abra - home - pinoy rice knowledge bank...jovino l. de dios judith carla p. dela torre jesiree elena...

i SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

This guidebook belongs to:

Name: _____________________________

Address: ___________________________

Contact number: ____________________

Published by:

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija

Copyright © 2017

Authors

Consulting Editor Constante T. Briones

Editorial Adviser

Sailila E. Abdula

PhilRice® Wilfredo B. Collado

Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. De Dios Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar Rodolfo V. Bermudez, Jr Juanito M. Maloom Glenn C. De Peralta Raflen S. Roberto

Rodolfo V. Bermudez Jr

Managing Editor/Layout Artist

Abra

This guidebook was funded by the project

“Sustainable Enterprise Information System

Solutions for PhilRice RD&E Operations ”

(ISD -005-002)

Abra ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword……………………………………….. iv

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series………..…. 1

Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2

Soil Color Groups........................................... 5

Reddish Brown.......…............................ 7

Dark Grayish Brown……........................ 9

Black/Grayish Brown……....................... 10

Light/Yellowish Brown……..................... 12

Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 13

Soil Productivity …………………………......... 25

Crop Suitability Analysis.…............................ 27

Soil Management Recommendations............ 36

Appendices……………………………….……. 43

Steps to Identify Soil Series…….......... 44

Soil Sampling....................................... 44

Color Determination............................. 45

Texture Determination.......................... 46

pH Determination................................. 47

The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 48

Glossary………………………………………… 50

Soil Textural Classes………..….……... 52

References…………………………………….. 53

iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

Abra iv

FOREWORD

This guidebook on “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” was

developed for easier field identification of soils.

Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be

efficient.

This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks

and improve crop yield and input-use efficiency.

It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observable properties of the most common soils of Abra and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil prop-erties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommenda-tions. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the project “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for

soils identified in the field.

We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agriculturists for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the

soils used in this guidebook.

SAILILA E. ABDULA

Acting Executive Director

The “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technolo-gists, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil names are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of a different region.

This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided, the soil series in the field could be iden-tified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil management recommendations can be deter-mined.

Eleven soil series found in Abra are included in this guidebook: Alimodian, Bantay, Bauang, Bigaa, Binangonan, Bituin, Bolinao, Cervantes, Maligaya, San Manuel, and Sevilla series.

The Simplified Keys to Soil Series

1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION

Abra 2

1.Conduct preliminary interview on the historical

background of your sampling site. Gather information on cultivation practic-es, natural occur-rences such as flood, erosion, and human ac-tivities that affect the condition and structure of the soil. Check

whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.

2 From a vacant area of

your identified site, dig a pit or use an auger to get the soil samples

needed.

3 Soil samples should

be taken from a rec-ommended soil depth to make sure that the condition and structure of the soil is well-preserved and free from any kind of cultivation

(see page 44).


4 Know the color of the soil.

Color is one of the most important physical properties of the soil as indicative to se-ries recognition. Each soil series has its distinct inherent color which makes it different from the other series (see

page 45).

5 Identify the texture of

the soil. Texture is a unique property used as qualitative classification tool to determine clas-ses of soil (see page

46).

6 Determine the soil pH.

The measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils is known as soil pH. This measure-ment corresponds to spe-cific soil series (see page

47).

slickenside mottles

7 Take note of other observable soil properties

such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides),

softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.

Abra 4

8 Take note of the presence or absence of coarse

fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, black manganese (Mn) and red iron (Fe) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from

surfaces up to 50-cm depth.

9 Use the Simplified Keys

to Soil Series Guidebook and compare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil

name is identified.

Mn/Fe concretions Quartz

Lateritic nodules Lateritic nodules

Bolinao


SOIL Color Groups

(go to pages 7-8)

Maligaya Cervantes

Bituin

Reddish Brown

San Manuel

(go to page 9) Dark Grayish Brown

Bauang

Abra 6

Bantay

SOIL Color Groups

(go to page 12) Light/Yellowish Brown

Binangonan

Bigaa

Sevilla

(go to pages 10-11) Black/Grayish Brown

Alimodian


Reddish Brown

Bolinao (figure on page 20)

Coarse fragments Partially weathered coralline limestones

pH 6.0-7.5

Other features Fe and Mn concretions; Grayish-brown spot mottles

Texture: Clay

Bituin (figure on page 19)

Coarse fragments Partially weathered gravels and rock materials; quartz

pH 7.0-7.3

Other features Compact

Texture: Clay/Sandy clay loam

Cervantes (figure on page 21)

Coarse fragments Gravels; strongly weathered rocks

pH 5.5-6.0

Other features Patchy thin cutans of clay minerals

Texture: Clay/Clay loam

Reddish Brown

Abra 8

Maligaya (figure on page 22)

Coarse fragments None

pH 6.5-7.5

Other features Soft powdery red and black concretions; slickensides; compact; red mottles

Texture: Clay


Dark Grayish Brown

Bauang (figure on page 16)

Coarse fragments Highly weathered stratified shales and sandstones

pH 6.0-6.5

Other features None

Texture: Clay/Clay loam

San Manuel (figure on page 23)


pH 5.2-7.5

Other features Yellowish brown mottles and streaks

Texture: Silt loam/Sandy loam

Abra 10

Bigaa (figure on page 17)


pH 6.4-7.5

Other features Iron (Fe) concretion; bricked-red streaks

Texture: Clay

Black/Grayish Brown

Binangonan (figure on page 18)

Coarse fragments Whitish calcareous materials

pH 6.0-6.4

Other features Reddish mottles; hard and easily cracks when dry

Texture: Clay


Black/Grayish Brown

Sevilla (figure on page 24)

Coarse fragments Limestone gravels and cobble-stones of calcareous materials

pH 6.0-7.0

Other features Slightly compact

Texture: Clay

Abra 12

Alimodian (figure on page 14)


pH 5.5-7.0

Other features Shiny surfaces; hard and slightly compact

Texture: Clay loam

Light/Yellowish Brown

Bantay (figure on page 15)

Coarse fragments Soft weathered shales

pH 5.0-6.0

Other features Weathered shales and lime precipitates

Texture: Clay


SOIL Profile and Characteristics

Abra 14

Alimodian Soil Fertility Indicators

Inherent fertility Moderate to high

Soil pH Acid (4.5-6.5)

Organic matter Low to moderate

Phosphorus (P) Low to moderate

Potassium (K) Low to moderate

Nutrient retention (CEC)

High

Base saturation Moderate to high

Salinity hazard None

Soil Type: Clay/Clay loam/Sandy clay loam Area: 7,001.1 ha

Physical Soil Qualities

Relief Rolling to hilly and mountainous

Water retention Moderate to high

Drainage Moderate to poor

Permeability Moderate

Workability/tilth Easy

Stoniness Occasional gravels and stones at the surface

Root depth Moderate (0.6m)

Erosion Moderate to severe

Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludalfs

A fine-textured soil with large amount of clay (35 – 60%), developed from soft and porous sedimentary rocks like shales and sandstones, with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It is a typical repre-sentative of the great group Hapludalfs that exhibits minimum com-plexity in its horizonation (Hapl-) and is found in areas with pro-nounced wet and dry seasons (-ust-, Ustic) with a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). It is an old soil that exhibits illuvial accumulation of clay in the subsoil from the underlying horizons and has retained a high base status (-alf, Alfisol).

00 cm

14

28

55

88


Bantay Soil Fertility Indicators


Soil pH Slightly acid (5.0-6.0)

Organic matter Moderate

Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low


High

Base saturation High


Soil Type: Loam/Sandy loam Area: 568.3 ha


Relief Gently sloping to strongly sloping

Water retention High

Drainage Good

Permeability Slow to moderate

Workability/tilth Moderate

Stoniness None

Root depth Shallow (0.3m)

Erosion Moderate

Flooding None

Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrustepts

Soils developed from shales. It has a fine loamy texture with more than 15% fine sand annual soil including gravels and 18-35% clay with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrustepts, a young soil that is in its incipient development stage toward a mature soil (-ept, In-ceptisol) and has a base saturation of more than 50% (eutr-). The mean temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

17

28

54

Ap

AC

Cr

R

Abra 16

Bauang Soil Fertility Indicators

Inherent fertility Low

Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.0-7.5)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Moderate


Moderate




Relief Undulating and hilly to mountainous

Water retention Moderate

Drainage Moderate

Permeability Slow

Workability/tilth Easy to moderate

Stoniness Common stratified shales and sandstones

Root depth Moderate (>0.8m)

Erosion Moderate to severe

Soil Type: Clay/Clay loam/Silty clay loam Area: 29,174.1 ha


Soil developed from stratified shales and sandstones. It has a fine loamy texture with more than 15% fine sand and 18-35% clay with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrustepts, a young soil that is in its incipient development stage toward mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust-, Ustic) and has a base satura-tion of more than 50% (eutr-). The mean temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

15

41

84


Soil Fertility Indicators

Inherent fertility Moderate

Soil pH Moderately acid to neutral (5.5-7.0)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate

Base saturation Moderate


Bigaa


Relief Level to nearly level

Water retention Moderate to high

Drainage Poor

Permeability Slow


Stoniness Iron (Fe) concretions

Root depth Deep (>1 m)

Flooding None to seasonal

Soil Type: Clay/Sandy clay loam/Silty clay loam Area: 2,665.3 ha

Family: Very fine, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Endoaquerts

A very fine-textured soil having >60% clay dominated by minerals with high shrink-and-swell capacity (montmorillonitic). It is a typi-cal representative of the great group Endoaquerts. It is saturated with water repeatedly throughout the profile (Endo-) manifested by its gray color with or without mottles (aqu-). It has an annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This soil be-longs to the order Vertisol (-ert) characterized by deep wide cracks, slickensides, very sticky when wet, and compact when dry.

00 cm

16

48

69

Apg1

90

Bwg1

Bwg2

BC

Apg2

Abra 18


Relief Rolling to mountainous


Drainage Poor



Stoniness Weathered limestone and calcareous rocks

Root depth Moderate to deep (>0.8m)

Erosion Severe

Soil Type: Clay Area: 3,332.8 ha

Family: Very fine, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Aeric Epiaquerts

A very fine-textured soil having 18-35% clay with high shrink-and-swell capacity (montmorillonitic). It has a mean annual soil temperature of higher than 22° C (isohyperthermic). It is well aerated because either ground water is deep or the period of saturation is shorter (Aeric). It has an aquic (aqu-) moisture regime, i.e. the soil is saturated for a long period of time manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles indicative of poor internal drainage. It is a Vertisol (-ert), dominated by high shrink-swell clays, compacted, creating deep wide cracks when dry, and very


Inherent fertility High

Soil pH Slightly acid to near neutral (6.5-7.0)


Phosphorus (P) High

Potassium (K) High


High



Binangonan

00 cm

11

27

47

79

Ap

Btg1

Btg2

BCk1

BCk2



Soil pH Slightly acid to slightly alkaline (6.6-7.3)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Moderate



Low




Relief Gently sloping to strongly rolling


Drainage Good



Stoniness Soft and partially weath-ered gravels; fine quartz

Root depth Deep (>1m)

Erosion Severe


Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Dystrudepts

A fine soil with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It has an annual soil temperature of higher than 22° C (isohyperthermic). It is a typical representative of the great group Dystrudepts that exhibits low base saturation (-Dyst) and is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic). It is in its incipient development stage towards a mature soil (-ept, In-ceptisol).


Bituin

52

29

15

00 cm

Ap

Bw1

Bw2

BC

Abra 20


Relief Undulating and hilly to mountainous


Drainage Moderate



Stoniness Gravels; limestone rocks; concretions

Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8-1 m)

Erosion Moderate


Family: Fine clayey, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Paleudalfs

A fine clayey soil with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It has a mean annual soil temperature of higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic). This is a typical representative of the great group Paleudalfs (paleu–red soils). This can be found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic). It is an old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its hori-zon (-alf, Alfisol).




Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) Low to moderate

Potassium (K) Low


High



Bolinao

00 cm

13

35

Ap

C

Bt


Cervantes


Relief Rolling to mountainous


Drainage Moderate to good

Permeability Moderate to rapid


Stoniness Whitish rock fragments; gravels

Root depth Deep (>1m)

Erosion Severe

Flooding None

Soil Type: Sandy clay loam Area: 21,975.6 ha

Family: Fine-loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Hapludults

A fine-loamy soil with high amounts of clay but not more than 60% with no particular mineral that dominates (mixed). It has a mean annual soil temperature of >22°C (isohyperthermic). It is a typical representative of the great group Hapludults that exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (Hapl-) and is found in areas with well distributed rainfall (-ud, udic). It is an old soil which has undergone

an extensive leaching of basis and accumulation of clay in the sub-soil (-ult, Ultisol).


Inherent fertility Low to moderate

Soil pH Slightly acid (5.0-5.8)


Phosphorus (P) Low

Potassium (K) Low


Moderate



00 cm

18

79

Abra 22




Organic matter Low to moderate

Phosphorus (P) Moderate to high

Potassium (K) Low

Nutrient retention (CEC) High



Maligaya


Relief Level to slightly undulating


Drainage Poor

Permeability Slow

Workability/tilth Hard

Stoniness None


Flooding None to seasonal

Soil Type: Clay/Sandy clay loam Area: 6,973.3 ha

Family: Fine, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, Ustic Epiaquerts

A fine-textured soil with high amounts of clay (35-60%) dominated by minerals with high shrink-and-swell capacity (smectitic). It is a repre-sentative of the great group Epiaquerts found in areas with pro-nounced wet and dry season (ustic). It is saturated with water repeat-edly (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles as indicative of poor internal drainage. This soil belong to the order Vertisol (-ert) characterized by deep wide cracks, slickensides, very sticky when wet, and compact when dry. The mean annual soil tem-perature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

8

16

40

53

74

Apg1

Apg2

Btg1

Btg2




Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5 - 7.2)

Organic matter Low

Phosphorus (P) High


Nutrient retention (CEC) High



00 cm

5

35

69

Ap1

Ap2

Bw1

89

Bw2

Bw3

San Manuel


Relief Nearly level to flat


Drainage Moderate to good


Workability/tilth Easy

Stoniness None


Erosion None

Flooding Seasonal

Soil Type: Sandy loam/Sandy clay loam Area: 5,131.6 ha


Fine loamy-textured (18-35% clay and >15% sand), with no partic-ular mineral that dominates (mixed). It has an isohyperthermic (>22°C) temperature regime. It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrustepts, that has a base saturation of more than 50% (eutr-) and is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust-, Ustic). It is a young soil that is in its incipient devel-opment stage toward a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol).

Abra 24





Phosphorus (P) Moderate



Moderate



Sevilla


Relief Rolling to hilly and steep


Drainage Moderate


Workability/tilth Hard

Stoniness Limestone gravels; calcareous sandstones and shales

Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8-1 m)

Erosion Severe

Soil Type: Clay/Sandy clay loam Area: 8,681.4 ha

Family: Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrudepts

Fine-textured soil with 65% clay composed of mixed minerals. It is a young soil in its incipient development stage toward mature soil but has not yet fully developed its diagnostic horizons (-ept, Inceptisol). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrudepts that has high base saturation (eutr-) which is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, udic).It has a mean annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).

00 cm

26

47

Apg

BC

C


Soil productivity is the quality that summarizes soil potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defined sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of conditions of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and phys-ical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of the amount of in-puts of production factors required to correct soil limi-tation(s) to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and potential. Inherent productivity is the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield; potential refers to its capacity to produce yield after correctible soil con-straints had been remedied. In economics, the pre-dicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield (MPY) of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is comput-ed by multiplying the potential index by the MPY. For instance, MPY in the dry season is 8 tons/ha, and inherent and potential productivity ratings for Alimodi-an series are 0.55 and 0.65, respectively. The pre-dicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Alimodi-an soils are then 4.40 and 5.20 tons/ha.

SOIL Productivity

Abra 26

Soil Series Inherent

Productivity Potential

Productivity

Alimodian 0.55 0.65

Bantay 0.52 0.62

Bauang 0.64 0.74

Bigaa 0.86 0.96

Binangonan 0.83 0.93

Bituin 0.53 0.65

Bolinao 0.63 0.73

Cervantes 0.25 0.35

Maligaya 0.78 0.88

San Manuel 0.67 0.77

Sevilla 0.73 0.83

Table 1. Soil productivity index for rice.


Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis based on physical and chemi-cal properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and may come up through a good judg-ment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and quali-ties such as depth, texture, slope, drainage, erosion, flood-ing, and fertility. Based on these soil properties, the suita-bility of a certain tract of land for crop production can be determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to grow different crops. They imply what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of productivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicat-ed by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either cur-rently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs, or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limita-tions cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limit the production of specified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentages shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential crop yield when the soil index is highly suitable; less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25

CROP

Suitability Analysis

Abra 28

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

igh

ly s

uitab

le

t -

Top

ogra

ph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

su

itab

le

w -

D

rain

ag

e;

flood

ing

S3 -

M

arg

inally

su

itable

s -

T

ext

ure

; coars

e f

ragm

ents

; soil

depth

N1 -

C

urr

ently n

ot

su

itab

le

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot

suitab

le

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2a

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f A

bra

.

Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Ali

mo

dia

n

Ba

nta

y

Ba

ua

ng

B

iga

a

Bin

an

go

na

n

Su

ga

rcan

e

S3

ctw

sf

S2

ctw

s

S2

cts

f S

2cw

f S

2ctw

s

Ric

e Irr

iga

ted

Lo

wla

nd

N

2

N2

N

2

S2

csf

N2

Ric

e R

ain

fed

Up

lan

d

S3

ctw

sf

S2

ctw

sf

S2

cts

f S

2cw

sf

S3

ctw

Ric

e R

ain

fed

Lo

wla

nd

S

3ctw

sf

N2

S

3ctw

sf

S2

csf

N2

Co

co

nu

t S

2ctw

s

S2

cts

S

2cts

f N

1cw

N

1ctw

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

igh

ly s

uitab

le

t -

Top

ogra

ph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

su

itab

le

w -

D

rain

ag

e;

flood

ing

S3 -

M

arg

inally

su

itable

s -

T

ext

ure

; coars

e f

ragm

ents

; soil

depth

N1 -

C

urr

ently n

ot

su

itab

le

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot

suitab

le

c -

C

limate

Ta

ble

2a

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f A

bra

(co

ntin

ua

tio

n)

.


Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Bit

uin

B

olin

ao

C

erv

an

tes

M

alig

aya

Sa

n M

an

ue

l S

evil

la

Su

ga

rcan

e

S2

ctw

f S

2ctf

S2

ctw

sf

S2

cw

f S

2cw

f S

2ctf

Ric

e Irr

iga

ted

Lo

wla

nd

N2

N

2

N2

S

2cts

f S

2cw

sf

N2

Ric

e R

ain

fed

Up

lan

d

S2

ctw

f S

2ctf

S2

ctw

s

S2

cw

sf

S3

cw

sf

S2

cts

f

Ric

e R

ain

fed

Lo

wla

nd

S2

ctw

f S

3ctw

f S

3ctw

sf

S2

cf

S3

cw

sf

S2

ctw

sf

Co

co

nu

t S

2ct

S2

ct

S3

cts

N

1cw

S

3cw

f S

2ct

Abra 30

Ta

ble

2b

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f A

bra

.

Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Ali

mo

dia

n

Ba

nta

y

Ba

ua

ng

B

iga

a

Bin

an

go

na

n

Ba

na

na

S3

ctw

sf

S3

cts

f S

2cts

f S

2cw

sf

S3

ctw

s

Ma

ize

S

3ctw

sf

N1cts

f S

3ctw

sf

S2

cw

f S

3ctw

sf

Pin

ea

pp

le

S3

ctw

sf

S2

csw

s

S3

cts

f N

1cw

f S

3ctw

s

Ca

ssava

S3

ctw

sf

N2

S

2ctw

sf

N1cw

f N

1ctw

s

Ma

ng

o

S3

cts

f S

3ctw

sf

S3

cts

f S

3ctw

f S

3ctw

Cam

ote

S

3ctw

sf

S2

ctw

sf

S3

cts

f S

2cw

f S

3ctw

f

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

igh

ly s

uitab

le

t -

Top

ogra

ph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

su

itab

le

w -

D

rain

ag

e;

flood

ing

S3 -

M

arg

inally

su

itable

s -

T

ext

ure

; coars

e f

ragm

ents

; soil

depth

N1 -

C

urr

ently n

ot

su

itab

le

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot

suitab

le

c -

C

limate


Ta

ble

2b

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f A

bra

(co

ntin

ua

tio

n).

Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Bit

uin

B

olin

ao

C

erv

an

tes

M

alig

aya

Sa

n M

an

ue

l S

evil

la

Ba

na

na

S3

cts

f S

2ctf

S2

cts

f S

2cw

sf

S3

cw

sf

S2

cts

f

Ma

ize

S

3ctw

f S

3ctw

sf

S3

cts

f S

2cw

S

2cw

sf

S2

ct

Pin

ea

pp

le

S3

ctw

sf

S3

cts

f S

3ctw

sf

S3

cw

f N

1cw

f S

2ctf

Ca

ssava

S2

ct

S2

ctw

f S

2ctw

sf

N1

cw

f N

1cw

f S

2ctw

f

Ma

ng

o

S3

ctw

f S

3ctf

S3

cts

f S

2cw

S

3cw

sf

S2

ct

Cam

ote

S

3ctw

f S

2ctf

S3

cts

f S

2cw

f S

2cw

f S

3ctf

Abra 32

Ta

ble

2c. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f A

bra

.

Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Ali

mo

dia

n

Ba

nta

y

Ba

ua

ng

B

iga

a

Bin

an

go

na

n

To

ma

to

S2

cts

f N

2

S2

cts

f S

2cw

s

S3

ctw

s

Pa

pa

ya

S

3ctw

sf

S2

cts

f S

3ctw

sf

S2

cw

f N

1ctw

s

Ca

bb

age

S3

ctw

s

S3

cts

S

2cts

f N

1cw

S

3ctw

On

ion

S

3ctw

f S

3ctw

sf

S3

cts

f S

3cw

f S

3ctw

s

Po

tato

S

3tw

sf

S2

ts

S2

tsf

S2

wf

S3

tws


Ta

ble

2c. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f A

bra

(co

ntin

ua

tio

n).

Ph

ilip

pin

es

To

p A

gri

cu

ltu

ral

Co

mm

od

ity

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Bit

uin

B

olin

ao

C

erv

an

tes

M

alig

aya

Sa

n M

an

ue

l S

evil

la

To

ma

to

S2

ctw

sf

S2

ctw

sf

S2

ctw

f S

2cw

f S

2cw

f S

2cts

Pa

pa

ya

S

3cts

f S

3ctw

sf

S3

ctw

sf

S2

cw

f N

1cw

f S

2ctw

Ca

bb

age

S2

ctf

S

3ctf

S3

cts

f S

3cw

f N

1cw

f S

3ct

On

ion

S

3cts

f S

3cts

f S

3cts

f S

2cw

sf

S3

cw

f S

3ctf

Po

tato

S

3ts

f S

3ts

S

2ts

S

2w

f S

2w

f S

2tf

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

igh

ly s

uitab

le

t -

Top

ogra

ph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

su

itab

le

w -

D

rain

ag

e;

flood

ing

S3 -

M

arg

inally

su

itable

s -

T

ext

ure

; coars

e f

ragm

ents

; soil

depth

N1 -

C

urr

ently n

ot

su

itab

le

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot

suitab

le

c -

C

limate

Abra 34 33 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES

Ta

ble

2d

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f A

bra

.

Oth

er

Ag

ric

ult

ura

l

C

om

mo

dit

y

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Ali

mo

dia

n

Ba

nta

y

Ba

ua

ng

B

iga

a

Bin

an

go

na

n

Co

ffe

e A

rab

ica

S3

ctw

sf

N2

S

3ctw

sf

N1ctw

sf

N1ctw

Co

ffe

e R

ob

usta

S

3ctw

s

N2

S

3ctw

sf

N1cw

sf

S3

ctw

sf

Pe

an

ut

S3

cts

f S

3cts

f S

3ctw

sf

N1cw

sf

N1ctw

s

So

rghum

S

3ctw

S

2ctw

s

S3

cts

S

3cw

S

3ctw

To

ba

cco

S3

ctw

sf

S3

ctw

sf

S3

ctw

sf

N1cw

sf

S3

ctw

s

Su

itab

ilit

y R

ati

ng

s:

Lim

itati

on

s d

ue t

o:

S1 -

H

igh

ly s

uitab

le

t -

Top

ogra

ph

y;

slo

pe

S2 -

M

od

era

tely

su

itab

le

w -

D

rain

ag

e;

flood

ing

S3 -

M

arg

inally

su

itable

s -

T

ext

ure

; coars

e f

ragm

ents

; soil

depth

N1 -

C

urr

ently n

ot

su

itab

le

f -

Soil

fert

ility

N2 -

P

erm

an

ently n

ot

suitab

le

c -

C

limate


Ta

ble

2d

. T

he

cro

p s

uita

bili

ty r

atin

gs fo

r d

iffe

ren

t so

il se

rie

s o

f A

bra

(co

ntin

ua

tio

n).

Oth

er

Ag

ric

ult

ura

l

C

om

mo

dit

y

SO

IL S

ER

IES

Bit

uin

B

olin

ao

C

erv

an

tes

M

alig

aya

Sa

n M

an

ue

l S

evil

la

Co

ffe

e A

rab

ica

S3

ctf

S

3ctw

f S

3cts

f N

1cw

sf

N2

S

3ctw

sf

Co

ffe

e R

ob

usta

N

2

S3

ctw

s

S3

ctw

s

N1

cw

sf

S3

cw

sf

S3

ctw

sf

Pe

an

ut

S3

ctw

sf

S3

ctw

sf

S3

ctw

sf

N1

cw

N

1cw

f S

2ctw

s

So

rghum

S

3ctw

S

2ctf

S3

ctw

sf

S2

cw

S

2cw

S

2ct

To

ba

cco

S3

cts

f S

3cts

f S

3cts

f S

3cw

N

1cw

f S

3cts

Soil management aims to protect the soil and en-hance its performance to increase farm profitability and preserve environmental quality. It is the combi-nation of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil’s productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to attain maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997).

Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified are enumerated in the succeeding pag-es. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, and chemical content of the soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, nutrient availability, and crop production.

Recommendations SOIL Management

Abra 36

Ta

ble

3. L

imita

tio

ns to

cro

p p

rodu

ctio

n a

nd

re

com

me

nd

ed

ma

na

gem

en

t s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

ren

t

cro

ps w

he

n g

row

n in

a g

iven

so

il se

rie

s.

So

il

Se

ries

Lim

itati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree

/Fo

res

t/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Alim

od

ian

Heavy c

lay s

ub

so

il th

at

can im

pe

de inte

rna

l dra

inag

e a

nd r

oo

t de

ve

l-opm

ent;

hill

y top

ogra

phy

whic

h c

ause

s r

isk o

f ero

sio

n;

acid

ic

Adeq

uate

fert

iliza-

tio

n;

seed

bed c

on-

figura

tio

n; te

rrac-

ing;

limin

g in u

p-

land r

ice

Org

anic

matte

r in

cor-

pora

tio

n;

limin

g; m

ini-

mum

till

ag

e; dee

p

plo

win

g; m

ulc

hin

g

Deep p

low

ing;

adeq

ua

te f

ert

ilizer

app

licatio

n;

inte

n-

siv

e s

oil

co

nserv

a-

tio

n p

ractice

s

Suitab

le f

or

fruit t

ree

s;

pla

nt co

ve

r cro

ps, tr

ee

s,

and leg

um

es t

o r

esto

re

fert

ility

and

min

imiz

e

ero

sio

n; co

nstr

uct d

ike

s

of

sto

ne

s a

cro

ss t

he

slo

pe

s

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: ra

infe

d low

land/u

pla

nd

ric

e-c

orn

/ve

ge

table

s/r

oot cro

ps; tr

ee

s

Ba

nta

y

Acid

ic;

sha

llow

so

il lim

its

pro

ductivity o

f sha

llow

-ro

ote

d c

rop

s;

low

K;

modera

te e

rosio

n;

hig

h

wate

r re

tentio

n

Modera

tely

suita

ble

fo

r ra

infe

d u

pla

nd

rice

; lim

ing; a

de

-quate

fert

ilizatio

n;

OM

add

itio

n; te

r-ra

cin

g

Pra

ctice

co

nto

ur

tilla

ge

and s

trip

cro

ppin

g; O

M

add

itio

n o

r gre

en m

a-

nuri

ng;

limin

g; a

de-

quate

fert

ilizatio

n

Modera

tely

suite

d

for

sw

eet

pota

to

and c

am

ote

; a

de-

quate

fert

ilizatio

n;

OM

add

itio

n o

r gre

en m

anuri

ng;

pra

ctice c

onto

ur

tilla

ge a

nd s

trip

cro

pp

ing

Suited

for

sha

llow

-ro

ote

d tre

es; p

lant

fruit

tree

s a

dapta

ble

to t

he

are

a lik

e b

ana

na,

papa

ya,

and coco

nut

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: upla

nd r

ice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/r

oot cro

ps/t

ree

s


Ta

ble

3. (c

on

tin

ua

tio

n).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Ba

ua

ng

Hill

y top

ogra

phy c

ause

s

se

ve

re e

rosio

n t

hat

results

in lo

ss o

f surf

ace s

oil

and

exp

osure

of

the s

ub

soil

or

sub

str

atu

m;

low

fert

ility

; e

xce

ssiv

e r

un

-off

; slig

htly

acid

ic;

pre

se

nce o

f str

atified

sha

les a

nd

sa

nd

sto

ne

s

ne

ar

surf

ace t

hat

slo

w

dow

n p

erc

ola

tio

n o

f w

ate

r and r

oot pe

netr

atio

n

Modera

tely

suita

-ble

for

rain

fed

up

land r

ice w

ith

adeq

ua

te s

up

ple

-m

enta

l irrigatio

n

and c

onto

ur

ter-

racin

g f

or

hig

her-

ele

vate

d a

rea

s;

fert

ilizatio

n

Applic

atio

n o

f fa

rm

manure

and

plo

win

g

under

of

leg

um

es t

o

sup

ply

org

anic

matter;

conto

ur

tilla

ge a

nd

str

ip c

rop

pin

g t

o m

ini-

miz

e e

rosio

n; cro

p

rota

tio

n

Suitab

le f

or

ca

ssa-

va a

nd p

ota

to;

app

licatio

n o

f fa

rm

manure

and

plo

w-

ing u

nde

r of

leg-

um

es to s

upp

ly

org

anic

matte

r;

conto

ur

tilla

ge a

nd

str

ip c

rop

pin

g t

o

min

imiz

e e

rosio

n;

cro

p r

ota

tio

n

Suited

for

fruit

tree

s; p

lant co

ve

r cro

ps to m

inim

ize

ero

sio

n, fe

rtili

zatio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice/c

orn

; up

land r

ice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/t

ree

s

Big

aa

Surf

ace h

ard

enin

g a

nd

cra

ckin

g d

uri

ng d

ry s

ea

so

n

makin

g t

illag

e d

ifficult;

sea-

so

na

l flood

ing in low

are

as;

sea

so

na

l hig

h w

ate

r ta

ble

; ve

ry f

irm

co

nsis

tency

Suitab

le f

or

rice

pro

ductio

n d

ue to

its c

laye

y te

xtu

re;

app

ly f

ert

ilize

r to

m

ain

tain

the

fert

ility

of

the s

oil;

constr

uctio

n o

f adeq

ua

te d

rain

-age irr

igatio

n a

nd

flood c

ontr

ol

syste

ms

Use o

f bro

ad b

ed

s,

rid

ge

s o

r fu

rrow

s a

nd

mulc

hin

g; tim

ing o

f pla

nting

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

adeq

ua

te d

rain

ag

e

and f

loo

d c

ontr

ol

syste

ms;

inco

rpo-

ratio

n o

f a

nim

al

manure

; pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

adeq

ua

te d

rain

ag

e

and f

loo

d c

ontr

ol

syste

ms;

use

of

suita

ble

tre

e s

pe-

cie

s a

nd p

rope

r fe

rtili

zatio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-ric

e;

rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Abra 38

Ta

ble

3. L

imita

tio

ns to

cro

p p

rodu

ctio

n a

nd

re

com

me

nd

ed

ma

na

gem

en

t s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

ren

t

cro

ps w

he

n g

row

n in

a g

iven

so

il se

rie

s (

co

ntin

ua

tio

n).


So

il

Se

ries

Lim

itati

on

f

or

cro

p

pro

du

cti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree

/Fo

res

t/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Bin

an

go

na

n

Exc

essiv

e r

un

-off

and s

evere

ero

sio

n d

ue t

o

topogra

phy

and p

oor

dra

inag

e

Perm

ane

ntly n

ot

suita

ble

for

rain

fed

and low

land

ric

e b

ut

marg

inally

suitab

le

for

rain

fed u

pla

nd

rice

; co

nstr

uct te

rrace

with p

rop

er

outlets

or

str

ip c

rop

pin

g;

app

ly

fert

ilizer

to m

ain

tain

its f

ert

ility

Pra

ctice

co

nto

ur

farm

ing;

str

ip c

rop

-pin

g a

nd

co

ver

cro

ppin

g to

min

imiz

e

ero

sio

n

Marg

inally

suita

ble

fo

r cam

ote

and

pota

to;

so

il ero

sio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s-

terr

acin

g a

nd

str

ip c

rop

pin

g;

cro

p r

ota

tio

n

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

adeq

ua

te d

rain

ag

e

and f

loo

d c

ontr

ol

syste

ms;

use

of

suita

ble

tre

e s

pe-

cie

s a

nd p

rope

r fe

rtili

zatio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: upla

nd r

ice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/

root cro

ps;

perm

ane

nt cro

ps/tre

es

Bituin

Low

org

anic

m

atter;

ro

lling

to m

ounta

in-

ous topo

gra

-phy;

se

ve

re

so

il e

rosio

n

and r

unoff

Suited

for

rain

fed

up

land/low

land r

ice

; constr

uctio

n o

f te

r-ra

ce w

ith p

rope

r outlets

or

str

ip c

rop-

pin

g; fe

rtili

zer

ap

pli-

catio

n a

cco

rdin

g t

o

ne

ed

s

Observ

e e

rosio

n c

ontr

ol m

ea

sure

s

such a

s c

lose

-gro

win

g c

rop

s w

ith a

le

gum

e in r

ota

tio

n, co

nto

ur

tilla

ge,

str

ip c

rop

pin

g, co

ver

cro

pp

ing,

gra

ssed w

ate

rwa

ys a

nd t

err

acin

g

with p

rop

er

outlets

; fe

rtili

zatio

n;

inco

rpo

ratio

n o

f com

post a

nd f

arm

m

anure

or

gre

en m

anuri

ng

Modera

tely

suite

d f

or

roo

t cro

ps; p

ractice

conto

ur

plo

win

g

and m

inim

um

tilla

ge to p

re-

ve

nt

so

il ero

-sio

n

Marg

inally

suitab

le

for

fruit tre

es a

nd

pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s;

use

loca

lly a

dapte

d

hig

h-y

ield

ing v

arie

-tie

s o

f tr

ee c

rop

s;

pra

ctice p

rope

r fe

rtili

zatio

n

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-corn

/div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/r

oot cro

ps

Ta

ble

3. (c

on

tin

ua

tio

n).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Bo

lina

o

Rolli

ng t

opog

rap

hy in

som

e a

rea

s w

hic

h c

aus-

es r

isk o

f ero

sio

n;

sha

l-lo

w r

ooting

depth

; lo

w

ava

ilab

le P

, K

and

or-

ga

nic

matter

Suitab

le f

or

rain

fed

up

land a

nd low

land

rice

but

need

s t

err

ac-

ing a

nd u

se o

f lim

e-

sto

ne o

utc

rop

s f

or

rein

forc

ing d

ike

s;

app

licatio

n o

f pho

s-

phate

fert

ilizers

.

Conto

ur

terr

acin

g;

pro

per

fert

ilizatio

n;

pro

per

tim

ing

of

cultiv

atio

n a

nd p

lant-

ing;

add

itio

n o

f org

anic

m

atter

and a

nim

al m

a-

nure

to im

pro

ve s

oil

fert

il-ity a

nd a

pp

licatio

n o

f P

and K

fert

ilize

rs

Conto

ur

terr

ac-

ing;

use o

f co

ver

cro

ps lik

e Ip

il-ip

il fo

r so

il re

hab

ilita

-tio

n a

nd s

ourc

e

of

fire

wood a

t th

e s

am

e t

ime;

add

itio

n o

f or-

ga

nic

matter

Can b

e p

lante

d t

o

fruit tre

es p

rovid

ed

with p

rop

er

fert

iliza-

tio

n a

nd u

se o

f lo

ca

lly a

dapte

d tre

e

specie

s

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-ric

e;

rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot

cro

ps

Cerv

an

tes

Rolli

ng t

o m

ounta

ino

us

topogra

phy;

se

vere

so

il ero

sio

n a

nd r

unoff

; lo

w

fert

ility

Not suitab

le f

or

low

-la

nd r

ice; fo

r up

land

rice

pro

ductio

n c

on-

str

uct te

rrace

with

pro

pe

r o

utle

ts o

r str

ip

cro

pp

ing

; fe

rtili

ze

r app

licatio

n a

ccord

ing

to n

eed

s

Observ

e e

rosio

n c

ontr

ol m

ea

sure

s s

uch a

s c

lose

-gro

win

g c

rop

s

with a

leg

um

e in r

ota

tio

n, co

nto

ur

tilla

ge,

str

ip c

ropp

ing, cove

r cro

pp

ing

, gra

ssed w

ate

rwa

ys a

nd te

rracin

g w

ith p

rope

r o

utle

ts;

fert

ilizatio

n;

incorp

ora

tio

n o

f com

post

and f

arm

manure

or

gre

en

manuri

ng

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-corn

/ro

ot cro

ps/v

ege

tab

les;

rice

-fallo

w; fr

uit t

ree

s

Abra 40

Ta

ble

3. L

imita

tio

ns to

cro

p p

rodu

ctio

n a

nd

re

com

me

nd

ed

ma

na

gem

en

t s

tra

teg

ies fo

r d

iffe

ren

t

cro

ps w

he

n g

row

n in

a g

iven

so

il se

rie

s (

co

ntin

ua

tio

n).


So

il

Se

ries

Lim

itati

on

f

or

cro

p

pro

du

cti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree

/Fo

res

t/

Pla

nta

tio

n c

rop

s

Ma

liga

ya

Difficult t

o c

ulti-

vate

whe

n w

et

and h

ard

whe

n

dry

; po

or

dra

in-

age;

ve

ry s

low

air a

nd w

ate

r in

filtra

tio

n

Pra

ctice

sha

llow

cultiv

atio

n w

he

n

so

il m

ois

ture

is

at optim

um

; adeq

ua

te irr

iga-

tio

n

Applic

atio

n o

f fe

rtili

zers

and o

r-ga

nic

matter;

allo

w p

roper

dra

in-

age s

yste

m in t

he

fie

ld to

add

ress

the h

ea

vy c

lay te

xtu

re o

f th

is s

oil;

use

bro

adbe

ds, rid

ge

s a

nd

mulc

hin

g

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

adeq

ua

te d

rain

ag

e

and irr

igatio

n s

ys-

tem

s;

use

of

the r

ight

kin

d a

nd a

mount of

fert

ilizers

inclu

din

g

their m

eth

od

s o

f ap-

plic

atio

n; p

rope

r tim

-in

g o

f cultiv

atio

n a

nd

pla

nting

Pra

ctice

pro

per

tim

-in

g o

f cultiv

atio

n a

nd

pla

nting d

ue to

cla

y-

ey t

extu

re

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-ric

e;

rice

-div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/v

egeta

ble

s/r

oot

cro

ps

Sa

n M

an

uel

Exc

essiv

ely

wet

and a

nnua

l flood

ing f

or

sho

rt p

eriod

s

and e

xce

ssiv

e

dro

ug

ht d

uring

dry

sea

so

n;

low

O

M

Suited

for

padd

y

rice

duri

ng w

et

sea

so

n a

nd w

ith

adeq

ua

te irr

iga-

tio

n d

uri

ng d

ry

sea

so

n; O

M

add

itio

n t

hru

anim

al o

r gre

en

manuri

ng

Constr

uctio

n o

f adeq

uate

dra

in-

age,

irri

gatio

n a

nd f

lood c

ontr

ol

syste

ms d

ue to s

ea

so

na

l flood

hazard

and h

igh s

ea

so

na

l w

ate

r ta

ble

; use

bro

ad b

ed

s a

nd r

idg

es;

suite

d f

or

div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s s

uch

as c

orn

, vegeta

ble

s a

nd w

ate

r-m

elo

n d

uri

ng d

ry s

ea

so

n w

ith

sup

ple

me

nta

l irrigatio

n

Esta

blis

hm

ent

of

adeq

ua

te d

rain

ag

e

and irr

igatio

n s

ys-

tem

s; re

gula

r add

itio

n

of

org

anic

matter

and

anim

al m

anure

to

impro

ve s

oil

fert

ility

Adeq

uate

dra

inage

and irr

igatio

n s

ys-

tem

s;

use

of

loca

lly

adapte

d h

igh-y

ield

ing

va

rietie

s is r

ecom

-m

ende

d to im

pro

ve

th

e g

row

th a

nd y

ield

of

tree c

rop

s

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-ric

e;

rice -

div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/

vege

table

s/ ro

ot cro

ps

Abra 42

Ta

ble

3. (c

on

tin

ua

tio

n).

So

il

Seri

es

L

imit

ati

on

f

or

cro

p p

rod

ucti

on

So

il M

an

ag

em

en

t R

ec

om

men

dati

on

s

Ric

e

Div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s

Ro

ot

cro

ps

T

ree/F

ore

st/

P

lan

tati

on

cro

ps

Se

vill

a

Rolli

ng t

opog

rap

hy;

se

ve

re e

rosio

n;

difficult

to c

ultiv

ate

due t

o p

res-

ence o

f gra

ve

ls a

nd

ha

rd s

oil

surf

ace

Suited

for

rain

fed

up

land/low

land r

ice

; pra

ctice s

ha

llow

culti-

vatio

n w

he

n s

oil

mois

ture

is a

t op

ti-

mum

; co

nstr

uctio

n o

f bund

s f

or

up

land o

r te

rracin

g

Pra

ctice

co

nto

ur

and s

trip

fa

rmin

g t

o m

inim

ize r

un-

off

; use o

f cove

r cro

ps to

pre

ve

nt

risks o

f ero

sio

n

Modera

tely

suit-

ed f

or

root cro

ps;

pra

ctice c

onto

ur

plo

win

g a

nd

m

inim

um

till

age

to p

reve

nt

so

il ero

sio

n

Suited

for

fruit t

ree

s

like b

ana

na, coco

-nut, m

ango a

nd

papa

ya;

pla

nting o

f perm

ane

nt cro

ps a

s

so

il e

rosio

n c

ontr

ol

measure

s

Cro

pp

ing

Patt

ern

: rice

-corn

/div

ers

ifie

d c

rop

s/r

oot cro

ps

Appendices


APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES

1 Soil sampling

Abra 44

1.Choose a vacant area

in your field. Use a spade or soil auger to dig up to 50 centimeters from the soil surface.

3.Get a bulk of soil

(0.5 kilogram) from 30 to 50-centimeter depth and place it in a con-tainer. This sample will be used in soil series identification.

2.Depth of the soil is im-

portant. The surface/top soil is not a good basis since it is always cultivated.

50 cm

2 Color determination


1 Soil color is an indirect

measure of other character-istics such as drainage, aer-ation, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indi-cates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indicative of good aeration and drainage.

2 Get an ample amount

of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Record the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.

3 Compare the color of the

soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifica-tion of the color.

3 Texture determination

Abra 46

N

N N

Y Y Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Take a half handful of the same soil sample. Add water (not too wet). Soil is at proper consistency when moldable, like moist putty.

Add dry soil to absorb water.

Does soil remain in a ball when squeezed?

Is soil too dry? Is soil too wet? Sand

Place ball of soil between thumb and forefinger, gently pushing the soil with the thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Form a ribbon of uniform thickness and width. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking under its own weight.

Does soil form a ribbon? Loamy sand

Does soil make a weak ribbon less than 1 inch long before breaking?

Does soil make a medium ribbon 1 to 2 inches long before breaking?

Does soil make a strong ribbon 2 inches or longer before breaking?

Excessively wet a small pinch of soil in palm of hand and rub with forefinger.

Does soil feel very gritty?

Does soil feel very smooth?

Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates

Sandy loam

Loam

Silt loam




Clay loam

Sandy clay

loam

Silty

clay loam




Sandy clay

Clay

Silty clay

Y

Y

Y

N N

N

4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure


1.Get soil sample from

30 to 50-centimeter depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.

2.Add seven drops of

CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.

3.If pH is six or great-

er, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is five or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).

4.Match the color of

the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.

APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM

Abra 48

The PalayCheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the technologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weak-nesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next season to increase grain yield, input use efficiency, and profit with environmen-tal concerns. The PalayCheck® System describes the crop man-agement practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):

No high and low soil spots after final level-ing. 2 Practiced synchro-nous planting after a fallow period. 3

1 Used high-quality seeds of a recom-mended variety.


Sufficient number of healthy seedlings. 4 Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early pani-cle initiation and flowering. 5 Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and yield of the crop.

6

No significant yield

loss due to pests. 7 Cut and threshed the crop at the right time. 8

Glossary Base saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and

Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are ab-sorbed on the surface of soil particles, and measured and reported as a percentage.

Boulder – rocks with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.

Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse fragments – significant proportions of fragments coarser than

very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. They influence the nutri-ent status, water movement, use and management of the soil. They also reflect the origin and stage of development of the soil.

Cobblestone – naturally rounded stones larger than a pebble and small-er than a boulder.

Concretions – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.

Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.

Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.

Inherent fertility – the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape.

The color differs from the soil matrix color. Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as

discrete units from soil. Nutrient retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) or

the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.

Pebble – small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water.

Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.

Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.

Relief – refers to the elevation or inequality of the land surface consid-ered collectively.

Rock – naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

Rooting depth – the ability of the plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layer or cemented layers.

Abra 50

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraloid

Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.

Slickenside – polished and grooved surface produced by one mass sliding past another.

Soil compaction – described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent, and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.

Soil drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.

Soil family – a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to manage-ment and manipulation for use.

Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.

Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.

Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.

Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permit one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.

Soil texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.

Soil type – the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.

Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.

Stoniness – the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diameter or on the soil.

Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.

Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually

fused together by heat.

Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regard to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.

Glossary


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity

Soil textural classes

Sand (S) - gritty Silt (Si) - smooth and floury Clay (C) - sticky Loam (L) - equal proportion of S, Si and C Sandy loam (SL) - presence of S, Si and C; but grittiness predominates Loamy sand (LS) - distinctively gritty with slight smoothness and sticki-

ness Silt loam (SiL) - presence of S, Si and C; but smoothness predominates Clay loam (CL) - presence of S, Si and C; but stickiness predominates Sandy clay loam (SCL) - presence of S, Si, and C; but more sticky and

gritty feel Silty clay loam (SiCL) - presence of S, Si and C; but more of sticky and

floury feel Sandy clay (SC) - sticky with slight grittiness Silty clay (SiC) - sticky with slight smoothness

Abra 52

References

Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.

Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science

Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.

“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize

Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of the Trop-ics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.

Soil Survey of Abra Province. Department of Agriculture and Nat-

ural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing, Manila.

Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook

No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.

Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th

Edition. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making

and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

Sys, I.C., et al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements.

Agricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.


For more information, write, visit, or call:

Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division or

Information Systems Division

Philippine Rice Research Institute

Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 330,

331, 334, 310, 311

or text:

The PhilRice Text Center - (0920) 911-1398

For published material, contact:

Development Communication Division or

Business Development Division

Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 500,

501, 601, 604

Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this

guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:

PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of Abra”. Soil Se-

ries Guidebook ISBN 978-971-9081-83-8: 53p., June

2017.

We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Manage-ment (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook and the Department of Agri-culture-Cordillera Administrative Region Field Office for their assistance.

ISBN ISBN

abra - home - pinoy rice knowledge bank...jovino l. de dios judith carla p. dela torre jesiree elena...

Documents