p~`|m|ifh liùùMhau||~mbu mju {qm~ ìhù uybp|fbm|i"uec`h \~mbu u`s`jj`h Ihcmj|u bi| ìh`~Unk`g|upmj|ha ih ufbm|iuec` _muuiti||hl |~b`hl` Mg|iti||* li` mju jinilihuÙpmhhha ìh` T`~qmhljha ih Mhau| `~"dmc~`h cm| #D~`l =9??* =41)( K`lfecqìu`h Lùih|à~m|ifh hl Mbnitmj`h{ l`~Mdd`g|` lm~md cih* lmuu ù uiec `h|aà`hgjmuuiuec`~ Ih|`~p~`|m|ifh`h #U|m~fnihugi=913) hiec| b mna`q`c~|` u`s`jj` d~majiec ih{ù|u` Qhuec` cmhl`j|(Ti`jb`c~ iu| lmu Mjp|~mbaùec`c`h mjudjmuc nmeg* mju mjp|~mbcmd|ia` ^ìhu{`"

4 Taj( li` Lm~u|`jjha ìh`~ gm|m|fh`h Mh|~i`nuu|~ha* uf

a`hmhh|`h qecu`~h`h Niàumbgì| #Dj`siniji|mu em`"~`m)* nì Bms @~hu|* b li` pm~mhfil` Cih|`~a~hllyhmbiglù N`d`cjum|fbm|iubu hl gm|m|fh`h Qijj`hut`~ju|ih mnchaia"|~mbm|iui`~`hl`h N`{i`cha`h pm~fli`~`hlmn{q`c~`h #Gfnn >??>n* =1>"=15)(


15/25

=0&>0

hi`~ha ìh`~ nmumj`h \~mbm|iui`~ha* mjumu l`b Phn`quu|`h upfh|mh p`~u`t`"~i`~|` T`~l~haha { ecm~mg|`~iui`~`h* li`mju {qiùpj|ia"qil`~up~ecjiec`h Il`h|idi"gm|ifh bi| liù`b Ih|~fk`g| hl bi| l`~l~ec lmu |~mbm|iui`~`hl` Fnk`g| l`di"

hi`~|`h ih|~uit`h N`{i`chauui|m|ifh* mju^`p~u`h|m|ifh lù Gfhdjig|u ih l`~ Mdd`g|"jfaig #Uibfh =93>) l`~ ihh`~`h Fnk`g|q`j|lù Unk`g| { t`~u|`c`h iu| #Jihlumy=905=)(

K`huì|u lù Ef~pu l`jie|iQmu l`b Unk`g| |~f|{ liù`~ L`"

b|iaha uìh` Q~l` t`~jìc|* iu| lmu icbìa`h` mnufj| _m~|igj~`* iu| uìh _cmh"

|mubm mju k`h`~ \ìj tfh icb* tfh l`b qi~uiec`~ uìh ghh`h* lmuu qi~ hi`bmju lm~mh\ìj cmn`h q`~l`h #i`g =99>* 30)( Li`lmcih|`~ h~ { `~mch`hl` T`~djèc|hatfh G~p`~unk`g|* G~p`~fnk`g| hl G~"p`~mnk`g|* li` h~ cecu| mbnitmj`h| bi|{"t`~dfja`hl` Lyhmbig tfh @iht`~jìnha hl@h|jìnha* tfh Ihgf~pf~m|ifh`h hl @s"gf~pf~m|ifh`h* li` h~ liu|mh{i`~| { `~|~m"a`hl` G~p`~jiecgì| lùfbm|iui`~|`~ Nm"uiumdd`g|` bmec| |~mhupm~`h|* qi` liùùunk`g|it` Mnufj|` md cecu| pm~|igj~`Qìu` f~amhiui`~| qi~l(

Pb Gmh|u Qf~|` { t`~q`hl`h; Qi~ ~ù"p`g|i`~`h l`h mhl`~`h hiec| mda~hl lù hit`~u`j"j`h Aù`|{ù* lmu ih k`l`b tfh hu qfch|* qi~ |hù ib Aà`h|ìj mda~hl uìhù `~u|`h pm|cf"jfaiuec`h G`~hu* mda~hl l`~ mnufj| pm~|igj~`hQìu`* ih l`~ k`l`~ tfh hu uìh` ìa`h` Q`j||~b|* uìh A`hi``h f~amhiui`~| #i`g =99>*30)(

L`~ @s{ùu liù`~ |~mhua~ùuit`h#U`jnu|")N`d~i`liaha uecìh| ih l`~ Gmu"iu|ig b ìh pcmjjiuecù Ef~pu l`jie|i{`h|~i`~| { uìh ((( hl `~qìu| uiec j`|{|"

jiec h~ mju ìh b li` Phbajiecgì| lù~`mj`h A`hi``hu* mju ìh b li` J``~`lù _cmh|mubmu mda`nm|ù G~p`~uyb"p|fb* l`hh; A`hi``h gmhh h~ d~ l`hG~p`~* d~ li` Bm|`~i` n`cmp|`| q`~"l`h #[pmhi =990* >?) hl iu| cf~uef~pu m`~cmjn lù G~p`~u mjuIbmaih~ù fl`~ Uybnfjiuecù hiec| ba"jiec( Ih liù`b Uihh` iu| lmu Unk`g| ìh`~G~{l`dihi|ifh Jmemhu {dfja` gìh mhl`~ùmju Liugfh|ihi|| ib ^`mj`h #Jmemh=94?* =4?)(

Gmuiu|ig;

Lmu pl`~mu|~iuec` n`~nìhlù C`~~h B(Li` Gmuiu|ig lù C`~~h B( #Gfnn =991)

iu| ib A~hl` l`~ Dmjj ìh`~ jm|`h|`h Qmc~"cì| ib Phn`quu|`h ìhù df~`huiuec"puyec"im|~iuec`h \c`~mp`|`h; Liù`~ #`~")dihl`| l`hNà~idd lù pl`~mu|~iuec`h n`~nìhu ibN`cmhljhaupjmh ìhù df~`huiuec`h _m|i"`h|`hunk`g|u* lmu mju ufa`hmhh|`~ G`~h"plfpcij`~ k`l` N`cmhljha uìh`~ plf"u`s`jj`h Hìaha t`~qìa`~|* lmbi| tfhtf~h c`~ìh k`l` \ìjhmcb` mh ìh`~ _uy"ecf|c`~mpi` mnj`ch| hl ihufd`~h mju |c`"~mpi`~ùiu|`h| aij|( L`~ \`~bihu |èchieut`~qìu| mjj`~lihau b`c~ md l`h @~dihl`~*l`h \c`~mp`|`h mjuf* l`hh liù`~ bmauiec mu l`~ muuiec|ujfu `~uecìh`hl`hUi|m|ifh bi| l`b Ghu|a~idd { n`d~ì`haùec| cmn`h* lmuu `~ l`h _m|i`h|`h mjuìa`h|jiec aùhl* hf~bmj* hiec|"aù|~|fl`~ chjiec pcmh|mui`~|* q~` lm hiec| {"u|{jiec lfec liùù ju|ia` Uybp|fb* lmuuiec mju pl`~mu|~iuecù n`~nìh pcmh"|mui`~`h hl iufji`~`h ji`( Mju n`~nìh*lmu uf l`~ _uecy~`bn`j `n`h h~ A`"uecqju|nijlha iu|* ìh ib A~hl` `siu|`h"

|i`jj i~~`j`tmh|ù G~p`~uybp|fb* lmu h|`~N`jmu|ha fl`~ L~eg md|~i||* li` N`qà"jiecgì| lù A`j`hgu uecb`~{cmd| ìh"uec~hg`h hl nì nùfhl`~`h A`j`hgu|`j"jha`h c`~tf~|~`|`h gmhh; Ih chjiec`~Qìu` qi~l li` plfpcij` Qmcj lù U`s"mjpm~|h`~u h~ ih nùfhl`~`h L~egui|m|i"fh`h mddjjia hl t`~qìu| lmu _~disn`~ lm~md* lmuu liù` plfu`s`jj`Hìaha mu |c`~mp`|iuec`~ Uiec| uf{"uma`h n`~* n~ia* km a`~ml`{ n`~djuuiahl ju|ia iu|(

@|ybfjfaiuec cì| ù =191 nìU|`~{ `~ iu| bi~ ìh n`~nìh #Lfjjbmy~=99=* =53)* lmu cì|* l`~ Nà~idd qi~l {~N`{ìechha ìhù nijljiec mju n`~nì"hiagì| { nà~ìd`hl`h D`cj`~u* g~{bd~ Qil`~up`hu|iagì|* n`h|{|( Li` _cmh"|mui` tfb n`~"Nìh `~uecmdd| {ajìec ìhl~i||ù Nìh* lmu mju L~ìnìh mh ìh U|m|it1l`hg`h juu| hl md li` Am~mh|i` ìh`~ufhu| ihu|mnij`h U|m|ig cihqìu|* ihufd`~h|~mhupm~`h| bmec|* lmuu liù`~ C`~~ B( bi|

ìh`b l~i||`h Nìh {qm~ uiec`~`h U|mhl `~"cj|* k`lfec h~ cbp`jhl a`cdcia iu|(

1 tfh jm|( u|m~` 2 u|`c`h


16/25

=4&>0

Qi~ qfjj`h lm lfec `|qmu H``~ù nì|~m"a`h hl a~ìd`h { ìh`~ Df~b* li` D~`l cih|`~ uieca`jmuu`h { cmn`h hi` n`cmp|`| cm|; { l`~ lùBy|cfu #Jmemh =94==)(

L`hh; L`~ By|cfu dhai`~| mju ìh`B`|mup~mec`* mju `s{ùuita`~èc|d`~|ia|`

Muuma` #Nm~|cù =904* ==5)* l`~`h @s"p~ùuiti|| uihh" hl n`l`|hauu|id|`hl iu|hl ìh q`hh mec ihu|mnijù @~dmuu`hlù ^`mj`h `~bajiec|( Bi| liù`b Nijllù L~ìnìhu n`dihl`h qi~ hu ihbi||`hlù By|cfu lù lipu hl l`b F~mg`jl`~ Upcihs( Liùù @h|qiegjhaubfl`jjlù By|cfu |c`bm|iui`~| li` u`smjmaa~ù"uit* u`smj|~mbm|iuec mha`jà|`h Ih|`~mg"|ifhulyhmbig ìhù bi| `j`b`h|m~`~ A`qmj|h|`~jà|`h Nà`c~`hu #N`~a`~`| =93* 0=3) ic"~`~ ìa`h`h Ihh`hq`j| #Lmhhèg`~ =931*31) `h|up~iec|* gf~~ùpfhli`~| md |c`~m"

p`|iuec`~ Uì|` li` _cmh|mui` tfb n`~"nìh mju ìh` {ì|jfu` Mdd`g|" hl Gfhdjig|"iufji`~ha* ìh Dmjj ih li` [ì| #\cfbp"ufh)(

Ih liù`b ibpji{i|`h Bf|it l`~n`~nìhiagì| uihl ufbi| pm~mlfs`~qì"u` a`~ml` li` mju j`liajiec pl`~mu|~i"uecù n`~nìh { jàh`h aùec|`hmaa~ùuit`h* cmuu`~djj|`h hl {`~u|~`~i"uec`h @j`b`h|`* li` ih {~|jiec` ^àha`hìha`jma`~|`h umliu|iuec`h Ibpju` hl

mn~p|`h [u|mhluqècu`j plfpcij`~ Un" k`g|` #Uecf~uec $ Nèg`~ =911* >?4) `h|"hl `~cmj|`h( Bi|cih qi~l `h|up~iec| li` Ui"|m|ifh lù \c`~mp`|`h l`~ lù by|ci"uec`h lipu* l`~ ib icb ìa`h`h cih"g`hl`h* tf~" hl {~ega`qf~d`h`h Amha lmu md~èc|` A`c`h mju ìh`h Nmjmhe`"mg|* mju ìh p`~bmh`h| nù|`c`hlù Fu{ij"ji`~`h lù Unk`g|u b uìh` Lidd`~`h{3 `~"3 Tfh N`l`|ha iu| li` u`s`jj` Lidd`~`h{* qìj ui` hiec|mju Ph|`~ueci`l {qiuec`h gfhg~`|`h Unk`g|`h { t`~u|`"c`h iu|* ufhl`~h mju ìh` nìl` Aùecjèc|`~ l`|`~bihi`"

~`hl`* ui` l~ec}`~`hl` U|~g|~* fch` li` u`s`jj` Lid"d`~`h{ ih ìh`h Mhl~fayhiubu md{ju`h #A~|j`~ =994*53)( Ph|`~ N`{a md unk`g|gfhu|i||it` Mup`g|` l`~ A`"n~|iagì| fl`~ Hm|mji|| #M~`hl| =93=* >) iu| lmu Unk`g|lmc`~ mju a`h`~m|itù Unk`g| a`lmec|* lmu cì| mju

j`n|;

Lm gfbb`h l`~ Uecq`jjd hl l`~ qiu"u`hl` [qìdj`~ {umbb`h* ib Gìh`~ cm| bìh`hAmha; ib ìhumb`h Amha mh li` @~g`hh|hiu* l`~mec l`~ Amha lù Muaù`|{|" hl T`~u|bb`j|"uìhu iu| #A~f`h`qfjl =930* 59)(

Li` Phmuqìecjiecgì| hl Mbni"tmj`h{ l`~ n`~nìhiagì|* li` Cfu|iji||lù uecq`~ aù|~|`h \|`~unk`g|u* iu|{l`b lm~ih nà~hl`|* lmuu liù` { l`hlimahfu|iuec"p~fahfu|iuec`h Muuecjuug~i"|`~i`h a`c~|* hl mhl`~`~uì|u lmu Fnk`g|`h|qiegjhaupuyecfjfaiuec mu ìh`~ ma"a~ùuit h|`~jà|`h Ih|`~unk`g|iti|| mu l`b Cmuu #A~hn`~a`~ =934* >?9) `h|up~iha|* bi|cih mju t`~uecjì`~|` \c`bm"|iui`~ha tfh hau|`h* T`~j`|{ha`h hl

\~mbm|iui`~ha`h t`~u|mhl`h q`~l`h buu*li` ~`mg|mjiui`~| hl hhb`c~ n`qj|ia|*haùec`c`h a`bmec| hl nùià| q`~"l`h buu`h #Uecf~uec =93?* 90)( Q`hhn`~ì|u ih l`~ hiec|"l`timh|`h U`smji|| ìhCmec tfh Dìhlu`jiagì| #U|fjj`~) `h|"cmj|`h hl mju ufjec` tf~" fl`~ hn`quu|iu|* `~qìu`h uiec li` Gfhdjig|`* hau|`*Ibpju` qi` N`{i`cha`h mju {qm~ u`sm"jiui`~|* lfec qi~l liù` U`smjiui`~ha liù` `~f|iui`~|` Df~b tfh Cmuu #U|fjj`~) ih l`~ plfu`s`jj`h L`timh{ a`nhl`h

hl `~uecìh| li` n~ia` _`~uhjiecgì| ih"|mg|( Uf* qi` li` _`~t`~uifh d~ lmu p"lfpcij` Unk`g| ìh` _jfbn`h" fl`~ _~f"|cù`hdhg|ifh9 `~djj|* `~qìu| uiec li`_cmh|mui` tfb n`~nìh mju u|mnijiui`~`h"lù @j`b`h|* mju l~i||ù U|mhlnìh lù |c`"~mp`|iuec`h Unk`g|u( \c`~mp`|iuec`~uì|un`lm~d ù dfjajiec ìhù l~i||`h _hg|ù*tfh l`b mu lmu Qècu`jupi`j l`~ A`"a`hu|{`* li` Lidd`~`h{ lù uyh|c`|iuec`hT`~cj|hiuuù tfh Bajiecgì| hl Hf|"q`hliagì| nà~idd`h hl `~|~ma`h #L`|c"

j`du`h =99?* =


17/25

=1&>0

n`gbpd| cmn`h* li` aà`h l`h By|cful`~ Phcìjnm~gì| puyeciuec`~ U|~ha`h*aà`h Mhpmuuha* Liu{ipjihi`~ha hlT`~qmc~ha bi|umb| l`~ \c`~mpi`t`~qì"a`~ha l`~ _uyecim|`~ #Gmbbì`~ =93?1) mha`|~`|`h uihl* mhaùiec|u lù p"lfpcij`h \|`~unk`g|u l`h fdd`huit t`~|~`"|`h`h Cìjhaumhup~ec mju By|cfu l`~Cìjnm~gì| mda`n`h(

L`~ mh|i{ipm|f~iuec` n`~"Amhalù _m|i`h|`hunk`g|u bi| l`b pl`~mu|~i"uec`h n`~nìh tfb uiec`~`h ["U|mhllù Uf"Uìhu {b huiec`~`h U|mhl ìhùhgjm~`h* hfec hl`dihi`~|`h Mhl`~u"Uìhnìhcmj|`| l`h Ph|`~amha liù`~ plfu`"s`jj`h Il`h|i|| hl iu| `h|up~èc`hlmhau|bmec`hl( A`~ml` _m|i`h|`h* li` qi`

l`~ plfpcij` C`~~ B( md ic~ iec"uyh|fhùUybp|fb hiec| t`~{iec|`h ghh`h* ufh"l`~h mu A~hl`h puyeciuec`h n`~j`"n`hu lm~mh dù|cmj|`h buu`h* ju`h ih\c`~mp`|`h cdia _cmh|mui`h n`~ h~`"mjiu|iuec` \c`~mpi`{i`j` mu* li` mh l`hBajiecgì|`h lù _m|i`h|`h fl`~ mh l`~Qi~gjiecgì| tf~nìa`c`h #Uecf~uec `| mj(=930* =?5)( Uf uecja l`~ A|mec|`~ ibgfhg~`|`h Dmjj tf~* liù`b _m|i`h|`h ibUihh` ìh`~ uecjiec|`h Mt`~uifhu" hl T`~"cmj|`hu|c`~mpi` lmu T`~bìl`h l`~ Md`h|"cmj|uf~|` tfh Gihl`~h mh{|~mihi`~`h( MjuUybp|fbgfh|~fjj` l~d|` l`~ Ujmjfb bGihl`~a~|`h* Uecj`h* Upi`j" hl Upf~|"pj|{`* Nl`~* Ka`hl|~`ddu* Daha`~{f"h`h* Upi`ju|~m`h uq( `n`huf h~`mjiu"|iuec uìh qi` l`~ fn`~djecjiec` nhau"mhum|{ mhaùiec|u iec"uyh|fh`~ T`~m~nì"|ha mec li` bmha`jhl` N`~ì|uecmd| {~Bi|m~nì| md Uì|`h lù _m|i`h|`h uecjèc|"cih iahf~i`~|(

Li` `n`huf h~`mjiu|iuec` Mj|`~hm|i"

t` qm~ lmhh li` Hài`~ha l`~ U|~ha l~ecPbl`dihi|ifh {b pl`~mu|~iuec`h n`~"nìh( Up~mecmhmjy|iuec t`~qìu| lmu _~disn`~ lù H`fjfaiubu t`~qìu| lm~md*lmuu liùù df~`huiuec` Fnk`g| h~ Fn`~"djec`hpchfb`h #Tm||ibf =930* ) ì"hù Qf~|upi`ju hl ihufd`~h h~ ìh Iec"}m"B`|mpc`~ #Kmyhù =933* 35"3


18/25

=3&>0

h`h ih|`~unk`g|it`h ^mppf~| `~|~ma`h {ghh`h; @~u| ih ìh`~ aà`huì|ia`h Ph{"jhajiecgì| dihl`h liù` _m|i`h|`hunk`g|ìc~`h _jm|{ mju nà`c~`hl` Unk`g|`(

\~mbm|iui`~haQ`hh `bf|ifhmj` @~ihh`~ha`h

mu puyecfnifjfaiuec`~ Mhmjyu` #tmh l`~Gfjg =99>)(

L`|jiec qi~l* lmuu ù uiec puyecf"lyhmbiuec b ìh`~uì|u ibmaih~* mhl`"~`~uì|u b uybnfjiuec ~`p~u`h|i`~|` Md"d`g|{u|hl` cmhl`j|* li` l`~ hn`quu|`h_~f{ùucmd|iagì| l`~ uiahidigmh|`h G`||`lù Unk`g|u h|`~jià`h( Liù` N`{i`chalù \~mbmu {b Phn`quu|`h {ìa| Jm"emh #=94)(

Gmuiu|ig;Li` Uecjma`pcmh|mui`lù Bms @~hu|

Mju jm|`h|` Lyhmbig jinilihu`~ u`jnu|"hl d~`blmaa~ùuit`~ _cmh|mui`h ih l`~ N`"{i`cha tfh Unk`g| hl Fnk`g| jmu"u`h uiec Tf~jd`~ p`~t`~u`~ N`{i`chau"

u|~g|~`h mhcmhl ihdmh|ij`~ Uecjma`pcmh"|mui`h n`~ì|u d~ h`~f|iuec` T`~m~nì|hau"bècmhiub`h mha`n`h(

Mnn( 0; @~hu| #=9>4) Li` Khad~m {ec|ia| lmu K`"uugihl tf~ l~ì [à`h; M(N(* _(@( hl l`b Bmj`~

Gmuiu|iuec gmhh liù mhcmhl l`~Uecjma`pcmh|mui` tfh Bms @~hu| ih uì"h`b Nijl Li` Khad~m {ec|ia| lmu K`"


19/25

=9&>0

uugihl tf~ l~ì [à`h; M(N(* _(@( hll`b Bmj`~ #=9>4) mda`{ìa| hl t`~mh"uecmjiec| q`~l`h* nì l`~ ù h`n`h ìh`~Muìhmhl`~u`|{ha bi| l`~ Gm|cfji{iubul`~ C`~ghd|udmbiji`* bi| nifa~mdiuec`h Mu"p`g|`h l`~ B||`~"Ufch"N`{i`cha qi`

lù Tm|`~"Ufch"T`~cj|hiuuù ihunùfhl`~`b li` _uyecflyhmbig tfh Uecjma`pcmh"|mui`h n`{i`chauqìu` Uecjma`p~mg|ig`hhl b lmu T`~cj|hiu tfh \m| hl U|~md`~ùp`g|it` Uecjl hl Uch` a`c|(

Dfja| bmh l`h gjmuuiuec`h M~nì|`hl`~ _uyecfmhmjyu` {~ N`l`|ha tfh Uecjm"a`pcmh|mui`h #M( D~`l =9>>7 U( D~`l =9=97Bi|uec`~jiec =9407 =935)* uf juu| uiec d~li` Nijllm~u|`jjha nì @~hu| nifa~mdiuechmectfjj{i`c`h* lmuu li` n`quu|` fl`~n`quu|uìhudcia` _cmh|mui` lù Ihcmj|u*

tfh l`~ B||`~ aùecjma`h { q`~l`h* WRhiec| p~ib~ Wiu|R( Ui` cm| ìh Tf~u|mlib*lmu ~à`jbia hn`quu| iu| hl lmu l`hIhcmj| cm|; Iec q`~l` tfb Tm|`~ aùecjm"a`h #D~`l =9=9* >=9)* qfnì cih|`~ li`"u`b Tf~u|mlib li` ~up~hajiec` _cmh|m"ui` lù bhhjiec`h Gihlù Iec q`~l` tfbTm|`~ a`ji`n| u|`c|( Liùn`{ajiec bmec|Bi|uec`~jiec #=935* =94"=91) lm~md md"b`~gumb* lmuu nì ìhia`h _m|i`h|`h li`îtmji|| bi| ìh`b N~l`~ l`~ t`~l~ha|`Cmuu md ich* li` }j`hl`h Uecjla`dcj`

icb aà`hn`~ ìh`h Mup`g| ih l`~ A`"hù` liùù _cmh|mubmu lm~u|`jj`h* qmunì Bms @~hu| ìh`h Cihqìu md li` hn`"quu|` Muìhmhl`~u`|{ha bi| l`b =339`~u|a`nf~`h`h qi` l`b =39< hmeca`nf~`"h`h N~l`~ Gm~j Bm~im ain| hl l`~`h m"|fmaa~ùuit` T`~m~nì|ha ib Uihh` ìh`~Disi`~ha hl Q`hlha aà`h li` ìa`h`_`~ufh mh{ìa|( L`bhmec juu| uiec liÀùmb|lyhmbig l`~ Uecjma`pcmh|mui`h qi`dfja| {umbb`hdmuu`h;

Ih l`~ ihdmh|ij`h Uecjma`pcmh|mui` mju

ufjec`~ iu| ìh` ih{ù|u` Tm|`~"Ufch"N`"{i`cha mju cfbfu`s`jj` Fnk`g|qmcjt`~nf~a`h* li` u|d`hqìu` mna`q`c~|q`~l`h buu;Iec q`~l` tfb Tm|`~ a`ji`n|Iec q`~l` tfb Tm|`~ aùecjma`hIec q`~l` tfh l`~ B||`~ aùecjma`h(

Li` Nijlha l`~ Uecjma`pcmh|mui`h a`c|md ìh`h Gfhdjig| bi| l`~ B||`~ {~eg*l`~ mhau|`~~à`hl` umliu|iuec` _cmh|m"ui`h muju| hl lùu`h H`su tfh A`"

qmj|* ih{ù|u`b N`bec|iahau|~i`nhl ih{ù|u`b Nà`c~`h ih ìh`~ t`~"dc~`~iuec`h B||`~"Gihl"N`{i`cha n`"a~hl`| iu|( Liù` qi~l tfb Gihl mju Ma"

a~ùuifh `~j`n| hl dc~| {~ Ih|~fk`g|ifhhl C`~munijlha `h|up~èc`hl`~ Fn"k`g|~`p~u`h|mh{`h #N`~a`~`| =933&55*=>9)* uflmuu uiec li` mu liù`~ p~m`"lipmj`h _cmu` c`~~c~`hl` Maa~ùui"fhumhau| md li` B||`~ n`{i`c` #D~`l=9>3&55* =5?"=5=)(

Li` Uecjma`pcmh|mui` .$, nìhcmj|`|ajìec`~bm`h ìh` jinilihu"ih{ù|u`B||`~"Ufch"Lyhmbig bi| `h|up~èc`hlu|m~g`~ Mbnitmj`h{ aà`hn`~ l`~ B|"|`~ hl ìh`~ Mnq`c~ liù`~ Mbnitmj`h{ufqi` bi| lm~mu ~ùj|i`~`hl`h U|~mddf~"

l`~ha`h lù n`~"Iecu( Ihl`b lmu_cmh|mubm @ih Gihl qi~l aùecjma`hmju Uybp|fb ìh`~ _`~uhjiecgì|uu|~g"|~ dhai`~| hl liù` _`~t`~uifh hiec|b`c~ iufji`~| ib U`smjj`n`h lù Gihlùu|`c|* ufhl`~h ih l`h [umbb`hcmhal`~ hu n`gmhh|`h |ypiuec`h b hiec|{ uma`h; hf~bmj`h @h|qiegjhautf~"aha` mda`hfbb`h iu|* qi~l ui` ihN`{i`cha {~ ih{ù|u`h Fnk`g|ji`n`lù Gihlù a`n~mec|* njìn| fd| mju ^ù|ìhù lipmj`h Gfhdjig|u `~cmj|`h hl n`"jmu|`| lmu Unk`g| bi| l`b mh icb cmd"|`hl`h Uecjln`quu|uìh #D~`l=9=9* >=>)(


20/25

>?&>0

Ih liù`h _cmh|mui`h uihl jm|`h| bmuf"eciu|iuec` A~`hpcmh|mui`h `h|cmj|`h*li` uiec mu ìh`~ Duifh l`~ A~`h"il``h lù tm|`~n`{fa`h`h Iec"Il`mju I#M) bi| l`h Nù|~mdhaudf~l`~ha`hlù n`~"Iecu c`~jì|`h( Ib Dmjj ìh`~ Mu"

nijlha bmhidù| bmufeciu|iuec`~ _cmh"|mui`h lù @~qmecu`h`h dihl`| uiec h`"n`h l`~ fdd`huiec|jiec`h u`s`jj`h hlu`jnu|nù|~md`hl`h N`l`|ha liù`~_cmh|mui`h bmufeciu|iuec`~ _m|i`h|`h W(((Rmec ibb`~ ìh` \`hl`h{ {~ U`jnu|t`~"c`~~jiecha( W(((R B`c~ U|~md` hl Jìl mjumjj` mhl`~`h { `~j`n`h* iu| { ic~`b h"n`quu|`h Il`mj a`qf~l`h #Bi|uec`~jiec=940* 51)(

N`quu|` Uecjma`pcmh|mui`h uecìh`hl~ec |~mbm|iuec` @~ìahiuu` bi|t`~~"

umec| { uìh* ihl`b li` Uecja` { ì"h`~ Disi`~ha mh l`h Uecjma`hl`h ,$. dc~`h( Li` Uecjma`pcmh|mui` nìhcmj|`|li` |~mbm|iuec` Qi`l`~cfjha* up~iec*l`h T`~uec ìh`~ N`qj|iaha lù\~mbmu* fch` lmuu liù k`lfec a`jih"a`h ghh|`(

Ih liù`b Uihh` iu| li` _`~t`~uifh cf"bfpcfh mju ìh` p~`"t`~uifh* mju ìh`Q`hlha & Cihq`hlha {b Tm|`~ lm"ciha`c`hl { t`~u|`c`h* lmuu ib _cmh"|mubm @ih Gihl qi~l aùecjma`h li`Ji`n` lù Tm|`~u lm ìha`df~l`~| qi~l*qf ui` hiec| bajiec iu| hl ihufd`~h ì"h`h Bmha`j ib Mhl`~`h U#%) bi| ì"h`b T`~ju| mh Qhuec`~djjha* `smg|`~ìh` @ihn` lù A`hi``hu* nìhcmj|`|(Bi|cih ihu{`hi`~| lmu _cmh|mubm li` dh"lmb`h|mj` Qmcj* `h|q`l`~ Unk`g| lùNà`c~`hu fl`~ Fnk`g| lù A`hi``hu{ uìh hl liùù Unk`g| h~ mju Fnk`g|lù mhl`~`h mju t`~uifh l p~` uìh { ghh`h #M~mbn~f `| mj( =99?*=9>)( Mhl`~`~uì|u iu| mhcmhl l`~ N`{i`"

cha tfh _muuiti|| hl Mg|iti|| ihh`~"cmjn l`~ _`~t`~uifh hl lù _cmh|mubmuc`~tf~{c`n`h* lmuu Uecjma`pcmh|mui`hu|~g|~`jj mju ~ìhù _cmh|mubm ,$. hl mju _cmh|mubm l`~ _`~t`~uifh .$, tfhìhmhl`~ h|`~ueci`l`h q`~l`hbu`h #M|a`~ `| mj( =99?* >05)(

Li` Uecjma`pcmh|mui` hl mhl`~` mhmjf"a` p`~t`~u` Disi`~ha`h uihl l`b{dfjaàjìecumb Hm~n`h ìhù mna`jmd`h`hlipmj`h _~f{ùuù* a`~mlùf qi` li`WR Bihl`~q`~|iagì| ìh`~ ufjec`h hm~"

{iuu|iuec`h Hm~n` `h|up~iec| #D~`l=9=9* >=


21/25

>=&>0

Mhb`~gha`h

#=) Liù`~ n`~uiec|unì|~ma n`~c| h|`~ mhl`~`b md ìh`~ ìc` ìa`h`~ T`~dd h|jiecha`h hl a~ìd| li`"u` |ìjqìu` qi`l`~ md* fch` lmuu ufd`~h ù uiec hiec| b [i|m|` cmhl`j| li` Ji|`~m|~u|`jj` k`qìjumua`qiù`h qi~l( Li` ninjifa~mdiuec`h Mhamn`h l`~ ci`~ ~`{ipi`~|`h* bi| ìh`b Mu|`~is #+) t`~u`c`h`hNì|~a` dihl`h uiec ih l`~ hmecdfja`hl`h Ji|`~m|~jiu|`(

#>) Mhl`~` M~n i|`h mu l`b df~ huiuec"puyecfmhmjy|iuec`h J`c~df~uechaup~fk`g| Unk`g| ib Hùufuc`bl [~ Gjihig lù df~`huiuec`h Unk`g|u ib ihu|i||ifh`jj`h Liug~u; Gfnn >??07 >??4m7 n7 e(

Mnnijlha`h

Mnn( = Limj`g|ig lù \m|aùec`c`hu7 ]`jj`; Gfnn* P( #=995)Mnn( > Uml#iu|)iuecù _cmh|mubm7 ]`jj`; Jmemh* K( #=94>* =5?* uecbm I)Mnn( 5 Duuji #=19?&9=) \c` Hiac|bm~`7 Tf~jma`; _ih`jji* F(^( #=991* 5??=m* >54

Mnn( 5)Mnn( < @~hu| #=9>4) Li` Khad~m {ec|ia| lmu Kùugihl tf~ l~ì [à`h; M(N(* _(@( hl l`b Bmj`~7 Tf~"

jma`; ]ihh* @( #=991* =51* h=09)7 ]`jj`; Gfnn* P ( #>??>n* =41* Mnn( =)

Ji|`~m|~=?

Mn~mcmb* Hiefjmu $ \f~fg* Bm~im( =919( G~yp|fhybi`( Lmu T`~nm~ib lù Qfjdubmhhu( D~mhgd~| m(B(; Pjj"u|ìh

Mj|* _`|`~"Mhl~( >??>( L`~ Uecjmd l`~ T`~hhd|( Lm~bu|ml|; QNAM~mbn~* M(K( $ M~i`j* M( $ Efu`h|ihf* K("E( $ Gmcmhfdd* K( =99?( Ph` t`~uifh l p~`* j` dmh|mub`( M( By|c`

`| dmh|mub`; `h|~` ht~fu` `| p`~t`~uifh( Ih; Dfhlm|ifh l Ecmbp D~`li`h #=99?) m(m(F(* =9?"=95M~`hl|* Cmhhmc( =93=( Ti|m me|itm fl`~ Tfb ||ia`h J`n`h( Bhec`h & [~iec; _ip`~M|a`~* K( $ Mn`~* K( $ Nmem~m* K("_( $ Nf~i`* K( $ Ecmt`~fhli`~* E( $ E|`* B("M( $ Lc`~`|* K( $ Iuum~|`j* B("

C( $ Bm~|ih`|* B("D( $ Hù|~fti|ec* J( $ _mj* U( =99?( J` uk`| lmhu jm jfai}` p`~t`~u`( Ih; Dfhlm|ifhl Ecmbp D~`li`h #=99?) m(m(F(* >0=">01

Mtiahfh`* B( $ M{m~`|ugy* B( $ E`~~i{`jm* U( $ Lieg`~* U( $ A`~`{ Mbn`~|ih* B( $ Kf{mbi* @( $ Bm~|ih`{M~mf{* @( $ Bfgm~{`j* K( $ \~`kf* M( l` $ \mpim Am~{fh* @( l` $ Pumhlitm~mu* ^( =99?( Jm }ù|ifh lu~bfi lmhu jm ht~fu` `| lmhu jm p`~t`~uifh #bmufeciub`) ( Ih; Dfhlm|ifh l Ecmbp d~`li`h #=99?)m(m(F(* =3>"=39

Nm~|cù* ^fjmhl( =904( L`~ By|cfu c`|`( Ih; Nm~|cù* ^( =94>5N|j`~* Kli|c( >??5( Lmu Phn`cma`h l`~ Aùecjèc|`~( D~mhgd~| m(B(; Uc~gmbpEifbpi* Je( =93>( Mdd`g|jfaig( n`~ li` U|~g|~ l`~ _uyec` hl ic~` @h|qiegjha( U|||am~|; Gj`||"Ef||mEifbpi* Je( =999( Li` `bf|ifhmj`h A~hljma`h lù L`hg`hu( @h|q~d ìh`~ d~mg|mj`h Mdd`g|jfaig( A||iha`h;

Tmhl`hcfèg $ ^p~èc|Eisfu* Cjh`( =914( Aùecjèc| fl`~ Gfpd6Ih; Eisfu* C( =911( Li` h`hljiec` [i~gjm|ifh lù Nà`c~`hu

#=0""39)( D~mhgd~| m(B(; M|c`hb

L`j`{`* Aijjù( =940( _i`~~` Gjfuufqugi fl`~ Li` Up~mec` lù G~p`~u( Ih; Gjfuufqugi* _( $ Nm|mijj`* A( $Njmhecf|* B( $ L`j`{`* A( $ Dfemj|* B( (m( #C~ua()( =919( Up~mec`h lù G~p`~u( Bm~aihmji`h {bQ`~g tfh _i`~~` Gjfuufqugi #59"44)( N`~jih; B`~t`

L`~~ilm* Kme}ù( =919( DFÛ(Li` Qihg`jq~|`~ tfh Hiefjmu Mn~mcmb hl Bm~im \f~fg( Ih; Mn~mcmb* H( $\f~fg* B( #=919) m(m(F(* 4"03

L`|cj`du`h* \cf~qmjl( =99?( lipu l`~ ^|u`jju`~( L`~ B`huec {qiuec`h Uecjl hl @~juha( Bhec`h;N`~|`jubmhh

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22/25

>>&>0

Lfjjbmy~* Tie|f~ #N`m~n()( =99=( L`|uecù Q~|`~nec tfh Kmefn hl Qijc`jb A~ibb* Nmhl >5( Bhec`h;L\T

L~`q`~bmhh* @a`h( =99>( \i`d`hpuyecfjfai` hl @sàù`* Nmhl >( Fj|`h* D~ìn~a i(N~(; Qmj|`~D`~`he{i* Umhlf~( =95>( Up~mect`~qi~~ha {qiuec`h l`b @~qmecu`h`h hl l`b Gihl( #Li` Up~mec` l`~ [~|"

jiecgì| hl l`~ Jìl`huecmd|() Ih; D`~`he{i* U( =930)( D~mhgd~| m(B( & N`~jih & Qi`h; Pjju|ìh

D`jiha* Bm~|ih( =933( [~ _uyecfmhmjyu` #ih) l`~ Ihu|i||ifh( @ih Bfl`jj puyecfmhmjy|iuec`~ Up`~tiuifhum~"

nì| hl ìhia` A`lmhg`h n`~ lmu _~ih{ip l`~ aùp~`ha|`h Ihu|i||ifh( Ih; D~mab`h|`* >4* =9">( Uecjma`pcmh|mui` hl \ma|~mb( Ih; Ibmaf* 3* 5=1"55>D~`l* Uiabhl( =9??( Li` \~mbl`|ha( Ih; D~`l* U( =999( Aùmbb`j|` Q`~g`* Nmhl II&III #IT"4)(

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D~`l* Uiabhl( =9=9( @ih Gihl qi~l aùecjma`h( Ih; D~`l* U( =999( Aùmbb`j|` Q`~g`* Nmhl SII #=90">>4)( D~mhgd~| m(B(; Diuec`~

D~`l* Uiabhl( =9>5( Lmu Iec hl lmu @u( Ih; D~`l* U( =999( Aùmbb`j|` Q`~g`* Nmhl SIII #>??>5

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23/25

>5&>0

~i`( Dù|uec~id| d~ T`~m Uecbmhh #31=4>>4

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#=)* ==1"=4190=90+Gfnn* Pj~iec( =990n( K`huì|u lù Upià`jjmhlu( _cmh|fba`~ec` _chfb`h` fjdmg|f~iuec`~ Aà`hn`~"|~maha( Ih; ^`nu " Nj||`~ {~ _uyecfmhmjyu`* 1* 5=">33=314??=n( _uyecfpm|ci`df~uecha; H`` @ihuì|iagì| fl`~ Pplm|` l`~ df~`huiuec`h _uyecf|c`"~mpi`6 G~i|iuec`~ n`~njieg n`~ U|mhl hl ^`{`p|ifh nifjfaiuec"puyecim|~iuec`~ Df~uecha #\ìj II)( Ih;Df~`huiuec` _uyecim|~i` hl _uyecf|c`~mpi`* 3 #>)* 9>"=43

+Gfnn* Pj~iec( >??>m( _uyec` Ufbm L`jih}`h{( [ @bpi~i` hl Gjihig puyecfufbm|iuec`~ U|~ha`h nì^èc|un~èc`~h; ìh` n`~uiec|( Ih; _uyecf|c`~mpi`* _uyecfufbm|ig* b`li{ihiuec` _uyecfjfai`* 0> #4)*>04">4131=

Gfnn* Pj~iec( >??>n( Li` Khad~m {ec|ia| lmu Kùugihl; Bms @~hu|u Uecjma`pcmh|mui` {qiuec`h u~~`m"jiu|iuec`~ _~ftfgm|ifh hl m|fnifa~mpciuec`~ ^ìhu{`hi`~ha( Ih; Cù`~* B( `| mj( #C~ua()( Uhl` #=0="=1>)( Ihhun~eg; T`~jma Ih|à~m|it` \c`~mpi`( Fp`h"meeùu"_nj(; c||p;&&qqq(ue~inl(efb&lfe&>33>??90

+Gfnn* Pj~iec( >??>e( Ibi|m|if Ec~iu|i6 U|iabm|ium|ifh`h {qiuec`h U`jnu|ihu{`hi`~ha hl [ìec`h lù C`~~h(Tf~|~maubmhug~ip|( 54( Kmc~ù|maha l`~ LA_M( Ihhun~eg* >0(">1(=?(>??>( Fhjih`"_nj(; c||p;&&qqq(ue~inl(efb& lfe&>0??5m( Ef~pu l`jie|i; L`~ \|`~ mju G~p`~unk`g|6 mju G~p`~fnk`g|6 @ih` gmuiu|iuec` Liu"guuifh( Ih; G~ibihfjfaiuecù Kf~hmj* 50 #5)* =39">??( Fp`h"meeùu"_nj(; c||p;&&qqq(ue~inl(efb&lfe&>10305=5

Gfnn* Pj~iec( >??5n( n`~ [u|hliagì|`h Lmu Ibmaih~` #ih) l`~ Df~`huiuec`h N`cmhljha; ìh` un"k`g|{`h|~i`~|` ^`dj`g|ifh( Ih; Df~`huiuec` _uyecim|~i` hl _uyecf|c`~mpi`* =? #=)* 9"( Fp`h"meeùu"_nj(; c||p;&&qqq(ue~inl(efb&lfe&>49???0( ib ihu|i||ifh`jj`h Hùufuc`bl( @piu|`bfjfaiuec` @ihamhau" hl Muamhaun`lih"aha`h df~`huiuec"puy+qiuu`huecmd|jiec`~ Df~uecha( J`c~df~uechaup~fk`g| Unk`g| ib Hùufuc`bl(Phit`~ui|| Liun~a"@uu`h( Fhjih`"_nj(; c||p;&&qqq(ue~inl(efb&lfe&14(

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t`~ui|| Liun~a"@uu`h( Fhjih`"_nj(; c||p;&&qqq(ue~inl(efb&lfe&55=95>?=Gfnn* Pj~iec( >??4e( U,s; Unk`g|iti`~haUiahidi{i`~ha( L`|`~bihmh|`h* Lyhmbig`h* Li~`g|it`h l`~ L`"jig|t`~m~nì|ha( J`c~df~uechaup~fk`g| Unk`g| ib Hùufuc`bl( Phit`~ui|| Liun~a"@uu`h( Fhjih`"_nj(; c||p;&&qqq(ue~inl(efb&lfe& 14=14=5?

Gfkt`* Mj`smhl~`( =951&3( [umbb`hdmuu`hl`~ Gfbb`h|m~ { l`h `~u|`h uècu Gmpi|`jh l`~ _chfb`hf"jfai` lù Aìu|`( Ih; Djlm* C(D( $ C`h~iec* L( #C~ua() =915; Bm|`~imji`h { Cà`ju _chfb`hfjfai`lù Aìu|ù #=55"=33)( D~mhgd~| m(B(; Uc~gmbp

Gfjg* N( tmh l`~( =9905">40

Gfggf* Bm~|cm $ J`{iha`~"Nfcj`n`~* Bm~imhh` $ B`~|`hu* Qfjdamha #C~ua()( =993( @~ihh`~ha tfh Qi~g"jiecgì|`h( _uyecfmhmjyu` hl H`~fqiuu`huecmd|`h ib Limjfa* Nmhl =; Nù|mhlumdhmcb`( U|||am~|;T`~jma Ih|`~hm|( _uyecfmhmjyu`

G~iu|`tm* Kjim( =93>( _fq`~u fd Cf~~f~; Mh @uumy fh Mnkè|ifh( H`q Yf~g; Efjbnim Phit`~ui|y _~ùuGec`hcfdd* Kfmecib( =99?( n`~ t`~u|`cnm~` hl hiec|"t`~u|`cnm~` [umbb`hcha` ih l`~ puyecfmhmjy|i"

uec`h _uyecfufbm|ig( Ih; U|~`èg* P( $ Q`~|cbmhh* C("T( #C~ua()( C`~mudf~l`~ha`h d~ li` _uyecfmhm"

jyu`; Liug~u` hl _`~up`g|it`h #41"34)( Bhec`h; _dìdd`~Jmemh* Kme}ù( =955m( Bf|idu l e~ib` pm~mhfm}`; j` e~ib` lù u~u _mpih( Ih ; Jmemh* K( #=910e)m(m(F(* 539"593


24/25

>0

Jmemh* Kme}ù( =955n( Bf|it` lù pm~mhfiuec`h T`~n~èc`hu( Lmu T`~n~èc`h l`~ Uecqù|`~h _mpih( Ih;Lmj* U( #f(K() m(m(F(* 501"544

Jmemh* Kme}ù( =99(?=(03R Q`n"_nj(; c||p;&&qqq(èfj`"jmemhi`hh`(h`|Jmemh* Kme}ù( =94?( Unt`~uifh l uk`| `| limjè|i}` l lui~ lmhu jihefhuei`h| d~`li`h( Ih; Jmemh* K(#=91=) m(m(F(* =0="=9=

Jmemh* Kme}ù( =94>( Gmh| mtè Uml`( Ih; Jmemh* K( #=91=) m(m(F(* ==9"=( J|f~li|( Ih; Ueijie`| #=915) 5

_ih`jji* F(^( =991( Duuji( Di~`h{`; Aih|i]ihh* @lqm~l #C~ua()( =991( Bms @~hu|( Gjh; Gh`bmhhUecbi`l* Qi`jmhl( =99=( Umjtmlf~ Lmj( Lmu ^|u`j l`~ Nài`~l`( Bhec`h; _ip`~Uecf~uec* @n`~cm~l( =93?( Li` U|`jjha l`~ U`smji|| ih l`~ puyeciuec`h F~amhium|ifh lù B`huec`h( Ih;

A~fuu* Kmh $ L~h`~* Gjmu $ _jfa* P~ujm #C~ua()( =93?( @~dmc~ha`h tfh B`huec`h ih l`~ _uyecim|~i`

#9>"99)( Bhec`h; P~nmh $ Uecqm~{`hn`~aUecf~uec* @n`~cm~l( =934( Li` u`s`jj`h L`tim|ifh`h hl u`s`jj bf|iti`~|`h U|~md|m|`h( Ih; T`h{jmdd* P(

#C~ua()( _uyecim|~iuec` Nà|mec|ha( @ih p~mg|iuecù Cmhlnec d~ ~{|` hl K~iu|`h( U|||am~| & H`qYf~g W{i|i`~| hmec Lmhhèg`~* B( #=931) m(m(F(* 31* =1( _~t`~nmj` U|~g|~`h l`~ Jfaig( Ih; _uyec`* 54 #>)* =59"=1?U|m~fnihugi* K`mh( =913( Li` Tiuifh l`~ Uecjd`~ih( Ih; U|m~fnihugi* K( #C~ua()( Nùùu`hcì| hl @sf~{iubu(

L~ì Dia~`h l`~ Pbhmec|ha #=


25/25

>0&>0

\~ùec`~* C("A( $ Diha`~"\~ùec`~* P( =995( U`||iha hl Cfjliha"Dhe|ifh( n`~ l`h [umbb`hcmha tfh "`~`~ U|~g|~ hl ihh`~`~ U|~g|~nijlha( Ih; Diha`~"\~ùec`~* P( $ \~ùec`~* C("A( #C~ua()( Maa~ùuifhhl Qmecu|b( \c`f~i`* Gfh{`p|` hl @~dmc~ha`h mu l`~ M~nì| bi| Gihl`~h* Ka`hljiec`h hl kha`h@~qmecu`h`h #9?"==4)( Bmih{; A~h`qmjl

Tm||ibf* Aimhhi( =930( Hi`|{uec` hl lmu K`huì|u tfb Unk`g|( Ih; Tm||ibf* A( =934( K`huì|u tfb Unk`g|#54"4( B`c~"A`hi``h( Jmemh ih l`~ _fpj~gj|~( #Qf @u qm~* h =) Qi`h; \~im ' Gmh|i`g* Ujmtfk( =999( Ji`n` Lìh`h Hecu|`h- Hìh* lmhg`- Li` Umegamuu` lù Uf{imj`h ih l`~ _fu|bfl`~h`(

N`~jih; Tfjg $ Q`j|([pmhi* Mj`hgm( =990( Li` @|cig lù ^`mj`h; Gmh|(* Jmemh( #Qf @u qm~* h 1) Qi`h; \~im ' Gmh|

L~( Pj~iec GfnnPhit`~ui|| Liun~a"@uu`h" Embpu @uu`h "L"

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