ARR No. E5A20

. . .

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMT?EE FOR AERONAUTICS

ORIGINALLY

January 1945 asAdvance Restricted Report E5A20

THE KNOCK-LIMITED PERFORMANCE OF FUEL BLENDS

CONTAINING AROMATICS

II - TSOPROPYU3ENZENE, BENZENE, AND yXYLENE

By J. Robert Branstetter and Carl L. Meyer

Aircraft Engine Research LaboratoryCleveland, Ohio

‘. ,----- ,.

ACA-‘,’,,,....,..,.

,. ,. ,,!_._--.’”

WASHINGTON i,.

NACA WARTIME REPORTS are reprints of papers originaUy issued to provide rapid distribution ofadvance research results to an authorized group requiring them for the war effort. They were pre-viously held under a security status but are now unclassified. Some of these reports were not tech-nically edited. All have been reproduced without change in order to expedite general ciktribution.

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NACA ~“No. E5A20

NATIONAL ADVISORY COl@lITTEEFOR AERONAUTICS

. . ., .,: ,.

THE tiOCK-LIMI~\

. . “-.’

ADVANCE RESTRICTED REPORT

YEREURMANCE OF FUEL “B- CONTAINING AROMATICS>.

II - ISOPRO~_,, .BENZENE, AND ~-XYIiENE

By,J. Robert B“ranstetterand Cerl L. Meyer

Knock-limited small-scale-engine tests were made of isopropyl-benzene, benzene, and ~-xjlene blende,dindividually in various con-centrations with selected base fuels. Data were obtained for thearomatics to determine: (a) the blending sensitivity, (b) the leadsusceptibility,and (c) the sensitivity Of the blends to inlet-airtemperature. Published full-scale-cylinderdata for the smmaticsare presented for comparative purposes.

Of the three aromatics tested, isophopylbenzenewas, in general,m~re effective than benze”neas an antiknock agent whereas Q-xyleneacted as a proknock agent under nearly all conditions tested.

INT%ODUCTTON

An investigation to detenaine the antiknock effectiveness ofadditions of pure aromatic hydrocarbons to aircraft-engine fuels isbei~ conducted by the NACA. A detail~d description.of this programmay be found in reference 1.

\The over-all objectives of the hock-limited engine tests con-

sist in detemninin~ (a) the blending sensitivity of the arolhat3csin the base reference fuels, (b) the lead susceptibility of thearomatic blends, (c) the sensitivity to inlet-air temperature of thearomatic blends, and (d) the correlation of full-scale and @nall-scale results.

The full-8cti-cylinder datablends containing 75 percent of a15 peroent M-4) and 25 percent of

and the F-3 and F-4 ratings ofbase fuel (65 percent S-3 pluseachof the following aromatics

. . . . — —,-.. ,.

2 NACA ARR No. E5A20

are presented in reference 2: lj3,5-trimethylbenzene (mesitylene),m-.diethylbenzene,p-xylene, l-ethyl-4-methylbenzene,tert-butylbenzeney7 —..lsopropylbenzene (cumene), toluene, ethylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene,benzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (pseudocumene),an~~-xylene; thefinal blends contained 4 ml TEL per gallon.

. ...’.i ..,..:

The F-4 performance “ofble@@. co?i+aining10, 25, and 50 percenttoluene, ethylbenzene, and’~-xylene..in’theS-3 plus M-4 base fuel,together with t&e “17.6engine h’ock-li~ited performance of blendscontaining 10 and 20 percent of each of these three aromatics in.S-3reference fuel and ~he l?-3ratings ““ofa portion of the afore-mentioned blends, are presented in referg,n’ce1’.””

The present ,report(a continuation.~: reference 1) is part II ofa series.,of.’five“reportsand contains da%a on isopropylbenzene,ben-zene, and o-xylene.. ~ese aromatics were yurified by T. W. Reynoldsunder the supervision’of Dr. L. C. Gibbons. The tests were conductedat the ~TACACleveland laboratory from March through May 1944.

APPARATUS AND TEST PROCEDURE! “~,...:;’.,...,”.-.

For the F-4-engine tests,,.,.,

blends we,repre?kir:~,:.:co.titaining10, 25,,,an~.,b~perc~nt by voliyne.ofaromatics in a,base,fuel con-sistiiig’;of.85~perc@t “S-3p.lu3 15,percen$.M-4;’the final blendscontained”4qnl TEL””’p,ergalloh: For’the 1.7.6engine tests, eacharomatic was ~blendedwith S-3 reference fuel in concentrations .,of 10 and ,20percent by volume arida portion of each blend was leadedto 4 ml TEL per gallon. In addition, the 25-percent blends in the ‘‘“ :S-3 plus”M-4 base fuel were tested in the 17.6 engine, theF-3 er~ine, and the full-scale cylind&. ?henever the quantitypermitted the blends were tested in the F-3 en@.ne. The phystcalconstants of isopropylbenzene’,benzene, and o-xylene after purifi-cation are preser.tedin the following table ~nd serve to indicatethe purity of the engine samples: “’. .-.—.— .-—..—-- . . .- . .,---------- — - ----- .,-.—-= - .. ... . d _:—_ .- —------- . .. —..-

~ FreezinglBoiling!Ind”ex.of‘]Density at ‘Aromatic point point ~:”~fr:~tion~ zoo c

(%)—..-. . .-.-......_L1 ;:!4 J_...‘~ i(@’ares/@)

Isopropylbenzer,e+.—-...... .......—-—

.-!36.16 . ; 1.4s13 ! 0.8619

IBenzene

L’

5.49 i 80.’~‘“”1,5012 ~ ,“.8790..

:’.”” i’.Q-Xylene -25;34,.,,,.,,_. .—--—..— -.-,.,..-_-- .–.-_i.:44.4!L5~W‘f.8799.-—...—---.—. ..— -. —.—-.—-.—.,,

,“”,.,....”,...’ .,,.,..,. .,.;’.,.

,.,’,,~.... . ...,.,...!..., .>

. ....— .. .. . . .... ... . . .. —--- —...--—--------I

NACA ARR No “. E5A20 3

Operation of the research F-4 engine (not a package unit) con-fozmed to CFKldesignation T-4-443 except for the use of two inde-““p”endentfuel Systems and the detection of knock by a cathode-rayoscilloscope in con~unction with a magnetostriction pickup unit.Because”of these alterations the curves of knock-ltiited indicatedmeaeffective pressure against fuel-air rtitiodeviate from theF-4 background ,cqrves;rich”ratings in the research en@ne, however,are in line’”withthose of a standard F-4 engine.. (Hereinafter theresearch F-4,engine will te”referred’to as an F-4 engine.).,,

The 17.6 engine was operated with thefollowing conditionsmaintained constant: ,...

,Enginespeed,rpm. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1800Compression ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0Outlet-coolant temperature”;OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Inlet-air temperature, % . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 250Spark advance, degB.TiC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...30Injection timing, deg A,T.C,on intake Stroke . . . . . . . . . 60

Thewith theplace of

ThecylinderResearch

F-3 engine operation confo~ed to CRC designation F-3-544exception of a barometricallycontrolled dry-air source ina dehydrating ice tower.

conditions under which tests in the R-1820 G200 sin@ewere made were tentatively recommended byCouncil and are given in reference 2.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS “

Table I is an index of the figures showing inof discussing the results presented herein..

I’igure1 (reproduced from fig. 7 of referenceres~ts for the 85 percent S-3 plus 15 percefit”M-4

the Coord~nating

detail the order

1) presents F-4base fuel with

4niL !N3Lper gallon. Shifts in the knock-limited power level thataccompanied engine operation had little if any effect on theF-4 rating of the base fuel. This fact was determined by severalchock tests made during the course of the pro@uu.

The F-4 results’for blends’of 10, 25, and 50 percent aromatics,,inthe S-3 plus M-4 base fuel &e shown in figures 2, 3, and 4 forisopropyl%enzene,benzene, and ~-iylene, respectively. When the

4 NACA ARR NO. E5A20..” ,, ,--- . ..-

concentration of isopropylbenzeneand benzene was increased, therich.-mixtureresponse increased.. For the .50-percentconcentrationof isopropylbenzene (fig. 2(c))~ the curve of knock-limited indicatedmean .effectivepressure became almost vertical at a fuel-air ratioof stout O.lCO. This trend was observed with”the 50-percent Mendsin reference 1. At the hj.ghpowers it,was often impracticable tobracket the rich-mixture results in terms of S-3 plus tetraethyllead. ,

Plots of the variation of knock-limited imep ratio—{ imep of aromat~c blendI,imepratio”= )imep of base fuel with aromatic concentration

for the blends te.ste~in the F-4 engine are presented in figures 5,6, and 7. At a fuel-air ratio of 0.100 the rate of increase ofknock-limited imep ratio increased as the aromatic concentrationincreased from 25 to 50 percent. The rate of increase for iso-propyllenzene was much greater than for either benzene or ~-xyleno.

The.F-4 and the F-3”ratings of the various blends are recordedin table II in terms of percentage S-3 in M-4, S-3 plus tetraethyllead, or octane number. All ratings are also converted to acceptedArmy-Navy performance numbers.

The 17.6 engine knock-limited performance of blends of thearomatics in the S-3 and the S-3 plus M-4 base fuel are presentedin figures 8 to 16: isopropylbenzene (figs..8, 9, and 10), benzene(figs. 11, 12, ar.d13), and o-xylene (figs, 14, 15, and 16). Foreach aromatic, the data are ~iven in the following order: unleadedblends in S-3, leaded blends in S-3, and leaded blends in S-3 plusM-4; inlet-air temperatures of 250° F and 100° F were used. Eachplot presents data obtained during the period of i day.

Figure 8(a) shows the knock-limited performance of unleadedblends containing isopropylbenzeneat an inlet-air temperature of250° F. The knock-limited indicated mean effedtive pressure ofthe 20-percent blend is believed to be approximately 7 to 8 poundsper square inch low at a fuel-air ratio of 0.075 and 2 to 3 poundsper square inch low at a fuel-air ratio of 0.110 (as judged from aplot of imep against air flow). Because of an engine failure duringthis test and an engine overhaul immediately thereafter, no directcomparison can be made between the absolute values of the data ofthis figure and those of the following figures.

I

At an inlet-air temperature of 250° F with the unleadedblends (figs. 8(a), n(a), and 14(a)), the knock-limited indicatedmean.effective-pres6ure of S-3 was.not increased through the addi-tion of the aromatics at fuel-air ratios in,the neighborhood of0.065 and.0.070 lut was increased at higher fuel-air ratios throughthe addition of isoproyylbenzeneand benzene. When the inlet-airtemperature was decreased to 100° F (figs. 8(b), H(b), and 14(b)),the knock-limited power of S-3 was increased at all fud-air ratiosthrough the addition of these two aromatics. Additions of Q-xylenedecreased the knock-limited power of S-3 at fuel-air ratios leanerthan O.110 at the higher inlet-air temperature and at fuel-airratios leaner than 0.090 at the lower inlet-air temperature.

With the leaded llends at an inlet-air temperature of 250° F(figs. 9(a), 12(a), and 15(a)), additions of isopropylbenzeneincreased the hock-limited power of the base fuel even at leanmixtures. Benzene blends did not show this apparent susceptibilityto tetraethyl lead, but additions of benzene did increase the knock-Mmited power of the base fuel at fuel-air ratios richer than0.0675. When the inlet-air temperature was decreased to 100° F(figs. 9(b), 12(b), and 15(b)), additions of isopropylbenzene andbenzene increased the knock-limited power of the base fuel at allfuel-air ratios to an extent which would indicate that blends con-taining these two aromatics have a lead susceptibility greater thanthat of S-3. Greater percentage decreases in knock-limited powerat both inlet-air temperatures were observed for the leaded thanfor the unleaded ~-xylene blends, which indicates that the leadresponse of ~-xylene blends was less than that of S-3.

Figures 10, 13, and 16 present the knock-ltiited performanceof the 25-percent leaded blends of aromatics in the S-3 plUS M-4base fuel at inlet-air temperatures of 250° and 100° F. Addi-tions of isopropylhenzeneand benzene increased the knock-limitedpower of the base fuel at all fuel-air ratios and at both inlet-airtemperatuzzes;~-xylene acted as a proknock agent at all fuel-airratios.

In unleaded or leaded blends, isopropylbenzenewas generallymore effective than benzene in increasing the bock-limited indi-cated mean effective pressures of the base fuels. The re5ponse of&-xylene was exceptional in that it acted as a proknock agent undernearly all conditions tested.

—

“6

, moths ofare Tresented“raatics”inS-3

lmock-limitid imep“infi~es 17, 18,tested in the 17.6

NACA ARR No. E5A20

ratio against aromatic concentrationand 19 for the blends of the aro-engine. These data Ghow the

comparative effect of the addition ~f aromatics at fuel-air ratiosof 0.070, 0.085, and 0.100 as well as the effect of inlet-airtem~erature and tetraethyl lead.

A summarization 0$ the knock-limited data for the 17.6 engine,the full-scale cylinder (reference Z), and the F-4 engine is presentedin table III. In order to calculate the imep rat$os presentedtherein, it was necessary to determine the daily performance of thebase fuel. Because the S-3 plus M-4 base fuel was not tested eachday on the F-4 engine, an assumed daily knock-limited performancecurve for this fuel was estimated from the daily performance of theF-4

fewfor

reference fuels”and from the data of figure 1.

The temperature sensitivities are summarized in table IV. Withexceptions the sensitivity to inlet-air temperature is greaterthe aromatic blends than for the base fuels.

The lead susceptibilities of the blends containing isopropyl-benzene and benzene (see table V) were, in nearly all cases, greaterthan that of S-3. The response of ~-xylene blends to the additionof tetraethyl lead was very Toor.

SUMMARYOF RESULTS

From knock-limited tests of fuel blends containing iso?ropyl-lenzene, benzene, and ~-xylene, the following results’were obtained:

1. Iscpropylbenzene was, in general, more effective thanlenzene in increasing the knock-limited power of the base fuels.~-Xylene acted.as a proknock agent under nearly all of the conditionstested.

2. Isopropylbenzene end benzene increased the lead suscepti-bility of S-3 reference fuel} but,the addition of lead to ~-xyleneblends resulted in power improvements that were smaller than thoseobserved for S-3.

3. The knock-limited performance of the aromatic blends wasgenerally more susceptible to chan~es in inlet-air temperature thanwas either S-3 reference fuel or a blend of S-3 and M-4.

Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory,National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,

.Cleveland,Ohio.

...

NACA AIZRNo. E5A20 7

REFERENCES

1. Meyer,.CarlL., and Brenstetter, J. Rolert: The Knock-LimitedPerformance of Fuel Blends Containing Aromatics. I - Toluene,Ethylbenzene, and p-Xylene. NACA ARR No. E4J05, 1944.

2. Bull, Arthur W., and Jones, Anthony W.: Knock-Lhnited Perform-ance of Pure Hydrocarbons Blended with a Base Fuel in a Full-Scsle Aircre.ft-EngineCylinder. II - Twelve Aromatics.NACA ARR No. E4109, 1944.

1 1 11111,, . . .

I

NACA ARR Nom E5A20

TABLE I. - INDEX OF FIGURES

9

Inlet-Percentage Tetra- air

Figure Aromatic aromatic Base fuel ethyl temper-in blend lead ature

(ml[gal) (°F)

F-4 engine (knock-limitedimep against fuel-air ratio)

1 ----.----------- 0 85$ S-3 + 15$ M-4 4 225

2(a) 10(b) Isopropylbenzene 25 05$ s-3 + 15$ M-4 4 225(c) 50

3(a) 10(b) Benzene 25 85$ S-3 + 15$ M-4 4 225(c) 50

4(a) 10(b) ~-Xylene 25 85$ S-3 + 15$ M-4 4 225(c) 50

F-4 engine (knock-limitedimep ratio against aromatic ~Oncen~ratiOn)5 Isopropylbenzene0,10,25,5085$ s-3 + 15$ M-4 4 225

6 Benzene 0,10,25,50 85$ s-3 + 15$ M-4 4 225

7 ~-Xylene 0,10,25,5085$ S-3 + 15$ M-4 4 225

17.6 engine (knock-limited Imep against f’uel-ai.r ratio)

8(a)Isopropylbenzens

0,10,20 s-3 250(b) 0,20 0 100

9(a)Isopropylbenzene 0,10,20 s-3 4 250

(b) 0,20 100

10 Isopropylbenzene 0,25 a5g s-3 + 15$ M-4 4 250

n(a) Benzene0,10,20

s-3250

(b) 0,20 0 100

12(a) Benzene0,10,20

s-3250

(b) 0,20 4 100

13(a)Benzene

0,2585$ S-3 + 15$ M-4

250(b) 0,25 4 100

14(a) 0,10,20 250(b) “~-Xylene 0,20 s-3 o 100

15(a) 0,10,20 250(b) ~-Xylene 0,20 s-3 4 100

16(a) 0,25 250(b) g-Xylene 0,25 85$ S-3 + 15$ M-4 4 100

17.6 engine (knock-limitedime~ ratio against aromatic concentration)

17 Isopropylbenzene 0,10,20 s-3 0,4 250,100

18 Benzene 0,10,20 s-3 0,4 250,100

19 ~-Xylene 0,10,20 s-3 0,4 250,1.00NATIONAL ADVISORY

COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

TABLE-IL.- F-LAND F-3 RATINGS W ISOPROPYLBENZENE,BENZENE,AND @fLENE BLENDS

Compound

Blend composition

Tg’85per-refer- cent S-j

plus 15fuei percent

F-b ratings F-j ratingsTetra– Lean Rich 1S-3 + lPerform-ethyl s-~ + Perform- s-~ +lead ml TEL ante ml TEL(d/ numbergal)

i!-4Base fuel o 0 100 4 0.36 112 0.26Isopropylbenzene 10 0 90 4 0.73 121 1.2-~enzene 10 0 90 4 .46 115 :59o-Xvlene 10 0 99 4 ●37 113 a98.3

~-Xylene 2$ () 7< 4 a96. 1 ‘x) a98.1Isopropylbenzsne <0 0 #o 4 0.21 108 :6.9Ilenzene @ o so : a~~.~ 94 >6.(3o–Xylene $0 0 go ‘95.2 83 ●5o-Xylene 19 90 0 b _—_—_-_—-—-—---—--—.— 1 1 , 8

9-Xylene 20 /30 0 4 ------ --—--—-- ---—--—‘Isopropylb&nzeneBenzene~-Xy12ne

Benzenko-Xylene— w10 99 0

10 90 010 90 020 80 020 80 0

0 I—-------—-—--------

0 ---—-- —-------------

H=+=I==

1Perform-ml”TEL anteante numbernumber

109 0.39 113’129 0.51 116—

113 A; 11595 107

152 0“53 117137 .31 111

94 bloo.o 100-------- ------- —-------

b3’98~2------—I

9426116 b93.4 81

~PercentageS-3 in !1-4. .bOctanenumber.‘Estimatedvalue because of limited supply of fuel.

NationalAdvisory Committeefor Aeronautics

TABLEIJI. - SUPERCHARGED-ENGINE TESTS OF BLENDS CONTAINING ISOPROPYLIIEW5NE, BENZENE, OR ~-XYLENE

Fuel composition Engine Test resultsBlend”composition Tetra- conditlons(percent hy volume)

Fuel-air ratioethyl Engine Inlet- 0. 365 0.070 .0.085

Compound Pure 85 percent lead0.100

s-30.110

air te~- lmep lmep(ml/gal) Y;;;

lmep imep imepa~omatlc reference s-3 plus

imep lmep lmepperature ratloa

lmep imep

fuel 15 percentFatioa ratioa Patioa

(°F)ratioa

M-4

163 1.09 168 1.14 194 1.16138 1.02 157 1.03 160 1.0419A .Q3 149 .9’7 154 1.00

198 1.20 216 1.29~j~ I iii 168 1.10 180 1.17

“7 142 .93 153 ,99

I 1711 1-CM I 1651 1.06 I 1761 l.~224 1.32 226 1.34180 1.12 1’32 1.15

l+~li;ool ~iill~~~ l~~~li-~~: ;:: ~~ ;:!

..Fi!l 1RG .Cll ?34 -R9 214 :87

1:86

;:g] ~:;; ;: i::j & :;:

--- -.-J 365 1.3Ll 367 1.41312 1.17 322 1.21 322 1.23226 .84 229 .86 226 .87;:: 1.40 245 1,45 248 1.48

1.15 202 1~:~ 218143

1.26.89 165 157 .92

1

---- ----.-- ----- ------ ----- ------229 l::E! 24@ 1.27 2411CR

1.28179 Q9 17a Qi

l=’IsopropylbenzeneBenzene-X leneIcopropy---------Benzene I~-XyleneIsopropy_-.. -..._Benzene I

1010>n I

909000 I 0

0n I 0

0n I 1800 I 250

1 .“ 1 .- 1 I I I 1 ------ ---, ,-- -- .,.- .

,lham? a”_ m flo o 0 1800 250 I 136 I 1.!35 I 130 I 0.90 I 160 I 1.(Tiii-. I I I I I

I Zu I Uu I u I u I I 1 =:? .Su YY .Uv 110 .0

~hmnzene 20 80 0 0 100C 100 104 I 1.15 I 190 I 1.20 I 212 I 1.2<I 00 I 6 I o I I

I‘-””--0-Xyle7w I 20 I 80 I o I o I I 154 .97 I 150 I .9ti I 160 I 1.0(Tconmxwllwnzene 10 90 0 4 I 1800 250 206 I 1.04 226 1.10 259 I 1.1:

t-

--- r.-~,----------BenzensQ-X lene I

IsoProPy.Senzenea.rwl--- 1

iiIn I I I 4

4 I I, -- , -. .-.r benzene I x I Llo I c1 I 4 I 180Q I 250 I 21.5I 1.10 I ;;;1 ‘-- I xl I ‘--1.12 1.1:

1 I I I I, -- m -- ,- 1 I --- 1 , -“---- -----

T,fim.o”vlhmm.an- 1 9n I 90 I 0 I 4 leoo 1 @o I 341 1 .?.3 I 345 I 1 .3s I 3.56 I 1 .3!.“. .-

11 xSJn I 0

n I I---

...-ylbenzene i ~~ i ‘~ i ~~ i j

----- ... ..., ---1800 ‘ 250

I160 1.25

I176 1.2?

142 1.04 153 1.XI I o I 75 1 4 I I I iiil I ‘~fii I iii I ‘:EIZ I1 -- 1 ,

.—,- 1 I 1 1 --- --- --- I

,lbenzeneI I

0I

753: I

18000 :

103 ;;-1

--------- ------- -------- -75 1.18 211 1.21

I 9s I t-l I 75 I 4 I I

L ‘-..--..” 1 -- I 1 , ------ ,-- .,--- ,---, --- ,---- ---- . . . .

F~ll-s~a- -- -- 1SODrOnVlbenzene 1 2s 1 0 I 75 I 4 I 25

Ue cyllnder (data from reference 2)50!2 250 194 1.25 199 1.27 260 1.39 318

1501.47 330 1.43

.97 146 .93 214 1.14 256 1.19 27G119 .77 111

1.2C.71 1s4 .90 21:

IsoLmxwlbenzene.99 229 .99

25 0 ~77 1.20 leo-. 1.19 215. 1.17 263-. 1.23 283 1.25-- .-. -- --- -- -.. ..- --- --IEciie&-. “.. . -—-

F-4 engineIsopropylbenzene 10 0 90 4 l~>g 225 121 1.14 135 1.13 172 1.13Benzene 10 0 90 4

10Q129

1.11 193 1.121.03 141 1.01 168 1.04

~-Xylene 10 0 90102

4 1191.05 186

.95 130l:JJ

.94 154 .95 159

Isopropylbenzene.92 159

2’ 0 75 4 1800 22!s2:

111 1.05 127 1.C7 174 1.14 ;:: :.:; 225Benzene 75 4

1.30

:107 l:;: 126 1:~: 171

Q-Xylene 25 75 4 90 1C51.12

141;@&

.89l:;:

155 :91Isopropylbenzene 5 0 50 1000 z~~

5:99 0.’33 121 1 1 1 9“ 447 58

Benzene o 50 ;1.02 :;: 326

.74 87 .’73 1:;;w

1:3; 261 i:sl~-!tylene 50 0 50 4 .60

;:;92 .73 133 .95 173 1.00

●imep ratio =

imep of aromatic blendimm or base fuel “ For the blends tested in the 17.6 engine, the base fuel was s-3, S-3 plus 4 ml TEL;gal, or 85 percent S-3

plus 15 percent M~4 plus 4 ml T2L/gal; in all other instances, 85 percent S-3 plus 15 percent M-4 plus 4 ml TEL/gal was used.

NATIONAL ADVISORY

CWMITTEE FOR AER@AIJT ICS co

TABLEI!Z.- TEMPERATURESENSITIVITYOF ISOPRCPYLF3EhJZENE,BENZENE%m

AND o-XYLINEBLENDS RELATIVE TO THAT OF TIE BASE FUEL z[17.6 engine; compressionratio, 7.0; engine speed, 1800 rpm;outlet-coolanttemperature,212° F; spark advance,~0° B.T.C.1

J ~ Blend conmosition i ! Relative tem~erature

I (percentb; volume).

Tetra- sensitivityaCompound Pure IS-3 refer-lbspercent ethyl ! Fuel-air ratio

.J.uu> U.UIUI

,o.o84o.1ooIo.11oaromaticence fuel S-3 plus 1~1 lead I I

percefitM-b (ml/gal) c ‘L< “ ‘7n ‘ 1 Is -3 0 100 0 0 ! 1.00 1.00 1.001 1.00 1.00Isopropylbenzene 20 !30 o 0 1.10 1.22 ,1.21 1.10 1.04Benzene 20 80 0 0 1.08 l.o~ 1.o6 1.02 .98~-Xylene 20 !30 o 0 1.08 1.10 1.15 1.10 1.07

s-3 o 100 0 b 1.JO l.oil 1.00 1.00 1.00Isopropylbenzene 20 80 0 4 1.21 1.21 1.13 l.o~ 1.02Benzene 20 80 @ 4 1.12 1.07 1.06 1.c6 l.o~lo-Xylene 20 80 0 4 1.35 1.00 1.00 1.04 1.0635 percent S-3 +1~.percentM-4 “o o 100 4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

‘ Isopropylbenzene 25 0 75 4 -—- . -— . .Benzene 25 0 75 4 1.13 1.12 1.07 1.04 1.00o-Xylene 25 0 75 4 1.10 1.07 1.02 1 ;al 1.02

aRelativetemperaturesensitivity= imep ratio (inlet-airtemperature,100° F)imep ratio (inlet-airtemperature,250W F

Temperaturesensitivity(as defined in reference1) = relativetemperaturesensitivity

multipliedby imep of base fllel(inlet-airtemperature,100° F)imep of base fuel (inlet-airtemperature, 2500 F)

o●

I

I

NationalAdvisoryComwitteefor Aeronautics

, .!--!. ,,. ,, . , ,,.,.-,--,, —-— ., - .,,,..., -...,.!. !——-.

TA3LE2Z. - LEAD SUSCEPTIBILITYOF ISOPROPYIJ3ENZENE,BENZIZN%,

AND o-X’YLZNZ EIL12U!SRE-LATIVETO TiiATOF S-3 REFRIENCE “FUEL[17.6-engine;compressionratio, 7.0; engine speed, 1500 qyn;outiet-coolanttemperature,212° F; spark advance, 30° B.T.C~

Compound

FS-3Iso?ropylbenzeneWnzeneQ-Xylene

l--IsopropylbenzeneBenzeneo-lylene~

S-3IsopropylbenzeneBenzeneQ-Xylene

“) E=E=kInlet-airtemperature(percentby vnlme) ‘elal

1 I 1

250 ‘ l.m

250

IT

1: ~ 1; 1.03250 10 ‘ 90 1.00250 10 90 ● 94

4-EJ4-E100 20 I 80 I1.L6100 20 80 1.03100 20 ! 80 .84

iveh—.—Fuel——

0.07(

1.00

IiF1.01

.96

1.41.03

.921.00

~1.05

. /3~

-airr—.0.09!51.00

1.03L04

● 95

1.11

1.o8.97

imLog1.o8

.84

:e?tibilit~

r10-JO 10-J-J

Yzi2 1.03l.o~ loos

● 90 .86

1.09 !1.0’/1.04 I 1.00

.89 .83

T

1.00 1.00

~1.o~ Log1.08 1.07

.84 .82

aRelativelead susceptibility=

imep ratio of blend plus ~ ml TEL/galimep ratio of blend plus O ml TEL/gal”

Lead susceptibility(as defined in reference1) = relativelead susceptibilityimep of S-3 plus 4ml TEL/gal

multipliedbyimep of S-3 plus O ml TEL/gal“

DxlZJ

zo●

NationalAdvisory Committeefar Aeronautics

.- -— . ... ..—.-.—.—

NACA ARR NO. E5A20 Fig. I

‘R.

5[[11[ Illllbfll7~ I I I I I I I i I 1A I I I I t

L 11

L I

t-1%II

Fuel-air ratio

Fi&re 1. - Knock-limited performance of 85 percent S-3 PLUE 15 percent M-4 plus4 ml ‘lZL per gallon In an F-4 engine. (Reproduced from fig. 7 of reference 1.)

Fig. 2a

40Em%M30, /

NACA ARR Iio. E5A20

COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS.

160

160

,

5-39 ~

100 ,.05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11 .12 .13

Fuel-air ratio

(a) 10 percent Isopropylbenzene plus 90 percent (85 percent S-3 plus 15 yrcent M-4) plus4 ml ‘EELpar gallon.

Figwe 2. - ~ock-limlted perfomwwe of blende containing Isopropylbenzene In an F-4engine.

.—-. ,., .,, ,,. . ,,

NAC A ARR No. E5A20 Fig. 2b60

NATIONAL ADVISORY

50 :’ ‘“/ a= r=~’ “

. a~ /

/

/ :

/

40 -/

/

(

.s ,Cjj

// /

//

Jo - /$ ~

$ ~ ,> y//

/0/ ~ b “

20 \u-- --

/ s’

/6

,.

/ ~~

240 ./$

E

/5

7 *=G.5 / /

//

220 : / a. _b — —\

180 - 0 25 percent iso OPY1benzene +perc~nt (s6

75rce t s- +1

/ Dercent U-L) h: 1 TE?/m15

160 - <

140 - 1i

?’ /

// 0 1

/-

la) :1/

/

[1/

/

100 :L. , /n

x/ o-c-

/“

E

//

go n- -\n~ H

mb.- “

S-3%

60 B, II..., ,,,,, ...“ ,,* **.. *&*, ,,,, ,,, , ,,, , ,,, , ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,, , ,,,, ,,, , ,,, -.05 .06 .07 . Og .09 .10 .11 .12 .13 .14

Fuel-air ratio●

(b) 25 percent isopropylbenzene plus 75 percent (85 psrcent S-3 plue 15 percent M-4) plus4 ml TEL psw gallon.

Figure 2.- Continued.

Fig ● 2C NACA ARR No. E5A20

NATIONAL ADVISORY

MMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

bgo

4110 ,

400

360 -

320 - 1

260 -

t ? /o

-E —P“ P- a

pArJ . “

/“ - “

1.P/

200 /(,

Fuel

~/ o 50 ptircent 1s0. ropyl benze ne + 50

per cent (6 ,1ercer t s-: + 15

160 — — — — — ~ m?n.t M+3 -

) + n 1 ‘la J-1

: S-J + 0.5 nl T /ga:/ /

120 :, U-

Ql- fi- ‘/~

Gc-c/ A

go

9-39:

ho

.05 .06 .07 .06 .09 .10 .11 .12 .lJFuel-air ratio

(c) 50 percent iaopropylbenzene plue 50 percent (85 percent S-3 plus 15 peroent M-4) plus4 ml !lT2Zper gallon.

I%glrce 2. - Continued.

NACA ARR No. E5A20 Fig. 2.c concl .

.al&~

:L!s

110

NATIONAL AOVISORY

COW ITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

100

80

60 — . — — . . .

t~o - “9 .

:.6

: .4

. o~ .0Fuel-air- ratio

(c) Concluded.Figure 2. - Concluded.

. . .. ... - . . ...————.

Fig. Sa NACA ARR No. E5A20

50NAT IONAl ADVISORY

, COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS;;~~ P

. .

-v al .9\m I I I -“~k

1- 1 In

I ‘%

.-(

20

“ .5+

n

- .ke

200A1

%

- .3

- -- -- .~. A-A 3

.

180

/ D--- --0- -- “*-. *

/ @-

Y p

160

140

120

lfxl

80.05 .0

Fuel-air ratio

(a) 10 psm’cent benzene plus 90 percent (S5 percent S-3 plus 15 percent.M-4) plus 4 ml !(!5per gallon.

Fl@we 3. - Knock-ltiited performance of blends contalnins benzene In = F-4 englns.

ARR No. E6A20 Fig. 35

NATIONAL ADVISORY

CCMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

~

50 -7.--- z ~

v *

..:w %

&- -A-A,, SF --AA -

.,e“

..AH uA-

40 : “,

:.9 / y

E/ .,

30 ., ,5’ . ~

: .7

/

I P

- .6

220H

/

- .5.

7 --

,v- %----

2ca - 9~ w/

- .4 J@ - -A- ‘-A

160.

/

Q 25 Dercen t benxne + 75 @ rce nt(8 persent

$l; a; ‘ ~5 pdrcen

M- )+ 4 ml

140 1 D s-zo ~ + 0.5 d TA E3 +v

, 4/ ,$Yla) : // P’/

$?‘/‘

/P160- /

#/

y VJ’ </80.’ .,- _ ,,- ‘

0-42:

.W .06 .07 .06 .09 .10 .11 .1? .lJFuel-air mtlo

(b) 25 percent benzene plus 75 percent (85 percent S-3 plus 15 percent M-4) plus 4ml TELper gallon.

FiW.IW 3. - Continued.

1 —

,!, ,,,,, , ,, ! , , .,!, , , ,, . , ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., -, ,,..-, --—— . . .-. ,- .- _____

Fig. 3C

1COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 1!-1.0

~ s “Po

.9 I

/

400 - “g / *

a360 > ‘“7G .-

xw

P

320 - 6

2tio -5

24C

/

160 1

0

120(

, 11 , ,, b , , ,, , 1 I

.05 .06 .07u

. Og .09Fuel-alr ratio

NACA ARR No. E5A20

t

// .

4EO-.25k

60

50

/

Y:

/v /- 40

,/

/#

0Jo

m

/

/

.10 .11 .12 .1-{ .14

(c~r5~~~nt benzene PIUB 50 wrcent (85 rercent s-3 plus E porcent M-4) pl.e 4m1 TEL

Fi&ure 3. - Concluded.

NACA ARR NO. E5A20 Fig. ~a

50-NATIONAL ADVISORY , , 1 , , , , , 1 , , , , -FIT ~lmr -1

*F p ~“

20 : “9/

]

F

.7/

.6

?’4

FL el

.5

-!

Lgo.?

1160 k 3 - 2

d— +

/r

o

& a

)

.

P ‘

140/ A -

-A-- —A- .

//

%

/0

/

A 0 -// F

/1

\ d

120 \ / / c

100

S-45:

so.05 .06 .07 .on .09 .10 .11 .12 .13.-, ..- . . --—

Fuel-alr-ratio

(a) 10 pm-ant Q-xylem plus 90 peroent (85 ~1.on~t s-3 plUB IS ~roent M-4) plue 4 ml TEL

~r gallon.I’igurw 4. - Kiuxk-limited parformnca of bleula containing yq.lsm In an F-4 englm.

Fig. ~b NACA ARR No, E5A20

NATIONAL ADVISORY

: COhWITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

yo

‘n

20 4

/

.

d

-.7

:.6

~-x> lene + 75 perce nt

:.5

180 :

/ >/

/r

5 //

aA

mP~

lk3

120

~ / A

lm

S-45:

.05 .06 .07 .06 .09 .10 .11 .12 .l? .14Fuel-air ratio

(b) 25 percent ~-qlene plw 75 percent (85 psroent S-3 plus 15 percentper gallon.

Fisure 4. - Continued.

—,.,, ...-.----!-—.!.. ,,,.-.,.,, ,.,,,,,,.,,,,,,, - ,m. .,, .,..,- II II III-M.

14-4) plus

Ulllmlll11

41)11TEL

Mm—m ml■m—l

NACA

..

50

40

>0

20

iRR No. E5A20 Fig. 4C

NATIONAL ADVISORY , 1, , t , , , I , , 1 1 , I

CONMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICSJ

/D:

1.1

_ es /

j

/ ~ / H -0 -m--

r6 6

; 1.0 / y w“❑ . .

/ <“ “

-c/

i

‘-[I I I!3Z.vn t 1 IL qold ,cJ4g uebcend M-4 I 1 I I -.fl I I I

I

Ill

I

“0 rrtl I 1 -!

I 2’/

/

\ 4Y2- 1

200 I-v

/’-.G /

. o— -p --==-CQ

f--

180 t,Q

DC

L60

140

E1?0

100

80

.

S-45:

60 iwil, ..,,.. ... ..-

1 , , , 1, 1, , 1 11, , I , , 1, I , 1, , , , 111 1I1 1I 1t-.06 .07 .cx

u- llB).09 .10

UJs.11 .12 .13 .14

Fuel-air ratio

(c) 50 percent Q-xylene plue 50 percent (S5 pmcent S-3 plue 15 ~roent M-4) plus 4 ml TELper gnllon.

Figure 4. - Concluded.

———

Fig, 5 NACA ARR No. E5A20

2

1

1

1

NATIONAL ADVISORY

. COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS4

.0 r

./3 : ,

●6 : ,

.4 :

[

.2

●

,0 10 20 30 40 50

Percentage isopropylbenzene in 85 percent S-3 plus 15 percent M-kIUgure 5. - The blending sensitivity of isopropylbenzene in

85 percent S-3 plus 15 peroent M-4. F-h engine; final blendsleaded to k ml TEL p?r gallon.

ARR No. E5A20 Fig. 6

1

, , 1 , v , , , ,

NATIONAL ADVISORY

- CCm4MlTTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

.

.

.

.0 4 - ,

.0 2

,0

S-42:

.6 :’1”.)66 FM 2 ,[-y

1 # I I , , a & , 1 , 1 a 1 , , , , a , , , B , a 1 1 a.-0 10 20 30 40 50Percentage benzene in gb percent S-3 plus 15 percent H-4

Figure 66 - The blendln sensitivity of benzene in 8!SpercentS-3 plus 15 percent M-f. F-44 ml TEL per gallon.

engine; f~nal blends leaded to

Fig. 7

1

0WIwdr-l

, , t , , r , , I , , ,

NATIONAL ADVISORY

COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

3

.

,.0

.8

.6

b#o 10 20 30 40 50Percentage o-xylene in gs percent S-3 plus 15 percent M-4

Figure 7. - l%e blendin sensitivity of cwcylene In 65 percentS-7 plus 15 percent M-~. F-hewine; fimlblends leadedto 4 ml TEL per gallon.

NACA ARR No. E5A20 Fig. tla60.,

NATIONAL ADVISORY

>; COMMITTEE FOR AERONAWICS

d~la

~zm ~g

5 =.~. A

4J -●

/--ICI

.554.0dwl

4:

:?i

2

2

k

<

5

.

:

:

220 .

200

~“

~\

.&i,Z

~

e;

$

5140 :

1.05 .06 .07 .0111 .09 .10 .11 .12 .13

Fuel-air ratio(a) Inlet-air temperature, 2500 F.Figure g. - Knock-limited performance of blefis or isouro~~lbenzen.? and S-3 reference

fuel. 17.6 engine; oomnresslon ratio, 7.o; engine speed, 1800 rpm; spark advance,?o” B.’f.c.;outlet-coolant temperature, 2120 F.

Fig. 8b NACA ARR No. E5A20

e’” ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ 7’” ““ “’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’m’’”!NATIONAL AOVISORY

60 - COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS:

~;

Z%

.+ ~.Z.4 z-o4=-dmEL2240~:on

z

●

i // ‘

$ .7 /,-4 /.

::

/

6

.7

6 2 P

!T

A

2

;

$d

6

2 m

~

:2,+ percen’ 1so~ropyl benz 6ne

xx &enL s=3- . . —

0

z

165-39 ~

.05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .llFuel-air ratio

(b) Inlet-air temperature, 1000 F.Figure 8. - Concluded.

.12 .13

NACA ARR No. E5A20 Fig. 9a

?“’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’”[’ ““ ““ ““ “’’n’” ““ ““ ““ “-’’” ““80 : NATIONAL ADVISORY

COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

,—

;%’~!l

g:

; ~-..?

$:gasos

40 :

1! +7L

/

$!.-l

.;.+

32C -

3 /

.5g

>.-l 280

. /-g~ / / d

❑/

~w P6d,. v~l-l~ G

0 /0

z 2Qc . ~ - ,A

[

/ /

0 /

{)

22a “

-39:

.05 .06 .07 .02 .09 .10 .11 .12?uel-alr ratio

(a) liiiat-air tempzndmre, 250° F.FiSWS 9. - Knock-limited pnfoznmnce of blends of Isopropylbenzena and S-3 reference fuel

plus 4 ml ‘lZL per gallon. 17.6 engine; compremeion ratio, 7.@en@ne e~ed, 1600 rpm;s-k advance, 30° B.T.C.; outlet-coolant temperature, 212° F.

,

Fig. 9b NACA ARR No. E5A20

NACA ARR No. E5A20 Fig. 10

t 1%1 I ld- 1 I I I I

I I 1/

—

FQure 10. - Khxk-llmited perfo~e of blends of feopropylbenzene and S5 percent S-3plun 15 peroent H-4 plus 4 ml TEL per gallon. 17.6 engine; canpreealon ratio, 7.0-englne epeed, 1S00 rp; fprk achance, 30 60 B .T.C.; outlet -ooolant temperatww, 21.2 ~;Inlet-afi tempwmture, 250° F.

Fig. ila NACA ARR No. E5A2050

: ;“Im.: XM 40 - ~ ~ _ _

.+~.m.2.~:

52-~:

:k J=/ d

X /

9 /; ,1

J+

/ /#,s /~‘

1?L$.+.2..

MMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS:

Fuelo b-3n Op cent bentene

190 ~ercer,t .5-:

Zm . 0 0 De oent benzene 80 Kercelt ST

160C A f>

.5

:,+

g

~uA~y3120 :

zx

100.OS .06 .07 .0S .09 .10 ●11

Fuel-a& ratio.12 .13

(a) Inlet-air temperature, Z50° F.Figure 11. - Knock-limited performance of blends of benzene and 2-? ref%renrn fuel. 17.6

engine; compression ratio, 7.0; engine speed, 1800 rpm; spark advance, 30 B.T.C.; outlet-coolant temperature, ?120 F.

HACA ARR No. E5A20 Fig. lib

;; 5°

i;2.22 h-.-i-::J:

~a 30*

COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS:

.9 :

0

.8

$.+

~-.6

:

.5 r .s-3:2 0 percent kenzere + EO pezcent S-J

ae “A/

.4j

.2twJ~

u<

/ .

2.180- {

~g C%~ / m

H+= ~ a Y — “

Z16J3 / -

$CA

w -

!Lm ~, ,, ,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,~ ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,~ ,,,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,, ,,,qs-42-

,W 7-.-+,

.05 .06 .07 .@ .09 .10 .11 .12

(b) Inlet-air temperature, 100° F.Fuel-air ratio

Figure 11. - Concluded.

Fi 20

Fiipa ls. - Knock:llmited- perfonmnce of blends of benzene and S-3 rafemxice fuel plus4 ml TEL pm @.lon. 17.6 engine; ocnnprasslon ratio, 7.0; engine epeed, 1800 rpm;s-k advanoe, 30° B.T.C.; outlet-ooolant tempn’ature, 212° F.

—

~~R tiO. E5A20 Fig. i2b

.4

I

:05 .06 .07 .Ols .09 .10 .11 .12Fuel-air ratio

(b) Inlet-sir tern erature, 100° F.fFigure 12. - Cone uded.

..——— . .... .. .

Fig 1. 13a NACA ARR NO. E5A20

i$,4

.

:

:

COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

22

w-tt-t-’’’’’-’~”’’ b””

(a) Inlet -air temperature, 250° F.Figure 13. - Knock-limited performance of blends of benzene and 85 percent S-3 plus 15

percent M-4 plus 4 ml TEl per gallon. 17.6 engine; compression ratio, 7.0; engine

awed,” 1800 rpm; spark advance, 300 B .T.C.; outlet-coolant temperature, 212° F.

-——— . . . . .. ,. ...... ... . . . .. ... . . .. . .,,,,.-... . ....—...,.————..

.;.-4

NACfo ARR NO. E5A20 Fig. Isb

50

L

40 -

COMMITTEE FoR AERONAUTICS -

Jo “

[A

;. 6

t

>4

.

Z260u

~H

Ii-—, - C“ 2W3 -m

L., LY

5al

j2m :

a]

A 3

❑

i ur

200 ~

3

1.@t2:

160 3*BR,..

U1l t , t , t , , 1 t , 1 t I , t 11* t 1 , 1 It ,I I 1 1* 1 kls 1 1 , I , 1 1 1 1 I 1

.05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10u

.11 .12Fuel-air ratio

(b) Inlet-air temperature, 100° F.Figure 13. - Concluded.

MACA ARR No. E5A20

::a n40Ja:4!

vZ*zg

COWMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS:

AUAZ:iiz 20

i~d

.;.-l

~“

#

<2

.

%

y

%

80. o~ .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11 .12 .13

Fuel-air ratio(a) Inlet-air temperature, 250° F.Figure lk.- Knock-l imlted performance of blends of o-xylene and S-7 reference fuel.

17.6 ewlne; Ccmpresaion ratio, 7.0; engine speed, Mm rpm; spark advance, 30° B.T.C.;outlet-coolant temperature, 21P F.

I

MACA ARR NO. E5A2(I Fig. lI+bNATIoNAL ADVISORY

5COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

40 -

30 ~

●9 -

/ 7

.8 , 1

.7 _/

.6

●5

Iv

c

@ L&j +-/

.4Fue1

6-3: 20 percent _*xy lene + 60 per cent S-3

Mo

Q\160

\~

6-45 :.-., . ., J

1443, Im ,at t , ,,1 ,1,, tI,1 ,tI, ,1 I,11*iw 1,1 1U1ll.05 .06 .07

Ll-1111.o11 .09 .10 .11 .12

Fuel-air ratio(b) Inlet-alr temperature, 100° F.Figure lg. - Concluded.

Fig. 15a NACA ‘ARR HO, E5A20

I I I -1

260

~ ~ \

240 F/ d

/

.

:Zm kw~

/J

r4d / y -+\ l-i

i

/ \

~= .,

-G% ~

* b .k

o

; / II

~1~

:

1

.* .06 .07 .Oa .09 .10 ●IL .12Fuel-air ratio

(a) Inlet-air temperature, 250” F.Figure 15. - Knock-limited performance of blencle Of ~-xylene h S-3 raferance fuel plue

4 ml T%L ~r gallon. 17.6 engine; compression zatio, 7.0; engine epeed, 1800 rpm;s~rk advance, 30° B.T.C.; outlet-coolant temperature, 212° l?.

— -—

N

,..

AC$O ARR No. E5A20

~’” ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ““ ‘n’ “ ~“

Fig. j5b

““!

●

. . . — —

s’.

5- 50: ‘Q.

g

—

w- ~~ ~ 4

InalLn NATIONAL ADVISORY

.4.0 S9 COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

?d /

2 ‘“ 7A

$.+

.

;.-l

.

Fuel

+3 +4 nl T L/gaI: Xl eye lt o-x lene+t 0 percent

2s0 -ml~

.

2 \>

-B- ~

~ 260 Cl / t~

5~ ~

~.2~

2?40e:.+Ej:

G

g+:,.. . .

Xx3 , I , , , , , , , , , , , 1 , 1 1101 1, , 1111. I 1t I , , 11 , , 11 , 1, 1 , I 11 , 111 1171.o~ .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11 .12

Fuel-alr ratio(b) Inlet-air temperature, 100° F.Figure 15. - Conaluded.

Fig. 16a NACA ARR NO. E5A20

40 ; n .

COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS30 J-”

j

[.9 9

w

-.8

~,

c

.

-.6 7

/

● Q-

F a-- *7

O-_.Co-u4

LSo -

--v- - .

16J3:

PI [ n c

// - c

140 : /d IIK ~ / /

/

/Fuel

0 $5pe roent s-y * 15 percent M-k+~ ml

120 m TEI/gal5 0 reent-

\a

S-45:.. . --

lUY 18 11 , I ,t,1 ,1 1111 1~ ,t I ,I 1 I 1 I 11 1

.05

u l,,

.06 .07 ~;:f-a,r ~atf~ .10 .11 .12

(a) filet-air temperature, 250° F.FiIJUIW 16. - mock-limited performno e of blends of ~-xylene and 85 percent S-3 plus

15 percent M-4 plUB 4 Ml TEL per @lOII. 17.6 engine; compreaalon mtlo, 7.o;engine ep%ed, 1800 rpm; spark advmce, 30° B.T.C.; outlet-coolant temperature, 212° F.

NACA ARR NO. E5A20 Fig. I(jb

Fuel-air ratio(b) Inlet-a:r&n~ er&ure, 100° F.Figure 16. f.

Fig, 17

,NATIONAL ADVISORY

k. CONMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

1.1!

/1,

‘12i?bEE,--- -.

1.

1.

NACA ARR NCJ. E5A20

%. , , 1 , , I , , , , , 1 , , , -

.

,

Inlet-alr tempex‘atur~,co ~

h///

/~/ /

/“,,/(

,;{/

.5//

#://+

zene blends plus411 1 TEL i

zl-al r rat100. 070

~F

● 1003

a> 4. a.-/

‘/~/

, .

2. A /‘/‘/ .“,, . ,“.‘/ .

-..—., ‘/ .,*H“,-,/.H<

=*,

(b) Unleatiedbr1ends ●

5-39:

1 , 1I , , , , 1 11* , I , 11 , I , 1, , , I , t 11 ..~ ;F:V5 -.*.+., 1 #

o 10 20 0 10 20Percentage Isopropylbenzene In S-y reference fuel

Figure 17. - The blending sensitivity of isopropylbenzene in S-3reference fuel. 17.6 engine.

HACA ARR NO. E5A20 Fig. 18

1.

1.

1.2

1’.0

,

[“ NATIONAL ADVISORY

.COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS r“” ““’ ‘“” ““’ ““” ““;

4( I

jInLet-a lr t npera tures In let-a lr ra tures

250~ F 12 ~ r2, (5r

A

s-w.r,e+’ 4-/7- 9+, , a n , , a 1 1 , , a 1 1 a , , . , n . 1 1

} 1 1 1 1 . .-q *-u..

, , .

0 20Pe%entaige b~zene in S-3 re?erence f% ‘

Figure lg. - The blending sensitivity of benzene in S-z referencefuel. 17.6 engine.

Fig. jg NACA ARR !+6..”E5A2O

1

1

1

NATIONAL AOVISORY

“COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

Inlet-aIr temperature, Inlet-alr t?em erature ,

,.0{

.8

,*2-

.00

.$ .

0 10 20 0 10 20Percentage kxylene In S-z reference fuel

Figure 19. - The blen~iug sensitivity of ~xylene in S-3reference fuel. 17.6 engine.