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Academic Writing 3回講義 森村 久美子、Yolanda Alberto 東京大学大学院工学系研究科 国際工学教育推進機構 バイリンガル・キャンパス推進センター [email protected] 科学技術英語 改め 工学部・工学系研究科全学科共通講義(FEN-CO3001L1) (3799-029) 2018.04.25

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Page 1: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

AcademicWriting第3回講義

森村 久美子、YolandaAlberto東京大学大学院工学系研究科

国際工学教育推進機構

バイリンガル・キャンパス推進センター

[email protected]

科学技術英語 改め

工学部・工学系研究科全学科共通講義(FEN-CO3001L1) (3799-029)

2018.04.25

Page 2: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

2018.4.18 AcademicWriting 2

Page 3: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

CurriculumVitaeandResume

• Acurriculumvitaeisanextensivedocument(twoormorepages),withthefullrecordofyourcareer,includingawards,publicationsandactivities.Usuallyinchronologicalorder.

• Aresumeisabriefdocument(onepage)withyourmoreoutstandingqualitiesforacertainjob.Listofyourskillsandachievementsrelevanttothejob.Freeformat.

2018.4.18 AcademicWriting 3

Page 4: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

SectionsinaCV

• Education• (Work)Experience.Includeinternships,teachingassistantshipsorworkshops

• Skills• Activities• Awards

Optional• Objective• Leadership• CommunityService• Professionalmemberships

• Publications2018.4.18 AcademicWriting 4

While you’re a student, try to keep it as short as possible, follow a chronological order. You can follow this structure.

Page 5: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

WherecanIfindresourcesforthisclass?

https://ericseut.wordpress.com

• LookforAcademicWriting• Checkouttheothercontenttoo

2018.4.25 AcademicWriting3 5

Page 6: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Today’sschedule

• Structureofapaper• Logicalsentences• JapaneseandEnglishWriting• Technicalwriting• Writingareport• Assignment1.Writeyouroutline

2018.4.25 AcademicWriting3 6

Page 7: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

論文の構成 Structure of a paper• 序論 背景説明 BackgroundIntroduction 問題提起 Problem presentation

• 本論 論拠A Statement データ提示DataBody 意見提示 Arguments

結論提示 Discussion of results

• 結び まとめ SummaryClosing 展望 Implications of results

72018.4.25 AcademicWriting3

Page 8: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

論理的な文章 Logicalsentences• 初めに主張を書く Statement

• 支持する理由を書く Supportingarguments

• 結論部分で最初の意見を言い換えるConcludewiththeinitialstatement

• 結論で新たに何かを主張してはいけないDon’taddnewthingsattheend

• 自分と反対意見に理解を見せてはいけないMakeastrongstatement

• 初めの主張から外れず首尾一貫した論理を述べることが大切 Sticktotheinitialstatement2018.4.25 8AcademicWriting3

主張Topicsentence

支持理由Supportingsentence

結論Concludingsentence

支持理由Supportingsentence

Page 9: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

論述(ArgumentativeWriting)

複雑な問題になると1パラグ

ラフでは表せない

Multiparagraph=Essay• Introductoryparagraph• Body paragraph• Concludingparagraphメタ構造になる

Introductory paragraph

Body

Concluding paragraphTopic sentence

Supporting sentence

Concluding sentence

Topic sentenceSupporting sentenceConcluding sentence

Topic sentenceSupporting sentenceConcluding sentence

9AcademicWriting32018.4.25

Page 10: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

論の展開 Developmentoftheory論の展開の仕方には二通りあるWehave2methods:• 論拠積み上げ型(帰納法)Induction論拠を重ねながら結論に至るシャーロックホームズ型

• 結論先取り型 (演繹法)Deduction先に結論を述べ、データと意見によって追認、

修正するコロンボ型、古畑任三郎型

2018.4.25 10AcademicWriting3

Page 11: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

日本語でまず基盤を作るLogicalexpressionsandthinkinginyourown

language論理的表現、論理的思考力は日本語でも作れる

• いわずもがな(遠慮・配慮)• 理詰めは好まない• はっきり言わない• 暗黙の相互理解などの理由から思われていた。

論文執筆時には意識的にこれらを避け、

修飾を避け、ズバッと言い切り、明確に。

Writesimpleandclearexpressionsforeveryreader2018.4.25 11AcademicWriting3

日本語は非論理的?

Page 12: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

日本語ライティングと英語ライティングJapaneseandEnglishwriting

2018.4.25 12AcademicWriting3

Page 13: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

論文の基本的構成

タイトル部

要約(あらまし)

序論(主題提示)

本論・論証・根拠

結論(まとめ)

Title

Abstract

Introduction

MainTopicResultsandDiscussion

Conclusion

I

MRAD

和文 英文

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Page 14: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Start a topic

Develop the topic

See the topic from a different angle

Conclusion

英語と日本語の相違DifferencesinJapaneseandEnglish

起承転結 Tell’em three times

Topic Sentence

Supporting Sentence

Concluding Sentence

書き手の主張

支持文

結論

起:話を起こす

承:話を受けて発展させる

転:話を別の角度から見る

結:結論付ける

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Page 15: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

様々なライティングTypesofwriting

• Essay• Report• Dissertation• Literaturereview• Questionnaire• Formalletter• Researchproposalhttp://www.ssdd.bcu.ac.uk/learner/Writing%20index.htm BirminghamCityUniversity

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Page 16: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

TechnicalWritingとは?

TechnicalWritingとは?技術的、科学的情報およびアイデアを正確に効果的に伝達することH.M.Weisman

Toaccuratelyandeffectivelycommunicatetechnicalandscientificinformationandideas

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Page 17: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

TechnicalWritingの特徴• 正確な表現が使われる

Useaccurateexpressions• ダイレクトな表現が使われる

Usedirectexpressions• 専門用語、技術用語が使われる

Useoftechnicalterms• 科学・技術的な題材が順序正しく述べられている

Descriptionoftechnicalandscientifictopics• 読む人により内容の理解が異ならない

Understandablebyeveryreader• 事実と意見は分ける

Factsandopinionsseparated2018.4.25 17AcademicWriting3

Page 18: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

TechnicalWritingの注意

1.文章の組み立てに注意する

Payattentiontotheformationofsentences2.気持ちを書かない。意見を書く

Writeopinions,notfeelings3.事実と意見は区別する

Distinguishbetweenfactsandopinions4.背景を知らない人が読むことを予想して書く

Anticipatethebackgroundofthereader18

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Page 19: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

2018.4.25

避けたい表現Whattoavoid

Thismaygiveadefiniteideaabout…Itcouldbeconsideredthat……Thismaybeviewed…

あいまいさ

責任逃れ

言い訳可能

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Page 20: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

2018.4.25

Rules

• Argumentshouldrunasalogicalsequence.(議論は論理的に)

• Noessentialstepsshouldbeleftunwritten.(重要な事項は必ず書く)

• Beasprecise,unambiguous,andexplicitasyoucan.(正確に、明瞭に、明白に)

• Don’thesitatetostateyourconclusionsboldlyanddefinitely.(大胆に、はっきりと)

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Page 21: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

日本語のレポート実験レポート Experimentreport-仮説(モデル)の妥当性を検証するのが実験

Verifythevalidityofahypothesis(model)-実験の正しさと結果と結論を伝える

Communicatetheeffectsoftheexperiment-学生実験は既に確立された自然法則を確認

Confirmnaturallaws-実験技術、測定法の習得

Learnexperimentaltechniquesandmeasurementmethods-自分の言葉で文章を書く

Writethesentencesinyourownwords-失敗しても新たな発見

Indicateifyoufoundanewdiscovery

2018.4.25 21AcademicWriting3

Page 22: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

実験レポートの様式Styleofexperimentreport

1. 目的 Objective2. 実験に用いる装置 Equipment

3. 実験方法と結果MethodologyandResults

3-1 課題1 Topic/issue1

3-2 課題2Topic/issue2

4. 結論と考察 Conclusions andConsiderations

3. 実験方法と結果MethodologyandResults

3-1 課題1 Topic/Issue1

Table表1.○○○○

AAA BBBB CCC

5

10

15

図1.××× 図2.△△△

0

10

2018.4.25 22AcademicWriting3

Page 23: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

• Areportisasystematic,wellorganizeddocumentwhichdefines andanalyzesasubjectorproblem.

• therecord ofasequenceofevents• interpretationofthesignificanceoftheseeventsorfacts

• evaluation ofthefactsorresultsofresearchpresented

• discussion oftheoutcomesofadecisionorcourseofaction

• Conclusions andrecommendations

Whatisareport?

2018.4.25 23AcademicWriting3

Page 24: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Accurateconcise,clear,wellstructured• Checkwithyourcoursetutorsandcoursedocumentationastothereportformatandcontentexpected

• Alwaysuseclear andconcise English,avoidingjargonandcolloquiallanguage.

• Writeinfairlyshortsentences.• Makesureyoudevelopeachparagraphsufficiently(usuallyaminimumof5/6sentences).

• Mostofyourreportshouldbeimpersonal,althoughitmaybeappropriateinyourconclusionorrecommendationstoincludemorepersonallanguage.

• Beextracarefulwithverbtenses.

2018.4.25 24AcademicWriting3

Page 25: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

• Makesurethatyoufullyunderstandthetopic,questionorcase (トピック)•whatthepurposeofthereportis,andwhoitiswrittenfor. (目的、ターゲット)•Isittoinform;toargue;topersuade;toevaluate?(知らせる、議論する、説得する、評価する)•Whatdoesyourreaderwanttoseeinthereportandwhatwilltheydowithit?

2018.4.25 25AcademicWriting3

Page 26: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Writingareport• Inscience,reportsusuallyfollowthisstructure:

– Introduction.Backgroundofthetopic– Methodology.Descriptionoftheprocessand– Results– Conclusion

• Usetablesandgraphs• Beconcise• Useparallelstructures(Nounandnoun,verbandverb)

• Uselanguageforcohesion

Page 27: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Cohesionwords• Addition

– Furthermore,Inaddition,Moreover• Elaboration

– Byextension,Inshort,Inotherwords• Example

– Forinstance,Forexample,Asanillustration• Comparison

– Likewise,Similarly• Causeandeffect

– Accordingly,Consequently,Hence,Asaresult

Page 28: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

提出する前に Checklist

• Generallayout(全般的なレイアウト)• Textorganization (テキストの構成)• Coherence (首尾一貫性)• Grammar,spellingandpunctuation (文法、スペリング、句読法)

• Referencing (参照)• Style (スタイル)

2018.4.25 28AcademicWriting3

Page 29: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Watchthisexperiment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CYgsqji_0k

• Now,writeareportaboutwhatyousaw,includinganintroduction,methodology,resultsandconclusioninthepagegiven

Page 30: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Whattowriteineachsection?

• Introduction.Whatisthescientificbasisofthisexperiment?E.g.MixingabasewithanacidproducesCO2

• Methodology.Whatmaterialswereused?Whatwerethestepsthathefollowed?

• Results.Whatdidheobtained?Whatweresomesourcesoferror?

• Conclusion.Summarizethemainpointsandwriteafinalimpression

Page 31: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

ライティングに必要なこと

• Plagiarism(剽窃について)• Referencing(参照、引用)• Summariesofsourcematerials(引用の要約)• Developinganargument(議論)• Usingtablesandfigures(図と表)• Comparingandcontrasting(比較と対照)• Avoidingpersonallanguage(口語を避ける)

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Page 32: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

What’sneededforwriting

2018.4.25 AcademicWriting3 32

Plagiarism Referencing

quote Argument

Figures&tables Compare/contrast

AcademicWriting

Planning&Writing

Rhetoric Structure

Page 33: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Definingyouroutline

2018.4.25 AcademicWriting3 33

Page 34: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Writingyouroutline• Anoutlineistheskeletonofyourwriting.Itindicatesthe

topicstheyouwillcoverandtheorderofpresentation.• Eachtitle/headingshouldhavethesameimportancefor

thedocumentandwillcontaingeneralinformation• Eachsubtitle/subheadingwillbelesssignificantthanthe

titlesbutwillcontainmorespecificinformation• Titlesandsubtitlesshouldhaveparallelism.Thisisthatif

youuseverbsornounsinthefirsttitle,thesecondshouldalsobeaverbornoun.Forexample:1. Preparation ofsample(Noun)2. Effect oftemperatureonthepressure(Noun)✔3. Discussing theresults(Verb)❌

Page 35: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

2018.4.25 AcademicWriting3 35

• アウトラインは骨組みです。これから書くことについてのトピックと提示の順番を示します。

• それぞれの章のタイトル/章見出しもやはり重要で全体像を示します。

• サブタイトル/小見出しはそれより重要性は劣りますが、より細かい情報を含みます。

• タイトルとサブタイトル(章見出しと小見出し)は並列でなければなりません。つまり最初のタイトルに名詞形を使ったら次の名詞形で、動詞なら動詞でまとめるべきです。Forexample:1. Preparation ofsample(Noun)2. Effect oftemperatureonthepressure(Noun)✔3. Discussing theresults(Verb)❌

Page 36: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

TopicThreeoptions:1. Ifyou’recurrentlywritingapaperoryour

thesis,youcanuseyourresearchasthetopic2. Ifnot,youcanchooseatopicthatcanbe

usefulforyoulateronandwritealiteraturereviewof4papers(asanintroduction)

3. Usethedatasetwe’llprovidetowriteareport.We’llincludedatafromasimpleexperimentandyouwilluseit

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Page 37: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

3通りの課題

1. 自分の論文について書き始めている人は、そのデータを使って書いてもよい。

2. もしまだない場合は、今後(イントロダクションとして)役立つ先行研究を4つの論文からLiteratureReviewとしてまとめても良い。

3. こちらから提供するデータセットを使ってレポートを書いても良い。簡単な実験データをp提供するのでその説明方法を学びます。

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Page 38: Academic Writing - WordPress.com...Curriculum Vitae and Resume • A curriculum vitae is an extensive document (two or more pages), with the full record of your career, including awards,

Assignment1

•Sendyouroutlinebyemailto:[email protected]:59p.m.today.

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