abkhaz personal names''.pdf

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Чирикба Вячеслав АндреевичРодился 17 марта 1959 г. в г.Гагра, Абхазия. Докторфилологических наук,профессор.Член-корреспондент АкадемииНаук Абхазии. Чрезвычайный иПолномочный Посол РеспубликиАбхазия.1982–1986 - аспирант ИнститутаЯзыкознания АН СССР, Москва,Россия. 1977–1982 - студентфакультета иностранныхязыков, Харьковскийгосуниверситет им. В.Н.Каразина, Украина. Зав.Отделом политологии иконфликтологии АбхазскогоИнститута ГуманитарныхИсследований им. Д.И. Гулиа.Зав. Отделом геополитикиЦентра Стратегическихисследований при ПрезидентеРеспублики Абхазия. Ведущийнаучный сотрудник секторакавказских языков ИнститутаЯзыкознания РоссийскойАкадемии Наук, Москва, Россия.2007–2008 - советникПрезидента Республики Абхазияпо внешней политике.2005–2006 - преподавателькавказских языков, Отделение

V.A. Chirikba / В.А.Чирикба

Abkhaz Personal names

1. Abkhaz personal names: generalfeatures.

Abkhazians are a small indigenousCaucasian people living in the Republic ofAbkhazia, which is situated on the WestCaucasian Black Sea coast between Russiaand Georgia. The closest linguistic kin ofAbkhaz are Abaza (both are often regardedas dialects of one language), Kabardians,Adygheys (the latter called togetherCircassians and also speaking closedialects) and Ubykhs. These languagesform the small West Caucasian family,which is related to the East Caucasian (orNakh-Daghestanian) linguistic family; theWest and East Caucasian branches formthe North Caucasian linguistic family, whichis not related genetically to the otherindigenous Caucasian family, Kartvelian.The number of Abkhazians in the Caucasusis estimated at somewhat more than 100thousand. Many more Abkhazians live inthe Diaspora (mostly in Turkey, but also insome Middle Eastern countries, like Syriaand Jordan), where their ancestors had toflee the Russian-Caucasian war in the

middle of the 19th century. The CaucasianAbkhazians are Orthodox Christian (some60 %) or Sunni Muslim (some 40 %); in theDiaspora they are all Sunni Muslim.

The repertory of Abkhaz personal names isextremely rich. The largest collections ofAbkhaz first names were published inInal-ipa (1963) and especially in Inal-ipa(2002). Other, smaller lists, are to be foundin the publications by Dirr (1915), Gulia(1925: 305-310), Bgažba (1964), Anšba

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Ассириологии Лейденскогоуниверситета, Лейден,Нидерланды. 2000–2004 -исполнитель постдокторальногонаучного проекта «Грамматикасадзского диалекта абхазскогоязыка», преподавателькавказских языков в ИнститутеСравнительной и ОписательнойЛингвистики Лейденскогоуниверситета, Нидерланды.1996–1997 - приглашенныйисследователь в КоролевскомИнституте МеждународныхОтношений "Клингендал", Гаага,Нидерланды. Темаисследования: «Грузино-абхазский конфликт». 1991–1996- Докторант ИнститутаСравнительной и ОписательнойЛингвистики Лейденскогоуниверситета, Нидерланды. В1996 г. защитил докторскуюдиссертацию

"Общезападнокавказский язык.Реконструкция егофонологической системы ичасти его лексикона иморфологии." Руководители:проф. др. Ф. Кортландт, др. Р.Смеетс. 1986–1991 - научныйсотрудник в секторе кавказскихязыков Института ЯзыкознанияАН СССР. Член ЕвропейскогоОбщества Кавказоведов (SCE).Член международнойАссоциации по ИзучениюЯзыков в Праистории (ASLIP).Глава делегации РеспубликиАбхазия на международныхЖеневских Дискуссиях.Председатель Комиссии пореализации ГосударственнойПрограммы Развития АбхазскогоЯзыка. Основатель ипредседатель гуманитарногофонда "Международный ЦентрИнформации и Документации поАбхазии". 2005 - член

(1995: 393-401), Amičba (2000), and someothers. The first names were analyzed byMarr (1914), Bgažba (1964; 1988), Culaja(1971), Ketsba (1996), Inal-ipa (2002) andPilija (2003). The historical Abkhaz namesas recorded in mediaeval Georgianchronicles are discussed in Amičba (1999,2003); the Abkhaz surnames are discussedin Inal-ipa (2002), Dasanija (2003), Kuprava(2003) and Maan (2003).

Traditionally, a two-name systemwas used, consisting, as a rule, of thesurname (á-žʷla) plus the postposed firstname (á-xʲ(ə)ʒ), e.g. Gʲačʲ Rašʲət, A-saʒbaSmel,Xəš Darafey, Dbar Fəka. Certainsurnames can also have patronyms (seebelow). Besides, a person often has anunofficial pet-name, given to him by thefamily when a child. Some people, besidetheir official first name, have several othergiven names; thus, as cited by Inal-ipa(2002: 23), a villager of Gup by surnameǯʲaparia had the following names: Šʲakəra,Lamšʲac’ʷ,ǯʲəǯʲo,Mark’ʷaz. Typically,different names are used by differentcircles of peoples surrounding a person:family, friends, work, etc.

A new three-name system wasintroduced by the Russians in the middle of

the 19th century, structured on the Russianmodel: “first name + patronymic (= father’sname) + surname”, e.g. Gʲargʲ Aleksej-jə.paƷiʒarija“Georgij Aleksej-his-son Dzidzarija”.The Russian patronymic suffixes-ovič(masc., e.g. Ivan-ovič, ‘son of Ivan’)and -ovna(fem., e.g. Ivan-ovna‘daughter ofIvan’) have as their equivalents in Abkhaz-jə.pa‘his son’ (e.g. Ivan-jəpa, ‘Ivan’s son’)or -jə.pha ‘his daughter’ (e.g. Ivan-jəpha,‘Ivan’s daughter’). This system is used now,in accordance with the Russian practice, inofficial situations: all three names are usedwhen referring to a person, and two names,i.e. first name plus patronymic, whenaddressing a person.

The inheritance of surnames ispatrilineal, from fathers to children. The


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исполнительного комитетаОрганизации НепредставленныхНародов (ОНН/UNPO) (Гаага,Нидерланды). 1998–2001 -редактор электронного"Абхазского Бюллетеня" (Гаага,Нидерланды). 1994–1995 -издатель и со-редактор журнала"Кавказское Ревю" (“CaucasianReview”, Лейден, Нидерланды).1989–1990 - редактор газеты"Алашара" абхазского общества«Нартаа» (Москва). 1993–1998 -полномочный ПредставительРеспублики Абхазия в странахЗападной Европы. 1993–1994 -член делегации Абхазии напереговорах между Грузией иАбхазией под эгидой ООН вЖеневе.Основные лингвистическиетруды:Аспекты фонологическойтипологии. Москва: Наука, 1991,143 c.Common West Caucasian. TheReconstruction of its PhonologicalSystem and Parts of its Lexiconand Morphology(Общезападнокавказский язык.Реконструкция егофонологической системы,лексики и морфологии). Leiden:CNWS Publications, 1996, 452pp.A Dictionary of Common Abkhaz(Словарь праабхазского языка).Leiden, 1996, 126 pp.Abkhaz (Грамматика абхазскогоязыка). – Languages of theWorld/Materials 119. Muenchen:LincomEuropa, 2003, 92 pp.Развитие абхазского языка вусловиях полиэтническогообщества: вызовы иперспективы. Сухум, 2009, 53 с.(Источник:http://www.chirikba.com.)

giving of a name to a child was regarded asan honor and was often committed by thechild’s grandfather or his/her maternaluncle.

There are in general more masculinenames than feminine ones. Some firstnames can be used both as masculine andfemin, e.g.Almasxan,Cak’ʷa,Gʷagʷa,Gʷəgʷ,K’amač’ʲəč’ʲ,K’ʷak’ʷa,Mina, Saq’ʷ,Šʲašʲk’ʷa,Xʲmwər,Xʲək’ʷər,Ʒək’ʷər,etc. Certain firstnames can be used as masculine in onedialect, and as feminine in the other; e.g.,K’ač’ʲəč’ʲ,Kʲatwanare used as masculine inthe Bzyp dialect and as feminine in theAbzhywa dialect (Bgažba 1988: 198).

The interest in original roots andnative tradition observed in recent decadesstimulate parents to give their childrentraditional names (e.g. Astan,Astanda(fem.), Batal, Gʷənda (fem.),Kaja(fem.), K’an, Sasrəq’ʷa) or newly coinednames, some of which became popular,e.g. Axra‘rock’, Amra(fem.) ‘sun’,Amza(fem.) ‘moon’, Mra-laša(fem.)‘sun-light’, Mra-mza(fem.) ‘sun-moon’,Ric’a(fem.) ‘name of the famous mountainlake’, etc. Some of new names stem fromthe Nart epics, such asXʷažʷarpəs,Sataney-Gʷašʲa, etc.

Traditionally, even young peoplecan address the elder people by their firstnames. Only lately, under the Russianinfluence, in official situationsname+patronymic name are used. Invocative forms a special suffix -acan beused with names ending in a consonant toexpress endearment (mostly whenaddressing a child), e.g. Zurab-a‘(dear)Zurab!’.

2. Historically attested names.

The early Abkhaz first names recorded inRoman and Greek (Byzantine) sourcesbelonged to the local highest aristocracy


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and were of Iranian (Savlak, Resmag,Spadag) or Roman origin (Julian). TheGeorgian mediaeval and later chroniclesprovide us with important evidence onpersonal names used in Abkhazia. Again,belonging to the highest nobility, they areall of foreign origin: Iranian (Anos, fromPahlavi anoś‘immortal’, Gozar/Yaozar, cf.Persian azar‘fire’, Bagrat’< Bagadata‘Givenby God’, Guranduxt‘daughter of Guran’),Greek (Theodore‘given by god’,Dimitri‘earth-mother’, Theodosi‘dedicated toGod’, Leon‘Lion’, Georgi‘farmer’), Roman(Istvine/Justinian‘righteous’,Konstantin‘constant’). These names reflectthe influence of Roman, Byzantine andIranian civilizations. On the other hand,some of the recorded names (in Byzantinesources) are undoubtedly of local origin,e.g. Tuana(cf. Abx family name t’ʷan),Khados(presumably reflecting Old Abxqada‘leader’).

3. Presently used names.

All given names can be divided into twogroups according to their origin: native andborrowed. An additional third groupcombines native and borrowed elements.

Native first names can be structurallysimple, compound or derived, used with orwithout the definite-generic article. Amongsimple names there are also historicallycomplex or derived ones, but nowunanalyzable.

Names can be based on the designationsof animals, birds, plants (see the examplesbelow), names of the cities (e.g. Adesa‘Odessa’,Adler), on epithets (Azac’ʷ‘theonly’, M.šʷa-gʷ ‘fearless heart’,Macʷəs‘lightning’), etc.

3.1. Native names used without definite-generic article.


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Masculine Feminine

Name Meaning Name Meaning

Hʷənap mouse C’əbra savory (bot.)

K’ʷəbrə mosquito Kaka young and green (of grass)

Macʷəs lightning Q’ʷarasa turtle-dove

Šʷarax wild animal (< *deer) Ʒərk’ʷəj firefly

3.2. Native names used with definite-generic article a-.

Masculine Feminine

Name Meaning Name Meaning

A.bga wolf/fox A.mza moon

A.t’at’a soft A.mra sun

A.xra rock A.pšʲa holy

A.zaxʷ Circassian A.phʷəzba woman

3.3. Compound names.


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The following names can be groupedtogether according to the choice of thetypical element of the compound.

3.3.1.With the postposed -g ʷ̫̫̫(ə)‘heart’: Abza-gʷ< *Abaza-gʷə ‘Abaza-heart’,Adgʲa-gʷ< *Adəgʲa-gʷə ‘Adyghe/Circassian-heart’, La-gʷ ‘eye’s heart’, M.šʷa-gʷ ‘fearlessheart’, etc.

3.3.2. With the preposedla-‘eye’: A.la-pš.ʒa ‘ART-eye-beautiful’,La-cʷə.š ‘eye-grey’, La-c’əs ‘eye-bird’,La-gʷə.r.ɣʲa ‘eye-joy’.

3.3.3. With the postposed -nəq’ ʷ̫̫̫a‘walk/walker’: Aašʲa-nəq’ʷa‘lazy-walker’, Mjʷa-nəq’ʷa‘road-walker’, Šʲamx-nəq’ʷa‘(strong-)knee-walker’,Šʲxa-nəq’ʷa‘mountain-walker’.

3.3.4. With the preposed x ʲ̡̡̡ə-‘gold’:Xʲə-rpəs‘golden-lad’, Xʲə-mra(fem.)‘golden-sun’, Xʲə-r.q’ʷəbč’ʲa‘gold-smartened’, Xʲ-c’əs(fem.) ‘golden-bird’,Xʲə-bla(fem.) ‘golden-eye’, Xʲə-c(fem.)‘golden-tooth’, Xʲə-ma(fem.) ‘golden-hand’,Xʲə-mca(fem. and masc.) ‘golden-fire’,Xʲə-žʷ(fem.) ‘gold-old’.

3.3.5. Some other compounds: Gʷə-ʒ.ba‘heart-decide’, Mra-laša(fem.)‘sun-light’, Mra-mza(fem.) ‘sun-moon’, Ʒə-k’ʷət’(fem.) ‘water-hen’.

3.4. Derived names.

The following names can be groupedtogether according to the choice of thetypical derivational formants, some of whichbear diminutive meaning.


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3.4.1. With the postposed –c (a-c‘tooth’?) :Adgʲa-c (<*Adəgʲa‘Adyghe’),Adgʷa-c(cf. Adgʷa),Žʲa-c(ažʲa‘hare’), K’ʷəbrə-c(a-k’ʷəbrə‘mosquito’).

3.4.2.With the postposed -g ʷ̫̫̫əg ʷ̫̫̫:D-gʷəgʷ,La-gʷəgʷ, Maǯʲ-gʷəgʷ, Taǯʲ-gʷəgʷ,Haǯʲ-gʷəgʷ, ǯʲ-gʷəgʷ, T’ad-gʷəgʷ (fem.),T-gʷəgʷ (fem.), Xʲə-r-gʷəgʷ (fem.),Cam-gʷəgʷ (fem.), ǯʲəm-gʷəgʷ (fem.).

3.4.3. With the postposed -g ʷ̫̫̫ər: Ad-gʷər,Beslan-gʷər, Bə/aǯʲ-gʷər.

3.4.4. With the postposed-k’ ʷ̫̫̫ər(a):Dada-k’ʷər (dada‘father’),žʲa-k’ʷər(a) (ažʲa‘hare’), ʒaʒə-k’ʷər(a-ʒaʒ‘awl’).

3.4.5. With the postposed -la:Baba-la (cf.baba‘father’), Badɣʷa-la, Baza-la (cf. Abaza,ethnic term), Bat’ə-la (cf. Bat’a), Baǯʲa-la(cf. Ad baǯʲe‘fox’), Baǯʲgʷa-la (cf. Baǯʲgʷa),Gʷada-la (cf. Gʷada).

3.4.6. With the postposed diminutive -na:Apšʲa-na(fem.) (Apšʲa‘holy’), Bač’ʲə-na(Bač’ʲmasc. name), Cgʷə-na(fem. andmasc.) (a-cgʷə‘cat’), Cərk’ʲə-na(a-cərk’ʲə‘lame’), C’əs-na(fem.)(a-c’əs‘bird’), Gʷada-na(Gʷadamasc. name),K’ʷt’ə-na(a-k’ʷt’ə ‘hen’), K’ʷəč’ʲə-na(fem.)(K’ʷəč’ʲ fem. name, cf. a-k’ʷəč’ʲə.šʲ‘chicken’),Tak’ʷ(ə)-na(fem.) (Tak’ʷfem. name, cf.a-tak’ʷ-ažʷ‘old woman’), Xʲə-na(fem.)(xʲə‘gold’), Xʷəč’ʲə-na(fem. and masc.)(a-xʷ(ə)č’ʲə‘child’).

3.5. Complex names: Gʷə-m-šʷa‘fearless’(gʷə‘heart’, -m-negative infix, šʷa‘to fear’),La-gʷə.z.to.w ‘eye’s-heart-where is’.


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3.6. Borrowed names.

The borrowed first names belong to thefollowing major groups according to theirorigin: 1. Oriental (Turkish, Arabic, Jewish,Persian); 2. Kartvelian (Megrelian,Georgian); 3. Circassian (Adyghey,Kabardian); 4. Russian; 5. Greek; 6.Ossetic; 7. Other.

The majority of “oriental” first names, whichcan also be generallylabelledas “Muslim” or“Islamic” names, irrespective of their Turkic,Arabic, Persian or Jewish origin, came to

Abkhazia, starting from the 16th century,from Ottoman Turkey and often reflect theOttoman Turkish pronunciation. Smallerparts of these names came vianeighbouring Kartvelians (Georgians orMegrelians) or Circassians. Some of theetymologically Turkic names are notAnatolian (Oghuz) by origin, but northern(Kipchak) Turkic (i.e. Crimean Tatar,Noghay or Karachay-Balkar), coming fromthe North Caucasus. The Greek namescame either via Georgian/Megrelian, or viaRussian.

3.6.1. Turkish//Turkic: Adamər <Ay-demir(ay‘moon’,demir‘iron’, ‘iron moon’),

Aləp < Alp‘brave’, Aslan < Arslan‘lion’ (>‘hero’), Gʲəzel//Gʷzel (fem.) <güzel‘beautiful’, Hanəm (fem.) < hanım‘lady,woman, mistress (of a household)’, Kʷəčʲəkʷ< küçük ‘small, little; young; child’, Ozbakʲ <Özbek‘Uzbek’, Q’an < qan‘blood’, Q’ara <qara‘black, dark’, Te(j)mər < temir‘iron’,Tengʲəz < tengiz‘sea’, etc.

3.6.2. Arabic: Abdala< ‘Abdallah‘servant ofGod’, Aajšʲa(fem.) < ‘Āyšā ‘vivacious’, Amina(t)(fem.) < Amīnā‘being safe,confident’ (the Prophet’s mother’s name),Azamat< Azamat‘greatness’, A(a)ziz<‘Azīz‘dear, precious’, Farida(fem.) <


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Farīda‘unique, precious’, Kʲ(e)rəm<Karīm‘noble, generous’, K’adər<Qādir‘powerful’,Mamsər<Mans�ūr‘victorious’,Maǯʲət<Māğid‘glorious’, Murat<Murad‘desired’,Sejəd//Sajəd <Sayyed ‘master’,Ǯʲamal<Ğămāl‘beauty’, Ǯʲuma <Jum‘a‘Friday’, etc.

3.6.3. Jewish: Aajsa(via Arab ‘Aysa)<yehōšū‘a‘Jesus’ (‘god will save’), Ajub(viaArabayyūb) <iyyōbh‘persecuted’, Ebərham<’Ab-rāhām‘father of many (peoples)’,Dawət< Dāwīd‘beloved’, Jasəf//Ǯʲsəf//Ǯʲsəp<Yōsēf‘he (god) will multiply’,Musa//Məsa(via Arab Musa) <Mošeh‘Moses’, Saluman//Salmon//Šʷlejman//Šʷliman(via Arab Sulaymān) <Šelomoh‘peaceful’, etc.

3.6.4. Persian: Arda< Arda(< Arta) ‘truth;righteous’, Ardašʲəl/n< Ardašir ‘holder ofgood power’, Bagrat’(via Geo) <Bagadata‘given by God’, Fardawəs<Firdous(via Arab) ‘paradise’, Nawrəz<Navruz‘New Year’, Rašʲət< Rašid‘one whohas attained salvation’, Rašʷtam/n<Rustam‘strong and well built’, Gʷəlnara(fem.) < Gulnar ‘pomegranate flower’,Temraz (via Geo) < Tahmuras‘strong body’,Xʷəršʲət < Xuršid, Xwaršed‘sun’,Zurab/Žʷrab(via Geo) < Sohrab‘illustrious’,etc.

3.6.5. Kartvelian names : Anzor <Geoazna.ur-i ‘born free’ (of Persian originwith the Geo suffix -ur-i), Baɣərbaɣiri‘sparrow’, Č’ʲənč’ʲa < Megr č’inč’a‘wren’(a kind of bird), Dač’ʲ<a-dač’ʲ ‘chain’ ǯač’v-i‘chain (mail)’, Gʲar(i)//Geri< Megr geri‘wolf’, Gʷəgʷəl(fem.) < Geogugul-i‘cuckoo’,K’ac k’ac-i‘man’, Lamk’ac Lomik’ac-i‘lion-man’, Mzəja (fem.) Mzia <mze‘sun’,Natela (fem.) Natela ‘light (of colour)’, Ʒaba(fem.) Ʒaba, diminutive from ʒɣabi‘girl’, etc.


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3.6.6. Circassian (Adyghey andKabardian) names: Adagʷa< CircDagʷe‘deaf’, Adamej//> Damej< AdAdamej‘name of an Ad tribe’,Gʷašʲamafa(fem.) < Ad Gʷašʲ-maf‘fortunatelady’, Gʷašʲanəsa(fem.) < Ad Gʷašʲe-nəse‘lady-bride’, Hač’ʲ(a)maf< Ad Hač’ʲ-maf‘fortunate guest’, Mafa< AdMafe‘fortunate’, Sasrəq’ʷa< Sawserə-q’ʷe‘name of a Nart epics hero’, Šʲmaf< AdPšʲ-maf‘fortunate prince’, Žana< AdŽane‘name of an Ad tribe’, Ǯər< KabŽər‘steel’, etc.

3.6.7. Greek names: Ak’ak’i< Gr (via Geo)akakos‘not bad’, Aksent’< Gr (via Geo)Auxentios < auxanō‘to grow’,Aləksandr < Gr(via Russ) Alexandros, Anat’ol < Gr (viaRuss) Anatolios, Ant’ip’a < Gr (via Russ)Antipas, Daratija< Gr (via Geo)Dōrotheos‘given by god’, Est’at’< Gr (viaGeo) Eustathiosfromeustathēs‘well-built,healthy’, Gʲargʲ< Gr Geōrgos‘farmer’,Mark’oz/Mark’ʷaz< Gr Markos(from Latin;via Geo Mark’ozi), P’et’ra< Gr (via Geo)Petros ‘stone, rock’, etc.

3.6.8. Russian names started being usedsince the introduction in Abkhazia of

Russian rule in the middle of the 19th

century and became especially popularduring the Soviet period. Curiously, theAbkhazians regarded the short ordiminutive forms of Russian names asindependent names, so that in a family oneson could be given the name Volodja, andthe other – Vova(both are short forms ofRuss Vladimir); cf. in the same vein suchpairs as Ruslan(full form) and Rusik’,Vanjaand Vančʲk’a(from Ivan), etc. Cf. alsosuch feminine names as Ančʲk’a(Russdimin.Anečka <Anna),Mančʲk’a(Russdimin.Manečka <Marija), Verčʲk’a(from Russdimin.Veročka <Vera), masculine:


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Andrušʲk’a(Russ dimin.Andrjuška <Andrej),Aljoša(Russ dimin.Al’oša<Aleksej), Wank’a(Russ dimin.Van’ka<Ivan), etc. Besides, theAbkhazians used the Russian diminutivesuffix -k(a)to add to non-Russian names, cf.Ǯʲum.k’a(from Ǯʲuma < Arab ‘Friday’),Bərfən.k’a(fem., from Bərfən< Tu ‘silk’),Č’ʲəč’ʲ.k’a(fem. and masc., from nativeČ’ʲəč’ʲ(a)), etc.

All earlier borrowed Russian names reflecttheir oral adaptation as perceived byAbkhazians. The contemporary Russiannames usage is in more conformity withtheir Russian source, with short formsbeing used in unofficial discourse and“official” forms used in official discourse andin documentation. In general, modernRussian names used by contemporaryAbkhazians do not deviate much from theirusage by the Russians themselves.

3.6.9. Names of Ossetic origin: Altar<Osset ældar*‘arm-holder’, Astan(a)< OssetAstan‘we are eight’, Avdenia, probably <Osset Avdan‘we are seven’, Soslan//Sosran< Osset Soslan‘name of a Nart epics hero’,Zalina(fem.), cf. Osset (Digor)zarijnæa‘gold(en)’, etc.

3.6.10. Borrowed formants can beattached mostly to foreign and more rarelyto native names:-gʲarí//gʲerí//-gʲərej//-kʲeri//-kʲari< Crimean Tatar girej(of Mongol orGreek origin), postposed to the namesbelonging to the dynasty of the Crimeanrulers: Al-gʲari//Al-gʲərej, Aq’ʷlan-gʲeri,Ašhan-gʲeri, Ažʲ-gʲeri//Ažʲ-gʲari, Bat’ər-gʲərej,K’ʷəč’ʲ-gʲeri; -bej//-be< Tur bej ‘master,chieftan, ruler, prince’: Almas-bej,Arzaa-bej, Ahmət-bej, Bakʲər-bej, Dawət-bej,Edər-bej, Mstaa-bej, Q’ančʲo(w)-bej, etc.;-bakʲ< Turkic bek ‘master, leader’: Al-bakʲ,Marza-bakʲ, Q’ʷəl-bakʲ, Saləm-bakʲ,Talum-bakʲ, Ǯʲam-bakʲ, etc.; -q’an <Kabq’an‘foster child, boy from aristocraticfamily raised by a lower status family’ <


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Turkic qan‘blood’: Arza-q’an, Atlas-q’an,Baɣər-q’an, Damər-q’an, Pšʲ-q’an,Tatar-q’an, Zawər-q’an, etc.; -q’ʷa <Kabq’ʷe‘son’: Adlagʲə-q’ʷa, Aslanə-q’ʷa,Badrə-q’ʷa, Bazrə-q’ʷa, Dahʷə-q’ʷa,Mdažʷə-q’ʷa, Məsrə-q’ʷa, Sasrə-q’ʷa,Q’anšʷa-q’ʷa, Tasra-q’ʷa, etc.; -xʷ(a)(Abž)//-xʷ(a)(Bz) < Adqʷe‘son’: Ak’ʲat’ə-xʷa,Dašʲanə-xʷ(a), Jat-xʷa, Q’an-xʷa, K’ʲat’-xʷa,Rat’-xʷa, Šalatə-xʷ, Šarat-xʷa, etc.;-śaw//-śow(Bz)//-saw//-sow(Abž) <Circśawe‘youth; son’: Jaš-sow, K’ʲa-sow,Mard(a)-sow, Nart-sow, Q’an-sow,T’aq’ʷ-sow, Tatər-sow, etc.; -xan < Turhan‘ruler, khan’: masc.: Almas-xan,Arəw-xan, Astər-xan, Bagir-xan,Kʷəǯʲma-xan, Zelim-xan, Ǯʲarəm-xan; fem.:Aldəš-xan, Čərba-xan, Čʲabər-xan,Gʷašʲa-xan, Kʲaaba-xan, Q’ajmət-xan,Šʲam(ə)s-xan, Xari-xan, Ǯʲaaba-xan, etc;feminine names ending in -hanəm < Turhanım‘lady’: Edlə-hanəm, Ejza-hanəm,Enǯʲa-hanəm, Ešʲa-hanəm, Esma-hanəm,Maria-hanəm, Rabia-hanəm, Safra-hanəm,etc.

3.7. Childish or pet names.

Children are often given pet names, basedon traditional pet-names, as well as onoccasional or onomatopoeic words, whichare used by the close family circle andfriends, in some cases throughout thewhole life of a person. The examples ofmasculine child-names: Ak’ač’ʲa, Č’ʲəɣa,C’əc’a, K’ʷaǯʲ, K’ʷək’a, Maǯʲa, P’ət’a, T’uk’i;feminine: Čʲana, Č’ʲək’ʷ, Gʲamažʷ, K’ʷəna,T’ej, T’ut’k’a, T’əžʷk’ʲa, Xʷsisa. Diminutiveforms of names can be formed by adding ofthe adjective a-xʷəč’ʲə‘small, little’, e.g.Žʷrab-xʷəč’ʲə‘little Zurab’.

3.8. Taboos.

Traditionally, the daughter-in-law wasstrictly forbidden to call her husband andhis closest older relatives by their first


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names; instead, she had to choose specialwords in order to address them. That is whythe children are given first names notcoinciding with names of the oldermembers of the family, or of the ancestors,in order to avoid using them by thechildren’s mother. The husband too wasforbidden to call his wife by her first namein public, neither was he allowed to call bytheir first names the elder relatives of hiswife. The married couple used assubstitutes for their names, whileaddressing each other, such words asat’at’a(‘soft’), alapšʒa (‘(with) beautifuleye(s)’),xaara (‘sweetness’),lašara (‘light’)(cf. Amičba 2000: 20), sə-xazəna(‘mytreasure’), etc. The father-in-law was oftencalled by his son- or daughter-in-law dad(a)‘father’, and the mother-in-law – nan(a)‘mother’, dəj. A woman, when married, wastraditionally given by her husband’s familya new name, which was henceforth usedby all members of the new family, includingall their friends and relatives.

3.9. The social status of first names.

In the past the social relations within thefeudal Abkhaz society were reflected also inthe choice of names: some were usuallygiven to the nobility and others – to thecommoners. The names traditionally givento the “nobles” were such as Adamər,Aləbej, Alow, Almaxsit, Ardašʲəl, Arzaq’an,Bazrəq’ʷa, Babəšʲ, Batal(bej), Dadašʲ,Darəq’ʷa, Edlə-hanəm (fem.), Esma-hanəm(fem.), Ešsow, Msaust, Naharbej, Sad,Safra-hanəm (fem.), Sasrəq’ʷa, etc. The“peasant” names were such as Abga, Aǯər,Bazala, K’ʷadac, Kəžʷ, P’at’əxʷ, Xak’ʷəcʷ,Šʲxanəq’ʷa, etc. (cf. Inal-ipa 2002: 27).Nowadays, these distinctions are not anymore rememberd.

4. Surnames.

Among oldest surnames attested in


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mediaeval Georgian chronicles areČʲačʲbaand Maršʲan, belonging to highestAbkhazian aristocracy. Etymologically,surnames can be based on personal(patronymical) names, ethnic terms, nativeor borrowed words. The majority of nativesurnames have as their most typicalformant the suffix -ba, apparently derivedfrom the patronymical formant jə-pa‘hisson’, e.g. Agr-ba, Adlej-ba,Cʷej-ba, Č’ʲan-ba,Haš-ba,Zəxʷ-ba,etc. In some cases thepatronymical suffix is preserved in itsoriginal form in the “official” form of thename: Inal-jəpa, P’at’e-jəpa, Šat-jəpa,Ʒapšʲ-jəpa.

The feminine forms of surnames have astheir formant -pha‘daughter’, e.g. Agr-pha,Adlej-pha,Č’ʲan-pha, Haš-pha. In theAbkhazian diaspora in Turkey, this formantis more often rendered in the phoneticallysimplified form -ha, e.g. Agər-ha, Akərt-ha,Saʒ-ha.

Other typical surnames formants are-wa(Agʷxa-wa, Andarb-wa, Anə-wa,Ǯʲap’ə-wa), -aa(Abɣaǯʲ-aa, Akərt-aa,Agʷəm-aa, Arəjʷt-aa,Arst-aa,Atʷm-aa),-ja(Barganǯʲə-ja, Gʷaramə-ja, K’ak’alə-ja,Plə-ja), etc. As to the last type of names,both the formant -jaand often the surnameitself, are of Megrelian origin, except for thecases when this formant was attached inthe official Russian-language registers tothe genuine Abkhaz names by Megrelianand Imeretian priests who served in

Abkhazia at the end of the 19th – the

beginning of the 20th centuries, in order tomake them appear “Georgian”; whencesuch hybrid surnames as Lak’erbaja(cf. thegenuine Abkhaz form Lak’rba), Zvanbaja(forŽʷanba), Šxvacabaja(forAšʷxʷac’aa), etc.There are also surnames which are void ofsuffixed formants and which etymology isuncertain, such as Barcəc,Baalow,Baras,Čʲaabal(ərxʷa), Dbar, Hašəg,K’apšʲ, K’ʲəwət, Maan, Maršʲan, Pk’ʲən,Səm-səm, Smər, Šʲaq’rəl, Trapšʲ, etc.


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The plural forms of surnames are usuallymarked by the human collective pluralsuffix -aa, added to the the suffix-less form,e.g. Agr-aa, Adlej-aa, Č’ʲan-aa. Alternatively,plural forms can be formed by addingplural suffixes -cʷaor -kʷato the suffixedform of the surname, e.g. Agər.ba-cʷa,A-k’alc.ba-kʷa.

4.1. The social status of surnames.

Like first names, surnames were alsomarked for their social status. The name ofthe old princely ruling house of Abkhaziawas Čʲačʲba (which had its Georgian variantŠervašiʒe), who occupied the highest placein the social hierarchy and bore the title ofah‘prince’. The Chachbas were followed bysuch high aristocratic family clans, calledaam(ə)sta-dəw‘big aristocrat’ (in Russianusage князь ‘prince’), as Ačʲba, Ajəmxaa,Čʲaabalərxʷa,Čʲxot’ua,Gʲačʲba, Inal-jəpa,Maršʲan, Ʒapšʲ-jəpa. To the nobility, calledaam(ə)sta(Russ дворянин ‘noble’),belonged such family clans as Akərtaa,Ašʷxʷac’aa, C’əšʷba, Jašba, Lak’(ə)rba,Maan, Žʷanba, etc. The peasants, calleda-nxajʷə, were represented by suchsurnames as Agrba, Adlejba,Aməč’ʲba,Axba, Bganba, Cəgʷba, Č’ʲanba, K’ʷabaxʲəja,Lak’ʷaba, P’ap’ba, etc. The lowest place inthe social ladder used to be occupied bypeople mostly consisting of lowestcategories of peasants, slaves, foreigncaptives, people bought or kidnapped,bastards or gutter-children, who did notpossess a surname (žʷla z.ma.m, lit. ‘whodo not have surname’). They were calledonly by their first names or nick-names.Some of such people or their descendantscould receive in the course of time a newsurname on the model ‘X-his-son’, but thelower origin of such clan was longremembered (cf. Inal-ipa 2002: 189-190).People who committed “shameful” crimes,like incest or the like, were subjected to thedeprivation of their first name(a-xʲəʒ.xə.x.ra‘the lifting of the name’) or of


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their surname (a-žʷla.xə.x.ra‘the lifting ofthe surname’), and were usually expelledfrom the community.

5. Patronyms (Abx abjəpara).

Certain surnames can have patronyms(called ab.jə.pa.ra‘father-his-son-abstractsuffix’) modelled on the type “first name ofa common ancestor + -jə.p(a).cʷa‘his-sons’”, or “first name of an ancestor + pluralsuffix -aa” (-aais used to mark collectivehuman referents). The patronyms are notregistered in official papers and aretransferred through generations orally.Especially big family clans have patronymicbranching; e.g. the clan Adlejba has suchpatronymic divisions as T’ət’-jə.p(a).cʷa,Žʲabaɣʲ-jə.p(a).cʷa, P’ašʷ-jə.p(a).cʷa,Xʷat-jə.p(a).cʷa, Cərkʷ’ət’-jə.p(a).cʷa,Cəxʷ-jə.p(a).cʷa, Dahʷəq’ʷa-jə.p(a).cʷa,Čʲarkʲaz-jə.p(a).cʷa, Č’ʲarwal-jə.p(a).cʷa, allhaving as their common ancestor a certainAdleybaXʲrəps, son of Ak’ʷən(cf. Šʲənkʷba1990: 447).In unofficial discourse surnamesand patronymics can be usedsynonymically, e.g., in sg.:Xʷarck’ʲəja//ǯʲəgʷdar-jə.pa/jə.pha“Xvartskiya//Son/daughter-of-Džygudar”, or in pl.Xʷarck’ʲəj[*a-]aa//ǯʲəgʷdar-jə.pa.cʷa//ǯʲəgʷdar-aa‘the Xvartskiyas//Sons-of-Džygudar//The Džygudars’.

Abbreviations.

Abx Abkhazian

Abž Abžywa dialect

Ad Adyghey

Arab Arabic

bot. botanic

Bz Bzyp dialect


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Circ Circassian

dimin. diminutive

fem. feminine

Geo Georgian

Gr Greek

HUM Human

Kab Kabardian

masc. masculine

Megr Megrelian

Osset Ossetic

PL Plural

Russ Russian

Tur Turkish

Literature.

Amičba, Georgij Aleksandrovič.

1999 Rannesrednevekovaja antroponimijaabxazov i ee etnokul’turnye aspekty. In:G.AAmičba. Kul’tura i ideologijarannesrednevekovoj Abxazii. Suxum, p.74-115.

2003 Antroponimičeskij repertuar “Divanaabxazskix carej”. In: Abxazovedenie. Istorija.Arxeologija. Ètnologija. VypuskII. Suxum:Alašara, p.54-61.

Amičba, ValentinaAleksandrovna.

2000 Nekotorye voprosy abxazskojantroponimii. In: L. Hagba(ed.).Sovremennye problemy kavkazskogojazykoznanija i fol’kloristiki. Suxum, p.13-21.

Anšba, Art’ur Ar’tiom-ipa.

1995 Apsuaa rfol’klor. Art’ur Anšbajanc’amtakʷa. Aq’ʷa.

Bgažba, Xuxut Solomonovič.


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1964 Bzybskij dialekt abxazskogo jazyka(issledovanie i teksty). Tbilisi: AN Gruz.SSR.

1988 Ob abxazskix ličnyx imenax. In: X.S.Bgažba. Trudy. Kniga vtoraja: Issledovanijai očerki. Suxumi: Alašara, p. 195-215.

Culaja, Givi.

1971 Ob abxazskoj antroponimii. In: V.A.Nikonov, G.G. Stratanovič (eds.),Ètnografija imen. Moskva: Nauka, p. 70-76.

Dasanija, David Mkanovič.

2003 Iz istorii izučenija abxazskix familij(do 1961 g. vkliučitel’no). In:Abxazovedenie. Istorija. Arxeologija.Ètnologija. Vypusk II. Suxum: Alašara, p.199-209.

Dirr, Adolf.

1915 Materialy k izučeniju jazyka i bytaabxazcev. In: Sbornik materialov dliaopisanija mestnostej i plemen Kavkaza.Tiflis. Vypusk 44, otdel 4, p. 5-23.

Gulia, Dmitrij Iosifovič.

1925 Istorija Abxazii. Suxum.

Inal-ipa, Šalva Denisovič.

1963 Apsua xʲəʒkʷa. (Axat’ʷi xʲəʒkʷareizga, zgʷatarak’ acnə). In: “Alašara”, No.5, p. 69-90.

2002 Antroponimika abxazov. Majkop:GURIPP “Adygeja”.

Ketsba, B.K.

1996 K izučeniju abxazskoj antroponimii.In: Džarylgasinova, R. Š., Šinkarev, V.N.(eds). Imja i etnos. Sbornik. Moskva: Institutetnologii i antropologii RAN, p. 95-98.

Kuprava, Arvelod Erastovič.

2003 Iz istorii abxazskoj antroponimii. Kvoprosu preobrazovanij famil’nyx imen.Soči.

Maan, Omar Vladimirovič.


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2003 Iz istorii famil’nyx imen abxazov. In:Abxazovedenie. Istorija. Arxeologija.Ètnologija. Vypusk II. Suxum: Alašara, p.189-198.

Marr, Nikolaj Jakovlevič.

1914 Iz abxazskix ličnyx imen. In:Xristianskij Vostok, tom II, p. 400-402.

Pilija, Vanda Tarielovna.

2003 Ličhnye imena po cerkovnymknigam metričeskix sel Abxazii (1890-1917gg.). In: Trudy AbxazkogoGosudarstvennogo Universiteta, čast’ II, p.108-112.

Šʲənkʷba, Bagrat’ Vasil-ipa.

1990 Axʲərc’ʷac’ʷa. Aq’ʷa: Alašara.

[1]I mark the morphemic divisions by a dot.

[2]Cf. the etymological analysis of thesenames in Amichba (2003: 55, 58).

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