academy of the punjab in north america: · 2017-03-31 · 2 wzf}b bk fwbh -2 manzil na milee part...

Academy of the Punjab in North America: http://www.apnaorg.com

wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2 1

gotk;h gzikph d[BhnK dh nkgDh nktk}gotk;h gzikph d[BhnK dh nkgDh nktk}gotk;h gzikph d[BhnK dh nkgDh nktk}gotk;h gzikph d[BhnK dh nkgDh nktk}gotk;h gzikph d[BhnK dh nkgDh nktk}

wK p'bh i/ G[Zb iktKr/, o[bd/ o[bd/ o[b iktKr/wK p'bh i/ G[Zb iktKr/, o[bd/ o[bd/ o[b iktKr/wK p'bh i/ G[Zb iktKr/, o[bd/ o[bd/ o[b iktKr/wK p'bh i/ G[Zb iktKr/, o[bd/ o[bd/ o[b iktKr/wK p'bh i/ G[Zb iktKr/, o[bd/ o[bd/ o[b iktKr/

wzf}b Bk fwbhGkr d{ikGkr d{ikGkr d{ikGkr d{ikGkr d{ik

;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV


2 wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2

Manzil Na MileePart 2

bySurinder Singh Sunner693 , GTB Nagar, Jalandhar.Punjab (India)Ph. 91-98153 50964181-4620964

Surinder Singh Sunner1248, Mead AvenueVentura CA 93004USA (805) 647-6872

E-mail: [email protected]: www.aapneeawaz.com

ISBN : 81-924043-0-X

;G jZe b/ye d/ okyt/A jB;G jZe b/ye d/ okyt/A jB;G jZe b/ye d/ okyt/A jB;G jZe b/ye d/ okyt/A jB;G jZe b/ye d/ okyt/A jB;G ftuko b/ye d/ w"fbe s/ nkgD/ jB;G ftuko b/ye d/ w"fbe s/ nkgD/ jB;G ftuko b/ye d/ w"fbe s/ nkgD/ jB;G ftuko b/ye d/ w"fbe s/ nkgD/ jB;G ftuko b/ye d/ w"fbe s/ nkgD/ jB

gfjbh tkoL 2010gfjbh tkoL 2010gfjbh tkoL 2010gfjbh tkoL 2010gfjbh tkoL 2010

Printed byJ/Fhnk ft}BiJ/Fhnk ft}BiJ/Fhnk ft}BiJ/Fhnk ft}BiJ/Fhnk ft}Bi1-209-589-3367 (USA)



wK gzikphwK gzikphwK gzikphwK gzikphwK gzikphwK gzikph o'Adh ofj rJh, g[ZsoK Bz{ e'Jh so; BK nkfJnk.

wK d/ ;kjt/A dkdh Bz{, dkdh ;kjt/A gVdkdh Bz{,

gVdkdh dh dkdh Bz{, ;kv/ nkgfDnK B/ pVk otkfJnk.

wK gzikph o'Adh ofj rJh, g[ZsoK Bz{ e'Jh so; BK nkfJnk.

dkdh th gVdkdh th, nzdo' nzdo wodhnK ojhnK.

pV/ s;hj/ MZb/, nkgfDnK dk ;G e[M iodhnK ojhnK.

jo rowhA ftZu ;VdhnK ojhnK, jo ;odh ftZu modhnK ojhnK.

p[Ze p[Ze jzM{ o'Adh wK Bz{ fe;/ BK ik e/ u[Zg eokfJnk.


dkdh th gVdkdh th, fe;/ ;e{b/ ik BK ;ehnK.

g[ZsoK dh o'Nh d/ ykso, uZeh ghAjdhnK ed/ BK EZehnK.

g[Zs gkbD dk F"e pVk ;h, BZm GZi eodhnK ed/ BK nZehnK.

g[Zs okik th pfDnK g[Zso B/A d/y' eh Xow ewkfJnk.

b'ohnK gzikph ftZu bJhnK, cko;h d/ ftZu j[ew ubkfJnk.

wK gzikph o'Adh ofj rJh, g[Zso Bz{ e'Jh so; BK nkfJnk.

;oeko/ dopko/ ;kvh p[ZYh wK Bz{ e'Jh BK ikD/.

okfinK wjKokfinK dh wK, rbh rbh dh fwZNh SkD/.

oki/ g[Zs irhoK tzvD, wK fdB eZN/ G[Zy/ GkD/.

okDh T[;B/ eh pDBK ;h, wK dk doik th BK gkfJnk.


;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV



;wogD;wogD;wogD;wogD;wogDGkosh w{b d/ p[ZXhihth ftdtkBK ~ ;wofgsL

fJB;kBh g[oksBsk pko/ u'Dt/A ns/ ftuko:'r ftukoK #s/ fJZe

Mks j?. t/dK, Fk;soK, T[gfBFdK, nzihbK, r[o{nK, rqzEK, foFhnK,

w[BhnK dhnK nkyhnK ns/ dkdh dh gVdkdh s'A ;[DhnK ;[DkJhnK eEk

eEktK id'A Gkos ftZu nkw gqubs ;B, Ud'A nwohek ftukok jkb/

izfwnK th BjhA ;h. nzrq/}h ;G e[M jh nkgD/ Bkw eoh iKdh j?.

@fJZe us[o Bko eoe/ fFzrko ;koh d[BhnK ~ mrs iks# j?. @xo dk

i'rh i'rVk, pkjodk i'rh f;ZX# fprkfBnK B/ ;kv/ nshs pko/ fi;

soK th fbfynk, n;hA wzB fbnk sK fco rZb ysw. i/ feqgk eoe/

fJ; jZEbh feskp ~ ftdtkB gVQ b?D sK FkfJd eJh ghH n?uH vhH

dhnK fvrohnK b?D bJh dotk}/ y[ZbQ ;ed/ jB.

-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV



sseoksseoksseoksseoksseok3 wK gzikph

4 ;wogD

5 sseok

8 u[o;sk

11 nkfd i[rkfd dk G/d j?

13 G{fwek ;w/A dhnK ;{JhnK

25 tes ftXksk ftdtsk

27 Gkosh nshs

32 nkgDk w[ZY edhw

37 rowh ;odh s'A puDk ns/ GkFk

41 Xkofwe ;'u

46 frnkB ftfrnkB

50 f;\o dh Fesh (Xkofwe e?bzvo)

56 fJ;bkfwe \b;\k

61 nkgDk nshs

66 fjzdh-uhBh edoK-ehwsK

76 BthA Xosh-nwohek

79 Xkofwe fJfsjk; fwfEjk;

85 d[BhnK d/ Xow

86 gq'N/;N/fB}w

102 ;kvhnK ekw:kphnK

103 fJB;kBhns

104 ;kvh p'b ukb

106 ;kvh B}o/

108 ;kvh ;odkoh

110 ;kv/ M{m

112 gzi d[nkp

113 ;kvh n;bhns

115 ;kvhnK ezXK

118 ;kvh f;nkD

120 Fpd

121 ;kvh ;wM

123 oZpgq;s

124 ;kv/ gzikph

127 ;kvh ofjDh pfjDh

130 ;kvh eZNVsk

134 v[Zpdk p/Vk

135 ;kv/ fXnkB:'r

138 ;kvk feodko

140 ;kv/ god/;h s[yko p[yko

142 god/;h

143 ;kvk G'bkgD

146 d[fpXk d{o eo'

148 e?bzvo

151 w[;bwkD[ ejktD[ w[;eb[

152 nkgD/ nshs dk dod

154 pzd/ dk w[ZY edhw

157 gzikp dh Xosh s/ GkFk

159 yVh p'bh

160 fjzdh gzikph dk n;bheoD

162 gzikp ftu w/ok d'Bk d/F

165 gzikp dh feosh fe;kBh

167 fJZe ;dh gfjbK dk gzikp

169 g[oksB ;ZfGnsk

170 gzikph dk nshs ns/ GftZy

172 fgzv dk nshs

174 gzikp dhnK edoK-ehwsK

176 ;hws n;hw

179 ;'J/ d{D ;tkJ/

181 Fpd goekF

182 nkw[Zy

183 g[;se pko/

185 fJB;kBhns

187 t/d FkFso



191 T[gfBFd

194 ;zg{oD ;Zu

197 ukotkje

198 Grsh nzd'bB

199 owkfJD

200 wjKGkos

202 i?B ws

202 p[ZX Xow

202 :j{dh Xow

203 f;Zy Xow

205 ;{os s/ ;hos

222 ]kb;k

224 r[ordh

228 ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp

235 r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dhnK pkDhnK

240 F;so ns/ Fk;so

242 d;w rqzE

245 w/o/ gzX g?Av/

245 ;wogD

246 w/o/ gzX g?Av/ pko/

248 XzBtkd

249 ;kvk ufoZso

255 ;kvh FyFhns

261 ;kvh soshp

264 ;kvh gfjukD

267 ;kv/ nfXeko

269 ;kvh :'rsk

272 ;kvh fdqFNh

275 ;kvh fjzws

277 ;kvh d[BhnK

280 ;kv/ Nhu/

284 ;kvh }who

288 ;kv/ co}

292 ;kvk X[ok ;kvk e/Ado

296 ;kvh o[jkBhns

299 ;kv/ n;{b

302 ;kv/ fJokd/

304 ;kvk ;woEB

306 ;kvh ndkekoh

308 ;kvhnK ;z;EktK

311 ;kv/ o;s/

313 ;kvh soihj

316 ;kv/ jfEnko

318 ;kvh fBoGosk

321 ;kvh Gktesk

323 ;kvh B/Vsk

327 ;kvh fiZs jko

329 ;kv/ tknd/

332 ;kvh ;wM

334 ;kvk ;[DBk

336 ;kvh ;fjekosk

339 ;kvh szdo[;sh

342 fJZe g/qw ejkDh

344 nkwZ[y

346 ;[ZBV ~ ;[gBk nkT[Dk

347 fJZe g/qw ejkDh wzrbkuoD

348 FkfJo d/ fdb dk dod

348 tkfo; so frnk jho

349 jho dk Bkw T[Xko b?Dk

349 BthA ejkDh, BthnK w[FebK

349 rZb gzikp dh

350 rZb fJFe dh

350 BtK feZ;k g[okDh F?bh

350 jZv phsh, iZr phsh

350 d'B/ d/F dh rZb

351 oKM/ dk gotko



351 oKM/ dk ykb;k ekbi gVDk

351 wzv/ e[VhnK eZmh iwks

351 oKMk

351 jho

352 oKM/ dk jho ~ d/yDk

352 jho nkJh pjko nkJh

352 oKMk gZfNnk frnk

352 Ffjo ibzXo rZb j't/

352 u{ue tZvk tgkoh

353 oKM/ ~ fJFe dk o'r bZrDk

353 jho s/ oKM/ dh f;cs

353 jho oKM/ dh gfjbh fwbDh

355 i'Vh dhnK rZbK j'D bZrhnK

355 ;kb wro'A S[ZNhnK

355 jho dk pNkb/ ikDk

356 jho dhnK ;j/bhnK dh g[ZS frZS

356 jho dk xofdnK ~ nkg dZ;Dk

356 jho dh wK dk dod

356 jho dh tekbs

356 wK dk dod

357 jho dh tekbs

357 wK dk dod

357 u{ue dh dbhb

358 jho dk XzBtkd eoBk

358 jho d/ GoktK dh rZb

358 u{ue dk wK Xh d'jK dk ;'uDk

359 u{ue dk ftd/F ikDk

359 feZ;/ ~ BtK w'V d/Dk

359 ukso eo/ usokJh

360 jho ~ gZSwh d[Bhnk fdykT[Dh

360 n?b J/ Ffjo

361 t?Bu[ok Ffjo

362 nZXh nwohek dk uZeo

362 jho dk t?Bu[ok ekbi bZrDk

362 jho dk ;?d/ ~ fwbDk

363 e?d'A s'A y/fVnK dk foFsk wzrDk

363 jho d/ ek^} pDkT[D/

364 ubkeh Bkb jho dk ;ke eoBk

364 oKM/ ~ jho dk ]s fwbDk

365 oKM/ dk itkp fbyDk

365 oKM/ ~ th}/ s'A fJBeko



u[o;sku[o;sku[o;sku[o;sku[o;sku[o;sk Gkt/A pj[sk bzpk BjhA j[zdk go u[o;s/ dh pj[s jh nfjwhns j[zdh j?. o;sk geVD

bZfrnK i/ u[o;s/ ftZu'A fes/ rbs gk;/ Bz{ w[V j' ikt/ sK fizBk f}nkdk s/i d"VKr/ UB/ jh nkgDh

wzf}b s'A d{o fBebd/ iktKr/. w/oh B}o/ ;kv/ Bkb fJt/A jh j'fJnk. ;kvk fJsjk; fbyD tkfbnK

s/ :ehB eoe/ n;hA fJ;kJhnK d/ dZ;/ o;s/ s/ s[o gJ/ fco Gbk wzf}b fet/A fwbDh ;h. nmQkothA

;dh ftZu fby/ fwEjk; Bz{ fJsjk; efj e/ ;kBz{ r[wokj ehsk frnk. rqhe ns/ o'wB ;ZfGnsk

dh g[oksBsk dh Bebh ejkDh Bz{ fJsjk;e ozr fdZsk frnk. ¼nkgDk nshs½ i' fe fJ; g[;se

dk gfjbk Gkr j?, dbhbK Bkb w/o/ fJ; ftuko dh g[FNh eodh j?. w?A r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp Bz{ tko

tko gfVQnk, BhMQ Bkb gfVQnk. jo iht izs{ dh rZb ehsh j?, yzv pqfjwzv, nkekF gskb dk

uouk ehsk j?. jo g[oy jo gow/;o dk f}eo nkT[Adk j?. go ;[eoks, gb?N', no;s{ iK ih;;

eqkJh;N dk Bkw fes/ BjhA fbfynk. 17thA ;dh sZe fes/ th f}eo j'fJnk j[zdk sK BkBe B/ io{o

bZG b?Dk ;h.

nwohek d/ gfjb/ 15 gqXkB dh fJ;w Bkb ;pzX oZyd/ ;B. (Bk;se ;B) nwohek d/

;'bQt/A goXkB fJpokfjw fbzeB B/ g[Zs dh w"s j'D Bkb fvgq?FB ftZu nk e/ feq;uhnB pDB dh

;'uh. n;b ftZu fJ;bkw Bkb'A tZy j'J/ fJ;kJhnK e'b fJ;bkw Bz{ rbs efjD dk e'Jh ekoD

jh BjhA ;h. wkoNB b{Eo (1483-1546) i' fe iowB gqh;N ;h T[;B/ gfjbh tko wZEk

N/e e/ G[ZbK pyFkT[D tkfbnK Bz{ rbs fejk ;h. jbvfou iftzrbh (1484-1531) i' fe

;ftN}ob?Av dk gkdoh ;h T[;B/ o'}/ oZyD fybkc nktk} T[mkJh. i"jB ekbftB (1509-

1564) cq?Au gk;No ;h fi; B/ ekfbtfB}w ubkfJnk. go fJzrfbF f;tb tko (1641 -

1651) sZe sK jo gk;/ fJ;bkw dk p'b pkbk fojk. fJ;kJh Xow sK n;b ftZu 19thA ;dh

dh d/D j?. j}os w[jzwd Bkb'A ih;; eqkJh;N Bz{ tZX soihj d/D dk e'Jh ekoD sK ;h BjhA.

fpBk tiQk fit/A 1840 ftZu ftbhnw fwbo B/A nwqhek ftZu n?bkB eo fdZsk fe 22 nes{po

1844 Bz{ ih;; B/ Xosh s/ gos nkT[Dk j?. eo'VK b'eK B/ wzB th fbnk go b"fie sK e'Jh BjhA

;h rZb ftZu. 1848 ftZu wdo gq;hbhnk bhvhnk s'A gfjbK e'Jh n"os fJ;kJh BjhA ;h. Xow

s/ epi/ dh rZb sK 1870 ftZu ik e/ t?NheB e"A;b B/ ehsh. b/feB fJ;bkw d/ fJsjk;e ;p{s

fuo'eD/ fwbd/ jB. 1009 ftZu ncohek ftZu rkU s/ fJ;bkwe ep}/ dh fJsjk; rtkjh

Godk j?. 13thA ;dh ftZu sK Gkosh w[rb fJsjk; th F[o{ j' frnk ;h. 1526 ftZu pkpo B/

fdZbh ik Mzvk rZfvnk ;h. fJ;kJhnK B/ 19thA ;dh ftZu Gkosh b'eK dh wdd Bkb Gkos ftZu'A

w[;bw oki ysw eo fdZsk s/ nkg oki/ pD e/ pfj rJ/. Bkb/ 100 ;kb oki ehsk Bkb/ fjzd{

w[;bwkB fto'X ;koh T[wo bJh yVk eo fdZsk.

uko feskpK i' wzf}b Bk fwbh Gkr d{ik ftZu Fkwb jB T[BQK ftZu'A gfjbh j? nkgDk nshs

fi; ftZu dbhbK ;fjs f;zX xkNh dh g[osBsk s/ ftuko ehsh j?. f;qFNh dh T[sgsh dh rZb



j?. dbhbK Bkb vkotB dh n?t'b{FB dh fET{oh Bkb n;fjwsh gorN ehsh j?. ih;; eqkJh;N,

;[eoks, gb?N', no;s{ s/ wjkB f;ezdo dk fJsjk;e ti{d i/ j[zdk sK Xos nkekF gskb dh

rZb eoB tkb/, ;ko/ foFhnK w[BhnK dh rZb eoB tkb/, p;o/ prdkd wZe/ wdhB/ ikD tkb/ pkp/

BkBe dh B}o/ io{o uVd/. r[o{nK ;w/s 36 ftdtkBk B/ r[opkDh ftZu nkfd i[rkd s'A b? e/ jo

iht izs{ dk f}eo ehsk j?. pkpk fJ;kJhnK Bkb fe; rZb'A Bok} ;h Gbk. fJsjk;ekoK dhnK

fbyhnK dbhbK ftZu'A nkgDh fJZe tZyoh dbhb b? e/ jk}o j? fJj ¼nkgDk nshs½. F?eFghno

s/ ebzp; dh Bebh tfvnkJh s'A godk u[Zedh j? fJj feskp. Xosh, nkdwh dh, GkFk dh, XowK

dh pbfe ;koh ;foFNh dh ejkDh Bt/eb/ sohe/ Bkb eodh j?. o[bdh ik ojh gzikphns dhnK

g[oksB edoK ehwsK dh rZb j?.

d{;oh feskp ¼Fpd gqekF½ j? i' Fpd Fesh dh tekbs eodh j?. Fpd ftj{Dk fJB;kB

pkeh ikBtoK tork jh sK j?. nfXnkswe d[BhnK Fpd d/ fpBk sK f;oih jh BjhA ik ;edh.

Xow ftZu Fpd Fesh BK j't/ sK pkeh eh ofj frnk. n;ZfGne Oc} xkse th j[zd/ jB. uzr/

Gb/ i/ eEk ehosB ;[D e/ pkjo fBebhJ/ s/ i/ fes/ e'Jh pkjo w{oy fwb ikt/ i' rbs Oc}

p'b d/t/ rkO eZY d/t/ sK y[B T[pbD bZr iKdk j?. ;Zfs g[oy T[j jh j[zdk j? i' ;jh Oc}K

dk fJ;s/wkb eo/. e'Jh th g[oy i' gzu G{se j? T[j ;zg{oD ;Zu BjhA j' ;edk. Fpd ;zg{oD

j' ;edk j?, ;dhth j' ;edk j?, fBoGU j' ;edk j?, fBot?o j' ;edk j?, ni{BhA j' ;edk j?

ekb s'A ofjs j' ;edk j?. fJB;kBhA o{g ftZu d[BhnK dk gko T[skok eoB nkJ/ BkBe tor/ wjK

ntsko th FpdK okjhA jh gqekF tzvd/ jB. sK fco Fpd d/ bV bZrD dk eh vo j?.

;fseko:'r FpdK Bkb i/ ;kvh o;Bk ;tkoh ikt/ sK n;hA th ;fseko:'r j' ikJhJ/. r[o{ rzqE

;kfjp ftZu nkJ/ okrK ns/ pkDhnK dh frDsh fwDsh eoB dk :sB eodh j? fJj feskp Fpd

gqekF.

w/o/ gzX g?Av/ sh;oh feskp j? i' fe gotk;h gzikph d[BhnK d/ okj yfjfVnK dh rZb eodh

j?. ftd/FK ftZu nkT[AdhnK sebhcK s/ T[BQK s'A pu fBebD d/ Yzr sohe/ b? e/ jk}o j? fJj

feskp. w/ohnK w[FebK u'A w?A fet/A pu fBefbnk FkfJd fJ; feskp Bz{ gV e/ gkme gqd/;hnK

Bz{ T[j gkgV Bk t/bD/ g?D i' w?A nkgD/ fgzv/ T[Zgo jzYkJ/. gotk; ftZu wz}bK wkod/ ns/ eJh

tko nkgDh GNeDk ftZu GNed/ gzikph eo{o/ tkb/ b'eK dh eEk tkosk j?. nwohek e?B/vk ns/

fJzrb?Av ftZu j}koK gkmeK B/ w/o/ gzX g?Av/ feskp ftZu'A nkgD/ ihtB Bkb w/b yKdhnK xNBktK

Bz{ skfinK ehsk. ihtB d/ sby s}ofpnK Bz{ ;kXkoD gzikph ftZu nkg phshnK ejkDhnK d/ o{g

ftZu fJ; soK g/F ehsk j? fe jo gkme gVfdnK gVfdnK ejkDh dk gkso pD iKdk j?. gkme

w/o/ gzX g?AfvnK Bz{ sfj eodk eodk nkgDh wzf}b tZb tXdk j?.

u"Eh g[;se fJZe gq/w ejkDh j?. gksoK d/ Bkw tkfo; Fkj s'A T[Xko/ bJ/ jB. wZX ekbhBh

gzikph eftsk dh feZ;k eftsk dh Mbe g?Adh j?. tkfo; tKr p?As Szd fBGkT[D dk :sB j?.

gzikp dh itkBh ftZu fgnko eoB dh g[okDh ohM Mbedh j?. d/F ftd/F tZ;d/ gzikphnK dh



fgnko G[Zy ~ w/ND bJh f;o XV dh pkih bk d/D dh nkds dh ejkDh j?. gzikphnK dh rZb

eoB tkbh e'Jh feskp Gbk j[;B itkBhnK dh T[gwK eo/ fpBk fet/A ofj ;edh j?. fJ; feZ;k

ekt ftZu gzikp dh nZEoh itkBh dh s;tho ;kc fd;dh j?. nFbhb Fpd tosD s'A g{ok

goj/} ehsk j?. ;ko/ gkso nkgDh G[fwek fBGkT[Ad/ feodko Bkb yV/ ;jh brd/ jB, e'Jh ftbB

j? jh BjhA. fJj eftsk ftd/F ikD bJh mZrhnK yKd/ ns/ ftd/FK ftZu ik e/ o[bd/, MkV{ brkT[Ad/

yg yg e/ wod/, gzikph ;ZfGnkuko dhnK edoK ehwsK jod/ ;kv/ nkgfDnK dh eEk j?. e[Zb

fwbk e/ fJj g[;se gzikphns dh w{j'A p'bdh s;tho j?. ftd/Fh gzikph ;kfjs ftZu fJZe tZyoh

dZy d/D tkbh feskp j?. T[whd j? gkmeK dk fdb fiZsD ftZu ekw:kp j't/rh. g{oD nk; s/

ftFtk; Bkb

s[jkvk nkgDk

;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV

805 612 5092



nkfd i[rkfd dk G/d j? - @nkgDk nshs#nkfd i[rkfd dk G/d j? - @nkgDk nshs#nkfd i[rkfd dk G/d j? - @nkgDk nshs#nkfd i[rkfd dk G/d j? - @nkgDk nshs#nkfd i[rkfd dk G/d j? - @nkgDk nshs#@nkfd g[oy s/ok nzs[ B gkfJnk# (417) nkfd g[oy, ;kvk ;kfonK dk fgsk, feZE/ s/ ed'A

g?dk j'fJnk, fJj fJZe nkfd i[rkdh w;bk j?. fJ; w;b/ d/ jZb dh sbkF bJh ;[fozdo f;zx

;[ZBV B/ fJfsjk; dh nzBQhA jBQ/o r[ck ftZu g?o Xfonk j?. T[;d/ fJ; j"A;b/ dh dkd d/Dh pDdh

j?. ;z;ko ftZu fiZE/ fiZE/ ik ;edk ;h frnk, fJfsjk; Bkb ;zpzfXs fijVh th g[;se gVQ

;edk ;h gVQh. fdB oks fJZe eoe/, nkgD/ xo/b{ ns/ eko'pko d/ o[M/ftnK ~ sbKibh d/ e/

ftFt fJfsjk; d/ rfjo/ ;w[zdo #u'A ;kv/ bJh fJZe w'sh eZYe/ fbnkfJnk j?. fJj w'sh j?

nkgDk nshs. ;[fozdo ;[ZBV ;z;ko gqf;Zd dkoFfBeK-no;s{ ns/ vkoftB d/ f;XKsK T[Zgo

;zd/j gqrN eodk j?. n;hA nZi sZe fJBQK dkoFfBeK dhnK ejhnK-eEhnK ~ wzBd/-g{id/ nk oj/

jK. ;[ZBV fbydk j? fe n;hA fJBQK dkoFfBeK d/ f;XKsK ~ ;[D ;[Dk e/ nZr/ d/ nZr/ s'oh iKd/

jK. ;[ZBV B/ fJBQK ftdtkBK dhnK rZbK s/ f;XKs rj[ Bkb gVQ/ brd/ jB. ftFt gqf;ZX dkoFfBe

vkoftB dk fcoekgq;s fujok Bzrk ehsk j?. ;[ZBV fbydk j? fe pzdk vkoftB d/ pKdoK s'A BjhA

pfDnK. pzdk pzd/ d/ o{g ftZu jh j'Ad ftZu nkfJnk. wZSh s'A pDdk pDdk pKdo s/ pKdo s'A pDdk

pDdk pzdk sK fJt/A j? fit/A e'Jh ej/ u"bK s'A eDe, eDe s'A wZeh, wZeh s'A w{zrcbh s/ fco pDdk

pDdk ewkd pD frnk. b/ye s/ r[opkDh dk ozr ;kc B}o nkT[Adk j?. pqjwK ~ nkfd g[oy

wzBdk j? s/ fJ; gzu G{se pqfjwzv ftZu nkdwh d/ gzu G{se fi;w d/ ;wekbh j'D dh rZb eodk

j?. Grs ghgk dh XkoBk, @i' pqfjwzv/ ;'Jh fgzv/# th b/ye dh XkoBk Bkb w/b yKdh j?. fJ;

bJh nkgD/ g{ofpnK dk :ehB eod/ j'J/ b/ye dh fJ; XkoBk ~ ep{b eoB ~ fdb eodk j?

fJ; g[;se dh d{;oh nfjw XkoBk GkFk pko/ j?. fJj sZE ;otgqtkfBs j? fe for

t/d ;z;ko dh gqEw g[;se j?. b/ye fJZe j?okBe[B XkoBk g/F eodk j? fe ;z;feqs gzikp dh

gfjbh ftnkeoDe GkFk j?. fJ;~ dbhb-goe ;jkok d/D bJh fbydk j? fe gkfDBh gzikph

;h, jVZgk s/ wfjzi'dV' gzikph Xosh ;h, t/dK dh, owkfJD dh s/ rhsk dh ouBk gzikp ftZu

j'Jh wzBdk j?. GkFk fet/A fbyh ik ;edh j?-fJj sK d[BhnK ~ gkfDBh dZ;dk j? go nzrq/}K B/

fJfsjk;e gqkgshnK ~ nkgD/ Bkw eo fbnk. :"ogh b'eK d/ fby/ M{m-s[ckB ~ BzfrnK eoB bJh

b/ye B/ pV/ m'; ;p{s fdZs/ jB. e'bzp; d/ BthA Xosh nwohek bZGD dh ftFt gqf;ZX XkoBk

Bkb th ;[ZBV ;fjws BjhA j?. fbydk j? fe e'bzp; d/ nwohek GkbD s'A gfjbK th eo'VK b'e

nwohek tZ;d/ ;B. pj[s ;kohnK g[oksB XkoBktK ~ fJj g[;se dbhbK ;fjs y[Zbh u[D"sh d/

Adh j?. y'i Gog{o dbhbK Bkb b/ye fbydk j? fe fJB;kBhns dh F[o{nks gzikp dh Xosh s/

j'Jh j?. ibtk:{ ns/ G{r'fbe ;fEshnK dh rZb eodk fbydk j? fe pzdk poc Bkb izw/ gjkVK

s/ BjhA g?dk j'fJnk, Bk jh ;Vd/ wko{EbK ftZu g?dk j'fJnk. gzikph, nB[e{b w";w ftZu trd/

dfonktK d/ ezfYnK s/ wB[Zysk dk iBw j'fJnk. b/ye dh fJj dbhb wB ~ GkT[Adh j?. fJ;

bJh gzikp ~ i/ wB[Zysk dh gb/mh r'd wzB bJhJ/ sK fJ; ftZu e'Jh jo} BjhA. e[dos B/ gzikp



~ ;kohnK fBnkwsK, ;kohnK poesK pyFhnK jB. jo soQK dh pB;gsh fi; Xosh s/ j? T[j

Xosh pzd/ d/ w[ZY edhw bJh iudh feT[A Bk frDhJ/A< fJ; g[;se okjhA b/ye ;k~ ;Zd d/Adk j?

fe i' e[M th nzrq/}K B/ ftFt fJfsjk; pko/ fbfynk j? T[;dh g[D-SkD eohJ/ ns/ nkgDhnK

r"otwJh ftok;sh edoK dh gSkD eohJ/

fJ; g[;se okjhA ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV B/ ;kv/ ;kfonK d/ fceoK dh pKj cVh j?. gZSwh

edoK dh G/AN uVQ/ ;kv/ b'eK ~ jb{D e/ irkfJnk j?. i/eo n;hA ikr ikJhJ/ sK T[j fdB d{o

BjhA id gZSwhA w[beK tZb MkeD dh pikJ/ n;hA nkgDh d[BhnK d/ pkdFkj pD iktKr/. e[b fwbk

e/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;w[Zuh gzikph tkose d/ fJfsjk; ftZu fJj nkgDh fe;w dh gfjbh

g[;se j? i' fJB;kBhns d/ nshs ~ gSkDB dh u/FNk ti'A fby rJh j?. fJ;dk nkgDk

dkoFfBe wjZst sK j? jh, fJ;dk ;kfjse wjZst th j?. F?bh ;ob, ;kdk s/ ;fji-;[Gkte

j?. @nkgDk nshs# g[;se gVQfdnk nfijk fes/ th wfj;{; BjhA j[zdk fe b/ye ;k~ e[M f;yk

fojk j?. T[j sK ;kv/ Bkb rZbK pksK eodk j?. ftuko tNKdok eodk efj bU. b/ye ;kv/ s'A

:'r j[zrko/ dh nk; th eodk j?. eJh EktK s/ ;kvh ;thfeqsh th b'Vdk j?. rZb eh ;[ZBV gzikp,

gzikph s/ gzikphns dk dhtkBk j?. T[;dh dhtkBrh ~ d/y e/ sK fJj' efjD ~ ih eodk j? fe

@fJ; dhtkBrh go e'Jh wo Bk fwN/ s' fenk eo/. #

vkH okw w{oshvkH okw w{oshvkH okw w{oshvkH okw w{oshvkH okw w{osh

fgzv wZbQhnK y[od



G{fwek ;w/A dhnK ;{JhnKG{fwek ;w/A dhnK ;{JhnKG{fwek ;w/A dhnK ;{JhnKG{fwek ;w/A dhnK ;{JhnKG{fwek ;w/A dhnK ;{JhnKfJfsjk; ns/ fwfEjk; d't/A jh n;hA nkg fby/ jB. fe; ~ fJfsjk; efjDk j? ns/ fe;

~ fwfEjk;, fJj ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eodk j?. fJfsjk;ekoK dh nkg' nkgDh ;'u j?, f}Zd j?.

nB[wkBs ~ n;b ;wM b?Dk, fwfEjk; ~ fJfsjk; efjDk fJB;kB dh g[okDh nkds j?. nkgDh

fJ; nkds dh ejkDh fbyD ~ ihn eodk j?. nkgD/ ikd{ Bkb ikd{ro eJh tko i' t;sK g?dk

eo e/ fdyk d/Adk j?, i/ ;Zu w[Zu jh T[j uh}K g?dk eo ;edk j[zdk sK fco T[;~ do do ik

e/ wzrD dh eh b'V ;h. ikd{ dh y/v ~ n;b wzBD dh ;kvh ;'u dh j? fJj ejkDh. ;kvhnK

frDshnK fwDshnK ~ ;kfjse ozr ftZu fdbu;g sohe/ Bkb fbyD dk fJj fJZe ;koEe :sB

j?. fenk; ~ n;hA fwfEjk; efjzd/ jK. i' ;Zu w[Zu jh tkgfonk j't/ T[;~ fJfsjk; efjzd/ jK.

b/feB id'A n;hA fenk; ~ fJfsjk; efjD dh f}Zd eod/ jK, T[; f}Zd dh ejkDh j?@;w/A dhnK

;{JhnK. # n;hA fJfsjk; feT[A gVd/ jK Gbk, feT[Afe n;hA nkgDhnK rbshnK d[jokT[Dk BjhA

ukj[zd/. go i/eo fJfsjk; jh fe;/ B/ fenk; eoe/ fbfynk j't/ s/ n;hA fenk; ~ jh fJfsjk;

wzB e/ p?m/ j'JhJ/, p; T[; ;fEsh ftZu i/ wfj;{; eo ;eD d/ ;woZE j' sK fJj ejkDh s[jk~

pj[s fdbu;g bZr/rh.

fJfsjk;ekoK B/ nkg' nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb ;kv/ w[ZY edhw dh ejkDh fbyh. fgSbhnK d' e[

;dhnK ftZu ;kv/ fJfsjk; dh nB[wkBs s;tho ftZu nkg' nkgD/ ozr Go e/ pj[s b'eK B/ gh

n?u vhH dhnK fvrohnK bJhnK. eh T[j ;uwZ[u jh ;kvk fJfsjk; j? fe @nky dw'do w?A nZyhA

fvZmk# tKr sehnk ebkw jh j?. fJZe rZb w?A j'o ;gFN eo fdnK, n;hA eJh tko f}Zd eod/

jK efjD dh fe fJj bc} gzikph BjhA, fJj sK fjzdh j?, \ko;h j? iK fJj sK nzrq/}h dk nZyo

j?. gkmeK ~ p/Bsh j? fe i/ w/oh GkFk s[jk~ ;wM bZrdh j? sK fJ; ouBk ftZu tosh ;koh

GkFk, ;ko/ bc}K ~ gzikph efjD dk w/ok jZe pfDnK ofjD fdU. jo fe;/ dh nkgDh nkgDh

;'u j[zdh j?. i/ w/oh ;'u fe;/ dh ;'u Bkb'A tZyoh j? sK j'o e'Jh fBoDk b?D s'A gfjbK fJj th

;'u b?Dk fe fJj sK ftuko j?. ejkDh d/ gkso, fsEhnK fwshnK tZyohnK j'D sK jh sK ejkDh

ftZu w"fbesk j[zdh j?. fJj ejkDh fbyD dk ekoD i/ ;wM ftZu nk ikt/ sK ejkDh Bkb gkmeK

dh fdbu;gh j'o tX ;edh j?. bU ekoD ;[D' L

w/ohnK ;kohnK feskpK, ;kohnK fbysK ftZu w/oh nkgDh ejkDh }o{o fd;dh j?. e?b/

c'oBhnK ftZu id ezw eko tXhnk uZbD bZr gJ/ sK w/ok bVek rrBdhg eJh tko w?~ Bt/A

}wkB/ d/ Yzr sohe/ dZ;D bZr fgnk. w/oh gsBh jogqhs th rrB dhnK ;ehwK dh pVh f;cs

efonk eo/. w?A fJZe fdB ;'funk fe nkyo sK w[zfvnK B/ jh ezw eko ;zGkbDk j?, feT[A Bk w?A

j[D/ jh ukphnK cVk fdnK. ;ko/ gfotko ~ fJj uzrk bZfrnk, w?A ;kohnK f}zw/tkohnK s'A ckor

j' frnk. gzikp ik e/ gzi feskpK th fbyhnK. w/ohnK ;kd w[okdhnK rZbK gkmeK ~ yohnK

bZrhnK. id S/thA feskp @nkgDk nshs# fby fojk ;K sK fJfsjk;e rZbK eoB bJh w?A nkgD/



frnkB ftZu tkXk eoB tk;s/ eJh fJfsjk;e feskpK gVQhnK. g[oksB ;ZfGnsk ns/ fJfsjk;

dhnK pj[s ;kohnK feskpK gVQhnK go fit/A fit/A w?A j'o j'o feskpK gVQdk frnk, w?A rtkudk

frnk. fit/A fit/A w/oh Gktesk tb{zXo j[zdh rJh, w/ok dod tXdk frnk. jkb/ eZb izwhA nzrq/}h

GkFk ftZu eJh fJfsjk;e feskpK n?;hnK jB fiBQK ~ gVQ e/ fJt/A brdk fit/A fJj Bk j[zdhnK

sK ;k~ ;kv/ fJfsjk; pko/ frnkB jh BjhA ;h j' ;edk. d[BhnK dk fJfsjk; gVQfdnK gVQfdnK

eJh tko w?~ fJt/A bZrk fit/A w?A e'Jh fwfEjk;e feskp gVQ fojk j'tK. t/dK Fk;soK s/

T[gfBFdK ~ gVQfdnK ed/ fJ; soQK BjhA ;h bZrk fe fJj fwfEjk; j?. jK, nZfseEBh nbzeko

ftZu }o{o j?. b/feB d/th d/tfsnK dk, wfo:kdk goF'sw okfinK dk gkso fusoD eoB dk

i' ekoD j?, T[; eoe/ fwfEjk; th fJfsjk; Bkb'A tXhnk brdk j?. nfXnkswe s/ :EkoEtkdh

ozr ftZu ozfrnk fwfEjk; fJfsjk; Bkb'A f}nkdk wkfJB/ oZydk j?. vkoftB dh f;XKfse ouBk

~ th nZi dh ;kfJz; wzBD ~ fsnko BjhA. ;kv/ fJB;kBhns d/ fJfsjk; pko/ fbyhnK rJhnK

feskpK w?A fit/A fit/A gVQdk frnk, w/oh fBokFsk fdB' fdB tXdh rJh. go eoK sK eh eoK,

;wM BjhA ;h bZr ojh. fJZe fdB w?A GkrtkB n?Z; frvtkBh dh fbyh feskp, @foNoB nkc dh

nkohnB}# yohd e/ fbnkfJnk. fJj Bktb d/ o{g ftZu fJZe tZyoh fe;w dh feskp j?.

w"fbesk sK j? go Bktb tkbh ejkDh BjhA j?. o"fuesk Bk j't/, ejkDh fe;/ gk;/ ~ s[o/ jh Bk

sK T[j ekjdh ejkDh j'Jh. go fJj feskp gVQ e/ w?~ fJZe okj fwb frnk. fJfsjk;e rZb

ejkDh d/ s"o s/ ehsh ikt/. i/ fe;/ ~ w/oh rZb ;jh Bk bZr/ sK w?A fJj th jZe okytK oZy fbnk

fe fJj sK w?A ejkDh fbyh j?. i/ fe;/ ~ e[M ;jh Bk th bZr/ sK th y?o ;Zbk. nkU! w?A s[jk~

nkgD/ gksoK Bkb fwbktK. nkgD/ gksoK d/ Bkw th nkgDh wo}h Bkb oZy/ jB. jo feodko ~

ekbgfBe wzBD Bkb w/oh ejkDh fe;/ s/ e'Jh tko BjhA eodh. bU fco fJ}kis fdU sK w?A

s[jk~ ejkDh y'bQ ;[DktKL

eJh eo'VK ;kb gfjbK dh rZb j? fe fJj Xosh i' fe;/ ;w/A nZr dk r'bk ;h, j[zdh j[zdh

mzYh j' rJh. jtk gkDh, nrBh Xosh T[s/ eo'VK ;kb gfjbK s'A jh w"i{d jB. ;ko/ ftfrnkBh,

;ko/ i'sFh, noEFk;soh ns/ fJfsjk;eko fJ; rZb Bkb ;fjws jB. eo'VK ;kb gfjbK

Xosh, gkDh, jtk, nrB ns/ nkekF w"i{d ;h. ;w[zdo dk ;kok b{D i' fe ;w[Zu/ ;w[zdoh gkDh

dk seohpB ;kv/ fszB gqshFs j?, ;kok eZY e/ Xosh #s/ oZfynk jh BjhA ik ;edk. Xosh d/

;/e Bkb ;fVnk gkDh ykDK dhnK ykDK b{D Xosh ftZu SZv frnk. fJj ;[Dh ;[DkJh BjhA, frDh

fwDh rZb dh ejkDh j?. fJj ;G e[M fet/A pfDnK, fJj sK ftXksk ikD/ go fJZe rZb Bkb ;ko/

jh ;fjwsh oZyd/ jB fe Xosh, jtk, gkDh, nrBh s/ nkekF eo'VK ;kb gfjbK w"i{d ;B. fJt/

A th efj ;ed/ jK fe fJj gzi sZs Bk j[zd/ sK Xosh th Bk j[zdh. ;koh Xosh ~ G{r'fbe s"o

s/ d/yhJ/, ;ko/ frnkBtkB b'eK d/ ftukoK ~ th fXnkB ftZu oZy e/, ;koh i'fsF ftZfdnk ns/

rfDs ftfrnkB dhnK dbhbK ~ wZd/B}o oZyfdnK fJZe BthA dbhb b? e/ fJj ejkDh nkg ih

dh fydws ftZu jk}o jK. gzi sZs jh jB fiBQK dh fJj ejkDh j?. gziK ftZu'A i/ fJZe sZs th



Bk j[zdk sK fJj ejkDh sK eh d[BhnK dh e'Jh th ejkDh Bk pD ;edh. ejkDh ftub/ gksoK

dk gkso fusoD eoB bJh nkeko th pBkTDk gT{. gzi sZsK fpBK nkeko th BjhA pD ;edk

s/ nkeko fpBK gkso BjhA pD ;ed/. fJj Xosh wksk fi; dh r'd ftZu fJ; d[BhnK dhnK

;kohnK ejkDhnK y/bdhnK ojhnK s/ y/v ojhnK jB, nkU gfjbK fJ; Xosh wK dh ejkDh eohJ/

;w[zdo dk gkDh rowh Bkb Gk\ pD e/ jtk o{g Xko e/ T[Zv s[fonk, Xoksbh mzY Bkb eJh

EktK s/ poc pD e/ izw frnk. eJh EktK fJ; Xosh s/ n?;hnK th jB i' row jh ofjzdhnK

jB. i/ feXo/ pZdb row fJbkfenK tZb j' s[oB sK fco rowhA Bkb whAj pD e/ gkDh Xosh

s/ g?Adk. T[Zu/ n;EkBK s'A BdhnK BkfbnK dk o{g Xko e/ ;w[zdo tZb ~ tfj s[odk. n;hA ;w[zdo

d/ Gkt/A ;Zs BK oZyhJ/ Gkt/A tZX, go i/ e'Jh ej/ fe FKs wjK ;kro dk s/ nzX wjK;kro dk gkDh

tzv tzvkJhnk eoBk j? sK Bk w[wfeB j?. Xosh dh ejkDh fbyDh gVQBh j? sK fJj wzBDk }o{oh

j't/rk fe gzi sZsK ftZu'A fe;/ fJZe dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA j?. jtk s'A fpBK e[M BjhA pD ;edk,

fJj th mhe rZb j?. go fJeZbh jtk ftZu th e[M BjhA pD ;edk. tB;gsh dhnK iVK fizBk

fuo gkDh dh fjZe Bkb BjhA brdhnK UBk fuo fe;/ fe;w dh tB;gsh dk fenk; th BjhA

ehsk ik ;edk. fJj th ;Zu j? fe gkDh dh j'Ad jtk s'A fpBK n;zGt j?. b{D d[BhnK dk ;G

s'A tZvk yfDi gdkoE j?. yfDi gdkoE (b{D) i/ ;w[zdo ftZu BjhA j? sK th ;w[zdo nX{ok j?.

Xosh d/ iK Xosh T[Zgo fe;/ th uh} d/ ti{d tk;s/ gzi/ sZs }o{oh jB. fiZE/ ;[Xh rowh j?

iK ;[Xh poc j?, rowh dh ewh j? iK b'V Bkb'A tZX rowh j?, UE/ e[dosh f;oiDk n;zGt j?.

ekdo dh e[dos dh ebgDk f;oc T[; EK j' ;edh j? fiZE/ ;ko/ sZs ;[Gkte s"o s/ fwb ;ed/

jB. sgF Bkb ;Vdh, poc Bkb modh, jtk ftZu Nzrh iK v{zx/ ;w[zdo ftZu, Bk nkekF ftZu

Bk gskb ftZu f;oiDk dk fenk; th BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. ;' Xosh dh ejkDh Xosh T[Zgo fe;/

j'o f;oiDk dh ejkDh fbyD tk;s/ eoBh pj[s }o{oh ;h. feT[AAfe T[j jh sZs fiBQK dh j'Ad

Xosh dh j'Ad dk ekoD pDh, pkeh ;koh f;qFNh dh f;oiDk tk;s/ th }o{oh jB. w[Zedh rZb

fe eo'VK ;kb gfjbK gzi sZs ;[Gkte s"o s/ fwb/ s/ gziK B/ fwb e/ Xosh dh f;oiDk ehsh.

fJj gzi sZs ed'A pD/, fe;B/ pDkJ/, fJj w/oh B}o dh jZd s'A go/ dh rZb j?. Xosh d/ Xoksb

dk f;oiDk Bkb pj[s r{Vk foFsk j?. ub' fco fJ; foFs/ dh rZb eohJ/ s/ ejkDh nZr/ s'ohJ/

Xosh d/ Xoksb dh rZb eohJ/, Xoksb dh ejkDh ;wMD dk :sB eohJ/. jtk ed'A pDh,

fet/A pDh, fe; B/ pDkJh fJj sK pBkT[D tkbk jh ikD/. fJB;kB i' jtk s'A fpBK y[d BjhA pD

;edk, T[j Gbk jtk d/ iBw dh eh rZb eo/rk. @fgsk ek iBw[ fe ikB? g{s[. . # gtB d/tsk

gowksw eh w"i j? iK ftXksk nkg j?, jtk sK Fesh j?, i/ jtk ftnesh j[zdh sK j' ;edk

T[;dh iBw e[zvbh pBkT[D dk :sB th eodk e'Jh. gowkswk B/ gzi/ sZs pDkJ/ s/ gziK ftZu

jh tZ;dk j?. gsk BjhA T[j gzi/ gow/Fo jB iK gziK ftZu gow/Fo j?. i' e'Jh d/ ;eD d/ ;woZE

j't/, T[j jh d/ ;edk j?. d/ ;eD dh skes j't/ sK jh d/tsk pD ;edk e'Jh. for t/d d[BhnK

dh gfjbh nFNgdh j?. i' gfjb/ nZmwzvb (d{i/ s'A B"At/A sZe) jB, fJj ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ nZm' jh gziK



sZsK dh ejkDh j?. for t/d dk gfjbk gkso nrBh j?-nrBh d/tsk. pkeh th ;ko/ d/ts/ gziK

sZsK dk jh tZy tZy o{g jB. nZr d/ r'b/ s/ jtk ed'A nkJh, fet/A nkJh, fe; B/ fbnKdh, fJj

sK jw/FK ;tkb jh oj/ jB s/ ;tkb jh ofjDr/. Xosh th gziK sZsK s'A fpBK BjhA pD ;edh

s/ wK th gzi sZsK s'A fpBK BjhA pD ;edh. J/Bk frnkB sK ;k~ j? fe n;hA wK d/ roG #u'A iBw

fbnk go wK dk roG fet/A pfDnK< fJ;dk frnkB jk;b eoB dk jo :sB ftnoE jh

ikt/rk. ihtB d/ nZmK gfjoK dh ejkDh j?- foZr t/d. gfjbk wzvb wzrbk uoD ti'A jh

ftdtkBK B/ fbfynk. pknd ftZu ;zg{oDsk t/b/, d;tK wzvb th, pknd ftZu d;t/A d[nko d/

etkV y'jbD dk :sB j?. n?Bk frnkB jh pj[s j? fe Xosh gziK sZsK dh pDh j?. gzi/ sZs

fe; B/ g?dk ehs/< fJ; gk;/ s[oB Bkb feXo/ BjhA gj[zfunk ikDk. w/o/ fj;kp Bkb J/Bk jh ekch

j? fe d[BhnK pqjwk B/ pDkJh. pqjwk ~ fe;B/ pDkfJnk< fJ; gk;/ Bk jh s[ohJ/ feT[Afe rbs

gk;/ ~ fizBK d"VKr/, UBk jh d{o fBeb iktKr/. wK oZp B/ pDkJh fe wK B/ oZp pDkfJnk, oZp

~ g?dk ehsk. fJ; fttkd ftZu Bk gJhJ/. Xosh wK s'A fpBK sK f;qFNh dh ;EkgBk BjhA ;h j'

;edh, wK dh Bk ;jh, ub' Xosh wK dh r'd ftZu gb ojh d[BhnK dh ejkDh eohJ/. nkU nkgDh

d[BhnK dh iBw e[zvbh pDkJhJ/ l

fJ; Xosh #s/ u[ok;h bZy i{B efjzd/ jB, ub' nkgK fJj nzeVk wzB e/ s[od/ jK. tZX xZN

th j't/ sK th e'Jh coe BjhA g?Adk. efjzd/ fJZe tko nepo B/ phopb ~ g[ZfSnk fe fdZbh ftZu

eK fezB/ jB< phopb B/ nkfynk fe u[ok;h bZy. nepo efjD bZrk i/ tZX j'J/ sK phopb itkp

d/Adk fe pkjo'A gqkj[D/ nkJ/ j'Dr/. nepo p'fbnk s/ i/ u[ok;h bZy s'A xZN j'J/. phopb efjzdk

fco goQkT[D/ rJ/ j'Dr/. nkgK u[ok;h bZy i{B Bkb ;fjwsh eoe/ nZr/ uZbhJ/. jo i{B pBkT[D

tkbk, i{BK dk ouDjko gowkswk fJZe jh j?, jo i{B tk;s/, jo iht tk;s/ ;wZroh th T[j

jh j?. gziK sZsK dh pDh Xosh #s/ ;ko/ iht izs{ gziK sZsK d/ jh pD/ jB. sK fco oZp ~ ftseok

eoB dh eh b'V gJh. fJZe iht gfjbK s/ d{;ok pknd ftZu feT[A Gbk. sZs pBkT[D tkbk s/

gziK sZsK dh n?vh tZvh Xosh pBkT[D tkbk ;kfJz;dkB iht izs{ pBkT[D bZrk Gbk fezBk e[ ;wK

bkT{. nzso j? sK ;wroh dh fwedko dk j?. fe; soQK dk GKvk pBkT[Dk j?, UBh fwedko tZX

xZN j' ;edh j?.

T[ZBh ;" nmQkN dh rZb j?, oDXho ekbi ftZu ;kvk fJZe fwZso ;h. n;hA T[;~ r"ofwzN

efj e/ p[bkT[Ad/ ;K. ;kfJz; o{w ftZu T[;B/ fJZe goy Bbh u[Zeh s/ T[; ftZu i' ;kjwD/ nkfJnk

;G e[M gkJh ikt/. e'Jh e?wheb fon?eFB j'fJnk s/ goy Bbh F{z eoe/ SZs ftZu bZrh s/ cN

rJh. gq'c?;o ;kfjp pVh T[s;[esk Bkb g[ZSD bZr/ fe s{z eh gkfJnk ;hs/ fezBk fezBk gkfJnk

;h< go i/ gsk j't/ sK dZ;/. T[; tZv/ ;kfJz;dkB ~ sK gsk j? fe fejVk sZs fezBk gkT[Dk j?,

;wK ns/ ;EkB fi;~ fB;us eoBk nkT[Adk j't/, phi ;wroh th j't/ sK T[gi sK }o{o

j't/rh. jkVh ;"Dh dhnK c;bK dk nzso sK oZp ikDdk jh j'T{, @eo[sk phi phi/ Bk iBw/.# (nzr

1075) eo'VK ;dhnK gfjbK jtk gkDh nrB Xosh #s/ ;B sK fco iht izs{ th ;B. fJ;



Xosh dh G{r'fbe pDso ~ wZd/ B}o oZy e/ fj;kp bkT[D dk :sB eohJ/ fe iht izs{ Xosh

d/ fe; fjZ;/ s/ gfjbK g?dk j'J/ j'Dr/l- fJ; Xosh ~ i/ ;w[Zu/ s"o s/ d/yhJ/ sK ;fji/ jh nzdk}k

bkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe T[Zu/ gopsK iK v{zx/ gkDhnK ftZu sK ihtK dh F[o{nks BjhA j'Jh j'Dh.

nbk;ek, N[zvok dk w?dkB, T[Zsoh e?B/vk, rqhBb?Av iK ;kJ/p/ohnk tor/ fJbkfenK ftZu fiZE/

jw/Fk poc gJh ofjzdh j?, fJBQK fJbkfenK ftZu sK e[M th g?dk j'Dk ;"yh rZb BjhA. G{wZX o/

yk, eoe o/yk d/ fj;kp Bkb pj[s/ row fJbkfenK ftZu th i/ e[M g?dk j'fJnk j'T{ sK ibdh

jh ;V ;[Ze frnk j'T{. gkDh ftZu ofjD tkb/ iht th n?;/ fJbkfenK ftZu g?dk j'J/ j'Dr/ i'

Bk pjs/ ;od Bk pj[s/ row s/ Bk jh pj[s/ Xosh s'A d{o jB. fJ; Xosh s/ n?;k fJbkek Gbk

fejVk j? i' Bk pj[sk mzYk, Bk pj[sk row, Bk pj[sk ;w[zdo s'A d{o, Bk pj[sk gjkVK s'A d{o.

fi; fJbke/ ftZu whAj g? ikt/ sK pj[s tXhnk, Bk th gt/ sK th dfonktK iK SZgVK N'fpnK dk

gkDh jw/FK fwbdk ofjzdk j?. n?;k fJbkek sK fJZe' jh j? s/ T[j j? t/dK ftZu fi;dk Bkw ;gs

f;zXt j?. f;oc c;b tk;s/ jh BjhA, jo soQK dh T[gi tk;s/ }oy/i }whB uzrh j[zdh j?. n"V

bZrD s'A pknd id whAj g?Dk sK g[okD/ SZgVK d/ feBkfonK s/ e[M xzfNnK ftZu jh ghb/ ozr d/

rV?A rV?A eod/ vZv{ g"Av v/V g"Av Gko tkb/ ;kvh T[wo d/ ;ko/ gzikphnK B/ d/y/ j'Dr/. gzikp ftZu

whAj g?D s'A pknd eJh soK d/ iht izs{ Xosh #s/ s[o/ fcod/ B}o nkT[Ad/ jB. nBe{b skgwkB

ftZu yfDi gdkoEK tkbh rZ;o iwhAB fiZE/ ne;o whAj jBQ/ohnK nkT[AdhnK ofjzdhnK j'D, ;fj

;eD tkbh rowhA s/ ;fj ;eD tkbh mzY g?Adh j't/, T[; s'A nBe{b j'o e'Jh fJbkek BjhA j' ;edk

fiZE/ fe f;qFNh dh F[o{nks j'Jh j't/. ;w[zdoh iht th F[o{nks ftZu Xosh #s/ trd/ gkDhnK ftZu

g?dk j' e/ jh ;w[zdo ftZu foVd/ foVd/ ik obQ/ j'Dr/ feT[Afe fJeZb/ gkDh ftZu iht g?dk BjhA

j' ;ed/. pBk;gsh th nB[e{b tksktoD ftZu trd/ gkDhnK #s/ jh g?dk j[zdh j?. pockBh

fJbkfenK ftZu iK ;Vd/ wko{EbK ftZu fe;/ rtku e/ gj[zu/ ikBto iK pzd/ dk fgzio fwb ikDk

fJ; rZb dk ;p{s BjhA j? fe fiZE'A fgzio fwfbnk, T[j jh T[;dk iBw n;EkB j't/rk.

fJfsjk;e y'ihnK B/ f;qFNh dh F[o{nks pko/ pj[s ;ko/ ;w/A n;EkB bZG/ go e'Jh dbhb fdb

~ BjhA bZrh. ftek; sK e[dos dk fB:w j?, izwfdnK ;ko e'Jh tZvk ;kok BjhA pD ;edk. jkEh

dk pZuk izwfdnK ;ko j}ko g"v dk BjhA j[zdk. jo iht d/ ftek; ~ ;wK sK bZfrnk j'T{. go

fe; iht ~ nkgD/ n;bh o{g ftZu nkT[AfdnK, fezBK ;wK bZrk, fJj ;fwnK dk wkbe ikD/.

jkEh, x'V/, F/o, uhs/ iK fpZbhnK e[Zs/ ed'A s/ fet/A nkgD/ ;jh ;o{g ftZu nkJ/, fJ;d/ nzdk}/

bk e/ n;hA nkgD/ fdb dh s;Zbh sK eo ;ed/ jK go nzdk}/ sK ne;o nzdk}/ jh j[zd/ jB. fJj

}o{o efj ;ed/ jK fe id'A ikBto pBkT[D tkbh ;wZroh gzi/ sZs eo'VK ;dhnK gfjbK w"}{d

;BsK ikBto th eo'VK ;kb gfjbK pD rJ/ j'Dr/. J/;/ soK jh pzd/ dh Feb tkbk ikBto th

pfDnK j'T{. g/Ad uVQkT[Dh sK fJB;kB B/ F[o{ ehsh j?. g?dk eoB tkbk i/ ouBk eoB dh skes

oZydk j? sK T[j ;G e[M n?;k pDkT{, fi; soK dk T[;~ mhe bZr/. Ykn Ykn e/ GKv/ pBkT[D

dh fcsos sK fJB;kB dh j?.



fizBk fuo sZe fJB;kB BjhA ;h pfDnK, UBk fuo ed/ fe;/ B/ e[dos d/ n;{b BjhA s'V/

. fBZe/ tZv/ ;ko/ iht oZp dh pyfFF dk F[eo eod/ jB. gzShnK ~ eJh tko n;wkB s/ T[vkohnK

bkT[AfdnK d/fynk j't/rk. joB ~ u[zrhnK GofdnK fi; fe;/ th d/fynk, T[j joB dh ;zs[FNh

s'A fJZe tko }o{o pfbjko/ frnk j'T{. fe;/ iht izs{ ~ i' i' e[M fwfbnk, T[; Bkb jh y[F

j?. fJB;kB s'A fpBK j'o fe;/ ~ e'Jh FekfJs BjhA. fJB;kB oZp dh ;G s'A ftF/F ouBk j?,

;G s'A T[Zsw ouBk. b/feB oZp Bkb fJ; ;koh f;qFNh ftZu i/ fe;/ ~ fFekfJs j? sK T[j th

fJB;kB ~ jh j?. i/ B;bK pdbhnK sK T[j th fJB;kB B/ jh pdbhnK. nZi sZe ed/ fe;/ B/

eK s/ x[Zrh fJeZm/ ;[Zs/ t/y/< nZi sZe ed/ fe;/ M'N/ B/ rK Bt/A d[ZX ehsh< nZi sZe fe;/ pki B/

Gbk e'Jh fuVh roGtsh ehsh< ed/ fe;/ B/ e[Zs/ w[Feh j'Jh pKdoh d/ fgZS/ fgZS/ s[o/ fcod/ d/

y/< BjhA Bk, ;ko/ ikBtoK ftZu'A ;ohoe s"o s/ pzd/ tor/ brd/ foZS ftZu ;[fDnK wfo:kdk gko

eoB dh bkb;k j?. w?A :ehB Bkb efj ;edk jK fe foZS dh pDso ftZu pzd/ dh e'Jh eos{s

j'T{, foZS dh ;ohoe pDso pzd/ dk jh ekok j?. pzd/ e'b'A sK f;oc T[j jh gzSh pfunk fijVk

T[V frnk. fJB;kB B/ nkgD/ fBek; ftek; ~ }o{o s'fVnk wo'fVnk go oZp B/ fi; soK dk

pzdk pDBk ukjhdk ;h, T[; soQK dk jh pDkfJnk. pzdk pKdoK s'A BjhA pfDnK. fJj j' ;edk

j? fe pzd/ B/ pKdoK dhnK FebK pBkT[D ftZu e'Jh :'rdkB gkfJnk j't/. fJB;kB pDB s'A

fuo'eDk gfjbK pzd/ dh Feb dk ikBto pkeh ikBtoK tKr eo'VK ;kbK s'A ikBtoK ftZu ftuodk

fojk j't/rk, pzdk e'Jh n;wkBh r'bk BjhA j?.

eo'VK ;kb gfjbK tksktoD ftZu ;{oi dk eoe/ iK eJh j'o ekoDK eoe/ id ;w[zdo dk

gkDh Gkc pD e/ T[vdk sK wkB;{B jtktK d/ o;fsnK ftZu pkoF j[zdh. e[M gkDh Xosh ftZu

iho iKdk, e[M BdhnK BkfbnK ftu dh j[zdk j'fJnk fco ;w[zdo ftZu ik obdk. go pj[s ;kok

po;ksh gkDh N'fJnK N'fpnK, MhbK ns/ SZgVK ftZu fJeZmk j' iKdk, id'A sZe N'J/ N'p/ ;[ZeD bZrd/

c/o po;ks j' iKdh. ;sb[i s/ f;zX dfonktK d/ ftukb/ eJh BdhnK Bkb/ ;B s/ nDfrDs N'J/

N'p/ ;B. fJ; fJbke/ ftZu jo soK d/ o[Zy p{N/, jo soK dh pBk;gsh g?dk j' rJh. pj[s ;ko/

iht izs{ th g?dk j'J/. fi; fi; iht d/ ihT{D tk;s/ ;wZroh T[gbpX ;h, T[j ;ko/ ihn g?dk

j'J/. gzikp ftZu jo soK d/ iht g?dk j' ;eD dh ;wroh ;h ns/ T[BQK ihtK d/ fiT{Ad/ ofjD

tk;s/ th ;G e[M ;h sK fco o"bk ekjdk. fJ; }oy/i }whB #s/ f;qFNh dh F[o{nks j'Jh.

fJ; d[BhnK #s/ fe;/ th j'o fJbke/ dk fJfsjk; fszB uko ;dhnK s'A gfjbK dk fbysh

o{g ftZu BjhA fwbdk. pzd/ d/ ;oho dh pDso tk;s/ th T[j jh sZs ukjhd/ ;B, e'Jh tZyoh

fe;w dh fwZNh sK ukjhdh BjhA ;h. fJ; ekoD fJj efjDk edkfus rbs BjhA j't/rk fe fi;

;Zu/ Bkb, fi; ftXh Bkb jkEh x'V/ F/o pD/, T[;/ jh ;Zu/ Bkb pzd/ dk fi;w th pfDnK. bZyK,

FkfJd eo'VK ;kb pzdk th ikBtoK ftZu ikBtoK tKr jh ofjzdk fojk. ;ohoe s"o s/ seV/ s/

wk;kjkoh ikBtoK s'A puD dhnK soehpK pzd/ B/ ;'uDhnK F[o{ ehshnK. doysK #s/ uVQ e/ nkgDk

pukn eoBk pzd/ B/ f;Zfynk. fco ;kekjkoh ikBtoK Bkb d';sh ehsh. pzd/ dh ;kekjkoh ikBtoK



~ b'V wfj;{; j'D bZr gJh. x'V ;tkoh eoe/ pzdk nkg th pudk ns/ x'V/ ~ th pukT[Adk.

soehpK ;'uD tkbk fdwkr sK pzd/ ~ oZp B/ fdZsk jh ;h. fit/A fit/A fdwkr dh tos'A eodk

frnk, Ut/A Ut/A BthnK ;ehwK pDkT[Adk frnk. fJZe ;wK n?;k nkfJnk fe pzd/ ~ nfj;k; j'

frnk fe T[j ikBtoK Bkb'A f;nkDk j? s/ nkgDh f;nkDg Bkb ikBtoK ~ gfsnkT[D, b'V g?D

s/ vokT[D s/ ysoBke ikBtoK ~ ysw eoB dhnK ;ehwK pBkT[D bZr fgnk. gZEo ~ ;G s'A

gfjb/ jfEnko d/ o{g ftZu pzd/ B/ tofsnk. d[ZX d/D tkb/ ikBtoK d/ w'jo/ jo/ Go/ ykD/ ;[ZN

e/ eNV{nK tSV{nK tKr d[ZX u[zfxnk. \b co{N yk e/ r[}kok eodk fojk. tZy tZy fe;w d/

ikBtoK ~ id pzd/ B/ ob e/ uZbfdnK, fJe d{i/ dh wdd eod/ d/fynk sK nkgD/ pukU bJh

ikBtoK s'A f;Zy e/ pzd/ B/ fJeZm/ j' e/ ofjDk f;Zfynk. pzd/ ~ pzd/ d/ ;kE #u'A i' ;[Zy fwfbnk,

T[j ikBtoK d/ ;kE Bkb'A fes/ tXhnk bZrk. ;wK g?D s/ fco nkg; ftZu ;[ZyK dk fJ}jko eoB

bZr fgnk. y[Fh rwhA gorN eoB bJh GkFk dh pj[sh b'V BjhA j[zdh. u/jok d/y e/ y[Fh rwhA

dk gsk bZr iKdk j?. fit/A fit/A nkg;h ;KM fGnkbh tXdh rJh, pzd/ ~ fJZe d{;o/ ~ ;wMkTD

bJh GkFk dh b'V gJh. X[BhnK Bkb fJFkfonK Bkb fJZe d{i/ ~ ;wMkT[Dk F[o{ j'fJnk. o'Dk s/

jZ;Dk pzd/ dh w[Ybh GkFk d/ tZv/ ;kXB pD/. fJZe d{i/ ~ ;[Zy d/D dh ohM g?dk j'Jh. pZfunK,

n"osK s/ p}[orK dh wdd eoe/ y[Fh gokgs j'D bZrh. n"os B/ nkdwh ~ y[F eoB d/ sohe/

tosD/ F[o{ ehs/. fco fdbK dhnK x[zvhnK y'jbD tk;s/, ;KM fgnko iskT[D tk;s/ GkFk dh b'V

j'o tX rJh. ;G s'A gfjbh GkFk o[wK; dh GkFk ;h. id GkFk gquZbs j' rJh fco GkFk dh

o[wK; s'A nrb/ gVk ftZu f;Zfynk d/D bJh, ;/X d/D bJh tos'A j'D bZrh. f;nkfDnK B/ rbshnK

eoB tkfbnK ~ toiDk F[o{ ehsk, ;wMkT[Dk F[o{ ehsk. f;fynk d/D tkfbnK dk b'e ;fseko

eoB bZr/. pZ; id'A ;fseko fgnko dh nfjwhns ;wM ftZu nk rJh sK pzdk fco ikBto Bk

fojk pbfe fJB;kB pD frnk. n"os dk doik Gkt/A pj[s jh T[Zuk ;h fco th fJB;kBh ihtB

d/ ;ko/ okj wod B/ jh pDkJ/.

w[Yb/ fJB;kB fszB soQK d/ j[zd/ ;h - fFekoh, ftUgkoh s/ g[ikoh. fFekoh ykD ghD dhnK

t;sK g?dk eod/ fcod/ ns/ ftUgkoh jfEnko g?dk eod/. gZEoK dh orV Bkb g?dk ehsh nZr

;KG e/ oZyd/ ns/ d{o B/V/ n;EkBK s/ ik e/ BthnK EktK sbkFd/. w[Yb/ fJB;kB s'A b? e/ nZi

sZe fJj XkoDk ubh nk ojh j? fJB;kB ftZu fe oZp ;G d/ ftZu tZ;dk j?. nkgD/ nzdo'A T[;

gowkswk ~ bZGD dk :sB fJB;kB F[o{ s'A jh eodk nkfJnk j?. g[ikoh nzsofXnkB j' e/ p?md/

. id g[ikoh nfXnkswe ;'u nkw b'eK Bkb ;KMh eod/ sK fFekoh s/ ftT[gkoh pV/ fXnkB Bkb

;[Dd/. g[ikoh ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ wod jh j[zd/ ;B, T[j dfonktK d/ ezfYnK s/ tZv/ gZfsnK tkb/ doysK

j/m p?md/. fit/A fit/A T[BQK dh wkBsk tXdh rJh, tZX s'A tZX b'e ;kXK d/ puB ;[DB bJh iKd/

s/ j"bh j"bh g[ikohnK bJh b'eK B/ e[Nhnk pDk d/Dh F[o{ ehsh. fFekoh s/ tgkoh nkgD/ nkg

Bkb'A g[ikohnK dh ;/tk tZX eod/. ofjD bJh e[Nhnk th f;oc g[ikohnK dh jh j[zdh. whAj MZyV

ftZu b'e bkrbh e[Nhnk ftZu FoD b?D bJh ub/ iKd/. tXhnk gZe/ gZe/ \b th b'eK B/ gfjbK



g[ikohnK ~ uVQk e/ nkT[D/. fFekoh tgkoh sK GZi d"V pj[s eod/ ;B. fJ; bJh i' th yKd/

, gu iKdk. go g[ikoh sK u"eVk wko e/ p?m/ ofjzd/, ykd/ th gZe/ gZe/ \b. d[BhnK ftZu ;G

s'A gfjbh phwkoh g/N yokp j'D dh jh ;kjwD/ nkJh, T[j th g[ikohnK d/ phwko j'D Bkb gsk

bZrh. phwkoh dh jkbs ftZu g[ikohnK e'b'A \b Bk yk j'D/. ;/teK B/ i{; fBu'V e/ d/Dk nkozG

ehsk. j"bh j"bh \b T[pkbD/ F[o{ ehs/. b/feB pj[s/ g[ikoh nekb ubkDk eo iKd/. fJZe fdB

n?;k nkfJnk fe \bK dk noe eZYD dh ftT[As nk rJh. noe gu th ikDk s/ noe ftub/ BF/

Bkb BhAd th tXhnk nkT[Dh. d[BhnK dh gfjbh dtkJh noe (;'w o;) ;h. j'o th i/ e'Jh pZuk

iK fpoX phwko j' ikDk sK g[ikohnK bJh pDk e/ oZyh dtkJh ik fgbkT[Dh. j}koK ;kb fJj

f;b;bk uZbdk fojk.

g[ikohnK dh wkBsk fdB' fdB tXdh rJh. fJ;d/ eJh ekoD ;B. fJZe ekoD sK fJj ;h

fe pj[s xZN b'e g[ikoh pD ;ed/ ;h. jkoh ;koh sK g[ikoh pDB bJh ;'u th BjhA ;h ;edk.

d{ih rZb fe g[ikoh nkw s"o s/ pqjwukoh ofjzd/. fJj jh ekoD ;h fe ;G s'A tZX ;fseko/ ikD

tkb/ s/ ;G s'A tZX ;[Zy ;[ftXk gokgs g[ikoh frDsh ftZu xNd/ rJ/. ed/ edkJhA i/ e'Jh pj[s

jh itkB ;[BZyk g[ikoh pD ikDk sK w'jDhnK B/ T[;dh fposh Gzr eoB dk :sB eoBk s/ eJh

tko ekw:kp th j' ikDk. j}koK ;kbK ftZu f;oc g[ikoh j'J/ fiBQK dh n"bkd j'Jh. g[ikohnK

d/ pj[s/ v/o/ f;zX, ;o;tsh ns/ okth d/ ezfYnK#s/ ;B. i/jbw, MBQkp s/ ;sb[i #s/ th ftob/

ftob/ ;kXK d/ v/o/ j? ;B. fFekoh b'e izrbK p/fbnK #u ofjzd/.

;G s'A tZvk ezw nkgDh g/N dh G[Zy g{osh dk jh ;h. ed/ ed/ id pj[s tXhnk e[M ykD

tk;s/ fwb ikDk sK T[; ftZu'A uzrk uzrk u[D e/ g[ikohnK ~ d/ nkT[Dk s/ Bkb T[BQK f;nkfDnK

d/ tuB ;[D nkT[D/. ;G s'A tZX tgkoh tX/ c[b/. d{o B/V/ fJbkfenK ftZu ephfbnK ~ Bkb b?

e/ tXhnk bZeV s/ \b co{N bZGd/ ni'e/ ncrkfB;skB, eikfe;skB s/ fJokB d/ fJod frod

fJbkfenK ftZu fBeb iKd/. bZeVK dhnK p/VhnK pDk e/ sN d/ Bkb Bkb d{o d{o sZe ub/ iKd/

go jw/FK nkgD/ fgS'eV tZb ikD dh fJZSk ofjzdh. id'A feXo/ tkg; nkT[Ad/ sK ;ko/ g[ikohnK

~ fwbD dk :sB eod/. GU s/ GkU f;ykT[D tkbhnK eEk ejkDhnK ;zsK s'A ;[D e/ tgkoh :kd

eo b?Ad/. j"bh j"bh tgkohnK dh frDsh tXdh rJh. eJh ;dhnK pknd fJZe ;wK n?;k nkfJnk

fe tgkoh b'eK B/ nkgD/ p}[orK ~ ;zsK d/ v/fonK d/ bkr/ pzB/ fNekD/ pDk e/ SZv ikDk. p}[or

th ;co eoBk tXhnk BjhA ;h ;wMd/ s/ Bkb/ ;zsK g[ikohnK dhnK ejkDhnK ;[D e/ tXhnk

wfj;{; eod/. g[oksB f;ZfynkdkfJe eEk ejkDhnK tgkoh b'eK ~ :kd j' rJhnK. ghVQh do

ghVQh tgkoh b'eK B/ g[oksB eEktK, i' pknd ftZu ik e/ Xkowe ejkDhnK pD rJhnK, :kd eoe/

oZyhnK. nfGnk; d/ Bkb T[j ejkDhnK ;ob j' rJhnK s/ i/ feXo/ T[BQK ftZu fe;/ fBZeh tZvh

spdhbh dh b'V g?Adh sK g[ikohnK s'A fJik}s b? e/ pdb b?Ad/. tgkoh b'eK B/ eZuhnK fJZNK

pDkT[DhnK f;Zy bJhnK. M[ZrhnK pBkT[D dh ;wZroh bZeVK eQkJh ;oeVk sK jo M[Zrh d/ pkjo

fgnk j[zdk. eZuhnK fJZNK ~ ;[ek e/ ezXK eoBhnK nkozG j'JhnK. xo xokD/, fgzv e;p/ pDB/ F[o{



j'J/. eZuhnK fJZNK pDk e/ bZeVK d/ T[Zs/ oZy e/ eJh ;dhnK ;ekT[Ad/ oj/. fJZe tko nukBe bZeVK

~ nZr bZr ikD ekoD eZuhnK fJZNK ;V rJhnK. ;VhnK j'JhnK fJZNK pj[s w}p{s j' rJhnK.

pknd ftZu fJZNK ;kV gek e/ xo pBkT[D/ nkozG j'J/. nfXnkswe eEk eEktK ~ ftUAs pzd

eoe/ g[ikohnK s/ r[Dh frnkBhnK B/ nZi s'A j}koK ;kb gfjbK foZr t/d dh ouBk ehsh.

:EkoEtkdh ftT[AspZX eEktK ~ Xkowe s/ ;fseko:'r eEktK ;theko eoe/ b'eK B/ oZi oZie/

;[DhnK ;[DkJhnK.

jo g[zfBnK d/ fdB ukBD dk F[eokBk eoB bJh b'eK B/ fJeZso j'Dk s/ foZr t/d dhnK

eEktK ;[DBhnK. wZf;nk tkb/ fdB thoks ~ fwFkbK irk e/ b'eK B/ jBQ/o/ s'A S[Nekok gkT[D bJh

ftXksk nZr/ nodk;K eoBhnK. id'A uzd B}ohA g?Dk sK nkgDhnK nodk;K eoe/ fdf;nk bZrDk.

;w/A d/ Bkb fit/A fit/A nkpkdh tXdh rJh b'eK B/ fgV pDkJ/. fco BkNe d/ o{g ftZu ejkDh

;[DkT[D bJh ebk wzu fsnko ehs/ rJ/. wjKg[oyK B/ pj[s ;kohnK f;ZfynktK d/D tkbhnK eEktK

th gquZfbs ehshnK. wjKtho s/ f;XkoE dhnK eEktK ~ T[ZgfBFdK d/ pokpo fJZe tZyo/ sohe/

Bkb g/F ehsk frnk.

jVZgk, N?e;bk, wfjzi'dV' ns/ rzXko tor/ eJh Ffjo nkpkd j' rJ/. b/feB fJj ;koh

npkdh, ;ko/ Ffjo, ;ko/ wzu tgkoh b'eK dh ewkJh s'A fpBK ;zGt BjhA ;h j' ;ed/. j}koK ;kb

f;zX xkNh dh ;ZfGnsk jo ;kb BthnK T[ukJhnK tZb ~ s[odh rJh. tgkohnK B/ f;zX dfonk

d/ Bkb Bkb gjkVK d/ ftueko wkB;o'to Mhb ik bZGh s/ p'Xh fynkbK d/ wjKg[oyK ~ ni'e/

fsZps ftZu e?bkF gops tZb'A nkT[Ad/ gkDhnK d/ feBkfonK s/ Xow gquko bJh Xow n;EkB pDk

fdZs/. pj[s ;ko/ tgkoh Grs iB pD e/ fsZps ftZu jh nkpkd j' rJ/. tgkoh b'eK B/ ni'e/

T[Zsoh Gkos ftZu th Xow;kbk ns/ eKFh tor/ fNekD/ ik pDkJ/. dZyDh Gkos ftZu th ik e/

tZ;D bZr/. eKFh fJZe pj[s tZvk Xkowe e/Ado pD e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkB r[Dh

frnkBh wjKg[oy eKFh ik t;/. foZr t/d d/ gfjb/ nZm wzvbK (d{i/ s'A B"At/A) ftZu rzrk dk e'Jh

f}eo BjhA nkT[Adk. ;' }kjo j? fe eKFh foZr t/d dh ouBk s'A pknd ftZu tZf;nk. tgkoh b'e

i' fgsk g[oyh f;zX xkNh d/ t;Bhe ;B, gZSw tZb ~ j' s[o/. ni'e/ fJokB ftZu th fJZe fJbkek

n?;k fwfbnk fiZE/ gzi dfonk trd/ ;B. T[; fJbke/ ~ gzikp BK d/ e/ nkpkd eo fdZsk. p;ok

prdkd th ik t;kJ/. p;o/ d/ prb ftZu dfonk d/ ezY/ s/ p/phb'B tgkoe B}ohJ/ Bkb ik

t;kfJnk. T[; ;w/A sZe Gkos uhB iK nop d/F BjhA ;h pD/. ;ko/ dk ;kok fJbkek uhBh iK

f;zXh fejk ik ;edk ;h. noph fJbke/ ftZu ik t;/ iK fsZps ftZu ik t;/, ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ f;zX

xkNh dh ;ZfGnsk Bkb ;pzXs ;B. uhB ftZu oZp s'A vo e/ uZbD tkb/ b'eK B/ pj[s soZeh ehsh

ns/ e[M ;w/A ftZu jh pj[s tZvh nkpkdh dk fJbkek pD frnk.

fJj sK ;h fJfsjk;e soheK s'A gfjbK dh ejkDh. nkU j[D fJfsjk; d/ toe/ c'bhJ/

L fJZe j}ko ;kb dh rZb j?. nzrq/}h e?bzvoK d/ fj;kp Bkb id frnkoQthAA ;dh F[o{ j'Jh,

fJfsjk; dk gfjbk toek fbfynk frnk. d[BhnK ftZu d/tBkroh fbgh, ;z;feqs GkFk ftZu



fbfynk fJj gfjbk toek, fi;dk gfjbk gkso nrBh j? L- foZr t/d dk fbysh o{g j?.

gkfDBh B/ ;z;feqs dh ftnkeoD ed'A pDkJh, w?A fJ; gk;/ ~ iktK sK fJfsjk; w?~ M{fmnK dk

u/bk ej{. fe;/ B/ g[ZfSnk fe M{m dk eVQkj eoB bJh uk; fezBh gktK< itkp fwfbnk j'o f;ZN

wk;k fe;/ ~ eh gsk bZrDk.

id 1917 ftZu o{;h o?t'b{FB j'fJnk sK T[d'A th e?bzvo fJZe d{i/ Bkb BjhA ;h obd/.

fJfsjk; ftZu e?bzvo pBkT[D bZfrnK gfjbk j}ko ;kb fe;B/ i'fVnk< w?A feT[A T[;dk f;oBktK

bZGdk fcoK. w?A gfjbK jh w[nkch wzr btK. w/oh fJ; ejkDh dk fJfsjk;e ;co nzrq/}h e?bzvo

Bkb'A T[wo ftZu g{ok j}ko ;kb S'Nk j?. w/oh g[ZS gVskb w[skpe e'Jh sohe d;thA ;dh dh BjhA

j?. fco th i/ fe;/ ~ mhe bZrdk j? sK fJZe j}ko ;kb j'o i'V ;edk j?. w/oh gfjbh ;dh

d/ gfjb/ ;kb d/ gfjb/ wjhB/ wZf;nk dh oks jVZgk Ffjo d/ ftukb/ uko nwoheD pb"e ftZu

pfDnK j'fJnk okw bhbk w?dkB yuk yu Gfonk j'fJnk ;h. ;N/i ns/ w?dkB d/ uko u[c/o/

fwFkbK ir ojhnK ;h. nrBh s/ fJzdo d/tsk ftueko tkoskbkg uZb ojh ;h fe e[M p}[orK

B/ gq;skt g/F ehsk fe d[BhnK j[D d{o d{o sZe c?b u[Zeh j?. fsZps ftZu f;zX xkNh Bkb'A tZX

b'e tZ;d/ jB. fJokBh gzikp th fdB' fdB c?b fojk j?. t?fde frnkB sK ;koh d[BhnK bJh

pDkfJnk frnk ;h. ;koh d[BhnK f;zX xkNh d/ frD/ fwE/ E/NoK ftZu BjhA gj[zu ;edh. fJ;

eoe/ gkfDBh dh pDkJh ftnkeoD nB[;ko t/dK, Fk;soK, g[okDK s/ T[gfBFdK ~ fby e/ ;koh

d[BhnK d/ gko T[sko/ bJh ;G ~ tzfvnk ikt/. ;op;zwsh Bkb wsk gk; j' frnk. foFh w[Bh,

ftdtkB, ;{MtkB, gzvs ;G ~ p[bkfJnk frnk. r{VQ frnkBhnK B/ r{VQ frnkB ~ ob fwb e/

ebwpzd ehsk. fJ; s'A gfjbK fe b'e nfXnkswe ouBk d/ SgD dh y[Fh eod/, fJ; rZb dh

nkw uouk uZb gJh fe e[M u'Dt/A gzvsK ~ SZve/ e'Jh th fJ;~ gVQ BjhA ;edk. eJh BhthnK

iksK s/ sK fJj th gkpzdh bk fdZsh rJh fe T[j ;[D th BjhA ;ed/.

fBokFsk ftZu GNed/ b'eK bJh p/phb'B, p;o/, prdkd fJbke/ ftZu ofjzd/ b'eK B/ \ko;h

GkFk ftZu ouBktK fbyD dk wB pDkfJnk. f;zX xkNh d/ iZdh t;Bhe tgkoh b'e tko tko fJ;

eoe/ jh nkT[Ad/ ;h feT[Afe T[j nfXnkswe eEk ejkDhnK ~ BkNeK d/ o{g ftZu d/y e/ e'Jh

ihtB ;/X b? ;eD. BkNeK ftub/ feodko fBGkT[D dk ukn th ;G ~ jw/FK ofjzdk. t/dK

T[gfBFdK dh ;koh dh ;koh e'fFF fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns f;ykT[Dk jh sK ;h. f;zX xkNh d/

ftZu pD/ BkNe EhJ/No b'eK bJh fe;/ Xow n;EkB s'A xZN BjhA ;B. s[;hA nkg ;'u' fe i/ s[jkv/

s'A s[jkv/ g{iD n;EkB y'j bJ/ ikD sK s[jk~ fet/A bZr/rk. T[; tksktoD ftZu dw BjhA x[ZN/

rk sK j'o eh j't/rk. g[ikoh b'eK e'b fbysh ;[ftXk j' rJh, fFekoh b'eK ~, w}d{o spe/ ~

BkNe d/yD dh wBkjh j' rJh. pZ; fco eh ;h ozr wzu thokB j' rJ/. Bk e'Jh BkNe y/vD

tkbk fojk s/ Bk jh e'Jh d/yD tkbk. Bk j't/ pK; Bk tZi/ pz;oh. jVZgk s/ wfjzi'dV' ~ Yfj

Y/oh eoB e'Jh BjhA nkfJnk. fJe d' BjhA ns/ fJe d' tkoh BjhA f;zX xkNh d/, gzikp d/ eJhnK

fgzvK d/ E/j pD/. 1947 ftZu fezB/ fgzvK d/ E/j pD/. nkgDh popkdh dk feZ;k pVk bzpk j?.



BkNe pzd j' rJ/, gsk jh BjhA fezBhnK ;dhnK s'A fwN ojh ;h nkswe G[Zy, fJZe tko fco

d[BhnK wK wS'jo j' rJh.

id'A dk fJB;kB dk fdwkr uZbD bZrk, T[d'A s'A jh oZp s'A voB dh ohM ojh j? fJB;kB

dh. fi; ~ ;ko/ oZp eoe/ ikDd/ ;B, T[j pqjw frnkB e?d eo fbnk frnk. fi;dk ;ko/

;fseko eod/ j'D, fi;~ fgnko eod/ j'D, fi; s'A fpBK ihtB d/ ;ko/ ozr fcZe/ g? ikD, fgnko

s/ ;fseko dk }ohnk jh y[Z; ikt/ sK eh jkbs j't/. fJj th ;Zu j? fe fgnko fpBK d[BhnK

BjhA uZb ;edh, fgnko jh ihtB dk w{b j?. go vo fpBK th d[BhnK BjhA uZb ;edh. i/ vo

BjhA j? sK ihtB d/ ;ko/ o;s/ pzd j' ikDr/. fJZe fdB bJh ;Ve d/ ;ko/ ek~B ysw eo e/

d/y bU, e'Jh th xo BjhA gj[zu ;e/rk. jo fJB;kB dk fgnko eoB ~ ihn eodk j?. fgnko

s'A fpBk fJB;kBh ihtB d/ Bk sK e'Jh wkfJB/ pDd/ jB s/ Bk jh fJB;kBhA j'Ad. nkgDh iBw

G{wh Bkb nkgD/ nkgfDnK Bkb fgnko eoB ~ Gbk fe;dk fdb BjhA eodk. go i/ e'Jh s[jkv/

fgnko ~ s[jkv/ s'A y'j bt/, s[jk~ s[jkv/ fgnko s'A tKfMnK eo fdZsk ikt/ sK dZ;' fejV/ y{j

ftZu v[Zp wo'r/. e'Jh fJB;kB fizBK wo}h FeshFkbh j't/, i/ T[j fJB;kB j? sK T[;dk fe;/

s'A voB ~ fdb }o{o eo/rk. fgnko th s/ ;fseko th d't/A fJB;kBh ihtB d/ nfBZyVt/A nzr

jB. j}koK ;kb fFekoh, tgkoh s/ g[ikoh fJZe gfotko d/ s"o s/ ofj oj/ ;B. tgkoh b'e fiBQK

B/ fco s[o e/ d[BhnK d/yh j'Jh ;h, xo'A pkjo fBeb e/, i' i' w[;hpsK pzd/ ~ nk ;edhnK,

;kohnK w[;hpsK fgzv/ s/ jzYk t/yhnK ;h. T[j tgkoh nkgDh ;koh ewkJh, ;koh fbnkes, ;koh

skes bk e/ nkgDh Xosh wK dh r'd ftZu BZm BZm e/ iKd/. jo fe;/ ~ Gkt/A T[j g[ikoh j't/

iK fFekoh, T[BQK dk pDdk fgnko ;fseko d/Ad/. f;zX xkNh dh ;ZfGne T[Bsh ftZu pj[sk jZE

tgkoh b'eK dk jh ;h.

nkgfDnK ~ fgnko eoBk, nkgfDnK dk ;fseko eoBk jh sK fJB;kBh ngDZs j?. go

ngDZs dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh ekoD }o{o j[zdk j?, e'Jh Bk e'Jh }ohnk }o{o j[zdk j?. i/ eosk eow

eodk j? sK T[;dk e'Jh ekoD th }o{o j[zdk j?. ekoD BjhA j? sK eow fet/A j' ;edk j?. tgkoh

b'eK dk ewkJhnK eo eo e/ xo ~ fbnkT[D dk ekoD t?fde frnkB Bkb i[V/ ofjDk ;h. w[Zmh

Go b'eK B/, T[BQK ~ gzvs ej', frnkBh ej' iK i' wo}h ejh ikt', nswk dh y[oke pqjw frnkB

s/ ep}k eoe/ d[BhnK ~ u[o;s/ ftZu fbnk ybQkfonk. u[o;sk Gkt/A ed/ th bzpk u"Vk BjhA j[zdk

go u[o;s/ dh pj[s tZvh nfjwhns j[zdh j?. fi; gk;/ ~ w[V ikt/ e'Jh pZ; UXo ~ jh ub/

iKdk j?. fi; o;s/ iKfdnK fizBk e'Jh d{o fBeb ikt/rk, tkfg; gosDk UBk jh w[Ffeb j'

iKdk j?.

w[Zmh Go gzvsK B/ d[BhnK d/ fJZe' fJZe nfXnkswtkd ~ ep}/ ftZu b? e/ fjzd{ w'jo bk

fdZsh. fi; n;hw frnkB ftZu ;opZs dk efbnkD eo ;eD dh ;woZEk ;h, d[BhnK dh gj[zu

s'A pkjo eo fdZsk. w}d{o spe/ ~ sK nZi sZe d[BhnK ftZu t'NK s'A fpBK fe;/ B/ frfDnK jh

BjhA, iK sK w}d{o spek ofj frnk iK e[M frDt/A fwDt/A r[Dh frnkBh. fJokBh noph b'e,



i' ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ f;zX xkNh ftZu'A jh rJ/ ;h, Xow s/ ekp}, Xow d/ m/e/dkoK B/ y[d jh nkgD/

eo ewbK Bkb p/dyb ehs/. fi; irkj #s/ j}koK ;kb wZEk N/ed/ oj/, ;fseko eod/ oj/,

fgnko eod/ oj/, T[; n;EkB Bkb'A foFsk N[ZN ikDk fJZe pj[s tZvk d[yKs ;h. go ihtB dk

fJZe fJj th n;{b j? fe ihtB ed/ o[edk BjhA. fszB GkrK ftZu tzvh rJh e"w. j[D ;ZfGnsk

fbyD ~ w/ok fdb BjhA eodk. j}koK ;kb i' ob fwb e/ fJZe' jh o[Zy dh SK wkDd/ oj/, T[j

fJZe jh MNe/ Bkb god/;h j' rJ/. fsZps ftZu tZ;d/ b'e p[ZXwZs dk nk;ok b? e/ p?m rJ/. p[ZX

wZs d/ iBw n;EkB s'A p[ZX dk Bkw'fBFkB fwNkTD tk;s/ pV/ :sB j'J/ go fsZps ftZu tZ;d/

Xkowe n;b/ d/ b'e T[Zso g{op tZb c?b rJ/. wzr'bhnk, e'ohnk, igkB, thnsBkw i' fJbke/

jB, fJBQK ;ko/ fJbkfenK ftZu ik t;/ b'e. fgS'eV ~ wZEk N/eD ikfJnk eod/ ;h. e[dos dk

y/b d/y' gZe/ s"o s/ jh wZEk N/eDk g? frnk. d{;o/ gk;/ noph fJbkfenK ftZu tZ;d/ b'e, i'

fwjBsh th ;B, fco/ s[o/ th ;B, nkwdBh d/ t;hb/ th g?dk eoB/ ikDd/ ;B, T[j gZSw tZb

~ j' s[o/. e[M b'e ncohek tZb ~ ub/ rJ/. fJZe d/F dhnK fszB e"wK sK pD jh u[ZehnK ;h,

;KMh Xosh fjzd[;skBh, fsZps tkb/ uhBh s/ d{;o/ gk;/ tkb/ noph pD rJ/.

fJZe j'o d[yKs th tkgfonk fijVk d[yKs oZp ikD/ fe; ekoD, ni/ sZe th nkw b'eK ~

BjhA gsk, T[j fJj ;h fe nfXnkswe y}kBk fi; ;zdbh ;zd{e ftZu fpokiwkB ;h, T[j ;zd{e

th iKdk fojk. GkFk ~ th gftZso GkFk nky e/ skbk bk fdZsk frnk. ;z;feqs GkFk fbyD gVQB

s/ th gkpzdh bZr rJh. nop d/FK ftZu tZ;d/ tgkoh b'eK B/ noph cko;h GkFk th E'V/ ;w/A ftZu

fsnko eo bJh s/ w[jzwdh ozr ftZu nkgD/ nkg ~ ozr fbnk. ;Zso gqshFs b'e t?fde edoK-

ehwsK d/ XkoDh ;B. t?fde frnkB, g[okDK s/ T[ZgfBFdK dk frnkB jh d[BhnK dk wkor doFe

;h. shj gqshFs pkeh p'Xh, i?Bh ns/ ;ko/ ob e/ ;h. nZi ;'u' }ok fe d[BhnK dk fezBtK fjZ;k

t?fde XkoBk dk XkoDh j?. nkgD/ xo'A p/dyb j'J/ fsZpsh b'e uhBh, n"ohn?BNb, J/FhnB ejkT[D

bZr gJ/. pknd ftZu e'ohnk, igkB, fcbgkJhB, thnsBkw, ezp'vhnk ns/ eJh j'o d/FK dk o{g

Xko rJ/. ;kJ/p/ohnk dh po\ ftZu rtku/ j'J/ eJh po\ Bkb izw u[Ze/ ;w[zdo ~ gko eoe/

nwohek dh Xosh d/ j' e/ ofj rJ/. p/phb'fBe, noph, goFhnB b'e ncohek s/ rqhe ftZu

ik t;/. pknd ftZu o'wB, g[osr/}h, ;g?fBF, cq?Au, iowB ns/ fpqfNF pD rJ/. nkgD/

fJfsjk; dk fJj nshs j?.

nkU! ;ko/ ob e/ nkgDk ni'ek fJfsjk; fbyhJ/.



tes ftXksk ftdtsktes ftXksk ftdtsktes ftXksk ftdtsktes ftXksk ftdtsktes ftXksk ftdtskftdtkBK dh y'i ns/ r[D frnkB dhnK rZbK ;[DB ;wMD tkbk fJZe ftfdnkoEh nkgDh

nBgVQ dkdh ~ efjD bZrk, dkdh ih w/ok ihn eodk fe w?A fcbk;\h dh vkeNoh eoK. dkdh

pVh y[F j'Jh s/ efjD bZrh, @tko/ tko/ iktK, ihn ;de/, w/ok g[Zs vkeNo pD ikT{. go ekek

w?~ fJZe rZb dh ;wM BjhA bZrh fe fcbk;ch fe; soK dh phwkoh j'Jh<# @dkdh ih i/ gsk

j[zdk fe fJj e/jVh phwkoh j? sK fco w?A feT[A fJ; phwkoh dk fFeko j[zdk. # @j?jk fJj fpwkoh

s?~ bZr rJh, ik oZpk w/o/ g[Zs d/ f;o jZE oZyhA. # w/oh th ;fsr[o{ nZr/ nodk; j? fe f;o

#s/ jZE oZyhA wkbek, w?~ fJj th gsk j? fe T[Zybh ftZu f;o d/D bZrk jK w'jb/ sK g?D/ jh g?D/

;w/A dhnK ;{JhnK dh ;hwK, e?bzvo, fdB, wjhB/, fbZgh, b\}K dh iBw e[zvbh, oZp d/ y'ihnK

dh y'i eoB dk wB uzrk Gbk nkdwh sK BjhA pDkT[Adk. tZX s'A tZX eh j'T{, gkrb ej{ e'Jh.

go e"D ej{ gkrb, fijVk gVQ e/ d/y{, f;nkD/ b'eK dk sK nkg' nkgDh rZb eoB s'A t/jb BjhA

bZrdk. w/o/ tork e'Jh gVQ e/ d/y th bT{ sK ]?o ;Zbk, e'Jh rZb BjhA. fdb ftZu i' j't/ T[j

efj jh d/Dk pDdk j? pFos/ fe T[j fe;/ dk B[e;kB Bk eodk j't/ wkou wjhB/ w?A gzikp frnk,

w/o/ Ffjo eg{oEb/ dh fibQk GkFk nc;o nwoihs e"o B/ w/ok wkD eoB bJh o{-p-o{

eotkfJnk. dhdko gqd/;h, ;oekoh ekbi eg{oEbk dh w?vw fgqz;hgb, GkFk ftGkr gzikp d/

fvgNh vkfJo?eNo ;H u/sB f;zx, joc{b ih, gq'c?;o joihs ns/ pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkB b'eK Bkb

jkb seohpB Gfonk j'fJnk ;h.

w?~ gsk j? fe w?A sK fJZe wkw{bh fijk b/ye jK, gfjbK eftsk jh fbydk j[zdk ;h go

fgSb/ e[M ;kbK s'A ;w/A dh s'o/ s[ofdnK eJh b/y ejkDhnK th fby j' rJhnK. w/oh nrbh

feskp @nkgDk nshs# seohpB fsnko j' rJh ;h. FkfJd fJ;/ eoe/ w?A ukob; vkoftB dh

rZb eo p?mk. pZ; c/o ehv keNo Gzvkb s/ w/o/ pugB d/ d';s gq'c?;o e[btzs n"ibk B/ sK w?~

cVQ pV{uVhnK s'A fbnk. w?A p; w;K ikB S[vkJh. fJZe tko sK w?A fJokdk pdb fdZsk fe fJj

gzrk Bk jh btK go fco ;'funk fe ;r'A XzBtkd eoK nb'ueK dk feT[Afe nkgDh nktk} dh gq'Vsk

bJh w?A eJh j'o feskpK gVhnK fi; Bkb w/ok ftuko j'o th gZek j' frnk. nkU fco ftuko

r'FNh eohJ/L

ghNo tkN;B dh feskp @fj;Noh n"c E"N n?Av fJBt?BFB# gVQ e/ j"A;bk fwfbnk. id

w?A fBT{NB pko/ gVQD bZrk, i' fe p/phfbUfBe d[BhnK dk nyhobk ftdtkB wzfBnK iKdk j?, sK

w?~ j'o th jZbkF/oh fwb rJh. fBT{NB nmkothA ;dh ftZu ;G s'A tXhnk ftuko b? e/ f;qFNh

dh fjZbi[b pko/ i/ rZb eodk j? sK fJ;dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe fBT{NB nkgD/ fgZsoK ;[eoks,

gb?N' iK no;s{ ~ rbs ;kps eoBk ukj[zdk j?. fBT{NB @fgqz;hghnk w?E?w?fNek# ftZu no;s{

iK gb?N' s/ e'Jh tko BjhA eodk. ro{sk Fesh dh rZb Bk no;s{ B/ s/ Bk jh gb?N' B/ ehsh.

;' i' rZb gfjbK fe;/ B/ BjhA ejh T[j i/ eoB tkbh rZb j? sK fe;/ Bk fe;/ ~ sK eoBh jh



gT{. b/feB ftuko UBk fuo ftuko jh oj/rk fizBk fuo T[;dk e'Jh ;p{s BjhA fwbdk. 1940

ftZu @fj;Noh n"c nkJhvhnk}# bti[nkJ/ dh ;zgkdBk j/m Sgh. ftukoK dk fJfsjk; th gVQh

ikU go Bt/A ftukoK ~ ^?oek~Bh sK Bk ej'. yk; eoe/ i/ s[;hA ftuko s/ jkb/ ftuko jh BjhA

ehsh sK s[jkvk fNZgDh eoBk pDdk jh BjhA.

pkJhpb ftZu Xosh dh pDso dk i' f;XKs g/F ehsk frnk j?, eh ;koh d[BhnK T[; Bkb

;fjws j?< fpbe[b BjhA,A go fco th eJh fpbhnB b'e pkJhpb #s/ :ehB eod/ jB. vkotB

th sK pkJhpb s/ ftFtkF eodk ;h. go S/ fdBk ftZu Xosh ;ki e/ ;st/A fdB r"v nkokw eodk

j?, fJj rZbvkoftB ~ BjhA iuh. i/ e'Jh vkoftB d/ pKdoK s'A pzd/ pDB tkbh rZb Bkb ;fjws

BjhA sK fJ;dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe T[j w[eZdwk eoB ik fojk j? fe vkoftB dh n?t/b{FB

fET{oh d[BhnK ftZu gVQkT[Dh pzd eo'. vkoftB dk fit/A f]nkb ;h fe Xosh pkJhpb d/ pDB

s'A fuo'eDh gfjbK w"i{d ;h, fJ;/ soK i/ e'Jh w/o/ tork ej/ fe pzdk vkoftB d/ pKdoK s'A pj[s

gfjbK w"i{d ;h sK s[;hA w/ok jZE o'eD dk :sB eo'A s/ ekjs'A eo'A. ghNo tkN;B gowkswk dh

y'i eoB tkfbnK ~ nkswk dh y'i eoB bJh gq/odk j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe ghNo

tkN;B dk oZp s/ :ehB BjhA. ;r'A tkN;B sK efjzdk j? fe i/ ;k~ gowkswk nkgD/ ftZu wfj;{;

eoBk nk ikt/ sK gowkswk dh y'i eoB dh b'V jh w[Ze ikt/.

u?Apo @B?u[ob fj;Noh n"c eohJ/FB# ftZu vkoftB Bkb ;fjws BjhA j?. ikBtoK dh

nkgDh irQk pzd/ dh nkgDh irQk, jo iht dh nkgDh nkgDh n?t'b{FB wzBdk j?. y?o fJ;

ft;Eko ftZu ikD s'A gfjbK gVu'b eoB dk ekoD ;KMk eoBk ukj[zdk jK. w?~ fbyD gVD dh

u/Ne bkT[D tkbk w/ok tZvk tho i;ftzdo w/oh fJ; ouBk ~ gVQ e/ gqGkts th j'fJnk go

n;zs[FNsk th }kjo ehsh fe s{z fJj rZbK fe; fpBk s/ eo fojk j?A<seohpB fJj' fijk ftuko

jh e[btzs n"ib/ dk ;h, fe s{z rZbK sK pj[s ehshnK go b"fie e'Jh BjhA fdZsk. fJ; bJh w?A

i' i' fbfynk T[;d/ ;gFNheoB tk;s/ ft;Eko g{ote fpnkB d/Dk ukj[zdk jK.

nrb/ toe/ ftukotkBK dh ftdtsk dk fsEhnK fwshnK nB[;ko ftEkog{ote y[bk;k eoB

dk :sB jB. nkgDk nshs fJfsjk; ns/ fwEjk; dh ikDekoh s'A fpBk sK BjhA fbfynk ik

;edk. fJ; bJh e[dos d/ feqFw/ dk, ekdo dh e[dos dk Xkofwe B}ohJ/ Bkb ns/ ftfrnkBe

fdqFNhe'D s'A fizBK e[ w?A nfXnB ehsk j?, T[;dk t/otk d/Dk io{oh j?. ;w/A ;w/A tZy tZy ftdtkBK

dhnK ;" s'A tZX feskpK i' w?A gVQhnK T[BQK dh fb;N fsnko eoK sK ejkDh Bkb'A N[ZN e/ fj;kp

feskp eoB bZr iktKrk. fJ; bJh w?A fJj jh p/jso ;wMdk jK fe gq;zr d/D bZfrnK Bkb

dh Bkb jh tZy tZy b/ye ns/ fbys d/ ;w/A dk f}eo ehsk ikt/. s/ bU fco feZE'A eh gfVQnk

w?A fJj ejkDh ;KMh eodk jK



Gkosh nshsGkosh nshsGkosh nshsGkosh nshsGkosh nshsn;hA fJe tZyo/ nfXnkfJ ftu fJ;bkw ns/ nop d/FK d/ :'rdkB pko/ uouk eoKr/. T[;

dh ftukoXkok s/ f;XKs, nop d/; dk :'rdkB ;w[Zuh ;fGnsk, :{BkB s'A ngDkJhnK rZbK, gZSwh

;fGnsk ~ nop d/FK dk :'rdkB, T[; T[s/ nkgK ft;Eko Bkb uouk eoKr/. gfjbK noph

;fGnsk T[s/ Gkosh ;fGnsk dk eh n;o fgnk, T[; dk f}eo eoKr/. nopK s'A gfjbK Gkos

ftu ubd/ jK.

e?bzvo ftu fJe ;kb d/ 365 fdB frDd/ jK. bhg dk ;kb 29 dk j' iKdk j?. fJ; soQK

brdk j? fit/A gZSwh ;fGnsk B/ fJj g{ok g{ok fj;kp feskp brkfJnk j[zdk j?. go fJj gZSwh

;fGnsk d/ izwDs'A eJh ;dhnK gfjbK, fJE'A sZe fe noph d[BhnK d/ j'Ad ftu nkT[D s'A gfjbK

Gkos ftu GZNkukohnk B/ fJj 365H358 fdBK dk fJe ;kb nkgDh f\bk;ch ftu, fJj ;{oih

;kb 365H358 fdBK dk ;dhnK gfjbK fby fdZsk ;h. j[D id'A n;hA ;'ud/ jK fe fJBQK B/ ;kb

pDkJ/, fJ; Xosh dhnK ;kohnK y'iK gZSwh ;fGnsk B/ ehshnK, feT[Afe n;hA fJj ;kok e[M

nzrq/}h ftu fbfynk gfVQnk. nzrq/}K B/ d[BhnK dk fJfsjk; nkgDh ebw Bkb fbfynk, fJ; soQK

n;hA fit/A gVQ fbnk s/ wzB fbnk ns/ T[;/ soQK n;hA s[o/ rJ/. nkohnk GZNkukohnk B/ jh ;kb

d/ fdB frD e/ dZ;/ ;B. nkohnk GZNkukohnk B/ jh nkgDh ebw okjhA feXo/ nop d/FK s/ gZSwh

;fGnsk d/ iBwD s'A ;dhnK gfjbK jh efj fdZsk ;h fe Xosh nkgD/ ns/ ;{oi d[nkb/ x[zwdh

j?. fJj rZb T[; B/ gZSwh ;fGnsk izwD s'A ;dhnK gfjbK jh fby fdZsh ;h.

id'A Gkos ftu p[ZX wZs dk p'bpkbk ;h s/ ;kok Gkos p[ZX wZs ~ wzBD br fgnk ;h, T[BQK

fdBK ftu fezBhnK ;dhnK gfjbK dh fJj rZb j? fe Gkos ftu g{zih fBt/F eoB s/ tgkoe

bkj/ fJ; soQK dhnK Gkos dhnK fw;kbK fwbdhnK jB. r[DhnK oZy e/ s/ f;XhnK bkJhBK ftu

wzdo s/ fJwkosK pDkT[DhnK, fJj ;kok fj;kp-feskp, T[j p[ZX wZs pko/ gVQ e/ t/y bt'. nrb/

nfXnkfJnK ftu n;hA p[ZX wZs pko/ gVQKr/. w/o/ efjD dk Gkt fijVk gZSwh ;fGnsk B/ nkgDh

ebw Bkb fbfynk, go pj[s e[M n?;k j? fijVk Gkos dh Xosh T[go T[gfink, y'i ehsk

frnk. go ;k~ T[; dk wkD BjhA fdZsk frnk.

wzdo pDkT[D d/ pj[s T[Zsw thuko ;B, pj[s tXhnk ekohroh ;h, fJ; ~ }ok x'y e/

t/y', fJj fj;kp feskp BjhA brdk. t/dK Fk;soK s/ t/dKsK ftu fijV/ wzso jB, eh T[BQK ~

t/ye/ fj;kp-feskp dh rZb B}o BjhA nkT[Adh. n;hA gVQd/ jh BjhA, n;hA pj[s/ fJjh efjzd/ jK

fe n;hA fjzd{ jK, Gkosh jK. ;kv/ uko t/d jB. go uko t/d fe;/ B/ gVQ e/ th t/y/ jB< fiBQK

B/ uko t/d gVQ e/ t/y/ jB, T[BQK ~ gsk j? fe T[BQK ftu fe; fj;kph sohe/ Bkb, fijV/ :[ZrK

s/ fijV/ ;fwnK dh rZb j?, T[j nZi d/ fj;kp feskp Bkb'A fezB/ nZr/ ;h. i/ T[BQK ~ fj;kp-

feskp d/ Bkb ;'uhJ/, fco sK t/dK FkFsoK ftu fezB/ nrKj tX{ f]nkb ;h.

gfjbh rZb fe n;hA ;z;feqs jh BjhA f;Zyh. i/ fe;/ dk ;z;feqs ~ f;yD dk ihn ehsk



sK eJhnK ~ f;yD dh nkfrnk BjhA fwbh. c/o ;ko/ dk ;kok f;;Nw jh pdb frnk. j'o GkFktK

g?dk j' rJhnK. d[BhnK d/ ftu fijVh ;z;feqs dh gfjbh fbys ;h, T[; ~ n;hA FkfJd gfVQnk

jh BjhA. T[; ftu i' ;kv/ f;XKs fby/ j'J/ ;h, ;kvhnK soZehnK ;h d[BhnK Go dhnK, ;kohnK

soZehnK pko/ t/dK FkFsoK ~ gVQ e/ t/y'. T[BQK ftu T[j pzd jh gJhnK ofj rJhnK. b'eK B/

T[BQK ~ gVQ e/ s/ ;[D e/ nkg jh f;XKs pDk bJ/ ns/ fejk fe fJj ;kv/ jB. ;kv/ fJ; bJh

BjhA pD/, feT[Afe ;k~ ;z;feqs jh BjhA nkT[Adh ;h. i/ j[D th ;ko/ Gkos ftu ;z;feqs ~ gVQDk

}o{oh eo fdZsk ikt/, sK T[j Fk;so s/ ;kvh g[oksB ;fGnsk, ;kv/ p}[orK dhnK wkohnK j'JhnK

g[oksB wZbK, ;kv/ foFhnK w[BhnK ~ i/ ;kv/ ;kjwD/ fbnKdk ikt/ sK fJj ;wMD s/ wzBD bJh

e'Jh pj[sh d/o BjhA brdh fe ;kv/ foFh-w[Bh Gkos dh g[oksBsk pko/ gZSwh ;ZfGnsk d/ w[ekpb/

fezB/ wjkB ;B.

id'A gkfDBh B/ ftnkeoD pDkJh sK pknd ftu ;z;feqs ~ d/tBkroh ftu fbyDk F[o{ eo

fdZsk. d/tBkroh s'A gfjbK pqjwh toDwkbk ftu s/ pj[s d/o s'A ;z;feqs ftu rZbK fbyhnK

j'JhnK ;h. fJj tZyoh rZb j? fe r'fonK B/ fbfynk. fJ; bJh T[BQK B/ efj fdZskfe ekbhdk;

fJe Gkosh F?eFghno ;h. fJj BjhA fbfynk fe F?eFghno fJe :{oghB ekbh dk; j?. ekbh

dk; F?eFghno s'A pj[s d/o gfjbK j'fJnk. T[j g[m/ gk;/ ~ fbikD ftu ekw:kp j' rJ/.

ekw:kp fJ; bJh j' rJ/ fe n;hA fJj ;'uD dk :sB jh BjhA ehsk fe ekbh dk; sK F?eFghno

s'A fes/ gfjbK fJe b/ye j'fJnk. T[; dhnK ouBktK ~ d/y e/ efjDk fe ekbhdk; fJzvhnB

F?eFghno j?, w?A sK dknt/ Bkb ejKrk fe F?eFghno dh e'fF; ;h ekbhdk; pDB dh. go

ekbhdk; pDBk ykbk ih dk tkVk BjhA ;h.

d[BhnK d/ fJfsjk; ~ nkgD/ Bkw s/ ofi;Noh eotkT[Ad/ fcod/ gZSwh ;fGnsk d/ ftdtkBK

B/ gkNbhg[so iK egbt;s{ dk fJfsjk; ][d th BjhA gfVnk j't/rk. ;z;feqs sK fJBQK B/ gVQBh

jh eh ;h. fJ;/ eoe/ fJj nkgDk jZe iwk oj/ jB. @eZb dh G{sBh f;ftnK ftu nZX# feT[Afe

fJBQK B/ gfVQnk th BjhA s/ ;[fDnK th BjhA. fJBQK B/ ;wfMnk th BjhA. fJBQK dh gZSwh ;ZfGnsk

B/ fet/A ;wMDk ;h. n;hA sK ;wfMnk BjhA. n;hA th BjhA gfVQnk. Gkosh w{b d/ b'eK B/ nkgDk

;[Bfjoh fJfsjk; Bk jh g&fVQnk ns/ Bk jh ;wfMnk. j'o fe;/ ~ eh ;wMkT[Dk ;h< n;hA nkg

BjhA ;wfMnk s/ j'o fe;/ ~ eh ;wMkT[Dk ;h. b'eK B/ fit/A fby e/ dZf;nk fe s[jkvk fJfsjk;

fJ; soQK j?, n;hA Gkosh b'eK B/ d{;fonK d/ w'fYnK s/ uVQ e/ gh n?uH vhH dhnK fvrohnK

ehshnK. T[BQK d/ dZ;/ sohfenK Bkb n;hA fJfsjk; d/ wkjo pD rJ/. fJfsjk;K ns/ XowK T[go

;" gh n?uH vhH eo bJhnK. XowK T[Zs/ y'iK T[;/ soQK ehshnK fit/A ;k~ gZSwh ;fGnsk B/ dZf;nk

fe s[jkvk Xow s/ fJfsjk; fJ; soQK dk ;h. n;b d/ ftZu rZb eh j?< T[;~ Bk fe;/ B/ gfVnk

s/ i/ fe;/ B/ gfVQnk sK T[; B/ FkfJd ;wfMnk jh BjhA s/ i/ nkg ;wMD dh e'fFF ehsh sK

nrKj j'o fe;/ ~ ;wMkT[D dh e'fFF jh BjhA ehsh. fit/A noph b'e w[jzwd ;kfjp dhnK tXk

uVQk e/ ;[DkT[Ad/ ;h s/ b'eK ~ ;wMkT[Ad/ ;h, i/ fJ;/ soQK ;kv/ p}[orK B/ ;kv/ g[[oksB rqzEK,



t/dK, Fk;soK, T[gfBFdK, rhsk, wjKGkos, okwkfJD dhnK eJh ;kyhnK s/ ftdtsK Gog{o rZbK

;wMkJhnK j[zdhnK sK n;hA th nrKj fe;/ ~ j'o dZ;D tkb/ pDd/.

n;hA nkgD/ fJ; wjkB y}kB/ ~ fizdok bk e/ oZfynk. w?~ fJj rZb fbyfdnK pVk dod

j[zdk j? fe J/vk tZvk s/ d[BhnK dk ;G s'A gfjbk y}kBk Bk n;hA nkg ;wfMnk s/ Bk jh n;hA

fe;/ ~ ;wMD fdZsk. fe;/ dh eh wikb ;h fe T[j Gkosh ftdtsk, t/dK s/ Gkosh rqzEK d/

frnkB s'A T[go th nkgDhnK ejkDhnK pDk e/ nkg fby b?Ad/. fJj ;kvh nkgDh rbsh j?. e[M

s/oh rbsh j?, e[M w/oh rbsh j?, e[M ;kvh ;kfonK dh rbsh j?.

:{oghB b'eK B/ ;kvh jh BjhA, d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh GkFk ;z;feqs dh nmkothA ;dh ftu

y'i ehsh s/ 18thA ;dh s'A pknd pkeh dhnK ;kohnK GkFktK ~ nkgD/ rokwo d/ fj;kp Bkb

ozrD dh e'fFF ehsh. ;z;feqs s'A gfjbK dh e'Jh GkFk BjhA ;h, fi; d/ ftu J/Bk r{V QfrnkB

Gkt ;w[zdo pzBQ e/ J/Bk y}kBk be'Jh SZfvnk. T[j Bk fe;/ ~ fdf;nk s/ Bk n;hA nkg t/fynk

j?. n;hA fJj jh wkD eoe/ y[F j[zd/ jK fe gkfDBh B/ ftnkeoD pDkJh. efjzd/ ih s[jkv/ gkfDBh

B/ ftnkeoD pDkJh. pZ; rZb nkJh rJh j' rJh. go GkJh! gkfDBh dh ftnkeoD gVQ e/ sK

t/y', T[;B/ pDkfJnk eh< T[; B/ ;z;feqs dh ftnkeoD pDkJh, fe; dh gfoGkFk dZ;h< GkFk

eh j[zdh j?< GkFk fet/A p'bh ikt/< GkFk ~ w[ezwb fet/A ehsk ikt/< GkFk dhnK sK pknd ftu

pj[s soZehnK j'JhnK, go w[ZY eh ;h. fbysh GkFk eh j[zdh j?. fet/A GkFk fbyh iKdh j?< GkFk

dh gfjbh gfoGkFk sK gkfDBh dh feqs j?. gkfDBh B/ n?t/A sK BjhA pDk fdsh. efjzd/ jB pkoK

e'j s/ GkFk pdb iKdh j?. pzpJh s'A nZr/ rZvh ftu nkT[Ad/ j[zd/ ;h sK fijV/ ;N/FB s/ rZvh

o[edh j[zdh ;h s/ T[E'A dh jh p'bh j'o j[zdh ;h. fdZbh ~ nkT[AfdnK nrb/ ;N/FB s/ rZvh o[eh

sK p'bh j'o j[zdh. i/ efjzd/ jK fe pkoK e'j s/ GkFk pdb iKdh j? sK ;z;feqs th eJh soQK dh

}o{o j'Jh j't/rh. fiE/-fiE/ pzd/ ofjzd/ jB, tksktoD d/ fj;kp Bkb GkFktK pdbdhnK iKdhnK

jB. eJh e[dosh GkFktK pD iKdhnK. tZy-tZy d/FK ns/ tZy-tZy fJbkfenK dhnK tyohnK

GkFktK pD iKdhnK jB. fJ; ftu e'Jh nuzG/ tkbh rZb BjhA ;h. go GkFk pDh fet/A< GkFk p'bh

fet/A rJh< GkFk fbyh fet/A rJh< fJjdh gfjbh bkJhB gkfDBh B/ fbyh j?.

pqjwh s/ gkbh Gkt/A gkfDBh dh ;z;feqs s'A gfjbK dhnK ;B, go T[BQK ftu ;kofEesk BjhA

;h. T[BQK ftu nX{okgB ;h. GkFk p'bD dh ftXh iK sohek gkfDBh B/ F[o{ ehsk. p'XhnK B/ gkbh

SZv e/ ;z;feqs ngDk bJh, feT[Afe ;z;feqs w[ezwb GkFk ;h. GkFk d/ ftXh ftXkB gfjb/ ;z;feqs

ftu jh pD/. fijVh rZb ;z;feqs GkFk ftu T[; ;w/A ehsh ik ;edh ;h, T[j j'o fe;/ GkFk

ftu BjhA ehsh ik ;edh ;h. go nmkothA ;dh s'A pknd b'eK B/ e'fFF ehsh. fijVhnK ;kohnK

GkFktK pknd ftu izwhnK, fJBQK B/ nmkothA ;dh s'A pknd :sB ehs/ jB. d[BhnK d/ pj[s/

ftnkeoD, Gkt 90% s'A tZX thjthA ;dh ftu pD/. ekbhdk; Bowdk tkdh dk izwgb ;h. fe;/

}wkB/ ftu gzikp ~ wkbtk th efjzd/ ;h. ekbhdk; wkbt/ dk izwgb ;h. b'e ekbhdk; dk

noE-wksk ekbh dk dk; th eod/ jB. nkw s"o s/ ekbhdk; ~ pqkjwD b'e T[i?B dk pqkjwD



efjzd/ jB. fJj Bowdktkdh dk ofjD tkbk ;h. fJ; B/ @w/xd{s# dh ouBk ehsh. Fe[zsbk ns/

d[fFnzs dh ejkDh fbyh, fi;~ nzro/} th d[BhnK dk gfjbk BkNe wzBd/ jB. ekbhdk; ~

17thA ;dh ftu F?eFghno efj fdZsk. pj[s tZvh rZb j' rJh. go ekbhdk; dh ouBk sK

F?eFghno Bkb'A fes/ v{zx/oh s/ T[sw ouBk j?. F?eFghno sK fijVh n?efNzr eodk ;h, T[jd/

ufoZso pko/, mhe j?, T[j' vokw/ pknd ftu 17thA ;dh ftu fby/ rJ/. fejk fJj ikD br

fgnk fe fJj F?eFghno d/ fby/ j'J/ jB. F?eFghno B/ sK ngDh ebw Bkb fJe nZyo th

BjhA fbfynk. F?eFghno dk fbfynk j'fJnk i/ e'Jh nkgDh feskp ftu ;kps eo d/t/ sK n;hA

eh b?Dk d/Dk. b'eK B/ fejk fe fJj fJfsjk; sK F?eFghno B/ fbfynk ;h. don;b F?eFghno

dhnK ouBktK 1616 ftu T[; dh w"s s'A pknd F?eFghno d/ Bkw j/m ouhnK rJhnK.

16thA s/ 17thA ;dh ftu gqubs :{BkB dhnK ejkDhnK ~ th ;pi?eN d/ s"o s/ wB}{o

eo fbnk frnk. n;hA nkgDhnK fcbk;\hnK ftu T[;~ wB}{o eo fbnk. gh n?uH vhH dhnK

fvrohnK th d[BhnK B/ wB}{o eo bJhnK. go fJj ed/ th ;kv/ p}[orK ~, pdy'Jh eoB ~

sK BjhA fdb eodk, fJj Fzeokukohnk dk feT[A BjhA :kd nkfJnk< :{BkB dh ;fGnsk s'A fezBk

fuo gfjbK Fzeokukohnk B/ fJj f;ZNk eZfYnk fe fJj d[BhnK sK wkfJnk j? . fJj ikd{ dh

y/v j?. Fzeokukohnk B/ sK fJj fezBk fuo gfjbK jh efj fdZsk s/ fby fdZsk ;h. Fzeoukohnk

B/ pqjwk s/ nkswk pko/ fijVhnK rZbK ehshnK, eh fJj fcbk;\h BjhA j?< go n;hA T[; ~

;'funk BjhA. n;hA i/ T[; ~ ;[fDnk sK tkfjr[o{ efj e/ iK okw okw efj e/ rZb gk;/ eo fdZsh.

n;hA T[;~ ;wMD dh e'fFF BjhA ehsh. d[BhnK d/ b?tb T[s/ n;hA T[;~ f\bk;co efjD dk

:sB BjhA ehsk.

pzd/ dh j'Ad dhnK s/ ;ukJh dhnK rZbK eoBhnK, u/sBk dhnK rZbK eoBhnK, Fzeokukohnk

B/ fijVhnK pqjwk dhnK rZbK ehshnK, fJj gb?N' iK no;s{ dh ftukoXkok Bkb'A fes/ xZN ;h

< go n;hA fJ; ~ ;kjwD/ fbnkT[D dh e'fFF jh BjhA ehsh. fJj sK ;kv/ ;ko/ ftdtkB s/

fJfsjk;eko wzBd/ jB, gJh Gkos ftu fijV/ g[okD/ wzdo s/ fJwkosK jB, fJj pj[s fuo

gfjbK pV/ fj;kp feskp Bkb pDkJhnK rJhnK ;B. fJj ;ko/ wzBd/ jB fe wfjzi'dV' dh gZeh

j'Jh fJZN gzikp ftu'A bZGh j? go fJj BjhA efjzd/ fe T[j fijVhnK fJZNK iK ezXK ;h, T[BQK dh

frDsh-fwDsh th fJ; soQK dh ;h, s/ w?E/w?fNe; th T[d'A ;h. i/ T[d'A w?E/w?fNe; BjhA ;h sK

J/v/ tZv/ wzdoK s/ fJwkosK dh T[;koh fet/A j'Jh<

n?uHi/H ftzNo BK d/ fJe fJfsjk;eko B/ fbfynk j? fe fpBK FZe Gkosh w?E/w?fNe; d[BhnK

dk, wZX tosh g[oksB ;w/A ftu ;koh d[BhnK s'A tXhnk ;h. T[j ;soK ;kfonK B/ gVQhnK go T[;~

fe;/ B/ ;kjwD/ BjhAA fbnKdk. gsk BjhA T[; T[s/ fe;/ B/ feT[[A Bk gh n?uHvhH eoB dh e'fFF

ehsh. r[DK se;hw th o'wB ;fGnsk ftu gzdoth ;dh ftu fwbdh j?. Gkosh ;fGnsk ftu

fJ; dk f}eo 11thA ;dh ftu fwbdk j?. nzro/}K s/ eJh fJfsjk;ekoK B/ sK fJj th fbfynk

j? fe r[DK s/ se;hw dh ekY th Gkos ftu jh j'Jh. fJjd/ ftu ;kv/ e'b e'Jh dbhb d/D



tkbh rZb ;kjwD/ BjhA nkJh. fJ; eoe/ n;hA fJ; ftF/ d/ ft;Eko ftu j'o BjhAA iktKr/.

Gkosh w{b d/ ftdtkBK ~ p/Bsh j? fe w/w d/ d'js/ Bk pD', gfjbK nkgDh wksk GkFk

;z;feqs gVQ e/ s/ ;wM e/ ;z;feqs ftu fby j'J/ g[oksB rqzEK T[go y'i eo'. pknd ftu b'eK

dhnK dZ;hnK d;kJhnK okjK s/ ubD ~ s[jkvk fdb jh BjhA eo/rk. ;kv/ w[ZYbokj, d[BhnK dk

;kok frnkB s/ ;koh fcbk;\h Gkos ftu'A F[o{ j[zdh j?, ;koh d[BhnK d/ okj, ;koh dh ;koh

fcbk;\h, Gkos ftu'A F[o{ j[zdh j?. go n;hA sK jh dbhb d/ ;ed/ jK i/ fJ; ~ ;wMD dk :sB

eoKr/. ;wM th sK jh ;ed/ jK i/ fi; GkFk ftu T[j w[ZYb/ rqzE fby j'J/ jB, T[j GkFk gVQhJ/

s/ ;[DhJ/. fco ik e/ n;hA nkgD/ fto;/ dh, nkgD/ nshs dh rZb eo ;ed/ jK s/ b'eK ~ ;wMk

;ed/ jK. ;kvk fto;k ;kvk nshs J/Bk nwho j? fe gsk BjhA n;hA feT[A nBgVQ fij/ pD e/

d[BhnK d/ wro s[o/ fcod/ jK. d[BhnK d/ eZbQ izw/ fJfsjk; ~, eZbQ izwh GkFk ~ w[V w[V e/ nzrq/

}h dh f;nkDg T[s/ :ehB eodk jK. ;" f;nkDgK ;kv/ p}[orK dhnK, T[BK dh ;kv/ fdb ftu

e'Jh nfjwhns jh BjhA j?. fJj ;kv/ bJh pj[s jh d[ydkfJe rZb j?. nkU! nkgDk nshs

gVQhJ/, ;wMhJ/ s/ b'eK ~ ;wMkJhJ/!

GrtkB Fqh okw, feqFB GrtkB s/ B"t/A ntsko p[ZX ~ sK n;hA nZi :kd eo b?Ad/ jK. go

d;tK dotk}k ni/ sZe pzd oZfynk j'fJnk j?. d;tK dotk}k n;hA y'bQhJ/. d;t/A dotk}/ ~,

eb:[Zr ~ ;wMD bJh ;kv/ e'b pj[s jh ftXh ftXkB jB. n;h fJ; feskp ftu eb:[Zr d/

d;t/A d[nko dhnK rZbK eoKr/. fJj ngDk nshs ;wMDk j? sK d;tK dotk}k y'bQDk gt/rk.

d;t/A dotk}/ ~ y'bQD d/ i' ftXhftXkB jB, T[j ;kv/ e'b Gkosh w{b ftu, Gkosh ;fGnsk ftu,

Gkosh feqsK ftu, Gkosh rqzEK ftu w"i{d jB. i/ ;kvk y'bQD dk ukU j?, i/ nkgDk nshs ;wMD

dk ukU j?, ;k~ ohM j?, sK ;k~ nkgD/ rqzE gVQB/ g?Dr/. fJj Xow eh j?< fJj feE'A ufbnk<

Xow ~ ;wMDk s/ ;wMkT[Dk, Xow dh v{zxkJh sZe ikDk, fJj rZbK ;kv/ rqzEK ftu nDfvZm s/

nDS'j gJhnK jB. n;hA T[BQK ~ t/fynk jh BjhA. i/ ;kv/ #s/ dfJnk j' ikt/, ;kv/ e'b nkgD/

rqzEK ~ gVQ ;eD dk ;wK Fesh s/ ;'Mh ;fsr[o{ d/t/ sK n;hA nkgD/ nshs ~ nkgDh ebw Bkb

fcos'A fbyhJ/. nkgDh GkFk ftu fbyhJ/ s/ fco b'eK ~ dZ;hJ/.



nkgDk w[ZY edhwnkgDk w[ZY edhwnkgDk w[ZY edhwnkgDk w[ZY edhwnkgDk w[ZY edhwpzd/ d/ ihtB dh F[o{nks, fJB;kB d/ ihtB dh Bk ej', pzd/ dk nshs, pzd/ dh F[o{nks

pzdk fJB;kB sK T[d'A pDdk j? id'A T[;d/ ftu fJB;kBhns nk iKdh j?. fJj rZb n;hA T[;

;w/A dh eod/ jK id'A ni/ n;hA fJj dknt/ Bkb BjhA efj ;ed/ fe fJj fJB;kBhns pzd/ d/

ftu ;h, fJB;kBhns dh pzd/ ~ ;wM nk rJh ;h, iK BjhA. t?;/ fJB;kBhns s/ fJB;kB dk

iBw fJeZmk jh j?, go id'A pzdk fJB;kB pfDnk, pzdk w[ZY-edhw s'A, fit/A n;hA fgSb/ nfXnkJ/

ftu fJj uouk ehsh fe pzdk gfjbK T[jBK jh sZsK dk pfDnk, fijBK sZsK dh Xosh ns/

ikBto pD/ ;B. i/ Xosh gfjbK pDh sK pzdk th T[;/ soK pj[s fuo gfjbK pfDnk. fit/A

ikBto pj[s fuo gfjbK pD/, pj[s fuo'eD/ fJ; d[BhnK ftu ftuo oj/ ;B, fJ;/ soK jh

pzdk th ikBtoK tKr fJ; Xosh #s/ fco fojk ;h. pzdk T[E/ g?dk j' ;edk, fiE/ j'o iht izs{

g?dk j' ;ed/, ;koh f;qFNh d/ iht izs{ Gbk fiZE/ g?dk j' ;ed/ jB<

i/ n;hA ;kXkoB sohe/ Bkb th ;'uhJ/ sK pzdk, fiE/ dk w";w pj[s tXhnk j't/rk, T[; irQk

jh izfwnK j't/rk. go i/ ;koh f;qFNh fJe' tkoh iBwh j?, sK id'A Xosh pDh sK T[; s'A pknd

iht izs{ th ibdh pD rJ/. id'A iht izs{ pD/, T[j fe; irQk s/ pD ;ed/ ;h< fJjd/ tZb

}ok rj[ Bkb thuko eohJ/. iht izs{ pj[s T[ZuhnK gjkVhnK s/ j' BjhA ;ed/ ;h. pzdk pj[s

T[ZuhnK gjkVhnK #s/ izw jh BjhA ;edk ;h. T[ZuhnK gjkVhnK #s/ sK nke;hiB th BjhA j[zdh.

jtk pzd/ d/ fiT[D tk;s/ }o{oh j[zdh j?. T[ZuhnK gjkVhnK #s/ sK iVQh p{Nh s/ o[Zy p{Nk th e'Jh

BjhA j[zdk, iht izs{ th BjhA j[zd/, ehV/ we"V/ th BjhA j[zd/. T[ZuhnK gjkVhnK #s/ gzSh th BjhA

j[zd/. i/ T[ZuhnK gjkVhnK #s/ e[M th BjhA j'fJnk j't/rk sK pzdk th T[ZuhnK gjkVhnK s/ BjhA g?dk

j'fJnk j't/rk. fJj rZb gZeh j? fe fiE/ th T[ZuhnK gjkVhnK jB, fijV/ gjkVh pockBh

d/F jB, i/ T[j eZY d/JhJ/ sK pkeh eh pfunk< pkeh d' fsjkJh ;w[zdo j?. ;w[zdo d/ ftueko

ik e/, fiE/ ;w[zdo Xosh ~ BjhA S[zjdk, T[E/ th e[M BjhA j' ;edk. ;w[zdoh iht th ;w[zdoh

ezfYnK d/ Bkb-Bkb jh f}nkdk fwbd/ jB, fiE/ Xosh bkr/ brdh j?. jK pj[s tZvhnK t/b

wZShnK iK pj[s/ tZv/ e'Jh iht j'Dr/, T[j Xosh d/ sZN s'A E'VQk d{o fwb ;ed/ jB feT[Afe T[j

J/B/ tZv/ jB, fizBh T[BQK ~ y[oke ukjhdh j?, UB/ S'N/ iht T[jBK ~ ykD bJh BjhA fwbd/ fi;

Bkb T[j ihn ;ed/ jB. go Xosh d/ bkfrT[A fizBK fuo y[oke BjhA fwbdh, UBk fuo sZe e'Jh

th iht iK pzdk fiT[Adk BjhA ofj ;edk.

n;hA j[D sZe fJ; f;ZN/ s/ gj[zu/ jK fe v{zx/ ;w[zdoK ftu nkdwh g?dk BjhA j'fJnk. fJ;

f;qFNh dh ouBk v{zx/ ;w[zdoK ftu'A BjhA j'Jh. TZ[funK pockBh gopsK ftu th BjhA j'Jh. ;kfJp/

ohnk s/ N[zvok d/ i' w?dkB jB, fJj' fij/ pockBh fJbkfenK ftu th xZN' xZN f;qFNh dh ouBk

F[o{ BjhA j'Jh. TZ[u/ gjkVK iK v{zx/ ;w[zdoK ftu f;qFNh F[o{ BjhA j'Jh.

pkeh ojh rZb tksktoD d/ fj;kp Bkb. G{ wX o/yk iK eoeo/yk d/ fj;kp Bkb t/yhJ/ sK,



fijBK fJbkfenK ftu pj[s f}nkdk rowh g?Adh j?, T[jBK fJbkfenK ftu th d[BhnK BjhA g?dk

j'Jh j't/rh. fiE/ nwohek dh w"s dh tkdh tKr{ fJzBh f}nkdk rowh g?Adh j?, iK ncoheB

d/FK tKr iK nop d/FK tKr{, fiE/ nZi th fJzBh f}nkdk rowh g?Adh j? fe i/ pzdk fJeZbk ofj

ikJ/ sK ;V wo{rk. fJB;kB ~ fiT[Ad/ ofjD bJh pDktNh ;j{bsK dh b'V g?Adh j? s/ fJjBK

Bebh uh}K Bkb pzdk ih ;edk, T[E/ pzdk g?dk fet/A j'fJnk j't/rk< T[E/ iht-izs{ iK f;qFNh

fet/A g?dk j'Jh j't/rh< T[E/ th pzdk BjhA g?dk j'fJnk j't/rk, fijV/ pj[s f}nkdk row fJbke/

B/. fJ; bJh Bk v{zx/ ;w[zdoK ftu Bk T[Zu/ gjkVK ftu, Bk pj[sh rowh tkb/ s/ Bk pj[sh ;odh

tkb/ fJbkfenK ftu fJB;kB iK e[dos d/ BkBk gqeko d/ iht izs{ g?dk BjhA j'J/ j'Dr/. sK fco

j'o fejV/ fJbke/ pud/ jB< pud/ fJbke/ jB w?dkBh. eJh w?dkBh fJbke/ n?;/ jB, fijBK d/

ftu gkDh dh ;j{bs BjhA j?. fiE/ gkDh BjhA j?, T[E/ pzdk ihth BjhA ;edk, gkDh s'A p^?o iht

izs{ pD jh BjhA ;ed/. gkDh s'Ap^?o ihtB ;zGt jh BjhA j?. fiE/ gkDh dh ;j{bs brksko BjhA

j?, T[E/ th pzdk g?dk BjhA j'fJnk j't/rk, Gkt/A T[j fizB/ wo}h tZv/ w?dkB j'tD. j}koK whb bzp/

u"V/ fJbke/ nfij/ th jB fiE/ pzd/ d/ g?dk j'D dh Fzek fJ; eoe/ g?dk j[zdh j? feT[Afe T[E/

;kok ;kb gkDh BjhA fwbdk. pkeh eh ofj frnk< pkeh T[j fJbke/ ofj rJ/ fijV/ ;w[zdo s'A

th pj[s/ d{o Bk j'D s/ gjkVK s'A th pj[s/ d{o Bk j'D s/ fiE/ gkDh jw/Fk fwb/. Gbk d[BhnK

ftu T[j fJbke/ fejV/ j' ;ed/ jB< eh ncohek j' ;edk< ed/ th BjhA, ncohek, fiE/ ni/

th pzdk ;j{bs s'A pr?o BjhA ih ;edk, T[E/ pzdk fet/A g?dk j'fJnk j't/rk< uhB d/ fijV/ T[gob/

fJbkfenK ~ n;hA frDd/ jK, fiZE/ S/ wjhB/ poc g? iKdh j?, T[ZE/ pzdk fet/A g?dk j' ;edk< T[ZE/

th fJB;kB iK iht izs{ BjhA ;h. Bk uhB ftu s/ Bk :{BkBh iK o'wB ;fGnsk ftu pzdk g?dk

j' ;edk. fJE/ ;w[zdoK ftu iht-izs{ g?dk j'J/ j'Dr/. fJj fJe tyok ftFkpD iKdk j?. fJ;

pko/ th nZr/ uouk eoKr/.

;kv/ fj;kp d/ Bkb iht izs{ ;w[zdo dk gkDh gh e/ BjhA ih ;ed/. ;w[zdo dk gkDh ;w[zdoh

iht jh gh ;ed/ jB. ;w[zdo dk gkDh e'Jh ;kXkoB ftnesh iK ;kXkoB ikBto th BjhA gh

;edk. fJe gk;/ dfonk dk gkDh j't/ iK e[dosh gkDh ik gjkVh gkDh j't/, T[j gkDh gh e/

;ko/ ikBto y[F j'J/ j'Dr/, ;w[zdo dk gkDh sK e/tb ;w[zdoh ihtK tk;s/ jh }o{oh j?. T[j nkw

ikBto ohArD tkb/ s/ j'o, ;w[zdo dk gkDh gh e/ fiT[Ad/ BjhA ofj ;ed/. fJ; eoe/ n;hA tZv/

tZv/ ftdtkBK dhnK fbyhnK rZbK, o'wB s/ :{BkBh ;fGnsk pko/ ejhnK rZbK t/yKr/. o'wB s/

:{BkBh ;fGnsk pknd ftu g?dk j'Jh, id'A pzdk fJB;kB pD u[Zek ;h. ]?o fJ; gk;/ Bk ikJhJ/

. pkeh fojk T[j fJbkek fijVk gjkVK s'A th pj[s d{o Bk j't/, ;w[zdo s'A th pj[sk d{o Bk

j't/ s/ fiE/ gkDh th u"th xzN/, 30 fdB pkoK wjhB/ fwb/, Gkt fiZE/ ;j{bs jw/FK j't/.

T[j fJbkek fejVk j'fJnk< T[j f;zX xkNh dh ;fGnsk j? fi;~ nkgK ikDd/ jK fe ;koh

d[BhnK fJ; rZb Bkb ;fjws j? fe ;G s'A gfjbk nZyo s/ d[BhnK dhnK pj[s ;kohnK gfjbhnK

uh}K nfijhnK jB, fijVhnK f;zX xkNh ftu'A fwbhnK. e'Jh T[BQK ~ uhB d/ BK bkJh iKdk, e'Jh



fe;/ j'o d/ BK bkJh iKdk. b/feB d[BhnK d/ ftu ;G s'A gfjbK i/ fbysh o{g ftu e'Jh nZyo

fwfbnk sK T[j th f;zX xkNh ftu'A fwfbnk. d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh feskp fort/d, ;G s'A

gfjbh ;z;feqs dh ftnkeoD, ;G s'A gfjbhnK i' i' uh}K fwbhnK, T[j ;kohnK dhnK ;kohnK

f;zX xkNh dh ;fGnsk ftu'A fwbhnK. T[jdk ekoB eh ;h< T[jdk ekoB fJj jh ;h fe pzd/ s/

;w[Zu/ ihnK izs{nK dh F[o{nks j'Jh jh trd/ gkDhnK T[Zs/, fiE/ 24 xzN/, 30 fdB s/ pkoK wjhB/

gkDh T[gbpX ;h, fJj ;sb[i dfonk ns/ f;zX dfonk d/ ftuekob/ fJbke/ ftu eJh soK d/

BdhnK Bkb/, SZgV N'p/ ;B. fJj fJj' fijk ;j{bs tkbk gkDh ;h, fiE/ whAj Bk th gt/ sK pzdk

T[E/ fiT[Adk ofj ;edk ;h. ;kv/ fj;kp Bkb fi; fJbke/ ftu fJ; f;qFNh dh, d[BhnK dh, ;ko/

ihtK-izs{nK dh F[o{nks j'Jh, fJj fJbkek f;zX ns/ ;sb[i d/ ftuekobk fJbkek jh ikgdk j?.

i/ fe;/ dh e'Jh j'o dbhb j't/, sK ;k~ e'Jh fJsok} BjhA j?, go fijVhnK th b'eK B/ dbhbK

fdZshnK s/ rohe iK o'w, ncohek iK uhB iK p/phb'B d/ ftu ihtB F[o{nks dhnK skohyK

fdZshnK, T[j ;kohnK dhnK ;kohnK skohyK d/D tkbhnK fJfsjk;e feskpK 19thA s/ 20thA ;dh

ftu ouhnK rJhnK. T[BQK ;kohnK dhnK ;kohnK ftu'A 90% ouBktK thjthA ;dh d/ d{i/ nZX ftu

ouhnK rJhnK. 8% thjthA ;dh d/ gfjb/ ;w/A dhnK s/ f;oc 2% ouBktK fJfsjk;e jB.

id'A wo}h t/y bT[, fijVh wo}h t/y', T[BQK d/ b/ye e"D ;h< T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ fJfsjk;eko

19thA ;dh d/jB iK thjthA ;dh d/ jB. T[jBK B/ skohyK fwEhnK j'JhnK fe fJ; ;kb ftu

fJj j' frnk, fJ; ftu nkj j' frnk. fJe d{i/ dk Bkw b? e/ T[j nkgD/ thuko dh gq'Vsk eod/

jB. b/feB ft;Eko ftu e"D s/ fejVh skohy ftu efj fojk, fJj n;hA nrb/ gzfBnK ftu

ikDKr/.

nkgK fJ; ftF/ tZb nZr/ tXhJ/ fe pzdk fJ; g[okD/ tZv/ gzikp ftu g?dk j'fJnk fi;dk

fJbkek YkJh bZy whb s'A tZX ;h. fJjd/ Bkwth nkgK jh oy/. fJ; fJbke/ ftu jh f;qFNh g?dk

j'Jh j?. id'A fJj f;qFNh g?dk j'Jh, n;hA fJ; s'A nZr/ s[od/ jK, f;qFNh T[; fJbke/ ftu g?dk

j'Jh, fi; fJbke/ ftu iht izs{, gF{, gzSh, ikBto, oZ[y p{N/ nkg' nkgDhnK B;bK ftu ftuod/

rJ/, fit/A fit/A ftek; eod/ rJ/, fit/A fit/A jh T[j tZv/ j'J/, Gkt/A gsk BjhA fJj~ nkgD/ n;bh

o{g ftu nkT[AfdnK fezB/ ;kb bZr/ j'D iK fezBhnK ;dhnK iK fezB/ bZy ;kb br/ j'Dr/ - fJ;

uouk ftu n;hA BjhA gtKr/. go id'A pzdk pzd/ d/ o{g ftu nk frnk, ni/ fJB;kB BjhA pfDnk

;h, id'A pzd/ dk ;oho fd;d/ o{g ftu nk frnk, pzdk fJE/ ikBtoK tKr ftuodk ;h.

d[BhnK dk e'Jh th iht j't/, T[; ~ ;G s'A gfjbK G[Zy brdh j?. ;G s'A gfjbK ykD dk

jh fJzsikw eodk. nZi th i/ e'Jh rK tZSV/ tZSVh ~ iBw fdzdh j?, iK e'Jh j'o gF{ nkgDk

pZuk iBwdk j? sK T[j ;G s'A gfjbK nkgDh wK dk d[ZX bZG b?Adk j?. T[jBK Bt iBfwnK ~ e'Jh

f;ybkJh BjhA fdZsh iKdh, ][d jh bG b?Ad/ jB. jo ikBto ykD dk fJzs}kw nkg jh eodk

j?. jo ihB} ftu s/ jo fJe d/ ftu fJj ;'Mh j? fe nkgDk g/N fet/A GoBk j?. pknd ftu

tZv/ j' e/ ikBtoK B/ d/yk d/yh th E'Vk pj[s f;Zfynk. gF{, gzShnK s/ ihtK B/ fJe d{i/ s'A



f;fynk. pzd/ B/ F/o, uhs/, pfxnkV, e[ZfsnK, fpZfbnK tor/ wk;kjoh ihtK ~ t/fynk, fit/A ihtK

~ eZuk wk; yKd/ t/fynk, pzdk T[; soK eZuk wk; BjhA yk ;edk ;h. T[;~ T[jd/ ftu'A w[Fe

nkT[Adh ;h. T[; dk ykD ~ ih BjhA eodk ;h, T[;B/ Fkekjkoh iht xkj c{; yk e/ r[}kok eod/

d/y/, e'wb gZs/ rzdbK s/ NkjDhnK yKd/ t/fynk, wB[Zy B/ th iBw t/b/ dZ[X bZG fbnk j't/rk,

fit/A gF{nK d/ pZu/ bG b?Ad/ ;B. id'A wK d/ d[ZX s'A f}nkdk j'o tX/o/ ykD dh }o{os gJh, sK

pkeh d/ j'o ikBtoK tZb t/y e/, xkj c{; dhnK broK dk ;[nkd t/fynk fe nkj mhe j? s/ nkj

mhe BjhA. xkj c{; eoz{pbK s/ rzdbK yKd/ yKd/ T[;B/ \b ykX/ sK T[; ~ gsk br frnk fe

nkj fwZmk j?. T[; ~ ;[nkd dh gSkD j' rJh. broK, rzdbK, xkj c{; s/ \b yKfdnK T[; ~

fwZm/, e"V/ dh gSkD j' rJh. fJj bGfdnK bGkT[AfdnK pzdk doysK #s/ fBoGo eoBbr fgnk.

;G s'A gfjbK pzd/ B/ doysK s'A G[y fwNkJh, tB;gsh s'A fwNkJh. ;G s'A gfjbh ;KM th doysK

Bkb gkJh.

fJ; d/ j'o th eJh ekoB ;B. fJe ekoB sK fJj ;h fe id'A fes/ pkoF g?Adh sK T[j

tZv/ doysK d/ EZb/ ub/ iKd/ ;B. whAj s'A pu iKd/ ;h. i/ e'Jh wk;kjkoh ikBto T[jBK tZb GZi

e/ nkT[Adk sK T[j fpZbh tKr Skb wko e/ doys #s/ uVQ iKd/ ;h. fJ; soK T[j pu iKd/. pzd/

~ doysK dk oZp tork nk;ok fojk ;h. w[[Yb/ pzd/ s'A b? e/ nZi sed/ pzd/ ~ doysK dk pj[s

nk;ok j?. nZi th i/ doysK dh ;wkgsh eoe/ t/yhJ/ sK d[BhnK ;wkgs j' ikt/rh. do]s pj[s

f}nkdk }o{oh jB. w[Yb/ fJB;kB tk;s/ sK fJj ihtB ;h. T[d'A doysK d/ \b yk e/, doysK

dh ;zrs ftu ofj e/, doys jh T[;d/ xo ns/ fwZso pD rJ/. doys jh T[jBK dh o'}h o'Nh

dh G[y fwNkT[D dk ;kXB pD rJ/. doysK T[go uVQ e/ T[;dk pukU j'D br fgnk.

T[; s'A pknd ihtB nZr/ s[fonk. pzdk E'Vk j'o fJB;kBhns tZb tfXnk. id'A fJeZm/ ofj

e/ ;[y b?D dh ;'Mh pzd/ ~ nkJh sK pzfdnK dk fJe d{i/ d/ bkr/ nkT[Dk F[o{ j' frnk. T[;B/ pkeh

ikBtoK tZb t/fynk, fJe' fij/ yzGK tkb/ iht fJeZm/ T[v ;ed/ jB, tZy-tZy gzShnK ~ s[od/

t/fynk- fjoBK ~ fjoBK Bkb, jkEh ~ jkEhnK Bkb, ;zv/, M'N/, wjhnK th fJeZm/ Mz[v pDk e/

fcfonk eoB, F/o nkgD/ M[zv pDk e/ fcfonk eoB- fJ; soK e[M T[jBK s'A ;'Mh b? e/ ns/ e[M

e[dosh s"o s/pzd/ ~ id'A gsk bZr frnk sK fJj ;'u e/ pzd/ B/ nkg; ftu ofjDk F[o{ ehsk.

fJj th vkoftB dh E'Vh pj[s ;ukJh j' ;edh j? fe pKdo pzd/tork brdk j?. j' ;edk fJj

pKdo, foZS, bzr{o ikBto G[b/y/ Bkb, pzd/ Bkb fJeZm/ }o{o oj/ j'D. fJjBK dh ;ohoe ;KM

th ojh j't/, fJj sK j' ;edk j?. b/feB fJ; rZb dh n;hA edkfus wB}{oh BjhA d/ ;ed/ fe

pKdo s'A j"bh j"bh pDdk-pDdk pzdk pfDnk. fJj ;KM }o{o ojh j't/rh, Gkt/A fJj fJeZm/ oj/

iK fezBk fuo s/ fet/A fBG/. ;ohoe ;KM th j'Jh j't/rh. go ed/ th fJj BjhA ;'uDk ukjhdk.

j[D th g[okD/ p}[orK s'A ;[Dd/ jK, nkgD/ nZyhA sK BjhA t/fynk, go ;[fDnk j? fe foS ~ pzd/

dh n"os uzrh brdh j?. fJ; soQK ;zpzX sK fojk, foZSK dk n"os Bkb s/ pKdoK bzr{oK dk pzfdnK

Bkb }o{o ;pzX fojk j't/rk, b/feB pzdk pKdo s'A fpbe[b BjhA pfDnk. fJj fJeZm/ }o{o oj/



, pzd/ fJeZm/ j' e/ ;wki dk o{g Xko e/ ;wkie M[zv pD rJ/. T[jBK M[zvK ftu ofjDk F[o{ ehsk.

fco fJe d{i/ #s/ fBoGo j' e/ foFs/ fBGkT[D dh G[Zy bZrh. fJe d{i/ dh T[vhe j'D brh, fJe

d{i/ dk nk;ok pDBk F[o{ ehsk. fJE'A sZe GkFkdh b'V BjhA ;h. fe;/ ~ d/y e/ n;hA dZ; ;ed/

jK fe gJh eh rZb, ;[ZysK j?, w{zj s'A t/y e/ jh n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe pVk jZ;D fvnK nK,

e'Jh y[Fh j? sK ;kv/ Bkb th ;KMh eo b?. y[Fh tzfvnK tXdh j?, rwh tzfvnK xZNdh j?. fJj

fujo/ s'A t/y e/ n;hA gsk brk ;ed/ jK.

fJB;kBhns d/ fJe d{i/ d/ Bkb foFs/ pD/, ;KM gJh, pzd/ ~ pzd/ dh b'V gJh. fJj }o{oh

BjhA fe GkFk pD rJh j't/ iK ;wkfie foFs/ ftu neb nk rJh j't/. fJE'A sZe Bk th j'fJnk

b/feB T[d'A jh pzfdnK B/ pzfdnK Bkb M[zvK ftu ofjDk F[o{ ehsk. y[oke bJh doysK Bkb foFsk

j' frnk. id'A fco nkpkdh tXdh rJh, fit/A-fit/A fJjBK dh frDsh tXdh rJh, fijBK doysK

s/ fBoGo eod/ ;h, T[jBK dh T[; fJbke/ ftu E[V wfj;{; j'Jh. doysK dh Gkb ftu pzdk

M[zvK dh Feb ftu ikD bZrk s/ ykD tkbhnK uh}K b? nkT[ADhnK. fJ; soK pzd/ B/ tkgko bJh

s/ j'o ezwK bJh xo'A pkjo fBebDk F[o{ ehsk.

sh;oh ;N/i ftu pzd/ B/ nZr Bkb ;Vh uh} yk e/ t/yh, T[;~ pj[s ;[nkd bZrh. T[jh

uh} T[;~ eZuh ;[nkd BjhA brdh ;h. wsbp fe ihG dk u;ek pzd/ d/ ihT{D dk ;kXB pDh.

id'A fco nZr dh ;j{bs j' rJh s/ nZr ftu G[zB e/ ykDk F[o{ ehsk sK T[; ~ gsk bZr frnk

fe nZr ftu G[zB e/ i' wo}h yk bT[. fco S'N/ ikBtoK s/ gzShnK ~ Gz[B e/ ykDk F[o{ j' frnk.

id'A f}nkdk G[Zy bZrDh sK gkDhnK s/ ;w[zdo dhnK wZShnK tor/ ikBtoK ~ geV e/ s/ G[zB e/

nkgDk G'iB dk ;kXB pDkT[Dk F[o{ eo fdZsk. id'A pzd/ dh fJE'A sZe B"ps nk rJh sK fJ; s'A

pknd pzd/ B/ fiXo-fiXo gkDh trdk ;h, T[Xo ~ Bkb Bkb ik e/ nkgD/ fJbke/ s'A pkjo

fBebD dk T[gokbk eoBk F[o{ eo fdZsk. Bt/A Yzr sohe/ ngDkT[D/ F[o{ eo fdZs/. bZeVK sodhnK

t/y e/ gkDh, dfonktK, ;wz[doK ftu bZeVK T[go p?m e/ nko gko ikD dk sohek f;fynk. fco

pzd/ ~ j"bh j"bh ;wM nkT[Dh F[o{ j'Jh s/ T[;dk ftek; j[zdk frnk. fiT[A-fiT[A T[;dk fdwkr

soZeh eodk frnk, T[t/A T[t/A pzdk uh}K pDkT[Adk frnk s/ s[bQ/ pDk e/, p/VhnK pDke/, feFshnK

pDkT[DhnK F[o{ eo bJhnK. bZeVK fJeZmhnK eoe/ pzB e/ fbnkT[DhnK, ;w[zdo ftu nkgDh wo}h

Bkb s'oB bJh uZg{ pDkJ/. uZg{nK d/ Bkb ;w[zdo d/ ezfYnK d/ Bkb-Bkb fiE'A se th ik j'fJnk,

pzdk frnk s/ w[VB dk sohek th f;Zfynk. fJE'A sZe gj[zuD bJh pzd/ ~ gsk BjhA fezBk fuo

iK fezBhnK ;dhnK bZrhnK j'D. fJj ;h pzd/ dk wZ[Y edhw. pzd/ B/ GkFk ed'A f;Zyh, T[jBK dh

b'V fet/A gJh< pzd/ ~ nkgDk fJbkek SZv e/ pkjo ikD dh b'V fet/A gJh< fJ; pko/ n;hA nrb/

nfXnkfJ ftu uouk eoKr/.



rowh ;odh s'A puDk ns/ GkFk dh b'Vrowh ;odh s'A puDk ns/ GkFk dh b'Vrowh ;odh s'A puDk ns/ GkFk dh b'Vrowh ;odh s'A puDk ns/ GkFk dh b'Vrowh ;odh s'A puDk ns/ GkFk dh b'Vpzdk T[; fJbke/ ftu g?dk j'fJnk fiE/ doys ;B. id'A pzdk g?dk j'fJnk sK T[; ~ G[Zy

s'A d{;o/ Bzpo #s/ rowh s/ ;odh s'A puD dh b'V gJh. fit/A-fit/A pzd/ dk fdwkr ezw eodk

frnk, fit/A-fit/A pzdk fdwkr dh tos'A eodk frnk, T[t/A-T[t/A foFs/ j'o ftek; eod/ rJ/.

nkg; ftu j'o ;KM pDdh rJh.

id'A pzd/ dk iBw j'fJnk sK T[; ~ G[Zy s'A d{i/ Bzpo s/ fijVh b'V gJh, T[j T[;dh y'i

rowh ;odh s'A puD dh ;h. gzikp d/ fJbke/ ftu Bk pj[s rowh g?Adh j? s/ Bk pj[sh ;odh.

fco th d' fszB wjhB/ n?;/ j[zd/ jB, id'A rowh E'Vh f}nkdk u[ZGdh j?. id'A w[Yb/ pzd/ ~ rowh

wfj;{; j'Jh sK T[;B/ T[; t/b/ doysK dk ;jkok fbnk. fi; fJbke/ ftu tZfvnK gZfsnK tkb/

doys f}nkdk j'D, T[jBK fJbkfenK ftu pj[sh rowh BjhA g?Adh. nfij/ ;w/A i/ pzdk pkjo

X[Zg ftu Bk ikt/ sK T[; ~ doysK j/mK XZ[g BjhA brdh. id'A gZfsnK d/ ftu dh ;hsb jtk

bzx e/ nkT[Adh ;h sK T[; Bkb pzd/ dk ihtB ;[jktDk bzxdk ;h.

gzikp ns/ f;zX d/ fJbke/ ns/ w?dkBK ftu fiE/ tZv/ tZv/ gZfsnK tkb/ doys ;B, T[jBK

pkrK-prhfunK ns/ doysK j/mK p?me/ T[jBK ~ rowh tr?ok dk e'Jh s"ybk jh BjhA ;h. T[jBK

dk fi;w th nfijk j' frnk ;h fi; Bkb pj[sh rowh wfj;{; Bk j't/. fJ; bJh T[j doysK

j/mK pj[sk fBtk; oZy b?Ad/. go id'A ;odh pj[sh g?Dh sK fco pzdk E'Vk vo frnk feT[A i'

doys ;odh ~ pj[sk o'ed/ jh BjhA ;h. id'A f;nkbK ~ g[o/ dh jtk trdh_ gkbk g'j Bk gkbk

wkx, id'A jtkbrh sK T[d'A fco pzd/ B/ eh pukn ehsk< pzd/ B/ ;G s'A gfjbK doysK dk ;jkok

fbnk. doyZsK d/ tZv/ gZfsnK Bkb T[; B/ nkgDk ;oho YZe fbnk. pknd ftu id'A ;ZfGnsk dk

ftek; j'fJnk sK T[jBK gZfsnK ~ fJe d{i/ Bkb i'V e/, rzY-s[g eoe/, pzd/ ~ fizBh ;odh

brDh, UB/ f}nkdk gZfsnK ftu nkgD/ nkg ~ b[e' b?Dk. doysK d/ gZs/ jh pzd/ dk gkOk o'eD

dk ;G s'A gfjbk ;kXB pD/.

;G s'A gfjbK fJj doysK d/ gZs/ jh pzd/ d/ ;oho d/ ;kEh pD/. id'A pzd/ B/ nkgDk fJbkek

SZv e/ feXo/ ikDk sK T[; d/ fdb ftu fJj rZb nkT[Dh fe w?~ feXo/ UE/ mzv Bk bZr/. T[;B/

nkgD/ d[nkb/ doysK d/ gZs/ pzB e/ b? ikD/. e/b/ tor/ tZv/-tZv/ gZfsnK tkb/ doysK dk ;jkok

b? e/ T[jBK B/ nkgD/ Bzr/} ~ YZfenk Gkt/A Bzr/} gqsh T[j ;[u/s BjhA ;h. i/ fdwkr e'Mk BjhA

;h sK T[; ~ fuzsk BjhA ;h, fit/A S'N/ pZu/ Bzr/ x[zfwnk fcfonk eod/ jB sK T[jBK ~ e'Jh fuzsk

BjhA j[zdh. fJ;/ soK fit/A nZi eb pZu/ Bzr XVzr/ fcod/ jB s/ e'Jh fuzsk BjhA j[zdh, fJt/A w[Yb/

pzd/ ~ Bzr XVzr/ fcoB dh e'Jh fuzsk BjhA ;h. w[Yb/ nkdwh B/ nkgDk Bzr/} YZeD bJh fijV/

gZs/ tos/, T[j t;soK d/ s"o s/ jh nkgD/ d[nkb/ bkJ/. gZfsnK ~ nkgD/ d[nkb/ tb e/ id'A T[;

wB[Zy ~ iku nk rJh sK fco id'A nkgD/ fJbke/ s'A d{o J/Xo UXo iKd/ sK M[zvK d/ M[zv T[E/ ik

e/ nkgDk fNekDk pDkT[Ad/ fiE/ doyZs j[zd/. fijV/ pzfdnK B/ fJokB tZb'A nk e/ nkgDk p/phb'B



dk fJbkek t;kfJnk sK T[jBK ~ fuzsk BjhA ;h. fiZE/ gkDh trd/ ;h, T[E/ Bkb Bkb doys th

;B. doysK T[go pzdk fBoGo eo ;edk ;h. T[E/ fco J/Bk jh ;h fe nop d/FK tor/ fijV/

pj[s row fJbke/ ;h, fiZE/ pzd/ ~ rowh Bkb tk;sk n"yk brdk j? s/ pDktNh ;j{bs s'A p^?o

pj[s rowh tkb/ fiBK fJbkfenK ftu BjhA ihftnk ik ;edk, UXo ~ pzdk BjhA frnk. dfonktK

d/ ezfYnK d/ Bkb-Bkb fiZE/ doys ;B, T[jBK dk nk;ok fbnk.

rZb ;gZFN j? fe fiE/ tB;gsh fiT[Adh ofj ;edh j?, T[E/ pzdk th fiT{Adk ofj ;edk

j?. T[j fJbkek sK seohpB gzikp tork jh ;h. E'Vh fijh f}nkdk rowh s/ E'Vh f}nkdk

;odh sK pzdk ;jko jh ;edkj?. fJ; eoe/ e'Jh ;wZf;nk BjhA nkJh. fJ;/ eoe/ i' p/phb'B,

p;o/ prdkd, JhokB, fJoke dk fijVk fJbkek j?, T[E/ nkpkdh pj[s ibdh j' rJh ;h. b/feB

d{;o/ gk;/ pzd/ Gkos, dZyD iK g{op tZb eKFh tZbiK pzrkb tZb ik e/ t; rJ/. dZyD ftu gkDh

d/ Bkb, s[fbQnK s/ p?me/ ;\o eod/, X[o dZyD tZb e/obk, wdok; s/ bzek gj[zu rJ/. jK id'A

pzrkb tZb rJ/ sK UXo th fiE/ fiE/ f}nkdk doys ;B, T[E/ pzdk tf;nk. fiE'A-fiE'A dh eoe

o/yk bzxdh j?, T[E/ pzd/ B/ d{;o/ fJbkfenK ftu nkgDk fBtk; ehsk j't/rk, T[E/ th doys j'Dr/

. eJh pzd/ T[so-gZSw, T[so-g{op tZb rJ/, e[M sK j"bh j"bh e}kfe;skB j[zd/ j'J/ iowB d/

fJbke/ tZb ik fBeb/. T[E/-T[E/ nkgD/ fNekD/ pDkT[Ad/ oj/, fiE/-fiE/ doys ;B.

j"bh-j"bh pzd/ d/ ephb/ tXd/ rJ/ s/ fco iowB tZb th t;'A ftu tkXk j' frnk go E'Vk

jh j'fJnk. fijV/ e[M b'e T[so g{op tZb rJ/, fiE/ ;kfJp/ohnK F[o{ j[zdk, T[E/ doys sK jB

go id'A f;nkbK ~ f}nkdk poc g?Adh j?, T[j YZe j' iKd/ jB. T[E/ e[M th B}o BjhA nkT[Adk.

id'A pzd/ T[E/ rJ/ sK T[j poc jNk e/ doyZsK dh UN ftu jh oj/. T[E/ nkgDk ihtB r[}kfonk.

poc s'A puD dh ;G s'A gfjbh tZvh ekY pzd/ B/ eZYh. pzd/ B/ gZfsnK dh tos'A ehsh. fco fJzv'-

ukJhBk ftu f;be d/ egV/ dh ekY eZYh. id'A eZgVk pDBk F[o{ j' frnk, T[d'A pzd/ dh gfjbh

ekY mzv s/ poc s'A puD dh ;h -gfjbK gZs/ s/ fco egVk. gfjbK gZfsnK ~ nkg; ftu i'V

e/ nkgD/ sB d[nkb/ bg/NDk ehsk. fJ; soK id'A mzY s'A puD dk sohek nk frnk s/ pzd/ B/

pockBh fJbkfenK ftu th ikDk F[o{ eo fdZsk.

T[; s'A pknd jh pzdk ;kfJp/ohnk ftu dh j' e/ nbk;ek tZb, id'A ;w[zdo izw iKdk ;h,

T[; d/ T[go dh s[o e/, G[fbnk GNfenk nwohek torhnK XoshnK #s/ gj[zfunk. id'A pzd/ B/

egV/ dh ekY eZY bJh, T[d'A pzdk uko u[c/o/ ~ s[o fgnk. nkgD/ nkg ~ fiT{Ad/ oZy ;eD dk

j";bk eoe/ pzdk xo'A pkjo j' s[fonk. efjzd/ B/ fe 1492 ftu e'bzp; B/ BthA Xosh bZG bJh,

fJj e'Jh BthA Xosh BjhA bZGh. id'A nwohek dh fJj Xosh bZGh sK T[d'A nwohek d/ fJ; wjK

eKNhB?AN ftu :{og Bkb'A tZX b'e gfjbK jh ofjzd/ ;B. fJj BthA Xosh BjhA ;h. fJj efjD

dk nkg' nkgDk Yzr j?. e'bzp; sK t?;N fJzvh} nkfJnk, T[E'A jh w[Vdk fojk. fJj ;g/B dk

;h. d{;ok pzdk fi;B/ nwohek BK oZfynk nw?ohr{, T[j fJNkbhnB ;h. T[j j/mK frnk. T[j

pqk}hb s/ nwohek d/ j/mb/ fJbkfenK ftu gj[zfunk. T[; ~ gfjbK nwohek tkb/ nw?ohr{ efjzd/



;h s/ fco nwohek efjD br/. id'A e'bzp; B/ bZfGnk sK T[d'A nwohek efjD br gJ/. fJ;

pko/ n;hA nrb/ gzfBnK ftu uzrh soK ftuko eoKr/.

fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftu n;hA fJj thuko ehsh j? fe pzd/ B/ gfjbK eh f;Zfynk - ykDk

f;fynk, fco sB ~ YZeDk f;fynk, fco egV/ dh ekY eZYhl pzd/ ~ egV/ dh ;'Mh s'A pknd

fwbtosD s/ foFs/ pDkT[D/ nk rJ/. fco j"bh-j"bh foFs/ w}p{s j' rJ/. gfotko s/ ephb/

tZv/ j' rJ/, T[d'A fco fJe d{i/ ~ ;wMkT[D dh }o{os gJh, fdb dh rZb efjD dh b'V gJh.

fdb dh rZb efjD bJh fJFkfonK s/ nktk}K Bkb fJe d{i/ ~ ;wMkT[Dk F[o{ ehsk. nktk}K j"bh

j"bh FpdK dk o{g XkoB eo rJhnK. T[jBK nktk}K dk ftek; j[zdk fojk. nktk}K GkFk dk o{g

XkoB eo rJhnK. fi; soQK dh th e'Jh nktk} eZYdk j't/rk, T[j obfwb e/ fJeZmhnK j' rJhnK

s/ fJj nZr/ ub e/ GkFk pD rJh.

o"pB vBto B/ 1995 ftu nkgDh fET{oh ftu fJj f;ZX eoB dk :sB ehsk j? fe

nktk}K s'A wB[Zyh ihtB s/ GkFk dk ftek; j'fJnk. fJ; s'A gfjbK fJe jkotov wB'ftfrnkBh

;NhtB fgzeo B/ th GkFk ftfrnkB dh pj[s y'i ehsh j?. T[; dkwZs j? fe fJj nktk}K d'-

s'A uko fwbhnB ;kb gfjbK F[o{ j'JhnK. y?o nkgK skohyK iK ;w/A d/ uZeo ftu BjhA g?Dk feT[Afe

;w/A dh rZb eoBh edkfus th ;jh BjhA j't/rh. GkFk dh gfoGkFk eofdnK nkgK fJj rZb eoe/

nkgDh uouk ysw eoKr/ fe GkFk dh pzd/ ~ T[d'A b'V gJh, id'A pzd/ B/ pzfdnK Bkb foFs/

fBGkT[D/ F[o{ ehs/. fit/A-fit/A ;wkfie foFs/ fBGkT[D/ F[o{ ehs/, fJe d{i/ dh b'V g?Adh rJh,

pzd/ ~ ;'Mh nkT[Adh rJh. fJe d{i/ dh fBoGosk tXdh rJh, fit/A foFfsnK dh b'V, foFfsnK

dk ;[y s/ fyu tXdh rJh, T[;/ soQK GkFk dh }o{os th tXdh rJh. GkFk dh gfoGkFk eoB

tkb/ ;ko/ fJ; rZb #s/ ;fjws jB fe id'A pzdk fJFkfonK Bkb ;wMkt/ sK d{ik ;wM ikt/ sK

fJj GkFk j'Jh.

d{;ok j? nktk}K s/ X[BhnK, fijBK eoe/ gsk br ikt/ fe pzdk efjDk eh ukj[zdk j?-fJj

Bky[F j?, fJj Bkok} j?, fJ; ~ e'Jh b?D d/D dh }o{os j?, fJ; s'A gsk bZr iKdk j?. GkFk

s'A fpBK fJFko/ Bkb th gsk bZr iKdk j?. fit/A e'Jh fYZv s/ jZE wko/ sK gsk bZr iKdk j? fe

T[; ~ G[Zy bZrh j'Jh j?. fJ; soK i/ e'Jh jZE ftu ;/p iK e'Jh j'o \b cV e/ s[jkv/ tZb

fJFkok eo/ s/ Bk th w{zj'A p'b/ sK T[; d/D tkb/ d/ fJokd/ dk th gsk br iKdk j? fe T[j e[M

d/Dk ukj[zdk j?. GkFk s'A fpBK y[Fh s/ rwh dk th gsk br iKdk j?. wz{j t/y e/ gsk bZr iKdk

j? fe fJj y[F j? iK Bkok} j?, d[yh j? iK ;[yh j?, T[jdk th GkFk s'A fpBK jh gsk bZr iKdk

j?.

fJj foFs/ s/ ;KM fBGk e/, fJe d{i/ dk nk;ok b? e/, fJe d{i/ ~ ;Z[y d/ e/ i' FKsh s/

;e{B fwbdk ;h, T[; ~ }kjo eoB bJh, pzd/ B/ nfijhnK yk; X[BhnK eZYhnK, fijVhnK GkFk

s'A fpBK jh ;wM nk iKdhnK ;B. i/ fe;/ d/ nzdo dod j?, T[j o'Adk j?, T[j T[; soQK dh X[Bh

eZY/rk. @j{z# fit/A yk e/ e'Jh w}k nk ikJ/. i/ e'Jh pj[s eo[DkwJh rhs, iK bsk wzr/Feo dk



e'Jh g[okDk rhs, T[; X[Bh ftu tik fojk j't/ sK fi;~ wo}h gZ[S bt', T[j dZ; d/t/rk fe

fJj T[dk; rhs j?. fJj y[Fh tkbk rhs BjhA j?. fi; X[Bh ~ ;[D e/ b'e BZuD bZr ikD, T[jdk

th gsk bZr iKdk j? fe fJj y[Fh tkbk j?, fJj T[dk;h dk rhs BjhA j?. GkFk ;[y d/D tk;s/

}o{oh BjhA ;h fizBh fe y[Fh dk fJ}jko eoB tk;s/ }o{oh ;h. fizBk fizBk pzd/ dk y[Fh dk

fJ}jko eoB ~ ihn eodk ;h, UBk jh T[j GkFk d/ B/V/ j[zdk frnk. y[Fh dh fwedko, fJe

d{i/ Bkb ftuko-tNKdok eoB bJh fJj GkFk ;kXB pDh, GkFk okjhA fJ}jko j[zdk fojk. i/ e'Jh

gzSh y[F j[zdk sK T[j \oo \oo eoe/ fJ}jko eodk. e'Jh nkekF ftu T[vdk s/ e'Jh fjoB

tKr u[zrhnK Godk, :kBh T[j y[Fh dk fJ}jko eodk. fJ; s'A j'o tZX ikBtoK ~ }o{os BjhA

j[zdh. go fijV/ i}pks, ;Z[y iK ;e{B dh v{zxkJh ~ dZ;D bJh GkFk dh b'V j'Jh,

fit/A fit/A pzd/ ~ ;wki d/ ;[Zy dh b'V f}nkdk v{zxh j[zdh rJh, fJe d{i/ d/ ;[Zy tXd/ rJ/,

fst/A - fst/A pzd/ B/ GkFk dh ekY eZY bJh. GkFk dh ekY ;G s'A T[Zsw ekY j?.



Xkofwe ;'uXkofwe ;'uXkofwe ;'uXkofwe ;'uXkofwe ;'uid'A fJB;kB g?dk j'fJnk s/ nkgD/ nkg ~ j'oBK ikBtoK Bkb'A tZyok bZrD bZrk sK sd'A

wB[y ftu usokJhnK BjhA nkJhnK ;B, T[d'A ;koh wB[Zysk Xkofwe ;h. pzd/ dh ;G s'A tZvh

ekw:kph GkFk f;ZyDh ;h. fJ; Bkb T[j nkgD/ fdb s/ fdwkr ftu nkT[dhnK rZbKeo ;edk

;h. w/o/ f]nkb ftu r{zfrnK d/ p'bD tkbh gh n?uHvhH ;G s'A tZvh y'i j?. id'A pzd/ ~ GkFk

nk rJh s/ T[;B/ p'bDk gVQBk f;Zy fbnk. id'A sZe BjhA f;Zfynk ;h, T[d'A sZe sK ikBto jh ;h.

pzfdnK d/ pkeh ikBtoK Bkb'A tZyo/ M[zv j[zd/. gzShnK d/ tZyo/ s/ fjoBK d/ tZyo/. ;ko/ Mz[vK ftu

jh ofjzd/. GkFk f;ZyD s'A pknd T[j pkeh d/ ikBtoK dh tos'A eoB br fgnk. pkeh ikBtoK

~ GkFk dh Fesh Bkb ekp{ eoB bZr fgnk. fJ; ftu e'Jh FZe BjhA fe GkFk dk th iBw T[E/

jh j'fJnk, fiZE/ pkeh wB[Zysk dk iBw j'fJnk. GkFk e'Jh nfijh uh} sK BjhA ;h fijVk e'Jh

e[dos dk feqFwk j'fJnk j't/.

b'V w[skfpe foFfsnK dk ;[Zy b?D bJh GkFk dh b'V gJh. ;Z[y s/ fBZx dk nfj;k; eoB

bJh GkFk pDh. fJj T[E/ jh g?dk j'Dh ;h, fiE/ ;[Zy ;h s/ fJj T[E/ j' ;edk ;h fiE/ ;wki

;h. pzd/ dk T[j gfjbk ;wki feE/ ;h< fJ; ftu pj[sk fezs{ gqzs{ eoB tkbh rZb BjhA j?. i/

j[D e[M b'e J/Xo UXo fyZu e/ fbikD dh e'fFF eo oj/ jB sK fJj e'fFF iK usokJh j't/

rh s/ fJj usokJh ed/ Xkofwe BjhA j[zdh. thjthA ;dh d/ nyhob/ ;kbK ftu fijVk fcbk;coK,

ftdtkBK s/ fJfsjk;ekoK dk fJedw fJeZmk M[zv ;kjwD/ nkfJnk, T[jBK B/ eJh soQK d/ dtzd

g?dk eo fdZs/. eJh soQK dhnK rZbK ehshnK. fJj sK ;koh d[BhnK jh ikDdh j? fe fort/d ;koh

d[BhnK dk gfjbk rqzE j?. fort/d s'A gfjbK dh e'Jh th fbys iK GkFk BjhA fwbdh. i/ fe;/

j'o GkFk iK rqzE dk f}eo nkT[Adk j't/ sK f}eo jh j?. ;Zu sK fJj j? fe fort/d s'A gfjbK

dh e'Jh ouBk j? jh BjhA. GkFk ftu ouh j'Jh ;G s'A gfjbh ouBk fort/d j?. fort/d g[okD/

gzikp-g{oph s/ gZSwh gzikp d/ fJbke/ ftu fbfynk frnk. eJh tkoh, fJfsjk;eko o"bk gkT[D

dh e'fFF eod/ jB fe gzikp gzi dfonktK dh Xosh j? s/ T[jd/ ftu ;gs f;zX{ ;Zs dfonk

fby/ j'J/ jB. fJj ;Zs fejV/ j'J/< fJjBK ;Zs dfonktK ftu f;zX s/ ;o;tsh ~ Fkwb eo

bJhJ/ sK fJj ;Zs j' iKd/ jB. pkeh gzi ;sb[i, okth, fpnk;, fijbw s/ MBK jB.

fJfsjk;ekoK B/ T[j ;kohnK rZbK bZG bJhnK fiZE/ ;o;tsh u"V/ w?dkBK ftu trdh ;h, rZb fco

w[V e/ T[E/ nkT[Adh j?. i/ e'Jh fyZu e/ fbik fojk fe j'o fes/ ftek; j'fJnk sK T[j usokJh

j?. fJj usokJhnK Xkofwe BjhA j'fJnk eodhnK. fJj n;hA j[D/ eoBhnK f;ZyhnK jB. g[oksB

wBZ[y dk fJ; gk;/ ~ o[] BjhA ;h. n;hA fgSbhnK e[M ;dhnK s'A jh usokJhnK tZb ~ s[o/ jK,

wZbK wZbDhnK F[o{ eo fdZshnK- nkj w/ok j?, fJj ;kvk BjhA j?. p; T[E'A rZb F[o{ j'Jh feT[Afe

pzdk Xkofwe sK ;h, go T[; ftu w/o s/o nk rJh. fit/A fJ;bkw, Jh;kJh s/ :j{dh fJe' sK

jB, fJe' rZb eod/ jB, w[ZY-edhw obd/ jB.



Jh;kJhns efjzdh j? fe :;{ w;hj s'A tZvk e'Jh BjhA j?, T[j oZp dk G/fink j'fJnk j?.

T[j oZp dk g[Zso Xosh T[s/ nkfJnk j?. T[j ;kv/ bJh wo frnk ns/ fco fizdk j' frnk. :;{

w;hj s'A nZr/ T[jBK dh e'Jh th rZb BjhA s[odh. T[;/ soQK fJ;bkw ftu T[j j}os w[jzwd

;kfjp s'A nZr/ e[M th BjhA wzBd/. fJ;bkw dk sK e/tb J/Bk jh \oe j? fe j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp

g?rzpo j'J/ s/ :;{ w;hj th g?rzpo j'J/, T[j :;{ w;hj ~ th nkw g?rzpo tKr jh wzBdk j?.

fJ;bkw fJE/ rZb w[ek fdzdk j? fe i' e[M oZp B/ w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ w{zj ftu'A nytkfJnk, T[j

nzfsw T[gd/F j?. e[okB nzfsw Fpd j?. T[; s'A nZr/ e[M BjhA j?. T[j nzfsw g?rzpo ;h s/ T[;

s'A pknd Bk e'Jh j'fJnk ns/ Bk jh j't/rk. fJ;bkw dh fJj nzfsw XkoBk j?. fJ;bkw d/

FoXkb{ sK efjzd/ jB fe i/ e'Jh fJ; s'A nrbh rZb eo/ sK T[j ;}k dk jZedko j?. fJ; bJh

T[j jo edw u[eD bJh fsnko j' iKd/ jB. nfij/ \oe n;hA j[D gkJ/ jB. fJj pj[sh

d/o gfjbK BjhA ;B.

fgSbhnK e[M ;dhnK ftu j'Jh fJ; G{r'fbe fyZu'skD pko/ n;hA nrb/ nfXnkJ/ ftu feXo/

uouk eoKr/. fJ; nfXnkJ/ ftu ;kvk pzd/dh GkFk, }who, oZp tkb/ gk;/ jh_ofjD ~ ih eodk.

id'A pzd/ ~ GkFknkJh, GkFk ftu ;wMD ;wMkT[D dk :sB ehsk, T[d'A pzd/ B/ oZp iK r?ph

FeshnK dk ;fseko eoBk nkozG ehsk. ;{oi dh b'V ;h. fi; fi; uh} dh b'V ;h, T[j oZp

j?. i/ G[Zy/ ~ G'iB s/ fgnk;/ ~ gkDh fwb ikt/ sK T[; bJh fJj uh}K oZp jB. i/ mzY d/ wko/

j'J/ ~ fBZx fwb ikt/ sK T[; bJh fBZx jh oZp j?. i/ e'Jh n"V ekoB sfgnk ;fVnk fgnk j?,

i/ T[; T[s/ uko eDhnK g? ikD sK T[; bJh whAj jh oZp j?. T[; ;[y-;j{bs, ;[ftXk ftu jh

oZp fdf;nk. i/ fiT{D bJh pj[s ;kok ;[y fwb/ sK T[j nk;ok th oZp jh j'fJnk. fJ; eoe/

jh pzd/ B/ g[oksB ;w/A ftu ;{oi ~ oZp frD fbnk. whAj s/ gkDh ~ oZp frD fbnk. oksK ~

id'A jB/ok j' iKdk sK oks ~ i/ uzd uVQ iKdk ;h, sK fJj ;[y ;[ftXk j' rJh, T[;/ ~ oZp wzB

fbnk.

oZp dk sK fJj ;zebg pfDnk fe pzd/ ~ fijVh uh} dk nk;ok pDdk ;h, ;[Zy fwbdk

;h, T[; ~ pzd/ B/ oZp wzB fbnk. fiE'A fiE'A pzd/ ~ e[M fwbdk ;h, fi;dh tX/o/ wjZssk ;h,

T[; ~ jh oZp wzB fbnk, n;wkB ~ oZp wzB fbnk. fJe ;wK ;h, w?;'gNkwhnK ftu oZp d/

3300 Bkw nkT[Ad/ ;h. id'A pzd/ ~ jB/o/ ftu o"FBh fwbh T[d'A T[; ~ wfj;{; j[zdk fe fi; dh

w?~ b'V ;h, T[j fwb rJh. o"FBh ~ oZp efjzd/ jB. fJj i' o"FBh j?, nzrq/}h d/ nZyo v/n-

fdB, s'A pfDnk. fJNkbhnB ;g?fBF nB[;ko fvT{} dk noE oZp j?, fJ; s'A v/ pfDnk. Gkt

jB/o/ s'A o"FBh tZb j?. jB/o/ ~ fe;/ B/ oZp BjhA fejk, o"FBh ~ oZp efjzd/, :{BkBh nZr ~ }who

efjzd/ jB.

fort/d ftu }who ~ fdb dh o"FBh dZf;nk j?. n;hA g[okD/ pzfdnK s'A ;[fDnk j? fe fJ;

dh sK }who jh wo rJh. fJj }who ;[sh gJh j?. id'A }who ;[Zsh nt;Ek s'A ikrdh j? sK

jh }who d/ noE pDd/jB. :{BkBh nkswk ~ nZr :kBh fuDr nkyd/ jB. T[; ~ fuDr c[ZNh.



fJj i' nZr j?, ukBD ej', e[M th ej', fi; d/ e'Jh noE pDd/ jB, p; T[;/ ~ b'eK B/ oZp

wzB e/ ubDk F[o{ eo fbnk. fizBK fuo sZe GkFk BjhA ;h, UBk fuo sZe, oZp dk ;zebg, ft;Eko

ftu uouk eoB dk ;kXB BjhA pfDnk ;h. fJj GkFk jh ;h, fi;dh nDj'Ad ftu T[j oZp pko/

bzwhnK u"VhnK uouktK BjhA eo ;fenk. GkFk oZp Bkb i'VB dh fJe ftXh pDh, fJe ;kXB

pfDnk, o;sk pfDnk. nZi eZbQ i' tZyo/ tZyo/ Xow pDk e/ Xosh #s/ g;o oj/ jB, fJj ;kvh

usokJh j?, fJj n;b Xkofwe rZb BjhA j?.

nmkothA ;dh ftu fJe iZi ;o ftbhnw i'B} Gkos ftu iZi bZrk j'fJnk ;h. T[;B/ fJe

y'i eoe/ b'eK dk fXnkB fJ; gk;/ tZb ehsk fe ;z;feqs GkFk, fijVh d/tBkroh fbgh ftu

fbyh j'Jh j?, fJj d/ gzikph nZyo ;g?fBF, fJNkbhnB s' j'o :{og dhnK GkFktK ftu nkohnB

b'eK d/ nZyo fwbd/ i[bd/ jB. b/feB fJ; gk;/ ikD dh pikJ/, fort/d dh fijVh GkFk j?,

d[BhnK dh fJ; gfjbh feskp ftu gzikph GkFk fJe dw oVedh j?. foFhnK w[BhnK B/ fi;

n;EkB #s/ p?me/ fJj fbfynk, T[jBK dk f}eo sK ftu nkt/rk jh. fJ; eoe/ fort/d ftu'A

gzikphns fJe dw y[b/Q u?gNo tKr gVQ j[zdh j?. i/ GkFk gzikp ftu jh F[o{ j'Jh, i/ fort/

d gzikp ftu jh fby j'fJnk sK gsk BjhA ftdtkB fJj rZb wzBD bJh feT[A fsnko BjhA, gJh

fJj' fJzv' :{oghB GkFk, :{og ftu fJ;/ GkFk dk ftek; j'fJnk. fJj wzBD bJh fsnko BjhA

fe fJj GkFk gzikp ftu'A nkJh.

fJ; s'A nZr/ ;g?fBF fezB/ w[beK d/ ftu p'bh iKdh j?. nwohek s/ j'o 8-10 w[beK ftu

fijV/ ;g?fBF s'A fpBK j'o e[M BjhA p'bd/, pj[s ;ko/ j'o th w[be jB. fJNkbhnB GkFk s/

;g?fBF GkFk fJe d{i/ Bkb ;ehnK G?DK tKr jB. fJjBK d/ 40%, 45% nZyo sK gzikp dhnK

g[oksB GkFktK d/ Bkb fwbd/ jB. fJj rZb b'e wzBD bJh fsnko BjhA fe fort/d s/ j'o

t/dK dh ouBk th T[jBK B/ jh ehsh. nZi ebQ nkg' nkgDhnK Y/ohnK pDk e/, tZy-tZy eoe/ p?m/

jB, b/feB p'jb ;kok fJe brdk g[okDk. fJj ;wM BjhA nkJh fe b'e feT[A f}Zd eod/ jB.

pd/Fh b'eK B/ ik e/ nkohnB efj fbnk, e'Jh e[M fbydk, e'Jh efjzdk fe T[jBK B/ jVZgk s/

wfjzi'dV' ftu i' e[M pfDnk j'fJnk ;h, T[j Ykj ;Z[fNnk.

fJj ;kohnK ejkDhnK nkgDh wbehns dZ;D tk;s/ jh xVhnK rJhnK. i/ e'Jh g[oksB

;w/A ftu frnk sK T[j jh frnk, fijVk T[E'A n;bhns ftu nkfJnk ;h. i/ feXo/ b'e T[E'A

fFeko eoB iK tkgkoeoB bJh fJ; y/so ftu ub/ rJ/, id'A tkg; w[V e/ iKd/ jB, sK T[jBK

~ T[E'A dk tksktoD nB[e{b Bk p?mdk iK T[; tksktoB ftu T[jBK ~ nfijk e[M brdk i' T[jBK

~ g;zd BjhA j? s/ fJB;kB nkgDh Bk g;zd o'eD ~ eodk j?. fJj BjhA fe T[j T[E'A dk wkbe

izwgb BjhA ;h iK T[; dk e'Jh T[E/ ;zpzX BjhA ;h. fJj' fijh e'Jh rZb BjhA j?. T[;/ y/so ftu

;ko/ e[M dk ftek; j'fJnk. T[;/ f;zX d/ w?dkB ftu'A iBw b? e/ tZv/ j' e/ id'A pkjob/ d/FK ~

rJ/ sK fijVh p/phb'fBe iK :{BkBh ;fGnsk T[E/ t;kJh, iK o'wB ;fGnsk t;kJh iK fJj fJE'A

ik e/ Gkos ftu t;kJh, fijV/ b'e p/phb'fBe y/so ftu'A rJ/ jB, sK fJj fJ;bkfwe s/



fJ}okJhb :j{dh ;fGnsk dh fgZm G{wh ;h. fJXo dh j[[zd/ j'J/, wk;e' j[zd/ j'J/ fijV/ iowBh

ub/ rJ/, T[j th EZb/ ~ nkJ/. iowB tb'A b'e fJzrb?Av ns/ coK; ftu dkyb j[zd/ jB. fJXo'A

p/phb'fBeb'e J/EB} s/ o'w ftu dh j[zd/ j'J/ nkJ/, T[jBK dk NeokU coK; ftu j'fJnk.

;G s'A gfjbh soZeh coK; ftu j'Jh j?. fJzrb?Av soZeh ftu d{;o/ Bzpo s/ nkT[Adk j?.

co?Au s/ nzrq/} b'e id'A fJe d{i/ #s/ wkbeh eoBh ukj[zd/ jB sK fJj ok; BjhA nkT[Adk. fJe

d{i/ s'A uzr/ f;X eoB bJh GkFktK s/ XowK dk i' ftek; j'fJnk, fJj tgkoe sohe/ d/ Bkb

j'fJnk. :{og ftu ofjD tkb/ b'eK ~ fJ; rZb dk gsk bZr frnk fe tkgko okjhA jh b'eK sZe

gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?. fe;/ o{g ftu ;G s'A gfjbK tZvk tgko GkFk dk ehsk. 1450 JhL ftu

iowB ftu gq?; pD rJh. r[NBpor B/ fgqzfNzr gq?; fsnko eo bJh, sK :{oghnB b'eK B/ ;G

s'A gfjbK GkFk okjhA Xow dk tgko ehsk. g[okDhnK rk;g?Zb} ~ jh pkJhpb ;wMd/ ;B, gfjbK

sK fe;/ th eEk ejkDh ~ pkJhpb jh efj fdzd/ ;h. nfb}p?ZE gfjbh dk id'A fdjKs j'fJnk

sK fezr i/w} dhnK rk;g?Zb} ~ fJemhnK eoB tk;s/ j[ew fdZsk frnk. 1611 ftu fezr

i/w} pkJhpb fJeZmh j' e/ fsnko j'Jh j?. T[j gfjbh pkJhpb ;h s/ 16thA s/ 17thA ;dh ftu

id'A fJjBK B/ pkJhpb dk fgqzN eZY fbnk s/ Xkofwe rZbK, b'eK se gjz[ukJhnK. ;G s'A gfjbK

Xow t/uD dk jh fotk} j'fJnk. d[BhnK ftu Xow ~ fet/A t/funk ikt/< b'eK ftu Xkofwe

rZbK fet/A gj[zukJhnK ikD.

;z;feqs ;G s'A gfjbh GkFk j?, fi; ftu ;G s'A gfjbk Xkowe rqzE j'fJnk. fJ; ftu

;G s'A gfjbK Xkowe rZbK j'JhnK, T[j sK ;KG e/ oZy fbnk. ;kv/ gzvsK s/ ftdtkBK ~ gsk

br frnk fe fJj sK ;KG e/ oZyD tkbh uh} j?. fijV/ :{oghB tgkoh b'e ;B, T[j fcod/

s[od/, f}zdrh dhnK wkoK yk oj/ ;B, id'A T[jBK B/ t/fynk fe fJj Xow jh n?;h uh} j?, fi;

dk gqGkt gkfJnk ik ;edk, fJ;dk b'eK ~ vo j?. Xow f;ykT[D bJh s/ Xkowe rZbK ~ fijVk

eo/ T[; ~ b'e uzrk ;wMd/ jB. fJjBK ~ Xkowe rZbK ;[Dk e/ T[jBK ;wki ~ tzvDk F[o{ehsk.

;z;feqs dh ftnkeoD pD u[Zeh ;h. fJE'A se fe id'A 1532-1539 sZe r[ow[yh dh ftnkeoD

r[o{ BkBe gksFkj s/ r[o{ nzrd d/t gksFkj B/ pDkJh sK T[d'A 16thA ;dh d/ gfjb/ djke/ sZe

j'o e'Jh th rokwo BjhA ;h_ Bk iowB dh, Bk co?Au dh, Bk nzrq/}h dh. rokwo dk e'Jh th

;p{s nZi sZe BjhA fwbdk. b/feB fJjBK #u'A fijV/ soZeh eo rJ/, T[jBK B/ th rk;g?Zb} iK

Xkofwe eEk eEktK ;[DhnK, fijBK ~ pkJhpbK efjzd/ ;h, T[j feskpK ~ nkgDh GkFk ftu Skg

e/ d{o d{o ik e/ tzvhnK. T[jBK d/ tZv/ tZv/ w[Zb oZy/, tZvhnK-tZvhnK ehwsK oZyhnK. t/dK d/ ftu,

yk; eoe/ fort/d ftu ihtB dhnK i' ;kohnK FkyktK jB, fit/A f;js, ykDk, ghDk iK G"fse

gdkoE j?, fiBQK dh }o{os j?, jo fJe ftF/ T[s/, ihtB d/ jo/e gfjb{ T[go t/dK ftu e'Jh

Bk e'Jh uouk }o{o fwbdh j?. J/BK }o{o j? fe i' ;kvk t?fde ekb j?, T[; ftu i' ihtB

d/D tkbk oZp j?, T[j tZyok s/ gkbDk eoB tkbk oZp tZyok s/ fJ;/ soK w"s d/D tkbk th oZp

tZyok j?. t/dK Fk;soK ftu ihtB ~ J/Bk fBy/V e/, ftnkfynk frnk j?, pkeh XowK ftu sK



J/Bh ftnkfynk eoB dh }o{os jh wfj;{; BjhA ehsh rJh. b'eK ~ fijVh th E'VQh fijh rZb

uzrh bZrdh j? sK b'e U;/ ~ cV e/ pfj iKd/ jB. fizBh Xow dh ftnkfynk t/dK Fk;soK ftu

nkT[Adh j?, UBh j'o fe;/ rqzE ftu BjhA nkT[Adh. :{oghnB Xow rqzEK ftu sK yk; s"o s/

J/Bh ftnkfynk BjhA nkT[Adh. go feT[Afe :{oghB b'eK B/ do-do ik e/ fJ;dk tgko ehsk,

ekr} fJzv' ukJhBk ftu'A b? e/ nkT[Dk, s/ T[jBK s/ Xkofwe rZbK fby e/ s/ fco T[jBK ~ jh

t/u nkT[DhnK, s/ T[jBK s'A g?;/ ewk b?D/.

f;be s/ j'o eZgVk th fJzv' ukJhBk s'A fbnkT[Dk. T[; ~ f;T{e/ s/ fco T[jBK d/ ftu

jh t/u nkT[Dk. :{oghB b'eK ~ tkgko eoBk nkT[Adk ;h, fJ; bJh fJj tZv/ b'e g?;/ X/b/ ftu

nZr/ bzx rJ/. fJzv'ukJhBk d/ b'e T[E/ jh yV/ oj/. fJjBK B/ bZfGnk fe ncrkfB;skB dk J/ohnk

gzikp, T[so tZb j?. fJE/ BF/-gZs/ iVQhnK p{NhnK, nchw, v'v/, ukso b'eK B/ fbik e/ ;G s'A

gfjbK Xkofwe b'eK ~ uhB ftu t/u/. T[j Gkos s'A u[Ze e/ T[;/ y/so ftu T[jBK pdb/ f;be

b? b?Dh. ;Nhb dhnK uh}K th ;G s'A tX :{og B/ pDkJhnK go ;N/Bb?Z; ;Nhb dh ekY sK Gkos

ftu fBebh j?. fJzvhnk ftu fijVh uh} fwbh, T[; ~ nrKj tkXk xkNk s/ ;'X eoe/, T[E/

ik e/ t/u e/ g?;/ pDkJ/. y'iK, fit/A ezgk; dh ekY j?, fJ; dh ekY th uhB ftu fBebh. uhB

ftu jh ;G s'A gfjbK pzp pDkT[D s/ po{d dh ekY th uhB ftu j'Jh go n?Nwpzp ;G s'A

gfjbK nwohek B/ ubkfJnk. fJj ;G uh}K dh ekY fJzv'-ukJhBk ftu'A jh fBebh. d[BhnK th

;koh T[E'A jh fBebh go pkjob/ f;nkD/ s/ ukso b'eK B/ T[j nkgDh pDk e/ iK T[; ftu E'VQh

pj[s f;nkDg x;'V e/, fJzv' ukJhBk ftu ik e/ t/uhnK.

ekob b?oE BK dk fJe iowB fcbk;co j'fJnk. ekob B/ fJe feskp fbyhThe OriginA nd Goal of History.

fJfsjk; dk iBw fet/A j'fJnk< fJ; dk T[d/F eh j?< fJj feskp 1949 ftu fbyh

rJh. pj[s b'eK fJ; feskp ftu'A jtkb/ u[Ze e/ nrKj nkgDhnK rZbK ehshnK. 1949 ftu

fijVh fJj feskp fbyh j?, T[jd/ ftu ekobfort/d dh rZb fet/A eo ;edk j?. T[; d/ ftu

thjthA ;dh d/ :{oghB b'e wBZ[ysk dhnK g[oksB Fq/DhnK dhnK rZbK eoe/, fJfsjk; fet/A f;oi

;ed/ jB< fJ; rZb dh ;wM BjhA nkT[Adh. t/y' feZvh usokJh dh rZb j?, fe t/dK Fk;soK s/

T[gfBFdK g[okDK d/ fijV/ g[oksB foFh w[Bh b/ye jB, T[jBK ~ sK :{oghB b'eK B/ fJfsjk;e

rZbK efjD dh pikJ/ T[jBK ~ fwfEjk; d/ v{zx/ ;w[zdoh gkDhnK ftu ;[N fdZsk. fes/ f}eo

th BjhA ehsk fe T[j th e'Jh ftdtkB j'J/ jB. T[j j'J/ j'Dr/, fJj fwfEjk;e rZbK jB ih,

fijVhnK fJjBK ~ bZrdk j? fe fJj b'eK s/ bkr{ eoB tkbhnK jB- :;{ w;hj j?, fJj phH

;hH ;zB j? -fJjdk J/B/ ftu iBw j'fJnk, pknd ftu e?bzvo fby fdZsk, fJj ;[eoks j? ih,

fJj ih gb?N' j?, fJj no;s{ j?, fJBQK T[s/ }'o fdZsk. :j{dh oZp:ktk 1930 ftu fJoke

prdkd ftu gfjbh tko tofsnk frnk (ghNo tkN;B).



frnkB ftfrnkBfrnkB ftfrnkBfrnkB ftfrnkBfrnkB ftfrnkBfrnkB ftfrnkBn;hA fgSb/ nfXnkfJnK ftu frnkB ftfrnkB dh rZb ehsh j? fe frnkB pj[s }o{oh

j?. go id'A e'Jh frnkB dh rZb eoB dh e'fFF eodk j?, b'ehA T[; dh jw/Fk fto'Xsk jh eod/

nkJ/ jB. @;kvk frnkBh tXhnk s/ s[jkvk frnkBh BjhA tXhnk. # fJj f;nkDgK dk fijVk nkg;

ftu w[ekpbk j?, fJj sK F[o{ s'A ubdk nkfJnk j?. id'A d[BhnK d/ frnkB ftu ftfrnkB dk]b

j[zdk j?, sK T[d'A b'e ftfrnkB ~ jh Xow ;wM e/ p?m rJ/ fe ftfrnkB jh Xow j?. id'A

ftfrnkBhnK B/ rZbK ehshnK, T[d'A fJe tko fJt/A gqGkt pD frnk fe fit/ g[oksB XowK dh

J/vh tZvh nfjwhns BjhA ofj rJh. ftfrnkBh Xow s'A f}nkdk frnkB oZyd/ jB. fJj sK

fj;kp-feskp d/ Bkb y{j frD fwD e/ rZbK eod/ jB s/ id'A Xow Bkb'A ftfrnkB dh nfjwhns

pj[s f}nkdk j' rJh sK T[jBK feskpK s/, ftfrnkBhnK ~ gVQ e/ fFekr' :{Bhtof;Nh d/ ftu

gq'H L n?bB pb{w B/ fJe feskp fbyh,“The Closing of the Ameri\n Mind, ”

fijVh 1987 d/ ftu Sgh ;h . fJj feskp fbyD sA' pknd T[j (n?bB) pj[s jh nwho

pD frnk. go id'A T[;B/ fJj rZb F[o{ ehsh iK fJj feskp gfjbK ikD{ j'Jh sK b'eK B/ T[;dh

pj[s fto'Xsk ehsh.

id'A fJj feskp gfjbK gfjbK nkJh sK fJ; T[s/ fJe r'FNh j'Jh. fJe d{i/ d/ T[go

fvr fvr e/ ;gheoK B/ fJ; ~ vhBkT[A; ehsk fe ftfrnkB ~ tXhnk fejk s/ fijV/

nfXnkswtkd s'A fijBK dh gq'Vsk ehsh ;h, fJj fJ; rZb ftu :ehB eodk ;h fe fijV/ g[okD/

Xkofwe fcbk;\o s/ g[okD/ eth jB, T[jBK s'A pj[s e[M f;ZyD ~ fwbdk j?. n;b ftZu n;hA

;G e[M T[jBK s'A jh f;Zfynk. e'Jh n?;h uh} BjhA j? fijVh n;hA nZi d/ ftfrnkBhnK B/, T[j

g[oksB nfXnkswtkd d/ fijV/ fcbk;\o ;h, T[jBK s'A BjhA f;Zyh. n?bB pb{w B/ pVh dbhb

Bkb nkfynk fe j'o BjhAZ sK xZN' xZN fJj i' Xkofwe b/ye g[okD/ jB, T[jBK B/ xZN' xZN ;k~

f;nkD/ j'o pDkfJnk. n;hA T[jBK s'A pj[s e[M f;Zfynk ns/ ;k~ f;nkD/ pDkT[D ftu T[jBK

B/ wZdd }o{o ehsh. i/ nkgK fjpo' pkJhpb dh rZb eohJ/ sK T[j fJe nkdwh B/ sK fbyh BjhA

j?. pj[s ;ko/ b'eK dh okJ/ tZy tZy j?, nkg' nkgD/ ftF/ pDk e/ nkg' nkgD/ fJfsjk; pDke/

fby/ jB. fJ}okJhb dhnk rZbK iK gqwkswk dk i' fJ; ftu ;zebg j?, fJj nkw b'eK ftu

gquZbs oZp dhnK rZbK dk fJfsjk; j?. fjpo' pkJhpb ~ i/ g{ok gVQ e/ d/yhJ/ sK e'Jh th

;kXkoB ftdtkB fJj fby ;edk j?. fjpo' pkJhpb dhnK ejkDhnK fJfsjk;e sK j? BjhA, Gkt

fJ; ftu fJfsjk;gB BjhA j?. T[jBK ftu fijVh f;nkDg j?, i/ T[; ~ fXnkB Bkb t/fynk

ikJ/, sK f;nkDg i' j?, fJj pzd/ d/ ezw nk ;eD tkbhnK rZbK jB.

fwfEjk; ~ id'A fJfsjk;e B}ohJ/ Bkb t/yd/ jK sK T[; d/ ftu n;h eJh tkoh T[bM

iKd/ jK. fijVh fwZE j?, T[j sK n;b fJe Fpdktbh j?, fijVh fjpo' pkJhpb ftu nkT[Adh

j?. fit/A fJe Fpd fjpo' pkJhpb d/ nkyho ftu nkT[Adk j?, T[; dk wsbp s/ j?. Fpd dk



e'Jh fJfsjk; BjhA j[zdk s/ i/ n;hA Fpd ~ ejhJ/ fe J/B/ tZi e/ fJzB/ fwzN s/ cbkB/ fdB cbkBh

sohe ~ iBfwnk. fJ; rZb ~ gsk BjhA e'Jh wzB/ iK Bk. J/EB} ns/ rohe ;fGnsk dhnK rZbK

pj[s jh T[Go e/ d[BhnK d/ ;kjwD/ nkJhnK. ;[eoks dhnK rZbK, id'A gb?N' s/ yk; eo no;s{

B/ rohe ;fGnsk dhnK rZbK ehshnK, no;s{ B/ fijV/ Bt/A ckow{b/ pDkJ/, T[j rZbK fJt/ bZrhnK

fit/A fJj fJe pj[s tZvk fJfsjk; j?. fJj pj[s tZvh ;ZukJh j?. T[j rZbK, fiBK dh

fJfsjk;e ;ZukJh j't/, fJj }o{oh BjhA j[zdk fe rZbK dh v[zxkJh i/ e'Jh fwD e/ dZ;/ fe fJzB/

c[ZN v{zxh s/ fJzBh c[ZN bzph, rZbK dh v{zxkJh ~ pzfBnK BjhA ik ;edk. pj[s d/o sZe ;k~ fJj

rbsh iK G[b/yk bZrk fojk fe ;[eoks, gb?N' s/ no;s{ dhnK fijVhnK rZbK, ejkDhnK iK fJjBK

d/ ckow{b/ jB, fJ; sohe/ ftu pzBD dh e'fFF eod/ oj/ fe fJj fJfsjk; j?. b/feB fJ;

~ fJfsjk; efjDk nkgD/ nkg ~ pj[s G[b/y/ ftu oZyD tkbh rZb j?.

gb?N' B/ ][d fJ; dk t/otk fdZsk j? fe i' ;kvh j'Ad j?, fJ;d/ uko b?tb jB 1) ;kvh

j'Ad dk goSktkl 2) fJ; ~ n;h fetA/ b?Ad/ jKl 3) n;hA fJ; dk fj;kp feskp fet/A bkT[Ad/ jKl

4) nkgDh j'Ad dk u"Ek w[Zy fjZ;k j? nzdk}k gb?N' dk fJj ftuko j? fe n;h nzdk}k eh bkT[Ad/

A jK.

gb?N' tKr no;s{ th w?;/v'Bhnk d/ Fkjh ykBdkB fcfbg d/ Bkb ;pzX oZydk frfDnk iKdk

j? . T[j Fkjh ykBdkB Bkb ;zpzfXs fijVh ejkts j? fit/A @ fi;dh e'mh ftu dkD/ T[; d/ ewb/

th f;nkD/# Gkt fi;d/ tZv/ pzfdnK Bkb ;zpzX j[zd/ jB, T[jBK dhnK rZbK f}nkdk gkfJdko

frDhnK iKdhnK jB. i/ T[j pzdk ;wMdko j't/ s/ rZb th fj;kp feskp dh eo/ sK b'e T[;~

f;o s/ uZe b?Ad/ jBH fJj no;s{ Bkb th j'Jh, T[j f;nkDk ;h, ;wMdko ;h s/ Fkjh ykBdkB

Bkb ;zpzX oZydk ;h. fJ; eoe/ T[; B/ i' i' th fejk, T[j d[BhnK dh f;nkDg pD rJh, d[BhnK

dh fcbk;\h pD rJh. T[j t/dK-Fk;soK s/ g[okD/ fJfsjk; d/ w[ekpb/ s/ yVQ rJh. go no;s{

pj[s jh ;wMdko s/ jk}o fdwkr nkdwh ;h. gb?N' s'A pknd d; ;kb wjkB f;ezdo th gb?N'

dh ne?vwh ftZu gVdk gVQkT[Adk fojk s/ nkgDhnK f;nkDgK nkg dZ;dk fojk. go id'A wjkB

f;ezdo dk nzs j[zdk j? sK T[; B/ nkgDk p'oh fp;sok u[fenk s/ tkg; c/o J/EB} ~ ubk frnk.

no;s{ dhnK rZbK ftZu'A ;kc fBZso e/ nkT[dk j? fe T[j tgkoh, f;nkDk, ftdtkB s/ pj[s jh

tZv/ ykBdkB Bkb ;zpzX oZydk ;h. fJ; eoe/ T[; B/ i' i' th rZbK ejhnK, T[j f;XKs pD rJ/

. T[jBQK #s/ b'eK B/ ftFtkF eoBk F[o{ eo fdZsk.

fe;/ B/ th fJj ;wMD iK ;wMkT[D dh e'fFF BjhA ehsh fe fJj i' rohe rbpks j?,

gb?N' s/ no;s{ dhnK i' fJj rZbK-pksK jB, fJjBQK dh nkgDh ;wM ftZu feZE'A nkJhnK< 1984

d/ ftZu fJe iowB fj;N'ohnB tkbNo p[oykoN B/ nkgDh feskp fbyh. feskp ftZu T[; B/

gfjbh tko f}eo ehsk fe b'eK B/ fJj ikBD dh e'fFF jh BjhA ehsh fe no;s{ B/ ;ko/ ftuko

g{oph ;fGnsk ftu'A bJ/. g{oph ;fGnsk ftZu T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ f]nkb gfjbK jh w"i{d ;h .

T[jBQK ~ no;s{ B/ nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb fbfynk. tkbNo B/ gfjbh tko fJj f}eo ehsk fe



fynkb jh BjhA, ftukoXkok jh BjhA, fJE'A sZe fe Fpdktbh th no;s{ B/ T[j' g[oksB tosh

fijVh g{oph ;ZfGnsk d/ ftZu pj[s d/o s'A tosh ik ojh ;h . fJjh rZb fJ;kJhnk pobB

n"e;'c'ov fJfsjk;eko B/ 1962 d/ ftZu nkgDh feskp ftZu Skgh. T[; ftu T[j no;s{ d/

frnkB dhnK s/ T[; d/ ;e{b dhnK rZbK eodk j?. no;s{ ~ gVQ e/ iK no;s{ dk sohek ikD

e/ iK ;wM e/ jh T[BQK fdBK d/ tgkohnK B/, g?;/ tkb/ pzfdnK B/, f;nkD/ pzfdnK B/, gV/Q fby/

pzfdnK B/ F[ZX F[o{nks dhnK fET{ohnK, gowkswk d/ F[o{ j'D dhnK ejkDhnK iK fwZEK nkg' nkgD/

sohe/ d/ Bkb fbyDhnK F[o{ ehshnK. fJZe fj;kp Bkb nkgD/ ftZu no;s{g[Dk gkT[D dh e'fFF

ehsh. fJ; soQK T[BQK B/ nkg'-nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb T[jBK ejkDhnK ~ g/F ehsk fe T[j fJt/A bZrD

fit/A T[jBQK B/ nkg fbyhnK j'D. go T[jBK ejkDhnK d/ ftZu fijV/ ftuko ;h, fijVh T[BQK dh

ftukoXkok ;h, T[BQK dk fijVk ftFk ;h, T[j T[jh g{oph Xkofwe fynkb iK g[oksB ftuko ;h.

T[jBQK d/ ftZu' jh gq;zr b? e/ T[jBK ~ nkgD/ fj;kp Bkb BK d/ e/ nkgD/ fj;kp Bkb fbfynk

. b'eK B/ T[jBQK ~ jh Xkofwe wzB fbnk fe fJj Xkofwe jB . fJj sK gsk BjhA j[D nkgD/

nkg ~ 2000 ;kb gfjbK dhnK soheK ftZu gke/ iK fe;/ B/ 1500 ;kb gfjbK dh sohe ftZu

fbnk SZvh s/ T[j nkg'-nkgD/ sohe/ d/ Bkb fizBhnK wo}h fpzdhnK bk e/ T[j g[oksBsk d/ ftZu

fcZN eo fdZshnK. T[j ejk&DhnK d/ s"o s/ gquZfbs j' rJhnK. fit/A no;s{ B/ g[oksB ejkDhnK

~ gVQ e/ s/ g[oksB ejkDhnK d/ ftZu' jh b? e/ nkgD/ fdwkr d/ Bkb T[jBQK ~ fJ; sohe/ Bkb

fbfynk fe T[j bZfrnk fe fJj no;s{ dk jh fj;kp - feskp j?. fJ;/ soQK pkeh b'eK B/ th

ehsk . T[j ejkDhnK fijVhnK nkgD/ wB' fbyhnK, T[j wBxVs BjhA ;h, T[j g[oksB eEk-

eEktK ftZu', g[oksB rZbK ftZu' b? e/ g[oksB ftfdnk ftZu'A, g[oksB frnkB ftZu', T[jBQK B/ gq;zrK

~ b? e/ nkgD/ fj;kp d/ Bkb fby fbnk.

fJe rohe bc} j? e?BB fi;dk wsbp j? ek~B . fJjd/ noE frDsh-fwDsh eoB

tkbh uh} pDd/ jB. gb?N' B/ gfjbh tkofJj ek~B pDkJ/ . gb?N' B/ gfjbh tko Xkofwe fB:w

pDkT[D dh e'fFF ehsh fi; Bkb T[j tZyok bZrD bZr frnk. b/feB rZbK T[jh ;B, ejkDhnK

T[jh ;h, T[; B/ o{b pDkJ/, T[jBQK ~ E'VQk fijk pdb fdZsk. T[;/ ;e{b ftZu no;s{ gfVQnk s/

, T[jBQK frDshnK-fwDshnK s/ uZb e/, no;s{ dh fcbk;\h ;kjwD/ nkJh. T[jB/ id'A frDsh-

fwDsh eoBh f;Zyh sK T[jd/ ftZu' jh no;s{ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. fJj rZbQK gfjbK th ;B go

T[jBQK dh frDsh-fwDsh no;s{ B/ nkg ehsh. T[jd/ ftZu nfXnkswe ozr ikoh oZyDk fgnk,

BjhA sK g[oksBsk dh rZb j' BjhA ;h ;edh, T[jd/ ftZu nfXnkswtkd dk ozrukVQ e/ oZfynk.

nfXnkswtkd ~ th ftZu oZyd/ j'J/, Xkofwe fdqFNhe'D ~ oZyd/ j'J/ g[oksB rZbK ~ nkgDh

frDsh-fwDsh d/ Bkb ehsk s/ T[j no;s{ dk fj;kp pD frnk. i/ fXnkB Bkb d/yhJ/ sK fJj

fizBK e[ coe j? Ubv N?;Nkw?AN s/ fBT{ N?;Nkw?AN ftZu, pZ; g[oksB nfXnkswtkd s/ no;s{

d/ fj;kp feskp ftZu UBk jh \oe j?. :;{ w;hj dk fJfsjk;e gk;k d/yhJ/ fe eh ;Zuh-w[Zuh

ih;;# j'fJnk< e'Jh fJfsjk; d/ ftZu ;ZuhA e'Jh g[oy j? ;h< eh ;/AN gkb dhnK fijVhnK



fbysK, yk; eoe/ T[jd/ fijV/ ]sK ftZu f}eo eo fdZsk fe :h;; ;h, :;{ w;hj pko/ ;/ANgkb

B/ i' f}eo ehsk, T[jBQK d/ nkXko s/ iK iBw j'fJnk ;h iK T[j e[ZM fijVhnK ejkDhnK :h;;

pko/ gkb fbydk j?, T[BQK ysK s'A gsk brdk j? s/ ;ko/ wzB b?Ad/ jB fe :;{ fJZe fJfsjk;e

g[oy j'fJnk ;h. go gkb d/ ysK ~ n;hA no;s{ iK gb?N' dh ;'u d/ pokpo frDKr/. fit/A

g[oksB nfXnkswtkd ~ no;s{ iK gb?N' B/ nkgD/ ozr ftZu ozr e/ T[jdhnK frDshnK fwDshnK

ehshnK s/ T[j bZfrnk fe fJj fJZe BthA rZbpD rJh, i' fJj ;jh j?. fJ;/ soQK jh ;/AN gkb

d/ ysK ftu :;{ w;hj dk fuZso g?dk eoe/ s/ :;{ w;hj d/ BK j/m ejkDhnK pDkJhnK iKT[j

]s pDkJ/, T[jBQK ~ b'eK B/ fJe Xow d/ s"o s/ wzB fbnk. r';gb nkc nBB'B fJv?AfNNh, fiBQK

dk gsk jh BjhA, T[j 1935 d/ ftZu o"fpB b"Ar cke; B/ bZGhnK. 1935 d/ ftZu T[j fbydk

j? fe fJj fijVhnK ;z;EktK s/ T[;/ soQK jh fijVhnK r';gb nkc Ekw; jB, T[j th pj[shnK

fit/A :h;; ~ fcZN ehsk, fit/A T[j g?dk j'fJnk, phH;hH (23) ftZu iK T[; s'A th d' uko ;kb

gfjbK g?dk j' frnk ;h, i/ nkgK T[jBQK ~ ftfrnkfBe s"o s/ d/yhJ/ sK r';gb nkc Ekw; pj[s

pknd ftZu fbyhnK rJhnK. fJj rZb ;ko/ wzBd/ jB fe fijVhnK ghNo dhnK rk;gZb} jB,

T[j sK pj[s pknd ft;Eko ftZu nkT[Adh j?. g?FB dh iK pzd/ ~ dZpD dh iK j'o fijVhnK T[jd/

ftZu ejkDhnK ghNo dhnK rk;gZb} ftZu nkT[AdhnK, T[j sK ;ko/ wzBd/ B/ fe pknd dhnK jB.

ikjB, gkb s/ Ekw; dhnK, fJjBK d/ ;ko/ rk;gZb} pknd d/ jB go fJjBQK d/ ftZu :;{ w;hj

~ fJfsjkf;e ozr d/D dk :sB ehsk frnk. T[BQK d/ ozr d/D dk sohek T[j no;s{ tKr fj;kph

j' frnk s/ T[j b'eK B/ wzB fbnk fe fJj ;jh rZb j?, fJt/A jh j'fJnk.

fJ; gkm dk nzs n;hA fJ; rZb Bkb eoBk ukjtKr/ fe fBT{NB s'A gfjbK i' e[M th b'eK

B/ fbfynk, T[BQK d/ f]nkb Gkt/ mhe ;h iK T[BQK d/ f]nkbK d/ ftZu pj[s ;'jDhnK frDshnK

fwDshnK ehshnK go T[j ;ko/ dk ;kok i' j?, T[j fwfEjk;e fgS'eV j? . d[BhnK dhnK

fwfEjkf;e fijVhnK ;kv/ ;wMD-;'uD tkbhnK ;ukJhnK ;h, fwfEjkf;e fijVhnK fsZEK

fwEhnK ;h, fwfEjkf;e fijV/ ;kv/ ozr;h fJ; d[Bhnk d/, T[j rZbK ;kohnK fJB;kB ~

fJB;kBhns d/ ftZu ofjD bJh f;ZyDhnK pj[s }o{oh jB, T[j rZbK dk ftFb/FD j? sK fBT{NB

s'A pknd i' j? T[j soheK, T[j ;jh o{g ftZu wzB ;ed/ jK. T[; s'A gfjbK dhnK i/ fe;/ B/ f}eo

ehsk iK fbfynK 5000 ;kb iK10000 ;kb iK bZy ;kb, T[j fijVk iBw fdB j'fJnk

fe;/ dk iK fe T[j fpzdhnK tZX xZN bkJhnK j'JhnK, fJfsjk; T[BQK d/ ftZu e'Jh BjhA j? s/ T[j

no;s{ j't/ iK gb?N' j't/ iK e'Jh ftfrnkBh j't/, T[j ftfrnkfBe rZbK, T[BQK B/ ejhnK. T[j

n;b d/ ftZu nfXnkswe, g[okDhnK y'iK ns/ g[okD/ nfXnkswe ftukoK ftu' gq;zr b? e/ jh

T[jBK ~ fj;kp dhnK frDshnK fwDshnK d/ Bkb fbfynk j'fJnk j?.



f;\o dh Fesh (Xkofwe e?bzvo)f;\o dh Fesh (Xkofwe e?bzvo)f;\o dh Fesh (Xkofwe e?bzvo)f;\o dh Fesh (Xkofwe e?bzvo)f;\o dh Fesh (Xkofwe e?bzvo)fJj wzfBnK iKdk j? fe f;\o dh ekY Gkos d/ ftu j'Jh. fJj efjD tkfbnK ~ iK sK

gsk BjhA ;h s/ iK T[j ukso us[okJhnK eod/ s/ iK fco T[jBK B/ Gkos d/ g[oksB ;kfjs-

g[okDK, T[gfBFdK, okwkfJD s/ wjkGkos ~ FkfJd gfVQnk jh BjhA. i/eo T[BQK B/ gfVQnk j[zdk

sK T[jd/ ftu frDsh sK gfjb/ fdB d{i/ fdB s/ T[j frDsh sK tko tko nkT[Adh j?. i/eo

fJjBK rZbK ~, T[jBK ;ko/ rqzEK ~ fwfEjk;e ejhJ/ sK th T[jBK ftu fJj nNZb ;ukJh j?

fe T[jBK ftu frDsh fwDsh ;h. ;ko/ rqzEK ftu fJe j'o frnkB:'r rZb j?, fijVh ;kfonK

ftu nkT[Adh j?, gJh fJj i' Fesh j?, fJj i' oZp j?, fit/A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih fbyd/ jB,

nkfd ;u[ I i[rkfd ;u[ I

j? Gh ;u[ I BkBe j';h Gh ;u[I

T[j nkfd ekb s'A ;Zu ;h, T[j :[ZrK :Z[rK s'A ;Zu ;h. T[j j[D th ;Zu j? ns/ jw/Fk ;Zu

jh oj/rk. b/feB i/ fJ; rZb ~ w?E/w?fNe; d/ sohe/ Bkb t/yhJ/ sK fJj Gbk fejV/ bc} iK

fejV/ fjzd;/ Bkb f}nkdk ;wo{gsk oZydk j?< fJe' fJe fjzd;k j?, fJe s'A b? e/ d; sZe-fJe

fjzd;k j? i' nkfd Gh ;u j? s/ i[rkd Gh ;Zu j?, j? th ;Zu s/ ;Zu jh oj/rk. T[j fjzd;k f;\o

(0) j?, fi;~ }ho' th efjzd/ jK. fJ; dk fe;/ ~ e'Jh gsk BjhA fe fJj feE'A F[o{ j[zdk j?

iK T[; dk nzs feE/ j[zdk j?. }ho' dh e'Jh ;hwk BjhA j?. FkfJd fJ;/ eoe/ n;h }ho' dh e'Jh

ehws jh BjhA fwDd/. b'e sK nkgD/ fJfsjk; ~ }ho' bke/ j}koK bZyK eo'VK ;kbK sZe fgSKj

b? iKd/ jB, gJh j? sK fJj }ho'. fJ; dh fejVh e'Jh ehws j?. go }ho' dh ;G s'A tZvh ehws

j?. gZSw d/ ftdtkB sK fJj efjzd/ jB fe }ho' dh ekY pknd ftu j'Jh. }ho' dh ekY Gkos

tk;hnK B/ pknd ftu ehsh j?. go T[BQK ~ fJ; rZb dk FkfJd frnkB jh BjhA j? fe i' e[M

th iBfwnK, i' e[M th T[rfwnk, i' e[M th ftufonk, i' fJj f;qFNh j?-fJj ;koh ekfJBks

nkJh feE'A< fJj nkJh }ho' ftu'A. fJj ;[zB ftu'A nkJh. r[o{ BkBe d/tih B/ fbfynk j? L

nopd Bopd X[zX{ekokI

XofD B rrBk j[ew[ ngkok I

Bk fdB[ o?fB B uzd[ B ;{oi ;[zB ;wkfX brkfJdk I

ykDh B pkDh gkT[D Bk gkDh I

Ugfs ygfs B nktD ikDhIHHHHHHHHHH (1035)

fiE/ e'Jh iKdk nkT[Adk BjhA, fiE/ g"D BjhA j?, fiE/ gkDh BjhA j?, fJ; dk Gkt T[E/ Xosh

BjhA j?. gT[D BjhA j?, gkDh BjhA j?, fJ; dk wsbp e[M th BjhA j?. oZp d/ ;zebg s'A gfjb'A,

i/ e'Jh j? sK T[j }ho' jh j?. }ho' s'A pknd fJe pDdk j?. ;kvk sK fJj wzBD ~ fpbe[b ihn

BjhA eodk fe }ho' d;tK dotk}k j?. fJj d;tK dotk}k BjhA j?. fJ; ftu'A jh ;ko/ dotk}/

y[bQd/ jB.



Xkofwe rqzEK ftu eJh rZbK nfijhnK jB fiBQK T[s/ nzX ft;tkF ftu'A jh :ehB eod/

nkT[Ad/ jK. :j{dhnK dh frDsh fwDsh nB[;ko ;koh d[BhnK dk nkozG 7 nes{po 3761 phH;hH

s'A j'fJnk. fJj :j{dhnK dk wZs j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj j'fJnk fe 3761 ftu 2009 ;kb

j'o iwK eo dJhJ/ sK 5770 ;kb gfjbK f;o\ d[BhnK ukb{ j'Jh. fJ; dk wsbp j? fe fJ;

s'A gfjbK d[BhnK ftu e'Jh BjhA ;h. fJj fet/A j' ;edk j?< eJh rZbK n;hA ;o;oh gVQd/ iKd/

jK ns/ T[BQK ~ ;jh wzB b?Ad/ jK. nZi d/ wB[Zy tk;s/ fJj rZb iudh BjhA fe fit/A fe;/ B/ fejk,

T[;/ soQK wzB fbnk. pkJhpb d/ ftu f;oc uko wjhfBnK dk f}eo nkT[Adk j?. pknd ftu fJBQK

B/ b{Bo e?bzvo pDkT[D/ F[o{ ehs/, 1469 ftu r[NBpo B/ gfjbk b{Bo e?bzvo pDkfJnk. T[;

d/ ftu d; wjhB/ ;h. T[j wkou wjhB/ s'A F{o{ j[zdk j?. gZSwh ;fGnsk B/ fJj gfjbk e?bzvo

pDkT[D dk :sB ehsk. iBtoh ns/ cotoh d/ wjhB/ fJBQK B/ pj[s pknd ftu i'V/. fJ; dk

f}eo nrb/ gzfBnK ftu fwb/rk. feskpK gVQfdnK gVQfdnK fJj rZb fXnkB ftu nkJh fe

iBtoh s/ \otoh wjhB/ fet/A j'Ad ftu nkJ/< fJ; pko/ fco thuko eoKr/. efjD dk wsbp

j? fe e[M rZbK n?;hnK jB, fijVhnK wBkT[D dk :sB ehsk ik fojk j?, b/feB T[j rZbK ;jh

BjhA jB. fJfsjk;e B}ohJ/ Bkb t/yhJ/ sK fJj rZb fbyD bZfrnK w?~ e'Jh d[fush BjhA j?

fe fJfsjk;e s"o s/ d[BhnK dk ;G s'A gfjbk 12 wjhfBnK dk e?bzvo r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/

fbfynk. fJj s[ykoh okr ftu ft;Eko Bkb fbfynk j?. g{oh d[BhnK d/ fJ; gfjb/ ;zg{oD

e?bzvo dk g{ok ft;Eko n;hA fJ; feskp ftu d/D dk :sB eoKr/.

fJE/ fJj fbyDk th :'r j't/rk fe o'w{b} B/ o'w bZfGnk. T[; fj;kp Bkb, T[; dk Bkw

th fbnk iKdk j? fe T[; B/ e?bzvo pDkfJnk. T[; d/ fj;kp Bkb th n;bh e?bzvo, wkou d/

wjhB/ s'A F[o{ j[zdk j?. T[; dk j'o ft;Eko fes/ BjhA fwbdk. fJj }o{o j? fe T[; B/ e?bzvo

pDkfJnk, T[j n;bh e?bzvo ;h. go fe;/ th g[;se ftu T[j e?bzvo ftnkfynk ;fjs BjhA

fwbdk.

o'wB e?bzvo p;zs o[Zs ftu F[o{ j[zdk j?. T[j BtK ;kb gfjbh wkou s'A frDd/ jB. t?;/

fJj 365H 1$4 fdBK tkbk e?bzvo i{bhn; ;h}o d/ Bkb i'Vd/ jB fe fJj i{bhn; ;h}o B/

pDkfJnk ;h. fJ; dk e'Jh th ohekov iK fJfsjk;e t/otk iK ;p{s BjhA fwbdk. go i' e?bzvo

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ pDkfJnk, T[; d/ ftu th 365 fdB jh jB. u/s wjhB/ d/ 30 fdB jB.

t?;ky d/ 31, i/m d/ 32, T[; s'A pknd e[M wjhB/ 31-31 fdBK d/ jB. cZrD dk wjhBk 29

dk j?. cZrD dk wjhBk uko ;kb pknd 30 fdBK dk pDdk j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk fJj e?bzvo

pj[s jh ;[zdo ftnkfynk ;fjs ofunk j'fJnk j?. fJ; dh ft;Eko ftu nrKj ub e/

ftnkfynk eoKr/.

i/eo nZi d/ e?bzvo ~ t/yhJ/ sK fJj :ehB eoB ~ fdb BjhA eodk fe wkou gfjbk

wjhBk j'fJnk eodk ;h. iBtoh gfjbk wjhBk bZrdk j?. fJj fBT{ :hno wjhBk brdk j?.

go id'A fJj wjhB/ F[o{ j'J/, sK wkou dk wjhBk jh gfjbk wjhBk ;h. wkou ~ skfonK d/ Bkb,



oZp d/ Bkb i'V e/ gfjbk wjhBk frfDnK ;h. fjzd[;skB dh g[oksB ftfdnk ftu wkfJnk M{m

j?. wkfJnk s'A wkou pfDnk. wkfJnk wkou ftu jh F[o{ j[zdh j?. d[BhnK BkFtkB j?, fJ; dh

F[o{nks, fJjdk e?bzvo wkou s'A jh F[o{ j'fJnk. ;koh d[BhnK ftu \otoh wjhBk ;[zdosk dk

wjhBk :nBh gftZsosk dk wjhBk frfDnK iKdk j?. r[o{ noiB d/t ih fJ; \otoh ~ cbr[D

fbyd/ jB. fJj ;[zdosk tZb jh ;ze/s j? L

cbr[fD nBzd T[gkoiBk jfo ;iD gqrN/ nkfJI

fJS g[Bh tvGkrDh to[ gkfJnk jfo okfJIHHHHHH (136)

id'A r[D g?dk j[zd/ jB, id'A ;[zdosk nk iKdh j?, id'A ftnesh ;zg{oB pD iKdk j?, T[;

dk nzs j[zdk j?. nzs ftu fJe jh ;zg{oB pDdk j?. fJ; dh j'o nZr/ ub e/ thuko eoKr/.

\otoh ;zg{oBsk j?, \b s'A gfjbK p{Nk izwdk j?, fco tZvk j[zdk j?, fco T[; ~ NkjDhnK

brdhnK jB, fco gZs/ brd/ jB, fco c[Zb bZrd/ jB, fco ik e/ \b pDdk j?. \b jh cZrD

wjhBk j?. T[j nk]oh wjhBk j?. fJ; soQK \otoh nk]oh wjhBk j?, iBtoh frnkoQtK wjhBk

j?.

i'fsF ftfdnk th fJe ftfrnkB j?. i'sFhnK B/ fijVhnK rZbK ehshnK jB, T[j th

g[oksBsk d/ gq;zr ftu'A jh bG e/ fbyhnK jB. fdB th i'fsF B/ rqfjK d/ nkXko s/ pDkJ/ jB.

fJj BktK d/ Bkb fdB pDkJ/ jB. fJBQK ;ZsK fdBK dh ftnkfynk th r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ pj[s

v{zxkJh Bkb ehsh j?. fJ; dh n;hA j'o uouk r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ e?bzvo tkb/ nfXnkfJ ftu

eoKr/.

don;b pkJhpb ftu skohyK tZb pj[sk fXnkB BjhA fdZsk frnk. fw;kb d/ s"o s/ fijV/

gkb d/ ]s jB, T[BQK d/ T[go e'Jh skohy tr?ok BjhA fwbdh. n;hA ]s T[go skohy gkT[Ad/ jK.

gzvs itkjo bkb Bfjo{ B/ 1953 ftu i' fbfynk, T[j Gkos dh y'i ftu fwbdk j?. T[j

fbyd/ jB fe t/dK ftu pkoK wjhfBnK d/ e?bzvo dk f}eo nkT[Adk j?. f}eo }o{o nkT[Adk j?

go t/dK ftu T[BQK dk ftnkfynk ;fjs ftFb/FD BjhA fwbdk.

n;hA gZSwh ;fGnkuko iK XowK, ftF/F s"o s/ Jh;kJhns dh rZb eod/ jK. fJfsjk;ekoK

B/ (Jh;kJhns) feqFfun?BNh ~ feqFNk th fbfynk j?. fJ;dk fgS'eV feqFBk d/ Bkb i'Vd/ jB.

go pknd ftu T[BQK ~ FkfJd fJj uzrk Bk bfrnk fe i/ feqFBk d/ Bkb i'V fdZsk sK ;kvh

n;bhns sK puh BjhA, feT[Afe Xow sK fJe' jB. Xow sK pzd/ ~ ;jh ;/X fdzd/ jB. feqFB

ih B/ rhsk ftu i' ;/X fdZsh j?, T[; s'A tXhnk ;/X pkJhpb ftu BjhA j?. pkJhpb ftu fizBh

e[ ;/X fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns dh fdZsh j?, T[; Bkb'A rhsk ftu fes/ f}nkdk uzrh j?. fJ; ;pzX

ftu gzi S/ fJfsjk;ekoK B/ rZb ehsh j? fe feqFfun?BNh dk gfjbk BK feqFNk ;h. feqFNk

feqFBk s'A pfDnK.

go nZi eZb fJ; pko/ e'Jh f}eo BjhA j' fojk. gZSwh fJfsjk;ekoK dh i{bhn; ;h}o

pko/ nkgDh ebw Bkb fbyh j'Jh th ejkDh gVQh, fi; dk w?A fJE/ jtkbk d/Dk :'r ;wMdk jK.



fJ; nB[;ko fJzvhnk ftu nmkothA ;dh ftu ftbhnw i'B} BK dk fpfNqF iZi j[zdk ;h. T[;

B/ gq/oBk pko/ fJe pVh nihp ftnkfynk ikoh ehsh . T[j fbyd/ jB fe i{bhn; ;h}o n;b

ftu uzdo r[gs w'ohnk dk d{ik BK j?. fJj w?A nkgD/ e'b'A jh BjhA fby fojK. fJj fbysh

fJpkos ftbhnw i'B} B/ ][d nmkothA ;dh ftu ohbh} ehsh j? fe uzdo r[gs s/ i{bhn;

;h}o fJe' jB. id'A uzdowk d/ fj;kp Bkb b{Bo e?bzvo gfjbK pDkfJnk sK T[; tes fJ;

rZb dk sK frnkB ;h fe ;kb ftu 365 iK 365H 1$4 fdB j[zd/ jB, uzd d/ fj;kp Bkb e?bzvo

pDkT[D bZfrnK w[Feb nk ojh ;h. T[BQK B/ fet/A ehsk< T[BQK dk eJh ;dhnK gfjbK e?bzvo 30

fdB dk Gkt 15 fdB uzd dk xZNDk s/ 15fdB tXD/ dk e?bzvo ;h. pkoK wjhfBnK ftu :nBh

fszB ;" ;Zm fdBK d/ fj;kp, u"E/ ;kb ik e/ T[j s/oK wjhfBnK dk e?bzvo pD iKdk ;h, T[j

pkoK wjhfBnK dk BjhA ;h. ;ZsK fdBK dk fe;/ B/ feXo/ th f}eo BjhA ehsk. s/othA ;dh ftu

uhB B/ ;ZsK fdBK dk f}eo ehsk j?. T[; s'A gfjbK dk e'Jh f}eo BjhA fwbdk.

nkw s"o s/ id'A n;hA Ubv N?;Nkw?AN s/ fBT{ N?;Nkw?AN dh rZb eod/ jK sK fdb ftu fJj

jh fenk; eo b?d/ jK fe Ubv N?;Nkw?AN ftu th e'Jh Xow j?. fBT{ N?;Nkw?AN th fJe Xow

j?. fJ; ftZu e'Jh BthA uh} fwb/rh. fJ; ftu i/ n;hA x'y e/ t/yhJ/ sK Ubv N?;Nkw?AN ftu

:j{dh fJj efjzd/ jB fe w;hjk fJe fdB nkJ/rk, T[j fBnK dk fdB j't/rk. feq;uhnB efjzd/

jB fe fBT{ N?;Nkw?AN nB[;ko :;{ w;hj w;hjk j?. fJE/ w?A efjDk ukj[zdk fe N?;Nkw?AN Fpd

dk noE ;wM"sk iK fJeokoBkwk j[zdk j?. fJj n?rohw?AN gfjbK ;h s/ j[D BtK n?rohw?N eo

fbnk j?. ;kvk gfjbK feqFfun?BNh dk n?rohw?N ;h fe w;hjk ni/ nkt/rk go Bt/A n?rohw?N

nB[;ko BtK w;hjk fijVk nkT[Dk ;h, T[j sK :h;; eokJh;N jh j?. Bt/A N?;Nkw?AN ftu s/

Ubv N?;Nkw?AN ftu J/Bk jh coe j?.

gkb d/ ]sK ftu fijVhnK :j{dhnK dhnk fbysK ~ Ubv N?;Nkw?AN fbfynk j?, T[BQK

nB[;ko :h;; dk Ubv et'B?N iK fBT{ N?;Nkw?N ftu :h;; ~ fJe ;/thno d/ s"o s/ gkb B/

wzfBnk j?. T[;B/ nkgD/ ysK ftu d[BhnK dk fJe eZBNo?eN pdb fdZsk fe fijVk g[okDk

eZBNo?eN ;h, T[j n;hA pdb fbnk, j[D s'A feqFfun?BNh dk eZBNo?eN fJj j' frnk. fit/A e'Jh

;"dk eoe/ T[; dk ;wM"sk fbyhdk j?, T[t/A fby fbnk s/ b'eK B/ N?;Nkw?AN ~ fJ; soQK bZfGnk

fit/A pkJhpb j[zdh j?, fit/A e'Jh Xkowe rqzE j[zdk j?, go N?;Nkw?AN dk wsbp fJe n?rohw?AN

j?.

fJNkbhnB, ;g?fBF s/ bkshBh GkFktK ftu GkFkJh s"o s/ GkFk ftfrnkB d/ fj;kp Bkb

th pj[s ;ko/ Fpd ;KM/ jB. fJBQK d/ ohsh -fotki fJBQK d/ g{ik eoB iK oZp ~ wzBD d/ sohe/

g{op Bkb obd/ jB, fit/A T[gfBFdK ftu n;hA okfinK ~ oZp eoe/ ikfDnK j?, okw okik ;h,

feqFB GrtkB okik ;h. fit/A n;hA T[jBK ~ oZp frDd/ jK, fJ;/ soQK fJBQK B/ nb?Zr}?Avo wjkB

~ th oZp skJhA wzBDk ukfjnk j?.

;h}o d/ Bkb ;pzX oZyD tkbk nrZ;s{ nkgD/ nkg ~ y[bQ/nkw oZp dk g[Zs efjzdk ;h. T[;



s'A pknd T[; dk T[sokfXekoh Np/o; th nkgD/ nkg ~ oZp ejkT[Adk ;h. nrKj fijVk T[;dk

T[sokfXekoh j'fJnk, T[j th nkgD/ nkg ~ oZp dk g[Zs ejkT[dk ;h. Gkt fe je{ws eoB tkb/

oki/, nkgD/ nkg ~ oZp iK oZp d/ g[Zso ejkT[D dk jZe iwkT[Ad/ ;h. ;G s'A tZX okik jh goik

~ ;[Zy d/ ;edk ;h, fJ; bJh okik oZp iK oZp dk g[Zso j[zdk j?. :{og d/ ftu ubh fJ; gqEk

dk fgS'eV th g{op j?. fJj g{op dk jh gqGkt ;h, fit/A n;hA fjzd{ Xkowfesk ftu n"osK ~

fgS/ BjhA SZfvnk, T[; ftu n"os ~ d/thnK ns/ wksktK ti'A ikfDnK frnk j?, T[;/ soQK :{og

ftu th Jh;; ~ fw;No?; nkc w?fie, frfDnK s/ T[; ~ ;/thno r"v?; nkfynk. fJj i'

;kohnK rZbK :{og ftu t/yhnK, fJj j"bh j"bh nkJhnK feE'A<T[j ;ko/ dhnK ;kohnK g{op ftu'A

nkJhnK. fenkws dk f}eo nkT[Adkj?. fenkws ~ n;hAA v{zxkJh Bkb BjhA t/yd/. i/ v{zxkJh Bkb

fenkws d/ noE t/yhJ/ sK feqFfun?BNh B/ oZp dh wo}h wzB bJh. j[D d[BhnK sK ]sw j' ikt/

rh. fJe bkJhB wko fdZsh. fJE/ ik e/ fj;kp feskp eo fbnk. fJZe BtK n?rohw?AN j' frnk

fe d[BhnK ]sw j' ikt/rh.

feq;uhn?fBNh dk e/Ado fpzd{ fJj ;h fe d[BhnK B/ ]sw j' ikDk j?. n;h feq;uhn?fBNh

~ T[;dh w[esh d/ jZbdk sohek pDk fbnk. GJh n;hA mhe fet/A ojKr/, fenkws t/b/ ;kvh w[esh

fet/A j't/rh, n;hA feqFfun?BNh dh fJj XkoBk pDk bJh fe ;kvh w[esh fet/A j't/rh. t?;/ sK

feq;uhn?fBNh fJe bkJhB j? fe d[BhnK p; j[D w[eD jh tkbh j?. s[;h nkgD/ ihtB dk mhe

okj ngDkU . i/ mhe okj Bk ngDkfJnk sK s[jkvh w[esh BjhA j't/rh. fenkws tkb/ fdB s[jkv/

fj;kp feskp j'Dr/. j[D sebh\ MZb bT[. nrbh dorkj ftu fJj MZbh j'Jh sebh\ s[jkv/

ezw nkt/rh. fco s[jk~ ;}k BjhA fwb/rh. nrb/ iBw dk G[b/yk gk e/, fenkws dk G[b/yk

gke/, i' e[M j[D t;{b eod/ jB, gsk BjhA nrKj y[;Dk ;h iK BjhA y[;Dk ;h, go j[D T[j

t;{b eoh iKd/ jB. j[D u"Xo iwk e/ s/ oZp dkvo gk e/, pzd/ ~ vok e/, fenkws d/ nzikw

s'A vok e/, pzd/ e'bA' t;{bh eoh iKd/ jB. pzd/ ~ fJjh f;ykfJnk iKdk j? fe fenkws s'A gfjbK

gfjbK nkgDhnK G[ZbK ~ ;kv/ s'A pyFk b?. pknd ftu G[rsDk n"yk j't/rk. T[; fdB oZp B/

s[jkvk fJwfsjkB b?Dk s/ j[D n;hA s/o/ Bkb ;wM"sk eo ;ed/ jK. n;hA s/o/ r[Bkj w[nkc eo

fdzd/ jK. oZp ~ eh T[vheh ikt/rK.

o'wB nEkoNhnK ;kohnK g{op dh Beb wko e/ pDkJhnK ;B. go g{op tkfbnK B/ fJj

nEkoNhnK fpbe[b wB}{o BjhA ehshnK. T[BQK B/ fes/ th okfinK ~ fJj wB}{oh BjhA fdZsh, sK

jh sK fJBQK d/ wsG/d oj/. oki/ okw ~ okik ejh iKd/ sK rZb j'o ;h. feqFB GrtkB ~ okik

wzBh iKd/ sK fco th rZb j'o ;h. fJBQK B/ nkgD/ oki/ T[BQK d/ pokpo pDk bJ/. id'A pokposk

eoB bZr ikJ/ iK nkgDk fgV pDk e/ pfj ikJ/, nkgD/ nkg ~ okik ;wMD br ikJ/, sK fco

d{;o/ feT[A Bk eoB. gZSw tkb/ iK feqFfun?BNh tkb/ fJ; s'A w[Beo BjhA j[zd/ fe F[o{ ftu :h;;

B/ sK e[M th BjhA fbfynk, pknd ftu j"bh j"bh b/yeK B/ ;kok ezw ehsk s/ fbysK pDkJhnK.

gkb d/ ysK ftu fJj fes/ th f}eo BjhAA fwbdk fe fJj pkJhpb j? iK fJe Xkowe g[;se



d/ s"o s/ fJj ;kjwD/ nkT[Dr/. T[j sK wzBdk j? fe i' w?A }pkBh ;[fDnK, ;[DkfJnk j?, T[j jh

w? fby fojk jK. ;' ;wK nk frnk j? fe nkgK nkgD/ nshs ~ fco s'A x'y e/ gVQhJ/ s/ jo

xNBk eqw d/ noE eod/ j'J/, fJ; ~ fco d[pkok s'A fbyhJ/, F[X eoe/ fbyhJ/. fJ; d/ mhe

noE eZYhJ/ s/ nkgD/ nkg ~ ;wMD dk :sB eohJ/. T[j rZbK, i' Fo/nkw fd;dhnK jB fe

fJj sK GkJh eoB tkbhnK jB, T[j i' ejkDhnK jB, T[jBK ~ pj[s d{o sZe y'iD dh b'V BjhA

j?. w[od/ g[fNnK sK w[Fe jh nkt/rk. phs/ ~ dZfpnk ofjD fdU. b/feB T[; ftu'A fijVhnK

uhiK wB[Zysk d/ ezw nk ;edhnK, T[BQK ~ d[pkok s'A fbyhJ/. i' e[M phs u[fenk j?, fi; pko/

pfj; eoB dk ckfJdk jh BjhA j?, T[j pfj; nkgK pzd eohJ/. ;kXkoB s/ Bt/A sohe/ Bkb,

fJj~ BthnK edoK-ehwsK d/ fj;kp Bkb i' i' fJB;kBhns ~ fJ; t/b/ ukjhdk j?, T[; ~

nkgD/ fj;kp Bkb fco t/yhJ/. fJj ftfrnkB dk :[Zr j?. T[jBK ~ ftfrnkBe sohe/ Bkb

fbyhJ/. fJj jh ;kvk e?bzvo j't/rk. fJj ;kvh BthA ftXh j't/rh. fJj ;kvh BthA i[rsh

j't/rh. fJj ;kvh f;nkDg j't/rh. n;hA nkgD/ fJfsjk; dk fJe tko fco g[Bo iBw

eohJ/, T[; ~ fco d'pkok iBw s'A bJhJ/ s/ T[; d/ noE ;wMD dk :sB eohJ/. ;k~ g[oksBsk

ftu'A f;nkD/ pDkT[D dk :sB }o{o ehsk frnk. b/feB T[; g[oksBsk dhnK rZgK wkoB dk e'Jh

ckfJdk BjhA j?. T[; g[oksBsk ~ n?t?A tXkn uVkn e/ dZ;D, j}ko d' j}ko iK gzi j}ko ;kb

fgSKj tZb fbikD dk e'Jh noE BjhA pDdk. nkU BthnK edoK-ehwsK d/ fj;kp Bkb Bt/A

fJfsjk; ~, i' fpbe[b ;kv/ ;kjwD/ fJfsjk; fby/ gJ/ jB, T[BQK ~ ;wMD dk :sB eohJ/

T[BQK d/ Bt/A fJfsjk; Bkb nkgDh g[oksBsk, nkgDk i' nshs j?, i' phs u[fenk ;wK j?, T[;

dh ejkDh eohJ/.



fJ;bkfwe \b;\kfJ;bkfwe \b;\kfJ;bkfwe \b;\kfJ;bkfwe \b;\kfJ;bkfwe \b;\kXkofwe d[BhnK ftu j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp s'A gfjbK d/ ;w/A ~ fJ;bkw d/ FoXkb{

nfrnkBsk s/ Bk;wMh dk ;wK efjzd/ jB. fJ;bkwh otkfJs nB[;ko wZe/ d/ ftu j}os w[jzwd

;kfjp dk iBw j'fJnk. j}os wjzwd ;kfjp dh T[wo T[; t/b/ S/ ;kb ;h id'A T[BQK d/ fgsk

ih t\ks gk rJ/. fJBQK dh gkbDk g'FDk fJBQK d/ dkdk ih B/ ehsh. id'A wjzwd ;kfjp dh T[wo

12 ;kb dh j'Jh sK T[BQK dk ukuk nkg ih ~ ;hohnk b? frnk fiE/ fJ;kJhns d/ g'g iK g?o'ekoK

Bkb w[jzwd ;kfjp dh rZbpks F[o{ j'Jh. fejk iKdk j? fe id'A j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp 25 ;kb

d/ j'J/ sK T[d'A T[j phph ]dhik d/ Bkb eko'pko ftu jE tNk oj/ ;B. ]dhik fJe ftXtk sqhws

;h. fJ;bkfwe w&zBs nB[;ko T[j pj[s nwho ;h. id'A w[jzwd ;kfjp dh T[wo 25 ;kb dh

j'Jh sK T[BQK B/ ]dhik Bkb Fkdh eo bJh Gkt/ T[BQK dh wkfbe ]dhik T[wo ftu 15 ;kb tZvh

;h. fJ; soQK T[j nwho pD rJ/.

e[M ;w/A pknd id'A T[j r[\k ftu ;B sK nukBe T[BQK ~ fJe nktk} ;[Dh, fJe fJbjkw

(nkekF pkDh) j'fJnk fi; B/ w[jzwd ;kfjp ~ gq/oBk fdZsh fe fJj fbyDk eo' fe oZp B/ fJj

d[BhnK fet/ pDkJh j?< jo fJe uh} fet/A xVh< oZp B/ pzdk fet/A pDkfJnk< fJ; fJbjkw tkbh

oks ~ fJ;bkw ftu Fesh tkbh oks efjzd/ jB. Gkt fJj ;Zuk frnkB (o{jkBh ukBD) j'D

dh oks ;h. fJ; soQK fco w[jzwd ;kfjp B/, i' T[BQK ~ nZbk B/ nkd/F ehsk ;h, i' T[BQK ~ X[o

dorkj'A nZbk d/ Bkw s/ ;[B/jk j'fJnk, T[j ;kok e[M nkgDh o;Bk s'A p'fbnk. T[j fJ; ;w/A ~

th fJfsjk; s'A fgS/ tZb fbiKd/ jB go ;kvk T[BQK fsZEK fwZEK s/ ftFtk; eoB ~ fdb BjhA

eodk. fJE/ n;hA j'o f}eo eoBk :'r BjhA ;wMd/. go fJj }o{o j? fe id'A w[jzwd ;kfjp

~ j[ew j'fJnk sK T[BQK d/ g?o'ekoK B/, i/ gZEo fwb/-gZEoK T[s/ fby fbnk, i/ gZs/ fwb/ sK

gZfsnk s/ fby fbnk iK }pkBh :kd eo fbnk. fJ; soQK T[BQK ;kok e[M fJe EK eoe/ pknd

ftu e[okB pDk fdZsh. id'A e[okB pDkJh s/ id'A oZp B/ w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ w{zj'A rZbK ejkJhnK T[jd/

ftu ;w/A dk fJe fJfsjk;e nzso j?, fwfEjk; ns/ fJfsjk; fizBk nzso j?. n;hA fJ; ftuko

r'FNh ftu BjhA gtKr/. T[AM fJ; nkekF pkDh ftu BthA rZb e'Jh BjhA ;h. fJj ;kohnK rZbK

gfjbK jh gquZbs ;B. jhpo' s/ Jh;kJhns dhnK ns/ j'o Xkowe rZbK, fit/A gqwkswk fJe j?,

j'o e'Jh BjhA. fenkws d/ fdB c?;b/ j'Dr/. T[; fdB fijBK B/ e[okB d/ T[gd/FK #s/ nwb ehsk

j't/rk, T[j pfjFs ~ ikDr/ ns/ fiBQK B/ e[okB d/ j[ew dh gkbDk BjhA ehsh j't/rh, T[j d'}y

Gkt Boe ftu ikDr/. Gkt/A ngDh rZb ~ ;koEe pDkT[D bJh T[j w[jzwd ;kfjp dk iBw 570

JhL wZe/ ftu j'fJnk efjzd/ jB go fJ; skohy dk e'Jh th fbysh iK fJfsjk;e ;p{s BjhA

fwbdk. fJ; bJh n;hA fJ; pfj; s'A d{o ojKr/. w[jzwd ;kfjp wZe/ s/ pknd ftu wdhB/ ub/

rJ/. fJ; ftu fJ}okJhb dk fjZ;k nkT[Adk j?, fiE/ fe w[jzwd ;kfjp B/ :'o'Fbw ftu oZp dk

fujok t/fynk. fJ; eoe/ fJ;bkw ftu fJj fszB Ffjo wZek, wdhBk s/ :'o'Fbw gftZso frD/



iKd/ jB. fit/A fit/A fJ;bkw d/ FoXkb{ w[jzwd ;kfjp dh ejkDh dZ;d/ jB, T[; nB[;ko fJj

fszB XoshnK wZek, wdhBk s/ :'o'Fbw gftZso jB.

pknd ftu fJfsjk;ekoK B/ fJ;bkwe e?bzvo pDkfJnk. id'A w[jzwd ;kfjp wdhB/ ftu

rJ/, T[; fdB ~ w[y oZy e/ fJfsjk;ekoK B/ e?bzvo pDkfJnk. b/feB T[; e?bzvo dh e'Jh ;jh

dbhb BjhA fwbdh. e?bzvo pDkT[D tkb/ fJfsjk;eko th FkfJd fJ; ftu ;gFN BjhA jB.

fJe gk;/ sK w[jzwd ;kfjp dh e'Jh ;gFN s;tho BjhA T[mkJh j'Jh, fJe gk;/ sK w[jzwd

;kfjp d[BhnK d/ Xkowe nkr{ s/ pj[s jh tZv/ okiBhshtkB, fit/A fe fwbNoh dk bhvo j[zdk

j?, T[t/A w[jzwd ;kfjp ~ ftykfJnk frnk j? s/ d{;o/ gk;/ fijVhnK otkfJsK ~ fJj wzBd/ jB,

T[; fj;kp Bkb fJj th f}eo ehsk j'fJnk j? fe T[j nkgD/ p;so nkg f;T{D tkb/ s/ pj[s

;kd w[okdk ihtB r[}koB tkb/, fwZNh d/ pD/ xo ftu ofjD tkb/ fJe ;kXkoB g[oy ;h . T[BQK

dhnK eJh gsBhnK s/ pj[s ;ko/ pZu/ ;B. fJ; soQK fJe ;kXkoB g[oy d/ o{g ftu th g/F eod/

jB. w[jzwd ;kfjp dh fijVh ;'u ;h, :j{dh s/ Jh;kJhns tkbhnK rZbK jh ;B. go fJj wzBd/

jB fe j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp jh nkyoh g?rzpo jB. pknd ftu d[BhnK ftu e'Jh g?rzpo BjhA

j'fJnk ns/ Bk jh j't/rk. T[AM fJ;bkw d/ FoXkb{ :;{w;hj ~ th g?rzpo }o{o wzBd/ jB, :;{

w;hj dk Bkw th gke e[okB ftu nkT[Adk j?. go T[j nkyoh g?rzpo w[jzwd ;kfjp ~ jh frDd/

jB. Jh;kJhns ns/ :j{dhns ftu :;{ w;hj ~ @gowkswk dk g[Zso# Xosh s/ nkfJnk efjzd/

jB, fi;B/ Xosh t;kJh j?. fenkws tkb/ fdB c?;b/ j'Dr/. fJBQK dhnK rZbK sK fwbdhnK jB.

go fJj efjzd/ th jB s/ :ehB th eod/ jB fe w[jzwd ;kfjp s'A tZvk e'Jh g?rzpo BjhA, Bk

jh j' ;edk j?. T[BQK ~ d{;fonK s'A tXhnk ftykT[D bJh fJ; soQK dhnK dbhbK fdZshnK. fcfbg

B/ fijVh, nkgDh feskp @nop d/ b'eK dk fJfsjk;# fbyh j?, T[; ftu eJh y[bk;/ ehs/ jB.

T[; ftu'A eJh rZbK ;kjwD/ nkJhnK. i/eo fcfbg dh g[;se @nopK dk fJfsjk;# (1937)

rj[ Bkb t/yhJ/ sK fJ; s'A n;hA nzdk}/ brk ;ed/ jK fe fJfsjk;e s"o s/ fejVh rZb ;Zu j?

s/ fejVhnK ejkDhnK pDkJhnK rJhnK jB. b/feB fcfbg B/ g[oksB eEk-ejkDhnK s/ pj[s

;kohnK rZbK fbyhnK, fJ; s'A gfjbK pj[s xZN fwbdhnK jB. fJj thjthA ;dh dhnK rZbK jB.

fJ;bkw d/ FoXkb{nK B/ sK fJE/ rZb ysw eo fdsh fe fJ; s'A wro'A e[M j' jh BjhA ;edk.

p; fJe soQK dk fizdok brk fdZsk. fJ; eZNVsk B/ T[BQK ~ Jh;kJhns Bkb'A tZyo/ eo fdsk.

t?;/ ;kohnK dhnK ;kohnK rZbK Jh;kJhns Bkb fwbdhnK jB. fJpokjhw ej' iK npokjw fJZe

jh rZb j?. fijVk fJ; soQK ftFtkF Bk eo/, w[jzwd ;kfjp dk T[gd/F Bk wzB/, T[BQK dh rZb

Bk wzB/, T[j ek\o j?, T[; ~ ;}k d/ fdU. fJ; soQK i' pj[s f}nkdk ;ys n?bkB ehs/ rJ/

, fJBQK Bkb j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp dh, d[BhnK ftu ;G s'A finkdk wFj{o FyFhns ~ ;hws

eo fdZsk frnk j?. fit/A fit/A b'eK ~ frnkB nkT[Adk frnks/ nkekF pkDh th j'o nkT[Adh rJh,

T[t/A-T[t/A fJj gqGkt xZNdk frnk.

fgnko iK ;fji iK FKsh Bkb fJBQK ftu ubD tkbh e'Jh rZb BjhA ;h. e[okB sK oZp d/



p'b jB, oZp B/ w[jzwd ;kfjp dk w{zj jh tofsnk j?, fJj nzsw j?. fJ; nZr/ M[eDk j? -fJj

oZp dh o}k j?. fJjdh o}k ftu ofjDk j?, BjhA sK s[jkvk jFo wkVk j't/rk, ;}ktK

fwbDrhnK. T[BQK d/ fJfsjk; nB[;ko 63 ;kb dh T[wo ftu 633 JhL ftu w[jzwd ;kfjp

t\ks gk rJ/. np{ peo B/ ;'funk fe e[okB dhnK :kdK, B/ sK ]sw j' ikDk j?, e[okB d/ fJj

p'b sK ysw j' ikDr/, sK np{ peo B/ fJj fJeZmhnK eoBhnK F[o{ eo fdZshnK. T[;B/ gZEoK,

gZfsnK s/ jZvhnK s/ fbyhnK j'JhnK s/ fJBQK fybohnK uh}K ~ fJZeso eoe/ w[jzwd ;kfjp d/

pknd ftu fbfynk.

fJfsjk;eko sK fJj fbyd/ jB fe frnkoQthAA ;dh d/ ftu e[okB d/ 114 nfXnkfJ ;zrqfj

ehs/ rJ/. Gkt/A fJ;bkw ftu noph GkFk ~ oZp dh GkFk iK w[jzwd ;kfjp dh GkFk efjzd/ jB

iK n?vwJht dh GkFk, i' wo}h frDh ikJhJ/ go noph GkFk nmkothA ;dh ftu ik e/ j'Ad ftu

nkJh j?. nmkothA ;dh s'A pknd dhnK feskpK ftu jh fJ; GkFk pko/ ;koEe o{g ftu ;p{s

fwbdk j?. fJ; s'A gfjbK 7thA s'A 10thA ;dh dhnK e/tb rZbK jh jB. fizBK fe;/ dk fdb eodk

j't/, UBk :ehB eo ;edk j?. w/o/ tKr fi;dk fdb wzBD ~ BjhA eodk, Uj Bk wzB/. fJ; ftu

d[fpXk tkbh e'Jh uh} BjhA j?. fJ; ftu pfj; eoB tkbh th e'Jh rZb BjhA j?.

okiBhse s"o s/ eJh rZbK nfijhnK xVhnK s/ pDkJhnK jB, fiBQK tZb ikDk BjhA ukjhdk

s/ Bk jh e'Jh ckfJdk j?. fit/A nZi eb :'o'Fbw ~ fJ;bkw tkb/ pj[s tZvk Xkowe n;EkB

wzBd/ jB s/ nkg; ftu bVh iKd/ jB. :'o'Fbw ~ fJ}okJhb tk;s/ efjzd/ jB. go e[okB ftu

:'o'Fbw dk e'Jh th f}eo BjhA fwbdk. fJ;bkw dk fJe j'o coe Jh;kJhns s/ :j{dhns Bkb

j?, yk; eoe/ Jh;kJhns Bkb, fJj i' :{BkBh ;kfjs iK fJfsjk;-fwfEjk; j?, T[; Bkb'A

fJ;bkw Gkosh f;XKsK d/ fj;kp Bkb, f;zX fjzd fi;~ efjzd/ jB, Gkos Bkb f}nkdk ;zpzfXs

j?. J/Xo Jh;kJhns Bkb, gZSw Bkb xZNj?. pqjw ;{sok nkfd rZbK fJ;bkw B/ fjzd{ ws iK

Gkosh Xkowe fgS'eV s/ f;XksK d/ nshs ftu'A bJhnK jB. eJh j'o T[dkjoDK th fwbdhnK

jB. Gkosh w{b d/ eJh j'o g[oksB rqzEK ftu fe;/ B/ Bzpo BjhA fby/. nZyoK ftu jh frDsh

fbyh ;h. fJj sK frnkoQthA pkothA ;dh ftu th fes/ fbfynk BjhA fwbdk. ;'bQthA ;dh ftu

ik e/ fJj 1, 2 Bzpo F[o{ j'J/. fJj th fJe dbhb Bkb ;'uD tkbh rZb j? fe

fJj Bzpfozr 11thA s/ 12thA ;dh ftu BjhA ;h. fJ; s'A gfjb/ dhnK fijVhnK fj;kp-

feskp dhnK rZbK dZ;d/ jB iK eJh ;dhnK j'o bk b?Ad/ jB, fJ; pko/ rzGhosk Bkb ;'uD dh

b'V BjhA, pFos/ fe ;k~ fe;/ rZb ~ x'yD dh pj[s jh f}nkdk }o{os j?. fpBK c?;b/ ehs/

jh fgSKj ~ s[o/ ikDk pj[sh f;nkDh rZb BjhA j?.

n;b d/ ftu nbipo/ dh gfjbh ;jh feqs thjthA ;dh d"okB Noeh ftu'A fwbdh j?. fJ;

~ n;hA UBk e[ ;wMhJ/, fizBh e[ ;k~ b'V j?. ;kv/ fj;kp Bkb j}koK ;kb fgS/ ik e/, g[okDhnK

epoK g[N e/ n;hA eh wjkBsk pDktKr/. T[j ekjdh wjkBsk j't/rh i/ n;hA j'o G[b/y/ ftu gJh

iktKr/. fJj e'Jh tZvk :'rdkB BjhA frfDnK ikDk ukjhdk. i/ n;hA BzpoK s/ fbysK, ed'A



fwbhnK, i/ fJBQK dh ;koEesk tZb ikJhJ/, i/ n;hA gb?N' dh fET{oh nkc nkJhvhnk} tZb nkJhJ/

iK no;s{ d/ fj;kp-feskp t/yhJ/ sK fJBQK dhnK skohyK d/ ftu th r[nkuD dk pj[sk J/vk bkG

BjhA j?. no;s{ ns/ gb?N' d/ f]nkb ns/ T[BQK dhnK fET{ohnK, oktK dh soQK ns/ j'o fijV/ pj[s

tZv/ fcbk;co j'J/ jB, tZv/ tZv/ ftdtkB s/ foFh w[Bh g?dk j'J/ jB, T[BQK dhnK oktK wro br

ikDk th e'Jh mhe BjhA, fJj ;kvh e'Jh d/D BjhA j't/rh. fJ; soQK eoe/ n;hA nkT[D tkbhnK

ghVhnK dk o;sk ;k\ BjhA eooj/, ;r'A T[bMk oj/ jK. i/ n;hA nkg fJBQK Mw/fbnK ftu fJBQK

fJfsjk;e skohyK ftu T[bM/ oj/ sK ;kvhnK nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh fJj e'Jh d/D BjhA

j't/rh. fJ; ftu e'Jh FZe BjhA fe gb?N' d/ thuko s/ fET{ohnK pj[s tXhnk jB. T[BQK ftu'A

;kv/ ezw nkT[D tkbhnK fET{ohnK s/ f;XKsK dh }o{o tos'A eo'. i/ n;hA no;s{ ftu'A, i' pj[s

tZvk fcbk;co j?, T[; dhnK fET{ohnK ftu'A e'Jh f;oiDkswe rZbK bZG ;ed/ jK, no;s{ dh

fET{oh ftu i/ e'Jh nfijh rZb j?, fijVh ezw nkT[D tkbh j?, sK T[; ~ ;KGDk ukjhdk j?.

go T[j ed'A, fet/A s/ fe; tes j'J/, fJ; soQK bVkJh eoh ikD dk, ;kv/ f]nkb ftu e'Jh

ckfJdk BjhA. fJ; rZb dk e'Jh noE BjhA pDdk.

fJfsjk;ekoK nB[;ko 11thA ;dh noEks 1065 iK 1067 JhL ftZu prdkd ftu wdoZ;/

;h, fiE/ gVQB tkb/ gkV{nK ~ gVQkT[Ad/ ;h, T[;dk th e'Jh foekov BjhA fwbdk. Gkt fe fJ;

fJfsjk;e ozr s'A nkgK nkgD/ nkg ~ puk e/ oZyhJ/ . fJ; rZb ~ ;"yh eoB bJh n;hA efj

;ed/ jK fe id'A g/go dh ekY j'Jh, T[; T[go fJj fbysK F[o{ j'JhnK, Gkt/A g/go ;D iK fe;/

j'o uh} s'A pfDnk. id'A ukJhBk ftu fJ; g/go dh ekY j'Jh, T[; ;w/A s'A pknd dhnK fbysK

gfjbhnK fJfsjk;e fbysK jB. fJ; s'A gfjb'A e[M :kd ;h, e[M r[nku frnk, e'Jh

fJfsjk;eko fJ; soQK fbydk j?, e'Jh j'o soK fbydk j? s/ fJj bVkJh eoh ikDh fe fJj

gfjb'A pDhnK s/ T[j wro'A pDhnK, mhe BjhA. T[BQK dk ;"yk sohek sK fJj j? fe id'A g/go dh

ekY j'Jh, T[d'A pkJhpbK, iK j'o rZbK fbyhnK rJhnK, T[BQK ~ ;KGD dh b'V j?.

fJe j'o pVh w}/dko rZb j? fe Bk e[okB ftu ns/ Bk jh pkJhpb ftu, fes/ th fJj

fbfynk BjhA fwbdk fe oZp B/ p'bh th pDkJh. i/ GkFk pzd/ B/ pDkJh j? sK fco oZp T[j GkFk

fet/A p'bdk ;h< oZp B/ w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ w{zj' nytkJh. i/ fJj oZp B/ pDkJh j?, fJj oZph rZbK

sK jB, go i/ pzd/ B/ oZph rZbK pDkJhnK, sK T[BQK ~ pzd/ d/ fJfsjk; sZe jh ;hfws ofjD

fdU, T[j g[oksB, oZp iK Fesh, ftnesh j' jh BjhA ;edk. i/ Fesh bZG BjhA ;ed/, sK th

T[Xo ~ GZi/ fcoBk, fJj rZb pDdh BjhA. 11thA s/ 12thA ;dh d/ ftu nopK ftu wdoZf;nK

dk t/otk fwbdk j?. 13thA ;dh d"okB prdkd ftu uko wdoZ;/ ;h. fJ; soQK 11thA, 12thA

s/ T[; s'A pknd dhnK ;dhnK d/ fijV/ t/ot/ fwbd/ jB, T[BQK dk sK :ehB eoB ~ fdb eodk

j?. T[BQK fdBK ftu th fbysh o{g ftu BjhA gVkfJnk iKdk ;h. T[BQK fdBK ftZu fJB;kBhns

Bkb i'VD tkbhnK uzrhnK rZbK }pkBh ebkwh :kd eoe/ gVQkJhnK iKdhnK ;B.

w?A nkgD/ gkmeK ~ fJj dbhb Bkb efjDk ukj[zdk jK, :ehB eoBk nop d/FK ftu 11thA



s/ 12thA ;dh dhnK e[M uzrhnK rZbK bZGdhnK jB go :{og ftu sK 13thA ;dh s'A gfjbK dk

fe;/ uh} pko/ fJfsjk;e ;p{s BjhA fwbdk. fJj gZeh rZb j?. i/ fe;/ B/ e'Jh fbfynk j'fJnk

j? fe fJj 13thA ;dh s'A gfjbK dk j? sK fJj e/tb wzfBnK jh j'fJnk j?. T[j w[Zdk wBxVs

pDkfJnk j't/rk. nZi sZe fe;/ th fJfsjk;eko B/ 13thA ;dh s'A gfjbK :{og dk feXo/ th

f}eo BjhA ehsk. :{og dk :{BkB d/ Bkb fijVk gfjbk Nkeok j?, T[j f;Xk e'Jh BjhA j'fJnk.

no;s{ s/ gb?N' tor/ ftdtkBK Bkb fijVk Nkeok j'fJnk, fJj nop d/FK d/ okjhA j'fJnk. T[j

nop w[beK ftu dh j' e/ :{BkB gj[zud/ jB. feZvh ewkb dh rZb j? fe nZi se fe;/ B/ ft;Eko

ftu dZ;D dk fJj :sB jh BjhA ehsk. Gkt/A ;ko/ fJfsjk;ekoK B/ pV/ p"fXe gZXo #s/ fJefjo/

fij/ f}eo ehs/ jB, go fe;/ B/ w?dkB ftu nk e/ gosZy yV' e/ ;gFN rZb BjhA ehsh. ;koh

dh ;koh :{BkBh fcbk;\h, i' th ;fGnsk ;h, T[; pko/ :{og ~ nop d/FK dhnK feskpK gVQ

e/ ikDekoh fwbh. T[j sK efjzd/ jB fe :{BkBh s'A noph ftu nB[tkd ehs/ rJ/. go ;kvh ;hws

p[ZXh nB[;ko s/ fiE'A se ;kvh B}o iKdh j?, :{BkBh fcbk;\h dk fijVk nB[tkd noph GkFk

ftu fwbdk j?, T[; fJfsjk; ftu'A eJh nB[tkd 12thA, 13thA, 14thA, 15thA s/ 16thA ;dh

ftu ehs/ rJ/. go T[j nB[tkd feE'A j'J/< T[BQK dk w{b eh ;h< fJ; dk e'Jh ;koEe ;p{s iK

yoVk BjhA fwbdk. t?;/ jh rqhe ftu'A j'J/ ejh iKd/ jB. rqhe dh fejVh feskp ftu'A ehs/ iK

fejVh fcbk;ch ;h< gb?N' iK no;s{ dh T[j fejVh fcbk;ch ;h, fijVh 2000 ;kb gfjbK

iK fizBK fuo gfjbK feskpK SghnK ;h, T[BQK dk e'Jh fJe nZX gzBK iK toek ;kjwD/ fbnkU

sK ;jh, feXo/ th BjhA j?. i/ T[; ~ j}koK ;kb j'o fgS/ fbik e/ T[; T[s/ j'o feskpK fbyh

ikDhnK iK gh n?uHvhH dhnK fvrohnK eoh ikDhnK, bVh ikDk sK fJj s[jkvh fJZSk j?.

e'Jh ;kvh rZb Bkb ;fjws j't/ iK Bk j't/. n;hA sK g[o}'o fJj dbhb fdzd/ jK fe i'

fJj jehw s/ fjews bc} j?, fJj Gkosh fgS'eV ftu'A nkfJnk. T[; s'A pknd fJj nop

d/FK ftu frnk. dtkdko{ Bkb iK fijV/ wo}h iVh-p{Nh Bkb fJ; ~ i'Vh ikt', n?b'g?Eh iK

nk:[ot?fde, e[M th j?, go ;G s'A gfjb/ vkeNo ~ jehw efjzd/ ;h. gZSwh d/FK ftu fJj

jehw bc} nop d/;K ftu'A nkfJnk. nop d/FK ftu fJj bc} Gkosh fgS'eV ftu'A nkfJnk.

w[Zedh rZb fe :{og B/, yk; eo rohe B/ fJ;bkw ~ e[ZM BjhA fdZsk. jK y'QfJnk }o{o.

w?;kv'fBe b'e, noph b'e, noph cb;\/, noph f;XKs, noph nfXnkswtkd jo soQK rohe

;fGnsk Bkb'A g[okDk j?. ;z;feqs sK j? ;h go noph GkFk Bkb'A :"og dh jo GkFk ns/ ;ko/ dk

;kok ;ZfGnkuko pj[s pknd j'Ad ftu nkfJnk.



nkgDk nshsnkgDk nshsnkgDk nshsnkgDk nshsnkgDk nshsnkgD/ nshs pko/ rZbpks eoB bJh pj[s ;ko/ f;nkfDnK dhnK pj[s v{zxhnK s/ soeFhb

oktK jB, T[jBK ~ gVQD-;[DB dh pj[s }o{os j?. fJ; bJh w?A pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkBK,

ftukotkBK, p[ZXhihthnK dhnK ;koh-;koh T[wo bk e/ fbyhnK j'JhnK feskpK ~ gVQD dk :sB

ehsk s/ T[jBK d/ ftu'A T[jBK d[nkok pj[s ;ZuhnK ;[ZuhnK dbhbK ;fjs fdZs/ j'J/ thukoK dh uouk

gVQD dh e'fFF ehsh j?. id'A w?A gVQ fojk ;h sK w?A~ fJj rZb pj[s oVeh fe ;ko/ ;Zu efjD

dk :sB eod/ jB. T[j efjzd/ jB fe i' w?A fbfynk j?, T[j ;Zu j?. go w?~ sK fJt/A brdk

j? fe g{oB ;Zu ~ fpnkB eoBk pVk w[Feb j?. fJ; bJh w?A wjkB fbykohnK dhnK T[Zsw

ouBktK gVQhnK sK T[jBK ftu'A e'Jh th n?;k ;Zu w?~ BjhA oVfenk fijVk ;zg{oB ;Zu j?, fJjBK

ftu'A e'Jh ;zg{oB ;Zu BjhA j?. ;r'A w?A sK fJj ejKrk fe fi;-fi; B/ nkgD/ fJ; ;Zu efjD

d/ sohe/ ~ ;zg{oB ;Zu efjD dk :sB ehsk j?, T[j fJt/A brdk j? fe fit/A T[j fe;/ r[Bkj

~ iK e;{o ~ jh jtk d/ fojk j?. fit/A w?A ;kfonK d/ uzr/ thuko gVQ e/, i' e[M fJeZmk eoe/

fbyD dk :sB ehsk j?, i/ w?A T[; ~ ejK fe fJj ;zg{oB ;Zu j' frnk sK fJ;d/ ftu nfs

eEBh j't/rh. bU nkgK ftuko eod/ jK. pj[s ;ko/ thukotkBK, p[ZXhihthnK dhnK i' wjkB

v{zxhnK s/ r[DtkB rZbK jB, T[jBK ~ gVQ e/ T[jBK ftu'A w?~ eh fwfbnk< T[j n;hAA tko-tko

fJe-fJe B[esk eoe/ s[jkv/ Bkb ;KMk eoKr/.

frnkB ed'A F[o{ j'fJnk< fet/A j'fJnk< frnkB dh eh b'V gJh< frnkBtkB frnkBh e"D

;B< fJjBK B[efsnK s/ nkgK thuko eoKr/. fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns d/ bkr/ oZyD bJh,

fJB;kBhns f;ykT[D bJh wjKg[oyK s/ g[oksB j;shnK B/ i' dbhbK fdZshnK iK ekfJd/ ek~B

pDkT[D dk :sB ehsk, T[jBK ekfJd/ ek~BK, dbhbK, fwZEK ~ b'eK B/ Xow d/ s"o #s/ ikfDnK,

T[jBK ~ ngDkfJnk, T[j Xkofwe vo ej/ik ;ed/ jB. T[; Xkofwe vo ftu ofjD bJh jo

pzd/ dk fdb eodk s/ T[j i' Xkofwe vo ;h, i' Xkofwe thuko ;h, ekfJd/ ek~B ;h, T[jBK

~ n;hA d[BhnK iK fJB;kBhns dhnK ;G s'A gfjbhnK ouBktK th efj ;ed/ jK, fynkb, thuko

iK dbhbK th efj ;ed/ jK. fJB;kB dh fJB;kBhns tk;s/ i' ;G s'A gfjbh y'i j?, T[j j?

Xkofwe ekfJd/ ek~B s/ T[j i' Xkofwe ekfJd/ ek~B ;B, T[jBK fco, fit/A fJB;kB j"bh j"bh

f;nkDk j[zdk frnk, T[j fJe d{i/ Bkb'A b'eK ~ }ok j'o f;nkDk bZrD bZr fgnk sK T[; ;w/A b'eK

B/ nkg' nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb pj[s ;ko/ ekfJd/ ek~B pDk bJ/. tZyo/ tZyo/ ekfJd/ ek~BK ~, i'

fJB;kB ~ tZyo/-tZyo/ ;pe d/D tkb/ ;B, b'eK B/ tZy-tZy XowK dk Bkw d/ fbnk. go

fJB;kBhns f;ykT[Ad/-f;ykT[Ad/ rZb fJE'A sZe gj[zu rJh fe T[j fJe d{i/ dh nkb'uBk eoB br

gJ/, fJe d{i/ dhnK bZsK fyuD br gJ/- w?A uzrk, s{z BjhA uzrk, w?A fJj rZb ;Zu efjzdk jK,

nkg; ftu bVkJhnK j'D br gJhnK. fJe Xow d{;o/ s/ jkth j'Dk F[o{ j'fJnk. w/o/ n;{b s/

fonK Bkb'A f}nkdk uzr/. fco id'A b'eK B/ nkgDk gqGkt SZvDk F[o{ ehsk sK pj[s MrV/ F[o{ j'



rJ/, e"wK dhnK e"wK tZy-tZy XowK ftu tzvhnK rJhnK. fJE'A sZe B"ps nk rJh fe fJe d{i/

~ efjD bZr gJ/ fe s{z w/ok Xow ngDkn, BjhA sK w?A s?~ wko fdnKrk. id'A fJ; soQK dhnK

rZbK j'D br gJhnK sK fco ;k~ 16thA s/ 17thA ;dh ftu ;gFNsk d/ Bkb Bkb E'VQk-E'VQk

frnkB j'Dk F[o{ j' frnk. nmkothA ;dh ftu ;jh frnkB ~ b'V gJh fe rbs eh j? s/ ;jh

eh j?< fJ; b'V s'A fBT{NB tor/ ;kfJz;dkB g?dk j'J/. ;kfJz; ftFb/FD j?, T[j sZE j?, T[j

d; ;edh j? fe nkj J/Bk ;Zu j?, nkj J/Bk M{m j?. id'A ftfrnkBe sohe/ d/ Bkb rZbK j'DhnK

F[o{ j'JhnK, c/o T[d'A Xow s/ ftfrnkB d' sohe/ j' rJ/. pzd/ ~ ;wMD tk;s/ Xow s/ ftfrnkB

dh y'i, ;jh ihtB ihD dh, ihtB s/ nkgD/ fi;w ~, fJB;kB d/ fJfsjk; ~, nkgD/ ihtB

d/ fJfsjk; ~ gVu'bD bJh ftfrnkBe ftXh F[o{ j' rJh. fJj d"o 16thA s/ 17thA ;dh ftu

F[o{ j'fJnk ns/ nmkothA ;dh ftu fJj d"o fBT{NB d/ Bkb f;yo #s/ gj[zu frnk.

1993 d/ ftu fijV/ 100 nfs gqGktFkbh b'eK dh fb;N pDkJh rJh, fijVhnK fe

d[BhnK dhnK pj[s gqGktFkbh FyFhnsK ;B, sK fJjBK ftu fBT{NB dk Bkw d{;o/ Bzpo s/

nkT[Adk j?. gfjb/ s/ w[jzwd, d{;o/ s/ fBT{NB s/ sh;o/ s/ :h;; eokJh;N dk Bkw nkT[Adk j?.

fJE/ w/ok Gkt T[jBK dk w[ekpbk eoe/ fJe d' fszB Bzpo bkT[D dk BjhA j?, w/ok fJE/ Gkt fJjh

j? fe id'A ftfrnkB F[o{ j'Jh, sK b'eK B/ fJ; ~ Xkofwe fdqFNh tKr fbnk. i' rZbK F[o{ j'JhnK,

T[jdk n;b ftu e'Jh fbysh o{g 10thA ;dh s'A gfjbK dk BjhA fwbdk. 11thA ;dhs'A pknd

jh fco E'V/Q gq;zrK d/ Bkb fJjBK dk t/otk fwbdk j?. id'A 1450 JhAH d/ eohp ikjB r[NBpor

B/ iowB d/ ftu fgqzfNzr gq?; ukb{ ehsh sK T[; s'A pknd dhnK fijVhnK ouBktK jB, T[j jh

;k~ fwbdhnK jB. 1450 JhA s'A gfjbK dhnK fijVhnK feskpK jB, T[jBK dk f}eo sK }o{o

fwbdk j?, b/feB T[jBK dk e'Jh ;koEe ;p{s BjhA j?. T[jBK dh e'Jh fbys BjhA fwbdh. y?o

nkgK i/ fJ; gk;/ ~ iktKr/ sK fJ; ftF/ Bkb fBnK BjhA eo ;eKr/. w/ok efjD s'A Gkt j?-

T[j f]nkb, T[j Xkowe s/ T[j ftfrnkBe ftXh-ftXkB i' w?A gV/Q, T[jBK dk t/otk w?A gkmeK

d/ Bkb fJ; b/y ftu ;KMk eoKrk.

fBT{NB 1696 JhH ftu e?Apfoi :{Bhtof;Nh s'A nkfJnk. T[;B/ nmkothA ;dh ftu fijVh

ouBk fgzq;ghnk w?E/w?fNek fbyh, T[j pVh wFj{o j'Jh. d[BhnK d/ ftu fJB;kBh o{g ftu nkT[D

tkbk pzdk n;b ftu fBT{NB jh j'fJnk. i' d{;o/ wFj{o ftnesh jB, T[jBK ~ ftneshnK

Bkb'A ntsko efjDk, wjKg[oy efjDk, foFh w[Bh efjDk f}nkdk p/jso oj/rk. b/feB nkw

nkdwh d/ s"o #s/ d[BhnK dk ;G s'A gfjbk, i' ftdtkB iK p[ZXhihth j?, T[j fBT{NB jh ;G s'A

tZX wFj{o j'fJnk. fJ; bJh fBT{NB dk Bkw wFj{o b'eK d/ ftu d{;o/ Bzpo s/ nkT[Adk j?. ihB

t'fvB coK; dk fJe okiBhse fcbk;co j'fJnk i' 1530 ftu iBfwnK s/ 1596 ftu T[;dk

fdjKs j' frnk. T[j fJfsjk; ~ fszB GkrK ftu tzvdk j?. T[j fbydk j? fe fJe fJfsjk;

Uohn?ANb b'eK dk fJfsjk; j?, d{ik w?vhNo/ohnB b'eK dk fJfsjk; j? s/ shik T[soh g{oph

y/so d/ b'eK dk fJfsjk; j?. T[j nkgD/ fJfsjk; ~ fszB GkrK ftu tzvdk j?. e'Jh efjzdk



j? fe ;fGnsk J/Fhnk ftu'A F[o{ j'Jh, gzikp ns/ f;zX ftu'A F[o{ j'Jh, e'Jh fbydk j? fe uhB

ftu'A F[o{ j'Jh, e'Jh fbydk j? fe fJj ;fGnsk ncohek s'A F[o{ j'Jh, e'Jh o'wB ;fGnsk iK

e'Jh :{BkBh ;fGnsk Bkb i'Vdk j?. fJjBK ;ko/ ftfFnK pko/ n;hA nrb/ ;f\nK ftu ft;Eko

Bkb uouk eoKr/.

go fJe rZb }o{o jh ;wM b?Dh pDdh j? fe i' ;fGnsk j?, fJB;kB dk fJB;kBhns

d/ bkr/ gj[zuD dk :sB j?, fJj fJB;kB dk ;G s'A tXhnk :sB ;h. J/;/ jh :sB eoe/

fJB;kBhns f;ykT[D tk;s/ tZy-tZy Xow pD/. fJjBK XowK dk id'A nkg; ftu seoko

j'fJnk, sK fJ; NeokU eoe/ jh d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ d[yKs g?dk j'J/. i/ fJj Xkofwe d[yKs Bk j[zdk,

i/ d[BhnK d/ nfXnkswe b'e fJe d{i/ Bkb Bk NeokT[Ad/ sK d[BhnK ftu j'o pj[s ;kok d[yKs

FkfJd Bk jh g?dk j[zdk. gfjbK gfjb sK d[BhnK ftu Xkofwe tzv tzvJhJ/ jh j'J/, fJe Xow

d/ d{i/ Xow Bkb w[ekpb/ j'J/, go pknd ftu fJB;kB jZe iwkT[D d/ gk;/ j' frnk fe fJj

w/ok j?, fJj s/ok j?. fJj w/o s/o id'A nk rJh sd'A fco g{zih, ikfJdkd fJeZmh eoe/ iK nkgD/

nkg ~ tZv/ dZ;D dk w[ekpbk j' frnk. T[jd/ pko/ n?fvw ;fwE nkgDh feskp @t?bE nkc

B/FB# 1776 JhH) ftu fbydk j? fe id'A pzfdnK ~ nkgDh sBykj iK ewkJh eoB dk bkbu

bZr frnk sK pzd/ ~ j'o tzv fdZsk frnk. id'A pzd/ ~ bkG jkD wfj;{; j'D/ F[o{ j' rJ/,

feokJ/, GkV/ s/ ;Nke dh ikDekoh j' rJh sK pzd/ ftu fJe d{i/ Bkb'A j'o f}nkdk fgZS/ jND

dk fJeBkfwe; fJe ;kXB pD rJh.

g[oksB foFhnK w[BhnK B/, g[oksB f;nkD/ b'eK B/ sK fJB;kB dh nkswk F[ZX eoB tk;s/

i' Xow pDkJ/ ;h, i' Xkowe n;{b pDkJ/ ;h, T[jBK n;{bK Bkb oZp dk vo d/D dk :sB ehsk

;h. id'A pzdk oZp Bkb'A iK n;{bK Bkb'A nkgDh nkswk dh y'i eoB br fgnk s/ nkgDh nkswk

dh wjZssk tX rJh, fJE'A sZe fe oZp Bkb'A th f}nkdk wjZssk j' rJh, fco nkswk d/ y'ih

nkdwhnK dk nkg; ftu fto'X j' frnk. fijV/ nkswk d/ y'ih ;h, T[j th nfXnkswe b'e ;h,

:[Zr E'Vk pdb frnk. b'eK ftu frnkB ns/ ftdtsk nk rJh. f;nkDg nk rJh s/ id'A nkswk

d/ pko/ ftfrnkBe sohe/ Bkb iK b'eK B/ fJ; gk;/-nkgDh geV wip{s eoBh F[o{ eo fdZsh

sK fJe ;wK n?;k nk frnk fe oZp d/ vo Bkb'A nkgDh nkswk dh gVu'b f}nkdk F[o{ j' rJh.

nkswk j? sK jh gowkswk j?. fJ; gk;/ ftuko F[o{ j' frnk. gsk BjhA fe T[j nkswk ~ F[X

eo ;e/ iK Bk eo ;e/. go fJ; d"V ftu oZp ~ n;hA }o{o G[Zb rJ/.

1940 ftu fJe fJfsjk;eko bti"J/ @fj;Noh nkc nkJhvhnk}# ftu rZb eodk j?,

fijV/ fj;Noh nkc nkJhvhnk} jB, T[BQK ftu ;kfJz; s/ Xow d'jK dh rZb j?. b/feB id'A

;kfJz; s/ Xow obe/ ubd/ jB, fco sK e'Jh ;/X fwbdh j?. d[yKs fJ; rZb dk j? fe Xowth

nkg; ftu bVd/ oj/ s/ ;kfJz;dkB th fJ;/ soQK nkg; ftu bVd/ MrVd/ oj/. fJ; d/ Bkb

Xow s/ ;kfJz; th fJe d{i/ d/ Bkb-Bkb ob e/ BjhA p?m/. i/ Xow, nfXnksfwesk s/ ftfrnkB

d't/A ob e/ ubd/ sK FkfJd fJ; d/ Bshi/ e[M j'o j[zd/. fJ; Xosh dh T[wo fbyD tkb/ iK



T[wo bZGD tkb/, fe Xosh fezBh g[okDh j?, fJj th i/ fes/ MrVD Bkb'A ob e/ ubd/ sK FkfJd

fe;/ Bshi/ #s/ gj[zu iKd/. nZi sKJhA e'Jh Bshik, e'Jh ;koEe rZb fBebh jh BjhA.

pkJhpb d/ fj;kp Bkb ubhJ/ fe Xosh fet/A pDh, fJt/A brdk j? fit/A e[M j}ko ;kb

BjhA, pj[s g[okDh rZb j?. Xosh pj[s d/o gfjbK dh pDh brdh j?. fJ;/ eoe/ FkfJd,

pkJhpb d/ S/ fdBK ftu fijVk oZp B/ Xosh pDk e/ s/ ;Zst/A fdB S[ZNh eo bJh, fJ; d/ Bkb

jh FkfJd ukob;o"pN vkoftB dh pkJhpb Bkb n;fjwsh ;h. Gkt/A T[j Jh;kJh jh ;h, go

T[; dh fJ; rZb Bkb n;fjwsh ;h fe J/B/ S/nK fdBK ftu sK Xosh BjhA pDh, fJj pj[s bzph

u"Vh rZb j?. fJ;/ eoe/ FkfJd T[; B/ ftek; dh ejkDh ejh. T[;dh feskp ~ i/ N?eBhebh

gVQ e/ t/yhJ/ sK T[jdk pkJhpb dh ftXh d/ Bkb fto'X j?. i?e; p'uo Ubv N?;Nkw?AN ftubh

f;qFNh dh ejkDh Bkb ;fjws BjhA. nkJh;ke coK;h;h bkfJp/qohnB th pkJhpb dh Xosh

pDkT[D dh ejkDh ~ 1655 ftu ngDh feskp @w?ZB to phc'o n?vw# ftu u?fbzi eodk j?.

fJj feskp eJh GkFktK ftu nB[tkd j' u[Zeh j?.

o"pN u?Apo} nkgDh feskp @B/u[ob fj;Nohnkc feqJ/FB# ftu fbydk j? fe fJB;kB

p"fXesk f;ZyD s'A pknd jh ikBtoK s'A fJB;kB BjhA pfDnk, p"fXesk f;yD d/ Bkb fJB;kBhns

d/ bkr/ }o{o frnk go ;ohoe s"o s/ fJB;kB fuo'eDk jh g?dk j' frnk ;h. o"pN u?Apo}

1844 ftu fbyh fJ; feskp ftu ;gFN efjzdk fe pzdk nkT[D d/ Bkb jh pzdk BjhA pD

frnk, gfjbK th pzdk }o{o fd;dk ;h, fiT[Adk ;h. pkJhpb nB[;ko oZp B/ gkDh d/ ftu yb'

e/ @;fgoN nk\ r"v tk} j{tfozr Uto tkNopkJhpb# gfjbK jtk pDkJh s/ fco pkeh dh ;koh

tB;gsh pDkJh s/ S/nK fdBK ftu ;koh ouBk eoe/ ;Zst/A fdB SZ[Nh eo bJh. ;kfJz;dkB sK

fJ; rZb ~ ed/ th BjhA wzBDr/, feT[Afe gfjbh rZb fe gkDh ftu yV' e/ jtk pDkJh, fJj

fet/A j' ;edk< gkDh jtk s'A pr?o pD jh BjhA ;edk. gkDh sK jtk s'A tZy BjhA j?. jtK BjhA

j't/rh sK gkDh BjhA pD ;edk.

;kfJz;dkBK d/ fj;kp Bkb eo'VK ;kb gfjbK, ;kfJz;dkBK B/ sK fJt/A jh fejk j? fe ;kY/

uko fpbhnB ;kb gfjbK fJj Xosh ti{d ftu nk rJh ;h. ub' tX xN eo bJhJ/ iK fizBK

;kvk wzBD ~ ihn eodk, T[; sZe ub/ ikJhJ/, go w/o/ fj;kp d/ Bkb id'A Xosh pDh iK uko

gzi fpbhnB ;kb gfjbK iK uko-gzi fwbhnB ;kb gfjbK iK id'A ed/ th gfjbK Xosh pDh,

fJj gzi sZsK p^?o BjhA pD ;edh ;h. fJj i' nkgDh Xosh j?, fJ; ftu T[j' gzi/ sZs jB.

nrBh, gkDh, jtk, nkfd fJj gzi/ sZs jh sK tos oj/ jB. i/ n;hA fXnkB Bkb t/yhJ/ fe

fijVh fwZNh nkgD/ fi;w ~ bZrh j'Jh j?, fijVk pzd/ dk gzi G{se dk ;oho pfDnk j?, eh

T[jh gzi sZs Xosh ~ BjhA br/< Gbk thuko eoe/ sK t/y'. fJj T[jh gzi sZs B/ fijBK dk

fJB;kB pfDnK. T[jBK jh gziK sZsK dh fJj Xosh pDh j?. fJj Xosh Gkt/A ed'A pDh, fpbhnB

;kb gfjbK iK bZyK ;kb gfjbK, id'A th fJj Xosh pDh, fJ; dh skohe tZb Bk ikJhJ/, go

id'A th fJj pDh, T[d'A fJj gzi sZs gfjbK jh w"i{d ;B, sK jh fJj pDh. i/ fJj ;ko/ d/



;ko/ gzi sZs Xosh pDkT[D bJh w"i{d ;h, sK T[jBK jh gziK sZsK dk pzdk pfDnk j'fJnk. i/

fJj sZs T[d'A w"i{d ;h sK J/vh tZvh Xosh fijVh Fesh pDk ;edh j? sK oZp B/ fijVk ;op

;woZE j?, T[j J/vh tZvh Xosh pDk ;edk sK T[j~ gziK sZsK s'A pD/ j'J/ pzd/ dh fJzs}ko eoB

dh eh b'V ;h, gJh j[D 2 iK 4-5 j}ko ;kb gfjbK jh pDkfJnk. fJj rZb e'Jh w?~ iZudh

BjhA. id'A Xosh pDh-gkDh ;h, jtk ;h, rZb eh pzdk pDkT[D bJh Xosh ftu ;kok e[M ;h,

;/e ;h, s/ Xosh ;h, pzd/ ~ fijVh fwZNh brh, T[j th ;h, nkekF th ;h- fJjBK gziK ~ obk

e/ fJe nkeko pDkT[Dk ;h. i/ Xosh dk J/vk tZvk nkeko pDkfJnk ik ;edk ;h, sK pzd/ dk

nkeko feT[A BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk< w/oh nbg p[ZXh d/ fj;kp Bkb pzd/ dk nkeko sK e'Jh jT{,

pknd ftu j"bh j"bh pzdk fe;/ Bk fe;/ nkeko ftu seohpB-seohpB T[d'A jh pD frnk id'A

fJj Xosh pDh. T[d'A jh ;ko/ iht j'J/. jo iht dk ftek; sK }o{o j'fJnk. i' gkDh d/ iht

jB, T[jBK dk gkDh ftu ftek; j'fJnk. ;w/A d/ nB[;ko, gkDh d/ ftu, fit/A vkoftB dk f;XKs

j?, fJe d{i/ dh g/Ad uVdh rJh. fJj th ;jh rZb j?. go ikBtoK dh ikBtoK ~, gzShnK dh

gzShnK ~, fijV/ gkDh ftu ofjD tkb/ iht jB, T[jBK dk gkDh ftu ofjD tkb/ ihtK ftu

jh ftek; j'fJnk. gzShnK dk gzShnK ftu T[vfdnK ftek; j'fJnk l

@s[od/ eT[ s[odk fwb? T[vs/ eT[ T[vskI# (788) T[vd/ ~ jh T[vdk fwb ;edk j?.

fijVk Xosh s/ ubD tkbk j?, T[; ~ jh Xosh s/ uZbD tkbk fwb ;edk j?. Xosh s/ ubD

tkb/ ~ T[vD tkbk BjhA fwb ;edk. gkDh ftu ofjD tkb/ iht jh fJe d{{i/ ~ fwb ;ed/ jB.

gkDh ftu ofjD tkfbnK dk ftek; nkg; ftu j'fJnk, T[vD tkfbnK dk ftek; nkg; ftu

j'fJnk, ohArD tkfbnK dk ftek; nkg; ftu j'fJnk. ohArD tkb/ ikBtoK dk tZyok s/ Xosh

#s/ s[oB tkfbnK dk tZyok ftek; j'fJnk. s[oB tkb/ ihtK ftu'A th n;hA ejhJ/ fe pKdoK s'A

pzd/ pD/, fJj rZb wzBD ftu BjhA nkT[Adh. ikBtoK dhnK tZy tZy B;bK d/ nkg; ftu ftek;

sK }o{o j'J/, T[jBK ftu E'Vk iK fe;/ dk fe;/ Bkb pj[sk sK jZE j' ;edk, b/feB pzd/ dh fijVh

pDso j?, T[j ikBtoK s'A pDh BjhA brdh. ikBtoK tKr pzdk fiT[Adk }o{o fojk. pKdo j[D

fijV/ n?; t/b/ izrbh ihtB ihT[Ad/ jB, T[;d/ Bkb'A j' ;edk fe;/ t/b/ pKdoK dk ihtB T[; ;w/

A d/ pzd/ Bkb'A tXhnk j't/. fJj s/ wzBh ik ;edh j? fe pzd/ B/ pKdoK torh f}zdrh ihth j't/

. go fJj BjhA j' ;edk fe pzdk pKdoK s'A pfDnk j?. w?A sK fJ; thuko Bkb ;fjws jK fe

fJB;kB dk ftek; sK }o{o j'fJnk, b/feB fJB;kB fe;/ j'o ikBto iK gF{ gzSh s'A BjhA pfDnk.



fjzdh-uhBh edoK-ehwsKfjzdh-uhBh edoK-ehwsKfjzdh-uhBh edoK-ehwsKfjzdh-uhBh edoK-ehwsKfjzdh-uhBh edoK-ehwsKfJ; nfXnkfJ ftu n;hA Gkosh ns/ uhBh ;KM ns/ edoK-ehwsK dh uouk eoKr/. ;kv/

fgS'eV ftu fjzd[;skB ns/ ukJhBk dk nkgD/ fJfsjk; ftu, nkgD/ nshs, wB[Zysk d/ nshs

ftu s/ J/Fhnk ft}B ftu fJBQK dh eh ;KM fGnkbh j?< edoK-ehwsK fet/A fJeZmhnK jB s/

fJj fJe d{i/ d/ fto'X ftu feT[A yV/ j'J/< fJ; nfXnkfJ ftu n;hA fJj thuko eoKr/ L

id'A fJfsjk; F[o{ j'fJnk ;h sK ;koh d[BhnK d/ fJfsjk;eko, ftdtkB s/ fcbk;\o wzBd/

jB fe g{ot fJfsjk; ekb ftu iK t?fde ekb ftu Gkosh w{b dhnK edoK-ehwsK dk f}nkdk

p'bpkbk ;h. fJ; d/ eJh ekoB ;h. fJe ekoB fJj ;h fe wB[Zy B/ g?dk j'D d;w/A s'A jh, w[ZY-

edhw d/ ;kXB - fit/A doZysK ns/ iVQh p{NhnK nkfd e[dosh ;kXBK d/ nk;o/ gfjbK fiT[Dk

f;Zfynk.

nZi eZbQ e[Zbh, r[Zbh s/ i[Zbh dh uouk ehsh iKdh j?, fJjh nkfd wB[Zy dhnK w[YbhnK fszB

}o{osK ;B. e[Zbh th doZysK dh jh ;h. doZysK j/mK jh wB[Zy fBtk; oZydk ;h, doZysK dhnK

NkjDhnK s'V e/ T[; dh e[Zbh pDkT[Adk ;h. i' e[M yKdk ;h, T[j th doZysK d/ c[Zb-\b yKdk

;h. doZysK d/ nkXko T[go jh T[;dk ykDk fBoGo eodk ;h. id'A y/sh F[o{ j'Jh sK T[j y/sh

th tB;gsh ;h. sh;o/ Bzpo s/ i[Zbh Gkt eZgVk ;h. T[; dk ihtB doZysK d/ nk;o/ jh ;h.

doZysK eoe/ jh T[j b'e fiT[Ad/ ;B. b/feB id'A fJfsjk;e fsEhnK fwshnK F[o{ j'JhnK, yk;

eoe/ nzro/}h e?bzvo, T[; nB[;ko 11thA, 12thA, 13thA ;dh d/ ftu jh e'Jh e'Jh yk;

fJfsjk;e rZb oVedh j?. GktA/ fJBQK fszBK ;dhnK dk th ;jh fJfsjk; BjhA fwbdk. fJ; s'A

gfjbK dhnK ehshnK r[DtkB rZbK ~ wzBDk, ;[DBk s/ ;wMDk th ukjhdk j?. go T[BQK d/

fJfsjk;e fgS'eV dh bVkJh BjhA eoBh ukjhdh. fJBQK fszBK ;dhnK ftu jh fJfsjk; dh e'Jh

rZb s[odh B}o nkT[Adh j?. go fJBQK fszBK ;dhnK dk fizBK e[ fJfsjk; fwbdk j?, T[; fJfsjk;

d/ fj;kp Bkb d[BhnK d/ fi; wo}h fjZ;/ ftu pfj e/ fj;kp feskp eo bU, T[j fszBK ;dhnK

d/ ftu, i/ e'Jh T[Bsh d/ f;yo #s/ ;h iK i/ e'Jh fJB;kBhns dh ;{ywsk ;h sK T[j uhB ftu

;h. fJ;s'A gfjbK g{ot fJfsjk; ekb d/ Gkos ftu T[;dhnK rZbK f}nkdk t}Bdko fwbdhnK

jB. fJfsjk;e rZbK d/ nkXko s/ 11thA, 12tAhA s/ 13thA ;dh d"okB uhB ftu i' i' e[M j'fJnk,

i' i' e[M fwbdk j?, T[; dh ;G s'A gfjbh fw;kb eZgVk j?. uhB B/ o/Fw d/ ehfVnK s'A eZgVk

fte;s eoBk f;fynk. uhB ftu pD/ j'J/ eZgV/ B/ d[BhnK pdb e/ oZy fdZsh. pzd/ dhnK b'VK

dk shik fjZ;k i[Zbh j?. gfjbh y[oke s/ d{ih ofjDk s/ shih j? -rowh s/ mzv s'A pukn eoBk.

shi/ fjZ;/ ftu i' pzdk youk eodk j? iK pzd/ ~ fi; dh b'V j?, T[j j? eZgVk.

eZgV/ dh ekY uhB ftu j'Jh. uhB B/ jh ;G s'A gfjbK o/Fwd/ ehV/ gkb/. o/Fwh eZgVk

s/ j'o eZgVk th uhB B/ pDkT[Dk F[o{ehsk. ;k~ fJj ;gFNheoB d/D dh b'V BjhA j? fe uhB

ftu 11thA ;dh ftu f;be th ftedk ;h. d[BhnK d/ ftu ;G s'A gfjbK tZv/ gZXo dk tkgko



o/Fw dk j'fJnk. id'A rohe s/ o'wB nkg; ftu bVe/ :{og ftu fBe/ fBe/ d/FK ti'A T[Go/ sK

fJBQK ~ eZgV/ dh b'V ;h. eZgV/ dh b'V fetA/ g{oh ehsh ikt/< eZgVk sK uhB s'A fpBK j'o feXo/

BjhA ;h feT[Afe fJBQK B/ fco T[E/ ikDk F[o{ ehsk. :{oghB b'eK e'b eZgV/ pdb/ d/D bJh e[M

th BjhA ;h. ;Nhb th Gkos ftu pDh. ;N/Bb?Z; ;Nhb Gkos fgS'A uhB ftu fwb rJh. T[BQK

B/ fJ; s'A eJh e[M pDk e/ fJ; Bkb d[BhnK ftu tkgko F[o{ eo fdZsk.

:{og d/ ftu pj[s ;kohnK T[d:'fre fJekJhnK ;Ekfgs j' rJhnK. T[j eZuk wkb pkjo'A

fbnk e/ fJE/ fsnko eo b?Ad/ ;B. fJ; soQK :{og d[BhnK T[s/ Sk frnk. id'A ni/ ;Nhb BjhA

fwfbnk ;h, ;Nhb dk e[M th BjhA pDdk ;h, T[d'A fJBQK :{oghB b'eK e'b e'Jh nfijh uh} BjhA

;h, i' T[BQK ~ (uhB) fdZsh ik ;e/. uhB e'b'A eZgVksK ukjhdk ;h, go pdb/ ftu T[; ~ eh

fdZsk ikt/, sK jh T[j d/t/rk. ;oekoK s/ okfinK d/ T[Xko ubd/ ;h. tjh ykfsnK ftu fj;kp

feskp oZfynk iKdk ;h. T[BQK dk fdwkr sK tkgkoh ;h. T[j fiXo th rJ/, fiE/ T[soh gZSwh

d[BhnK gfjbK pDh ;h, T[E/ T[BQK ~ iVhnK p{NhnK bZGfdnK bZGfdnK, BF/ gZs/ tkbhnK p{NhnK

n\hw g';s tkbhnK th fwbhnK. fJj BF/ tkbhnK uh}K ~ uhB d/ b'eK gk; t/uDk F[o{ eo fdZsk.

eJh ;" ;kb BFK t/u e/ gsk jh Bk bZrD fdZsk fe T[j fJBQK d/ jh r[nKv ftu' fbnk e/ s[jk~

t/uh ik oj/ jB, fJj ;kv/ e'b'A yohd e/ b? iKd/ ;B. pj[s d/o fJBQK dk fJj tgko ubdk fojk.

T[soh gZSwh Gkos ftu'A, f;zX ;fGnsk fiE/ ;G s' gfjbK doZysK dh xDh nkpkdh j[zdh ;h,

T[E/ iVhnK p{NhnK ftu'A BF/ tkbhnK bZG e/ sK uhB ~ G/ihnK. eZgVk fbik e/, :{oghB b'eK B/

gfjbk tkgko F[o{ ehsk.

uhB ~ sK fe;/ e'b' e[M th BjhA ukjhdk ;h. uhB d[BhnK dk gfjbk nksw fBoGo d/F

j'fJnk j?. fJ; ~ fe;/ dh th }o{os BjhA ;h. Xkowe s"o s/ fJj gfjbhnK ;dhnK ftu p[ZX

Xow dk nB[nkJh ;h. T[BQK ~ Xkowe G[Zy g{oh eoB bJh th j'o fe;/ #s/ fBoGo BjhA j'Dk g?Adk

;h, feT[Afe fsZps ftu wkB;o'to Mhb #s/ gfjbK p[ZX Xow gj[zfunK s/ fJj e?bkF gops T[Zs'A

trd/ gkDhnK tkb/ fJbkfenK ftu gfjbK c?fbnk. uhB ftu T[; s'A pknd c?fbnk. Xkowe s"o

s/ th fJBQK ~ j'o fe;/ #s/ fBoGo j'D dh b'V BjhA ;h. pzd/ dh nkswe G[Zy tk;s/ Xow pj[s

}o{oh j?. d{;ok fJBQK ~ nksw fBoGo j'D dh b'V ;h. pkothA ;dh ftu uhB dh ;Zs (7) eo'V

npkdh ;h. ;kok :{og s/ ncohek, nwohek obk e/ 7 eo'V npkdh ;h. d[BhnK dh shik fjZ;k

t;'A sK uhB ftu ;h. pkeh shik fjZ;k Gkos ftu ;h. d' fj;/ Gkos uhB ftu nkpkdh ;h s/

shik fjZ;k pkothA ;dh ftu, pkeh dh d[BhnK ftu ;h. fJBQK ~ d[BhnK T[go fBoGo j'D dh

b'V BjhA ;h, feT[Afe nkpkdh pj[s ;h. nkswe FKsh bJh Xow th ;h. fJj pj[s ;'jD/ tZ;d/

;B. fJBQK ~ fe;/ j'o dh }o{os j? jh BjhA ;h. go fJBQK :{oghB b'eK B/ ik e/ nkgDhnK b'VK

g{ohnK eoB tk;s/ T[BQK Bkb rkj/ prkj/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ sohe/ Bkb ;KM gkT[Dh F[o{ ehsh. gfjbK

sK eZgVk uhB ftu o/Fw d/ ehfVnK s'A g?dk j'fJnk. go fJj ;h sK eZgVk. f;be BK sK T[BhthA

;dh ftu j'fJnk. 1870 ftu iowB dk ihn" rokfce gkb thoB j'fJnk fi; B/ fJ; dk



f}eo ehsk s/ T[; s'A pknd fJ; dk Bkw ehfVnK s'A f;be iK o/Fw oZfynk. eZgV/ pko/ ;koh

dh ;koh ekY uhB ftu jh j'Jh.

d[BhnK dh gfjbh tZvh y'i iK gqkgsh eZgVk j?. T[j uhB ftu g?dk j'fJnk. d{;oh tZvh

y'i iK gqkgsh ekr} dh j?. ekr} th uhB ftu g?dk j'fJnk. ekr} s'A pknd jh fgqfNzr gq?;K

j'Ad ftu nkJhnK s/ J/Bk e[M nZr/ tfXnk. uhB dh d{;o/ Bzpo s/ gqkgsh ekr} j?. t/y' feZv/

ewkb dh rZb j?-uhB, fiEA' ekr} F[o{ j'fJnk, fiE'A fgqfNzr gq?; F[o{ j'Jh s/ T[E'A uhBh GkFk

ftu g[okDhnK g[;seK s/ g[okD/ ekr} fwbd/ jh BjhA. uhBh GkFk ftu thjthA ;dh s'A gfjbK

dh e'Jh th feskp BjhA fwbdh . T[j g[okDhnK feskpK feE/ rJhnK< T[BQK Bkb eh j'fJnk< fJj

T[; ;w/A d/ tkgkoh jh ikDB. go thjthA ;dh s'A gfjbK dk gqekFs uhBh ;kfjs feZE/ ub/ frnk<

fJ; dk nzdk}k bkT[D bJh fJfsjk; dhnK p/F[wko feskpK co'b wkohnK fe feXo'A th e'Jh ;ze/

s fwb/ sK i' T[Xo ik e/ gsk eohJ/. go thjthA ;dh s'A gfjbK dh uhBh GkFk ftu Sgh e'Jh

feskp ;k~ BjhA fwbh.

j?Boh ihB wkofNzB d/ id' fBpzX gVQ/ sK fJBQK ~ th thjthA ;dh s'A gfjbK dh uhBh GkFk

ftu fbyh j'Jh feskp e'Jh BjhA fwbh. n;hA nkgDh y'i dk f;bf;bk pzd eo fdZsk. d[BhnK

dh ;G s'A g[okDh Sgh j'Jh feskp fpqfNF bkfJpq/oh bzvB ftu j?. uhB B/ eZgV/ T['s/ SkgD bJh

beVh dk pbke pDkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. T[j t[Zv pbke Bkb Sgh j'Jh j?. fJj feskp p[ZX Xow

pko/ j?. fJj d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh ukJhBh feskp frDh iKdh j?. frnkoQthAA ;dh d"okB uhB

ftu t[Zv pbke dh fgqfNzr pD u[Zeh ;h. fJ; dk f;jok ph fFzr ~ iKdk j?, T[j b[jko ;h,

fi;B/ b'jk roweoe/ eZN e/ nZyo pDkJ/. go T[BQK fdBK dh fbyh j'Jh feskp th t/yD~ BjhA

fwbdh. id'A iowB d/ r[NBpor B/ 1450 ftu fgqfNzr gq?; brkJh sK fJ; dk ;zebg iK ;'u

sK uhB s'A jh nkfJnk ;h. d{;ok tZvk tkgko Xkowe rZbK ejkDhnK ~ fby e/ fJBQK ~ Skg e/

tzfvnk ikt/, fijVhnK gfjbhnK g[;seK ;B, T[BQK ~ pkJhpbK efjzd/ ;h, T[jBK ~ t/u e/ T[BQK

d/ pdb/ th pj[s d/o sZe eZgVk :{oghnB b'e uhB s'A fbnkT[Ad/ oj/. ikjB w?;eb dh fJZe

feskp uhBh ;fGnsk Bkb ikD gfjukD ftZu'A fJj jtkbk fdzd/ jK. fJj 1973 ftu e'bzphnk

:{Bhtof;Nh B/ gpfbFo dh nkfrnk Bkb d[pkok SgtkJh ;h.

sh;oh tZvh ekY fijVh d[BhnK d/ tk;s/ uhB B/ eZYh, T[j ;h N?;Nkw?AN, fi; dk noE

j? n?rohw?AN Gkt fJeokoBkwk. uhB ftu gfjbh tko fbysh fJeokoBkw/ j'D/ F[o{ j'J/. uhB ftu

gfjbh tko fJj fbysh o{g ftu tkfjd/ j'J/. gfjbK fJj jZE fwbke/ ubd/ ;B. T[BQK gfjb/

tkjfdnK ~ n;hA eoz;h th efj ;ed/ jK. T[j b?D d/D dk fJe ;kXB ;h. T[; ~ n;hA eoz;h

d/ o{g ftu th frD ;ed/ jK. n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe eoz;h b?D d/D dk ;kXB j?, fJj

tNKdo/ dk fJe }ohnk j?. fJj th uhB s'A g?dk j'fJnk. Gkt/A e'Jh g[oksB B'N iK n?rohw?AN

frnkoQthAA ;dh s'A gfjbK dk BjhA fwbdk go frnkoQthAA ;dh sZe d/ o?co?A; pj[s dbhbK ;fjs

fwbd/ jB. 1024 JhH d/ ftu fJe n?rohw?AN, fi; ~ N?;Nkw?AN efjzd/ jB, uhB ftu'A fwfbnk.



pkothA ;dh ftu g{o/ fgqfzNv go'fw;oh B'N sK uhB ftu nkw fwbD/ F[o{ j' rJ/.

;Nhb dk T[sgkdB th uhB ftu jh f}nkdk j'fJnk. fJ;dk T[sgkdB Gkos ftu th F[o{

j'fJnk. b/feB pj[sk T[sgkdB uhBhnK B/ ehsk. T[so g{op Gkos, T[BK fdBK ftu uhB Gkos

BjhA ;h, T[; fJbke/ ftu ;Nhb dk T[sgkdB F[o{ j'fJnk. uhB B/ :{og s'A gfjbK eJh ;" ;kb,

b'j/ ns/ ;Nhb dk T[sgkdB s/ T[; dh tos'A F[o{ eo fdZsh ;h. id'A fJzrb?v ftu T[d:'fre

fJBebkp nkfJnk sK T[jd/ ftu gfjbK gfjbK, nmkothA ;dh ftu fijVk fJBebkp j'fJnk,

T[BQK d/ T[d:'r ~ fijVk b'jk ukjhdk ;h, T[BQK d/ T[d:'r~ 70% b'jk uhB s'A jh fJzrb?Av ~

iKdk ;h. Bkb dh Bkb d[BhnK dh ;G s'A Bkw[okd y'i, fijVh d[BhnK ~ ysw eoB tk;s/ ;h,

T[; dh y'i th uhB ftu j'Jh . 1132 JhL ftu rZB gkT[vo uhB d/ ftu jh ftef;s j'fJnk,

Gkt/A n?Nw pzp pknd ftu pfDnK. d{i/ ;z;ko :[ZX ftu n?Nw pzp nwohek B/ ubkfJnk. pzp

pzd{eK pkeh b'eK B/ gfjbK f}nkdk pDkJ/ go gNky/ ubkT[D tkbk rZB gkT[vo gfjbK uhB ftu

jh F[o{ j'fJnk. wzr'bhnB bVkJh d"okB s/othA ;dh d/ nyho ftu fJ;d/ Bkb jwbk ehsk frnk

;h. go pj[s ysoBke sohe/ Bkb BjhA ehsk frnk ;h.

s/othA ;dh ftu uhB d[BhnK dk pj[s tZvk tgkoe ;?ANo pDfrnk ;h. eZgVk th uhB ftu'A

iKdk ;h. ukj gZsh dh phwkoh uZbh, ukj dhnK MkVhnK th fJBQK B/ bZG e/ BF/ tkb/ gZs/ d[BhnK

~ t/uD/F[o{ ehs/. s/othA s/ u"dthA ;dh ftu fijVk tkgko uhB B/ ehsk, T[;dh eh rZb eoBh.

:{oghB b'e feq;uhn?fBNh ~ p[ZX d/ w[ekpb/ ftu yVk eod/ jB. id'A p[ZX Xow ;h, T[d'A

jh feq;uhn?fBNh gqc[Zbs j'Jh. go gZSwh ftdtkBK B/ fJ; rZb dk fes/ th f}eo BjhA ehsk-

GJh id'A uhB ftZu p[ZX wZs dhnK rZbK j[zdhnK ;h, T[BK fdBK ftu d[BhnK d/ 70-75% b'e Gkos

ns/ uhB ftu ofjzd/ ;h. :{og ftu e/tb 10% b'e ;B. T[j th w[;bwkB, :j{dh s/ Jh;kJh.

fJj fszB'A nkg; ftu bVd/ MrVd/ oj/. pknd ftu T[j 10% th fszBK fjZf;nK ftu tzv/ rJ/

. i/ fj;kp brkJhJ/ sK Jh;kJh 3% iK 4% jh d[BhnK ftu ;h. p[ZX d/ Bkb iK fjzd{ Xow

d/ Bkb w[ekpb/ fJ; eoe/ eod/ jB, feT[Afe fJBQK B/ fbysh o{g ftu feq;uhn?fBNh d[BhnK ftu

fizBh tzvh UBh fe;/ XowB/ fwjBs BjhA ehsh. fbysh o{g ftu fJBQK B/ 16thA ;dh ftu

Xkofwe ;kfjs tzfvnk. gVQD gVQkT[D dk d"o F[o{ eo fdZsk. fJj pkeh d[BhnK T[s/ Sk rJ/.

uhB dk nfXnkswe fgS'eV Gkos Bkb obdk j?. p[ZX Xow s/ fjzd{ Xow ftu E'VQ/ pj[s

Gkt/A coe ;B, go Xow sK T[jh ;h. fjzd{ Xow ftZu p[ZX ~ B"tK g?rzpo frfDnK j?. GrtkB

okw s/ GrtkB feqFB s'A pknd ftu p[ZX ~ th frDd/ jB. b/feB nfXnkswtkd sK Gkos uhB

dk fJe' jh ;h. d[BhnK dh ;kfJzN/fce ftfdnk, T[BQK fdBK ftu nfXnkswtkd tkbh rZb ;h.

;kfJz; th sK y'i j?, d[BhnK dh gq?eNheb y'i j?, nfXnkswtkd th nkswe y'i j?. b/feB T[BQK

fdBK ftu fijVh ;kfJzN/fce ftfdnk ;h, T[j d[BhnK ftu feXo/ j'o BjhA ;h. uhBh iK :{oghB

b'e Gkos ftu Bkbzdk :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gVQD nkT[Ad/ ;B. :{Bhtof;Nh ftu gVQB tkb/ ;ko/

ftdtkBK s/ wjkokfinK dk f}nkdk f}eo nkT[Adk j?. fJj Bkbzdk :{Bhtof;Nh s'A ftfdnk gqkgs



eod/ ;B.

fBT{ eBf\T{fJ}w Xow uhB ftu pj[s gqubs j' frnk ;h. thjthA ;dh sZe fJ; dk

pj[s p'bpkbk j' frnk. fBT{ eBf\T{fJ}w Xow d/ gzi/ fEzeo, tZv/ ftdtkB :{-d[Bh, FkU :?Ar,

:?Ar :kJ/, :?Ar jkU ns/ :?Aw:h ;B. fJBQK B/ fBT{ eBf\T{fJ}w, Xow ~ pj[s fwjBs s/

ftfrnkBe sohe/ Bkb uhB s/ Uohn?ANb d[BhnK ~ ;wMkT[D dk :sB ehsk . uhB B/ nkgDh

Xkowe y'i th ;kfJzN/fce sohe/ Bkb eoB dh e'fFF ehsh. fJ;/ eoe/ jh eZBfcT{fJ}w Xow

J/Bk uwfenk. fJBQK B/ jo rZb ~ ftfrnkBe sohe/ Bkb pDkT[D dk :sB ehsk. 11thA s/ 12thA

;dh ftu uhB ftu g/AfNzr ukb{ j'Jh. ;G s'A gfjbK Xkowe g/AfNzr F[o{ j'Jh. fJBQK jh ;dhnK

ftu fJj g/AfNzr ebk uhB ftu f;yo #s/ gj[zu rJh ;h.

;' fJ; ;koh Gkosh uhBh rZbpks dk feZ;k @;"-jZE oZ;k f;o/ s/ rzY# tKr fJj j? fe

13thA, 14thA s/ 15thA ;dh ftu t?;N e?bzvo d/ fj;kp Bkb 300 ;kb fJzv' - ukJhBk dh

;fGne s"o s/ j'o th ;ko/ y/soK dh soZeh iK y'iK iK fizB/ th d[BhnK tk;s/ Bt/A o;s/ pDkJ/

, eZgVk pDkfJnk, fg&zqfNzr gq?; pDkJh, fJj ;kohnK y'iK Gkos ns/ uhBftu jh j'JhnK. T[;

;w/AA, fJBqK fszBK ;dhnK ftu T[j y/so ftef;s j'fJnk. pkeh ;kok fJbkek fJzv' ukJhBk s/ jh

fBoGo eodk ;h, fetA/ T[E'A uhB tKr uh}K fbnkT[D dk :sB eod/ ;h. T[BQK jh fszBK ;dhnK

ftu nwohek, fi; ~ BthA Xosh bZG bJh efjzd/ ;h, T[j15thA ;dh d/ nyho ftu gj[zud/ jB.

feq;N'co e'bzp; gj[zudk j? fe BthA Xosh bZG bJh j?. go id'A fJBQK B/ BthA Xosh bZGh, T[BK

fdBK ftZu ;?AeV/, j}koK BjhA-bZyK, eo'VK b'e fe;/ Bk fe;/ sohe/ feFshnK Bkb ubd/ ;B.

ezgk; tkbhnK feFshnK sK nmkothA ;dh ftu pDBhnK F[o{ j'JhnK. fJzv' ukJhBK ftu sK ezgk;

tkbhnK feFshnK pj[s d/o gfjbK ;h. fijVhnK feFshnK ftu'A tzvhnK j'JhnK ;B, fJj pj[s

;dhnK gfjbK ;h. fJBQK ftu p?m e/ ;kfJp/ohnK tZb dh j' e/ iK fe;/ soQK f;ZX/ ftu dh bzx

e/ uhB ftu'A Uohn?ANb b'e -fJzv' ukJhBh b'e nwohek ftu bZyK eo'VK dh frDsh ftu gfjbK

w"i{d ;B id'A e'bzp; B/ fJ; ~ bZfGnk.

:{og j[D fJ; soQK brdk j? fit/A fJj ;koh d[BhnK dk BeVdkdk j?. :{og ;koh d[BhnK

T[go oki eodk fojk. fJzrb?Av d/ okiftu efjzd/ jB fe ed/ ;{oi S[gdk jh BjhA ;h. fJ;

soQK brdk fit/A nzro/}K B/ ;koh d[BhnK dk fJfsjk; fby fdZsk j?. fJj sK fco ;kfonK d/ p[ZY/

pkp/ jB. go 15thA ;dh s'A gfjbK d/ :{og dk e'Jh th Bkw' fBFkB BjhA fwbdk. i' e[M th j?,

fwfEnk j'fJnk j? iK fJBQK B/ tXk xNk e/ fby fbnk. b/feB 15thA ;dh s'A gfjbK d/ :{og dh

j'Ad pko/ e'Jh th ;koEe ;p{s BjhA fwbdk. e'Jh th g[okDh fbys ik foekov BjhA fwbdk,

bVkJhnK j'JhnK, MrV/ j'J/, coK; pD frnk, rohe d/ Bkb o'wB ob frnk, fJj nkg;h

bVkJhnK dk f}eo eod/ jB.

fJBQK bVkJhnK ~ ob rv eoe/ b/ye fJ; soQK o{g fdzd/ jB fit/A fJj pj[s g[okDk ;h.

o'wB ;fGnsk sK d[BhnK ftu ;G s'A g[okDh j?, rohe ;fGnsk sK ;G s'A g[okDh j?, fJ; fj;kp



Bkb fJBQK B/ ozrs fdsh fe o'wB ;ZfGnsk ;koh d[BhnK dh p[ZYh wK j?. go fJj' fijh e'Jh rZb

BjhA j?. 15thA ;dh s'A gfjbK sK :{og dk iK rohe dk iK o'wB dk e'Jh th f}eo BjhA fwbdk.

fJj ;kohnK rZbK wB"sK jh jB. T[BQK dhnK skohyK i' wo}h fbyh ikU. ;kvk fJ; Bkb e'Jh

;pzX BjhA j?, fit/A wo}h fbyh ikD.

15thA ;dh ftu'A nkgDh ebw Bkb fby e/ fe Gkos, goFhnk nop d/F j?, fJBQK s'A pr?o

fJBKQ dk e[M th F[o{ BjhA j[zdk, j"bh j"bh T[; dh fwedko xNkJh iKd/ jB. gfjbK fJzv' :{oghB

GkFk efjzd/ j[zd/ ;h. fJzvhnk s'A pr?o sK :{og dk e[M th F[o{ BjhA j[zdk. go j[D fJ; soQK bZrdk

j?, feT[Afe ;kok fJfsjk;, p'bh s/ pzd/ dk fJfsjk; nkfdfJj ;kok e[M fJBQK B/ nkgDh ebw

Bkb fby fbnk. fi; B/ fJj fbfynk, T[; B/ nkgDh ehosh d/ ;'fjb/ sK rkT[D/ jh ;B.

fJfsjk;dh fijVh feskp s[;hA gVQd/ j', T[; ~ tX/o/ v{zxkJh ftu gVQ' fe T[j feskp ed'A fbyh

rJh< i/ fbyD tkb/ B/ fJj f}eo ehsk j? fe fJj n?BhnK ;dhnK g[okDh rZb j'Jh, sK x'y

eo' fe T[; B/ gfjbK T[j skoh] feE'A bJh. fJj rj[ Bkb gVskb eo'. T[j skohy b?D dk

jtkbk eh fdZsk< pj[sh d{o ikD dh b'V BjhA g?Adh, S/sh jh gsk bZr iKdk j? fe fJj ;kok e[M

wB wB"sK jh jB . don;b ;'bQthA ;dh ftu nk e/ w{zj w[jKdok B}o nkT[D bZrdk j?. fijVh

n;hA gZSwh ;fGnsk frDd/ jK, fJ; dk g{oph ;fGnsk Bkb'A, gZSwh ;fGnsk dk ozr uVQBk, fJj

T[; ;w/A s'A frD' id'A s'A fJBQK B/ nkgDk n?rohw?AN pdfbnk. fJj Ubv N?;Nkw?AN ~ fBT{

N?;Nkw?AN efjzd/ jB, sK N?;Nkw?AN dk wsbp etZB?AN j?. fJ; dk Gkt noE fJj j? fe n;hA

s[jkv/ Bkb tkfJdk eod/ jK fe s[jkv/ Bkb w[ekpbk BjhA eoKr/. fJj i' fJBQK B/ fBT{ N?;Nkw?AN

fbfynk, fJj BtK n?rohw?AN j?. g[okDk n?rohw?AN ]sw j' frnk. id'A BtK ek~B pDk bJhJ/

sK g[okDk ]sw j' iKdk j?. T[BQK fJfsjk;ekoK dhnK skohyK ~ x'y e/ t/yDk ukjhdk j?. fBT{

N?;Nkw?AN dhnK fbyD skohyK t/y'. s[jk~ MZN frnkB j' ikt/rk fe fJj fijV/ Bt/A n?rohw?AN

jB, fi; ;fGnsk ~ n;hA gZSwh ;fGnsk efjzd/ jK, fJBQK d/ T[d'A s'A ubd/ jB id'A fJBQK B/

15thA 16thA ;dh d/ ftu ik e/ g[oksB (Ubv) N?;Nkw?AN ~ ik e/ fBT{ N?;Nkw?AN efj fbnk

fe n;hA T[BQK dk nB[tkd eo fbnk. T[j g[okD/ N?;Nkw?AN feZE/ jB< T[j ftykT[Ad/ jh BjhA. ]?o!

fJj ;kvh uoukdk ftFk BjhA j?.

gZSwh ;ZfGnsk dk iBw, 16thA ;dh ftu j'fJnk. i/ n;hA j'o Bow j'JhJ/ sK 15thA ;dh

sZe b? iKd/ jK. fJ; s'A gfjbK sK gZSwh ;fGnsk dk Bkw' fBFkB BjhA ;h. n;b ftu gZSwh

;fGnsk oZp ns/ oZp ~ wzBD tkfbnK d/ ftukb/ fJe Fesh j?, i' oZp ns/ pzfdnK d/ foFs/

ftu ftef;s j'Jh. fJj foFsk eh j?< fJj gZSwh wZs j?. g{ophwZs fBo'b oZp s/ fBoGo eodk

;h. g{oph b'eK ftu oZp dk f;ZXk ftFtk; ;h. ;zg{oB ;Zu ns/ M{m d/ ftukb/ i' ;wK j?, T[j

gZSwh ;fGnsk j?. fit/A fit/A frnkB ftu tkXk j[zdk frnk, T[; frnkBftu ;jh eh ;h, fJ;

dh y'i ftu'A t?;NoB y'i izwh, fJj gZSwh ;ZfGnsk. fJj ;jh bc} bZGD dk :sB eod/ ;h,

T[j gZSwh ;fGnsk d/ s"o s/ ;kjwD/ nkJh.



1860 ftu nkX[fBe d[BhnK pko/ fJfsjk;eko i?e'p poykoN dh feskp Sgh. fJ; ftu

T[; B/ nkX[fBe d[BhnK s/ g{zihtkd s/ gZSwh ;fGnsk pko/ tXhnk tXhnk rZbK ehshnK jB.

j?;feB} fJe fJfsjk;eko j'fJnk, fi; dh 12thA ;dh dh T[Bsh pko/ 1920 ftu fJe

feskp Sgh j?. T[; feskp ftu'A b'eK B/ T[;dk ;zebg ftnkge o{g ftu ;theko ehsk. nkw

s"o s/ b'eK B/ ukob; j?;feB} d/ f;XKs s/ sohe/ wzB e/ rZbK pDkT[DhnK F[o{ eo fdZshnK. i'

j?;feB} B/ fbfynk, T[;~ wzB fbnk frnk. gzdothA ;dh d/ f;;o' d/ ysK dh b?fNB tkose

~ 15thA ;dh ftu co/w ehsk frnk. don;b 1871 ftu vkoftB dh feskp @wB[Zy dh nkwd#

Sgh sK T[; ;w/A s'A b? e/ g{zihtkd d/ jZe ftu T[BhAthA ;dh d/ nyhob/ nZX ftu f}nkdk p'bpkbk

F[o{ j'fJnk.

g{oph s/ gZSwh ;fGnsk ~ fJe N[Ze tZyo/ ftykU sK F?eFghno ~ ftukb/ gk bU.

F?eFghno B/ i}fpnK dh e'Jh gotkj BjhA ehsh, foFfsnK s/ ftnkj[sk f}zdrh dh th e'Jh

gotkj BjhA ehsh, Xkowe ohsh fotkiK s/ f;XKsK dh e'Jh gotkj BjhA ehsh, rokwo dh e'Jh

gotkj BjhA ehsh. b'eK B/ fJ; ~ F?eFghno p'bh efj fdZsk. F?eFghno e'Jh rokwo sK BjhAA.

rokwo Bkb th F?eFghno B/ prkts ehsh. fijV/ g[okD/ ohsh fotki ;B, oZp s'A vo e/ ubD

tkbhnK f;fynktK s/ g{oph ;fGnsk d/ tXhnk ftXh ftXkB, fi; T[go ;fGnsk wkD efonk

eodh ;h, T[; ~ i/ fe;/ B/ f;ZX/ s"o s/ Gzr ehsk sK F?eFghno B/ ehsk.

Xow Bkb'A N[ZNDk, Xow dh gotkj Bk eoBk, uou Bkb'A N[ZN ikDk fJj e'Jh fcbk;\h BjhA

j?. wB[Zysk Bkb'A tZyohnK rZbK eoBhnK, fJj e'Jh wBZ[ysk BjhA j?. fJB;kBhns dh gotkj jh

Bk eoBh, fJj e'Jh fcbk;\h BjhA j?. g[oksBsk Bkb'A p[ybk e/ nkgD/ jh Yzr Bkb Ng{;hnK

wkoBhnK, gsk BjhA fJj feZvh e[ fiZs ;h. gZSwh ;fGnsk dk T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Dk, w/o/

fj;kp Bkb ;fGnsk dk pbhdkB j?. F?eFghno s'A gfjbK b'ehA edoK-ehwsK dk ;fseko eod/

;B. g[oksBsk s/ Xkofwesk dk, dhB w}jp dhnK oj[ ohsK s/ thukoK dk ;fseko eod/ ;B.

fJ; B/ nk e/ ;kfonK ~ T[bzxDk F[o{ ehsk. fJj, fi;~ n;hA gZSwh ;fGnsk efjzd/ jK, B/

F?eFghno s/ e'bzp; ~ }o{os Bkb'A f}nkdk tfvnkJh fdZsh, id'A e'bzp; 24 nes{po 1492

~ BthA d[BhnK feT{pk t?;N fJzvh} y'i e/ fJE/ nk frnk. w/o/ fj;kpBkb ;kvk fJfsjk;e

feskpK co'bD dk wzst fJj ;h fe fJj fes'A gZek BjhA j[zdk fe e'bzp; gfjbk pzdk ;h, fi;

B/ nwohek bZG fbnk. T[jd/ eJh ekoB jB. fJZe ekoB sK fJj fe i/ ;g/B s'A ub e/ 15thA

;dh d/ nyho ftu 1492 ~ nwohek bZGdk j? s/ fJZE/ nZr/ nk e/ T[;~ pzd/ bZGd/ jB sK fJ;

dk wsbp j'fJnk fe T[E/ nwohek ftu gfjbK pzd/ t;d/ ;B. d{;ok fJj efjzd/ fe ;kfJp/

ohnk s'A nbk;ektZb NZg e/ rJ/, T[E/ B/V/ B/V/ nB/eK Nkg{ jB. T[j Nkg{ izw iKd/ jB. T[BQK T[go

dh pzdk s[o ;edk ;h s/ fJE/ nkT[Ad/ oj/. id'A fJBQK B/ ekob wkoe; Bkb ;zXh ehsh fe fJj

gsk ehsk ikt/ fe eh fJE/ fJe d{i/ Bkb }whB obdh j?< T[; ew/Nh B/ wsk gk; eo fbnkfe

fJj Nkg{ j? ns/ gkDh th ftu nkT[Adk j?. ;kfJp/ohnk dh Xosh nbk;ek d/ Bkb m'; o{g ftu



BjhA obdh. i/ Xosh BjhA obdh sK fco pzdk fet/A nkfJnk j't/rk< fJ; bJh T[j rZb ]koi

eo fdZsh. ;kfJp/ohnk tZb'A nwohek ftu e'Jh pzdk BjhA frnk. fJj wsk gk; eo fbnk. fJ;

~ th fJe fBT{ N?;Nkw?AN ftu frD fbnk ikt/. fJj th fbysh o{g ftu c?;bk eo fbnk fe

E'VQk E'VQk jh ;w[zdo g?Adk j?, Gkt/A fe;/ soQK g?Adk j't/. gkDh fet/A bzfxnk< i/ T[j fBZe/ fBZe/ Nkg{

NZg/ BjhA ik ;ed/ i' e'Jh th Nkg{ whb s'A T[go d/ coe Bkb BjhA j?. f;nkbK ~ sK gkDh izw

iKdk j?. T[/; d/ T[go dh Gkt/A N?Ae Gik e/ ;kfJp/ohnk ftu'A fJXo nbk;ek ~ b? nkT[. fJj

wzfBnk iKdk j? fepzdk T[E'A dh BjhA bzfxnk feT[Afe T[E/ p/nfozr b?Av fpqi gkDh ;h. gkDh fet/

A bzfxnk ik ;edk ;h. e'bzp; sK ;g/B s'A ub e/ nNbKfNe gko eoe/ nwohek gj[zu ;edk j?,

sK eh T[j S'N/ S'N/ Nkg{BjhA gko eo ;edk. t/y' feZvh j?okBh dh rZb j?. fJe gk;/ sK n;hA;kok

nNbKfNe gko eoe/ efj fdzd/ jK fe BthA Xosh bZG bJh, d{i/ gk;/ nkw nkdwh fijV/ SkbK

wko e/ Nkg{ NZg ;ed/ jB, T[;~ efjzd/ BjhA NZg ;edk feT[Afe fJ; ftu gkDh ;h. gkDh ftu

dh pzdk fet/A bzx ;edk ;h. GfbU ! ;kfJp/ohnk s'A BkoE nwohek ~ ;w[zdo dk gkDh g?Adk j?,

fit/A Xosh d/ Bkb Bkb b'e feFshnK okjhA d{o-dokv/ ~ iKd/ ;B, fJ; soQK pzdk feT[A BjhA

nkfJnk j't/rk. uhB d/ ftu'A th fJzv' ukJhBh b'e gkDh d/ Bkb Bkb nk iKd/ ;B, fiE/ gkDh BjhA

izfwnk j[zdk ;h. T[j bZGd/ bGkT[Ad/ th nk iKd/. j}koK ;kb, pj[s w[ZdsK gfjbK nwohek ftu

pzd/ ofj oj/ ;B. e'bzp; ns/ :{og ~ sK fJj ;[gBk th BjhA ;h fe pzd/ ofj oj/ j'Dr/. id'A

fJE'A dh t;'A e'bzp; B/ bZGh T[Ad'A th UB/ b'e ;ko/ :{og ftu BjhA ofjzd/ ;B, fizB/ T[; ;w/A

nwohek ftu ofj oj/ ;B. go fJj fBy/V e/ BjhA dZ;d/ feT[Afe :{oghB b'eK B/ nkgDk

;oNhf\e/N b? fbnk fe n;hA BthA Xosh nwohek bZG bJh. ikjB fJbhnN B/ fJj rZb pj[s

ft;Eko ftu ehsh j? fe :{og d/ b'eK B/ fijVk e'bzp; ~ jho' pDk fdZsk j?, fJ; dk gfjbK

fe;/ ~ e'Jh frnkB BjhA ;h, T[; dhnK ejkDhnK pDk bJhnK. 1614Jh;thA ftu fJe b'g/ dh

t/rk B/ BthA Xosh dh y'idk fJe BtK vokwk pDkfJnk s/ T[;B/ feq;N"co e'bzp; dk f}eo ehsk.

;' 1614 Jh;th s'A pknd, feq;N"co e'bzp; d/ woB s'A 100 ;kb pknd gfjbh tko T[; d/

pko/ e[M fbfynk frnk. n?t/A fuZmhnK fby e/ ;p{s fJeZm/ eoB dh e'fFF ehsh rJh. fit/A

F?eFghno d/ woBs'A pknd T[; dh n?efNzr ~ fbysh o{g fdsk frnk, T[;/ soQK jh fJj

feq;N"co e'bzp; d[nkok BthA Xosh bZGD dhnK ejkDhnK jB. fJj17thA ;dh ftu b'eK B/

fbyhnK.

e'bzp; dh fJ; y'i ~ :{oghB b'eK B/ nkgDk fJe wknoek fJ; bJh th fejk feT[Afe

id' e'bzp; t?;N fJzvh} ftu nkfJnk sK w[V e/ iKdk j'fJnk fJE'A b'eK e'b'A ;'Bk uKdh yohd

e/ b? frnk. ;'Bk uKdh dh Xks, fJE/ nwoheh, Gkosh s/ fJzv' ukJhBh b'eK e'b gfjbK jh ;h.

fJj b'e Gkos s'A nk e/ fJE/ gfjbK tkgko eod/ ;B. fJ; dk wsbp fe ezb'p; d/ nkT[D s'A

gfjbK T[BQK B/ jh soZeh ehsh ;h. fJzv'ukJhBh b'e fJE/ ;Ekfgs ;B. T[j fuo'eDk fJE/ t;d/

;B. T[BQK e'b f;Ze/ ns/ XksK ;B. T[j Xkowe b'e ;B. e'bzp; id' f;Ze/ b? frnksK :{og d/



b'e d/y e/ dzr ofj rJ/ fe T[E/ sK fJj' fijhnK XksK jB feT[A Bk n;hA nkgDh wkbeh eohJ/

s/ dZ;hJ/ fe n;hA BthA Xosh bZGhj?, ub' n;hA fJE'A d/ wkbe pDhJ/. T[BQK B/ wkbe pDB dh

e'fFF th ehsh. :{og d/ ;ko/ d/FK-coK;, fJzrb?Av, ;g/B nkfd B/ wkbe pDBdh e'fFF ehsh.

g[osrkbhnK B/ wkbe pDB dk :sB ehsk. ;ko/ d/FK B/ fJ; gk;/ tZb Xktk p'b fdZsk. n;hA

nw?ohr{ dk fgSb/ nfXnkfJnK ftu f}eo th ehsk j?, T[; B/ ;kT{E nwohek bZG fbnk. T[j

;ko/ fJXo ~ GZi s[o/ fe fJE/ sK f;Ze/ jB, n;h tkgko eo ;edk jK. fJE/ phi s/ BeF jB.

tkgkoe B}ohJ/ Bkb ep}k eoB bJh s/ BthA Xosh efj e/ ep}k eoB dk g{ok :sB ehsk.

i/ ;jh Yzr Bkb t/yhJ/ sK e'bzp; B/ e[M BjhA bAZfGnk. Xosh gfjbK t;dh ;h. ;kok :{og ftu

pzfdnK dh nkpkdh th UBh BjhA ;h fizBh nwohek ftu e'bzp; d/ nkT[D s'A gfjbK fJE/ t;dh

;h.

pkJhpb d/ ftu :{og J/Fhnk s/ ncoheK dhnK XoshnK dk f}eo nkT[Adk j?, go fJj i'

nZi dk nwohek j?, fJj J/Fhnk dk fjZ;k ;h. fJ; ftu J/FhnB b'e gfjbK nkT[Ad/ ;B. fJj

th n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe nwohek ftu pj[s fuo'eDh soZeh j'Jh j't/rh. Gkosh uhBh b'e

x[zwd/ x[wkT[Ad/ gfjbK r'nk ftu rJ/, fe;/ tiQk eoe/ fJE/ gfjbK gj[zu/ j'Dr/. fJE/ soZeh j'Jh

j't/. fJ; gk;/ fe;/ B/ y'i eoB dk :sB jh BjhA ehsk. p; fJj jh efj fdZsk fe n;hA bZfGnk.

fJj Xosh ;kvh j? ns/ n;hA fJ; ~ b[ZN ;ed/ jK. nwohek ftu fijV/ b'e :{oghB b'eK s/

e'bzp; j[oK bZG/ ;B, T[j Xkowe b'e ;B. T[j wo}h Bkb uZbD tkb/ tkgkoh xZN s/ oZp s'A vo

e/ ofjD tkb/ pzd/ tZX ;B. T[BQK ~ :{oghB b'eK B/ xNhnk sohe/ Bkb jh frfDnK. fJzvhnBK

pko/, fe;/ B/ ejkDhnK pDkJhnK fe fJj sK izw/ jh ezw eoB iK r[bkwh eoB tk;s/ jB. fJj

sK ;kv/ :{oghB b'eK dh ;/tk eoB bJh jh jB. fe;/ B/ fbfynk fe fJj pKdoK tor/ jB, fe;/

B/ fbfynk fe fJBQK T[s/ e[Zs/ dk f;o bZfrnk j?. fJBQK pDkJhnK ejkDhnK eoe/ jh FkfJd

vkoftB B/ ejkDhnK d/ nkXko s/ fby fdZsk fe pzdk pKdoK s'A pfDnk. pzdk pKdoK s'A BjhA

pfDnk. pzdk r[bkwh tk;s/ BjhA izfwnK. pzd/ fJe' fij/ jB, Gkt/A T[j d[BhnK ftu fes/ th izw/

j'D. fJj gqGkt iK fJj wBxVs ejkDhnK f;o\ oki eoB bJh iK b'eK ~ b[ZND bJh ;B.

nwohek ~ b[ZND bJh, ;G s'A gfjbK :{og B/ gfjb edwh ehsh. ;ko/ N'bhnK pDk e/ nk rJ/

fe n;hA ;kok b[ZN e/ b? nkJhJ/ fJE'A d/ b'e Xkowe ;h. T[BQK B/ w[ekpbk Bk ehsk. T[j M[ed/

rJ/ fJ; soQK eoB ftu :{og ekw:kp j' frnk. go fJ; dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe fJj Xosh

:{oghnB ;h iK T[BQK B/ bZGh ;h iK T[BQK dk jh fJE/ e'Jh jZe pDdk ;h. fJj e[dos B/,

gowkswk B/ fit/ fit/A Xosh g?dk ehsh, fit/A fit/A pzd/ ~ pDkfJnk, T[t/A pfDnk. fJj fe;/

dh wbehns BjhA j?. j[D fJj BthnK y'iK j'DrhnK. :{og B/ fJE/ nkD e/ nwohek T[go ;G

s'A gfjbK f}nkdsh ehsh. nwoheh GkoshnK pko/ y'iK j'JhnK jB. y'i gZsoK ftu ;k~ f}eo

fwbdk j?. ;sh dh o;w dk f}eo fwfbnk, oZp s'A voB tkb/ pzfdnK dk f}eo fwfbnk,

ephfbnK dk f}eo fwfbnk, fiBK ftu ;G s'A tZvk g[oy p}[or ;h, T[; ~ ;kfonK dk w[Zyh



wzBd/ ;B. fJj ;ko/ ohsh fotki uhB Bkb w/b yKd/ ;B. gZSwh ;fGnsk dk ezw nkT[D tkbk

fijVk tXhnk o{g j?, T[j 17thA s/ 18thA ;dh d/ ftu ik e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk j?. e'bzp;

;skothA ;dh ftu ik e/ jh feT[A wFj{o j'fJnk.

nwohek ftu fijV/ b'e :{oghB b'eK s/ e'bzp;nwohek ftu fijV/ b'e :{oghB b'eK s/ e'bzp;nwohek ftu fijV/ b'e :{oghB b'eK s/ e'bzp;nwohek ftu fijV/ b'e :{oghB b'eK s/ e'bzp;nwohek ftu fijV/ b'e :{oghB b'eK s/ e'bzp;

j[oK bZG/ ;B, T[j Xkowe b'e ;B. T[j wo}hj[oK bZG/ ;B, T[j Xkowe b'e ;B. T[j wo}hj[oK bZG/ ;B, T[j Xkowe b'e ;B. T[j wo}hj[oK bZG/ ;B, T[j Xkowe b'e ;B. T[j wo}hj[oK bZG/ ;B, T[j Xkowe b'e ;B. T[j wo}h

Bkb uZbD tkb/ tkgkoh xZN s/ oZp s'A vo e/Bkb uZbD tkb/ tkgkoh xZN s/ oZp s'A vo e/Bkb uZbD tkb/ tkgkoh xZN s/ oZp s'A vo e/Bkb uZbD tkb/ tkgkoh xZN s/ oZp s'A vo e/Bkb uZbD tkb/ tkgkoh xZN s/ oZp s'A vo e/

ofjD tkb/ pzd/ tZX ;B. T[BQK ~ :{oghB b'eK B/ofjD tkb/ pzd/ tZX ;B. T[BQK ~ :{oghB b'eK B/ofjD tkb/ pzd/ tZX ;B. T[BQK ~ :{oghB b'eK B/ofjD tkb/ pzd/ tZX ;B. T[BQK ~ :{oghB b'eK B/ofjD tkb/ pzd/ tZX ;B. T[BQK ~ :{oghB b'eK B/

xNhnk sohe/ Bkb jh frfDnK. fJzvhnBK pko/,xNhnk sohe/ Bkb jh frfDnK. fJzvhnBK pko/,xNhnk sohe/ Bkb jh frfDnK. fJzvhnBK pko/,xNhnk sohe/ Bkb jh frfDnK. fJzvhnBK pko/,xNhnk sohe/ Bkb jh frfDnK. fJzvhnBK pko/,

fe;/ B/ ejkDhnK pDkJhnK fe fJj sK izw/ jhfe;/ B/ ejkDhnK pDkJhnK fe fJj sK izw/ jhfe;/ B/ ejkDhnK pDkJhnK fe fJj sK izw/ jhfe;/ B/ ejkDhnK pDkJhnK fe fJj sK izw/ jhfe;/ B/ ejkDhnK pDkJhnK fe fJj sK izw/ jh

ezw eoB iK r[bkwh eoB tk;s/ jB. fJj sKezw eoB iK r[bkwh eoB tk;s/ jB. fJj sKezw eoB iK r[bkwh eoB tk;s/ jB. fJj sKezw eoB iK r[bkwh eoB tk;s/ jB. fJj sKezw eoB iK r[bkwh eoB tk;s/ jB. fJj sK

;kv/ :{oghB b'eK dh ;/tk eoB bJh jh jB.;kv/ :{oghB b'eK dh ;/tk eoB bJh jh jB.;kv/ :{oghB b'eK dh ;/tk eoB bJh jh jB.;kv/ :{oghB b'eK dh ;/tk eoB bJh jh jB.;kv/ :{oghB b'eK dh ;/tk eoB bJh jh jB.



BthA Xosh - nwohekBthA Xosh - nwohekBthA Xosh - nwohekBthA Xosh - nwohekBthA Xosh - nwoheknwohek ~ BthA Xosh d/ s"o s/ ;G s'A gfjbK :{og d/ b'eK B/ n?bkB ehsk s/ frfDnK.

id'A :{og d/ d/FK coK;, ;g/B, g[osrkb s/ fJzrb?Av ~ gsk bZr frnk sK fJBQK ;kfonK B/

t/fynk fe fJj 2 eo'V tor whb Xosh j?, fJ; Xosh T[go nkgDk jZe iwkJhJ/ ns/ fJE'A

dk ;'Bk uKdh sK fyu e/ fbnk ;ed/ jK. uhB s'A sK fJj b'e vod/ ;B. E'V/Q fij/ fJbke/ ftu

pj[s b'e ofjzd/ ;B. :{oghB b'e fJBQK s'A ezB th GzBd/ ;B s/ E'VQk vod/ th ;B. o/Fw, ekr},

;Nhb s/ j'o eJh t;sK T[Xo'A fbnk e/ T[; dk g{ok w[Zb skoBk g?Adk ;h. Gkt/A BF/ t/u/ iK Xkofwe

feskpK t/u e/ e[M eoBk g?Adk ;h.

fJXo Gkos T[Zs/ id'A w[;bwkBK dk ep}k j' frnk sK T[E/ th fJj :{og d/ b'eK ~ yzxD

BjhA fdzd/ ;B. gfjbK T[E'A jh vo brdk ;h. fJj d' XoshnK ;B -fJzvhnk s/ uhB, fiBQK Bkb

:{ogh tgkoh b'e tkgko eod/ ;B. id'A d't/A XoshnK T[s/, Gkos T[s/ fJ;bkwe ep}k j' frnk

sK w[jzwdh b'e pj[s ;]s ;B, fJbke/ pj[s f}nkdk ;B, fJ;kJhns tkb/ T[BQK s'A vod/ ;B.

Jh;kJhns tkb/ Gkt/A fJBQK d/ Gok jh ;B. T[BQK #u'A izw/ ;h. go uhB dh t;'A pVh ;h. T[BQK dh

nkgDh Fesh fd;dh ;h. T[j T[; s'A th vod/ ;B. :{oghB b'eK ~ nwohek bZG frnk fe fJj

BthA Xosh j?, fJE/ uZb e/ ep}k eohJ/. gfjbK th ;ko/ :{og B/ ob e/ nwohek T[go jZe

iwkT[D dk :sB ehsk. pj[s bzph u"Vh Xosh ;h s/ b'e :{og Bkb'A f}nkdk ;B. go J/vh tZvh

Xosh, fi;dk y/socb 2 eo'V tor whb ;h, pj[s bzpk u"Vk y/so j[zdk j?, fi; d/ ftu T[j

E'V/ E'VQ/ brd/ ;B. fJ; bJh :{og ~ jkth j'D bJh pj[s ;wK Bk bZfrnk. nmkothA ;dh ftu

;kok :{og ob e/ ep}/ eodk fojk. fi; soQK th T[BQK ~ ;{s nkT[Adk ;h, T[j eod/ oj/. T[BhAthA

;dh ftu fpqfNFK dk dpdpk tX frnk. id'A fJzrb?Av dh f;nk;s B/ ozr ftykJ/ fJj seohpB

d[BhnK #s/ Sk rJ/. T[BhthA ;dh ftu ;koh T[d:'fre ;fGnsk B/ nkgDk ozr ftykfJnk. 19thA

;dh ftu jh n?b;Kdo' t'bNk B/ fpibh dh y'i th eo fdZsh, fJ; soQK fJzrb?Av dkjh uko/ gk;/

uouk ubdk ;h. ;kfonK B/ wfj;{; ehsk fe fJzrb?Av dh pj[s }o{os j?. nwohek th T[BQK fdBK

ftu fJzrb?v dh Xosh ;h. fJzrb?Av dk jh BK ubdk ;h. fizBK fuo nwohek tk;hnK ~ fJj

nfj;k; BjhA j'fJnk fe fJj sK ;k~ bZ[N-bZ[N e/ ;kvk ;kwkB :{og ftu bJh ik oj/ jB, :{og

ftu'A uh}K pDk e/ nrKj J/Fhnk ftu t/u oj/ jB, fJE/ th b? fbnkT[Ad/ jB-fJj sK ezw ;jh

BjhA j?. id'A sZe fJBQK B/ p^kts BjhA ehsh, T[d'A sZe fJzrb?Av nwohek ~ d'jhA jZEhA b[ZNdk fojk.

n;b ftu 19thA ;dh ftu nwohek ~ nkgDh Fesh wfj;{; j'Dh F[o{ j'Jh s/ fJ; soQK

pj[s ;kohnK y'iK ;kjwD/ nkJhnK. vkoftB dh ftek; dh fET{oh pko/ rZbKpksK j'JhnK. i"jB

b[p"e B/ @n"foiB nk\ f;tbkJh}/FB# 1870 ftu SgtkJh ;h. b/ft; w"orB B/ 1877 ftu

J/FhnkB ;[;kfJNh Skgh. i/w} co/}o B/ th 1890 ftu nkgDh fJe feskp r'bvB pko/ Skgh

j?. T[BhthA ;dh d/ nyhob/ nZX ftu b'eK ftu ikrqsh nk rJh. nwohek ~ nkgDh Fesh dk



frnkB j' frnk. vkoftB dhnK fijVhnK fET{ohnK ;B, fJj b'eK B/ gqubs eo fdZshnK.

nzrq/}K B/ fBT{NB d;w/A s'A b? e/ ftfrnkBe y'iK ~ nzrq/}h ftu feskpK Sgtk e/, b'eK ~ gh

n?uHvhH dhnK fvrohnK eoB ftu T[bMk fdZsk. vkoftB dhnK fszB feskpK fe;/ ftdtkB B/

FkfJd gVQhnK j'D, go T[BQK d/ pko/ rZb jo e'Jh eodk j?. vkoftB d/ ftek; f;XKs dh ;ko/

uouk eod/ jB. vkoftB d/ ftek; f;XKs ~ gVQ e/ sK t/y'. fi; B/ T[; dh feskp gVQh jh

BjhA, T[;dk vkoftB pko/ rZb eoB dk e'Jh jZe BjhA pDdk. b'eK dhnk gh n?uHvhH dhnK

fvrohnK #s/ c'ehnK SkbK Bk wko'. i/ b'eK B/ vkoftB pko/ gh n?uHvhH dhnK fvrohnK ehshnK

jB sK T[BQK ~ fit/A ;wM bZrh, T[;/ soQK fby fdZsk. s[;hA T[BQK dh ;wM ftu'A nrKj sh;oh

Beb wko e/ sh;oh iK u"Eh iK gzithA EK T[m e/ nrKj fbyd/ j'. nZi fijV/ gVQkT[D tkb/

gq'c?;oK B/ nrKj s'A nrKj gh n?uHvhH dhnK fvrohnK ehshnK, T[j i/ fJj efjD fe n;hA

vkoftB d/ pj[s tZv/ ftdtkB jK, fJj T[BQK dh rbs\fjwh j?. i/ T[j T[; dh w{b g[;se gVQ

e/ rZb eoB c/o T[; ~ n;bhns dk gsk bZr/rk.

feskp gVQ e/ sK t/y', fJj fezBh gZygksh feskp j?l fit/A fuZN/ pzd/ ~ fuZNk pzdk jh uzrk

fdZ;dk j?, ekbk BjhA. T[; dh w{b feskp gVQ e/ t/y' sK gsk br/rk fe vkoftBd/ ftu B;bh

}fjo fezBk f}nkdk ;h. T[; B/ nkgD/ fj;kp Bkb, nkgD/ nkg ~ Fq/FN frD e/ s/ fuZNh uwVh

~ pj[s soihj d/ e/ rZbfbyh j'Jh j?. ;koEesk s'A fes/ d{o dh rZb fbyh j'Jh j?. oktK tZyoh

rZb j[zdhnK jB. vkoftB B/ nkgDhnK oktK fdshnK jB. T[BQK dhnK oktK fe; p[fBnkd #s/

nXkfos jB, fJ;dh T[;B/ e'Jh ftnkfynk BjhA ehsh. fJ; bJh e/tb oktK #s/ jh fBoGo eoBk

pj[s uzrh rZb BjhA j?. 19thA ;dh ftu fijVk T{u Bhu s/ ;wkie }'o }[bw dk ftseok F[o{

j'fJnk, fJj nkgD/ nkg ~ pj[s tZvk ;wMD tkbh rZb ;h. vkoftB s/ T[;d/ j'o ;kEh fJ;

d/ u?AghnB ;B. fJBQK dk ftseok pj[s tX frnk. ekob wkoe; (1818-1883) dk fJ;

fto'X ftu yV/Q j'D dk ekoB ;h fe fJBQK B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ f}nkdk fyZu e/ oZyDk F[o{ eo fdZsk.

fJBQK B/ d[BhnK T[; soQK dZ;Dh F[o{ eo fdZsh fit/A fJBQK ~ B}o nkT[Adh j?. fJ; ~ gZSwh

;fGnsk efj bT[. ekob wkoe; ne;o g{oph ;fGnsk dh tekbs eodk j?. T[j gZSwh

;fGnsk dhnK rbs GktBktK d/ fybk\ j?. b'e ;ko/ pokpo jB. e'Jh uzr/ wzd/ BjhA jB. S'N/

tZv/ dh EK pokpo j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJj ekob wkoe; dh ftukoXkok ;h. i/ gZSwh ;fGnsk ftu

d[i?r iK ;wkie ftseok Bk nkT[Adk sK ekob wkoe; ~ f;XKse s"o #s/ tZyo/ j'D dh b'V jh

BjhA g?Dh ;h.

i/ gZSwh ;fGnsk ;wkie ftseo/ F[o{ Bk eodh sK ekob wkoe; iK efwT{fB}w F[o{ j'D

dh FkfJd e'Jh }o{os jh Bk g?Adh, @nkg/ ckEVhJ/ s?~ e"D S[vkt/.# fijVhnK ̂ bs F'Fb edok-

ehwsK ;B, T[BK dk fto'X j'Dk }o{oh ;h.

g{oph ;fGnsk s/ Gkosh s/ uhBh ;fGnskl fJBQK ftu ftZfdnk nfXnkswe ozr d/ ftu

pj[s jh fuo'eDh ;h. pVhnK pVhnK :{Bhtof;NhnK, N?e;bk :{Bhtof;Nh ns/ Bkbzdk :{Bhtof;Nh



tor/ ndko/ ;B. go fJBQK d/ ftu gZSwh ;fGnsk dh ftZfdnk dh pj[sh g[okDh ejkDh BjhA.

T[BhthA ;dh d/ ftu pj[s jh xZN ftZfdne ndko/;h. n;b d/ ftu ftZfdnk fijVh j? fJ;dk

w[Ybk nfXnkge ukob} fJbhnN ;h. T[j 1909 ftu foNk&fJo j[zdk j?. ukob} fJbhnN ~

n;hA gfjbk nfXnkge, gfjbk ftfrnkBh efj ;ed/ jK. gZSwh ;fGnsk d/ ftu i' F'Fb

fvt?bgw?AN iK ;wkfie T[ZBsh j?, fJj pj[s g[okDh BjhA j?. nkgDh g{oph ;fGnsk ftu pj[s

jh g[okDhnK ;wkfie edoK-ehwsK dhnK fw;kbK fwbdhnK jB. nwohek ftu 1920 d/ ftZu

ike/ n"os ~ t'N gkT[D dk jZe fwbdk j?. g{oph ;fGnsk ftZu n"os ~ towkbk gkT[D d/ nkgD/

jZe d/D/ fuo'eD/ ;B. id'A gZSwh ;fGnsk B/ n"os ~ jZe d/D/ F[o{ ehs/ sK pVk nkgD/ nkg ~

uVQk tXk e/ g/Fehsk fe gsk BjhA n;hA eh wknoek wko fbnk j?, n;hA n"os ~ t'N gkT[D dk

jZe d/ e/ T[u/ j'D dk jZe d/ fdZsk. fJj tZv/ j'D d/ ezgb?e; dhnK rZbK ;B. t?;NoB

f;tbkJhi/FB ftu tZv/ j'D d/ ezgb?e; dh fpwkoh Bk nkT[Adh sK efwT{fB}w-eo?eFB dh b'V

jh BjhA ;h g?Dh, i/ ̂ bs gk;/ ~ Bk f}nkdk iKd/. gZSwh ;fGnsk B/ gfjbK sK Xow T[go ep}k

eoB dh e'fFF ehsh. Xow m';D dh e'fFF ehsh. id'A d[BhnK #s/ Xow m';D dh e'fFF ehsh

sK }o{os g?dk j'Jh fe fJj sK ezw ^bs j' frnk. ekob wkoe; bJh T[BQK dk fto'X eoBk

}o{oh j' frnk.

Gkos ftu ns/ j'o b'eK ftu pVh wFj{o rZb j? fe w?A efwT{fB;N jK, w?A oZp ~ BjhA

wzBdk. fJ; dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe g{oph efwT{fB;N oZp ~ ;Zuh Fesh BjhA wzBd/. n;b

ftu fJBQK B/ oZp#s/ id'A wkbeh eo bJh fe n;hA oZp d/ wkbe jK, n;hA fit/A efjzd/ jK T[;/

soQK jh oZp dk ;zebg pDkT[D, T[; dk fto'X j'fJnk. n;b d/ ftu, fJj t?;NoB

f;tbkJhi/FB dk w}ke eoBk s/ Xow ~ nkg ep}k eoe/ s/ nkg j'o sohe/ Bkb Xow b'eK #s/

m';D dh fijVh ftXh ;h, T[; d/ fybk\ fJj efwT{fB}w dh nktk} ;h.

nkJh;ke fBT{NB d/ Bkb n;b ftu ftfrnkB dk :[Zr F[o{ j[zdk j?. fBT{NB ns/ j'o y'ihnK

B/ e[M ;w/A d/ ftu ftfrnkBe sohe/ Bkb ftXh ftXkB g/F ehs/ s/ T[j b'eK ~ pj[s ;"y/ sohe/

Bkb gqGkts eo b?Ad/ ;B. T[j ftfrnkBe y'ihnK dk eoe/ Xow s/ t?;NoB f;tbkJhi/FB-gZSwh

;fGnsk dk epik j'D eoe/, nkgD/ fj;kp d/ Bkb gZSwh ;fGnsk tkfbnK B/ fbyD dk :sB

ehsk. id'A fco wfj;{; j'fJnk fe @ip? pkD bkfrU sp? o'; ikfrU#, id'A fJ; soQK j' frnk

fe fJj ;G e[M nkgD/ BK jh bkJh iKd/ jB, fJj ;G e[M nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb jh f;ykT[Ad/ jB,

Jh;kJhns d[BhnK s/ bkr{ eo fdZsh sK e[M gZek gsk jh BjhA ;h fe :;{ w;hj j? th ;h fe

BjhA, s/ pkJhpb ed'A pDh. w[edh rZb fJj j? fe fJBK B/ nkgD/ ek~B pDk bJ/. gZSwh ;fGnsk

B/ b'eK #s/ Xow f;XKs m';D/ F[o{ eo fdZs/. b'eK d/ fdbK ~ dod j'fJnk. ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ ek~B

b'eK ~ wB}{o BjhA ;B. fJ; eoe/ efwT{fB}w g{zihtkd d/ pokpo yVk j' frnk.



Xkofwe fJfsjk; fwfEjk;Xkofwe fJfsjk; fwfEjk;Xkofwe fJfsjk; fwfEjk;Xkofwe fJfsjk; fwfEjk;Xkofwe fJfsjk; fwfEjk;Xkofwe d[BhnK, fezBh e[ fJfsjk;e j?, fezBh e[ fwfEjk;e< fJj rZb E'VQh fijh

ftnkfynk ;fjs eoB ~ ih eodk j?. fJfsjk;e s"o s/ fijVh Xkofwe d[BhnK j?, fJ; ~

n;hA d' Fq/DhnK d/ ftu tzv ;ed/ jK. fJe Xkofwe Fq/Dh fi; d/ ftu fjzd{fJ}w, p[ZXfJ}w,

ezBfcT{fJ}w, skT{tkd s/ j'o pj[s ;ko/ fJ; Fq/Dh d/ Xow nkT[Ad/ jB, fJj fJe Fq/Dh j?. d{;oh

Fq/Dh fJ;bkw, :j{dhns, Jh;kJhns s/ fJjBK dhnK j'o eJh FkyktK jB. fJj d' Fq/DhnK

fJfsjk;e XowK d/ s"o s/ ;kjwD/ nkJhnK. n;b d/ ftu ;koh d[BhnK dk e'Jh Xow nfijk

BjhA j? fijVk fJj BjhA efjzdk fe ;Zu p'bDk ukjhdk j?. ;Zu d/ bV bZrDk ukjhdk j?. ;ko/

Xow ;Zugq;s jB. fJj sK ;ko/ XowK dk fJe :{Bhto;b ;Zu j? fe M{m BjhA p'bDk ukjhdk.

fJB;kB fJB;kBhns ftu ;Zu d/ bkr/ ofj e/ jh ;Zugq;s j' ;edk j?. Xow fJB;kB ~

fJB;kBhns f;ykT[Adk j?. i/ fXnkB Bkb t/yhJ/ sK fizB/ th Xow j'J/ jB, fJfsjk; dh rZb eoe/

nkgD/ nkg ~ i'Vd/ jB, ;dhnK j}koK ;kbK gfjbK dh rZb ~ i/ Xow fJfsjk;e efjzdk j?,

sK i/ n;hA E'VQh fijh ;'Mh fJ; ftu Fkwb eohJ/ sK ;k~ ;fji/ jh gsk br ;edk j? fe id'A

Xow nkgD/ nkg ~ fJfsjk;e efjzd/ jB sK fJj M{m j?. Xow ~ fJfsjk; ns/ fwfEjk; d/

uZeo ftu BjhA g?Dk ukjhdk. e'Jh th fJfsjk;e iK fwfEjk;e uh}, fijVh fJB;kBhns Bkb

i'Vdh j?. T[j Xkowe j?. fijVh fJB;kBhns Bkb'A s'Vdh j?, nkg; ftu T[bMkT[Adh j?,

fJB;kBhns dk B[e;kB eodh j?, fJB;kBhns dk esb eodh j?, T[j ekjdk fJfsjk; j'fJnk,

T[j ekjdk Xow j'fJnk<

n;hA uzr/ th jK s/ wzd/ th. n;hA y[Fh th wkDd/ jK s/ ̂ wh th jzYkT[Ad/ jK. ;tor s/ Boe

n;hA G'rd/ jK, n;h ;jh th j[zd/ jK ns/^bs th. go fJj Boe ;tor, y[Fh rwh, uzrk wzdk,

;jh ^bs fJ; pko/ ;jh gk;/ s'oB bJh Xow sK wfj} o;s/ jB. nZi sZe d/ ;ko/

XowK ftu, fJj i' XowK dhnK d' ;q/DhnK dZ;hnK jB, fJBQK ftu fjzd{ Xow nB[;ko d[BhnK

wkfJnk j?, G[b/yk j?, fJj Sbktk j?, fJj \kBh j?. fjzd{ Xow nB[;ko i' fd; fojk j?, fJj

fJe ikd{ dh y/v tKr j?. fJj ;koEe BjhA j[zdh, ysw j' ikD tkbh y/v j?. fJ; dk e[M

ofjDtkbk BjhA j[zdk. fjzd{ Xow fJ; ~ wkfJnk ;wMdk j?. fit/A ikd{ro eJh soQK dhnk uh}K

pDk fdzdk j?, EkBK d/ EkB eZgV/ pDk fdzdk j?, fJ;/ soQK fezB/ ;ko/ g?;/ pDk fdzdk j?. i/ ikd{ro

dh y/v ;jh j't/ sK nkgDhnK ;kohnK b'VK jh g{ohnK eo bt/. T[; ~ b'eK ~ EKEK ik e/ ftykT[D

ns/ wzrD dh eh b'V j?. fJ; ftZu n;bhns BjhA j?. fJj wkfJnk j?, fJj Sbktk j?. fJB;kB

dk ihtB ikd{ dh y/v dkfJe EkB j?. rohe wzBs fjzd{ Xow Bkb'A tZyoh j?. e[dos d/ w";w

pdbd/ jB, fJt/A e[dosh s"o s/ pdbkU nk fojk j?. pknd ftu pkJhpb dk nkXko pdb frnk.

Jh;kJhns s/ fJ;bkw d/ fj;kp Bkb fJj ;N/i j?. n;hA n?efNzr eod/ jK, e'Jh uzrh eodk

j?, e'Jh wkVh eodk j?. d[BhnK fJe ;N/i j?, n;hA n?efNzr eod/ jK s/ nkg' nkgDh n?efNzr



eoBh f;yhJ/, T[j jh Xow j?.

wB[Zy iksh dh frDsh nZi eZb S/ nop iK S/ ;" eo"V, S/ fpbhnB s'A T[Zgo j?. fJ; frDsh

ftu'A seohpB 85%, ;kY/ gzi fpbhnB s'A T[Zgo b'e fJ; rZb Bkb ;fjws jB fe Xow }o{oh

j?. T[j Gkt/A fJe Xow Bkb i[V/ j'D, Gkt/ Xkofwe d[BhnK ftZu ftFtk; eod/ j'D, b/feB

fJB;kB tk;s/ Xkofwe j'Dk }o{oh j?. i/ n;hA fJ;dh ftnkfynk eohJ/ fe Xow j? eh< i/ fJ;

dh gfoGkFk eoB dh e'fFF eohJ/ sK n;hA ;gFN o{g ftu gfoGkFk BjhA eo ;ed/. i/ nkgK

ejhJ/ fe Xkofwe b'e oZp s/ :ehB oZyd/ jB, i/ Xkofwe b'e ftFtk; eod/ jB sK fco oZp

~ oZp wzBd/ jB sK fJj fijV/ d' fszB pj[s tZv/ XowjB - p[ZXfJ}w, i?fB}w, ezBfcT{fJ}w

-fJj nkyd/ jB fe s[jkv/ ftu jh ;G e[M j?. gowkswk dh tZyoh j'Ad ~ wzBd/ BjhA sK fco

p[ZXfJ}w, i?fB}w ns/ ezBfcT{fJ}w ~ Xow BjhA frDKr/< fJj Xow pV/ g[okD/ jB. fJ; dk

wsbp j? fe oZp }o{oh j? go fJj th n;hA;gFN o{g ftu BjhA efj ;ed/. i/ n;hA ejhJ/

fe fizB/ th Xkofwe f;;Nw jB, fizB/ th tZv/ tZv/ Xow jB, T[BQK ;kfonK dh e'Jh Bk e'Jh

Xkofwe g[;se ukjhdh j?. Xkofwe fbysK fit/Al e[okB, rhsk, Fqh r[o{rqzE ;kfjp jB go eJh

Xow nfij/ jB fiBQK ftu e'Jh Xkowe rqzE j? jh BjhA. ftek j?, fFzs' j? vhfJ}w L fJBQK XowK

~ n;hA fet/A eZY ;ed/ jK. efjD dk wsbp j? -Xow dh gfoGkFk fJe :{Bhto;b gfoGkFk

j?. fJ; dk nfj;k; jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJB;kB e/tb gVQB Bkb iK e'Jh rZb w?E/w?Nhebh

wzBD Bkb jh tXhnk BjhA-tXhnk fJB;kB sK fJB;kB dh d[BhnK Bkb fwbtosD j?. fJB;kB

fet/A tosdk j? s/ d[Bhnk d/ ftu fet/A ftuodk j? s/ i/ T[j uzrk j? sK T[j Xkofwe j?. i/ fe;/

pzd/ dh j'Ad ;koh d[BhnK ~ szr eoh ik ojh j?, nkb/-d[nkb/ ~ szr eoh ik ojh j? s/ T[j ej/

fe w?A Xkofwe jK sK w?A :ehB Bkb efj ;edk fe T[;dk nkgD/ nkg ~ Xkofwe efjDk ;koEe

BjhA.

Xow ~ nzro/}h ftu fobhiB efjzd/ jB. fobhiB nZyo b?fNBGkFk ftu fofbiU s'A

pfDnk j?-fofbiU dk wsbp j? fo;g?eN. i/ n;hA fe;/ dh fo;g?eN jh BjhA eo ;ed/, i/

n;hA tksktoB ~ ;fseko:'r BjhA pDk ;ed/, d{;o/ FpdK ftu i/ n;h nkg ;fseko:'r BjhA

jK, nkgD/ nkg ~ ;fseko:'r BjhA pDk ;ed/, fco n;hA fe;/ dk ;fseko fet/A eo ;ed/ jK.

nkgD/ nkb/d[nkb/ d/ ftu'A nkgD/ tk;s/ n;hA ;fseko dh yZNh BjhA ehsh, n;hABk fe;/ dh

fo;g?eN ehsh, Bk jh eokJh sK fco n;hA Xkofwe BjhA j' ;ed/. gowkswk fJe j?, gowkswk

dh j'Ad ;opftnkgh j?, T[j FeshFkbh j?. i/ T[; dh j'Ad ~ p[ZXfJ}w ftu oyhJ/, ezBfcT{}w

ftu iK skT{tkd ftu oZy e/ d/yhJ/, fJj sK oZp dh e'Jh tZyoh j'Ad frDd/ jh BjhA s/ s[jkv/

nkgD/ ftu gowkswk j?, T[j pzd/ d/ ftu jh j?, T[j fJe e'Jh ;otFeshwkB tZyoh Fesh iK

f;zxk;D bk e/ BjhA p?mk.

i/ nkgK ezBfcT{fJ}w, skT[fJ}w, p[ZXfJ}w ~ ftu'A eZY dJhJ/ sK d[BhnK d/ 20% b'e

p[ZXfJ}w s/ ezBfcT{fJ}w d/ FoXkb{ jB, i' gowkswk ~ wzBd/ jh BjhA. fJj th n;hA BjhA efj



;ed/ fe pZ[XfJ}wiK ezBfcT{fJ}w fJj Xow BjhA jB. n;hA gowkswk dh j'Ad ~ }o{oh wzBd/

jK iK gowkswk dh j'Ad ~ }o{oh BjhA wzBd/, n;hA fJ; ftF/ s/ e'Jh fBoDk, BjhA eo ;ed/.

i' fJB;kB rbshnK eodk j?, T[j fJB;kB j? ns/ i' rbshnK s'A goj/} eodk j? iK rbshnK

s'A puDdh e'fFF eodk j? T[j Xow dk ftfdnkoEh j?. i' rbshnK pj[s xZN eodk j?, T[j

pj[s tXhnk fJB;kB j?, T[j Xkowe j?.

fiE/ e'Jh ^bsh BjhA j? T[j JhFto j? s/ T[j fJB;kB BjhA j' ;edk. fJB;kB ^bshnK

eo ;edk j?. fJB;kB uzrk pDB dh e'fFF eo ;edk j?. fJB;kB pj[s tXhnk pD ;edk j?

go ;zg{oBsk e/tb JhFto ftu jh j' ;edh j?. T[j fJB;kB ftu BjhA j' ;edh. g[oksB ;w/

A s'A b? e/ gowkswk s/ nkswk dk f}eo fwbdk j?. gfjb/ g[oksBXow Xkofwe fJekJhnK fit/

AL fjzd{fJ}w, p[ZXfJ}w, fJ;bkw w[y XowjB, T[BQK ftu nkswk s/ gowkswk dh rZb j[zdh ;h.

;Ekfgs XowK s'A fijV/ gfjbK d/ Xow jB, T[BQK d/ ftu fijVh nkswk j?, T[j pzd/ ftu jh

BjhA, ikBtoK, ehfVnK we"fVnK, tB;gsh, fJE'A sZe fe jtk gkDh gZEoK ftu th gowkswk ~

frDd/ ;h.

nkX[fBe XowK d/ ftu j? -f;Zy Xow. r[o{ BkBe ih fJE'A sZe fbyd/ jB @i/s/ dkD/ nzB

e/ ihnk pkM[ B e'fJI# s/ T[j ihn fiT[Ad/ jBs/ fijVk ihT[Adk j?, T[; d/ ftu nkswk }o{o

j[zdh j?. g[oksB Xow pj[s jh tXhnk Xow ;B. T[BQK ftu fJe' jh B[e; ;h, fJB;kB B/ y[d

tfjwGow gk bJ/, i/ tfjw Gow ftu Bk g?Ad/ sK g[oksB XowK tork, Xkofwe ihtB fe;/

j'o Xow d/ ftu FgZFNsk d/ Bkb fpnkB BjhA ehsk frnk. g[oksB XowK dhnK eJh rZbK nZi

eZbQ BthA ghVQh ~ ftfrnkB d/ :[Zr ftu nihp brdhnK jB, fit/A nkgD/ r[}o u[Ze/ p}[orK dh

g{ik, fijV/ ub/ rJ/ T[BQK ~ :kd eoBk, T[BQK dh g{ik eoBh s/ fJj g[oksB XowK ftu pj[s

gqufbs ;h. Xkowe eoweKv e[opkBhnK d/DhnK, pfbdkB d/D/, pV/ wFj{o ;B. nZi eZbQ d[BhnK

pfbdkB d/D d/ ftu :ehB BjhA oydh.

sh;oh tZvh rZb g[oksB XowK ftu fwfEjk; j[zdh ;h. fwfEjk;e rZbK s/ fwfEjk;e

ejkDhnK th jB. go i/ n;hA fXnkB Bkb d/yhJ/, n;hA wzBhJ/ iK Bk wzBhJ/, fJj fijVhnK d[BhnK

dhnK ejkDhnK fe d[BhnK ed'A pDh ;h, fJj fizBK wo}h e'Jh tZvk ej/ fe w?A ;kfJz;dkB jK,

w?A pj[s tZvk Xkofwe y'ih jK, T[BQK dhnK d[BhnK pko/ ;kohnK ejkDhnK fwfEjk; jh jB. fJ;

~ fJfsjk; efj b?Ad/ jB. go fijVh frnkoQthA ;dh j?, T[; s'A gfjbK dk e[M th BjhA.

frnkoQthA ;dh s'A pknd d/ ftu fbysK fwbdhnK jB, frnkoQth ;dh s'A gfjbK dk i'e[M th nZi

eZb n;hA t/yd/ jK, tZv/-tZv/ ftdtkBK B/ tZv/-tZv/ y'ihnKB/, ftfrnkBhnK B/ rqzE pDk fdZs/, g?Ash

;" ;kb gfjbK th ;h, gzij}ko ;kb gfjbK iK fpzdh bk e/ gzikj j}ko ;kb eoe/ dZ; fdshnK,

T[j fijVhnK y'iK jB, T[j ;koh wkJhEkb'ih sK j?. fJj T[jBK d/ wzBD dk sohek j?. go

fJfsjk; sK i' fbysh o{g ftu j? iK e'Jh ftNB?; j?, T[AM th fJfsjk; ~ fejk ik ;edk j?,

T[j wzBhnK j'JhnK rZbK Gkt/A T[j ;[DB ~ frBD ~ pj[s tXhnK brdhnK, fJ;soQK fit/A



fJfsjk; fbfynk j'fJnk j?, go fJjdk e'Jh ;koEe ;p{s BjhA j? sK fco n;hA fJfsjk; BjhA

efj ;ed/.

Xkofwe B}ohJ/ Bkb i/ nkgD/ nshs s/ B}o wkohJ/ sK d[BhnK id'A th pDh, fiE/ th pDh,

id'A pzd/ ~ gsk bZr frnk fe w?Ath e[M jK, w?A e[M eo ;edk jK, T[d'A pzd/ ~ fJj th wfj;{;

j'fJnk fe w?A e[M rbs Bk eo fdnK s/ nkgD/ nkg ~ rbshnK s'A pukT[D bJh eJh

fjdkfJsBkw/ s/ n;{b pzd/ B/ pDkJ/. F[o{ ftu id'A jkb/ pzdk f}nkdk f;nkDk BjhA ;h, id'A

okiBhsh BjhA ;h, id'A okiBhsh XowK #s/ BjhA ;h SkJh, T[d'A pzd/ B/ nkgD/ nkg ~, fJB;kBhns

~ tXhnk pDkT[D bJh, fJB;kBh ihtB ~ tXhnk oZyD bJh e[ZM n;{b, jdkfJsK pDkJhnK. T[BQK

~ n;h g[oksB Xow, g[oksB tXhnK rZbK, i' fJB;kBhns d/ ftu ;[DB tkbhnK iK i'

fJB;kBhns d/ ftu ofjD tkbhnK, i' feosK n;{b ;B, T[j pzd/ B/ pDkJ/, T[BQK ~ n;hA g[oksB

Xow efj ;ed/ jK. pknd ftu id'A Xow uZb/, Xkofwe d[BhnK id'A BktK d/ fj;kp Bkb t/yhJ/

sK Gkosh foiB, fjzd[;skBh foiB, ftu fjzd{fJ}w, i?BfJ}w, p[ZXhfJ}w, f;fyfJ}w -fJj

Gkosh w{b d/ Xow jB s/ j'o th fBZe/ w/N/ eJh soQK d/ Xow g?dk j'J/. go n;hA Gkosh fJbke/

ftu fjzd{fJ}w, i?BfJ}w, p[ZXfJ}w, f;fyfJ}w fJBQK uko XowK ~ w[Zy Xow wzBd/ jK. d{;ok

uhB dk fJbkek j?. skT{tkd s/ ezBfcT{fJ}w uhB d/ ftu gqufbs j'fJnk. fFzs' Xow ikgkB

d/ ftu gqubs j'fJnk. fJBQK ;kfonK dk skT{fJ}w ezBfcT{}w, fJj ;ko/ Uohn?ANb Xow jB.

fJBQK dk rkj/prkj/ ;pzX fsZps Bkb j? s/ fsZps dk ;pzX p[ZXfJ}w Bkb j? s/ fjzd{fJ}w Bkb

j?. p[ZXfJ}w ~ i/ n;hA fBo'b ejhJ/ fe T[; dk foFsk fjzd{fJ}w Bkb BjhA j? sK fJj rZb

rbs j' iKdh j?. nkgK ft;Eko ftu Bk ikJhJ/. fJe ebk; n?;h j? i' jZN e/ j?. fJj ;ko/

p[ZXfJ}w s/ i?BfJ}w ns/ pkeh d/ Xow fijV/ ;ko/ j[D sZe frD/ jB, fJj ;ko/ fJZe e?Nkroh

d/ jB.

d{;oh w[Zy e?Nkroh fJ;bkw, feqFfun?BNh s/ fiT{fJ}w j?. fJj fijVh e?Nkroh j?, fit/

A j[D br fojk j? fe nwohek Jh;kJhns dh pj[s tZvh tekbs eo fojk j?, FkfJd nwohek

ftu Jh;kJhns dk iBw j'fJnk BjhA, fJBQK dk th iBw, fit/A j[D br fojk fe nwohek

Jh;kJhns dk tZvk gqukoe j?, fJ; dk iBw nwohek ftu BjhA j'fJnk. fJj p/phb'fBe J/Fhnk

fi; ~ fwvb Jh;N J/Fhnk nkyd/ jK, fJoke p;o/ prdkd d/ T[; fJbke/ fco F[o{nks j'Jh

s/ pknd ftunkg; ftu bVd/ oj/. j"bh j"bh J/EB} pD frnk, rohe ;fGnsk pDrJh, o'wB

;fGnsk pD rJh. T[; s'A pknd fJBQK d/ MrV/ ubd/ ubd/ ftu'A eJh Xow pD rJ/. b/feB

fJ; dk iBw ;koh dh ;koh FkyK dk fwvb Jh;N, p/phb'fBe s/ w?;kv'Be ;fGnsk Bkb j?.

ni'e/ iBihtB d/ ftu Xow dh nfjwhns j'o th tZX rJhj?. gowkswk B/ jh fJB;kB

~ pDkfJnk s/ gowkswk B/ jh d[BhnK ftu fJj foFs/ pDkJ/. go i' fJj foFs/ fBGkT[D dh

ftXh j?, fJj nkg' nkgDhnK Xkofwe ftXhnK jB. fizBhnK tXhnk ftXhnK jB, UB/ jh n;hA

nkgD/ foFs/ s/ d[BhnK d/ Bkb, nkgD/ foFs/ fBGkT[D bJh Xkowe jK, T[; d/ ftu



ezBNohfpT{FB j?. fizBk e'Jh f}nkdk Xkofwe fynkbK dk j?, UBk jh foFs/ fBGk ;eD d/ ekpb

j?.

i/ n;hA ejhJ/ fe j[D ;kfJz; dk :[Zr j?, ;kfJz;dkBK ~ Xowdh b'V BjhA, sK fJj ^bs

j?. ;kfJz;dkBK ~ Xow dk pj[s ;fj:'r fwfbnk, ;kfJz; s/ Xow d/t/A GkJhtkb jB. Xkofwe

rZbK ~ jh ftfrnkB B/ ftfrnkBe sohe/ Bkb dZ;D dk :sB ehsk j?. w?A sK fJE'A se th ejKrk

fe ;kfJz; B/ i' e[M th ehsk, T[j Xkofwe B}ohJ/ Bkb, T[j fwfEjk;e s"o s/ fJe bkJhB

d/ d[;o/ gk;/ frDhJ/ sK T[jdk fwfEjk; d/ ftu fJfsjk; dh fJe vth}B j? Xow. T[BQK ~

fJfsjk;e sohe/ Bkb dZf;nk. ;kfJz; :[Zr s'A pknd fJfsjk; :[Zr fejk ik ;edk j?. fgSbk

fijVk fgS'eV j?, fizBhnK wo}h tZvhnK tZvhnK ns/ tXhnk-tXhnk rZbK Xkofwe b'eK B/

ehshnK, T[BQK ;kohnK ejkDhnK dk n;hA fwfEjk; ftu th fBnK eo ;ed/ jK. go ;kfJz; B/

Gkt/A fJj Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ ftu'A jh ;G e[ZM u[Zfenk, Xkofwe rZbK dk jh ftFb/FD ehsk,

Xkofwe d[BhnK dhnK rZbK dkjh ftfrnkBe sohe/ d/ Bkb jZb bZGD dh e'fFF ehsh, go fJe

rZb n;hA pV/ dkt/ Bkb efj ;ed/ jK fe ;kfJz; d/ e'b'A ni/ Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ ;tkbK dk

itkp BjhA fdZsk frnk. w/o/ fj;kp d/ Bkb fJj ;ko/ ;tkbK d/ itkp ;kfJz; e'b'A FkfJd ed/

th Bk fdZs/ ikD.

;kfJz; B/ pj[s e[M fBy/V e/ s/ gqsZy eoe/ ;kjwD/ oZfynk go i/ n;hA ejhJ/ fe ftfrnkB

Xkofwe d[BhnK dhnK ;kohnK rZbK dk ftFb/FD eoB d/ ;woZE j' frnk sK n;hA nfseEBh eo

oj/ j'tKr/.

;kfJz; ;wkfie ;j{bs tk;s/ s/ ;wki dhnK rZbK ~ fBy/Ve/ s/ f;XKsK d/ fj;kp Bkb

dZ;D d/ ftu pj[s ekw:kp ojh j?. go i/ ejhJ/ fe ;wki dhnK ;kohnK ;wkfie rZbK dk

ftFb/FD eo ;eh j? sK n;hA fJ; rZb d/ Bkb ;fjws BjhA jK. gfjbh rZb j? ;wkfie. d{;oh

j? ebuob rZbK -;ko/ ebubo nshs, iK ;wkfie nshs dh ;" gqshFs ftnkfynk ftfrnkB

BjhA eo ;fenk. i' ;kv/ gfotkoe foFs/ jB, ;kvk gfotkoe nshs j? sK T[; dh th g{oh

ftnkfynk j?. ftfrnkB B/ pj[s gfotkoe y'iK ehshnK go i/ ejhJ/ fe ;zg{oB s"o s/ ftfrnkB

gfotkoe ftnkfynk eo ;fenk j? sK n;hA nfseEBheo oj/ jK. yk; s"o s/ ftfrnkB d/ e'b'A

fJB;kB d/ nkswe nshs dh ;gFN s"o s/ jkb/ y'i BjhA ehsh rJh. i' ;fgou{nb rZbK jB,

fJBQK s/ i/ n;hA ejhJ/ fe ;kfJz; :ehB BjhA oydh sK :ehB n;hA T[; rZb dk BjhA eod/ fi;

dk ;k~ gsk BjhA. fi; dk ;k~ gsk bZr ikt/ T[; dk n;hA :ehB eod/ jK. go ;kfJz; ~ ni/

nkswe nshs dk n;b ftu gsk BjhA bZrk.

wB[Zy fizBk fuo sZe uzB T[Zs/ BjhA ;h gj[zfunk, T[sBh d/o uzB th uzdk wkwk ;h. oZp ~

gsk BjhA fJB;kB T[gwkwJh wB d/ Bkb uzB ns/ ;{oi ~ frDdk fojk j?. id'A frD fwD fbnk

s/ gsk br frnk fe uzd th fJe Xosh j?, T[;/ soQK ;fgou{n?fbNh dh th ftfrnkB B/ y'i

eo bJh s/ ftfrnkB nfXnkswesk th fBy/V e/ dZ;D d/ ftu ekw:kp j' frnk sK T[; fdB



;k~ fJ; rZb dk gsk br/rk fe ni/ ;kfJz; bJh f;ZyD tkbk eJh e[M pkeh ofjzdk ;h.

ftfrnkB B/ ftfdne s"o s/ d[BhnK dh rb'pbkJhi/FB eoe/ d[BhnK ~ bkr/ eo fdZsk j?.

nktkikJh d/ ;kXBk B/ d[BhnK ~ J/Bk bkr/ b? nKdk j? iK d[BhnK ~ fJZe eo fdZsk iK J/Bk S'Nk

eo fdZsk fe j[D ;koh d[BhnK ~ ;wM ;eDk iK d[BhnK dh rZb eo ;eDk e'Jh tZvh rZb BjhA

ofj rJh. e'Jh ;wK ;h id'A Xosh d/ d{i/ gk;/ fjzd[;skB d/ ftu p?m/ b'e efjzd/ ;B iK fiBQK

~ f]nkb nkT[Adk ;h fe Xosh d/ d{i/ gk;/ eh j't/rk. e'Jh efjzd/ ;B fe T[E/ uzvkb ofjzd/ jB,

e'Jh efjzd/ T[E/ G{s ofjzd/ j'Dr/. T[j nkg' nkgD/ fynkb g/F eod/ ;B, go j[D gsk br u[Zek

j? fe fejVh Xosh s/ eh j' fojk j? s/ fejV/ b'e ihtB ;jh ih oj/ jB s/ fejV/ b'e ^bs

ih oj/ jB< fejV/ d/F d/ ftu b'eK ~ szr eoB tkb/ ih oj/ jB s/ fejV/ b'eK ~ ik e/

;wMkT[D tkb/ p?m/ jB. fJj ;kok i' bkr/-bkr/ j' frnk, d[BhnK dh ;wM bZr rJh, fJj

ftfrnkB dh jh ;koh ekY j?.

b/feB ;koh f;qFNh dh ouBk ed'A j'Jh, fet/A j'Jh< ;koh d[BhnK iK f;qFNh ouD dk ekoD

eh ;h s/ fJ; dk nzs eh j't/rk< fJj ;ko/ dk ;kok ftfrnkB B/ pj[s e[ZM y'fink. go i/ n;hA

ejhJ/ feftfrnkB B/ pj[s e[M fBoDk eo fbnk j? sK fJj rZb rbs j?. ftfrnkB n;b d/

ftu T[j uh}K eo ;fenk j? fiBQK dh ;k~ b'V j?, fi; s'A p^?o ;kvk G[b/yk jh ofj ikDk ;h.

go eJh G[b/y/ j[zd/ jB, fijV/ d{o eoB/ pDd/ jh BjhA, fit/A id'A pzd/ dk iBw j[zdk, T[j~ gfjb/

fdB gsk br ikJ/, fit/A ;k~ e'Jh gsk BjhA fe fe; pzd/ Bfe; iht B/ fe; fdB wo ikDk

j? iK ed'A woBk j?, i/ gsk br ikt/sK eh T[j pzdk nkgDh ;kXkoB f}zdrh ih ;e/rk< BjhA ih

;e/rk fJ; rZb dh fes/ th b'V Bk gJh s/ Bk jh g?Dh ns/ Bk jh g? ;edh j?. fJ; eoe/ T[;

dh ;koh ghVQh i/ T[j fbyDh F[o{ eo d/t/ fe fJ; fdB s{z phwko j'Dk j?, fJ; fdB s{z wo ikDk

j? s/ g{o/ fdB frD e/ gfjbK jh dZ; fds/ ikD sK eh T[j pzdk nkgDh ;kXkoD-f}zdrh ih

;e/rk< T[; rZb dh fes/ th b'V Bk gJh s/ Bk jh g?Dh j? s/ fJ; eoe/ fJj G[b/yk jh ;jh

j?.



d[BhnK d/ Xowd[BhnK d/ Xowd[BhnK d/ Xowd[BhnK d/ Xowd[BhnK d/ Xowd[BhnK d/ ftu nZi eZbQ wFj{o Xow-pZ[X Xow, feqFuhnB, fJ;bkw, :j{dh, fFzs',

skT{fJ}w, eBf\T{fJ}w, fjzd{, i?B s/ f;Zy Xow jB. e[M j'o th Xow jB, fit/A ;zskb'ih j?.

fJBQK ~ n;hA j[D ftF/F B}o Bkb t/yd/ jK.

:j{dh Xow d/ pko/ rZb eohJ/. :j{dh wzBd/ jB fe d[BhnK ftZu gqwkswk ftuo fojk j?.

fJe f;b?eN ehs/ @ro[Zg nkc ghgb# jB. T[BQK b'eK d/ ftZu oZp nkg ftuo fojk j?, T[j jB

:j{dh. fJ; dk w'Yh w'}} j?. ftT{ nkc r'v s/ fJ; ftZu iktk fJ;dk BK j?. fJj ykD ghD

ftZu jbkb eoe/ ikBto ~ wkoB ftZu :ehB oZyd/ jB. w"s s'A pknd fJBQK dk :ehB j?- T[j

g[Bo iBw j?, fJj iZiw?AN d/ fdB-fenkws d/ ftZu :ehB oZyd/ jB. iktk ~ ;Zuk s/ fJe' fJZe

oZp wzBd/ jB. fJBQK d/ g?rzpoK ftu'A w'i} ;G s'A tZvk j?. T[; s/ :ehB oZyd/ jB, fJe fdB

w;hjk }o{o nkJ/rk. fJjBK dhnK Xkofwe feskpK -sB] sbw[v s/ i' okj fJj fszB feskpK

jB. Xkofwe :j{dh e?bzvo ftu wkou ngq?b gfjbk wjhBk frDd/ jB. fJjBK d/ e?bzvo dk

tZyok sohek j?. 12thA ;dh dk fJj BtK Xkofwe gqpzX j?. fJ; d/ ftZu 12 wjhfBnK d/ tzv/

j'J/ e?bzvo w[skpe u"E/ ;kb 13 wjhB/ j' iKd/ jB. :j{dh Xkofwe ejkDh nB[;ko fJ; d/ w[Zy

gkso jB- npokjw, fJ;ke, i?ep s/ w'}}. fJjBK d/ d[nkb/ ejkDh x[zwdh j?. i' eZNV :j{dh

jB, T[j nkX[fBe d[BhnK d/ s"o sohfenK ftZu :ehB BjhA oZyd/. fJ; d/ ohsh fotkiK s'A d{o

ofjD dk :sB eod/ jB. n;b ftZu :j{dh wZs 19thA ;dh ftZu g{ok uwe e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk.

fJj n;b ftZu fJ;kJhns ftZu'A jh fJe tZyoh eZNV Xkok j? fijBK dh frDsh nkws"o s/ fJe

eo'V j?. pj[s/ fJ}okJhb ftZu jh ofjzd/ jB. nwohek ftu th ofjzd/ jB. d[BhnK d/ ftZu j'o

th jB, go T[jBK dh frDsh pj[s xZN j?. nZi eZZbQ fJe eo'V s'A T[go frDd/ jB. frDsh

ftZu d[BhnK dk ;G s' tZvk Xow Jh;kJh j?. d' ;" eo'V d[BhnK d/ ftZu fJ;kJh ofjzd/ jB.

fJ;kJhns dk ckT{Avo :;{ w;hj wzfBnK iKdk j?. fJ;kJh :ehB oZyd/ jB fe iZiw?AN tkb/ fdB

c?;b/ j'Dr/. fJj ;tor Boe dh rZbeod/ jB. fJ;kJh :;{ w;hj ~ oZp dk g[Zso wzBd/ jB

s/ :ehB eod/ jB fe :;{ w;hj fJe e[nkoh wK s'A g?dk j'fJnk ;h. :;{ w;hj d/ FoXkb{

g[BoiBw ftZu :ehB oZyd/ jB fe :;{ w;hj B/ eo"; d/ T[s/ d[BhnK d/ Gb/ tk;s/ e[opkBh fdZsh

;h. fJ;kJh fJ; rZb #s/ gZek ftFtk; oZyd/ jB fe :;{ w;hj okjhA f;o\ w[esh fwb ;edh

j?. fJ; rZb s/ th gZek :ehB oZyd/ jB fe :;{ w;hj B/ fco w[V e/ nkT[Dk j?.

n;hA pkJhpb gVQd/ jK. fJ; soQK brdk fe fJj pkJhpb jh fJ;kJhns j?. b/feB fXnkB

Bkb d/yhJ/ iK x'y e/ gVQhJ/ sK ;G s'A gfjbh fbys i' fwbdh j?, T[j gkb d/ ]s jB. :;{

w;hj B/ nkgD/ jZE Bkb e[M BjhA fbfynk. fit/A eEk ejkDhnK frDsh fwDsh j?, fJj ;koh

fJeZmh ehsh j'Jh ;wZroh j?. fJ; ftZu e'Jh Xkofwe g[;se dh iK :;{ w;hj dh ejh rZb

BjhA j?. fit/A pkeh XowK ftZu feskpK fwbdhnK jB, T[t/A Jh;kJhns dh n;bh feskp e'Jh



BjhA. d[BhnK ftZu ;G s'A f}nkdk 22 eo'V fJ;kJh nwohek ftZu ofjzd/ jB.

d{;o/ Bzpo s/ pok}hb ftZu 14 eo'V fJ;kJh ofjzd/ jB. t?;/ feq;uhnB :{og d/ ftZu

;ko/ obk fwbk T[jBK dh frDsh 2 fpbhnB, d' nop s'A E'VQh T[go frDh iKdh j?. 13thA ;dh

d/ wrob/ nZX ftZu id'A no;s{ dh pkvh rk;gZb dh bkskBh GkFk ftZu NoK;b/FB T[gbpX j'Jh

sK T[d'A fJj feqFuhnB e?E'fbe ukb{ j'Jh. 13thA ;dh d/ nyho ftZu id'A J/EB dh :{BkBh

;fGnsk d/ pko/ rZbK pksK rzGhosk d/ Bkb j'DhnK F[o{ j'JhnK sK 13thA ;dh d/ nyho d/ ftZu

e?E'fbe ;kjwD/ nkJ/. fJj fJ;kJhns dh poKu d/ o{g ftZu ;kjwD/ nkJ/.

:{BkBh ;fGnsk dk 13thA ;dh s'A gfjbK dk e'Jh f}eo BjhA fwbdk. pknd ftZu

fj;N'ohnB b'eK B/ j}koK ;kb gfjbK sZe ejkDhnK pDkJhnK jB. T[jBK ~ fJfsjk; Bk ejhJ/

sK mhe oj/rkl 13thA ;dhs'A pknd dhnK rZbK ~ ih ;de/ fJfsjk;e wzB'. fJ;kJhns dhnK

eJh Fk]ktK jB. fJ;kJhns ftZu ;G s'A tZvh ;kyk e?E'fbe j?. nZX/ s'A tZX Jh;kJh e?E'fbe jB,

100 eo'V s'A T[go d[BhnK ftZu e?E'fbe b'e jB.

fJ;kJhns dh fJe j'o Fkyk gq'N?;N/fB}w j? fi; dk ckT{vo wkoNB ~ frfDnk iKdk j?.

wkoNB b{Eo dk iBw Btzpo 1483 ftZu j'fJnk ;h. pkJhpb ~ w[Zy oZy e/ wkoNB b{Eo ubdk

j?. ;'bQthA ;dh d/ ftu fJj iowB dk izwgb d[BhnK ftZu uwedk j?, sK T[; dh uwe, wkoNB

b{Eo dk fJfsjk; ftZu nZr/ nkT[Dk, fJt/A ej' fJE'A iowB dk pkeh nzro/}K dk, fJzrb?Av dk

gfjbk fto'X T[E'AA nkg; ftZu s[odk j?. wkoNB b{Eo B/ id'A fJj rohe ftu'A iowB GkFk d/

ftZu N?;Nkw?AN BtK n?rohw?AN fbfynk, T[; s'A pknd fJ; fto'X dk iBw, Jh;kJhns d/ nkg;h

fto'X d/ ;kjwD/ nkT[D Bkb jh j'fJnk.

gq 'N /;N/fB}wgq 'N/;N/fB}wgq 'N/;N/fB}wgq 'N/;N/fB}wgq 'N/;N/fB}w

gq'N/;N/fB}w th Jh;kJhns dh Fkyk j?. fJ; ~ fto'Xh ;kyk ej', fJj~ w[Zy ;kyk ej'l

fJ; gk;/ n;hA feT[A ikJhJ/. nZX/ fpbhnB d/ eohp fJj frDsh eod/ jB. gq'N?;N/fB}w d/ ftZu

:ehB eoB tkfbnK dh frDsh dh pfj; ftZu nkgK Bk ikJhJ/. Jh;kJhns dh fJe j'o Fkyk

j?. fJj nZi eZbQ eJh b'eK ~ gsk BjhA, go fJj 17thA 18 thA ;dh d/ ftZu fJ;kJhns dh

pj[s jh gqGktFkbh Fkyk ;h. 17thA ;dh d/ ftZu fJ; dk iBw j'fJnk. vhfJ}w 1793 ftZu

gkfJB B/ fesk @soe dk :[Zr# fbyh ;h. n;b ftZu T[j f;ZX/ s"o s/ fJ;kJhns d/ ftZu ftFtk;

eoB tkfbnK ns/ pkJhpb dh j'Ad T[s/ gfjbh tko fe;/ B/ fJ;kJhns ~ u?fbzi ehsk ;h, T[j

;h vhfJ}w. fJ; eoe/ pj[s b'eK ~ BjhA gsk, feT[Afe gkfJB dhnK 1794-95 ftZu feskpK

SghnK s/ shik fjZ;k 1807 ftu Sfgnk s/ fJj fJe fe;w dh pkJhpb dh j'Ad #s/ FZe eoB

tkb/ fJ;kJh ;B. T[BQK dhnK m'; dbhbK t/yhJ/ sK j?okBh j[zdh j?. T[; ftu soe fds/ rJ/.

fJ;/ eoe/ FkfJd, feT[Afe fJ;kJhns d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tZvk Xow j?, fJ; ftZu fJjBK dk

nkg;h fto'X ;h, T[;dk b'eK ~ pj[sk gsk BjhA j?.

E"w; gkfJB oZp s/ :ehB eodk j?, T[; dh j'Ad s/ :ehB eodk j?. nzro/iK B/ fJ; feskp



T[s/ gkpzdh bk fdZsh feT[Afe E"w; gkfJB y[ZbQ/ nkw pkJhpb ~ okiBhsheoB dk M{mk, ^bs

;kXB wzBdk j?. fJE'A sZe fe gpfbFo} s/ fv;NohfpT{No ~ th frqcsko eo fbnk. go

nwohek ftZu fJ; rZb ~ wzBD tkb/ b'e f}nkd/ ;B. fJ;/ eoe/ nwohek dk o?t{b/FB, nzro/

iK d/ Bkb gfjbk fto'X j?. fpqfNF d/ Bkb nwohek d/ w[Yb/ fto'X dk ekoB @J/i nkc fo}B#,

feskp ;h. fJ;kJh sK oZp dh f;oiDk T[s/ :ehB oZyd/. ;ko/ fdB oZp B/ pDkJ/ j'J/ jB. e'Jh

th fdB n?;k BjhA j? fijVk T[j j"bh v/ j? feT[Afe T[go gqfese rZbK T[s/ vhfJ}w tkb/:ehB

BjhA eod/. fJ; eoe/ e'Jh th fdB n?;k BjhA frDd/ fijVk S[ZNheoB tkbk yk; fdB j?, fijVk

j"bh v/ j?. vhfJ}w :ehB Bkb efjzdk j? fe gowkswk dh j'Ad j? s/ gowkswk dh g{ik eoBh

ukjhdh j?. ;dkuko s/ B?fsesk fJB;kBhns bJh pj[s }o{oh j?. g[BoiBw ftZu fJj th :ehB

oZyd/ jB fe fJjd/ ftu'A g[BoiBw fbnkik ;edk j?. uzr/ pD e/ fco d[pkok iBw b? ;ed/ jK.

rbshnK dh ;}k ns/ uzr/ ezwK dk \b }o{o fwb/rk. fJ; ftZu fJj :ehB oZyd/ jB.

vhfJ}w n;b ftZu nzX ftFtk; dk s/ ftfrnkB dk nkg;h NeokU j?. uou dh nEkoNh

@J/} nk\ fJBbkJhNw?AN# Bkb T[;dk fto'X j?. vhfJ}w tkb/ X[o'A nkJhnK rZbK ftu fpbe[b

:ehB BjhA oZyd/ jB. ;kfJzN/fce sohe/ Bkb Xow ~ wzBd/ jB. g[oksB eEkejkDhnK ~ fpbe[b

BjhA wzBd/. vhfJ}w Gkt/A nmkothA, T[BhthA ;dh sZe ;hfws fojk, go fco fJj pj[s T[Gfonk.

fJ; d/ wro nwohek dk o?t{b/FB (1776) s/ pknd ftZu co?Au o?t{b/FB (1791) w[Zy ekoB

;h. vhfJ}w feT[Afe ;kfJzN/fce sohe/ Bkb ;koh rZb eod/ ;B, fJ; bJhb'eK dk fJe dw

:ehB j' frnk. d[BhnK ftZu vhfJ}w ~ wzBD tkb/ g'fbNheb gV/Q fby/ pzd/ s/ ftfrnkBh ;B.

d[BhnK d/ wFj{o pzd/ ;B. d[BhnK dk T[jBK s/ :ehB Bk eoB dk ekoB BjhA ;h pDdk. fJ;

d/ ;ko/ w'Yh nwohek d/ ;B, fijV/ w[Yb/ wjkB ftnesh j'J/, T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ vhfJ}w ftZu

:ehB oZyd/ ;B. T[jBK ftZu ikoi tfFzrNB, i/w}w?vh;B, p?AiwB co?AefbB, i/wF w?vh;B,

p?ifwB co?AebB s/ i?\o;B;ko/ d/ ;ko/ vhfJ}w ftZu :ehB oZyd/ ;h.

fJpokfjw fbzeB th vhfJ}w d/ ftZu :ehB oZydk ;h. fJ; dhpj[s jh f}nkdk tekbs

eodk ;h, go pknd ftZu fbzeB d/ Bkb fJe d[yKs tkgo frnk. T[;d/ g[Zso dh p/tes w"s

j' rJh. fco T[j fJ;kJh pD frnk ;h. nwohek d/ w'Yh ikoi tkfFzrNB, i/w} w?vh;B,

p?AiwBco?AefbB s/ fJpokjhw fbzeB ;ko/ vhfJ}w ftZu :ehB oZyd/ ;B. nZi eZbQ vhfJ}w ~

ysw j' u[Ze/ Xow d/ s"o s/ frDB bZr gJ/ jB. e'Jh th Xow d/ fybkc p'b/ iK cq?efbB iK

Ekw; i?\o;B torh g'bhNheb skes tkbk p'b/ sK b'e rZb ;[Dd/ jB. nkw nkdwh i' Xow

d/ fto'X ftZu p'bdk j?, T[j~ frDB tk;s/ fsnko BjhA. go j[D t?p;kJhN s/ d[pkok fco fJ;

dk p'bpkbk uZfbnk j?. w?~ :ehB j? fe vhfJ}w d[BhnK ftZu E'VQk pj[sk ngDk ozr }o{o ftykJ/

rk.

fJ;bkw d[BhnK dk d{;ok tZvk Xow j?. fJ;dh frDsh d[BhnK ftZu v/Y nop, v/Y

fpbhnB frDh iKdh j?. d[BhnK ftZu 150 eo'V w[;bwkBK dh frDsh j?. fwvb Jh;N ftZu



jh BjhA, j'o th d[BhnK ftZu pj[s ;ko/ w[;bwkB jB. w[;bwkB d{o d{o sZe c?b/ j'J/ jB. fJjBK

d/ pkBh j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp jB. fJ;bkw d/ :ehB jB L oZp fJe jh j?. nZbk i' j?, T[j

oZp j? s/ j}os w[jzwd oZp d/ nkyoh ntsko jB. Gkt/A B'tk, npokjhw, w"f}} pkeh ;kfonK

ftu ns/ :h;; eokJh;N d/ ftZu th :ehB oZyd/ jB. T[j :;{ w;hj ~ oZp dk g[Zso BjhA wzBd/

. fJj wzBd/jB, fe T[j oZp d/ pj[s jh wjkB g?rzpoK ftu'A j? (tB nk\ dk ro/fN; gokcN

j?), d[BhnK d/ fizB/ ntsko j'J/, T[BQK ftu :;{ w;hj pj[s wjkB jB. go T[jBK ~ oZp dk

g[Zso wzBDk BjhA ukj[zd/. e[okB oZp dk nzfsw T[gd/F efjzd/ jB. fJj nzfsw T[gd/F j?. d{BhnK

tk;s/ ;G s'A tZvh f;fynk e[okB j?. T[j efjzd/ jB fe e[okB j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ w{zj ftZu'A

oZp B/ p'bh j'Jh j?, X[o eh pkDh j?. oZp B/ p'bh s/ w[jzwd ;kfjp dk w{zj tos fbnk.

fJ;bkw ftZu e[okB ~ ;G s'A wjkB frfDnk frnk j?. ;G s'A tZvh fvroh e[okB ~ fdZsh

j?. jhpo' ;efoguo r';gb} ~ T[jBK th Xkofwe frfDnk j? go T[jBK dh Xkofwe gZdth

dh fvroh e[okB s'A pj[s EZb/ frDh j?. fes/ fes/ e[okB jhpo' feqFuhnB N?e;N; d/ Bkb

;fjws BjhA j?. fJ; eoe/ fJ;bkw Xow ftZu e[okB dk c?;bk nzsw efjzd/ jB. w[jzwd ;kfjp

d/ w[Zy ftu'A gowkswk dh pkDh- e[okB T[ukfonk frnk j?. T[; s/ f}ok eoB tkb/, fto'X eoB

tkb/, ^bs ;kps eoB tkb/ fJ; soQK th nkyd/ jB fe w[jzwd ;kfjp ftdtkB BjhA ;B, gVQ/

fby/ BjhA ;B. fijVhnK rZbK jB, T[j ftdtsk s'A fpBK BjhA ehshnK ik ;edhnK. fJj nBgVQ

pzd/ dh ouBk BjhA j' ;edh. fto'X eoB tkb/ th jB. fJ;bkw ftZu fto'X eoB tkfbnK ~

ek\o efjD iK ;}kJ/ w"s sZe dk j[ew d/D ~ id'A fJB;kB fsnko j' frnk sK fco T[jBK dh

frDsh xN ofj rJh.

fJ;bkw d/ gzi Ezw jB. ;G s'A gfjbk Fokn j? . fijV/ fJ;bkfwe ekfJd/ ek~B jB,

T[jBK ~ Fokn efjzd/ jB. T[; ftZu fJ;bkwh b'e :ehB eod/ jB. d{;ok Bwk} j?. gzi/ tes

w;hs ftZu ik e/ Bwk} gVQd/ jB. sh;ok j? dkB g[zB. fijBK ~ oZp B/ pj[s fdZsk s/ fijBK

e'b BjhA j? T[jBK ~ d/Dk, fJ; #s/ :ehB eod/ jB. fJ;bkw dk u"Ek Ezw o'}/ jB. ow}kB dk

wjhBk wBkT[Ad/ jB. gzitK s/ nkyoh Ezw jZi eoBk }o{oh j?.

fJ;bkw d/ ftZu th fszB Fkyk gqufbs jB. pj[s/ ;[zBh w[;bwkB jB, fijV/ 85 gqshFs

d/ eohp jB. d{;o/ Bzpo s/ Fhnk jB. E'jV/ ;{\h jB. nZi eZbQ d[BhnK d/ ftZu gzdoK n?;/ d/

F jB, fiE/ 99 gqshFs t;'A w[;bwkBk dh j?. pj[s ;ko/ d/FK ftZu j'o th fybo/ gJ/ jB. ;G

s'A tZX w[;bwkB fJzv'B/Fhnk ftZu jB. fJjBK dh frDsh 170 fwbhnB d/ eohp j?. uhB ftZu

w[;bwkBK dh 10 gqshFs t;'A j?. pkeh d[BhnK nwohek, Gkos, gkfe;skB s/ pzrbkd/F ftZu th

ekch w[;bwkB jB.

fwo}k j[;?B nbh B{oh pjkJh Xow dk w'Yh j?. fJ;bkw d/ Bkb ;pzX oZydk j?, fJ; rZb

d/ ftZu :ehB oZydk j? s/ ;G s'A wkvoB Xow ejkT[Adk j?. 1844 ftZu fJ; dk iBw j'fJnk.

fJj Xow ;kfonK ~ wzBdk j?, ;ko/ g?rzpoK, npokjhw w'f}}, p[ZXk, w[jzwd ;kfonK #s/ :ehB



eodk j?. fJj efjzdk j? fe fJjBK s'A g{oh rZb BjhA j'Jh. w?A g{oh eoe/ dZ;dk jK. eb/w eo

fojk j? fe g?rzpoK dhnK e[M nX{ohnK ofj rJhnK rZbK ~ n;hA B/go/ ukVB bZr/ jK. ;ko/ XowK

d/ ftZu :ehB th eod/ jB. go pjkJh Xow ftu T[BQK dh ;zg{oBsk T[s/ FAZe eod/ jB. fJj

th Bkb efjzd/ jB fe ;ko/ XowK dk e'Jh w[ZY j? go fJ; rZb d/ Bkb nkgD/ nkg s/ :ehB eod/

jB fe pkj[bk ;G s'A nkyoh ntsko j?. pkeh seohpB ;ko/ XowK dhnK ;jh s/ tXhnK rZbK

T[jh efjD dk :sB eo oj/. fJjBK B/ gftZso feskp @feskp/ fJed;# pDkJh j? fi; d/ ftZu

:ehB oZyd/ jB fe fJj jh ;G s'A gftZso feskp j?. fJj noph GkFk d/ ftZu 1873 ftZu

fbyh rJh ;h. fJ; Xow ~ wzBD tkfbnK dh pj[sh frDsh BjhAA j?. ;ko/ fwbk e/ fszB fwbhnB

J/Fhnk ftZu, d' fwbhnB d/ eohp Gkos ftZu s/ fzszB fwbhnB nop d/FK ftZu jB. e[Zb fJe

eo'V nkpkdh fJjBK dh pDdh j?. fJBQK dk e'Jh fNekDk BjhA j? feT[Afe BtK ftFk s/ BtK Xow

j?, j' ;edk fJ;dk e'Jh fNekDk pDkT[D. i/ fJjBK d/ e'b e'Jh ;koEe dbhbK d/D tkb/ ftdtkB

j'D sK j' ;edk j? fJe tZyo/ Xow d/ s"o s/ fJ;bkw dh Fkyk u"E/ Xow d/ s"o #s/ ;kjwD/

nkt/.

fJe skT[fJ}w j?. fJj pVk tZyoh fe;w dk Xow j?. fJj Xow Bkb'A, fcbk;\h f}nkdk

j? iK fcbk;\h Bkb'A Xow f}nkdk j?l fit/A efj bU-fJj ihD d/ ;jh sohe/ ftZu :ehB eod/

jB. ;jh sohek e[dosh s"o s/ pzdk ihn ;edk j?. fJj B?uob go';?; d/ fj;kp Bkb d[BhnK

t/yd/ jB. skT[fJ}w Xow ftZu b'eK ~ fJj BjhA f;ykfJnk iKdk fe s[;hA skT[fJ}w ~ nkgDk

Xow fbykT[, f}zdrh dk sohek ngDk bU. skT[fJ}w ftZu :ehB oZyD tkfbnK dk fJzBk jh

we;d j?. skT[fJ}w tkb/ w"s s'A pknd d/ ihtB ftZu :ehB BjhA oZyd/. fJ; fJF{ s/ tes

}kfJnk eoBk }o{oh BjhA ;wMd/. f}zdrh d/ ftZu fijVk fiT[A&fdnK ofjDk, e[dos d/ fj;kp

Bkb, e[dos B/ ihtB fdZsk e[dos d/ sohe/ #s/ :ehB j?. ftfrnkBeK Bkb'A fJj Xow E'VQk fijk

jZN e/ j? . skT[fJ}w d/ nB[;ko w[Zy rZb fJj j? fe d[BhnK ftZu nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ i/ n;hA

nkgD/ fgnko d/ Bkb ofjzd/, i/ n;hA nkgD/ u"frod/ ftZu fiE/ th ofjzd/ jK, T[jBK d/ ftZu nkgK

;dGktBk pDk oZyhJ/, fwbtosD pDk oZyhJ/, ;'jDk nkgDk tksktoD j? - p; T[jh Xow j?.

skT[fJ}w T[u/ go'\kJhb dk jkwh BjhA. e[dosh s"o s/ @fBt? ;[rT[ok j'fJ# fbfynk j? pkpk ih

B/, fijVk ;kXkoB j?, e[dosh j?, fi; ftZu BebhgD BjhA j?, T[j skT[fJ}w d/ BK s/ uZb fojk

j?. pkeh XowK ftZu v?;NhB/FB j?, fes/ gj[zuDk j?, e'Jh gqkgs eoBk j?, skT[fJ}w T[; ftZu

:ehB BjhA eodk. gj[zuD s'A gfjbK i/ fJB;kBh ;\o tXhnk j? sK s[;hA gj[zu/ j'J/ j'. i/ fJB;kB

pj[s tXhnK ihtB fiT[Adk j?, nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ pj[s tXhnk tksktosD pDk e/ oZydk j?,

e[dos dk ;fseko eodk j?, T[j e[dos dhnK fdZshnK dksK Bkb nkgD/ ihtB ~ ;[Eok pDk

e/ oZydk j?, ;kfonK Bkb'A tZX gj[zfunK j'fJnk j?. T[j ;kfonK Bkb'A Xowh j?, T[j T[E/ gj[zu u[Zek

j?, fiZE/ pkeh d/ Xow gj[zukT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB. e[dosh Fesh fijB/ pzd/ ~ pDkfJnk, T[s/ e'Jh

FZe BjhA j?. eJh efjzd/ jB fe d[BhnK ftZu i' eokT[Adk, oZp eokT[Adk j?, skT[fJ}w fJj BjhA



eodk. fJB;kB nkg nkgDk ftrkV i' gkT[Adk j?, nkgDk B[e;kB i' eodk j? iK nkgD/ nkg ~

F[X eodk, ;Zu p'bdk T[j th pzdk nkg jh p'bdk j?, i/ M{m p'bdk j? sK fJj pzdk nkg p'bdk

j?. oZp dk e'Jh e;{o BjhA j?. oZp B/ pzd/ ~ T[t/A pDkfJnk fi; soQK nkgDk ihtB fiT[Adk j?.

p[ok pzdk pDdk j? iK uzrk pDdk j?, fJj fijVk pDBk pDkT[Dk pzd/ d/ nkgD/ tZ; ftZu j?.

ihtB fijVk ihn fojk j?, sohe/ Bkb uzrk j? iK wzdk j?, T[jh Xow j?, fJj skT[fJ}w j?,

fJj sohek j? f}zdrh dk o;sk iK ;\o j?-s[;hA fet/A Bp/Vd/ jK. fJj sohek iK okj skT[fJ}w

j?.

n;hA d{;o/ FpdK ftu efj ;ed/ jK fe skT[fJ}w ftZu e[dos d/ i' efoFw/ jB, T[jBK

efoFfwnK ~, nksfwe FeshnK ~ ;kfonK ~, e[dos d/ ftZu fJe' jh frDd/ jB. e'Jh fJe

n?pB"owb BjhA j?, e'Jh fJe d{i/ Bkb'A tZyohnK BjhA jB. fJe' jh fe;w j? s/ fJe' jh uh} j?.

skT[fJ}w d/ pko/ ftnkfynk Bkb gVQBk j't/ sK skU s/ fuzr feskp gV', fi; ~ Xkofwe g[;se

fejk ik ;edk j?. fszB feskpK jB - @skT[ s/ fuzr, nkJhfuzr s/ fJe u[zr s{# fJj fszB feskpK

~ gVQ e/ skT[fJ}w d/ pko/ j'o th frnkB jk;b ehsk ik ;edk j?. skT[fJ}w bkU s/ u[zr dh

fcbk;\h j? fijVh fobh}B d/ s"o s/ pknd ftZu wzBh rJh j?. bkU s/u[zr ~ n;hA skUfJ}w

dk w'Yh efj ;ed/ jK. skT[fJ}w ~ Xow d/ s"o s/, y[Zb/Q s"o s/ Gkt/A e'Jh f}nkdk wjZssk BjhA

j? go fco th skT[fJ}w ftZu :ehB oZyD tkb/ jKreKr, skJhtkB, thnsBkw, e'ohnk, EkJhb?Av

s/ pj[s ;ko/ uhBh s/ igkBh th jB. fJjBK dh frDsh 20 fpbhnB d/ eohp frDd/ jB Gkt

d' eo'V fJ; ftZu :ehB oZyd/ jB. go skT[fJ}w 1949 s'A pknd, id'A efwT{fB;N dh

bhvofFg wkU e'b nkJh, fco uhB ftu skT[fJ}w dk pj[sk p'bpkbk BjhA fojk. skT[fJ}w

T[s/ Xow d/ s"o s/ d' eo'V pzfdnK dk :ehB j?. fJ; bJh n;hA d[BhnK d/ u'Dt/A XowK ftZu

fJ; dh frDsh eo ;ed/ jK.

eBf\T{fJ}w d/ pko/ rZb eohJ/. eBf\T{fJ}w n;b ftZu e'Jh Xkofwe gq?efN; eoB

tkb/ b'eK dh e'Jh iE/pzdh BjhAA j?. n;b ftu t?;NoB b'eK B/ fcbk;coK B/, eBfcT{}B BK d/

fdZsk j?. fJj eB fcT{B/ ubkfJnk ;h. T[; BK eoe/ eBfcT{} pfDnk s/ fJ; s'A pknd fJ;

~ eBf\T{fJ}w efjDk F[o{ eo fdZsk. uhBh fJbke/ ftZu y[Zb/ s"o s/ eBf\T{fJ}w b'eK d/ :ehB

dk ekoB pfDnk. eBf\T{fJ}w dh feskp ftu fJjBK d/ ekfJd/ ek~B pDkJ/ jB, T[jBK s/

:ehB eod/ jB. eBfcT{} dh w[Zy rZb fJj j? fe jo pzd/ ~ nkgD/ nkg ~ fJe tXhnk pzdk

i?ANbw?B pDkT[D tk;s/ id'ifjd eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJB;kBh foFfsnK ~ n;hA fizBk e[ tXhnk

pDk ;ed/ jK, p; fJj gq?efN; fijVh tXhnk foFs/ pDkT[D dh, tXhnk pzd/ pDkT[D dh, fJj

jh eBf\T{fJ} j?. eBf\T{fJ}w ftZu jwdodh ~ pj[s soihj fdZd/ jB. jwdodh iK

jwdod pD e/ d[BhnK tXhnk s'A tXhnk j' ;edh j?. eBf\T{fJ}w dk fJj pVk gZek :ehB

j? fe fJB;kB ~ oZp B/ tXhnk pDkfJnk ;h. fJ; ftZu ̂ bs uh}K nk rJhnK jB, T[j e[dosh

BjhA jB. fJj n;hA nkg fbnkdhnK s/ fJj ;kok pzd/ dk e;{o j?. T[; ftZu oZp dk e'Jh jZE



BjhA j?. i/ fJB;kB nkgD/ nkg ~ tXhnk pDk e/ oZy/ s/ gfotko d/ gqsh nkgDh ;jkBG{sh

oZy/, gfotko d/ Bkb e'Jh tXhnk foFsk j't/ sK ;ko/ gfotko dk pkeh gfotkoK Bkb tXhnk

oZyD, fJ; soQK ;oekoK sZe jo d[BhnK dk ;kok f;bf;bk tXhnk j't/, fJB;kB tXhnK pDB

dh e'fFF eo/ sK T[j gfotko ~, ;oeko s/ d[BhnK ~ tXhnk pDk ;edk j?. fJj fJBQK dk pj[Zs

tZvk f;XKs j?.

oki/ s/ goik dk fijVk ;pzX j?, goik T[; oki/ dk j[ew wzB/, goik tXhnk j't/ okik

tXhnk j't/. xo tkbk tXhnk, xo tkbh tXhnk j't/, pZuk tXhnk j't/, T[jBK dk foFsk iK fgT[

g[Zso dk iK tZv/ S'fNnK dk ;jh j?, oki/ d/ Bkb goik dk s/ goik Bkb oki/ dk th foFsk ;jh

j?. eBf\T{fJ}w nB[;ko foFs/ fBGkT[D/ nkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. eBf\T{fJ}w ftZu fJj fJe' jh

tXhnK rZb tkb/ tXhnk oki/ s/ goikj' ;ed/ jB. eBf\T{fJ}w dhnK fszB feskpK th Xkofwe

g[;seK d/ s"o s/ ;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnK dk eBf\T{fJ}w e?BB, dk ckJht ebkf;e, n?Bkfb;el fJj

fszB g[;seK eBf\T{fJ}w d/ ftZu :ehB oZyD tkfbnK d/ gVQB tk;s/ jB. uhB ftu

efwT[fB}w dk p'bpkbk j'fJnk. efwT[fB;N Xow ~ }fjo ;wMd/ jB. b'eK ~ }fjohbhnK

uh}K BjhA gudhnK. fJ; eoe/ efwT{fBFN d/FK ftZu pj[s tXhnk tXhnk fijV/ Xkofwe f;XKs

;B, T[jBK ~ Bk fe;/ B/ y[bQ e/ rqfjD eoB dh e'fFF ehsh s/ Bk jh toskT[D dh e'fFF ehsh

s/ Bk y[bQ e/ e'Jh Xkofwe efj ;fenk. fJ; bJh fJj Xow pj[s tXhnk j[zdk j'fJnk th d[BhnK

ftZu pj[sk Skn BjhA ;fenk. f;zxkg[o fJe n?;h ;N/N j? fiE/ fJj wzBd/ jB s/ n?bkB eod/

jB s/ eb/w eod/ jB fe T[j eBf\T{fJ}w ;N/N j?. pkeh j'o e'Jh ;zrdk rZb th BjhA eodk

j?. fit/A e'ohnk fe;/ ;w/A ftZu g{ok eBf\T{fJ}w dk d/F ;h. BkoE e'ohnk ftu eBf\T{fJ}w

fJe dw ]sw j' frnk. go ;kT[E e'ohnk d/ ftZu jkb/ th eBf\T{fJ}w ~ ftNB?; eod/ jB.

e[Zb fwbk e/ ;ko/ Uohn?ANb d/FK ftu seohpB d' eo'V pzd/ eBf\T{fJ}w d/ ftu :ehB oZyd/

jB s/ pj[s jh ;fseko Bkb wzBd/ jB.

nrbh rZb n;hA p[ZX Xow dh eod/ jK. p[ZX Xow wjkswk p[ZX dh f;fynk s/ nkXkos j?.

;G s'A tZvh rZb wjkswk p[ZX dhnK f;fynktKd/ ftZu fJj j? fe pzd/ ftZu jT[w? j?, T[j jh ;kok

B[e;kB eodh j?. jT[w? s'A jh ;ko/ d[yKs g?dk j[zd/ jB. n;b ftZu jT[w? fJe G[b/yk jh j?.

fJ; G[b/y/ ftZu jh nkgK jT[w? g?dk eod/ jK. G[b/y/ Bkb nkgDh jT[w? dh nZr ftZu ;koh T[wo

;Vd/ ofjzd/ jK. eJh XowK d/ ftu, fi; soQK gkoNhnK pDkJhnK iK toD pDkJ/, iksK r'sK

pDkJhnK rJhnK, pZ[XwZs fJ; rZb ftZu :ehB BjhA oZydk. ;wkie o[spk e'Jh th j't/ pZ[X Xow

fBotkDk (fJBbkJhNw?AN) j?. fJj e'Jh th fJ; ;N/i T[s/ gj[zu ;edk j?. p[ZX Xow iks gks

f;;Nw ~ BjhA wzBdk. d{;o/ Bzpo #s/ t/dK dh nEkoNh j?, T[; ~ t/dK dh nEkoNh BjhA wzBdk.

fJ; eoe/ p[ZX Xow ~ fjzd{ Xow s'A tZyok frfDnk j?. BjhA sK pj[shnK rZbK fjzd{ Xow tkbhnK

jB.

fJj efjDk ^bs BjhA j'J/rk fe p[ZX Xow ~ Ujh ihtB dhnK w[FebK jB, fijVhnK



fjzd{ Xow s/ p[ZX Xow ;[bMkT[D dk :sB eod/ ;h. T[jBK w[;hpsK ~ ;[bMkT[D dk pZ[XfJ}w

:sB ;h. go E'VQk fijk iksK s/ fto'X j?, t/dK dhnK e[M rZbK ~ ;thekodk BjhA, fJ; eoe/

p[ZX Xow fjzd{ Xow Bkb'A E'VQk jN e/ j?. pZ[X ihtB ~ d[Zy MZbd/ wzBd/jB. gfjbh ;ukJh j? fe

d[Zy jh fJj ihtB j?. fijVhnK d[Zy w[;hpsK jB, fJj nfrnkBsk eoe/ jB s/ fJj nfrnkBsk

;kvhnK wzrK eoe/ j? s/ fJj wzrK ;kvh p/;wMh jB. p/;wM b'e ykfjFK eod/ jB, ykfjFK eoe/

;kvh nfrnkBsk j?. ykfjFK eoe/ ;k~ f}zdrh d/ dZ[y fwbd/ jB, d[yKs ihtB ;kvhnK ykfjFK

s/ nfrnkBsk eoe/ j?. i/ ykfjF ~ fiZs bJhJ/, i/ ykfjF e'Jh BjhA ojh sK n;hA f;nkD/ pD

rJ/. ykfjF e'Jh BjhA ojh s/ n;hA ;wMdko j' rJ/ sK fBotkD j' frnk. p[ZXfJ}w ftu

fBotkD pj[s tZvh gqkgsh j?. p[ZX Xow ftZu fBotkD gqkgs eoB bJh, f;nkD/ pDB bJh nZm

o;s/ dZ;/ rJ/ jBl gfjbk ;wM ;jh j' ikt/, d{;o/ Bzpo s/ ;'u ;kvh ;jh j' ikt/, sh;o/ Bzpo

s/ ;k~ p'bDk nk ikt/. u"Ek i/ ezw eko eod/ jK, T[j ;jh o;s/ uZbhJ/. gzit/A Bzpo s/ ;kvk

ihtB ;jh o;s/, ;kok ;jh j't/ s/ S/t/A Bzpo s/ e'fFF i/ n;hA e'fFF eohJ/. ;Zst/A Bzpo s/ i/

n;hA ;jh sohe/ d/ Bkb ;'uhJ/ s/ nZmt/ Bzpo s/ j? fJekrosk. i/ n;hA ;jh sohe/ Bkb

fJekrofus j[zd/ jK sK ;kvk fBotkD j' ;edk j?. B/gkb ftu egbt;s{ fty/ wjkswk p[ZX d/

iBw Bkb jh p[ZX Xow dk iBw j'fJnk. d[BhnK ftZu 50 eo'V b'e p[ZX Xow ftZu ftFtk; oZyD

tkb/ jB. r"sw p[ZX d/ ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs ;kohnK rZbK, i' fet/A p[X oki/ dk g[Zs j[zfdnK s/ ;G

e[M j[zfdnK ihtBd/ ;ko/ ;[y fsnkr e/ i' f;ydk j?, p[ZX{ ~ frnkB eh j[zdk j?, izrbK p/fbnK

ftZu e'Jh wsbp BjhA, nkgD/ nkg ftZu fJB;kB d/ ftZu i' j?, ikrqsh nk ikt/, i/ pzdk ikr

gt/, ihtB dh fJrB'o?A; pko/ ;k~ gskBjhA j?, T[; dk gsk br ikt/ fBotkD fJj' j?, pzdk

fJrB'o?A; ftZu'A ikr gt/, fJj p[ZXfJ}w j?.

p[ZXfJ}w dh ;koh ejkDh fJ; feskp ftZu BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. pVh bzph u"Vh ejkDh

j? fe fet/A d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ ;Z[y T[; ~ fe;/ soQK dh E[V BjhA ;h. f;oc T[;B/ ikDBk ukfjnk

fe pzd/ ~ w[esh (fBotkD) fet/A fwb/< ftdtkB fet/A j't/< ;kok e[M SZv Svk e/ izrbK ftZu

ik e/ wjkswk p[ZX ~, fJzBk fuo Grsh eoe/ gqkgsh eh j'Jh fe T[m ikr fwZso fgnko/ fJ;

ftZu ;G e[M j?. s{z nkgDh fJrB'o?A; SZv d/ f;nkDk pD ik. f;nkDk pD frnk sK T[; ftZu

jh s/ok Xow j?, T[; ftZu jh s/ok fBotkD j?.

j[D n;hA fFzs' Xow dh rZb eod/ jK. fFzs' Xow igkB dk fJe ;N/N fobhiB j?. igkB

d/ i' fJfsjk;e ebuob :ehB jB, i' T[E'A d/ ftFtk; jB, T[j ;ko/ jh e[dos d/ nB[;ko fFzs'

Xow j?. e'Jh }wkBk ;h fe igkB d/ ftZu j'o e'Jh Xow BjhA ;h. fFzs' Xow ;h fi; s/ pj[s/

b'e :ehB efonk eod/ ;h. fFzs' Xow dh w[Zy ftukoXkok (fcbk;\h) fJj j?, fi; ~ pj[s

E"V/ bc}K ftZu efj ;ed/ jK- eow jh Xow j?, Xow jh eow j?. e[dos dhnK ;kohnK uh}K

gftZso jB. ;kohnK uh}K fwbk e/ e[dos pDdh j?. jo fJe uh} ~ g"f}Nt sohe/ Bkb

t/yd/ jK. i' fdwkr ftZu - ;ukJh nk ikt/, gftZsosk nk ikt/, ;oho d/ ftZu F[Xsk nk



ikt/, nkswk ftZu F[Xsk nk ikt/, ;'u F[X j' ikt/, fdwkr gftZso eo bJhJ/, nkgD/ ;oho dh

gftZsosk eo bJhJ/, p; fJ;/ ftZu :ehB j? fFzs' Xow dk j?. fFzs' Xow nB[;ko pzdk ;jh

BjhA j?. wB dh w?b pzd/ d/ ;oho dh w?b, wkBf;e w?b j?. fJj wkBf;e w?b bkj[Dh ukjhdh

j?. fJ; T[s/ pj[s wb wb e/ BjkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. tZX s'A tZX uouK ftZu ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ;/

eoe/ igkB d/ ftZu bZy d/ eohp FokJhB} iK uouK jB, fi;d/ tZyo/ tZyo/ ekwh jB, i'

gftZsosk d/ gqshe jB. fFzs' Xow d/ wzdo jB. fFzs' Xow T[BK ftZu tko tko ikD dh f;Zfynk

fdzdk j?. 17thA, 18thA s/ 19thA fJBQK fszB ;dhnK d"okB igkBd/ ftZu jo xNBk Bkb, fijV/

ohsh fotk}, i' ;fGnkukoe, i' e[M th;h, jo fJe uh} d/ ftZu fFzs'' Xow dk ozr t/fynk ik

;edk j?. d{;o/ bc}K ftZu ejhJ/ sK 17thA, 18thA, 19thA ;dh ftZu fFzs' Xow f;yo #s/ ;h.

b/feB fJj ed'A g?dk j'fJnk, fJj fet/A pfDnk< fJ; pko/ pj[sk fe;/ B/ fJfsjk;e fgS'eV

fbyD dk :sB BjhA ehsk iK ;k~ bZfGnk BjhA. fFzs' Xow ~ wzBD tkfbnK dh frDsh igkB

ftZu f}nkdk j?l 85, 90 gqshFs igkBh nkgD/ nkg ~ fFzs' Xow d/ nB[nkJh dZ;d/ jB. eJhnK

~ pZ[XfJ}w s/ fFzs' Xow ftZu coe BjhA brdk. fJ; eoe/ T[j e'Jh pZ[XfJ}w efj fdzd/ jB

s/ e'Jh fFzs' efj fdzd/ jK. fJ; bJh fFzs' Xow dh g{oh frDsh fe;/ o{g ftZu BjhA eo ;ed/

. :nBh nZXk eo'V th ejh ik ;edh j?, 8-10 eo'V th eJh ik ;edh j?. fe;/ B/ nZXk eo'V

fbfynk j? s/ fe;/ B/ 100 eo'V th fbfynk j?.

fjzd[ Xow d/ pko/ rZb F[o{ eoB s'A gfjbK fJe rZb w?A ;gFN o{gftZu eoBh w[Bkf;p

;wMdk jK fe fjzd{ Xow ~ fjzd{ Bkw gZSwh ;fGnsk d/ b'eK B/ fdZsk j?. f;zX{{ s'A fjzd{ pDkfJnk

j?, fjzd{ fbyDk BjhA ;h nkT[Adk, p'bDk BjhA ;h nkT[Adk. f;zX dfonk d/ bkr/ pzB/ fijVh ;fGnsk

;h, fiE/ foFhnK B/ t/dK dh ouBk ehsh, fJ; Xow ~ fjzd{ Xow fejk s/ f;zX{ efjDk BjhA ;h

nkT[Adk s/ fjzd{ BK j' frnk. efjD dk wsbp j? fe i/ fjzd{ Xow ~ d[BhnK dk Xow fejk ikJ/

, T[j fJ; Bkb f}nkdk fBnK j'J/rk. f;oc fjzd{ efj e/ fJe efwT{BNh dk ep}k j' iKdk j?.

mhe j? fjzd{ e"w i' j?, fJ; t/b/ w"i{dk fjzd{ e"w j?, fJBQK ~ BK th fJ;/ Xow s'A fwfbnk. fJj

T[; Xow d/ nB[nkJh jB. b/feB fjzd{ Xow n;b ftZu t/dK Fk;soK dk Xow j?, f;oc s/ f;oc

fjzd{nK tk;s/ jh, fjzd{;skBhnK tk;s/ jh BjhA ;h, d[BhnK d/ 70-75 gqshFs b'e fJ; y/so

ftZu ofjzd/ ;B, id' fJj t/dK FkFsoK dh ouBk j'Jh.

Xow eow j? s/ eow Xow j?. Xow s/ eow d/ fijV/ ek~B jB, fJ;d/ nkXko #s/

fjzd{fJ}w :ehB oZydk j?. fizBk fuo sZe pzd/ ~ ;kbt/FB BjhA fwb iKdh, w[esh BjhA fwb

iKdh j?, fizBk fuo wB[Zy fJj jk;b BjhA eo b?Adk, UBk fuo d[BhnK ftu tko-tko nkT[Adk j?,

tko tko iKdk j? s/ fizBk fuo sZe T[j 84 d/ r/V s'A w[es BjhA j' iKdk j?. eJh tko b'e fjzd{

Xow ~ ;wMD s'A fpBK jh nkgDk ftuko pDk e/ pfj iKd/ jB. go fjzd{ Xow d/ ftZu gowkswk

fJe' jh j? go T[j tZy tZy G/;K d/ ftZu tZy - tZy ntskoK dk o{g Xko e/ d[BhnK s/ nk ;edk

j?. pj[s jh n?vto; Bzpo frfDnk j?. gowkswk eb:Z[r d/ ftZu eJh ntskoK d/ ftZu nk ;edk



j?.

fjzd{ Xow toDK ftZu :ehB oZydk j?. fjzd{ Xow d/ ftZu ukotoDk ~ wzfBnK iKdk j? fJj

wzfBnK iKdk j? fe pqjwk d[BhnK ~ g?dk eoB tkbk j?. ftF~ ;kvh gkbDk g'FDk eoB tkbk j?.

fFtk ;kv/ ezweko t/y e/ s/ ;kvh w[esh dk ekoB pDdk j?. fJ; rZb ftZu fjzd{ :ehB oZyd/

jB fe fJj i' ;k~ ihtB fwfbnk j?, fJj n?t/A BjhA fwfbnk, 84 bZy i{BK uko :[ZrK d/ ftZu

G[rs e/ T[; s'A pknd ihtB fwfbnk j?. fjzd{ Xow dhnK yk; feskpK- t/d jB, rqzE jB. T[jBK

d/ ftZu uko t/d, 108 T[gfBFd, g[okD, d' fjzd{ wjKekft owkfJD s/ wjKGkos Fkwb jB.

Grts rhsk n;b ftZu wjKGkos dk jh fjZ;k j?. fJj ;G s'A f}nkdk gftZso s/ ;G s'A f}nkdk

Xkofwe wzBh ikD tkbh feskp j?. ;G s'A f}nkdk g{iD:'r ;EkB Grts rhsk dk j?.

fjzd{ Xow d/ w[ZY edhw Bkb nZi eZbQ b'e nkg' nkgDhnK ejkDhnK i'VB bZr rJ/ jB.

nkohnB BK dh ejkDh s/ j"bh-j"bh fJt/A th fJfsjk;eko fbyD bZr gJ/ jB fe :{oghnB b'eK

B/ ik e/ ;z;feqs pDkJh. b/feB fJjBK G[b/fynK ftu BjhA g?Dk ukjhdk. :{og ni/ izfwnk th

BjhA ;h s/ d[BhnK s/ fJB;kBhns dk p'b pkbk BjhA ;h, pzdk ikBtoK tKr fiE/ fes/ wo}h

ofjzdk j'T{, T[jBK fdBK d/ ftu ;G s'A f}nkdk t;'A fJ; d[BhnK #s/, fJ; gb?BN #s/, fJzd[;

Bdh d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ ;h. id'A j'o fes/ th e[M BjhA ;h, j'o s/ f;tbkJhi/FB BjhA ;h, T[d'A fJzd[;

Bdh d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ ;G s'A f}nkdk nkpkdh ;h. T[E/ b'eK dh nkpkdh ;h.

nkw fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns Bkb i'VB bJh i' ohsh fotk}, ftXk ftXkB pDkJ/ f;nkD/

b'eK B/, foFhnK w[BhnK B/, T[jBK ~ BkNeK d/ o{g ftZu ikrfos eo eo e/ y/fvnk s/ T[j fw;kbK

fdzd/ rJ/, fw;kbK wFj{o j[zdhnK rJhnK. T[; Bkb j'o j'o tXhnk ejkDhnK pDdhnK rJhnK.

T[j ;jh ihtB ihD bJh o;s/ ;B. T[BQK ~ vo gke/ iK T[jBK ~ d/th d/tfsnK dk vo G?n

gk e/ iK fJFkok d/ e/ fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns Bkb i'Vh oZyD bJh f;nkD/ foFhnK w[BhnK B/

jh Xow ubkfJnk ;h. fJ; gk;/ ftdtkBK dh o[uh j' rJh fe gfjbK sK j"bh j"bh fJzvhnk

fbyd/ ;h, ;z;feqs s/ ;G s'A gfjbh GkFk j?. ;G s'A gfjbk fbfynk nZyo ;z;feqs dk fwfbnk

j?. pknd ftZu j"bh j"bh fJj :{oghnB GkFktK ~ fJzv' :{oghnB GkFktK fbyD bZr gJ/. e'Jh

fe;/ iZN d/ ewkd ftu'A rzB/ GzBD bZrk sK nkgD/ nkg ~ efjzdk - rzB/ d' GzBK fe uko. nkg/

itkp fdzdk fe Gkt/A thj GzB b? fejVk iZN t/ydk. fJ; dk fe;/ B/ fJsok} BjhA ehsk. gsk

BjhA feT[A BjhA fJsok} ehsk< w/oh ;wM ftZu BjhA nkT[Adk fe fJj fJsok} ;dhnK gfjbK j'Dk

ukjhdk ;h. fjzd{fJ}w dhnK ;kohnK ejkDhnK, fjzd{fJ}w dk fJfsjk;, fjzd{fJ}w s/ ;z;feqs

dk fJfsjk; eh fbfynk, feE'A fwfbnk< nzro/}h fijVh 16thA ;dh ftu ni/ s'sbhnK rZbK

eodh ;h, fJj ed'A izwh s/ g[oksB t/dK Fk;soK dhnK rZbK fJjBK B/ nkgD/ fj;kp Bkb ehshnK.

;k~ fJj fJik}s BjhA ;h d/Dh ukjhdh. fjzd{fJ}w ~ fJik}s BjhA d/Dh ukjhdh ;h. fjzd{fJ}w

iK ;z;feqs GkFk dhnK gZSwh ;fGnsk d/ ftdtkB nkgDh ebw Bkb rZbK eod/ ;B. i' ehshnK,

;k~ T[jBK ~ gfjbK jh o'eDk ukjhdk ;h fe fJj rZbK s[;hA feT[A ehshnK<



;kv/ ftZu fjzd[;skBh ftdtkB jB, T[jBK dh ftdtsk t/y'. T[jBK dhnK ejkDhnK #s/ y'i

eoB bZr gJ/. n;hA T[jBK ~ o'eDk sK eh ;h< n;hA fjzd[;skBh b'eK B/ fjzd{fJ}w d/ pko/

wBxVs ejkDhnK, fJe BjhA, ;?AeV/ ehshnK. w?~ ;wM BjhA nkT[dh fijV/ gZSwh ;fGnsk ftu'A

rJ/, fijVhnK ;kv/ pko/ ejkDhnK ;B, fjzd[;skBh Xow pko/, fjzd[;skBh p'bh iK GkFk pko/, i'

ftd/FhnK B/ y'iK ehshnK, T[j n;hA fpbe[b ;jh wzB e/ y'i eoB bZr gJ/. fJE' sZe fe jVZgk

s/ wfjzi'dV' pko/ th 19thA ;dh ftu eokuh s'A bkj"o ~ o/bt/ bkJhB ftSkT[D bZr/ sK okj ftZu

jVZgk s/ wfjzidV' nkJ/. T[BQK d/ E/j fJBQK B/ gZN/ s/ T[; s'A pknd gfjbh tkoh b'eK ~ gsk bZrk

fe Gkos dh ;fGnsk fJE/ fuo'eDh ;h. nzro/}K B/ gfjbK gh n?ZuH vh eoe/ feskpK fby

fdZshnK. 20thA ;dh ftu gfjbh tko ;kv/ e'b jVZgk s/ wfjzi'dV' pko/ fbfynk j'fJnk fwfbnk.

T[jd/ T[s/ ;oekoK B/, ;kv/ fjzd[;skBhnK B/ fco BZm BZm fJe d{i/ s'A nZr/ j' e/ y'iK ehshnK-

ftuko ftd/Fh s/ rZbK ;kv/ fgS'eV dhnK. ;de/ iktK, w?~ :ehB BjhA nkT[Adk ;kv/ p[ZXhihthnK#s/

fe fJj fJXo ~ GZi/ feT[A< i/ GZi/ ;B sK fe;/ B/, ;kv/ fe;/ fgU dkd/ B/ o'fenk feT[A Bk fJBQK

~, vKrK wko e/ fJjBK ~ nkgD/ Xow dhnK rZbK nkg fbyD bJh feT[A Bk nkfynk. fijVhnK

y'iK fijV/ o;s/ pDk fdZs/ ;B, fijBK s/ ;kv/ gh n?ZuHvhH eoB GZi/, T[jBK o;fsnK ~ o'eD

dk :sB feT[A BjhA ehsk. w?~ fJ; rZb dh pj[s j?okBh j[zAdh j?.

16thA s/ 17thA ;dh ftZu w[;bwkB pkdFkj fjzd[;skB T[s/ oki eod/ oj/. b/feB fijVk

fJzvhnk #s/ YkJh-g"D/ fszB ;" ;kb dk w[rboki ;h, T[; ftZu 1658 JhL sZe fjzd{ Xow dk e'Jh

J/Bk f}nkdk B[e;kB BjhA j'fJnk. 1658 JhL sZe Fkj ijkB fizBk fuo fojk, Fkj }jkB s'A

gfjbK gfjbK e'Jh T[E/ Xow ~ ysok BjhA j'fJnk. 1658 ftu Fkj }jkB dh w"s s'A pknd

id'A T[; dk g[Zso n"ozr}/p okik pfDnk sK fJjB/ }pod;sh eoBh F[o{ ehsh. n"ozr}/p B/ fjzd{

Xow dk B[e;kB }o{o ehsk. 1707 JhH ftZu T[j th wo frnk. go fizBk B[e;kB n"ozr}/p B/

fjzd{ Xow dk ehsk T[j sK n;hA 100 d/ ftZu'A fJe iK 2% frDKr/ iK 5% frDKr/. go n;hA

T[; dhnK ejkDhnK pVhnK T[ZuhnK bzwhnK eoe/ rkT[Ad/ oj/ fe fJzB/ izi{ bkj/, J/Bk B[e;kB eo

fdZsk. fJj BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk ;h. b/feB fizBh fjzd{fJ}w ~ gZSwh ftdtkBK B/ Ykj bkJh j? UBh

w[;bwkBK B/ BjhA bkJh. T[jd/ ;kjwD/ w[;bwkBK dk fjZ;k fjzd{fJ}w fto[ZX fpbe[b xZN j?. ;k~

fJ; soQK bZrdk j? fit/A T[BQK B/ gq?eNhebh pj[s szr ehsk j?. go fjzd{fJ}w ~ fJjBK gZSwh

ftdtkBK B/ fijVk ebw Bkb szr ehsk UBk B[e;kB n"ozr}/p B/ BjhA ehsk.

1857 d/ ftZu id'A pjkdo Fkj i\o ~ Jh;N fJzvhnK ezgBh tkfbnK B/ geV fbnk sK

T[d'A sZe n;b ftZu 18thA ;dh d/ nyho ftZu :nBh fe gfjb/ nZX ftZu jh f}nkdk B[e;kB

j'fJnk. 17thA ;dh d/ nyho ftu ns/ 18thA ;dh d/ gfjb/ nZX ftZu w[;bwkBK B/ fjzd{fJ}w

dk B[e;kB ehsk. nkg; ftZu T[jBK dh rVpV j' rJh. w[;bwkBK B/ fJe d{i/ Bkb'A tXhnk okik

f;ZX eoB bJh fjzd{fJ}w dk B[e;kB eo fdZsk. go pknd ftZu fijVk nzro/}K B/ fjzd{fJ}w

dk B[e;kB ehsk, fJj T[jd/ w[ekpb/ ftZu sK e'Jh yk; wknB/ BjhA oZydk.



]?o! fJ; tes d[BhnK d/ ftZu seohpB seohpB fJe fpbhnB b'e jkb/ th fjzd{fJ}w

d/ Bkb f;ZXk ;pzX oZyd/ jB. tZyoh rZb j? fe fe;/ }wkB/ d/ ftZu fjzd{fJ}w d/ Bkb ;pzX oZyD

tkfbnK dh frDsh d[BhnK ftZu 70-75 gqshFs ;h. fJj tZyoh rZb j? fe j[D 16, 17, 18%

jh ofj rJh j?. ]?o! fjzd{fJ}w fszB FeshnK ftZu :ehB oZydk j? pqjwk, ftF~ s/ fFtk.

pqjwk B/ d[Bhnk pDkJh j?. ftF~ d[BhnK dh gkbDk eodk j?, fFtk Fesh dk gqshe j?. e'Jh

fJj~ w"s dk d/tsk nkyd/ jB. Xkofwe gqfefonk pDkT[D bJh pqjwk ns/ fFtk d'jK FeshnK

dk i' gqshe tofsnk j?, fJ; d/ Bkb ftF~ dh s[bBk eohJ/, ftF~ fJ; d[BhnK dh gqtfoF

eodk j?. ftF~ d/ fj;kp Bkb fJB;kB fiT{Adk j?. fJB;kB tk;s/ Xow pDd/ jB. ftF~ ;koh

d[BhnK ubkT[Adk j?. pqjwk dk sK oki;EkB ftZu e/tb g[Feo ftZu fJe wzdo fwbdk j?. pj[s/

wzdo th T[jd/ BjhA fwbd/< ftF~ ;ko/ fjzd{fJ}w dk nkXko j?, ftF~ fet/A d[BhnK ubkT[Adk

j?, fJ; T[s/ nXkos j?. fJj fszB o{g jB. fszBK ftZu'A ftF~ Bkb ;zpzfXs fijV/ d; ntsko

wzBd/ jB, T[jBK d/ pko/ j[D E'VQh rZb eohJ/.

fJe gfjbk ntsko j? T[; ~ fcF ntsko efjzd/ jB. fjzd{fJ}w ftZu d{;ok ntsko

e[owk, fi;~ eZS{ ezwK efjzd/ jB, T[; dh f;Zb T[s/ p?m e/ ftF~ Bkb T[;dk ;zpzX i'Vd/ jB.

pqjwk sh;ok ntsko j?. u"Ek Bof;zwk-i' nZXk F/o ns/ nZXk pzdk j?. vkoftB B/ id'A fET{oh

fbyh j?, T[; B/ fjzd{fJ}w ~ pj[s uzrh soQK gfVQnk brdk j?. T[; dh fET{oh gVQ e/ t/y', T[;

d/ ftZu fJj ;ko/ d;/ ntsko ftykJ/ rJ/ jB. fJjBK d/ Bkb pVhnK rZbK fbyhnK. fijV/

fJzvhnB b'e ;B, T[j f}eo eodk j?, eJhnK T[s/ e[Zs/ d/ f;o bZr/ jB. F/o s'A T[; B/ e[Zsk

pDk fbnk. wZSh s'A d[BhnK F[o{ eodk j?. gzitK ntsko tkwBk -i' pkbh d/ Bkb ;zpzXs j?.

S/tK ntsko j? go;{ okw. go;{ okw n;b ftZu pVk rZ[;/ y'o, pV/ pdb/ dh GktBk tkbk ntsko

ftykfJnk j?. ;ZstK wfonkdk goF'sw okw. i/ oZp nkg Xosh s/ nkt/ sK T[j fet/A oj/< pzd/

~ fiT{Ddh i[rsh f;ykT[D tkbk okw j?. fjzd{fJ}w ftZu nZmtK ntsko feqFBk j?. fJj feqFBk

oEtkB d/ s"o s/ th ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJj Fesh d/ gq:'r eoB dh ftXh j?. Fesh ~ vokJht

eoe/ b? ikDk, fet/A Fesh tosh ikt/, feE/ tosh ikt/- feqFBk T[; rZb dk gqshe j?. Grts

rhsk d/ feqFB GrtkB ~ jho' ej' iK b/ye ej', iK T[ukoD tkb/ ej', wjK Gkos dk fjZ;k

Grts rhsk j?. feqFB GrtkB ~ Fesh d/ oEtkB d/ s"o #s/ ikfDnk iKdk j?. fjzd{fJ}w ftZu

B"AtK ntsko GrtkB p[ZX wzBd/ jB- GrtkB p[ZX ~ frnkB j'fJnk, gqekF j' frnk. fJ; ft;Eko

ftZu nkgK Bk ikJhJ/. fJj ftF~ dk fJBbkJhNv ntsko p[ZX ~ wzBd/ jB. fJj th f}eo eoBk

;jh oj/rk fe pZ[XfJ}w ftZu fJ; rZb ~ ;thekfonk BjhA iKdk. d;tK ntsko ekbeh j?< fJj

ni/ nkJ/rk. ftF~ ;kohnK uh}K ~ ekp{ eo/rk, fJj eb:Z[r dh ;wkgsh ;w/A nkJ/rk.

fJE/ ftuko eohJ/ fe fJj i' d;tK ntsko ekbeh j?, fJ; feskp ftu fJ; T[s/

fNZgDhnK T[s/ fNZgDh eoB ~ ih eodk j?. d;tK ntsko iK nkyoh ntsko, T[; dh gfoGkFk

pDkT[D bZr/ iK e'Jh w}p{oh j't/rh iK e'Jh ekoB j't/rk. ekoBK d/ wro Bk ikJhJ/. ;kv/ fj;kp



Bkb ;koh d[BhnK dh soeFhb ;'u j?, ;koh ;'u :ehB eoB tkbh, T[; ftZu pj[s ;kohnK

feskpK ~ gfVQnk sK fJe fJj rZb ;kfonK XowK ftZu ;kjwD/ nkT[Adh j? fe fjzd{fJ}w dh

w"fbesk ~ e'Jh T[bzx BjhA ;fenk. fjzd{fJ}w w"fbe Xow j?. w[ZY edhw s'A XowK dk iBw

dksk j?. fJe rZb d[BhnK ftu pVh wFj{o j? fe fJB;kB B/ Fpd:kBh GkFk pDkJh, Gkt/A nzro/

}K B/ nkgD/ d/F ftZu nzro/}h GkFk pDkJh, fe;/ B/ iowB pDkJh, co?Au pDkJh, GkFk fJB;kB

B/, e"wK iK d/FK B/ pDkJh, ;kv/ fJ; pko/ nkgDk fynkb g/F eoB ~ ih eodk j?.

fJj Fpd fJB;kB B/ BjhA pDkfJnk. Fpd jh fJB;kB dk ekoB pfDnk. Fpd ekoB jh

fJB;kB pfDnk. fizBK fuo sZe Fpd Fesh BjhA ;h, fizBK fuo sZe Fpd Fesh w"i{d BjhA

;h, UBk fuo fJB;kB jh BjhA ;h. fJB;kB pfDnK jh sK id'A fJ; e'b Fpd Fesh nk rJh.

fJB;kB Fpd Fesh eoe/ jh ikBtoK T[s/ jkth j?. fJB;kB th gF{ j?. go fJ; ftu fJe

Fesh Fpd j?. FpdK dk gq:'r eoe/, toskbkg dh ftXh eoe/ ;kvh fijVh ;'u j?, T[j

fJB;kBh ;'u gF{nK Bkb'A tZyoh s/ tXhnk j?. ;kv/ fj;kp Bkb Fpd i' j?, T[j ;G s'A tZvk

ntsko j?. Fpd dk eoe/ jh ;G e[M j?, fJB;kBhns j?, Fpd dk eoe/ jh Xow jB. Fpd

dk eoe/ jh f}zdrh dh ;ukJh j?, fi; sZe gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?. Fpd jh ftXh j?. i/ n;hA

fXnkB Bkb d{i/ gk;/ ~ t/yhJ/ sK rhsk th Fpd j?. wjKGkos, okwkfJD, t/d ;G Fpd jh jB.

r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp Fpd j?. e[okB th Fpd j?, pkJhpb th Fpd j?. Fpd BjhA j? sK Xow BjhA

j?. i/ Xow BjhA j? sK fJB;kB BjhA j?. ;kv/ fj;kp Bkb Fpd nkyoh ntsko j?. fi; fdB

fJB;kB fJ; f;ZN/ s/ gj[zu frnk fe Fpd nkyoh ntsko j?, T[d'A Bk fco ekbeh ~ s/ Bk w[jzwd

~ s/ Bk :;{ w;hj ~ nkyoh ntsko efjD dh b'V gt/rh.

i?B ws d[BhnK dk ;G s'A g[okDk Xow frfDnk iKdk j?. fJ; ~ p[ZX Xow s'A th gfjbK

dk frfDnk iKdk j?. wjKtho fJ; d/ wjkB pkBh j'J/ jB. n;b d/ ftZu p[ZX s/ i?BfJ}w

fjzd{fJ}w dhnK FkyktK jB. go tes d/ fj;kp d/ Bkb iK fe;/ f;nk;h r/V d/ ftZu fJj tZy

tZy ehshnK rJhnK. fe;/ Bk fe;/ sohe/ Bkb fjzd{fJ}w dh g[oksBsk ~ T[bzxD dk :sB gsk

BjhA ;kv/ g[oksB b'e fJzBh }'o Bkb feT[A eod/ oj/. i?BfJ}w n;b ftZu t/yhJ/ sK T[j

fjzd{fJ}w dh jh fJe Fkyk j?. b/feB ftdtkB s/ y'ih T[; ~ tZyok eoe/ p[ZX s'A pj[s fgSKj

b? rJ/ jB. soheK s/ fsEK fwEK ftu T[bMk e/ fJe Bt/A Xow s/ fJe pj[s g[okD/ tZyo/ Xow

d/ s"o s/ fJjBK ~ do;kfJnk j?. i?B Xow g{oB s"o s/ Fkekjkoh Xow j?.

fe;/ th iht ~, fe;/ th ikBdko uh} dk B[e;kB eoBk iK wkoBk i?B Xow d/ pj[s fybk\

j?. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ fbfynk j?.

@i/s/ jo fJe iht d/ ftZu, dkD/ dkD/ ftZu iht t;d/ jB. i/ fco pzd/ B/ dkD/ th BjhA

ykD/, nBki th BjhA ykDk, frohnK th BjhA ykDhnK c/o gsk BjhA eh ykt/<

@i?B ;{so# fJ; Xow dh gftZso feskp j?. @i?B ;{so# d/ pko/ gVQhJ/ sK FkfJd jh e'Jh

n?;h uh} bZG/ fijVh fjzd{ Xow s'A pkjo'A nkJh. e'Jh th fJe n?;h ftnkfynk BjhA, fijVh fjzd{



Xow eto BjhA eodk. ;kvh B}o d/ ftZu i?BfJ}w fjzd{ Xow dh jh fJe ;k]k j?. i?B wZs

pZ[X Xow tKr{z pkeh d/ d/FK ftZu BjhA c?fbnk. Gkos sZe jh ;hws fojk. Gkos d/ ftZu jh i?B

Xow dh gqfefonk ubdh ojh feT[Afe eZNV Fkekjkoh f]nkbK d/ pzd/ d[BhnK d/ j'o fjZf;nK ftZu

ik e/ ekw:kp j' th BjhA ;h ;ed/. j[D E'V/ E'V/ pd/FK ftZu, nZi eZbQ pj[s nkX[fBe ;w/A ftu

fwbd/ jB. i?B Xow j'o d[BhnK ftu E'VQk E'VQk nwohek ftZu th gj[zfunk j?. nwohek ftu

th j[D b'e i?B Xow d/ fbpk; ftu fwbd/ jB. gzi ;Zs j}ko i?Bh jB. w{b s"o s/ fJj Gkosh

Xow j?. fJ; dh eZ[bfrDsh ed/ th eo'V s'A T[go BjhA j'Jh. ;koh d[BhnK ftu tZX s'A tZX fJe

eo'V i?B Xow d/ nB[nkJh jB.

f;Zy Xow d[BhnK dk gzitK ;G s'A tZvk Xow j?. d[BhnK d/ th ej' s/ fjzd{ Xow dk Gok

th ej' go f;Zy Xow dh fJe tZyoh gfjukD j?. w[Ybh rZb eohJ/, fjzd{ Xow pqjwk ftF~

fFtk fszB FeshnK jB. e'Jh g?dk eoB tkbk j?, e'Jh d[FNK dk nzs eoB tkbk j? s/ e'Jh

gotfoF eoB tkbk j?. fJj ;kohnK FeshnK b'eK B/ fjzd{ Xow ftZu wzBhnK jB. go r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih nkyd/ jB fe T[j ;kohnK FeshnK, Gkt/A fszB B/ Gkt/A gzikj s/ Gkt/A n&DfrDs Bkw -

@Bkw nB/eK o{g nBzsK#, fJ; ftZu fizB/ wo}h BK oZy bU go T[j j? fJe. T[j fJe' j? i' nkfd

th ;Zu, i[rkfd th ;Zu ;h s/ j[D th ;Zu j?, nrKj th ;Zu j'J/rk. T[; dk i' wo}h Bkw fbyh

ikU, T[j j? fJe' jh. fJe' s/ :ehB eoB tkbk fJj Xow j?. d;K s/ iK fszBK s/ iK thjK #s/

:ehB eoB tkbk fJj Xow BjhA j?. T[; ~ s[;hA fijVk wo}h BK fdU. T[; ~ s[;hA nkgD/

fj;kp Bkb w[jzwd efj bt', r[o{ BkBe efj bt', fJ; ftu e'Jh fJsok} BjhA, Gkt/A okw ~

efj bt', fJ; d/ Bkb e'Jh b?D d/D BjhA, i' wo}h ej' nkgD/ oZp wzB'. T[j gqwkswk fJe' jh

j?. f;Zy Xow dh gfjbh gfoGkFk gqwkswk fJe j?, d{;oh f\bk;\h j? fe ;ko/ b'e fJB;kB

jB. ;kfonK dk fpBK fbzr, iks gks T[jBK dk e'Jh Xow j?, e'Jh ebk; j?, iks p'X j? go

fJj ;ko/ fJe jB. e'Jh d[BhnK ftZu tZvk S'Nk BjhA j?, ;ko/ pokpo jB. fJ; :ehB ~ f;y

Xow fejk iKdk j?.

sh;ok tZvk B[esk j?-g[BoiBw dk. :;{ w;hj ~ b'eK d/ tk;s/ s/ b'eK dhnK w{oyskJhnK

]sw eoB tk;s/ d[pkok iBw b?Dk fgnk. fjzd{ Xow ftZu g[BoiBw dh rZb pVh FeshFkbh

sohe/ Bkb ehsh rJh j?. g[BoiBw d/ ftZu f;y Xow th ftFtk; eodk j?. go fJE/ sohek

j'o j?. fJe v{zxkJh d/ Bkb ;wfMnk ikt/ sK f;yfJ}w g[BoiBw pzd/ d/ fiT{Afdnk ih j' ;edk

j?. fJB;kB i/ ;ugq;s j' ikt/, T[; dh w[esh fiT{AfdnK j' ;edh j?. fJB;kB i/ nkgD/ ;h;,

f;o d/ Bkb ;'uDk pzd eo/, oZp T[s/ :ehB eo/, p; T[j g[BoiBw j?. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx d;t/

A gksFkj B/ ]kb;k ;kfink. ]kb;k ;kiD dk we;d eh ;h< fJj g[BoiBw s/ ;h. nkgDh ;'u

SZv fdU s/ r[o{ dh ;'u Bkb f;o i'V bt'. f;o Bkb pzdk ;'udk. r[o{ ih B/ f;o wzfrnk, j'o

nzr BjhA wzfrnk, f;o wzr/ gziK f;zxK d/ s/ gziK f;zxK d/ f;o r[o{ ~ G/N j'J/. T[j f;o T[jBK

d/ BjhA ofj rJ/. T[j r[o{ d/ j' rJ/. T[jBK d/ f;o ysw j' rJ/ s/ r[o{ dk f;o bZr frnk,



ro{ dh ;'u T[; f;o ftZu nk rJh, p; g[BoiBw j' frnk. f;Zy Xow fttjkoe Xow j? fi;

d/ ftZu nzX f;o\ uko jh Xow j'o jB, fijBK dh frDsh f;y Xow s'A f}nkdk j?. b/feB

gsk BjhA fe; ekoB pj[sh d[BhnK f;y Xow s'A tke\ BjhA j?. pj[s jh ft}htb Xow j?. gsk

BjhA fco d[BhnK ftZu pj[s/ b'e f;Zy Xow pko/ feT[A BjhA ikDd/. pd/FK ftZu, nwohek ftZu

yk; eoe/ b'e f;ZyK ~ w[;bwkB ;wMd/ jB. b/feB f;Zy Xow fJe ftbZyD s/ nkgDh fe;w

dk tZyok Xow j?. eJh tkoh fjzd{ Xow d/ ftZu efjzd/ jB s/ Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ftZu fbfynk

j? fe f;Zy Xow fjzd{fJ}w dh Fkyk j?. fjzd{ Xow dk c?e;B ftFtk; tkbhnK rZbK BjhA jB.

fJ; ftZu eow dhnK rZbK jB. i' e[M r[o{ BkBe d/t B/ fbfynk j?, d[Bhnk ~ f;fynk wkso

fbyDk ukfjnk, T[BQK B/ fiT{ e/ fdykfJnk. fJj ihtB i' j?, fJ; ftu fiT[Afdnk ihn pzdk

;Zugq;s feT[ BjhA j' ;edk< i/ ;Zugq;s j' ikJhJ/ sK nkg/ g[BoiBw j' frnk. i/ w?A w?A eodk

GZik fcodk, w?A ehsk, cbkDk ehsk, w/ohnk cbkDhnK uh}K, w/ok cbkDk, i/ n;hA ejhJ/ fe i' i'

e[M j? ;' s/ok, p; ysw j' rJh rZb, g[BoiBw j' frnk.

nrbh rZb f;Zy Xow nB[;ko fJj j? fe jo fe;/ ftZu oZp B/ ikB gkJh j?. jo fe;/

~ ihD dk nfXeko j?. T[; ~ fijVk ysw eodk j?, T[j rbs j?. yk; s"o s/ nkdwh dk i'

ihtB j?, T[j nkgD/ fj;kp d/ Bkb ihD dk T[;dk g{oB nfXeko j?. fJB;kB s'A i/ e'Jh nfXeko

y'jD dh e'fF; eodk j? sK nkgDk pukU eoBk T[jdk jZe pDdk j?. nkgD/ pukU tk;s/ ikB

pukTD bJh i/eo j'o jhbk BjhA ubdk j'o ;kXB BjhA j? sK jfEnko u[Ze e/ th i/ nkgD/ nkg

~ pukfJnk ik ;edk j? iK fe;/ wod/ iht ~, fi; s/ pj[s nfsnkuko j' fojk j?, T[; ~

i/eo jfEnko u[Ze e/ pukfJnk ik ;edk j? sK T[j th fJe Xkofwe fefonk j?. nkgD/ nkg

~ pukT[Dk, nkgDh ikB dh okyheoBh iK fe;/ n?;/ pzd/ dh okyh eoBh iK pukT[Dk, fe;/ ~

pukT[D bJh yb' ikDk, fi;~ }kbw nfsnkuko eoe/ BikfJ} wko fojk j?, T[; d/ jZe ftu

sbtko eZY e/ yVQ/ j' ikDk, T[j fJe Xkofwe fefonk eodk j?. f;y Xow fJ; ftZu ftFtk;

eodk j?. }[bw d/ fybk\ nkgD/ pukU tk;s/ jfEnko u[ZeDk fJe Xkofwe fefonk j?.

nrbh rZb f;y Xow ftZu fJB;kBhns dh j?. fJB;kBhns dh okyh tk;s/ B?fse edoK

ehwsK tk;s/ i/ fe;/ ~ nkgDh ikB th sbh s/ XoBh gt/ s/ T[j th Xo b?Dh ukjhdh j?. f;Zy

Xow fJ; rZb ftZu g{ok :ehB oZydk j? fe B?fse edoK ehwsK tk;s/, fJB;kBhns dh okyh

tk;s/ i/ fe;/ ~ woBk s/ pbhdkB th d/Dk g? ikt/ sK T[j th Xkofwe fefonk j?.

fJe j'o B[esk i' ;KMk eoBk ukj[zd/ jK- f;Zy i' jB, fJj nkgD/ nkg ~ oZp dh u[Dh

j'Jh tZyoh ;z;Ek BjhA ;wMd/. e'Jh th d[BhnK dk pzdk f;Zy j' ;edk j?. f;Zy dk noE j? Xow

dk ftfdnkoEh. Xow e'Jh th j't/, Xow ;ko/ fJe' jh j[zd/ jB, i' fJB;kBhns f;ykT[Ad/ jB.

i' fJB;kBhns f;Zydk j?, fJB;kBhns d/ okj s/ ubdk j?, ;dkukoe s"o s/ i' nkgD/ nkg ~

fJB;kB pDkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?, T[j f;y j?. fJj e'Jh tZyoh fe;w d/ vZp/ ftZu pzd iK frDsh

ftZu gJh n;hA oZp d/ pzd/ jK, f;Zy e'Jh tZyoh ebk; j?, fJj tZyoh ebk; BjhA j?. e'Jh th



pzdk d[BhnK dk nkgD/ nkg ~ f;Zy efj ;edk j?, i/ T[j wfonkdk d/ ftZu ofjDk f;y ikt/

sK T[j f;Zy j?. nzfwqs Se e/, i' ]kb;k ;o{g j?, fJj e'Jh fvroh BjhA j?. fJj sK n?bkB

j?, fJj sK :{Bhckow j?. fJj sK gSkD j? fe fJj pzdk ;Zugq;s j?. i/ e'Jh ]kb;k o{g XkoB

eoe/ ;Zugq;s BjhA j?, T[j ;Zugq;sh tkbh rZb BjhA eo fojk j?. f;o\ T[; B/ i/ ]kb;/ dk

o{g jh XkoB ehsk j? sK fJ; dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe T[j ]kb;k j?. ]kb;k sK ]kb; j?, fijVk

;ugq;sh d/ okj s/ ubdk j?. rzrk rJ/ rzrk okw :wBk rJ/ :wBk dk;, fit/A d/; s/ T[t/A dk

t/; pDk e/ b'e s[o g?Ad/ ;B. i/ e'Jh Jh;kJh wZs ~ f;ykT[D nk frnk sK T[j Jh;kJh pD

frnk. i/ fe;/ B/ w[jzwd dh rZb ehsh sK fJ;bkw XkoB eo frnk.

f;Zy Xow fJe v?eb/oFB j?. i/ ;Zugq;sh d/ okj s/ uZbDk j? sK gfjbK i' ;o{g j?, fJj

n?bkB j? fe w?A ;Zugq;s j'Dk ukj[zdk jK. w?A M{m dk wkor SZfvnk s/ w?A ;Zugq;sh d/ okj s/ ik

fojk jK. t/y e/ jh gsk bZr ikt/ fe fJj ;Zugq;s pzdk j?, fJj Xowh nkdwh j?. fJj e'Jh

fJe e"w BjhA fJe :{fBN BjhA j?. c"i BjhA fJj sk gqwkswk dh c"i j?. gqwkswk dh c"i d/

ftZu e'Jh fJe e"w BjhA ob ;edh. fijVk wo}h ob ikt/, fijVk wo}h fveb/no eo/-

gqwkswk i' s{z w?~ fdZsk j?, w?~ ;theko, s{z w/ok s/ w?A s/ok, pZ; rZb ysw. gqwkswk B/ i' fdZsk

j?, T[jh fveb/no eoBk, gqwkswk dh o}k ftZu, oZp dh, r[o{ dh ;'u j?. T[; ftZu nkgD/ nkg

~ ;zs[FN eoBk ]kb;k XkoB eoBk j?. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ;kfjp B/ id'A ]kb;k ;kfink, eh gfjbK

e/; BjhA ;B< b'eK d/ e/;K ~ ;kc eoB bJh ezxk, gzi/ eeko ftZu'A fejVk j? fijVk S{ wzso

Bkb n;wkB s'A fbnKdk. ;ko/ fJE/ jh ;B. fJj oZp dh o}k ftZu ofjD dk fJe n?bkBBkwk j?,

nkgD/ nkg ~ fe w?A r[o{ dh ;/tk d/ ftu jK s/ d{o'A jh gsk bZr/. id'A gzi ;Nko br/ j'D sK

gsk bZr iKdk j? fe T[j ioB?b j?. fJj e'Jh S{ wzso iK ikd{ BjhA j?, fJj sK nkgD/ nkg

~ fveb/no eoBk j? fe w?A ;Zugq;s jK. f;y Xow ftZu gzi fteko ekw, eq'X b'G, w'j, jzeko

frDd/ jB. fJj gzi/ i?B wZs ftZu ns/ fjzd{ Xow ftZu jB. n;b ftZu t/yhJ/ sK fJj gzi/

;ko/ XowK ftZu jB. fJj fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftZu ;ko/ XowK ftZu }o{o jB. fJjBK XowK nB[;ko

ekw, eq'X, b'G, w'j s/ jzeko s'A puDk ukjhdk j?.

f;Zy Xow ftZu sK fJj ;gFN s"o s/ fbfynk j? shi/ gksFkj B/ @gzu d{s s[X[ tf;

ehs/# fJjBK d/ nXhB BjhA j'Dk j? go fJjBK gziK s'A fpBK ;o th BjhA ;eDk. i/ gzi/ SZv

dJhJ/, d[;N d{s j?, fteko jB. gzi d{sK ~ t; eoBk j?. fJjBK d/ t; BjhA j'Dk. fijVk

fJjBK ~ tZ; eodk j?, ekw, eq'X, b'G, w'j, jzeko d/ ep}/ ftZu'A S[ZN iKdk j?, T[j jh f;Zy j?.

fJj gziK d{sK ~ gziK d[FNK ~ t; eoB dk sohek th dZf;nk j? fe i/ pzd/ ftZu ;zs'y nk

ikt/, i/ dkBh g[oy j't/, i/ fBwosk nk ikt/, dfJnk GktBk ekJhAvB?Z; s/ uVQdhebk d/ ftZu pzdk

oj/ sK fJj gzi d[FN nkg/ ekp{ ftZu nk iKd/ jB. ;zs'y ;G s'A tZvk bZSD j?, id'A pzd/ ~ ;zs[FNh

j't/, ;zs'y fwb frnk, p; T[j ;Zugq;sh d/ pj[s B}dhe gj[zu frnk. X"b ~, pbd ~ pj[s

b'eK B/ oZp :kBh Xow ~ X"b fejk j?. f;Zy Xow d/ nB[;ko X"b i' pbd j? XowX"b dfJnk



dk o{g j?. dfJnk fiE/ j't/, T[E/ ;zs'y j't/, fiE/ dfJnk j't/, fBwosk j't/, T[E/ j'o tZvhnK

uh}K dh b'V ofj BjhA iKdh.

f;Zy Xow dh fiT{Adh ikrdh r[o wfonkdk ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp j?. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu

36 wjKg[oyK dh, ftdtkBK dh ;op ;KMh pkDh j? fi; ftu S/ r[o{ ;kfjpK dh pkDh, 15 GrsK

dh pkDh, 11 GZNK s/ uko r[o{ xo d/ okrh YkvhnK dh pkDh j?. fJj 36 ftdtkBK dh pkDh

tZy-tZy e"wK ftZu'A tZy-tZy XowK d/ Bkb ;zpzX oZyD tkfbnK dh fijVh ;KMh ;'u j?, T[; ~

fJeZso eoe/ ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp 1430 nzrK dk fJe Xkofwe rqzE j?. f;Zy Xow ftZu fiT[Adh

ikrdh s;tho j?, i' r[o{ BkBe gksFkj j?, i' fiT{Adk ikrdk r[o{ wzfBnk iKdk j?.

fiE'A sZe f;y e?bzvo dk ;tkb j?, T[; d/ pko/ n;hA d[BhnK d/ e?bzvo dk fJe tZyo/

nfXnkJ/ d/ s"o s/ fJ;/ feskp ftZu f}eo eoKr/. fJj fJe pVh ft;Eko g{ote dZ;D tkbh

rZb j?. uzdowk d/ fj;kp Bkb e?bzvo pDkT[Ad/ jB. gzdoK fdBK dh ftnkfynk, 7 fdBK d/ jcs/

dh ftnkfynk. gfjbh tko d[BhnK ftZu r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ s[ykoh okr ftZu pkoK wjhfBnK dk

i' e?bzvo pDkfJnk, T[; s'A gfjbK d[BhnK d/ ftZu fes/ th j'o e?bzvo BjhA fwbdk. n;hA tZyo/

nfXnkfJ ftZu fJ; dk ft;Eko Bkb fpnkB eoKr/.

f;Zy Xow d/ pkBh r[o{ BkBe jB. T[BQK dhnK fJfsjk;e skoheK fwbdhnK jB. 1469

Jh;th ftZu wfjsk ekb{ d/ xo okfJ G'fJdh sbtzvh j?, i' nZi eZbQ BBekDk ;kfjp ti'A ikfDnk

iKdk j?, w"i{dk gkfe;skBh gzikp ftZu, r[o{ BkBe gksFkj dk iBw j'fJnk, T[E/ ntsko

Xkfonk, f;Zy Xow dh BhAj oZyh. f;y Xow dh r[orZdh T[go r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp s'A pknd 1539

ftu r[o{ nzrd d/t ih fpokiwkB j'J/l 1552 ftu r[o{ nwodk; ih fpokiwkB j'J/l 1574

ftu r[o{ okw dk; ih fpokiwkB j'J/l 1581 ftZu r[o{ noiB d/t ih fpokiwkB j'J/l 1606

ftu ;qh r[o{ jor'fpzd ;kfjpl 1644 ftZu r[o jookfJ ;kfjpl 1661 ftZu, r[o{ jofeqFB

;kfjpl 1665 ftZu r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp l 1675 ftZu r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih s/ 1708 s'A

r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp T[; rZdh #s/ fpokiwkB jB. d[BhnK d/ pkeh XowK d/ ;ko/ wzBD tkfbnK dh

frDsh tXk uVQk d/ dZ;h iKdh j?. go f;Zy Xow ftZu YkJh eo'V d/ eohp jh f;ZyK ~ wkBsk

fwbh j? fe s[;hA f;Zy ejk ;ed/ j'. b/feB fJ; s'A f}nkdk fijV/ w[;bwkB f;Zy gkfe;skB

ftZu p?m/ jB, T[j ig[ih ;kfjp dk fBsB/w eod/ jB. go T[jBK ~ f;Zy BjhAA frfDnk iKdk.

;kY/ fszB eo'V d/ eohp ephb/ jB i' Gkos d/ tZy tZy fjZf;nk ftZu ofjzd/ jB, i' r[o{ BkBe,

~ nkgD/ Xkofwe ;e{B tk;s/, nkgDk r[o{ wzBd/ jB.



;kvhnK ekw:kphnK;kvhnK ekw:kphnK;kvhnK ekw:kphnK;kvhnK ekw:kphnK;kvhnK ekw:kphnKid'A fes/ w?A fe;/ rzGho ftF/ s/ rZb eodk, e'Jh ;wkfie fJeZsosk j't/ iK fe;/ r[od[nko/

dh ;zrs, ne;o b'e ;tkb eod/ fe fJ; soK rZb pks eoBh fet/A f;Zyh j? w?A. eJh tko b'e

w/ohnK fbysK gVQe/ y[d e[M fbyD dh ohM th do;kT[Ad/. w?A jo fe;/ Bz{ fJj jh dZ;dk fe i/

s[;hA r[opkDh pko/ e'Jh rZb eoBk ukj[zd/ j' sK ;G s'A gfjbK s[jkBz{ fJZe ezw eoBk gt/rk,

r[opkDh Bz{ gVBk gt/rk. jo fJB;kB jo T[; ftF/ s/ rZb eo ;edk j? i' T[;B/ gfVnk j't/

. fizBk f}nkdk gfVnk j'T{ UBh f}nkdk tXhnk rZb eo ;edk j? T[j. ohMK sK jo fe;/ dhnK

j[zdhnK jB go ohM g{oh eoB bJh s[jkBz{ e[M eoBk sK gt/rk. i/ e'Jh ;'u/ fe w/o/ v"b/ ;G

s'A tXhnk j'D sK T[;Bz{ tofiF eoBh gt/rh. fizBh f}nkdk tofiF eo/rk UBk tXhnk ;oho

pD ikt/rk. w/o/ fJZe fwZso dk ebk;c?b' gzikp ftZu pj[s tZvk bhvo pD frnk s/ T[j e?b/

c'oBhnK nkgD/ okiBhse d"o/ s/ nkfJnk. nkgDh okiBhse gkoNh dh nwohek ftZu ioBb

;?eNoh dh g';N T[;B/ nkgD/ ebk;c?b' i' fe ;kvk th g[okDk fwZso j? Bz{ d/ fdZsh. pVhnK

nypkoK ftZu s;thoK SghnK, pj[s tXkJhnK fwbhnK. gkoNh dh id gfjbh whfNzr j'Dh ;h

sK iBob ;?eNoh Bz{ GkFB d/Dk g?Dk ;h. whfNzr s'A fJZe fdB gfjbK w?Bz{ c'B eoe/ efjzdk :ko

w?A c; frnk, GkFB sK w?A ed/ fdZsk jh BjhAA. w?A fszB uko B[es/ i' w?A mhe ;wMdk ;h dZ;/ fe

fi; ftF/ s/ p'bDk j? T[; pko/ ikDekoh io{oh j?. d{;oh rZb fJj j? fe bZuo nFbhb bc}

BjhAA tosD/ ukjhd/, sh;oh rZb fe nkgDh dbhb d/Ad/ j'J/ fe;/ dh nb'uBk Bk eo' sK uzrk j?.

i/ n;hA ;fseko:'r pDBk ukj[zd/ jK sK ;kvh jo rZb ;fseko:'r j'Dh ukjhdh j?. jo rZb rkbQ

eZYe/ eoB tkbk T[j ioBb ;?eNoh n"yk ;"yk fJZe whfNzr sK G[rsk nkfJnk, e[M E'VQk fijk

fby e/ b? frnk ;h T[j p'b nkfJnk go nk e/ nkgD/ iwksh Bz{ efj e/ iBob ;?eNoh dh EK

gkoNh dk yikBuh pD frnk.

;kBz{ i/ e[M eoB dk w"ek fwbdk j? sK B/efdbh Bkb e'fFF eohJ/ sK ;G e[M eo ;ed/

jK. f;ZyDk ukj[zd/ jK sK f;Zfynk b?Dh F[o{ eoBh gt/rh. fJZe dw T[Zgo BjhAA ufVnk ik ;edk.

j"bh j"bh fXnkB Bkb w/jBs eoBh gt/rh. F[o{ j'D bJh i' io{oh j't/ T[j sK io{o eoBk gt/

rk. ;' i' i' io{oh j? T[; Bkb F[o{ eohJ/, fco T[;s'A pknd i' i' eo ;eDk ww[feB j? T[j

eo e/ t/yhJ/, s/ nukBe s[;hA n?;k e[M eo ikUr/ i' ed/ s[;hA ;[gB/ ftZu th BjhAA ;h ;'funk,

i' ed/ s[jkBz{ Bkww[feB brdk ;h. T[ZuhnK T[ukJhnK s/ gj[zuD tkb/ ;ko/ b'e T[;/ jh B[es/ s'A

uZb/ jB fiZE/ n;hA yV/ jK. ekw:kphnK jk;b j' ;edhnK jB, fiZsK gokgs j' ;edhnK jB go

fJ; bJh gfjbK nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fiZsDk gt/rk. j'o fe;/ Bz{ fiZs b?D dk sK ;kBz{ e'Jh gSsktk

th j' ;edk j? go nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fiZs e/ ed/ fe;/ Bz{ gSsktk BjhAA j'fJnk. ;r'A ;e{B fwbdk

j?, uzrk brdk j?. p[o/ Bshi/ sK T[; tes fBebd/ jB id'A n;hA nkgDhnK }[zw/AtkohnK nDr"bhnK

eod/ jK. ekw:kp j'D dk T[gokbk eoBk pj[s uzrh rZb j?. fiZsK gokgs eoBhnK BjkfJs



tXhnk ;'u j? go d[BhnK Bz{ ;o eoB dk fJokdk pBkT[D s'A gfjbK nkgD/ nkg Bz{ fiZsDk io{oh

j?. p}[orK s'A ;[fDnK eod/ ;K ¼j'o fe;/ s/ T{i bkT[D s'A gfjb'A nkgDh ghVQh EZb/ ;'Nk c/o e/

d/y'½I

fJB;kBhnsfJB;kBhnsfJB;kBhnsfJB;kBhnsfJB;kBhns

tkdhJ/ fJB;kBhns ftZu tZ; fojk fJB;kB,

feUA Gbk fJB;kBhns d/ noE G[Zbdk ik fojk.

nkgD/ JhwkB s'A v'bD dh ehws ikDdk,

fdB'A fdB fco th feUA nkgD/ nkg o[bdk ik fojk.

fJB;kBhns dhnK XZihnK eo fojk y[d fJB;kB,

y[d nkgD/ s/ nkgDK jh jZE y[Zbdk ik fojk.

fe; s/ s'jws bk fojk j? fe;Bz{ nky ;[Dk fojk,

nkgD/ dopko ftZu nkgDh ejkDh gk fojk.

;kv/ s'A tZX ;kBz{ Gbk j? e"D f}nkdk ikDdk,

fe; Bz{ G[b/yk gk fojk, j? fe; dk wB gouk fojk.

nkgD/ uZeoftT{ ftZu nkg jh cf;nk fgnk,

nkgDhA skes Bz{ nkgD/ nkg s/ n}wk fojk.

x/;bk j' e/ xokV/ wkodk ;'uhA fgnk,

x[wDx/oh ;'u dh ftZu nkg r's/ yk fojk.

fJB;kBhns fJB;kB dh foFs/ ftZu ;G s'A ;yh,

fi;d/ bV bZrDK ;h, pZ; T[;s'A jh bV Svtk fojk.

tkdhJ/ fJB;kBhns ftZu tZ; fojk fJB;kB,

feUA Gbk fJB;kBhns d/ noE G[Zbdk ik fojk.



;kvh p'b ukb;kvh p'b ukb;kvh p'b ukb;kvh p'b ukb;kvh p'b ukb;kv/ p'bK ftZu'A ;kvh FyFhns d/ doFB j' iKd/ jB. i/ fe;/ e'b pj[s ;kok XB wkb j't/

, ;ohoe s"o s/ th pbtkB j't/, pj[s w?Apo j'D T[;d/ gotko d/ go i/ T[;Bz{ rZb BjhAA eoBh

nkT[Adh sK T[j fe;/ Bz{ goGkts BjhAA eo ;edk. i/ s[jkvh rZb dk e'Jh goGkt jh BjhAA sK fco

rZb eoB d/ noE eh fBeb/. jo fgzv jo ;z;Ek Bz{ jo d/F Bz{ jo e"w Bz{ tXhnk bhvo ukjhd/

jB. Xow ubkT[D tk;s/ th okiBhsh }o{oh j?, ¼oki fpBk Bk Xow ub/ j?A½ b/feB oki/ Bz{ i/

eo rZb BjhAA eoBh nkT[Adh sK ¼nzBQK nkr{ EkghJ/½ tkbh rZb j' ikt/rh. gzikphnK ftZu yk;eo

f;ZyK ftZu nieb d' uou/ nkw s"o s/ uZb oj/ jB, Fqh nekb sys ;kfjp ns/ d;w rqzE.

fi; Bkb wo}h rZb eoe/ t/y bt' jo e'Jh nkgDk fpnkB d/D Bz{ fsnko j?. go gVQBk sK fJZe

gk;/ fojk 99 rkbVhnK B/ d;w rqzE d/ doFB th BjhAA ehs/. nekb sys f;ZyK d/ Xow oki

dk f;zxk;B j?. Xowoki Bz{ B;hns e'Jh BjhAA d/ ;edk. d;w rqzE pko/ rZbK eoB tkb/ fe;/

ftob/ Bz{ jh FkfJd gsk j't/ fe 1897 ftZu 32 tZy tZy d;w rzqE ;B. wk}{dk d;w rqzE ftZu

1428 nzrK ftZu'A 1100 d/ eohp nzrK ftZu gkso fusoD j?, fsqnk ufosq fi; Bz{

ufosq'gfynkB th nkyd/ jB, u"th; ntsko, pfuZsq BkNe, uzvh ufosq, frnkB gqp'X, pqjwK

ntsko s/ o[do ntsko ;ko/ t/dK Fk;soK s/ T[gfBFdK ftub/ gksoK dk fusqD j?. B[esk fBZek

j? go ;wMDk Bk ;wMDK s[jkvh nk}kdh j? fe fijVk th d;w rzqE dh rZb eo/ T[;Bz{ p/Bsh

eohJ/ fe ikj thok gfjbK d;w rqzE gVQe/ d/y fco nkgK rZb eoKr/.

rZb io{o eo' rZb eoB s'A fpBk ftuko BjhAA j' ;edk go p/w?fjBh ebkw eoB dk eh bkG.

gVQB ;wMD s'A fpBK ;wMkfJnk BjhAA ik ;edk. rZb eoB dk ;bhek th j'Dk ukjhdk i/ frnkB

j't/ go rZb soshp Bkb Bk ehsh ikt/ sK th ;wM BjhAA bZr ;edh. fbnkes th pj[s io{oh

j? go fizBk fuo ;o'fsnK Bz{ ;wM BK nkt/ sK rZb pDdh BjhAA. rZb fizBhA wo}h gkJ/dko j't/

go i/ ;wM jh Bk nkt/ sK eh rZb pDh. rZbK eoB dk fJZe B[esk fJj th j? fe i/ s[jkv/ ftZu

fBwosk BjhAA, i/ fJt/A brdk j't/ fit/A s[;hA o'np gk oj/ j' sK th rZb BjhAA pD ;edh. jo

fe;/ dh nkgDh th o[Zyh fwZ;h FKB j[zdh j?. rZb pks ftZu fdnkb{ j'D Bkb jh s[;hA goGkt gk

;ed/ j'. tkoskbkg ed/ th fJZe gk;V BjhAA j' ;edh s[;hA tXhnk N'B ftZu rZb eod/ j' sK

nrbk th e'fFF eo/rk T[;/ N'B ftZu p'bD dh. ;' T[j p'bh p'b' i' s[;hA ;[DBk ukj[zd/ j'. UBh

rZb eohJ/ fizBh n;hA ;[DBK g;zd eod/ jK. w/o/ fJZe eohph fp}B;w?B fwZso dh Xow gsBh

pj[s jh ftdtkB j? nwoheB pZfunK Bz{ jkJh ;e{b ftZu gVQkT[Adh j?. pj[s tXhnk b'eK Bkb

T[ZmDh p?mDh th j? go T[j fi; wfjcb ftZu th p?mh j't/ ;G Bz{ gsk j[zdk j? fe nZi j'o fe;/

dh tkoh BjhAA nkT[Dh rZb eoB dh. x/n th pj[sk BjhAA ykXk iKdk. fjzdh gzikph s/ T[od{ n}kdh

s'A gfjbK fJZe jh GkFk ;h, nZi th i/ e'Jh ;ob fjzdh, ;ob gzikph iK ;ob T[od{ p'bdk j?

sK ;G Bz{ ;wM brdh j?. go id'A ;z;feqs cko;h iK n"yh ;pdktbh tosd/ jK sK ;wM BjhAA



brdh. d' e[ wjhfBnK dh rZb j? w?A fJZe ;?whBko ftZu fjZ;k b?D r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh

frnk. goXkBrh eoB nkJ/ pj[s TZuh gdth tkb/ ftdtkB B/ dZf;nk fe gzikph eftsk s/

;?whBko ftZu p'bD bJh TBQK B/ vkeNo ;[fjzdopho gq'c?;o Bz{ i' fe T[; ;?whBko d/ vko?eNo

;B p/Bsh ehsh fe seoho fby e/ d/D go T[BQK dZf;nk fe ;[fjzdopho B/ n?;h GkFk fbyh fe

nZXh ;wM bZrh nZXh BjhAA bZrh. ;' i/ ;ob s/ ;gFN rZb jh ;wM bZr ;edh j? sK fJj B[esk

jh mhe j?I

wB dh w?b wB'A BK T[soh, wb wb fgzv/ BkQJhdk .

;[zdo ;'jD/ t;so gk e/ nso cb/b brkJhdk .

j"w/ s/ jzeko BK jfNnk fdb Bz{ pVk jNkJhdk .

wkbe d/ wzdoK ftZu ik e/ fBZs fBZs ;h; M[ekJhdk .

w'j wwsk wB ftZu p?mh j? wB Bz{ pVK wBkJhAdk .

nkgDK wB ekp{ BjhAA nkT[Adk b'eK Bz{ ;wMkJhdk .

Xow dk wsbp y[d Bk ikDK Xowh o{g pDkJhdk .

d[BhnK d/ fBgNko/ ykso vw vw vrk tikJhdk .

jo dw j"w/ nzr ;zr ofjzdh gb gb bV SvtkJhdk .

gzi/ d{s n;K s'A seV/ y[d seV/ nytkJhdk .

i/ e'Jh rZb f;o/ BK uVQdh pVk r[Z;/ ftZu nkJhdk .

ftFtkfwZso s'A th tXhnk Xowoki pDtkJhdk .

w'j wkfJnk feZBh S'Nh j? fJZe dw fJj G[b ikJhdk

nZi J/Bk th G[bdk iKdk feZdK okw wBkJhAdk .

r[BQkrko rBek Bz{ fco s'A feZdK w[es eokJhdk .

y[d jh y?o eo/ i/ wkbe sK uoBh fuZs bkJhdk .

nm;m shoE UE/ jk}o fiZE/ Bkw fXnkJhdk .



;kvh B}o/;kvh B}o/;kvh B}o/;kvh B}o/;kvh B}o/n;hA fe; rZb Bz{ fezBh e[ rzGhosk Bkb b?Ad/ jK fJj ;kvh nkg' nkgDh :'rsk j[[zdh j?. eJh

tko n;hA ¼tkb eh ykb½ T[sko d/Ad/ jK s/ eJh tko tZvhnK tZvhnK rZbK Bz{ ;o;oh ;wM e/ e'Jh

r"o jh BjhAA eod/. f;nkD/ b'e i' n;bhns ikDBk ukj[zd/ jB T[j rZb dh iVQ sZe iKd/ jB,

ekoD dk gsk bkT[Ad/ jB. i/ ;wZf;nk dh iVQ dk gsk bZr ikt/ sK jZb bZGDk ;"yk j' iKdk j?.

w[V fxV p'jV EZb/ tkbh jh rZb j? fe ekoD bZGD bJh ;wZf;nk dk gsk eoBk gT{ s/ ;wZf;nk

dk gsk bkT[D bJh ;wZf;nk pko/ ikDekoh jk;b eoBh gT{ s/ w[Zedh rZb ikDekoh jk;b eoB

bJh gVDk gT{. i/ ;kv/ ftZu e[M eo ;eD dk j";bk j? sK T[;Bz{ eo ftykJhJ/ sK jh mhe j?.

i/ n;hA fJj jh ;'ud/ ofj ikJhJ/ fe w?A feT[A gzr/ btK sK ;ko/ fJt/A jh ;'uD fco rZb fBZso/

fet/A. g{o/ j";b/ Bkb nkgDh g{oh fbnkes dk fJ;s/wkb eoe/ ;jh jZb bZGD ftZu jh wodkBrh

j?. uZb SZv goQK eoB tkb/ sK pj[s j[zd/ jB go T[j b'e fe;ws tkb/ j[zd/ jB i' e[M eo

ftykT[Ad/ jB. fJj ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe n;hA th e'Jh B[esk ikDd/ jK iK BjhAA, e[M efj

;eD dh fjzws oZyd/ jK iK BjhAA. i/ e[M efjD dh }[oos j? sK efj fdU j' ;edk s[jkvh

nktk} ftZu obD tkb/ eJh j'o T[Zm yVQ/ j'D.

d[BhnK Go ftZu f;Zy nZieb t;kyh wBk oj/ jB. bZyK FkfJd eo'VK b'eK B/ t;kyh dhnK

tXkJhnK fdZshnK j'DrhnK. ;kvh B}o/ ykb;/ dh f;oiDk dk ekoD, xNBktK s/ Bshi/ eh fBeb/

;kvh nkg' nkgDh ;'uDh s/ fBoGo eodk j?. r[o{ B/ ;h; wzr/, gzi ;h; gotkB j'J/, nzfwqs

FekfJnk frnk, r[o{ B/ th nzfwqs Ffenk ykb;k ;kfink frnk. ub' ;ko/ jo ;kb fJZe d{i/ Bz{

tXkJhnK d/JhJ/, j' ;e/ sK e'Jh ftobk tKMk nzfwqs Fe bt/ rZb ysw. jo fJB;kB dh fJZe

t/yD tkbh B}o j[zdh j? ns/ fJZe fdZp fdqFNh j[zdh j?. n;hA nkw s"o s/ d/yD tkbh B}o sZe

jh ;hws ofjB/ nK. fizBk fuo fdZp fdqFNh BjhAA ezw eodh n;hA B[es/ dh rfjokJh sZe BjhAA

gj[zu ;ed/. fdZp fdqFNh f;oc poQwfrnkBhnK dh jh BjhAA j'fJnk eodh jo fe;/ e'b T[j nZy

j? n;hA ikDhJ/A iK Bk ikDhJ/A. ih;; eokJh;N eo"; T[Zs/ wo frnk d[BhnK Bz{ rbshnK s'A w[nkch

fdtkT[D tk;s/ s/ wo e/ nwo j' frnk. r'fpzd f;zx d/ ykb;/ bJh oZp Bz{ iK oZp d/ fe;/ g[Zso

Bz{ woB dh e'Jh b'V BjhAA. ykb;k y[d ;h; jk}o eodk j?. ;h; r[o{ Bz{ ;"Ag e/ nwo j' ikD

dh iku r[o{ fgsk B/ nwo eoe/ s/ nkg nwo j' e/ f;ykJh. f;o ftZu jh ;kohnK rbshnK dh

toeFkg j? s/ i/ toeFkg jh ;kvh Bk j't/, ;h; ;kvk fojk jh BjhAA sK rbshnK fet/A g?dk

j'DrhnK. ;'u r[o{ dh j' ikt/ sK ;kvk ;G e[M r[o{ dk j?. w/ok w[M w/A feS BjhA i' feS j? ;'

s/ok sK fco oZp dk ;G e[M j'fJnk nwo eoB tkb/ ftZu s/ j'D tkb/ ftZu e'Jh coe jh Bk

j'fJnk. fi;dk iBw j't/ T[;dh w"s th fBFfus j?. nwo j'D bJh ;ohoe s"o s/ woBk bk}wh

j?. ykb;/ dk iBw BjhAA j'fJnk. ykb;k gqrfNU gowksw eh w"i iBw b?D tkbk sK jo fJB;kB

j?. B[esk fJj j? fe ;kBz{ gorN j'Dk nkT[Adk j? fe BjhAA. BkFtkB gzuG{se wkNh e/ g[sb/ Bz{



nwo eoB dh ftXh sK r[o{ ;wMk frnk go ;kBz{ T[; ftXh dk ftXkB :kd j? fe BjhAA. ;kb

ftZu fJZe fdB yZNhnK gZrK pzBQ e/ eh pD/rk. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ fJZe fwFB, fJZe wzf}b dh

gokgsh eoB bJh fJB;kB Bz{ ;[u/s ehsk, GJh gokgs wkB[y d/j[ohnk, r'fpzd fwbD eh fJj

s/oh pohnk. T[; wzf}b dh gokgsh eoB bJh d;w fgsk B/ wkor do;kfJnk. ykb;k gzE j?,

wkor j?, wzf}b s/ gj[zuD dk ftXh ftXkB j?. i/ feXo/ ;kBz{ r[o{ dh rZb s/ g{oD ftFtkF j[zdk

sK n;hA nZi sZe f;oc YkJh eo'V jh Bk ofj iKd/ s/ wro'A izw/A YkJh ;" eo'V fet/A j'J/ ub'

B[esk ;wMhJ/L--

jo fJ;kJh g{oD ftFtkF Bkb pkJhpb s/ :ehB eodk j?, rZb :ehB eoB tkbh j? fe

BjhAA fJ; gk;/ Bz{ iKd/ jh BjhAA. jo Xow f;oiDk dh rZb eodk j?. pkJhpb nB[;ko f;oiDk

dh rZb eohJ/. ¼F[o{ ftZu oZp B/ ;tor ns/ Xosh pDkJh½, T[; tes i/ ¼;fgoN n"c r"Y

tk; j{tfozr Uto dh c/; n"c tkNo½ sK s/ gkDh j? ;h, jtk s'A fpBk gkDh pD jh BjhAA ;edk,

fJ;dk wsbp jtk th ;h, ;/e fpBk nrBh fpBk jtk BjhAA pD ;edh sK fco nrB th ;h.

nkekF fpBk nrB dk fenk; th BjhAA ehsk ik ;edk. Xosh, nkekF, nrB, jtk ns/ gkDh i/

;G e[M j? ;h sK pkJhpb ftub/ oZp B/ eh pDkfJnk< ikd{ Bkb tB;gsh, gF{ gzSh, gkDh ftub/

iht, yzv pfoQwzv pDk e/ fco fwZNh dh Y/oh fJeZmh eoe/ pzd/ Bz{ g?dk ehsk. i/ n?Bk ;G e[M

oZp pDk ;edk ;h S/ fdBk ftZu sK n"os pBkT[D tkohA pzd/ dh gZ;bh dh eh b'V ;h. B[esk

;wMd/ j' Bk< fJ; ejkDh s/ :ehB eoB tkb/ 250 eo'V jB. ykb;/ dh f;oiDk s/ dZf;U

Gbk fezfBnK dk :ehB j?. jo e'Jh gzi fgnko/ ;kiD dh eEk tZy tZy sohe/ Bkb eodk j?.

go ed/ fe;/ :ehB ehsk fe fit/A gzi ;ki/ Ut/A nkg ;fink. gzi/ th s/ r[o{ nkg th jo tes

nZi th ;h; dh wzr eod/ jB. n;hA th nwo j' ;ed/ jK go ;kv/ f;o dk FkfJd jkb/ t/jb

BjhAAI



;kvh ;odkoh;kvh ;odkoh;kvh ;odkoh;kvh ;odkoh;kvh ;odkoh;'jDk ;o{g j? i/ fe;/ dk, ;'jD/ t;so gkJ/ jB, e[M E'VQk nso cb/b th brkfJnk j't/

sK pj[s tXhnk rZb j?. d/yDh gkyDh tXhnk bZrDk th uzrk j? b/feB i/ ;kvk fJybke ;jh

BjhAA, feodko ;jh BjhAA, ;wki Bkb i/ ;kv/ foFs/ ;jh BjhAA, i/ n;hA frnkB tj{D/ jK, i/ ;kBz{

nfj;k; jh BjhAA j[zdk, i/ ;kvk e'Jh s}opk jh BjhAA j?, i/ ;kvk e'Jh :'rdkB jh BjhAA j?, i/

;kvh e[M eo ;eD dh ;woZEk jh BjhAA j? sK eh n;hA ;odko ejkT[D d/ ekpb jK< i/eo n;hA

w"e/ dk ckfJdk T[mke/, fe;/ skes dk d[oT[g:'r eoe/ n:'r b'eK Bz{ ;odko pDk d/Ad/ jK sK th

n;hA ekjd/ nkr{ j'J/. ne;o nZieb fJt/A j' fojk j? sK jh sK ;odkohnK dh ehws e'Jh BjhAA

ojh. e'Jh ;wK j[zdk ;h fe ;odko Bz{ nkT[AfdnK d/y e/ b'e yVQ/ j' iKd/ ;h. i/ fe;/ Bz{ nkT[AfdnK

t/y e/ b[eDk g? ikt/, T[oQK goQK j'Dk g? ikt/, ;fseko dh pikJ/ fi; gqsh fxoDk g?dk j't/ T[j

ekjdk ;odko. ;kv/ Ffjo ftZu id'A gzikphnK dh frDsh tXD bZrh, ukbh d/ eohp gotko j'

rJ/ go r[od[nko/ f;oc d' fszB gotko jh ikfJnk eoB. T[;d/ eJh ekoD ;h fJZe sK fJj

ekoD ;h fe B"oE j"bht[v ikDk g?Adk ;h i' fe 50 whb d{o ;h. d{;oh rZb fe Bt/A nkJ/ eJhnK

e'b 50 whb ikD bJh ;kXB BjhA ;h iK fco ezw eki u'A t/jb BjhA ;h brdk. n;hA ;'funk

;kv/ gzikph Gok G?DK sK ub' wod/ dw sZe r[o{ dk ;fseko eoBr/ go nkT[D tkbh ghVQh dk

eh pD{. i/ gzikph Bk nkT{, r[od[nko/ ikD dh ohM th Bk ojh sK nkgD/ nkg Bz{ eh ejkT[Dr/

feT[Afe nzrq/} sK fe;/ B/ efjDk BjhA ;kv/ pZfunK Bz{. n;hA e[M w'jsto b'eK B/A fwbe/ ;bkj

ehsh fe Ffjo ftZu r[odtkok j'Dk ukjhdk. nZ;h e[ j}ko vkbo n;hA e'b'A gkfJnk, d' e[ bZy

tZy tZy FfjoK dhnK ;zrsK s'A T[roQkJh ehsh e[M eo}k fwb frnk s/ tXhnk r[odtkok pD

frnk. jo jcs/ dhtkB bZrDk ;zrs i[VB bZr rJh. f;Zy fJsjk; ns/ r[opkDh ftZu'A T[XkoDk

d/ e/ n;hA eEk tkosk th E'VQh xDh eoBh. Ffjo ftZu fJZe gotko n?;k nk frnk i' ;odkoh

eoBk ukj[zdk ;h. n;hA jo soK T[; gotko Bz{ ihn nkfJnK fejk. i' th nZr/ j' e/ T[j eoBk

ukj[zd/ ;h n;hA jo ukjs g{oh eoB dk :sB ehsk go ;kv/ bkr/ yV's/ T[j nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;odko

ejkT[D s'A T{D/ wfj;{; eod/ ;h. T[; gotko B/ okiBhsh y/v y/vDh ukjh, e[M ;zrs d/ w?Apo

jZE tZ; eo bJ/ fe ;[fozdo Bz{ ;/tk ew/Nh ftZu BjhA ofjD d/Dk. ftXkB nB[;ko ;kv/ r[o{ xo

ftZu u'D ;op ;wsh Bkb jh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. ;op;zwsh BK j't/ sK gouhnK gk bU. u'D eoB

bZr/ sK ;kBz{ fejk frnk fe s[;hA jh F[o{ s'A ;/tk eod/ nk oj/ j' j'o b'eK Bz{ w"ek fwbDk ukjhdk.

n;hA fejk XzBGkr dZ;' e"D e"D pDBk ukj[zdk, ;Zs w?Apo fsnko j'J/ n;hA ;Zs/ pDk fdZs/. ;/tk

ew/Nh ftZu BK j[zfdnK th ;kvh b'V wfj;{; eod/ oj/ ;ko/ go T[; gZXog[oF dk Bkw fes/ th

Bk fojk i' ;odko pDBk ukj[zdk ;h feT[Afe T[j ;ZuhA dk ;odko ;h jh BjhA.

i/ ;kvh FyFhns ;jh BjhA sK b'e ;kBz{ Gbk feT[A ;[DB. i/ ;odko ejkT[D Bz{ fdb eodk

j? sK s[jkv/ ftZu'A ;odkoh fd;Dh ukjhdh j? BjhA sK s[;hA b'eK ftZu'A dh sK bzx ikt'r/ go s[jkv/



wro e'Jh BjhA bZr/rk. jK fJj rZb sK mhe j? fe i/ e'Jh x[ZrhnK d/ pZu/ wko fojk j? sK T[;

Bkb e'Jh MrVk fto'X FkfJd e'Jh BK eo/ go fJj rZb :ehBB efj ;ed/ jK fe p'N wkoB

tkfbnk Bz{ e'Jh ;{otho BjhA efjzdk. i' b'e ;Zu w[Zu ;odkoh r[D oZyd/ jB T[j ;G Bz{ Bkb b?

e/ uZbd/ jB. nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;odko efjD Bkb s[;hA ;odko BjhA pD ;ed/, b'e efjD sK rZb

pDdh j?. i' ;kv/ nkr{ j[zd/ jB T[j ;kBz{ fe;/ rbs rZb s'A to} th ;ed/ jB B'e N'e th eo

;ed/ jB go i/ e'Jh r[D j? fe;/ ftZu T[; r[D dh f;cs th eod/ jB. tXhnk nkr{ nkgD/

r[Dtzs ;kEhnK dh edo th eod/ jB. FkpkF th d/Ad/ jB. w?A fJZe tko fJzNoB?N s/ fe;/ pZuh

dh fbyh B}w gVQh, w?Bz{ n?Bh uzrh bZrh fe nZXh :kd j' rJh w?Bz{. e[M wjhB/ pknd w?A fco

T;dh e'Jh fbys gVQh s/ w?Bz{ :kd nkfJnk fe fJ;/ pZuh B/ gfjbK th pj[s tXhnk fbfynk

;h. w?A ;o;oh T[;Bz{ Jh w/b ehsh s/ fejk fe sz{ tXhnk fby ;edh j?A fbfynk eo. T[j w/

ohnK fbysK s'A pj[s gqGkts ;h. w?Bz{ nzeb ih fbfynk eodh ;h. y?o T[;B/ n?Bh w/jBs ehsh

T[;s'A pknd fe T[;d/ pb'r s'A ;ko/ gzikph b/fye pj[s gqGkts j'J/. B[esk fJj j? fe fe;/

d/ r[D dh skohc eoB Bkb nrb/ Bz{ j";bk fwbdk j? ns/ s[jkvh th f;nkDg j? tfvnkJh j?.

;Zu p'bD bZfrnK ;ZuhA vo brdk j?,

fco th ;Zu dhnK f;csK eod/ ofjzd/ jK.

wB wzdo dh wfo:kdk BK oZy j'Jh,

wfo:kdk goF'sw pD pD pfjzd/ jK.

ukBD ftZu sK ;G e[M jh fd; g?Adk j?,

skjhUA x[Zg jB/Qo/ d/ ftZu ofjzd/ jK.

;funko/ b'eK ftZu ;kBz{ frDd/ B/A,

;{MtkB b'eK ftZu T[Zmd/ pfjzd/ jK.

eJh tkoh eos{sK s'A ;zr nkT[Adh j?,

;'u ;wM e/ ;kok e[M ;fj b?Ad/ jK.

;Zu p'bD bZfrnK ;ZuhA vo brdk j?,

fco th ;Zu dhnK f;csK eod/ ofjzd/ jKI



;kv/ M{m;kv/ M{m;kv/ M{m;kv/ M{m;kv/ M{mfiBQK rZbK Bz{ nZX'A tZX d[BhnK nZyK whN e/ wzB ojh j't/ T[j i/ ;jh j'D dh pikJ/ fuZNk

M{m j'D sK Gbk eh eoBk ukjhdk j?< fJsjk;ekoK B/ fJFko/ sK pj[s fdZs/ jB go u'oK dh N'bh

fJZe' p'bh, rZb Bz{ r'b w'b eoe/ fbyd/ jB. ¼nkgDk nshs½ g[;se fbyfdnK w?A i' B[es/ bZG/

T[BQK ftZu'A e[M B[es/ ;KM/ eoBk ukj[zdk jK gkmeK Bkb, s/ bU fco ;[D' L--

ftbhnw F?eFghno gZFwhA ;ZfGnsk dk pj[s tZvk ndkeko j'fJnk. id 1616 ftZu

T[;dk fdjKs j'fJnk sK T[; tes dk ;G s'A tZX uous Bkw ;h T[;dk. F?eFghno B/ ndkekoh

ftZu prkts ehsh. GkFk dhnK XZihnK T[vk fdZshnK, foFfsnK Bz{ o'b e/ oZy fdZsk, fJB;kB Bz{

fJB;kBhns s'A jNt/A o;s/ fdykT[D tkbk n?eNo nzrq/}K d/ fdb dh XVeD pD frnk. T[;dh

w"s s'A pknd 1623 ftZu i"jB j?fwzr; ns/ j?Boh e"Bv/b B/ F?eFghno dh n?efNzr dhnK

ejkDhnK fbyhnK, vqkw/A fby/ s/ b'eK fJj wzB e/ gVQ/ fe fJj F?eFghno B/ fby/ jB b/feB

fJsjk; dh e'Jh g[;se fJ; rZb dh Fkjdh BjhA d/Adh fe F?eFghno d/ Bkw j/mK Sg/ wzB/

gowzB/ vqkw/ F?eFghno d/ fby/ j'J/ jB. ;ko/ wzBh fcod/ jB go j? fJj fuZNk M{m fe

F?eFghno B/ nzrq/}h GkFk ftZu ouBk ehsh. F?eFghno B/ nkgDh ebw Bkb e[M th BjhA

fbfynk. n?efNzr eofdnK F?eFghno fit/A bc}K Bz{ s'Vdk wo'Vdk ;h T[; soK Bkw th d/

d/Adk ;h. F?eFghno p/phb'fBe Xkowe rzqE (e[okB) Bz{ pkJhpb efjzdk ;h. n;b ftZu

F?eFghno s'A gfjbK pkJhpb Bkw jh BjhA ;h. F?eFghno d/ Bkw EZb/ SghnK feskpK ftZu ;?AeV/

tko pkJhpb fejk frnk. okDh nb}fpE (gfjbh) dk id'A fdjKs j'fJnk s/ ;e"Nb?Av dk fgqz;

i/w} okik pfDnK ;sQkothA ;dh d/ gfjb/ djke/ ftZu, sK T[j th F?eFghno s'A pj[s gqGkts

;h sK jh sK fezr i/w} B/ i' Xkowe eEk eEktK (r";gb}) fJeZso eotk e/ Xkowe feskp

;B 1611 ftZu SgtkJh sK T[;dk Bkw fezr i/w} pkJhpb oZfynk. gfjbh r";gb tkJhefbc

B/ 1380 ftZu ouh frDh iKdh j?. nwohek ftZu gfjbh nzrq/}h pkJhpb 1782 ftZu o"poN

n?NeB B/ fbyh. B[es/ dh rZb dZ;K --- gfjbh pkJhpb dh ouBk Fqh r[o{ nkfd rzqE ;kfjp

d/ goekF fdB 1604 fJ;th s'A ;Zs ;kb pknd ftZu j'Jh. j}koK ;kb gfjbK tkbk fuZNk M{m

j?.

i"oihnB ebzvo th fuZNk M{m j?. d' ;szpo 1752 fdB p[ZXtko Bz{ ;"A e/ nzrq/}h oki dhnK

;kohnK eb'BhnK ftZu ofjD tkb/ b'e 14 sohe Bz{ T[Zm/. feT[Afe 12 fdB nvi;N eoe/ u"Xt/

A fdB ik e/ thotko nkfJnk. fJZe B[esk j'o dZ;K i"oihnB ebzvo dk gfjb/ j}ko ;kb th

fuZNk M{m j?. gkJ/dko rZbK Bz{ wzBD dk ;G dk ihn eodk j?. gb?N', no;s{ s/ f;ezdo dhnK

eEk ejkDhnK pj[s gkJ/dko jB fJ; bJh b'e wzZBd/ jB go ed/ fe;/ fJj BjhA tzrkfonk fe

fJsjk;e soheK ekjs'A rbs fbyd/ j'. ;ezdo dh pjkdoh Bz{ wzBd/ jK go 326 ph ;h tkbh

sohe fuZNk M{m j?. w?A nkgD/ fJBQK ftukoK d/ ;gFNheoB tk;s/ i/ s[jkBz{ Xkowe d[BhnK ftZu



b? uZbK sK fXnkB Xo e/ ftukfoU w/oh rZb Bz{ L-- r[o{ BkBe B/ i' i' fbfynk T[; ftZu e'Jh

n?;h rZb j? fe;/ Bz{ oVeh i' ;jh BK j't/< r[o{ BkBe B/ nkrk;K nkrk; bZy gkskbK gkskb dh

rZb ehsh, ;ku/ s/ gtBk GfJnk gtB/ s/ ib j'J/ torhnK ;kfJz; dhnK rZbK ehshnK. jZe

gokfJnk BkBek T[; ;{no T[; rkJ/ th fejk. d[BhnK dk e/jVk ftFk n?;k j? i' BkBe B/ BjhA

N'fjnk. Xkowe d[BhnK d/ jo gho ceho pko/ rZb ehsh. t/d g[okB e[okB es/p dh rZb ehsh

go w/ok B[esk ;wfMU ih, r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ ;[eoks, eqkJh;N, gb?N' iK no;s{ dh rZb feT[A

BjhA ehsh feT[Afe T[; tes sZe gzXothA ;'bQthA ;dh sZe fJj ;ko/ j'J/ jh BjhA ;h. fJj

fJsjk; j? iK fwfEjk; fJ;kJhns dk fwEjk; th i/ BkBe d/ ;w/A sZe fbfynk frnk j[zdk sK

BkBe B/ fJFkok io{o eoBk ;h. Gkt/A fJFkok okw tKr eod/ Gkt/A oktD tKr, feqFB tKr, nbk

tKr iK fe;/ r[BQKrko rBek tKr. Xos nekF gskb dh rZb eoB tkb/ Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftZu

9335 tko jfo Fpd dk f}eo nkfJnk j?. jo[ 2 tko, jo 13 tko, joh 51 tko ns/ feq;B

8 tko nkfJnk j?. okw 1797 tko, okw[ 253 tko, okwk 29 tko, okw? 19 tko, okfw 7 tko

fbfynk j?. r[opkDh ftZu tk;[d/t, r'sw iK nbk dk i/ fieo nk ;edk j? sK ih;; eokJh;N,

;[eoks, gb?N', no;s{ i/ j[zd/ sK T[BQK dk f}eo feT[A BK nkT[Adk pkDh ftZu. fJsjk; fJ; rZb

dk rtkj j? fe r[o{ BkBe p;o/ prdkd (p/phb'fBe fJbkek) ftZu rJ/, wZe/ wdhB/ th rJ/.

pkpo Bz{ tzrko ;eD dh i[rs ikBD tkb/ BkBe B/ :'o'Fbw ftub/ MrV/ dh rZb sK BjhA ehsh

feT[Afe T[; tes sZe fJ;bkw d/ fybkc e'Jh fJ;kJh iBfwnK jh BjhA ;h. B[esk ;wMD tkbh

rZb fJj j? fe fJ;bkw s/ ep}k eoB bJh fJ;kJhnK B/A fJj M{m wkfonk j? fuZNk M{mI



gzi d[nkpgzi d[nkpgzi d[nkpgzi d[nkpgzi d[nkpgzvs wzdoK ftZu p[Zs g{iD, w[ZbK wZe/ eoB j}kp.

;[ZBV dk eh eohJ/ fi;dh g{ik T[;d/ gzi d[nkp.

uzd skfonK s/ j? eh eh, d[BhnK bZGdh fcodh j?,

;[ZBV y'i eo/ ezfYnK s/ ;sb[i okth f;zX MBQkp.

uhBh ncoheh s/ o'wB pj[s g[oksB frDd/ b'e,

;[ZBV nky/ wkBtsk dk w[ZY edhw sK j? gzikp.

rhsk ns/ owkfJD th sK ikJhnK B/ gzikp dhnK,

;z;feqs th izwhA J/E/ ;[ZBV dk sK fJjh fj;kp.

nZbk nZbk eohA cohdk c/o fes/ th nkt/A i/.

gke gftZso gzikph ftZu tkfo; Fkj dk BjhA itkp.

M{m s[ckB p'b e/ b'ehA Bebh Xow pDk b?Ad/,

BkBe dh pkDh s/ ;[ZBVk dZ;hA feZE/ fd;dk dkr.

ekdo dh e[dos j? T[gih fJ; TgikT{ Xosh s/,

T[Zu/ gops v{zx/ gkDh wko{Eb Bk j'D npkd.

ikD p[ZM e/ wub/ j'J/ ;G e[M ikD/ fJj d[BhnK,

pfj ik sz{ u[Zg eoe/ ;[ZBVk, ukso b'ehA pV/ yokp.

gkV uho e/ bhoK ehsk e'fjnk pVk e;kJhnK B/,

wfje ni/ th Uv' e/vh w"bk fyfVnk oj/ r[bkpI



;kvh n;bhns;kvh n;bhns;kvh n;bhns;kvh n;bhns;kvh n;bhnsjo fJB;kB Bz{ nkgDh n;bhns dk gsk j[zdk j?. id n;hA e[M rbs eoB brd/ jK sK

;kBz{ gsk j[zdk j? fe fJj w?A rbs eo fojk jK go fco th n;hA Nbd/ BjhA pZ; fJj jh

n;bhns j? ;kvh. ;kBz{ gsk j[zdk j? fe w?A M{m p'b fojk jK go fco th n;hA M{m p'bd/ jK.

i/ e'Jh efjzdk j? fe w?A sK ed/ M{m BjhA p'fbnk sK T[;dk efjDk jh M{m j? feT[Afe fJj M{mh

d[BhnK M{m s'A f;tk j'o e[M th BjhA. ;kvh j'Ad, ;kvk fi;w fJj ;G e[M M{m sK j?. jK fJZe

j? i' ;Zuk j?, n;bh j? go id'A n;hA T[; ;fsg[oy dh ejkDh ;[DkTAd/ jK sK n;hA fJZe j'o M{m

p'bd/ jK. ozr wihm s/ id'A n;hA eZu/ e;[zG ozr ukVQB dh e'fFF eod/ jK sK efunkJh ofj iKDh

;[Gkte j? feT[Afe ;Zu dh e'Jh ejkDh j' jh BjhA ;edh. okw i/ ;Zu j?, nekb g[oy j? sK T[;Bz{

ekb ftZu pzBQ e/, T[;dh Feb pDk e/ M{mk eoB dh eh b'V j?. oZp i/ xN xN ftZu ozftnK

j? sK ;kvk fi;w Gbk T[; xN xN ftZu nkT[Adk j? fe BjhA< i' ;opftnkgh j? T[j sK jo

fe;/ ftZu ftnkg fojk j?. ;kv/ ftZu th ftnkg fojk j?. n;hA Gkt/A ;zg{oD ;Zu BjhA j' ;ed/

go ;Zfstkdh sK j' ;ed/ jK. ;ko/ Xow uzr/ Gb/ jB, ;ko/ XowhA th uzr/ Gb/ jB. uzr/ Gb/ b'e

id uzr/ Gb/ Xow s/ ep}k eod/ jB sK T[; Xow dh ;opftnkgesk Bz{ ;hws eo d/Ad/ jB.

r[o{ BkBe fJZe dh rZb eod/ jB, fJZe ;Zfsg[oy dh ;opftnkgesk dh rZb eod/ jB,

;opFeshwkB ;op;KM/ nekbg[oy dh rZb eod/ jB i/ BkBe s/ :ehB j? sK n;hws ftukoXkok

Bz{ ;kvh efjD tkfbnK dk eh eohJ/. ;kvk Xow, ;kvk rqzE, ;kvh r[ow[yh, ;kvk ykb;k, i/eo

ykb;k nekbg[oy eh c"i j?, ykb;/ dk gorN j'Dk nekbg[oy eh w"i j? sK nekbg[oy dh

Fesh s/ ep}k e/jk< n;hA i/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih Bz{ ;ZuhA ;wfMnk j[zdk sK ;kvk pkpk efjD dh

pikJ/ ;op;KMk pkpk efjzd/. b/feB ;kvh n;bhns fJj j? fe n;hA pkp/ d/ g?ohA wZEk N/ed/

jK, ;fseko th pj[s eod/ jK go ;wMD dh e'fFF BjhA eod/ fe BkBe efjDk eh ukj[zd/ jB.

i/ n;hA nkg Bk ;wMKr/ sK j'o fe;/ Bz{ Gbk eh ;wMktKr/. n;hA ejkDhnK s/ :ehB eod/ jK

n;bhns s/ BjhA.

ejkDh e'Jh fi; soK dh wo}h fby d/t/ n;hA T[; T[Zs/ gh n?u vh eoB GZi s[od/ jK.

ejkDh efjD tkb/ dk e'Jh e;{o BjhA j[zdk, i/ fe;/ dh ebw ftZu s[jkBz{ ftFtkF fdtk ;eD

dh Fesh j? sK jh fbydk j? e'Jh go i/ n;bhns ikBD s'A fpBk jh ;koh d[BhnK wzB bt/ sK

rZb ysw. fit/A ;koh d[BhnK ebzp; d/ nwohek bZGD dh ejkDh s/ :ehB eoh fcodh j?.

¼ngDk nshs½ feskp ebzp; dh M{mh ejkDh s' godk bkj[zdh j?. e[M B[es/ w?A s[jkv/ Bkb ;KM/

eodk jK. gfjbh rZb fe n;hA ebzp; dh BkNeh ejkDh gVQe/ T[;Bz{ wzBD wBkT[D ftZu n?B/ o[M

rJ/ fe n;hA gqh e[bzp; nw?oheB fj;Noh gVQh jh BjhA i/ gVQh j[zdh sK fw;hf;Zgh f;tbkJhi/

FB pko/ ikDekoh oZyD tkbk fet/A wzB/ fe nwohek feq;Nco ebzp; B/ Gkfbnk. ebzp; dh

ejkDh s'A gfjbK Ffjo w?e;he' dh nkpkdh d' bZy s'A T[Zgo ;h. fJBQK d/ -vh n?B J/ N?;N nB[;ko



th J/FhnB b'e p/nfozr b?Av fpqi gko eoe/ ebzp; s'A j}koK ;kb gfjbK nwohek nk tZ;/ ;B.

;kfJz;dkBk B/ fJj f;ZX ehsk j? fe 8000 ;kb gfjbK th nwqhek dk ebkJhw/N ni'e/

ebkJhw/N Bkb obdk j?. i/ gkme j'o ikDekoh b?Dk ukj[D sK w?e;he' dh ¼wkfJnk f;tbkJh}/

FB½ pko/ gVQ e/ d/yD i/jVh ;ZfGnsk n;b ftZu fj;kp feskp s/ pkeh ;G soZehnK dh iBBh

j?. ;g?fBF sK jh sK Gkosh GkFktK Bkb obdh j?. d; sZe frDsh obk e/ dZ;K d/y' fcoL--

fJZe=T{B', d'=d';, fszB= sq?;, uko=e[nkso', gzi= f;ze', S/=;/;, ;Zs=f;J/s/, nZm=Uu', B"A=

B"J/t/, d;=dhn; . fezBk w/b yKdh j? frDsh, w?e;he' ns/ ;?ANob nwohek d/ fgzvK ftZu nZi

th ik e/ d/y' fpbe[b gzikp torh soh soekoh yKd/ jB b'e. X{c tZsh eoBk pbe/ ;kok ofjD

;?jD gzikphnK tork j?. ozr o{g ;kv/ tor/ ekb/ tkb w?A sK id we;heB b'eK ftZu ftuo e/

d/fynk sK nkgD/ Gok jh bZr/ pj[s ;koh ;g?fBF w?Bz{ }[pkBh :kd j' rJh obdh fwbdh i' j'Jh

fit/A skJ/ Bz{ shU efjzd/ jB, ewhi ~ ewh}k. ebzp; dh ejkDh sK 1828 ftZu tkfFzrNB

noftzr B/ fbyh s/ 1492 dh sohe fby fdZsh d[BhnK B/ wzB bJh rZb w[Zeh MrVk ysw

n;bhns dh b'V jh Bk ojh. i/ e'Jh iok th n;bhns ikBD dh e'fFF eodk sK ;[s/ jh ;wM

iKdk fe n?vk nwho ebzp; i' fe pkdFkjK s'A w[nkt}k t;{b eoB dh ;'udk ;h, i' gfjbh tko

fszB fSZg b? e/ s[odk j? d{ih tko 17 fSZg shih tko S/ fSZg b? e/ :ksok F[o{ eodk j? go B[es/

dh rZb dZ;K noftzr tkfFzrNB ebzp; dk iBw fdB s/ iBw;EkB fbyDk G[Zb frnk. Bebh

jho' d/ iBw pko/ Bk feB/ fbfynk Bk feB/ ;tkb ehsk. w?Bz{ pugB ftZu t/fynk fJZe jk;o;

vqkwK :kd nk fojk j? ---- ¼GkrtkB/ dkb ekjdh pDkJh J/ gsk BjhA brdk< ---- w?A pkbNh

Bkb y{JQh u'A gkDh fbnkJh, b{D gkfJnk, w;kbk gkfJnk, d' xzN/ foQBdh ojh, eh j'fJnk i/ w?A

uko dkD/ dkb g"Dh G[Zb rJh½. j'o ;[fDU iok ebzp; i' fe rtoBo th ;h n?vk tZYk jho' ;h

T[;dh w"s pko/ th e'Jh dbhbg{ote fJsbkj BjhAA fwbdh. ¼fj;Noh N[v/½ i' nr;s 2003

ftZu Sgh fJ; rZb dh rtkj j? fe i' jZvhnK (ow/AB;) ebzp; dhnK nky e/ eJh FfjoK ftZu

bJh fcod/ jB T[j vh n?B J/ w[skpe gzi ;" ;kb g[okDhnK BjhA s/ BK jh noftzr tkfFzrNB

d/ jho' Bkb obdhnK jB.



;kvhnK ezXK;kvhnK ezXK;kvhnK ezXK;kvhnK ezXK;kvhnK ezXKd[BhnK Bz{ ;G s'A gfjbhnK ezXK e'm/ jVZgk ns/ wfjzi'dV' ftZu'A fwb/. go fJj th n;hA

ikDd/ jK fe T[j Ykn fdZs/ rJ/, w/N fdZs/ rJ/. feT[Afe Ykj Y/oh eoB tkfbnK Bz{ T[j pj[s

tXhnk Yzr Bkb pDkJ/ j'J/ ozr wzu dzdhnK fuVkT[Ad/ ;B. i/jVh uh} ;kvh wo}h Bkb BjhA

pDkJh rJh T[j ;kBz{ uzrh BjhA brdh. n;hA nkgDh neb Bkb'A j'o fe;/ Bz{ soihj d/ jh BjhA

;ed/. i/ ;kBz{ e'Jh f;Zfynk d/D dh e'fFF eo/ sK ;kBz{ ed/ uzrk BjhA brdk Gkt/A ;kBz{ gsk j't/

fe fJj ;jh ;wMk fojk j? fco th n;hA ;[DBk BjhA ukj[zd/. g[oksB eEk eEktK ftZu w?A feXo/

fJZe ejkDh gVQh fe fJZe fdB w'jb/Xko whAj g? fojk ;h, rV/ g? oj/ ;h. fJZe o[Zy dh NkjDh

Bkb fpiV/ B/ r[zd r[zd e/ xo pDkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. fuVh tork fpiVk nkgD/ xo ftZu nokw

Bkb p?mk ;h. whAj jBQ/oh rV/ T[; fBZeh fijh fuVh dk e[M BjhA ;h ftrkV ;ed/ feT[Afe T[j

w}p{s nkbQD/ ftZu p?mh ;h. n?B/ Bz{ fJZe bzr{o T[; doys s/ uVQ frnk s/ fpiV/ d/ ;kjwD/

tkbh w}p{s NkjDh s/ p?m frnk. doys d/ NkjD gZs/ e[M sK pukU eo oj/ ;h go fco th

bzr{o fGZi fojk ;h, mo fojk ;h s/ i/ e'Jh rVk ezB s/ nkD tZidk sK uheK th wko fojk ;h.

fpiV/ Bz{ pj[s so; nkfJnk s/ fpiVk pKdo Bz{ ;bkj d/D bZrk fe d/yD Bz{ sz{ pzd/ tork brdk

j?A i/ fes/ sz{ th e'Jh xo pDkfJnk j[zdk sK T[; ftZu nkokw Bkb pfjzdk. d' e[ fwzN sK ;[Ddk

fojk go fco T[; bzr{o Bz{ fJt/A bZrk fe fJj fBZeh fijh fuVh T[;dh p/}sh eo ojh j?, wy"b

T[vk ojh j?. pKdo B/ MgN wko e/ fpiV/ dk xo s'V fdZsk.

g[okD/ b'eK Bz{ rZbK eofdnK ;[Dd/ j[zd/ ;h pugB ftZu, ¼XVh XVh dhnK rZbK eoB fvnK

sz{ nkgD/ f;o Yekt/ bJh uko ezXK sK yVhnK eo BjhA ;fenk½ ;kvh jo fJB;kB dh ohM j[zdh

j? fe ;kvk th e'Jh xo gotko j't/. fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx fit/A fbyd/ jB fe xo T[j j[zdk j?

fi; ftZu p?mk e'Jh fe;/ Bz{ T[vhedk j't/. n;hA ;kok i'o bkn e/ xo pDkT[Ad/ jK. gotko

pBkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jK, BZm GZi eoe/ ewkJhnK eoe/ gotko dh gotfoF eod/ jK. go eJh tko

nkgD/ jZEhA gkb/ j'J/ ;kv/ nkgD/ th ;kvk okj o'eD dk :sB eod/ jB. id'A e'Jh ;kvk nkgDk

;kv/ okj ftZu dhtko pDdk j? sK pVh nihp jkbs pD iKdh j? feT[Afe nkgD/ jZEhA pDkJhnK

ezXK Ykj d/D Bz{ ;kvk fdb BjhA eodk go j'o e'Jh ukok th BjhA j[zdk ;kBz{ o[eDk g?Adk j?, joBk

g?Adk j?, nkgD/ wB Bz{ wkoBk g?Adk j?. s/ eJh tko wo iKd/ jK n;hA. id'A sZe sK n;hA nkg ezXK

T[;kod/ jK sK ;kBz{ ;[y fwbdk j?, ;zs[FNh fwbdh j?. b/feB id T[j jh ezXK ;kv/ d[nkb/ yVhnK

j' iKdhnK jB sK fgzio/ ftu gJ/ gzSh tKr ;kBz{ T[ZvDk G[Zb iKdk j?. ;kv/ go j[zfdnK th ;kvk

T[Zv ikDk ww[feB BjhA j[zdk. feT[Afe nkgfDnK dh Bhns s/ FZe eoB s'A gfjbK ;kv/ foFs/

;kjwD/ nkD yVd/ jB. ;kv/ okj o'eD tkfbnK dh ;'u dk i' ekoD j[zdk j? T[;dh ;kBz{ ikDekoh

j[zdh j?. ;kv/ nkgfDnK dh ekpbhns dk Fesh dk th ;kBz{ frnkB j[zdk j?.

n?;h jkbs id g?dk j' ikt/ sK Gbk eh eoBk ukjhdk j?. nkU fJ; B[es/ s/ rZb eohJ/



. eJh tko n;hA Xkowe nk;ok b?Ad/ jK fit/A rhsk ftZu GrtkB feqFB noiB dk wkor doFB

eokT[Ad/ jB fe id s[jkv/ nkgD/ pdBhs j' iKd/ jB, eFN d/D brd/ jB sK pdh dk w[ekpbk

eoBk ;kvk co} pD iKdk j?. feT[fe jfEnko f;ZND Bkb s/ rZb BjhA pDBh go T[j ;wK fi;

tes noiB Bz{ nkgD/ r[o{ do'Dkukohnk, fgskwk GhFw iK skJ/ d/ g[Zs Gok d[oi'XB d/ fybkc

:[ZX eoBk fgnk T[; ;w/A ns/ nZi'e/ ;w/A ftukb/ j'o th pj[s ;ko/ o;s/ fBeb nkJ/ jB. nZi

d/ ;w/A f;nkDk T[j j? i' ;kohnK f;nkDgK i' d[BhnK ftZu wk}{d jB ;kohnK Bz{ ftuko e/ e'Jh

n?;k okj ngDkJ/ fe ;Zg th wo ikJ/ s/ ;'Nk th Bk N[ZN/. n;hA Gkt/A fizB/ wo}h f;nkD/ s}op/

eko feT[A Bk j'JhJ/ fco th i' f;nkDgK T[gbGd jB, fiBQK dk n;hA bkG b? ;ed/ jK T[j ;kohnK

f;nkDgK ftuko e/ ;jh o;sk ngBkT[Dk jh ;kvh f;nkDg j't/rh. uVQdh ebk ftZu ofjDk th

pj[s io{oh j? fdb SZvD Bkb th rZb BjhA pDdh. ;t? ftFtkF BjhA j? sK n;hA fe;/ th x[ZwDx/

oh ftZu'A BjhA fBeb ;ed/. nkr{ T[j jh j[zdk j? fi;Bz{ nZr/ bZrD dh i[rsh nkT[Adh j't/. d[BhnK

ftZu s[ofdnK i/ s[;hA nZr/ bZr e/ s[oBk BjhA ikDd/ sK pJh fco fgSbZr ejkT[Dk gT{. GZiBZm

eoBh io{oh j? go ;jh gk;/ Bz{ ikUr/ sK wzf}b fwb/rh jo GZi d"V d/ ;jh Bshi/ fBebD fJj

io{oh BjhA j[zdk. i/ n;hA J/B/ e[ ;wMdko j' ikJhJ/ fe ;kBz{ gsk j't/ fe n;h e/jVh ftXh ngDk

oj/ jK, i' eod/ jK T[; dh ;wM j't/. pdb/ ftZu eh fwb/rk fJ;dh th ;'u j't/ sK jh fyvkoh

jK. go y/v Bz{ y/QvDk sK gt/rk b/feB i/ s[jkv/ d[nkb/ T[;ohnK ezXK B/ s[jkBz{ o'e fbnk sK ;wi'

y/Qb ysw. nkg w'J/ iZr gob'. wo ikD tkb/ iK SZv e/ d"V ikD tkb/ i/s{ BjhA j' ;ed/. nkgD/

nkgD/ jh j[zd/ jB, i/ T[j ezXK th pDd/ jB sK th nkgfDnK s'A d{o GZiDK e'Jh jZb BjhA j?.

jo ;zGt e'fFF eoe/ nkgD/ tksktoD Bz{ ;ztkoBK jh ;kvh tfvnkJh j?. ;Zs ;w[zdo gko gj[zu

e/ n;hA Bkw yZN ;ed/ jK g?;/ pDk ;ed/ jK go nkgD/ BjhA ed/ yohd/ iKd/. ftd/FK ftZu w?A

eJh fe;w dhnK ekw:kphnK s'A pknd id tkfg; gzikp d/, nkgfDnK d/ ;[y GkbD tk;s/ frnk

sK r"ofwzN e"fbi eg{oEb/ fJZe ;" gzikj ;kbk :kdrkoh ;wkrw ftZu w?A fJZe eftsk gVQh i'

;[oihs gkso s/ j'o ;ko/ fwZsoK Bz{ pVh uzrh bZrh ;KMh eoKL--

;Zs ;w[zdo soe/, joe/, tkfg; xo Bz{ nkfJnk jK.

d/F ftd/FK d/ ftZu ik e/, nwohek ftZu g?o iwk e/,

Xos nkekF pV/ jh rkj e/, gqd/;K dh w'jo btk e/,

Ffjo w/o/ dh fwZNh ftubh wfje Bz{ GkbD nkfJnk jK.

;Zs ;w[zdo soe/, joe/, tkg; xo Bz{ nkfJnk jK.

u'rk u[rD ftd/FhA nkfJnk, tsB' d{o nkbQDk gkfJnk,

jo w";w ftZu YbDk ukfjnk, oj[ohsK Bz{ th ngDkfJnk,

EZe jko e/ w[V nkfJnk jK w?A fiZE'A dk ikfJnk jK.




w/ok Ffjo, Ffjo dhnK rbhnK, w/o/ i[Z;/ d/ ftZu obhnK,

fiZE/ w/ohnK ohMK gbhnK, uoBkws Bz{ so;D sbhnK,

Ffjo w/o/ d/ ;[y ;kro dk, p{zd pz{d fsqjkfJnk jK.


w/o/ tsB fdU w/o/ :ko', w/o/ Ffjo dhU w[fNnko',

nkgDk ;ZfGnkuko BK jko', xo nkJ/ dh B}o T[sko',

;kps ;{os ;[ZBV Bz{, w?A xo Bz{ w'V fbnkfJnk jK.

;Zs ;w[zdo soe/, joe/, tkg; xo Bz{ nkfJnk jKI



;kvh f;nkD;kvh f;nkD;kvh f;nkD;kvh f;nkD;kvh f;nkDfJZe s;tho ;kv/ fdb ftZu j[zdh j? fe n;hA e"D jK s/ d{;oh s;tho d[BhnK dh B}o/ n;hA

e"D jK fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodh j?. FkfJd 2002 dh rZb j? fe w?A e?broh s'A b";J/Aib; ik

fojk ;h. grVh tkbk w?A jh ;h fJeZbk. jtkJh ijk} pj[sk tZYk BjhA ;h. FkfJd fJZe jh

r[;bykBk ;h i' fe fpiB; ebk; dhnK ;hNK bkr/ ;h. fJZe r'oh e[Vh d/ Bkb gzi e[ ;kb dk

pZuk fi;Bz{ b? e/ T[j w/o/ e'b dh r[;bykB/ tZb ikD bZrh sK pZuk w/o/ tZb t/y e/ T[Zuh T[Zuh efjD

bZrk ¼fpB bkvB½. T[; pZu/ Bz{ w?A fpB bkvB brdk ;h. fJZe tko w?A 1983 ftZu ;?tB nb?tB

;N'o s/ ezw eo fojk ;h fe fJZe r'ok nkfJnk s/ w/o/ e'b'A bkrb/ wjZb/ dh fe;/ ;Ve dk ;oBktK

g[ZS/ i' fe w?B{z gsk BjhA ;h. w/o/ e'b'A fJ}k}s b? e/ T[;B/ w/ok c'B tofsnk. w/o/ bkr/ yV' e/

w/o/ c'B s'A ;o;oh s"o s/ rZb eo fojk ;h fe fJ; fJokBh Bz{ okj dk BjhA gsk. T[;dh B}o/

w?A fJokBh ;h. fJZe j'o xNDk :kd nkJh w/ok tho i;ftzdo ;kBz{ fwbD tk;s/ Gkos s'A nkfJnk

j'fJnk ;h s/ nukBe w/ok ;KY{ ;sftzdo th iowBh s'A nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h fwbD frbD. d'Bk

B/ fJZe fdB ;bkj ehsh fe nkgK nkg/ e[M yohdhJ/ s/ bkr/ fJZe d[ekB s/ ub/ rJ/. d[ekBdko

B/ d'BQk d/ nzrq/ih p'bD d/ sohe/ s'A T[BQK Bz{ g[ZfSnk fe s[;hA feZE'A d/ ofjD tkb/ j'. ;sftzdo efjD

bZrk fe fJj fJzvhnB j? s/ w?A iowB jK go d[ekBdko fJedw N'e e/ efjD bZrk - sz{ th

fJzvhnB jh j?A.

id'A n;hA fe;/ Bz{ f;nkDd/ BjhA sK fJ;d/ eJh tko n?;/ Bshi/ fBeb iKd/ jB fe n;hA

nzdk}k th BjhA bk ;ed/ fe ;kvh rbs gfjukD iK Bk;wMh eoe/ eh dk eh pD frnk. b'e

fjNbo Bz{ tXhnk B}o Bkb BjhA d/yd/. fJZe gfjukD pDh j'Jh j? fe fjNbo pj[s rbs ;h.

b/feB nZi sZe fe;/ B/ ftubh rZb dk gsk BjhA bkfJnk feT[Afe n;hA gZeh s;tho pDk e/ p?m/

jK fe fjNbo fizBk rbs pzdk e'Jh j' jh BjhA ;edk. FkfJd pj[s/ b'eK Bz{ fJ; rZb dk gsk

BjhA fe fjNbo B/ pVk o"bk gkfJnk fe T[j nkohnB j? go fe;/ B/ BjhA wzfBnK fe fjNbo

d/ dkd/ gVdkd/ gzikph ;B, fJzd; Bdh f;zX dfonk d/ feBko/ ofjzd/ oj/. iowB ns/ nkb/ d[nkb/

;ko/ fJbkfenK ftZu ofjD tkb/ BhbhnK nZyK tkb/ b'eK dk fgS'eV f;zX xkNh ;h fjNbo i/

:j{dhnK d/ s/ fJ;kJhnK d/ fybkc S/ ;kb izr bVdk j? sK fJ;dk ekoD Gbk eh ;h. eh fpBk

tiQk jh T[Zm e/ e[ZND wkoB bZr fgnk ;h< nkU nZi fJZe n?;k B[esk ;KMk eohJ/ fi; Bz{ ;theko

eoB bJh e'Jh e'Jh fBZso/rk go ;Zu Bz{ sK fit/A efjzd/ nZr th BjhA ;kVdh. Bt/A izw/A go

okiBhse ukbK ftZu ;G s'A nZr/ bzxd/ ik oj/ :j{dhnK ns/ fJ;kJhnK B/ Xow s/ ep}k eoB

dh jo ukb uZbh. ;BksB Xow fjzd{ Xow Bz{ fwfEjk; efj e/ ns/ fJ;bkw s/ ep}k eoe/ ;koh

d[BhnK s/ oki eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B. b/feB id fJ;bkw s/ ep}k Bk eo ;e/ sK fJ;bkw dh fJZe

BthA s;tho pBkT[D dk :sB ehsk. 17thA ;dh ftZu ik e/ pkJhpb dk i' gfjbk o{g fsnko

ehsk frnk T; ftZu th e[okB d/ EK EK doFB j[zd/ jB. fi; ;w/A pkpo Gkos ftZu oki ekfJw



eo fojk ;h sK fJj sK e[dosh rZb ;h fe fjzd{ w[;fbw NeokU g?dk j' frnk ;h. d{;ok

NeokU w?;kv'fBe p/phb'fBe fJbke/ tZb'A nkJ/ s/ d{;o/ gk;/ iowB tZb'A nkJ/ b'eK ftukb/ jkb/

F[o{ BjhA ;h j'fJnk. fjzd{ w[;fbw Xkofwe MrV/ Bz{ fBgNkT[D bJh ;'bQthA s/ ;skQothA ;dh ftZu

f;Zy Xow fJZe ;KM/ o{g ftZu ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. 1604 ftZu nkfd rzqE d/ gqekF j' ikD s/ ;Zu

Xow Fpd d/ bV bZr frnk. T[; ;w/A sZe i/ :'o'Fbw dk MrVk j'fJnk j[zdk sK T[;dk jtkbk

r[opkDh ftZu io{o nk ikDk ;h pkpk BkBe wZe/ wdhB/ p;o/ prdkd vwk;e; ;ko/ fJbke/ x[zwd/

oj/ i/ feXo/ :j{dhnK fJ;kJhnK w[;bwkBk dk T[; ;w/A sZe MrVk j'fJnk j[zdk sK BkBe dh B}o/

io{o uV ikDk ;h. Fqh r[o{ BkBe Xkowe d[BhnK Bz{ ob e/ uZbD s/ fJZe s/ g{oD ftFtkF oZyD

bJh gq/od/ jB b/feB T[j i' fJZe j? T[;dh s;tho BjhA pDkJh ik ;edh. i' fBot?o j? T[j

Gbk fe;/ Bkb feT[A bV{. i' fBoGU j? T[; Bz{ fe;/ s'A eh ysok. w[edh rZb gzuG{se fi;w

;zg{oD ;Zu j' jh BjhA ;edk. fjNbo r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ ;Zfs g[oy i' nekb w{os j? T[;

s/ :ehB oZydk ;h fJ;/ tk;s/ g'g ns/ pkeh ;ko/ gkdohnK ftZu fjNbo Bz{ oZp BjhA ;h fd;dk.

fJ; B[es/ d/ ;gFNheoB tk;s/ iowB dh jh fJZe j'o fw;kb d/Dh mhe ;wMdk jK.

d[BhnK s/ fJZe n?;k Xow nZi th uZb fojk j? pbe/ 51 fJ;kJhnK dk :ehB j? fi; T[Zgo T[j

j? gq'N?;N?ANfJ}w. n;b ftZu d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tZvk Xow j? fJj fgSbhnK uko gzi ;dhnK dk

go fJ; s/ fJ;kJhns dh w'jo bkJh j'Jh j?. gq'N?;N?ANfJ}w dk pkBh wkoNB b{Eo th nkohnB

;h Gkt/A iowB ftZu ofjzdk ;h. r[o{ BkBe Bkb'A T[wo ftZu 15 e[ ;kb jh S'Nk ;h. ;B 1517

ftZu i' 95 Eh;} wkoNB b{Eo ftNBpor dh e?;b uou d/ p{j/ s/ fugek nkfJnk ;h. T[;

eoe/ jh 1522 sZe wkoNB b{Eo nZX s'A tZX :"og d/ fdbK ftZu tZ; frnk ;h. B[esk ;wMD

tkbh rZb fJj j? fe T[j 95 Eh;} eh ;B. ed/ fe;/ B/ T[BQK 95 Eh;} d/ ftubk fto'X d[BhnK

Bkb ;KMk BjhA ehsk. r[o{ BkBe dh ftukoXkok s'A wkoNB b{Eo tko/ tko/ iKdk ;h. wkoNB b{Eo

95 nkoNhebK ftZu T{u Bhu d/ wZs G/d d{o eodk j?. seV/ wkV/ s/ nwho rohp dk coe

w/Ndk j?. ;wkfie pokposk dh rZb eodk j? s/ ;G s'A :kd eoB tkbh rZb fJj j? fe d/jXkoh

g'g b{Eo dh B}o/ oZp dk do}k BjhA b? ;ed/. i/ fes/ fJ;kJhns wkoNB b{Eo dh rZb wzB

e/ r[o{ BkBe d/ Fpd r[o{ Bz{ gotkBrh d/ d/Adh sK fco ;w[Zuh wkBtsk dk gko T[skok j' ;edk

;h. gq'N?;N?ANfJ}w ;feqguo s/ Fpd s/ :ehB oZydk j?, r[o{ BkBe s/ :ehB oZydk j?. i/ e'Jh

d/jXkoh j? sK T[j oZp BjhA j?. wB[ysk B/ nkgDh f;nkD eoBh j? gfjukD eoBh j? sK Fpd

fpBk BjhA j' ;edh.



FpdFpdFpdFpdFpd;fs Fpd Fesh ;zg{oD fJZe' fJZe Unzeko.

;fs F[o{nks ;fs jh tos/ ;fs oj/rk nkyoeko.

;fs Fesh ;G eo/ eokt/ ;fs f;oi/ ;z;ko.

;zg{oD Bk vo/ vokt/ Bk e'Jh fiZs Bk jko.

;opftnkge Fesh dk j? FpdK ftZu ;fseko.

;wK ekb ;hwK Bk e'Jh i{B ofjs nkeko.

;{os w{os Bk e'Jh ikwK BkokfJD fBozeko.

;kfjp ;jh ;bkws ;fsr[o w/joK dk Gzvko.

;G Bz{ dksK pyF fojk j? dksK GyFDjko.

;opebk ;woZE dk f;woD Bkw bzxkt/ gko.

;fji f;nkDg ;ziw ;[Zuw dksK jZE dksko.

;fs ;fs eo ikDhJ/A ;ko/ Fpd pD/ nkXko.

Fpd fpBk ;'Mh Bk e'Jh Fpd ;tkoDjko.

Fpd ikg dh i[rsh d/ Bk gkJhJ/ gotdrkoI

;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV



;kvh ;wM;kvh ;wM;kvh ;wM;kvh ;wM;kvh ;wMpugB ftZu jo ;kb d;?fjok d/yD dk pVk ukn j[zdk ;h. jo ;kb ;ko/ fdB fizB/ fdB

th d;?fjok okw bQhbk uZbDh n;hA d/yD ikDk. tZvk ekoD sK ykD ghD dk j[zdk ;h. youD Bz{

g?;/ fwbd/ j[zd/ ;h. jB[wkB dh ;?Bk id g{SK bke/ bVBh sK pj[s uzrk bZrDk. nkyoh fdB oktD

d/ d; f;oK tkb/ tZv/ ;ko/ p[Zs Bz{ ;Vd/ d/y e/ pVk w}k nkT[Dk. owkfJD dh ejkDh f;nkfDnK

B/ ;[DkT[Dh sK ;[s/ f;X ;[D b?Dh go id oZp d/ Xosh T[Zgo nk e/ d[BhnK Bz{ ihD dh wfonkdk

f;ykT[D tkbh rZb ;wM ftZu nkT[D bZrh sK owkfJD d/ noE fdb ftZu pdb rJ/. j[D fgSb/

e[M ;kbK s'A wfonkdk dh Xow dh gVu'b eofdnK id Xkofwe rzGhosk ;wM ftZu nkT[D bZrh

sK okw dk ;oBktK GkbDk w[Sfeb j' frnk. rhsk pko/ th n?Bk e[ jh gsk ;h fe Xkofwe g[;se

eoe/ rhsk dh ;j[z u[Ze e/ b'e M{m BjhA p'b ;ed/. j"bh j"bh gsk bZrk fe rhsk sK wjKGkos

dk fjZ;k j?. fco th fJj ;o;oh rZb jh brdh ;h. ;kvh ebk; ftZu fJZe w[zv/ B/ rhs ;[DkfJnk

;kBz{ pVk uzrk bZrk, ¼e"ot B/ gKvt ;/ eh Eh bVkJh, i' eh Eh jZE'gkJh s' w?A fenk eoz{½. j[D

id wjKGkos Bz{ nb'uBksfwe Yzr Bkb gfVnk sK GrtkB feqFB d/ noiD dh oZE d/ oEtkB

pDB dk ekoD ;wM nkfJnk. Ghw;?B d/ g[Zso Bz{ id eoD sho wkoe/ wkodk sK GrtkB feqFB

dk jZ;Dk s/ Ghw dk T[;d/ jk;/ Bz{ N'eDk fJZe ;o;oh rZb brdh j[zdh ;h. b/feB fJ; rZb dh

;wM BjhA ;h fe eoD d/ T[; sho Bkb sK noiD th wo ;edk ;h s/ :[ZX th jo ;ed/ ;h

gKvt. oki/ d/ g[Zso r"sw p[ZX dh ;koh ;[y ;[ftXk fsnkr e/ sgZf;nk eoB ikD tkbh ejkDh

pV/ w}/ Bkb ;[fDnK eod/ ;K. b/feB id ;wM bZrh fe p[ZX Bz{ i' frnkB j'fJnk T[j sK fJj

jh ;h fe fJB;kB nkgD/ nzdo jh ;G e[M bZG ;edk j? sgZf;nk eoB dh b'V jh BjhA.

pkpo s'A b? e/ n"ozri/p sZe d/ fJsjk; Bz{ pV/ oZN/ bkfJnk eod/ ;K ftfdnkoEh j[zfdnK

nzrq/ih oki ;w/A fJ;kJhns ns/ w[;bw oki ;w/A fJ;bkw pko/ tZy' tZy sohe/ Bkb ;'funk eod/

;K. :j{dhnK pko/ gb?N' s/ no;s{ pko/ tZy sohe/ Bkb ;'ud/ ;K. gqzs{ id Xow ;wMD dh ftXh

;wM nkJh sK ik e/ gsk bZrk fe fJ;bkw, feqFfun?BNh ns/ :j{dh fJj fszB'A fJZe jh Xow

dhnK FkyktK jB. fJ;bkw i' fe ;BksB Xow d/ g?o'ekoK s'A d[yh j' e/ ti{d ftZu nkfJnk ;h

nkw d[BhnK d/ jkDdk ;h. jo e'Jh e[okB gVQ ;edk ;h. gzi/ tes w;hs ikDk, Bwk} gVQBh

o'i/ oZyD/ jo fJB;kB bJh dotk}/ y[Zb/ ;B. t/dK Fk;soK T[ZgfBFdK Bz{ sK jo e'Jh gVQ ;[D

BjhA ;h ;edk go e[okB gVQB ;[DB tkfbnK bJh jo ;[ftXk wjZJhnk ehsh iKdh ;h. i/ feXo/

fJ;bkw ftZu n?Bh eZNVsk Bk j[zdh sK ;koh d[BhnK dk Xow pD ;eD dh ;woZEk oZydk ;h

fJ;bkw. eZNVsk Bz{ xZN eoB d/ sohe/ ti'A fJ;kJh s/ :j{dh g?dk j'J/ s/ j"bh j"bh tZyo/ Xow

d/ o{g ftZu fd;D bZr/. fJ; Xkofwe o"b/ Bz{ d/y e/ jh fe;/ B/ fbfynk j'D? ¼ew j? pj[s ew

j?, pbe/ fJzsjkn ew j?, fi; edo f}eo/ y[dk j? y"c/ y[dk ew j?½ 17thA 18thA ;dh ftZu

fBT{NB tor/ ;KfJz;dkBk dk d"o nkfJnk sK ;kfJz; XowK d/ po'po yV rJh. ;?AN/fce sohe/



Bkb ehshnK rZbK nk;kBh Bkb ;wM g? iKdhnK fJ; bJh d[BhnK XowK Bkb'A ;kfJz; s/ tZX

ftFtkF eoB bZr gJh. ;ko/ gfjb/ ;kfJz;dkB feT[Afe gZfSw d/ j'J/ fJ; eoe/ g{oph r[D

frnkB fgZS/ ofj frnk. Gkt/A nrBpkD s/ fw;kJhbK ftZu pj[sk nzso BjhA go fco th Xkofwe

sohe/ Bkb'A ;KfJN/fce sohek d[BhnK Bz{ f}nkdk n;odkfJe bZrk. ;KfJz; :[Zr Xkofwe d[BhnK

Bz{ tZ; ftZu eoB bZrk. gb?N' no;s{ s/ fBT{NB j[Dk d/ ckow{b/ uzr/ bZrD bZr/, ;jh bZrD bZr/

. Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ e'b f;oc fJZe' soe ;h fe fJj i' rZbK ;KfJz;dkB eo oj/ jB fJj

;kohnK g[oksB rzqEK ftZu'A fJFko/ b? e/ eod/ jB. :j{dh sK 17thA ;dh ftZu ;kjwD/ nkJ/ go

pVh f;nkDg Bkb gb?N' s/ no;s{ tofrnK Bz{ d' YkJh j}ko ;kb gfjbK j'J/ nky fdZsk. fJ;

wzBs Bz{ rbs f;ZX eoB tk;s/ e'Jh dbhb BjhA ;h fe;/ e'b feT[Afe g[oksB XowK dh ;jh sohe

dk th sK fe;/ Bz{ BjhA ;h gsk. fszB ;dhnK iK fszB j}ko ;kb gfjbK ftu e'Jh nzso BjhA

;h eo ;edk fJ; bJh ;'uD tkfbnK B/ ;'funk fe M{m dk eVQkn eoB bZr/ jK uk; fizBh wo}h

gkJhJ/.

;fs:[r, d[nkgo ns/ sq/sk :[Zr ftZu sK e'Jh skohy j' jh BjhA ;h ;edh b/feB eb:Z[r

Bz{ eb:Z[rK B/ fyZu e/ bzpk eo fdZsk. fJj i' fszB uko j}ko ;kb g[okDhnK skoheK fbyhnK jB

fJj fJsjk; BjhA j?. fJ;th ;B dhnK th gfjbhnK d; ;dhnK ftZu e'Jh fbysh skohe BjhA

fwbdh y?o w?A fJ; bj"o dh bVkJh u'A# eh b?Dk. nkgD/ B[es/ tZb tXK fe id fJ;kJhnK s/

:j{dhnK B/ ;koh d[BhnK d/ fJsjk; Bz{ ;KfJz; dk ozr ukV e/ nkgDh ebw Bkb fbfynk sK jo

gk;/ fJ;kJhns dh w'jo bkT[Dh F[o{ eo fdZsh. gq'N?;N?ANfJ}w i' fe d[Bhnk d/ g'gK gkdohnK

Bz{ wzBdk jh BjhA T[; T[Zs/ th fJ;kJhns dk mZgk bkn fdZsk. fco ;'funk fe fJj Xow sK Fpd

d/ bV bkT[Adk j? fJ; bJh fJZe BthA Fkyk pBkT[D dk :sB th j'fJnk fi; ftZu Fpd Bz{ pkDh

Bz{ rzqEK Bz{ th fBekoB dk :sB ehsk frnk. fi; dh bkmh T[;dh G?A; tkbh rZb j'Jh fe skesto

b'eK B/ vhfJ;w ukb{ eo fdZsk fi; nB[;ko e'Jh rzqE th e'Jh wkfJBk BjhA oZydk. i"oi

tkfFzrNB, i?co;B, p?AikfwB co?AefbB ns/ fJpokfjw fbzeB tor/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ vhfJ}w d/

g?o'eko ejkT[Ad/ ;B. go fJj G[Zb rJ/ fe e[M th ejkT[D bJh FpdK dk ;jkok sK b?Dk jh

gt/rk. w/ok B[esk w?Bz{ fJj efjD bJh wip{o eo fojk j? fe i/ gq'N?;NA?NfJ}w Bz{ wkoNB b{Eo

d/ 95 Eh;}K Bz{ gVQ e/ d/yhJ/ sK r[opkDh ozr ;kc B}o nkT[Adk j?. ;zg{oDsk Bz{ fbyD efjD

iK ;[DB tk;s/ th FpdK dk nk;ok b?Dk g?Adk j?. i' iBwdk j? T[j ftr;dk th j?, nkfd ;Zu

i[rkfd ;Zu j? Gh ;Zu s/ j';h Gh ;Zu sK Fpd fpBk j'o e'Jh BjhA j' ;edk. ;kvh ;wM ftZu

sK T[j jh nkt/rk fi;Bz{ n;hA ;wMD dk :sB eoKr/. i/ r[opkDh Bz{ ;wMDk ukj[zd/ jK sK pkDh

gVB s'A fpBk sK BjhA ;wM bZrDh i/ n;hA Xkofwe rZb eoBh ukj[zd/ jK sK fi; Xow dk frnkB

BjhA T[; Xow pko/ rZb ehsh jh BjhA ik ;edh. d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tXhnk Xow e/jVk j? fJ;

;tkb dk itkp UBk fuo e'Jh BjhA d/ ;edk fizBk fuo ;ko/ XowK Bz{ gVdk BjhA. i/jVk uko

t/dK dk frnksk j't/rk T[j jh us[ot/dh nytkJ/rk jK pkeh ;ko/ ukso nytk ;ed/ jB.



nkgDk ;G dk fdb eodk j? fe Xkofwe ihtB ihthJ/ go fco th e[M Bk e[M nX{ok io{o

ofj iKdk j?. w/o/ nkgD/ nX{o/ gD ftZu'A iBwh fJZe B}w ;KMh eo fojk jKL--

oZpgq;soZpgq;soZpgq;soZpgq;soZpgq;soZpgq;s j'Dk ukj[zdk jK, ;Zu p'bD Bz{ ihn eodk j?.

;kv/ tZv tv/o/ ;[fDnK oZpgq;s j'fJnk eod/ ;h.

;kv/ fgU dkd/ gVdkd/ ;Zugq;s j'fJnk eod/ ;h.

fdb eodk j? nzfwqsXkoh j' iktK w?A, go vodk jK,

nzfzwqs dh wfo:kdk e"D fBGkT{rk. M{mk ;Zu dh p'bh eheD gkT{rk.

M{m dh p[Zeb bkj fdZsh sK mo iktKrk, ;Zu yk e/ sK ihn BjhA ;edk wo iktKrk.

fJj sK pj[s emB o;sk j?, j'o e'Jh T[gokbk eohJ/. oZpgq;s j'Dk ukj[zdk jK -

Fpd r[o{ ftZu tk;d/t dk BK nkT[Adk j?. rhsk dk T[gd/F btK w?A e/Ft dk u/bk pD iktK.

Xowoki s'A nkfrnk b? e/ noiD tKrz{ sho ubktK.

w/o/ ftZu sK nZr pVh j?, Ghw;?B dk g[Zs pD iktK.

b/feB w?Bz{ vo brdk j?, eoD fe;/ w}p{oh ekoD,

noiD d/ EK sho fes/ w/o/ Bk wko/.

eh eo ;edK oZpgq;s j'Dk ukj[zdk jK. okw oZp dk T[Zsw Bk j?, okw okw eoe/ t/Ajdk jK.

woeN oZp dk j' ;edk j? w?Bz{ eh j?. g[b pzBQ e/ s/ bzek th BjhA ikDk g?Dk.

Ffjo Ffjo jo rbh rbh ftZu oktD ofjzd/. e[zGeoD d/ eJh xokV/ xo ;[Dd/ jB.

go w?A ;'uK d?AsK d/ Bkb gzrk b? e/ w?A eh eoBk.

jBz{wkB sK T[V iKdk ;h, w?E'A T[Zfvnk th BjhA ikDk.

;wM BjhA brdh eh ;'uK, e/jVk okj ngDk e/ d/yK. oZpgq;s j'Dk ukj[zdk jK -

Xosh d/ d{i/ gk;/ jK, uZb ;[eoks dh rZb eod/ jK. rZb eoB dk vo th e'Jh BjhA,

nkgK e/jVk }fjo fgnkbk gh b?Dk j?. eh eohJ/ s/ eh Bk eohJ/, fco ;'uKr/.

nZi dh rZb J/E/ pzd eoe/ ubdk jK j[D.

eZb ;t/o/ ezw s/ ikDk, eko dhnK feFsK pkeh B/.

eh eo ;edK, oZpgq;s j'Dk ukj[zdk jK. ;kv/ fgU dkd/ gVdkd/ oZpgq;s j'fJnk eod/ ;h.

;kv/ tZv tv/o/ ;[fDnK ;Zugq;s j'fJnk eod/ ;h, oZpgq;s j'fJnk eod/ ;hI



;kv/ gzikph;kv/ gzikph;kv/ gzikph;kv/ gzikph;kv/ gzikphgzikp d/ izwgb iK gzikph p'bh p'bD tkfbnK Bz{ n;hA gzikph frDd/ jK. nkU nkgDh e"w

dh e[M ikDekoh eohJ/, nZi dh skohy ftZu w'N/ s"o s/ gzikphnK dh gfjbK frDsh eohJ/.

w/o/ eJh gkmeK Bz{ fJj ikD e/ j?okBh j't/rh fe gkfe;skB ftZu 9 eo'V b'ehA nZi th nkgD/

nkg Bz{ iB rDBk t/b/ gzikph fbytkT[Ad/ jB. Gkos ftZu Gkt/A gkfe;skB s'A tZX gzikph ofjzd/

jB b/feB fszB eo'V s'A xZN b'e gzikph fbytkT[Ad/ jB. w/oh j?okBh dh jZd Bk ojh id gsk

bZrk fe ibzXo Ffjo d/ 55 b'e gzikph Bz{ wks GkFk BjhA fbytkT[Ad/. w?A gfjbK th eJh tko

fbfynk j? fe fdZbh s'A b? e/ uzp/ sZe, uzp/ s'A izwz{ sZe, izwz{ s'A nNe sZe, nNe s'A rzrkBro

sZe ns/ rzrkBro s'A fdZbh sZe i' fJbkek j? fJ; ftZu ofjD tkb/ b'e iK sK gzikph p'bd/ jB

s/ iK fco M{m p'bd/ jB. i/ e'Jh M{mk w/oh rZb dk r[Z;k th eo bT{ sK e'Jh rZb BjhA. n}kd

eFwho ns/ ncrkfB;skB ftZu bZyK gzikph jB. ;kvh fJj f;cs j? fe n;hA f;oc f;ZyK Bz{

jh gzikph ;wMd/ jK i' e/ pVh rbs ;'u j?. fJzrb?Av ftZu w[;bw f;y s/ fjzd{ i' gzikph jB

fwbk e/ fszB fwbhnB s'A tZX jB. e?B/vk ftZu 9 bZy, :{ J/ Jh ftZu th 9 bZy, nwohek ftZu

7 bZy, ;kT{dh nop ftZu 7 bZy, j"r e"Ar 3 bZy, wb/Fhnk n;Nq/bhnk ns/ ncohek ftZu d'

d' bZy gzikph jB. d[BhnK ftZu brgr 20 eo'V b'e GkFk eoe/ gzikph jB b/feB 7 eo'V

gzikph BjhA ejkT[Dk ukj[zd/. fco th 13 eo'V (fJZe ;" shj fwbhnB) b'e gzikph p'bh Bz{ wK

p'bh efjzd/ jB. Bhdob?Av s/ iowBh d/ b'e pj[s fuo sZe gzikph ejkT[D bJh so;d/ oj/ go

gsk BjhA feT[A fe;/ B/ rZb BjhA r"bh.

d'B/ dh fJZe rZb pVh wFj{o ;h, ¼d[ZX ibzXo s/ pkbNh nzdo½ g{oph gzikp d/ jo fgzv

ftZu'A ekch frDsh ftZu b'e ftd/FK tZb Bz{ j' s[o/. ;kv/ d/yfdnK b'e shj e[ ;kb gfjbK gzikp

s'A nk e/ nkgD/ fgS'eV Bz{ pj[s :kd efonk eod/ ;h sK jh sK g?;/ ewk e/ ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/

fgzv ik e/ tXhnk xo pDkT[Ad/. g{oph gzikp d/ fgzvK ftZu pj[s nkbhFkB wekB pD/ j'J/ jB

go gzikph ftd/FK ftZu ofjzd/ jB s/ wekBk ftZu GJhJ/, pkbNh nzdo tkbh jh rZb j'Jh Bk.

ub' nZi e?B/vk ftZu tZ;d/ gzikphnK dh ejkDh eohJ/. e?B/vk fJbke/ ftZu, J/ohJ/ w[skpe d[BhnK

dk d{;ok tZvk d/F j? o{; dk fJbkek ;G s'A tZX j?. e?B/vk dh e[Zb npkdh uko eo'V s'A xZN j?.

;G s'A tZvk Ffjo NqKN' 55 fwbhnB, w"BNqhnb 36 ns/ t?Be'to 21 fwbhnB nkpkdh tkb/ tZv/

Ffjo jB. go d[BhnK dk u"Ek fjZ;k sk}k gkDh s/ d;tK fjZ;k izrb e?B/vk ftZu jB. e?B/vk

d/ 9 bZy gzikphnK ftZu'A seohpB 4 bZy f;Zy jB go i/ n;hA Fpd Bz{ fJFN wzB e/ uZbD tkb/

s/ d/j Xkoh g'gK gkdohnK Bz{ r[o{ BkBe tKr wkBsk Bk d/D tkb/ 95 bZy nkgD/ Xow GoktK

(gq'N?;N?AN) Bkb c/co/ ;KM/ eo bJhJ/, Fpd r[o{ Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp s'A i/ ikD{ eotk d/JhJ/ sK

e?B/vk dh u"Ek fjZ;k nkpkdh f;ZyK dh j' ikJ/. ni/ sZe b'e ;kvh ;{os Bz{ jh ikDd/ jB. ;hos

sK y?o jkb/ ;kBz{ th BjhA g{oh ;wM nkJh. w/o/ efjD dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe eB/vhnB f;ZyK



B/ e[M BjhA ehsk, pj[s e[M ehsk j? T[;dh th nkgK rZb eod/ jK. e?B/vk gfjbh i[bkJh 1867

ftZu d/F pfDnK s/ 1897 ftZu f;Zy oiw?AN dk t?Be'to nkT[Dk f;Zy irs bJh fJZe fJsjk;e

rZb ;h. 1904 dh iB rDBk ftZu 258 b'eK B/ f;Zy fbytkfJnk ;h fJj fJsjk;e nzeV/ jB.

1907 sZe f;ZyK dh frDsh eJh j}ko j' rJh ;h fJ;/ eoe/ f;ZyK Bz{ t'N d/ nfXeko s'A tKfMnK

eo fdZsk frnk ;h. ekwK xkNk wko{ ns/ w/tk f;zx dh cK;h dk fJsjk; sK ;ko/ ikDd/ jB. f;ZyK

Bz{ 1947 ftZu t'N gkT[D dk nfXeko fwfbnk. fszB ;kb pknd 1950 ftZu BokfJD f;zx

rq/tkb e"A;bo pfDnK fwFB ph ;h dk. gfjbk n?w n?b J/ w'j ;j'sk FkfJd 1986 ftZu

pfDnK, id w?Bz{ fJj ypo fwbh sK ;?tB 11 ;N'o s/ eboeh eodk th w?A nkgDh e"w dh

ekw:kph s/ c[Zfbnk BjhA ;h ;wk fojk. 1993 ftZu r[pyF f;zx wZbh s/ jopz; (jop) Xkbhtkb

n?w gh pD/. T[Zib d;KM s/ j'o eJh T[Zu e'Nh d/ f;nk;sdkB jB ;kv/ Gok go Fpd r[o{ dh

;[Zusk T[Zusk n;hA b'eK Bz{ BjhA dZ; gkJ/. fJj mhe j? fe ykb;k ;o{g f;Zy dk ;G s'A tXhnk

;o{g j? go i' ;kv/ Gok Gshi/ nzfwqs Xkoh BjhA jB eh T[j ;ko/ fe;/ frDsh ftZu jB fe BjhA.

fJ;kJhnK B/ XZe/ Bkb eJh XowK s/ nkgDh w'jo bk fdZsh go n;hA g{ok i'o bk e/ nkgD/ pZfunK

Bz{ xo'A eZYD s/ bZr/ j'J/ jK. r[o{ BkBe B/ ;koh d[BhnK Bz{ o[FBk d/D tkbk ukBD w[Bkok fsnko

ehsk ;h go n;hA T[; s/ ep}k eoB bJh f;o XV dh pkih bk d/Ad/ jK. w[nkc eoBk w/ok fJokdk

fe;/ dh fBzdk eoB dk BjhA. w?A BK okiBhse jK s/ BK jh eZNV XowhA jK. r[opkDh dopko s/

Bsw;se j'D tkbk fJZe ;kXkoD f;Zy jK, ftfdnkoEh jK jkb/ pj[s e[M f;ZyD dh b'uk j?.

;' feqgk eoe/ w/o/ nZi d/ B[es/ Bz{ w/o/ fdb ftZu p?m e/ ;wfMU ih. nkU w/o/ r[o{ d/ fgnko/

w/o/ tho' G?D' ;ko/ Fpd r[o{ Bz{ ;wMD dk :sB eohJ/. i/ fes/ ;kBz{ ;ZuhA gsk bZr frnk fe feBk

tZvk y}kBk bJh p?m/ jK sK tzv FeD dh ;kvh g[okDh nkds ikr gt/rh feT[Afe BkBe dopko

dk yikBk sK fizBk tzvKr/ UBk jh d{D ;tkfJnk j' ikt/rk. ;kBz{ ;kvh rZb ;wMD d/ ;woZE eohA

wkbek feT[Afe i/ ;kvh ;wM ftZu jh Bk nkfJnk e[M sK fe;/ j'o Gok Bz{ fet/A ;wMktKr/. ekdo

dh e[dos dk ewkb gzikp dh Xosh, gziK dfonktK dh Xosh dk ;'ek d/y e/ jh FkfJd w/oh

ebw B/ fJj bkJhBk fbynKL-

ekdo dh e[dos d/ eksb e"D e"D,

Bk frDK frDsh u# w/ok Bkw th nkT{.

s/ok w/ok ;kfonK dk d'F j?,

fJZe d'Fh d{;o/ s/ d'F eh bkT{.

ekp{ eod/ fcoB i' eosko Bz{,

fe; Xow dk fgziok i' e?d eo gkT{.

w[orkph s'A FKs ;kro y[Z; frnk,

fe;ws s/ jZ;{rh iK fco o'Adh ofj ikT{.

nzp }kwB Bk oj/ pkrK dh w"s s/,



e'fJb ftukoh rkT{rh iK ehoB/ gkT{.

;tKs pz{dK GkbdK SZgV th Bk oj/,

ukfsqe pphjk ;[ZBVk ihT{ fe wo ikT{.

fJj ghoK ntskoK dh Xosh ;h ed/,

okw oZp nZbk dk pzdk eh ;wM gkT{.

okw d/ ;oBkftnK dh fb;N ftZu,

e'Jh b[pkDk fe; soK j[D r[o{ bZG gkT{.

nzpoK Bz{ S'j oj/ j' gops',

pj[s T[Zu/ EK sK c[Zb p{Nk Bk T[Zr gkT{.

eh gsk ;h gkDhnK d/ d/F ftZu,

gkDh d/yD Bz{ ed/ Bbek so; ikT{.

g{oph gzikp d/ jo fgzv ftZu'A ekch frDsh ftZu b'e ftd/FK tZb Bz{ j'g{oph gzikp d/ jo fgzv ftZu'A ekch frDsh ftZu b'e ftd/FK tZb Bz{ j'g{oph gzikp d/ jo fgzv ftZu'A ekch frDsh ftZu b'e ftd/FK tZb Bz{ j'g{oph gzikp d/ jo fgzv ftZu'A ekch frDsh ftZu b'e ftd/FK tZb Bz{ j'g{oph gzikp d/ jo fgzv ftZu'A ekch frDsh ftZu b'e ftd/FK tZb Bz{ j'

s[o/. ;kv/ d/yfdnK b'e shj e[ ;kb gfjbK gzikp s'A nk e/ nkgD/ fgS'eVs[o/. ;kv/ d/yfdnK b'e shj e[ ;kb gfjbK gzikp s'A nk e/ nkgD/ fgS'eVs[o/. ;kv/ d/yfdnK b'e shj e[ ;kb gfjbK gzikp s'A nk e/ nkgD/ fgS'eVs[o/. ;kv/ d/yfdnK b'e shj e[ ;kb gfjbK gzikp s'A nk e/ nkgD/ fgS'eVs[o/. ;kv/ d/yfdnK b'e shj e[ ;kb gfjbK gzikp s'A nk e/ nkgD/ fgS'eV

Bz{ pj[s :kd efonk eod/ ;h sK jh sK g?;/ ewk e/ ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/Bz{ pj[s :kd efonk eod/ ;h sK jh sK g?;/ ewk e/ ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/Bz{ pj[s :kd efonk eod/ ;h sK jh sK g?;/ ewk e/ ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/Bz{ pj[s :kd efonk eod/ ;h sK jh sK g?;/ ewk e/ ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/Bz{ pj[s :kd efonk eod/ ;h sK jh sK g?;/ ewk e/ ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/

fgzv ik e/ tXhnk xo pDkT[Ad/. g{oph gzikp d/ fgzvK ftZu pj[s nkbhFkBfgzv ik e/ tXhnk xo pDkT[Ad/. g{oph gzikp d/ fgzvK ftZu pj[s nkbhFkBfgzv ik e/ tXhnk xo pDkT[Ad/. g{oph gzikp d/ fgzvK ftZu pj[s nkbhFkBfgzv ik e/ tXhnk xo pDkT[Ad/. g{oph gzikp d/ fgzvK ftZu pj[s nkbhFkBfgzv ik e/ tXhnk xo pDkT[Ad/. g{oph gzikp d/ fgzvK ftZu pj[s nkbhFkB

wekB pD/ j'J/ jB .wekB pD/ j'J/ jB .wekB pD/ j'J/ jB .wekB pD/ j'J/ jB .wekB pD/ j'J/ jB .



;kvh ofjDh pfjDh;kvh ofjDh pfjDh;kvh ofjDh pfjDh;kvh ofjDh pfjDh;kvh ofjDh pfjDhfes/ r[o{ xo ftZu r[o{ ;tko/ ehosBhJ/A ehosB eo oj/ j'D, ¼ofjDh oj/ ;'Jh f;Zy

w/ok½ sK ;fs ;zrs pj[s jh ;fseko Bkb ;[Ddh j? ¼fiB e' jo ozr bkrk fJ; i[Zr w/ ;'

ejhns j? ;{ok½ Fpd ;[Dd/ ;[Dd/ eJh f;Zy ;o's/ nZyK whu b?Ad/ jB. b/feB jo ozr fet/A brdk

j?, fJ; gk;/ ;'uDk n;hA pj[sk io{oh BjhA ;wMd/. jo ozr dk ;fseko eod/ jK, pj[s uzrk

brdk j? jo ozr, go nkgD/ ozr ftZu ofjD dh nkds ;kBz{ n;b rZb tZb ikD jh BjhA d/Adh.

fJj th mhe j? fe ;hos ;{os s'A fpBk BjhA j' ;edh b/feB ozr wihm f;oc ;hos Bz{ jh uV

;edk j?. ;{os Gkt/A okw dh j?, ojhw dh j? iK r[o{ BkBe dh j? T[j fe;/ Bk fe;/ fdB T[wo

G'r ikJ/rh. go ;{os ftZu tZ;dh ;hos s/ i/ fes/ ozr wihm uV ikJ/ sK ;{os fwN ikD s/

th ;hos fiT{dh ofjzdh j?, ¼;Zuh dofrj ikJ/ ;Zuk fgV wZfbnk½ d;K r[o{nK dh e'Jh th n;b

s;tho BjhA j?. w[;Zto d/ s;Zto Bz{ ;'jpk f;zx tor/ wjkB fuZsoeko dh ebgDk Bz{ f;o fBtK

e/ wZEk N/eD dk th e'Jh vo BjhA b/feB ;kohnK s;thoK ;ko/ ;o{g BkFtkB j[Ad/ jB. r[o{ i's

r[o{ ;kfjpK dh ;hos jh ofjzdh d[BhnK sZe irwrkT[Adh oj/rh. ofjs wfo:kdk dk foFsk n;hA

;{os sZe, ;oho sZe ;hws eo fdZsk. f;Zy dh ofjDh dh id'A n;hA rZb eod/ jK sK nkw s"o

s/ fJj jh efjzd/ jK fe nzfwqs Fe' s/ r[o{ tkb/ pD'. XzB jB T[j i' nzfwqs Fed/ jB gzi ;NkoK

tkbk pj[s tZvk nc;o j[zdk j? go fizBk fuo fijB ftZu i's BjhA irdh, Fpd r[o{ dk wihm

ozr BjhA uVdk UBk fuo rZb BjhA pD ;edh. i/ ;[zdo ;o{g j?, e[dos dh feogk Bkb fwb/

e/; jB, e/;K Bz{ ;ztkoB tk;s/ ezxk j?, ;ohoe Bzr/i eZiD bJh eS?jok j?, nkgDh ikB dh

fjck}s tk;s/ feogkB j?, r[ZN dh fjck}s bJh r[ZN s/ iK ;h; dh fjck}s tk;s/ ;h; s/ eVk

j? sK ;{os ;zg{oD j? go ;hos dh ;zg{oDsk Fpd fpBk BjhA j' ;edh. r[o{ BkBe Bz{ r[o{ wzBD

tkb/ wB sK wzfdo jB, g{iD n;EkB jB, go i' BkBe dk r[o{ j? ¼;pd r[o{ ;[ofs X[B u/bk,

T[; r[o{ Bkb rZb eoKr/ sK jo tko fJe jh rZb j't/rh, ig[ih j? iK ;[ywDh fizBh tko wo}h

gV' T[j jh ;Zu gV'r/ feT[Afe ;zg{oDsk ed/ pdb jh BjhA ;edh. r[o{ ;kfjpK B/ rhs s'A sbtko

sZe dk ;co ehsk b/feB Fpd sK nNZb, nv'b j?. w/ok efjD dk Gkt j? fe ;kvh ofjDh pfjDh

;{os sZe jh ;hws BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. ;zg{oD ftFtkF Bkb Fpd r[o{ d/ bV bZrDk th f;Zy

ofjs wfo:kdk j?.

;w[Zuh r[opkDh nekb T[;sfs j?, jK GZNK B/ r[o{ ;kfjpK ftZu gosZy jo d/ doFD eoe/

r[o{ T;sfs ehsh j?. fi;wkBh ejkDhnK, d/th d/tfsnK dk gksofusoD eoB tkb/ t/dK Fk;soK

T[ZgfBFdK nz}hbK dk pkDh ftZu gq;zrksfwe f}eo sK io{o j? b/feB feXo/ th nekbw{os dh

s;tho iK ejkDh BjhA ehsh. fi;dh e'Jh ejkDh j? T[j fd;dk th j'T{ go ¼i' dhys ;' ftD;

j?½ ftD; ikD tkbk nekbg[oy fet/A j' ;edk j?. eoB eokT[D tkbk eosk, eow eoB tkbk

fi;w BjhA j' ;edk. fi; fi;w ftZu ;zs dk tk;k j' frnk j't/ s/ ;hos ikrdh j't/, irdh



j't/ ¼okw ephok J/e GJ/ j?A½ T[; ;zs dk fi;w e'Jh sZsh sth s/ oZy d/t/ sK th i's BjhA p[M

;edh. irdh i's poQwfrnkBh id ;oho fsnkrdk j? sK T[j wodk BjhA nkgD/ xo Bz{ iKdk

j?. fizBk e[ n;hA pkDh Bkb i[V/ jK UBk e[ ikr/ jK. i' r[o{ pkDh pD ikJ/ iK i' pkDh r[o{ pD

ikJ/ T[j nt;Ek poQw nt;Ek j?. owkfJD, wjKGkos d;wrzqE ;G ;fseko:'r Xkofwe rzqE

jB, g[Zs ;g[Zs pkpkDhnK ejkDhnK eod/ jB b/feB id e'Jh ejkDh j[zdh j?, okw dh ejkDh jh

j't/ Gkt/A T[j ;zg{oD ;Zu BjhA j' ;edh. ni/ sZe n;hA Fpd r[o{ d/ w[ekpb/ eok oj/ jK eh fJj

jh ;kvh ofjDh j?. n?Bh th i/ ;kBz{ ;wM BjhA fe r[o{ BkBe dk poQwftuko e/jVk j?, ;fsr[oK

dk Fpd r[o{ e/jVk j? sK fi; soK dh wo}h ofjDh ofj oj/ j'JhJ/ T[j BkBe d/ f;Zy dh ofjDh

pfjDh BjhA j' ;edh. n;hA f;oc fJj :kd eoe/ oZNk bk e/ p?m/ jK fe d;t/A gksFkj r[o{

r'fpzd f;zx B/ r[o{ rzqE Bz{ r[orZdh s/ fpmkfJnk. B[es/ tZb nktK r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx B/ nkgD/ eo

ewbK Bkb d/j Xkoh r[orZdh Bz{ ;wkgs ehsk. ykb;k ;ki e/ ykb;/ Bz{ nwo eoB bJh fi;wkBh

s"o s/ r[o{ i/ ykb;/ ftZu x[b fwb iKdk j? ;wk iKdk j? sK r[o{ dh ;koh ;kXBk nwo ykb;/

ftZu obe/ nwo j' iKdh j?. r[o{ dh fi;wkBh ;kXBk ;zg{oD j'Jh, Fpd i's i' r[o{ d/ fi;wK

ftZu d; ikw/A pdb u[Zeh ;h tkfg; nkgD/ xo nk rJh. Fpd i's Fpd ftZu ;wk rJh, Fpd

i's rhs s'A sbtko sZe dk ;co eoe/ tkfg; Fpd ;zr nkD obh. i' f;oc BkBe dk jh BjhA

;G dk r[o{ j?. fJj B[esk ;wMD tk;s/ nkU Fpd r[o{ dk jh nk;ok bJhJ/ L--

Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftZu 117 gzrshnK ftZu ¼;pd½ d/ bV bkfJnk frnk j?. fw;kb d/

s"o s/ ¼T{sw eoDh ;pd phuko½ ¼BkBe ;u[ GKvk fi; ;pd fgnk;½. r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp dhnK

959 gzrshnK ftZu ¼;pfd½ dh wfjwK fwbdh j?, fw;kb ti'A ¼fiB ;pfd r[o{ ;[fD wzfBnk

fsB wfB fXnkfJnk jfo ;'J/½ ¼;pfd fwbfj sk jfo fwb? ;/tk gt? ;G EkfJ½. ¼;pd[½ 594

gzrshnK ftZu ;fsekfonk j? fit/A, ¼;u[ pkDh ;u[ ;pd[ j? ik ;fu Xo/ fgnko½ ¼;uk ;pd[

B ;/ftU ;fG eki ;tkoDjko½. ¼;pdz½ 17 tko r[opkDh dhnK ;soK dk wkD pDdk j?

fit/A ¼i'r ;pdz frnkB ;pdz p/d ;pdz pqkjwDj½. ns/ 152 ;soK ftZu ¼;pdh½ fbfynk

j? fit/A, ¼r[o ;pdh ;u[ gkfJnk d{y fBtkoDjko½. ¼;pdhA½ fJZe tko, ¼ ir[ y'N" ;u[ fBowb"

r[o ;pdhA ftukfo½. ¼;pd/½ 121 tko fbfynk j?, ¼jT[w? wwsk ;pd/ y't?½. ¼;pd?½ 81

tko nkT[Adk j? fit/A, ¼fpB[ ;pd? fgo[ B gkJhn? fpoEk iBw rtkfJ½. ;pd' uko tko, ¼;pd'

s rkt' joh e/ok wfB fiBh t;kfJnk½. ¼;pd"½ fJZe tko, ¼;pd" jh Grs ikgd/ fiB eh pkDh

;uh j'J/½. e[Zb fwbk e/ 2047 gzrshnK ftZu Fpd Bz{ r[o{ dk doik fwfbnk j'fJnk j?. r[o{

BkBe ;w/s ;G r[o{nk ns/ GrsK B/ Fpd Bz{ r[o{ fejk s/ wzfBnK j? Fpd jh r[o{ ;h Fpd jh

r[o{ j? s/ ;pd jh r[o{ oj/rk fizBk fuo ;kBz{ fJ; rZb dk frnkB BjhA j? UBk fuo n;hA frnkB

ftj{D/ jK. ;{os s/ ;hos dk ;[w/b j' ikJ/ sK jh ykb;k ;idk j?. ykb; ;{os, ;kps ;{os

Bz{ i/ ozr wihm uV ikJ/ sK ;kvh ofjDh pfjDh r[o{ BkBe d/ f;Zy tkbh j' ikJ/.



w?Bz{ ozr d/ ozr wihm,

eZu/ ozr e;[zG bk bk bkj bkj j' rJ/ Yhm.

fJj th s/oh dks sz{ dksk fizB/ ozr ftykJ/,

;Zs ozrhnK ghArK n;wkBh uV uV o{g pDkJ/.

eZuh ezuB d/jh e'b'A feZB/ e/b eokJ/.

gZek ozr uVQk d/ j[D bZr ikt/ uoD gqhs.

w?Bz{ ozr d/ ozr wihm,

d[BhnK d/ doFB eotkJ/ fJj th s/oh dks,

wK fgU ;y/ ;pzXh fdZs/ pyFh fJZe iwks.

i'pB oZsh i'o{ g[Zso G?DK GkJh ;kE.

pZ; pZ; pZ; j[D pyFhA w?Bz{ wkbe wB dk whs

w?Bz{ ozrd/ ozr wihm.

jZE g?o pV/ jh wko/ d[BhnK d/ ftZu nk e/,

uj[z e{NhA GZi GZi e/ sZfenk d/F ftd/FhA ik e/,

u[D u[D e/ u;e/ th bkJ/ sZfenk wB gouk e/.

wB wzdo ftZu rz{i gt/ i/ pZ; fJZe s/ok rhs.

w?Bz{ ozr d/ ozr wihm.

i/ sz{ feqgk eo/A r[;kJhnK sK e'Jh eow ewktK,

ukjs j'o oj/ Bk e'Jh pZ; fJZe s?Bz{ ukjtK.

s/ok jh sK j? fJj ;G e[M pZ; s/ok pD iktK.

gs w/oh ofj ikt/ i/ fwb ikt/ gss g[Bhs.

w?Bz{ ozr d/ ozr wihm.

eZu/ ozr e;[zG bk bk bkj bkj j' rJ/ YhmI



;kvh eZNVsk;kvh eZNVsk;kvh eZNVsk;kvh eZNVsk;kvh eZNVskd[BhnK dh sgF s'A puD d/ T[gokb/ ti'A w?A nfXnkswtkd d/ ;hsb ;kro ftZu v[peh

bkT[D dh ;'u e/ Xkowe rzqE gVQB/ F[o{ ehs/. fit/A fit/A w?A gVQdk frnk ;[y;kro dhnK

rfjokJhnK ftZu'A eJh nBw'b jho/ B}o g?Ad/ oj/ s/ Bkb dh Bkb fJj th frnkB j'D bZrk fe

;kvh fJZe eZNVsk eoe/ n;hA eh e[M rztkJh p?m/ jK. d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh ftdftsk t/dK

Fk;soK ftZu i' frnkB ;h T[j ;kvh eZNVsk B/ e?d eo fbnk. ;kvh pqkjwDtkdh eZNVsk B/

d[BhnK Go ftZu ;hsbsk dk ;[y d/ ;eD tkb/ frnkB Bz{ nkw b'eK dh gj[zu s'A pkjo eo fdZsk.

sK d[BhnK d/ jo tor dh gj[zu tkbk fJ;bkw ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. fJ;bkw ;koh d[BhnK Bz{ fJZe'

ozr ftZu ozr ;edk ;h i/ fes/ fJ;bkw ftZu eZNVsk BK j[zdh. id ;BksB Xow fjzd{ Xow

fJ;bkwe eZNVsk dk fFeko j'D bZrk sK fJZe pj[s tZvk d[yKs yVk j' frnk. eZNVsk dh

sbtko B/ id XZe/ Bkb nkp/j}ks tzvDk F[o{ eo fdZsk sK ;w/A dh b'V eoe/ 1604 ftZu fJZe

;op;KMh ftdtsk Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp d/ o{g ftZu d[BhnK d/ gkoT[sko/ bJh pyfFF j'Jh. fJZe

n?;k rzqE fi; ftZu jo tor d/ ftdtkBk dh ftdtsk d/ doFB j[zd/ jB. r[o{nK GrsK s/ okrhnK

dh ;op;KMh ftdtsk fi; ftZu p?m e/ pkpk cohd ih th nZbk nZbk eo oj/ jB ns/ ;[yK dh

wDh b? e/ r[o{ noiB th nkfd r[oj/ Bw/QA eo oj/ jB. ;op;KM/ ;[y;kro s/ id'A ;kvh f;Zy

eZNVsk B/ ep}k ehsk sK d' eZNV XowK ftZu g[b pDB dh pikJ/ gksFkj BkBe d/ eo ewbK

Bkb fsnko ehsk frnkB sh;oh fXo pD frnk. Bk ;j[fonK dh Bk g/fenK dh ojh w[fNnko tKr

fJeZbk ofj frnk. Fpd Fesh Bz{, n;hws Bz{ ;hws eoB tkbh eZNVsk B/ sK T[j ;ko/ xo'A

pkjo eo fdZs/ i' ;kv/ y[B d/ foFs/ ;B go eZNV BjhA ;h fJ; eoe/ gokJ/ eo fdZs/. gZSw

ftZu wkoNB b{Eo, iftzrbh ns/ ekbftB B/ d[BhnK Bz{ eZNVgzEhnK s'A S[Nekok fdtk e/ Fpd d/

bV bkT[D dk :sB ehsk sK Fpd r[o{ s/ ekp} eZNVsk B/ b{Eo tofrnK Fpd dh FoD ftZu

nkT[D tkfbnK bJh dotk}/ Bk yQ'b/. 16thA ns/ 17thA ;dh ftZu p[Zs g{iD tkb/, j}os w[jzwd

d/ fJbjkw s/ :ehB eoB tkb/ ns/ Fpd d/ bV bZrD tkfbnK dh frDsh seohpB fJZe' fijh

;h go feT[Afe n;hA iowB Bhdob?Av cqK; ns/ ;e?Av/B/thnk ftZu ofjD tkb/ Fpd d/ tDikfonK

Bz{ nkgD/ BjhA ;thekfonk fJ; bJh T[j ;kv/ Bk pD ;e/ s/ Xkowe d[BhnK dh u"Eh fXo bJh

o;sk pD frnk.

17thA ns/ 18thA ;dh ftZu fit/A :[r gbN frnk j't/ fJ; soK j'fJnk. ;KfJz; B/ fJZe

dw ozr ftykJ/. nkJh;e fBT{NB (1643-1727) B/ id fgqz;hghnk w?E/w?fNek 1687 ftZu

fbyh sK fBT{NB fJZe dw d[BhnK dk ;G s'A wFj{o ftnesh j' frnk. j}os w[jzwd s'A pknd

d{;o/ Bzpo s/ ikfDnK ikD bZrk. ;kfJz; Xkowe d[BhnK d/ pokpo yV rJh. ;KfJz;dkBk dk th

Gkt/A nkg;h fto'X j'fJnk go ;KfJz;dkB eZNV BjhA ;B. o"poN j[Ze fBT{NB dh fET{oh n"c

rq?thN/FB Bz{ u'oh ehsh j'Jh fET{oh efjzdk j?. fBT{NB nkgD/ uko'A nvhFBk ftZu o"poN j[Ze dk



f}eo eodk j?, T[;dk fto'X BjhA eodk. fBT{NB fJj th wzBdk j? fe fJj ftuko BtK BjhA

j? b/feB ftuko dh ;KfJN/fce sohe/ Bkb godoFBh fBT{NB B/ ehsh. Xkowe rzqEK yk;eo r[o{

rqzE ftZu ;KfJz;dkBk tKr eJh jtkb/ fwbd/ jB fit/A ¼;ku/ s/ gtBk GfJnk, gtB/ s/ ib

j'J/½ (r[o{ BkBe okr Fqh okr) fBT{NB nkgD/ ezw s'A g{oh soK ;zs[FN th BjhA ;h. T[j nkg

fbydk j? fe pj[s e[M j'o j' ;eD dh r[zikfJF j?. fBT{NB th eZNVgzEhnK Bz{ BjhA ;h wzBdk

go oZp dh Fesh Bz{ wzBdk ;h. fBT{NB nkg fbydk j?, rq?tNh ne;gb/B; dh w'FB n"c dh

gb?fBN; pN fJN e?B B"N ne;gb/B j{ ;?N dh gb?fBN; fJB w'FB. fBT{NB B/ 1704 ftZu

wzfBnK fe ;koh ;?AN/fce fJBcow/FB Xkowe rzqEK u'A jh bJh j?. fJsjk;eko i' 17thA 18thA

;dh ftZu fJsjk; fbyD dk :sB eo oj/ ;B fBT{NB T[BQK d/ Bkb ;fjws BjhA ;h. go feT{Afe

b'e ;KfJz;dkBk s/ pj[s :ehB eoB bZr gJ/ ;B fJ; bJh ;?AN/fce b'eK B/ i/jVk nkgD/ e'b'A

pDk e/ fJsjk; fbfynk T[j b'eK wzB fbnk.

gb?N' th fJZe w?E/wNhFB ;h, fcb";go ;h, p[ZXhihth ;KfJz;dkB ;h fi;B/ J/EB} ftZu

T[Zu ftZfdnk dh gfjbh ne?vwhA yQ'bh. gb?N' dhnK fbysK ftZu T[;d/ gkso w"ob fcb";ch dhnK

rZbK eod/ jB. ;[eoks Bz{ sK yk; s"o s/ fJZe wfo:kdk goF'sw pBkT[D dk :sB ehsk frnk

j?. (Gkt/A nfo;N'c/B} d/ e"w/vh vokw/ ¼dh ebkT[v}½ ftZu ;[eoks fJZe ebkT{B j?) gb?N' rqhe

;h s/ T[;dk ;wekbh f;;o' b?fNB ;h. ;[eoks dk gkso fusoD gb?N' B/ jh ehsk. fit/A r[o{

fJsjk; ftZu ¼;[Eok½ Bkw eJh f;ZfynkdkfJe ejkDhnK Bkb i'fVnk iKdk j? mhe T[;/ soK

b"iheb vkJ/b"r efjD bJh ;[eoks fJZe feodko j?. pugB ftZu id'A w?A ed/ ;[eoks d/ }fjo

fgnkb/ dh rZb ;[Ddk sK fJt/A brdk ;h fit/A ;[eoks B/ jh ;G e[M fbfynk j't/. ;[eoks ~{

id }fjo fgnkbk fgbkT[D bZr/ sK T[;s'A nkyoh fJZSk gqrNkT[D bJh g[ZfSnk frnk, ;[eoks B/

nkyoh fJZSk ti'A nodk; ehsh fe fJj b'e i' w?Bz{ }fjo fgbk oj/ jB fJBQK Bz{ oZpk w[nkc eo

d/thA feT[Afe fJBQK ftukfonK Bz{ gsk BjhA fe eh eo oj/ jB. go gb?N' Bz{ gVB s'A pknd gsk

bZrk fe ;[eoks dk gkso fusoD sK gb?N' dh ouBk j?. gb?N' dh ;koh ouBk ekovhBb

nBr/b' wkJh B/ 1822 ftZu iZr ikjo ehsh. fJ; s'A gfjbK fe;/ B/ gb?N' dh w"ob fcb";gh

pko/ e[M BjhA fbfynk. gb?N' d/ 36 vkJ/b"r s/ 13 ys ;B 1822 Bz{ jh b'eK B/ d/y/. ;fwZE

ftbhnw B/ id gb?N' dk f}eo 1870 ftZu fveFBoh n"c rqhe ftZu ehsk sK b'eK B/ gb?N'

Bz{ gfVQnk sK ik e/ gsk bZrk fe ;[eoks sK gb?N' dhnK fbysK dk gkso ;h. gb?N' dh ouBk

ftZu ;[eoks d/ b"fie s'A fpBk ekBz{Bh jdkfJsK, ;fji f;nkDg, nX[fBe fJB;kBhns pko/

frnkB, ftZfdnk, fJB;kBh pokposk ns/ ;oekoK d/ tZy tZy o{gK pko/ dZf;nk j?. d[BhnK B/ gb?N'

d/ pko/ jh gfVnk j? fe;/ ftob/ B/ jh FkfJd gb?N' d/ ;ko/ vkJ/b"r gVQ/ j'D. gb?N' dk fbfynk

¼dh fogpfbe vkJ/b"r½ fi;dk f;;o' B/ b?fNB ftZu nB[tkd ehsk ¼dh fogpbhek½ f;oc T[j

jh b'eK B/ gfVnk. no;s{ th gb?N' dh soK fcfie;, w?Nkfcfie;, eftsk E/No ;zrhs, b"fie,

okiBhsh, w"ob n?fEe;, pfJnkb'ih s/ finkb'ih dhnK rZbK eodk j?. gb?N' s/ no;s{ gfjb/



;KfJz;dkB ej/ ik ;ed/ jB. no;s{ gzi sZsK pko/ th rZb eodk j?. gsk BjhA feT[A nZi she

fe;/ B/ fJ; rZb Bz{ feT[A BjhA fuskfonk fe gb?N' ns/ no;s{ dhnK ;kohnK ouBktK ¼wzBz{

f;wosh½ wzBz{ d/ ekBz{B i' pD/ ;B 11thA ;dh ftZu T[BQK dk j{ p j{ nB[tkd j?. nbr}?Avo pko/

i' fJsjk; fbfynK j? T[j jh j? pZ;. t?;/ nbr}?Avo dh rq/N d/ ihtB dk j'o e'Jh ;kofEe

;p{s fes'A BjhA fwbdk. ih;; eqkJh;N dk th e'Jh fJsjk; BjhA fwbdk. cq?vfoe Fbho

(1768-1834) B/ id fBT{N?;Nkw?AN fbyh ns/ i"oi JhbhnN B/ 1846 ftZu ¼dh bkJhc n"c

ih;;½ fbyh. ;B 1854 ftZu fc:{op?u B/ ¼dh n;?A; n"c feqFfun?BNh½ fbyh sK ih;; dk

d[BhnK Bz{ gsk bZrk. fwo}k r[bkw nfjwd nB[;ko ih;; gb;NkJhB s'A eFwho ubk frnk ;h

s/ yfBnko f}b/ ftZu o';kpb ik e/ fojk s/ p[Zvk j' e/ wfonk. o';kpb ftZu ih;; dh epo th

ejh iKdh j?. i[fd}w sK eqkJh;N Bz{ oZp dk g[Zso wzBdk jh BjhA w;hjk th BjhA wzBdk.

gZSwhA ;ZfGnsk d/ ;KfJz; :[r d/ fJsjk;ekoK B/ id Xkowe fJsjk; Bz{ nkgDh ebw Bkb

fbfynk sK ;[eoks ns/ ih;; eqkJh;N d/ Bkb gb?N' ns/ no;s{ Bz{ th j}koK ;kb gfjbK j'J/

fby fdZsk. nbr}?vo Bz{ th 326 ph ;h ftZu fbik fcZN ehsk. ;o ftbhnw i'B} i' ebeZs/

nzrq/} iZi ;h T[;B/ 1794 ftZu wzBz{ f;woshnK dh NqK;b/FB ehsh. iZi i'B} sK nbr}?Avo dh

rq/N pko/ fbyfdnK fJj ftuko d/Adk j? fe uzdo r[gs w'ohJ/ dk Bkw pdb e/ fe;/ B/ nbr}?Avo

eo fdZsk. ;kfJz; dk :[r ;h s/ b'eK dk ;KfJz; s/ :ehB pD u[Zek ;h fJ; bJh ;G B/ wzB fbnk.

;tkb g?dk j'fJnk fe eh fJj ph ;h tkbhnK soheK ;jh jB< itkp ftZu fJsjk;ekoK B/ T[bNk

fJj g[ZfSnk fe t/dK Fk;soK dhnK e/jVhnK soheK ;jh jB ;G nzdk}/ jh jB. ;G B/ wB}{o

eo fbnk s/ 17thA 18thA ;dh ftZu j'J/ ;KfJz;dkBK Bz{ Xkowe d[BhnK d/ iBwdks/ ;theko eo

fbnk frnk. ;w[Zuh gZSwhA ;ZfGnsk d/ ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ feodko 17thA ;dh s'A pknd ;kjwD/ nkJ/

s/ fit/A fBT{NB B/ ;dhnK gfjbK ftuko/ rJ/ ftF/ Bz{ f;XKse o{g d/ e/ nkgD/ Bkw eo fbnk

mhe T[;/ soK gZSwh w{b d/ fJsjk;ekoK B/ ;[eoks, eqkJh;N, gb?N', no;s{, nbr}?Avo Bz{

fJsjk; d/ co/w ftZu n?;k fcZN ehsk fe okw ojhw ;G fgZS/ SZv fdZs/. ;tkwhA gkDBh B/ i'

d[BhnK Bz{ GkFk fbyD d/ 3959 o{b} (nFm nfXnkJ/ ;{sok) fsnko eoe/ fdZs/ ;B T[BQK Bz{ sK

np{ o/jkB po{Bh 11thA ;dh d/ ftZu fby/ dZ;dk j? b/feB g?okfwv N?e;N; Bz{ ftdtkB

;KfJz;dkBk B/ t/dK s'A th gfjbK dh fbyh j'Jh fejk. w?;'gNkwhnK dh ¼n?fge n"c frbrkw/F½

Bz{ th for t/d s'A gfjbK fbyh nky fdZsk s/ ;G B/ wzB th fbnk. w?A id fJ; rZb Bz{ fJ; wzBs

Bz{ ;wMD d/ T[gokb/ ti'A fJsjk; d/ toe/ co'b/ sK w/oh j?okBh dh jZd Bk ojh fe g/okfwv

N?e;N fi; Bz{ gfjbh tko rk;NB w;g?o' B/ d[BhnK d/ ;kjwD/ fbnKdk T[;dk iBw 23 i{B

1846 Bz{ g?fo; ftZu j'fJnk 30 i{B 1916 Bz{ T[;dh w"s j'Jh. rk;NB w;g?o' B/ 1881 ftZu

g?okfwv N?e;N; dh ouBk ehsh T[j ph ;h ;B ftZu fet/A frDhJ/A. fJ;/ soK ¼n?fge n"c

frbrw/F½ i' fe bzvB d/ izw gb i"oi ;fwZE B/ fbyh. i"oi ;fwZE dk iBw bzvB ftZu 26

wkou 1840 Bz{ j'fJnk s/ 1876 ftZu T[;dh w"s j' rJh. n?fge n"c frbrkw/F feXo/ 1870



- 1876 ftueko fbyh j'T{ go T[;Bz{ j}koK ;kb gfjbK dh fet/A frD bJhJ/. ;o ftbhnw

i'B} s/ j'o gZSwhA ftdtkBk B/ t/dK Fk;soK, T[gfBFdK, nz}hbK, owkfJD, wjKGkos ns/ e[okB

Fohc d/ id nB[tkd eoB/ 19thA ;dh ftZu F[o{ ehs/ sK rqhe ns/ o'wB ftdtkBk dhnK 18thA

;dh dhnK fbyhnK ouBktK Bz{ g[oksBsk ftZu ik fcZN ehsk. rqhe ns/ o'wB ;KfJz;dkBk dh 18thA

;dh dh y'i Bz{ g[oksB f;ZX eoB bJh nky fdZsk fe n;hA j[D nB[tkd ehsk j?. go w?Bz{ sK

fJsjk; ftZu e'Jh n?;h rqhe iK o'wB ouBk BjhA fd;h fi;dk nB[tkd ehsk frnk j't/. y?o Gkt/

A gZSwhA gkso Bebh ;h iK n;bh, fJsjk; ;h iK fwfEjk;, ph ;h ;zB ;zws n;bh ;h iK

Bebh, gfjbhnK d; ;dhnK dk fJsjk; wBxVs ;h iK E'Vk xDk ;Zu go fe;/ B/ th fJ; s/

e'Jh fezs{ BjhA ehsk ;r'A ;KfJz;dkB ejkT[D d/ ukn ftZu, fvrohnK b?D dh d"V ftZu n?;/

fGnkbhdko pD/ fe i' e[M th frnkB ftfrnkB ;kv/ rzqEK ftZu ;h T[j ;kvh eZNVsk dh e?d

ftZu fdB eNh eodk fojk s/ gZSwhA ;ZfGnsk ;kok oki Gkr ;zGkb e/ p?m rJh. nkg/ ckEVhJ/

s?Bz{ e"D Svkt/I



v[Zpdk p/Vkv[Zpdk p/Vkv[Zpdk p/Vkv[Zpdk p/Vkv[Zpdk p/Vkv[Zpd/ iKd/ p/V/ Bz{ e'Jh v[Zp ikD s'A nkD pukt/,

wZyD Fkj b[pkD/ bJh e'Jh s/r pjkdo pD e/ nkt/.

p/Vk pVk g[okDk j? fJj, :kd BjhA fe; fdB pfDnK ;h.

gsk BjhA gqrN j'fJnk ;h, iK d?th Fesh ifDnK ;h.

n?Bh d[BhnK u[Ze b?Adk ;h, nZi feT[A n?t/A v[Zpdk ikt/.

Y[Zpd/ iKd/ p/V/ Bz{ e'Jh v[Zp ikD s'A nkD pukt/.

wjK:'fXnK dk fJj oZE ;h, d/th d/tfsnK dh ;ZE ;h.

gho cehoK dk fJj xo ;h, ishnK ;shnK dk is;s ;h.

is;s v'b ikD s'A gfjbK, f;obZE e'Jh ;{owK nkt/.

v[Zpd/ iKd/ p/V/ Bz{ e'Jh v[Zp ikD s'A nkD pukt/.

d/F ftd/FK d/ ftZu b'ehA EK EK fJ;dhnK rZbK eod/.

dfonK dh dfonktK dh i/ rZb uZb/ sK jkwhA God/.

v[Zpd/ iKd/ dh th d/y' j[D sZe skp Bk MZbh ikt/.

v[Zpd/ iKd/ p/V/ Bz{ e'Jh v[Zp ikD s'A nkD pukt/.

d[BhnK ftZu ekch B/ jkb/ fJ;dh y?o wzrD tkb/ th.

ikDfdnK fe v[Zpdk iKdk jN/ BjhA ozrD tkb/ th.

ni/ ;o'g/ fwbd/ J/E/ i/jVk uZi dh rZb ;[Dkt/.

Y[Zpd/ iKd/ p/V/ Bz{ e'Jh v[Zp ikD s'A nkD pukt/.

jkb/ FkfJd pu ;edk j? nkgDk fJj nBw'b y}kBK.

Xke ojh d[BhnK ftZu fJ;dh, fJ; s'A tkfec e[Zb }wkBK.

u"e uKdBh d/ ftZu ik e/, fco e'Jh nkgDh pbh uVQkt/.

v[Zpd/ iKd/ p/V/ Bz{ e'Jh v[Zp ikD s'A nkD pukt/I



;kv/ fXnkB:'r;kv/ fXnkB:'r;kv/ fXnkB:'r;kv/ fXnkB:'r;kv/ fXnkB:'rekwo/v joGiB f;zx fiBQk Bz{ wk;No pk;h eoe/ ikfDnK iKdk j? w/ohnK fbysK pV/ jh

F"e Bkb gVd/ jB. id th ed/ T[BQk Bkb w/oh c'B s/ rZb j'Dh sK T[j w/ohnK fbysK pko/ rZb

F[o{ eod/ go nkgD/ frnkB d/ ;w[zdo ftZu gJ/ pV/ nBw'b w'shnK d/ doFD th eotk d/Ad/.

w?A nkgD/ B[es/ tZb ikD s'A gfjbK dZ; fdnK fe wk;No pk;h ekwo/v ;[oihs d/ nkgD/ gotko

ftZu'A jB. fgzv izfvnkbk wz}eh j? s/ FkfJd dkd{tkb ofjzd/ oj/, ekwo/v ;[oihs d/ ;g[Zso Bz{

w?A sK BjhA ;h ikDdk go pk;h ;kfjp T[;Bz{ r'rh efj e/ rZb eod/ jB. y?o nZi fco wk;No

pk;h Bkb x?ANk v/V x?ANk rZb j'Jh. fJZe dod j? fi;Bz{ T[j fdb Bkb bkJh fcod/ jB s/ i/

ed/ w"ek fwb/ e'Jh ;[D e/ ;wMD tkbk fwb ikt/ sK n?B/ Gkte j' iKd/ jB fe Gktesk d/ T[;

b?tb Bz{ fpnkB eoB bJh w/oh Fpdktbh w?Bz{ p"Dh brdh j?. ;o;oh rZb eofdnK eJh tko

n?;h d[ydh or s/ jZE oZy d/Ad/ fe w?Bz{ ;[D e/ :ehB BjhA nkT[Adk fe ;kv/ p}[or nkgD/ fdbK

ftZu fe; soK dod ;zGkbh p?m/ jB. nZi d' rZbK n?;hnK ehshnK fe w?E'A fojk Bk frnk s/ w?A

fbyD bZr frnk sK fe w?Bz{ G[Zb Bk ikt/. fJZe sK T[j ;o;oh jh rZb eo rJ/ fe eFwho d/

tzv/ ikD dk w;bk fezBk tZvk w;bk pD frnk fe ;koh d[BhnK dk i'o bZrk j'fJnk j? fe fe;/

soK eFwho fJZe j'Dk ukjhdk, go id ¼gzikp dk fYZv gkV e/ d' fjZ;/ ehs/ rJ/½ sK s/ fe;/

B/ fJZe tko th BjhA fejk fe wkVk j'fJnk. nZXh f;Zy e"w T[ZiV g[ZiV rJh, nDfrDs wko/ rJ/

, eJhnK B/ nkgDk Xow pdb e/ uko fdB ihD bJh r[o{ s'A w{zj w'V fbnk. w?A j?okB ;K fe n?vh

tZvh rZb T[j ;[s/ f;X jh eo rJ/. d{;oh rZb i' ekwo/v pk;h B/ nZi ehsh fe wjkswK rKXh

Bz{ id BZE{ okw r"v;/ B/ wkfonk sK rZb Bz{ dpkT[D dk g{ok :sB ehsk frnk, okiht rKXh Bz{

id wB[Zyh pzp pDe/ wkfonk frnk sK th rZb Bz{ dpkT[D dk g{ok :sB ehsk frnk go fJzdok

rKXh dh w"s s/ f;ZyK dh i' jkbs ehsh rJh T[;Bz{ :kd eoe/ jkb/ th b{zJhA ezv/ yV/ j' iKd/ jB

Gbk feT[A feT[Afe n;hA f;Zy jK< w?A nZi jh fJzNoB?N s/ gVQ fojk ;h fe G[gkb eKv ftZu wo

ikD tkfbnK Bz{ :{BhnB ekopkJhv B/ pj[s/ g?;/ BjhA fdZs/ fJ; eoe/ Gkos ;oeko B/ 15000

gzdoK j}ko fwbhnB o[gJ/ b'eK Bz{ w[nkti/ ti'A d/D dk n?bkB ehsk j? go T[;/ ;kb fdZbh ftZu

j'J/ esb/nkw d/ d'FhnK Bz{ ni/ sZe frqcsko th BjhA ehsk frnk feT[Afe woB tkb/ ;ko/ f;Zy

;B. Gkos ;oeko d/ fJ; otZJhJ/ Bz{ fJsjk; fet/A fby/rk efj BjhA ;ed/.

fJ; ftZu e'Jh SZe BjhA fe fBwkfDnK dk wkD pD ;eD tkbh, dhB e/ j/s bVB tkbh,

g[o}k g[o}k eN woB tkbh, uoyhnK s/ uVB tkbh, y'gVhnK btQkT[D tkbh e"w j? ;kvh. ;koh

d[BhnK ftZu feXo/ j'o fw;kb BjhA fwbdh, pkpo tor/ pkdFkj d/ ;kjwD/ yV e/ oki/ FhAj

w[eZdw e[Zs/ r[o{ BkBe s'A fpBk Gbk j'o e'Jh efj ;edk ;h. fjzd dh ukdo pDB bJh e'Jh

r[o{ s/r pjkdo torh e[opkBh d/ ;edk ;h. d[BhnK ftZu j'o th pV/ XowhA b'e j'J/ jB ed/

fe;/ j'o B/ ;opZs dk Gbk wzfrnk< nZi d/ f;Zy th d[BhnK d/ e'B/ e'B/ ftZu r[o{ BkBe dh c[btkVh



dh wfje bJh fcod/ jB. fi; fi; d/F ftZu ofjzd/ jB T[; d/F d/ ;ko/ ohsh fotk} th

fBGkT[Ad/ jB s/ nkgD/ fgS'eV Bkb'A th BjhA N[ZN/. f;Zy sK jo fBnk;o/ dk nk;ok pD iKd/ jB

go nZi sZe f;Zy dk iK f;Zyh dk th e'Jh wddrko pfDnK dZf;U sK Gbk f;Zy jw/FK d[BhnK

dh nZy ftZu oVed/ oj/ ikDd/ j' feUA, feUAfe n;hA nkg;h NeokU s'A pk} BjhA nkT[Ad/. f;ZyK

B/ f;Zyh Bz{ ni/ sZe nkg BjhA f;Zfynk. efjD Bz{ n;hA efjAd/ jK fe f;Zy dk wsbp j?

ftfdnkoEh go w?Bz{ sK nZi sZe ;ko/ nfXnge jh fwb/ jB. w/ok fJZe b/y nihs thebh ftZu'A

gVe/ fe;/ tho B/ 604 J/ohnk e'v u'A ekb ehsh efjD bZrk fe s/ok b/y gV e/ n;hA pj[s

jZ;/. w?A fejk T[j feT[A s/ efjD bZrk fe ;[eoks gb?N' pko/ n;hA i' ;koh T[wo ;[Dd/ oj/ sz{

T;Bz{ fet/A T[bZd ;edK. w?A pE/ok fejk fe thok sz{ ;[fDnK j? ekF fes/ sz{ gfVnk j[zdk. nkgK

r[o{ rqzE Bz{ th jkb/ sZe uZi Bkb BjhA gfVnk j'o XowK dk ;kBz{ frnkB eh j'Dk pZ; fit/A e'Jh

efj d/t/ T[; soK jh n;hA wzB b?Ad/ jK. wkoNB b{Eo, iftzrbh ns/ ekbftB Fpd Bz{ wzBD tkb/

;fsr[oK d/, r[o{ ;kfjpK d/ ;wekbh j'J/ jB. r[o{ BkBe d/ r[o{, Fpd r[o{ Bz{ wzBd/ ;B go n;hA

nkgfDnK Bz{ BjhA ;thekfonk s/ ;dhnK pknd j'Ad ftZu nkJh fJ;kJhns B/ ep}k eo fbnk s/

w'jo bk fdZsh fe gq'N?;N?AN i' Fpd dh rZb eod/ jB T[j pkJhpb j?. pkJhpb Gb/ Bz{ T[; tes

iBwhA th BjhA ;h. d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh pkJhpb fezr i/w} pkJhpb j? s/ T[j 17th ;dh

ftZu gfjbh tko fsnko ehsh rJh.

nZi dk B[esk ekwo/v pk;h Bz{ ;wofgs eoBk ukj[zdk jK. fJZe ;dh d/ eohp T[wo G'r

u[Ze/ wk;No pk;h ew[fB;N ftukoK d/ jB. fJj th fJZe n?;k ftuko j? fe fi; Bz{ nZi sZe

b'eK B/ ;wfMnk jh BjhA. ekob wkoe; fJZe pj[s jh tZvk ftdtkB ;h Xkowe fcbk;ch dh

gh n?u vh ehsh ;h T[;B/. 1818 ftZu iBw b? e/ 1883 sZe n?v/ tZv/ r[Dh frnkBh B/ nkgDh

T[wo fet/A fpskJh ;kBz{ pj[fsnK Bz{ BjhA gsk. wkoe; dh w"s s'A pknd Gkt/A nZXh s'A tZX d[BhnK

wkoe;tkdh ftukoXkok dh T[gkFe j' rJh ;h go rohp w}d{o dh rZb eoB tkb/ ekob wkoe;

d/ ;Zs pZfunK ftZu'A uko G[Zy d/ d[Zy wo rJ/. ;w/A dhnK ;oekoK wkoe; dh ;bkj sK b?AdhnK

;h b/feB T;dh pokposk tkbh rZb fe;/ Bz{ uzrh BjhA ;h brdh. ¼dk; e?ghNb½ ftZu ekob

wkoe; fJj jh efjDk ukj[zdk ;h fe Fesh Bz{ fJZe EK fJZemh eoB Bkb d[BhnK ysw j' ikJ/

rh. n?Nw pzp eh j?, pj[s ;koh Fesh fJZe pzp ftZu fJeZmh ehsh j'Jh j[zdh j?. go id pzp

cNdk j? sK ;G e[M BFN eo d/Adk j?. n;hA Gkt/A nkgD/ iowB GoktK Bz{ bkr/ BjhA bZrD fdZsk

go wkoNB b{Eo tKr ekob wkoe; th FeshFkbh okfinK Bz{ BjhA ;h wzBdk. w?A sK id ekob

wkoe; Bz{ gfVnk sK w/ok ihn eo/ w?A T[;Bz{ pkg{ ejK. feT[Afe wkoe; dhnK ;kohnK ouBktK

ftZu'A r[o{ BkBe ftukoXkok dh wfje nkT[Adh j?. tkj brdh Bz{ wkoe; nkgD/ e/; th BjhA ;h

eZNdk s/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ jw/FK Fpd d/ bV bkT[D dh jh ohM ;h. b?fBB 17 ;kb dk ;h id

wkoe; G[Zy s'A jko e/ go rohp w}d{oK bJh bVkJh fiZs e/ nbftdk efj frnk. ¼tZN fJ}

N{ ph vzB½ ftZu b?fBB wkoe;tkdh ftukoXkok Bz{ bkr{ eoB bJh i{Mdk j?. pj[s tZvk ftdtkB



;h b?fBB th. oFhnB bVkJh 1917 tkbh ftZu b?fBB dh fiZs dk ekoD T[;dh wkoe;tkdh ;'u

jh ;h. fit/A efjzd/ dkb ftZu e'eV{ th j[zd/ jB b?fBB s'A nZm ;kb T[wo ftZu S'Nk ;NkfbB i'

1878 ftZu iBfwnK s/ itkBh dh T[wo ftZu jh b?fBB Bkb ik fwfbnk :ehB eoe/ 1917 ftZu

id ;NkfbB Bz{ gkto d/ fdZsh sK pZ; T[j gkto jh b?fBB dh 1924 ftZu w"s dk ekoD pDh.

uoub dk ns/ o{;t'bN dk fwZso pD e/ ;NkfbB FeshFkbh sK pj[s pD frnk go 30

fwbhnB w}d{oK dh w"s dk ekoD pD frnk. fjNbo Bz{ ;NkfbB d/ jZE'A w}p{o j' e/ y[deFh

eoBh gJh go e?gfNfb}w d/ fybkc ns/ w}d{oK d/ jZe ftZu bVB tkbk fJZe j'o Fpd d/ bV

bZrD tkbk ;kvk ukuk skfJnk pdBkw eo fdZsk frnk. j'o e'Jh wzB/ iK Bk wzB/ go w?Bz{ sK

wkoNB O{Eo, ekob wkoe;, b?fBB ns/ fjNbo Bz{ nkgD/ dkd/ gVdkd/ efjzfdnK e'Jh ;zr BjhA

nkT[Adh. jK eJh j'o T[Zu e'Nh d/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ew[fB;N ejkT[D tkb/ j'J/ jB ;NkbB tor/

i' nkw nkdwh tor/ BjhA ;B. fi; fi; th bhvo B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ FeshFkbh pBkT[D tk;s/

f;nk;s ehsh T[j wkoe;tkdh BjhA ej/ ik ;ed/ Gkt/A T[j 1949 s'A uhB dh nk}kdh s'A b?e/

1976 ftZu nkgDh w"s sZe uhBh j[ewokB wkU}/d[zr j't/ iK thnsBkw tko dk jho' j'uhwB

j't/. jK chvb ek;Nq' wbzr wkoe;tkdh j? i' n?v/ tZv/ e?ghNfb;N nwohek d/ pB/o/ s/ p?mk j?.

;koh T[wo T[;dh tkn tZb BjhA d/y ;fenk e'Jh. ;kvk d[yKs j? fe n;hA jBQ/o/ ftZu p?m/ ukBD

dhnK rZbK eod/ jK b/feB gVB fpBK Fpd d/ bV bZrD fpBk rZb BjhA pDBhI

fi; Bz{ bZGd/ bZGd/ d[BhnK so; rJh, T[j sK ;[fDnK ukBDtzs ;t/ok j?.

w/oh T[wo jBQ/o/ d/ ftZu phs rJh, ;G s'A bkr/ foFs/dko jBQ/ok j?.

x[Zg jBQ/ok w/oh ;koh f}drh j?, x[Zg jBQ/ok w/ok uko u[c/ok j?.

nkgDk j? fJj nkgK fJ; ftZu ihAd/ jK, coe BjhA e[M s/ok j? iK w/ok j?.

fJZe ;Zu/ ftZu ;koh T[wo fpsk uZb/, d/y' ;kvk fezBk tZvk i/ok j?.

J/Bh th BjhA ;wM fe ;kBz{ ;wM BjhA d[BhnK ftZu fe; ezw bJh ;kvk c/ok j?.

nkgDh fe;ws nkg pDk e/ p?m/ jK, eh ikDhJ/A feZE/ eh fBp/Vk j?.

rZb eohJ/ sK b'ehA ;kBz{ ;[Dd/ B/, fJ;dk wsbp ;kBz{ fJbw pE/ok j?.

Gow dk nZbD gk e/ Gkih gZedh j?, y[Fcfjwh dk ;kv/ xo/ bt/ok j?.

F"e Bkb ;G ob fwb e/ Se b?Ad/ jK, Bk e'Jh ;kvk o"bk Bk e'Jh M/Vk j?.

goy b?D dh b'V BjhA brdh j[D sK, y[Fp{ s/ pdp{ dk nzso e/jVk j?.

ikj thok sz{ feZdK ;kBz{ bZG/Ark, G[Zb GbkJhnK d/ ftZu ;kvk v/ok j?.



;kvk feodko;kvk feodko;kvk feodko;kvk feodko;kvk feodko;kv/ s/ feogk eoe/ ftXksk B/ ;kBz{ fJB;kBh ihtB fdZsk, d/yD Bz{ nZyK pyfFF ehshnK,

;otD eoB tk;s/ ezB, BZe iQhG jZE g?o th ;kBz{ fdZs/ fJj ;kv/ s/ feBh tZvh feqgk j'Jh go

n;hA fJ; ihtB Bz{ fe; soK jzYkT[Ad/ jK. fe; soK d/yd/ jK, eh ;[D e/ uzrk bZrdk j?, eo

g?oK Bz{ n;hA fet/A fJ;s/wkb eod/ jK, e[dos d/ fJ; feqFw/A Bz{ n;hA fe; soK d[BhnK ftZu yVk

eod/ jK, n;hA d[BhnK Bz{ fet/A brd/ jK p; fJj jh ;kvk feodko j[zdk j?. fi; sohe/ Bkb n;hA

fJ; ihtB Bz{ fiT{Ad/ jK T[j jh ;kvh FyFhns j[zdh j?. jo fJB;kB dk nkg' nkgDk feodko

j[zdk j? go eJh tko ;kvk d[BhnK Bz{ gsk jh BjhA bZrdk. ;kvk uzrk wzdk ;G Yfenk ofjzdk j?.

fizBh fe;/ dh f}nkdk tkechns j[zdh j? UBk jh T[;dk n;fsst ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j?. fizB/ b'eK

ftZu ;kvh T[ZmDh p?mDh j't/, fizB/ tZX b'eK ftZu n;hA ftuod/ j'JhJ/ T[j ;ko/ ;kvhnK

uzfrnkJhnK p[fonkJhnK Bz{ ikDd/ j[zd/ jB. w?A i"jB w?e;t?b dh feskp gV fojk ;h T[j pV/

;ob sohe/ Bkb fJZe irQk fbydk j? fe i/jVk th ;kBz{ fwbdk j? eh ;kBz{ fwb e/ T[;dh wjZssk

tXdh j? iK xNdh j?. eh n;hA fwb e/ fe;/ dh G'ok wk;k tfvnkJh eod/ jK fe T[;Bz{ xNhnk

wfj;{; eotkT[Ad/ jK. i/ fes/ nkgK nkgD/ fwbD tkb/ b'eK Bz{ fJZe fwzN iK nZX/ fwzN tk;s/

go;z;k eoe/ tXhnk nfj;k; fdtkT[Ad/ jK sK T[;d/ fdb ftZu nkgDh tXhnk s;tho SZv iKd/

jK. ;kvhnK gzi frnkB fJzdohnK s/ gzi eow fJzdohnK jB. jo e'Jh fJBQK dk fJ;s/wkb th

eodk j? go eh n;hA fJzdohnK dk gq:'r eofdnK fe;/ Bz{ ;[y d/Ad/ jK fe eFN d/Ad/ jK p;

J/Bk jh coe j[zdk j?.

d[BhnK Bkb ;kvk fezBk r{Vk foFsk j?, ;[ydkfJe j? fe d[ydkfJe pZ; ;kv/ foFfsnK dh

n;bhns jh ;kvk ftnefsst j[zdk j?. n;hA fe;/ Bz{ fezBk e[ ;wMd/ jK, fizBk e[ ikBD dk

fJokdk j't/ T[; soK dh jh s;tho n;hA pDk b?Ad/ jK. seohpB ;kok jh gfVnk fbfynk gzikph

GkJhukok ofpzdo BkE N?r'o d/ BK s'A tkfec j?. B'pb gqkJh} fwbD eoe/, rhsKibh eoe/, Gkos

ns/ pzrbkd/F d/ okFNoh rhsK d/ b/fye j'D eoe/ ikDd/ jK. go FkfJd pj[s xZN f;ZyK Bz{ fJ;

rZb dk gsk j'D? fe pugB ftZu okfpzdo BkE N?r'o nzfwqs;o fojk nkgDh ihtB ejkDh ftZu

N?r'o pV/ fgnko Bkb fbydk j? fe 11-12 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu T[j nkgD/ fgsk ih Bkb

r[od[nko/ (dopko ;kfjp) fBZsB/w Bkb iKd/ ;h. ofpzdo BkE dhnK FjhdK s/ fbyhnK eftsktK

yk; eo pzdk f;zx pjkdo ns/ GkJh sko{ f;zx dh Fjhdh pko/ fbyhnK ;kohnK eftsktK pzrkb

d/ ;e{bK ftZu pzrbkd/F ftZu b'e gVd/ jB go pj[s/ f;ZyK Bz{ gsk jh BjhA. ;kvh nfrnkBsk

;kBz{ ;jh feodko BjhA ;wMD d/Adh. fe;/ dh f;cs eoB bZfrnK i/ s[jkBz{ T[;dh ikDekoh j't/

sK nk;kBh Bkb tfvnkJh j' ;edh j?. tkechns tk;s/ ;kBz{ ;zgoe pBkT[Dk gT{ s/ ;zgoe g?dk

eoB bJh e'fFF th eoBh gT{. jo fJB;kB fJj jh ;'udk j? fe T[j ;jh j?, d{;o/ Bz{ ;wMD

dk n;hA :sB jh BjhA eod/. fizBk e[ ;wkfie s"o s/ gotko eoe/, ezw eko eoe/ iK Xow



n;EkB fJeZfmnK ikD eoe/ ;kvk b'eK Bkb foFsk pDdk j? UBk jh w;K fBGkT[Ad/ jK n;hA. nZi

d/ B[es/ ftZu w?A fJj rZb nkgD/ ihtB nB[Gt ftZu'A fw;kb d/ e/ fBykoBh ukj[zdk jK. n;hA eJh

tko ;'u b?Ad/ jK fe ;ko/ sK w?Bz{ ikDd/ jB fit/A e'Jh ej/ fe N?r'o Bz{ e"D BjhA ikDdk. fJj

th mhe j? fe pj[s b'e ;kBz{ ikDd/ j[zd/ B/ go n;hA pj[sh tko fJj ikBD dh e'fFF jh BjhA

eod/ fe ;kBz{ ikBD tkfbnK Bz{ n;hA e'Jh ;[y d/ oj/ j[zd/ jK iK eFN d/ oj/ j[zd/ jK. bU w?A

nkgDh fw;kb d/tK L-

e?b/c'oBhnK ftZu w/o/ gfotko d/ ;" s'A tZX w?Apo jB. id'A th e'Jh ;kvk nkT[Dk sK n;hA

jo soK ob fwb e/ :sB eoBk fe ;G d/ g?o bZr ikD ;ko/ ekw:kp j' ikD. e/jVk fezBk

ekw:kp j[zdk j? fJj sK T[;d/ nkgD/ s/ jh fBoGo eodk j? go fe;/ nkgD/ Bz{ okj gk d/Dk th

ekch j?. ;kv/ e'b eJh n?;/ th nkJ/ i' thj gzMh ;kbK ftZu ;kv/ s'A fes/ nZr/ fBeb rJ/. e'Jh

E'Vk e'Jh pj[sk ekw:kp j'fJnk fJj sK T[BQK dh nkgDh ekpbhns s/ fBoGo eodk j? go fJZe

rZb io{o j'Jh fe ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ nkg' nkgD/ okj s[o gJ/. eJh tko w/o/ d';sK fwZsoK B/ w/o/ fe;/

ekw:kp foFs/dko pko/ rZb eoBh sK w?A fJZe fw;kb fdnk eodk ;h fe fizBk fuo gzSh d/ p'N

T[V BjhA ;ed/ UBk fuo gzSh d[BhnK dh ;koh whAj jBQ/oh nkgD/ yzGK s/ MZbdk j? b/feB id

pZfunK d/ nkgD/ yzG fBeb nkT[Ad/ jB sK pZfunK dk th T[V ikD ftZu Gbk j? s/ gzSh dk th

Gbk fJ;/ rZb ftZu j[zdk j? fe pZu/ T[V ikD. go eJh tko w?A fJeZfbnK p?m e/ ;'udk fe ;kv/

eJh n?;hnK T[vkohnK wko rJ/ fe ed/ gos e/ g[okD/ nkbQD/ tZb Bz{ sZfenk th BjhA. fco nkgD/

;tkb dk itkp nkg/ jh d/ b?Adk fe j' ;edk j? w/o/ e'b'A ;jh sohe/ Bkb foFsk Bk fBGkfJnk

frnk j't/. n;hA d{;fonK pko/ T[; soK ;'ud/ jK fit/A ;kBz{ ;wM brdh j?. w/oh ebw dk eoe/

w?Bz{ j}koK SkfJd bZyK b'e ikDd/ jB go fJj io{oh BjhA fe ;ko/ w/oh ebw dh skohc eod/

j'D. eJh gkmeK dh w/o/ ftuko Bkb nf;jwsh th j' ;edh j?. w/oh ebw ftZu'A w/o/ feodko

pko/ tZy tZy gkmeK dk tZy tZy nzdk}k j' ;edk j?. ftuko tZy j' ;edk j?. y?o fizBk fuo sZe

n;hA nkgDh ehws BjhA ikDd/ UBk fuo sZe sK ;kBz{ tes dh th ehws BjhA ;wM bZr ;edh

s/ fizBk fuo ;kBz{ ;w/A dh ehws dk BjhA gsk UBK fuo n;hA e[M th BjhA eo ;ed/. ihtB sK

eosftZfdnk jh j? i' e[M n;hA eod/ jK T[j jh ;kvk feodko j[zdk j?. fJj B[esk eftsk ftZu

ejhJ/ L-

okw s/ oktD dhnK ;h okFhnK sK obdhnK, go feqFB dk s/ ez; dk feodko nkgDk nkgDk.

g's/ BZs/ fJZe jh pkp/ d/ Gkt/A jK n;hA,go eZb/ eZb/ ;yF dk ;fseko nkgDk nkgDk.

fe;w sK fJZe' n;hA fJj fi;w th fJZe' fijk,go jo fe;/ dk c/o th ftUjko nkgDk nkgDk.

fdb dh pDso fJZe j? XVeD th fJZe' jh fijh,go tZyo/ tZyo/ fdbK d/ ftZu fgnko nkgDk nkgDk.

Fpd th fJZe' fij/ p'bh th ;kvh fJZe j?, go jo fe;/ dh ihG s/ fJ}jko nkgDk nkgDk.

e'Jh c[Zb e/jV/ prhu/ fe; soK fyfVnk ed/, r[b th nkg' nkgD/ r[b}ko nkgDk nkgDk.



;kv/ god/;h s[yko p[yko;kv/ god/;h s[yko p[yko;kv/ god/;h s[yko p[yko;kv/ god/;h s[yko p[yko;kv/ god/;h s[yko p[yko;hsbsk sK rowhA ;odh dk ;[w/b j[zdh j?. rowhA fpBk th BjhA ;o ;edk s/ eZb/ ;/e ftZu

th ihftnk BjhA ik ;edk. n"V bZrh s'A fes/ eDhnK g? ikD sK fdb eodk jo p{zd Bz{ wkD ;ehJ/

go i/ eJh fdB whAj g?Adk oj/ s/ rV/ g?D/ F[o{ j' ikD ;hsbsk s[yko ftZu pdb ikJ/ sK ;jkoh

BjhA iKdh. trd/ gkDh ftZu v[peh bkT[D Bz{ jo fe;/ dk fuZs eodk j? go i/ T[j jh gkDh izw

ikt/ poc pD ikt/ sK fJFBkB BjhA j' ;edk. jo fi;w ftZu ;/e j[zdk j? go i/ ;/e dh fwedko

p[yko ftZu pdb ikt/, fgzvk sgD bZr ikt/ sK ;jko BjhA j[zdk. id'A th e'Jh ebgdk j? T[;dk

e'Jh ekoD j[zdk j?. fpBk tiQk d[BhnK ftZu e'Jh BjhA ebgdk. ;kv/ dod Bz{ sebhc Bz{ id'A n;hA

fpnkB eod/ jK sK eJh tko d[BhnK T[;d/ noE nkgD/ fj;kp Bkb eodh j?. e'Jh T[;Bz{

;w/A dh nktk} nkydk j? e'Jh nZstkd nkydk j?. gudk gudk sK jo e'Jh guk ;edk j? go

id gkDh f;o s'A bzxD bZr ikt/ sK fco wodk eh BjhA eodk. sebhc BK j[zdh e'Jh sK r[o{

BkBe pkpo dh c"i Bz{ ¼gkg eh izM½ ekjs'A efjzd/. ;w/A d/ j[ewokB Bz{ ¼oki/ FhAj w[eZdw

e[Zs/½ efjDk fgnk sK T[;dk e'Jh ekoD j'T{. BkBe dh Fpd i's id S/t/A ikw/A ftZu sbtko

u[Zedh j? sK T[;dh e'Jh tiQk j'T{. sZsh sth dk ;/e, sZsh o/s dk ;/e ;fsr[oK s'A th ;jkfonk

BjhA ;h ik ;edk. d;t/A gksFkj i/ fgsk dh iK g[ZsoK dh e[opkBh d/Ad/ jB, ;opz; tko d/Ad/

jB sK fpBk tiQk sK BjhA tkod/. fJj tZyoh rZb j? fe ;G e[M tko e/ th }coBktK (fiZs dh

fuZmh) fbyD dh s"che oZyd/ ;h.

B"t/A gksFkj dh Fjkds ;ko/ fjzd[;skB dh fjck}s eoB bJh j'Jh, fJB;kBh edoK ehwsK

dh okyh eofdnK d;t/A gksFkj dh e[opkBh Bz{ i/ wjkswK rKXh ¼G[Zfbnk j'fJnk d/F Grs½

efjzdk j? sK d;w fgsk d/ g[Zs g'so/ fet/A ioB. ;odko Grs f;zx Bz{ i/ e'Jh nZstkdh nky

e/ cK;h brtkT[Adk j? sK Grs f;zx d/ Gok Gshi/ fet/A ioB. T[ZBh ;" ;zskbh d/ tZY tYKr/ s'A

rKXh i/ seoho eodk j? ¼w[FbwkB GkJhUA e/ i' xkU nkJ/ j?A t' fFy'A eh sbtko'A F/ nkJ/ j?A½

sK f;Zy fJ; seoho d/ dZf;U Gbk eh noE eoB. ;G e[M SZv Svk e/, irhoK ;odkohnK

fsnkr e/ ykbh jZE nkJ/ f;ZyK B/ fJZe tko fco ihtB T n s'A F[o{ ehsk. ikB j? sK ijkB j?

fJj sK ;G ikDd/ jB go f;Zy e"w fJ; s'A nZr/ ;'udh j?, ¼fJwkB j? sK ikB j?½ n;hA ;G

e[M rztk e/ th nkgDk fJwkB BjhA rztkfJnk. fJwkB dh okyh bJh ;fsr[oK B/ ns/ nk}kdh dh

gokgsh tk;s/ Grs f;zx s/ T[;d/ Gok GshfinK B/ eh eh BjhA ehsk. Gkos dh noEftt;Ek

ftZu'A i/ f;ZyK Bz{ pkjo eo fdZsk ikJ/ sK pkeh eh pudk j/?. f;Zy ftd/FK ftZu feT[A nkJ/ feT[Afe

nkgD/ d/F ftZu f;ZyK Bz{ e'Jh dkfDnK s'A d' s'b BjhA ;h b?Adk. fe;kB e"w Bz{ feo;kBh ftZu

c/Qb eoB d/ }[zw/Atko e"D jB. fe;kB i' fJZe p/roi e"w ;h. jo uh} ;h fe;kB e'b go

;w/A dhnK ;oekoK ~ fJj Bk gfunk, n?;/ jkbks g?dk eo fdZs/ rJ/ fe feosh fe;kB Bz{ fJZe

o[gJhnk fdjkVh th BjhA ;h g?Adh. w?A y[d 1975 s'A b? e/ 1980 sZe gzikp d/ u'Dt/A fe;kBk



ftZu frfDnK iKdk ;K, ;[Dh ;[DkJh BjhA nkgD/ fgzv/ s/ jzYkJh rZb eodk jK fe fe;kB Bz{ w[Bkck

sK eh j'Dk T[j w}d{oh th w[cs eodk ;h.

;fsr[o{ dh pVh ngko feogk j? f;Zy fiZE/ fiZE/ th jB nkgD/ fJwkB dk nfj;k; fdb

ftZu ;KGfdnK ftd/FK ftZu ftd/Fh ekfJd/ ekBz{B fBGkT[AfdnK r[o{ BkBe dh c[btkVh dh wfje

d[BhnK ftZu tzv oj/ jB. i/ f;Zy Xosh d/ d{i/ gk;/ nk e/ e?B/vk tor/ d/F ftZu e/Adoh wzsoh

pDd/ jB, w[Zy wzsoh pDd/ jB iK w?Apo gkobhw?AN pDd/ jB sK fJ;dh e'Jh tiQk j'T{ n?t/A sK

BjhA e'Jh fe;/ Bz{ gdth d/Adk. b/feB ;kv/ d/F Gkos dh ;oeko dhnK B}oK ftZu sK f;Zy nZstkdh

jB. ftd/FK ftZu tZ;d/ f;ZyK Bz{ FZe dh B}o Bkb d/yD dh pikJ/ i/ Gkos ;oeko ngDk bt/

, ;kBz{ ;kv/ d/F tkfg; ikD bJh yZib yokp Bk j'Dk gt/ sK :ehB ikfDUA jo f;Zy dk fdb

nkgD/ tsB bJh, nkgDhA Xosh wK bJh XVedk j?. Gkosh tf;zfdnK d/ tKr pokpo d/ jZe ;kBz{

j'D sK fJZe ;kb d/ ftZu ftZu Gkos d[BhnK dh ;G s'A tZvh noEftt;Ek pD ;edh j?. ni'eh

d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tZvk noEFk;soh f;Zy ;o{g tkbk goXkB wzsoh th i/ fJ; rZb Bz{ BjhA ;theko

;fenk sK FkfJd ed/ th e'Jh BjhA ;wM ;e/rk fe f;Zy ed/ th fe;/ d/ d'yh BjhA j' ;ed/,

jK J/Bk ;kv/ ftZu B[e; io{o j? fe n;hA rbs Bz{ rbs efjD dh }[os oZyd/ jK. gzikp ftZu

w/oh fgsk g[oyh ns/ nkgDhA w/jBs Bkb pDkJh ikJ/dks Gkt/A eJh eo'VK dh j? go w?Bz{ gzikp

ftZu ik e/ ;?b c'B b?D bJh SZsh gkgV t/bD/ gJ/. w/ok vqkJhto feT[Afe T[j w/o/ G[Zy/ fgnko/

tsB dk tk;h j? T[j c'B b? ;edk j? w?A BjhA b? ;edk. w"i{dk gzikp ;oeko Gkt/A nekbh ;oeko

j? go f;ZyK tk;s/ yk;eo ftd/FK ftZu tZ;d/ f;ZyK tk;s/ dZf;U Gbk eh ehsk fe;/ B/. gzikp

dhnK eu?johnK ftZu nZX'A tZX dtkBh dknt/ ;kv/ ftd/FK ftZu tZ;d/ GoktK fybkc uZb oj/ jB.

ip? pkD bkfrU sp? o'; ikfrU, fdb ftZu o'; j? d[FwDh BjhA j?. jo f;Zy dk esok esok

y{B jk}o j?, iok nkgD/ pDe/ nktki wko e/ sK d/y'. ;kvk fJj wFtok j? wzr BjhA j?, wzrs/

BjhA jK n;hA, i/ ;zB ;zskbh dh wko MZb ;ed/ jK, ftd/FK ftZu nk e/ e/;oh fBFkB M[bk ;ed/

jK sK n;hA nkgDh pkb e/ ;/eDk th ikDd/ jK. d' eo'V dh frDsh tkbh e"w d' ;" eo'V frDsh

tkbh e"w ftZu ftuodh f;o eZvthA fd;dh j? f;Zy e"w Bkb p/fJB;kch eoe/ Bk nZi sZe fe;/

e[M yZfNnk Bk yZNDr/.

jo jBQ/oh oks u'A ;t/o d/ ;{oi tKr T[d? j'D tkbh f;Zy e"w fJ; d[BhnK d/ jo s[yko

p[yko MZb ;edh j?, MZbdh nkJh j? b/feB ;kv/ nkg;h NeokU d/y e/ d[BhnK nzdk}/ brk b?Adh

j?. e'Jh efjzdk f;Zy Xow e'Jh Xow jh BjhA j?. e'Jh Xkowe rqzEK d/ w[ekpb/ eotk fojk, e'Jh

efjzdk r[ow[yh ftZu fbyh ikD tkbh gzikph GkFk jh BjhA j?, gzikph B/ ysw j' ikDk. go pb'uh

T{m dk T[rkbh eofdnK bwedk p[ZbQ ykD dh T[whd ftZu p?m/ ;ko/ b{zpV G[Zy/ woBr/. b'V j? sK

;kBz{ nkg; ftZu ob e/ uZbD dh b'V j?. ;kv/ nkg;h NeokU eoe/ sK ;kvk pj[s B[e;kB j'

;edk j? go j'o e'Jh ;kvh tkn tZb BjhA t/y ;edk. i/ ;kBz{ nkgD/ nkg s/, nkgfDnK s/ ns/

nkgD/ fJFN Fpd r[o{ s/ ;zg{oD ftFtkF j? sK BK ;kBz{ g'y s[yko ftnkg ;edk j? s/ Bk jh



nk;kV sgzdk bZr ;edk j?. n;hA god/;K ftZu o'ih o'Nh dh ykso jh BjhA nkJ/. d[BhnK ftZu

id n;hA ftuod/ jK sK b'e ;kvh ehws ;wM iKd/ jB i/ BjhA ;wMd/ sK ;kv/ nkgD/ ;kBz{ nkgDk

BjhA ;wMd/. y?o pVk bzpk feZ;k j? fJj, fJZe eth dk fdb ftd/FK ftZu tZ;d/ f;Zy d/ fdb

dh t/dB fJ; soK fpnkB eodk j?L--

god/;hgod/;hgod/;hgod/;hgod/;hgod/;K ftZu ftuodk w?A pj[s fcfonk d';sk,

god/;K ftZu god/;h jh nkfynk ;G B/,

go sz{ god/;h Bk ej/A sK w/jopkBh.

w/oh i/Qp d/ ftZu gk;g'oN d/fynk i' sz{,

w?A wzBdk jK ftd/Fh j?.

i/Qp d/ fgZS/ XVed/ fdb Bz{ i/ t/y/A,

jo XVeD ftZu nkgDk nshs d/y/Ark.

w?A fJepkb eodk jK,

fe nkgDh G[Zy w/ND bJh ftd/FK ftZu w?A ik tZf;nk.

b?Adk jK fJ}kis nkgD/ jh d/F gosD dh.

nkgDh wK d/ fgzv ikD bJh g[ZS frZS th j[zdh j?.

go y{B d/ foFs/ ed/ N[ZfNnk BjhA eod/.

Bj[z s/ wk; dk foFsk j? nkgDk thoBk.

d[BhnK ej/ god/;h, bZy tko nky/.

go sz{ god/;h Bk ej/A sK w/jopkBh.



;kvk G'bkgD;kvk G'bkgD;kvk G'bkgD;kvk G'bkgD;kvk G'bkgDFpd r[o{ s/ ;zg{oD ftFtkF eoB tkbh f;Zy e"w eJh tko G'b/gD ftZu jo eEk tkosk

s/ g{oD ftFtkF eo b?Adh j?. Fpd r[o{ Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ;zg{oD ;Zu j?, ;Zu dh e'Jh eEk

tkosk sK j' jh BjhA ;edh. fJj th ;Zu j? fe jo Xow tXhnk f;Zfynk d/Adk j? go fco th

jo fe;/ dk nkg' nkgDk ftdh ftXkB j[zdk j?. ;opZs dk Gbk wzrD tkbh s/ ;ko/ XowK dk

;fseko eoB tkbh f;Zy e"w eJh tko jo Xkowe rzqE Bz{ Fpd r[o{ ;wM p?mdh j? i' fe ;kvk

G'bkgD j?. rhsk, e[okB iK pkJhpb dk ;fseko eoBk iK fJBQK wjkB rzqEK Bz{ gVBk s/ ;wMDk

pj[s tXhnk rZb j?. go fpBk fe;/ tkX xkN tkbk ;zg{oD ;Zu Fpd r[o{ Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp

jh f;Zy irs dk fJFN j?. pj[s ;koh ftdtsk n?;h j? i' ;kBz{ r[opkDh tKroK ;fseko:'r

brdh j?. fJ; ftZu e'Jh FZe BjhA fe GkJh r[odk; ns/ GkJh Bzd bkb dhnK ouBktK r[opkDh

dh rfjo rzGhosk tor/ Mbeko/ d/AdhnK jB. GkJh r[odk; dhnK tkoK Bz{ sK ;BwkB Bkb r[opkDh

dh e[zih th fejk iKdk j?, b/feB r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp dh nrkX p'X pkDh ftub/ gq;zrK dh ftnkfynk

eoB tkbhnK GkJh r[odk; ih dhnK ouBktK ns/ Fpd r[o{ dh pkDh fbyD dk ekoi s/ ekoD

tZy' tZyok j?. ;fseko:'r, g{iD:'r ouBktK d;w rzqE ns/ ;{oi goekF ftubk nfXnkswtkd

fpBkFZe tZvh tfvnkJh tkbk j? b/feB i' Fpd i's ro{ BkBe ;kfjp ftZu irh s/ d; ikw/A pdb

e/ Fqh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftZu jk}o Bk}o j? T[; :'s dh pokposk iK s[bBk fe;/ th j'o rqzE Bkb

i/ n;hA eod/ jK sK fJj ;kvk G'bkgD j?.

eZb n?stko d/ dhtkB ftZu r[odtkok b?AeoFw B"oE j"bht[v ikD dk ;tZp pfDnK. fJZe

p}[or eEktkue gzikp s'A nkJ/ j'J/ ;B fiBQK Bz{ ;[DB tk;s/ ;zrs j[zw j[zwk e/ nkJh j'Jh ;h.

;fji ;[Gkn eEk eofdnK T[j nkg th nZyK Go nkJ/ s/ FkfJd e'Jh ftobk jh n?;k j'T{ fi;

dhnK nZyK frZbhnK Bk j'JhnK j'D. ;Zu ejK w?A th d' fszB tko n?Be T[sko e/ nZyK gz{MhnK. pZu/

d/ iBw t/b/ o'D dh rZb eofdnK efjD bZr/ fe gfjbk ;kj nkT[AfdnK ;ko jh pZuk o'D bZr

iKdk j? feT[Afe T[j fJekrosk rztk p?mdk j?, N[ZN frnk j[zdk nkgD/ fJFN Bkb'A. fJZe UAeko

fejk BjhA iKdk s/ UAnK UAnK eoB bZr iKdk j?. ;kX ;zrs j'o th rzGho j' rJh id eEktkue

B/ B"At/A gksFkj dh uKdBh u"e tkbh Fjkds pko/ rZb ehsh. eEk e[M fJ; soK ;h fe e'Jh f;Zy

1675 ftZu B"At/A gksFkj Bz{ fwbD tk;s/ nkBzdg[o frnk doFD eoe/ fdb ftZu fJZe ohM ikrh

go efjD dh fjzws BjhA ;h g? ojh. ikDh ikD r[o{ ;wM rJ/ s/ nkg T[; nkgD/ f;Zy Bz{ p[bk

e/ g[fSnk fe eh efjDk ukj[zd/ j'. f;Zy B/ nkgD/ wB dh nfGbkFk ikjo ehsh fe fdb eodk

j? fe nkg ih ;kv/ rohp ykB/ nkU sK fe nkg ih Bz{ jZEhA fsnko eoe/ goFkdk Sek ;eK. r[o{

ih B/ puB ehsk fe io{o nktKr/. b/feB id gsk bZrk fe r[o{ s/r pjkdo sK Xow dh okyh

eoB rJ/ Fjhd eo fdZs/ rJ/ sK r[o{ dk f;Zy XkjK wko e/ o'fJnk. GkJh i?sk (ozroQ/Nk)

fet/A r[o{ d/ ;h; Bz{ b? e/ fBebdk j? T[; dod Go/ t/ot/ Bz{ ;[D e/ e'Jh th f;Zy nkgD/ jzM{ BjhA



o'e ;edk. r[o{ d/ ;h; Bz{ rmVh tKr bt/QN e/ bzph tkN sfj eodk i?sk G[Zy Bkb ftnke[b

j'fJnk o;s/ ftZu fe;/ dk fBtk; n;EkB d/y e/ o[edk j?. eh d/ydk j? fe e'Jh f;Zy XkjK wko

e/ o' fojk j?. eh j'fJnk s?Bz{ r[o{ fgnkfonk< GkJh i?s/ d/ fJ; ;tkb dk T[Zso BjhA d/ j' fojk

o'Ad/ f;Zy e'b'A. pj[s jh tokT[D s'A pknd f;Zy f;o wkodk j? s/ Bkb/ T[bKGk d/Adk j?, ¼i/ BjhA

;h ;kv/ rohp ykB/ nkTDk sK r[oK B/ tkndk feT[A ehsk½. GkJh i?sk ;koh rZb ;wM frnk s/

f;Zy Bz{ ;h; tkbh rmVh cVkT[AfdnK efjD bZrk y'Qb fJ;Bz{. doFD eoe/ fBjkb j' frnk f;Zy

s/ r[oK dh EK G[Zy/ GkD/ i?s/ Bz{ G'iB eok e/ nkgDh ohM g{oh ehsh. ;{oigoekF d/ nkXko s/ eEk

;h.

GkJh ;zs'y f;zx B/ ;{oi goekF ftZu fi; dk Bkw gfjbK Fqh r[ogqskg ;{oi rzqE ;h ftZu

d{i/ s'A d;t/A r[o{ ;kfjpK d/ ihtB Bz{ GkJh pkb/ ns/ g[oksB iBw ;kyhnK d/ nkXko s/ ekfte

o{g ftZu fbfynk. fJZe f;Zy dh ;zs'y f;zx dh 1840-42 dh FoXk ftZu'A T[gfink fJj T[Zu

gkJ/ dk wjKekt j?. r[o{ fJsjk; Bz{ id'A n;hA BhM Bkb ;[Dd/ jK sK ;kv/ e'b'A ;kvk o'D BjhA

o'fenk iKdk s/ i/ fes/ G'b/ f;Zy r[opkDh Bz{, ihts ikrs r[o{ Bz{ fJ; soK BhM Bkb gVD ;[DB

sK ;ZG/ E'e gokgs j' ;ed/ jB. GkJh ;zs'y f;zx B/ r[o{ T[gwK ftZu ;{oi goekF rzqE fbfynk

go n;hA ;{oi goekF Bz{ wZEk N/eD s'A tZX e[M BjhA ehsk. jK ;kv/ e[M eEktkueK B/ ;{oi

goekF Bz{ gfVnk j?. pj[s eEktkue id gq;zr d/Ad/ jB sK gsk brdk j? fe fJj goekF feE'A

gokgs j'fJnk. fJZe B[esk j'o ;KMk eoB Bz{ fdb eodk j? fe GkJh ;zs'y f;zx dhnK pkeh

fbysK FkfJd fe;/ B/ BjhA gVhnK. j' ;edk fe;/ B/ gVhnK j'D go w?A nkgD/ ezBh ed/ fe;/

Bz{ GkJh ;zs'y f;zx ofus ¼r[o{ BkBe goekF½ iK ig[ih ;kfjp d/ w[Yb/ NhfenK ftZu nkT[Adk

¼roG rziBh Nhek½ ftZu'A gq;zr d/AfdnK BjhA ;[fDnK. GkJh ;zs'y f;zx 19thA ;dh ftZu yVh p'bh

d/ ;G s'A tZv/ tkoseeko s/ ;G s'A tZv/ eth j'J/ jB. fiBQK dk 1783 ftZu okw shoE iBw

j'fJnk s/ 1843 ftZu e?Eb (jfonkDk) ftZu fdjKs j'fJnk. ;z;feqs, pqih cko;h ns/ yVh

p'bh Bkb pokpo fgnko eoB tkb/ GkJh ;zs'y f;zx B/ ;G s'A gfjbK ¼Bkw e'F½ ;z;feqs

ftnkeoD dh ;ob GkFk ftZu ouBk ehsh. r[o{ BkBe goekF ns/ roG rziBh Nhe/ d/ Bkb Bkb

¼pkbwhe owkfJD½ ns/ ¼nksw g[okD dh th ouBk ehsh. fizBk fuo n;hA nkgD/ Xkowe rqzE

BjhA gVd/, r[opkDh Bz{ ;wMd/ BjhA UBk fuo nkgK nkgD/ G'b/gD ftZu GNed/ ojKr/. nkU

nodk; eohJ/ fe ;kBz{ ;wMe/ gVD dk tZb nk ikt/. w?A eJh tko ;[fDnK b'eK Bz{ efjzfdnK fe

;[ywDh ;kfjp dk ;zg{oD gkm nZX/ xzN/ ftZu eo b?Ad/ jB. i/ ;wM ftZu fJZe nFNgdh th Bk

nkJh j't/ sK ekjb eoB dk eh ckfJdk. fBZs B/w th io{oh j? fit/A nkgK ;?b c'B w'fpb c'B

;kok fdB tosd/ jK go i/ o'i ukoi Bk eohJ/ sK nrb/ fdB BjhA tos ;ed/ mhe T[;/ soK

i/ fBZs B/w BjhA eod/ sK ;kvh Xkowe ;'u szdo[;s BjhA ofj ;edh. eftsk ftZu efjD Bz{ fdb

eo nkfJnkL-



s/o/ tKrz{ sZsh sth d/ T[Zs/ pfje/, ;kv/ e'b'A rhs fJbkjh rk BK j[zd/.

Xow dh ykso i' i' sz{ eoe/ dZf;nk j?, ;kE'A s/o/ g{oB/ d[jok Bk j[zd/.

fizBh tZvh ehws ;fsr[o sz{ skoh j?, n?v/ tZv/ w[Zb ;kv/ s'A gk BK j[zd/.

fizBQK okjK s/ sz{ y[d s[oe/ dZf;nk j?, ;kv/ s'A T[j bzp/ okj w[ek Bk j[zd/.

s/o/ f;de s'A ;de/ ;de/ iKd/ jK, go ;kv/ s'A y[d T[j f;de fBGkn Bk j[zd/.

s/oh rZb eoe/ tZv/ XowhA pDd/ jK, XowhA ekoi nkgD/ s'A eotk Bk j[zd/.

fJZe d{i/ Bz{ nZr/ j' j' dZ;d/ jK, Yzr sohe/ nkgD/ s/ n}wk Bk j[zd/.

sz{ s/ sZsh o/s ;h; s/ MZb bJh, ;kvh d/jh s'A sK eFN T[mk Bk j[zd/I

fizBk fuo n;hA nkgD/ Xkowe rqzE BjhA gVd/,fizBk fuo n;hA nkgD/ Xkowe rqzE BjhA gVd/,fizBk fuo n;hA nkgD/ Xkowe rqzE BjhA gVd/,fizBk fuo n;hA nkgD/ Xkowe rqzE BjhA gVd/,fizBk fuo n;hA nkgD/ Xkowe rqzE BjhA gVd/,

r[opkDh Bz{ ;wMd/ BjhA UBk fuo nkgK nkgD/r[opkDh Bz{ ;wMd/ BjhA UBk fuo nkgK nkgD/r[opkDh Bz{ ;wMd/ BjhA UBk fuo nkgK nkgD/r[opkDh Bz{ ;wMd/ BjhA UBk fuo nkgK nkgD/r[opkDh Bz{ ;wMd/ BjhA UBk fuo nkgK nkgD/

G'b/gD ftZu GNed/ ojKr/.G'b/gD ftZu GNed/ ojKr/.G'b/gD ftZu GNed/ ojKr/.G'b/gD ftZu GNed/ ojKr/.G'b/gD ftZu GNed/ ojKr/.



d[fpXk d{o eo'd[fpXk d{o eo'd[fpXk d{o eo'd[fpXk d{o eo'd[fpXk d{o eo'fgzv d/ ;G s'A g[okD/, ;G s'A tZv/ ns/ ;G s'A w}p{s gfotko ~ ew}'o eoB dh ;'u oZyD

tkb/ ukso b'e e[M n?;hnK us[okJhnK eod/ i' jZ;d/ tZ;d/ gfotko ftZu NeokU g?dk eo

d/AdhnK. T[; nkg;h fto'X d/ Bshi/ ti'A gfotko ew}'o j' iKdk s/ uks[o FoheK #s/ fBoGosk

dh B"ps nk iKdh. tiQek sK ysw j' ikDk tZyoh rZb go NeokU eotk e/ fBnK jZE ftZu b?

e/ uks[o fco i' wo}h eoB, e'Jh BjhA o'e ;edk.

fjzd[;skBh gfotko s'A tZvk s/ g[okDk gfotko j'o e'Jh BjhA ;h Xosh d/ fJ; fgzv/ T[Zs/

fJB;kB ~ pkeh ihtK s/ jkth eoB tkbh w[Zy Fesh @Fpd# fbyD dk ftXh ftXkB fJ;/ gfotko

d/ w?Apo @gkfDBh# B/ fbfynk s/ d[BhnK dk ;G s'A gfjbk fbysh rqzE @foZr t/d# th fJ;/ jh

gfotko B/ fbfynk. gkV' s/ oki eo' dh Bhsh pko/ ;[DfdnK w?~ nZXh ;dh j' rJh j?, gsk BjhA

ed'A dk ;k~ fJ; Bhsh pko/ gsk ;h. go w?~ fJj rZb ;wM BjhA nkT[Adh fe i/ ;k~ gsk ;h

fe gkV' s/ oki eo' dk jfEnko ^bs j? sK fco n;hA fJ; ~ nkgD/ s/ tko feT[A eoB fdZsk<

fJB;kB dh ;G s'A tZvh skes GkFk #s/ fi;dk ep}k j?, T[j ;koh d[BhnK s/ oki feT[A BjhA eo

;edk< nzro/}h GkFk fi; dh 1634 s'A gfjbK dh e'Jh ftnkeoD BjhA fwbdh (b?fNB ftZu jh

fbyd/ ;B), nZi ;koh d[BhnK ~ nkgD/ ozr ftZu ozrD bJh g{oh fsnkoh ftZu j?. nzrq/}h dk

rb'pbkJhi/FB eoB ftZu ;\b j' oj/ nzro/}K B/ id 1947 ftZu Gkos ~ nk}kd ehsk sK nzro/

}h ;w/s thj GkFktK ~ okFNoh GkFk dk doik fdZsk. gzikph, fjzdh, f;zXh, r[ioksh, T[Vhnk.

pzrkbh dk i/ NeokU Bk eotkfJnk iKdk sK fjzd[;skBh GkFk fJZe jh sK ;h. T[;~ Gkt/

A d/tBkroh ftZu fbyh iKd/ Gkt/A r[ow[yh Fkjw[yh ftZu fbyh iKd/. GkFk d/ nkXko s/ NeokU

eotk e/ gfotko ~ y/o{z y/o{z eo fdZsk frnk j?.

okw, ojhw, g[okB, e[okB sK nfXnksfwe gfotko d/ w?Apo ;B. ;[zB s'A, f;\o s'A T[gi/

fJZe s/ g{ok ftFtk; eoB tkb/, fJZe dhnK fdZshnK dksK dk F[eokBk eoB tkb/ fJ;

nfXnksfwe gfotko ~ fi; dhnK eJh g[FsK dh ;KM fGnkbh fe;/ s'A G[Zbh j'Jh BjhA, fJZe

d{;o/ d/ fto'X ftZu yVQ/ eoe/ d'jK dk jh fBnK nkgD/ jZE ftZu b? fbnk frnk. pkdFkj nepo

i/ fjzd{ bVeh :'Xk ~ okDh pDk e/ wfjbK ftZu fbnkT[Adk j? sK T[; tk;s/ w[;bwkB pkdFkj

d/ wfjbK ftZu wzdo th pDkfJnk iKdk j?. fonk;sK ftZu okfinK B/ wzdo, w;hsK s/ r[od[nko/

pBkT[D bZfrnK e'Jh ftseok BjhA ;h ehsk ed/. fJj T[j jh gzikp j? fi; ftZu fjzd{ w[;bw

f;Zy ed/ obfwb e/ Y'b/ dhnK bkT[Ad/ ;B, NeokU eotk fdZsk frnk.

;zB ;zskbh ftZu gzikphnK B/ gzikphnK ~ e;kJhnK tKr e'j e'j e/ wkfonk. XhnK G?DK dh

fJZ}s fwZNh ftZu fwbk fdZsh. eh Gbk fJj NeokU Nkfbnk BjhA ;h ik ;edk< nZi th d't/A

gkf;nK d/ gzikp eZb/ eZb/ th d[BhnK d/ nZX s'A tZX d/FK Bkb'A f}nkdk skes oZyd/ jB. FkfJd

sK jh sK pkvo d/ d'jhA gk;hA pzp pzd{eK fsnko eoe/ p?m/ jB. n?E'A sZe B"ps gj[zu rJh j? fe



j[D nkg; ftZu jh NeokJh iKd/ jB. w[;bwkB nkg; ftZu bV e/ woh iKd/ jB s/ g{oph gzikp

fszB fjZf;nK ftZu tzv j'D s'A pknd, 1903 tkb/ gzikp dk ;ZstK fjZ;k ofj ikD s'A pknd th

nkg; ftZu bVh iKd/ jB. t/d Fk;soK d/ frnksk, fjzd{ Xow s/ g{oB Go';k eoB tkfbnK dk

eKFh fBowkD xo j?. p/dh ykBdkB ftZu ntsko Xko e/ i/ r[o{ BkBe f;Zy Xow ubkT[Ad/ jB

sK fJ;dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe BkBe fjzd{ Xow dk fe;/ soQK fto'X eod/ jB. r[o{ BkBe d/

i's ;o{g Fqh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftZu fjzd{ f;Zy iK w[;bwkB fe; bkJhB ftZu tZyo/ fd;d/ jB<

dZf;U Gbk! d;t/A BkBe r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx nkgDh 42 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu'A 33 ;kb r'fpzd okJ/

;B, eh d;t/A r[o{ fe;/ soQK th fjzd{nK d/ fto'X ftZu yVQ/ fd;d/ jB. eh n;hA d[fpXk d{o eoe/

fJZe gfotko BjhA pD ;ed/<

t/d es/pK d/ ftZu fbyhnK bZy gs/ dhnK pksK,

g[okD, e[okD pV/ ;funko/ ;" ;" d/D ;[rksK .

;Zu s/ ep}k eoe/ b'ehA skesto nytkT[Ad/,

wkD; d/jh fJZe' i/jh BK fiD;K BK iksK.

;Zu s/ ekpi b'ehA ;Zu dh ;ko BK ikBD d/Ad/,

B/Qo/ d/ ftZu/ ftZu oZyd/, gko BK ikBD d/Ad/.

oZp dk ;oBktK BK dZ;d/ pV/ go'js gZe/,

wzdoK u'A pkjo BK fBeb/ y[d GrtKB th ie/.

ekdo dh e[dos th ekdo sK fco ekjdk o"bk,

okw, ojhw sK ;op ftnkgh BK eKFh BK wZe/ I



e?bzvoe?bzvoe?bzvoe?bzvoe?bzvo;dhnK, ;kb, wjhfBnK, jcfsnK ns/ fdBK dh frDsh fwDseoB tkb/ ftXh ftXkB ~

n;hA e?bzvo nkyd/ jK. ;dhnK sZe dh frDsh ~ sK n;hA e?bzvo dh eb/to ftZu b? ;ed/ jK

b/feB :Z[r ~ e?bzvo ftZu fe;/ soK th ekp{ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJZe fdB ftubh xVQhnK,

gfjo, xzN/, fwzN, ;fezNK ~ th e?bzvo BjhA efj ;ed/. Xosh dk, ;{oi dk ns/ uzd skfonK

dk i' rsh ftXkB j?, T[j jh e?bzvo dk ftXkB j?. phs rJ/ ;w/A dhnK, fJfsjk; dhnK frDshnK

fwDshnK e?bzvo s'A fpBk BjhA j' ;edhnK. fJ; bJh w?~ nkgD/ nshs dh ejkDheoB bJh

e?bzvo dh rZb eoBh gJh.

phs u[Zeh ejkDh, phs ojh ejkDh iK GftZy pkDh eoB bJh e?bzvo pj[s jh }o{oh j?.

@nkgDk nshs# fbyD bJh e?bzvo fpBK sK ;o jh BjhA ;h ;edk go w/oh j?okBh dh jZd Bk

ojh fe e?bzvo dk fJfsjk;, e?bzvo dh ejkDh th b'eK B/ Xkofwe fJfsjk; tKr nkgDh wo}h

w[skpe jh fby bJh. wBxVs efjD ~ sK fdb BjhA eodk go fwfEjk; ~ fJfsjk; efjD

tkfbnK dh f}Zd pj[sh uzrh th BjhA bZrh. i"oihnB e?bzvo ~ nZi eZb ;koh d[BhnK ftu wkBsk

fwbh j'Jh j?. fJZe iBtoh s'A fJeZsh d;zpo dk ;kb ;koh d[BhnK wzB e/ p?m rJh j?. d[BhnK

d/ eko ftjko, ;wkfie s/ Xkowe fsEhnK fwshnK, fdB fdjko, S[ZNhnK ns/ gq'rokw, iBw

fdB, whfNzrK, nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A deko ftjko ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ i"oihnB e?bzvo ~ jh w[Zy oZy e/ Sg

oj/ jB. 1751 ftZu id'A i"oihnB e?bzvo poskBhnK ftZu bkr{ eoB dh e'fFF ehsh rJh sK

pj[s fto'X ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. ed/ fe;/ B/ ;'funk jh BjhAA ;h fe ;G s'A nyho ftZu pfDnK fJj

e?bzvo ;koh d[BhnK #s/ Skn ikt/rk. efjzd/ nzro/}h oki fJZe ;w/A n?Bk c?fbnk j'fJnk ;h fe

ed/ ;{oi BjhA S[gdk ;h. Gbk i/ fXnkB Bkb ftukohJ/ sK nZi fejVk nzro/}h oki xZN j?.

nzro/}h GkFk s/ nzro/}h e?bzvo sK ;koh d[Bhnk ;theko eoh p?mh j?.

d[BhnK d/ ;G s'A gfjb/ fbysh o{g tkb/ rqzE foZr t/d ftZu 12 wjhfBnK dk f}eo nkT[Adk

j?. gzi ;dhnK gfjbK r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ pkoK wjhfBnK dk s[ykoh okr ftZu fi; ft;Eko

Bkb f}eo ehsk j?, r[o{ noiB s'A f;tk fJfsjk; ftZu T[; s'A tZX ft;Eko g{ote e'Jh e?bzvo

BjhA pfDnK. wkou dh ;hsbsk Bkb'A sgF tZb ~ s[o g?Dk, ft;ky ftZu oZ[sK dk pdb ikDk,

;G s'A tZv/ i/m wjhB/ dh ns/ n;kVdh s/i X[Zg dk ft;Eko, ;"D wjhB/ dh po;ks ftZub/ ;Zg

;g'bhnK dk t/otk, Gkd'A- Gkd[fJ d/ Gow dh rZb, n;[B d/ gq/w T[wkjV/, eZs e/ eow ewkT[D

tkb/ eZse, (wB xo) wzxo ftZu ;hsbsk tZb w[VB, g'y ds[yko (mzY) dh ns/ wkx d/ Bkw,

dkB, fJ;BkB ns/ nkfyo cbr[D nBzd ngko dh ejkDh fi; ft;Eko Bkb r[o[ rqzE ftZu nzfes

j?, j'o fe;/ e?bzvo ftZu j?< dZf;U Gbk< ;Zs fdBK d/ jcs/ dk r[opkDh s'A tZX ft;Eko j'D

dk f}eo n;hA sK nZi sZe BjhA gfVQnk ;[fDnK. eokJh;N ;ZuhA w[ZuhA dk ntsko g?dk j'fJnk

fe BjhA, fJ; gk;/ sK e'Jh fe;/ ikD jh BjhA fdzdk. ;kbK dh frDsh fgSKj ~ fizBh wo}h bJh



ikU go d' j}ko ;kb, 3500 ;kb iK j'o bZyK j}koK ;kb frDB bZfrnK id T[;~ fJfsjk;

nkyd/ jB sK fJ; rZb dh w?~ fpbe[b ;wM BjhA brdh.

w?~ fJZe fwZso ftdtkB B/ ;tkb ehsk fe i/ s{z nkydk j?A fe phH ;hH iK j}koK ;kbK dk

fJfsjk; ;jh BjhA brdk sK s{z dZ; ;jh eh j?< w?A itkp fdZsk fe w?~ M{m p'bD dh eh b'V

j?< w/oh fejVh t/bD ftu pKj nkJh j? fe M{m p'bK. w/o/ fj;kp Bkb sK e?bzvo dk fbysh

fJfsjk; fJZe j}ko ;kb s'A g[okDk BjhA j?. e?bzvo eh, e'Jh th fJfsjk; fi; dhnK soheK

n;hA fgSbhnK uko e[ ;dhnK ftZu fBFus ehshnK jB, T[j ;jh soheK BjhA. fJ;dk wsbp

fJj BjhA fe ;k~ g[oksB ftdtsk Bkb'A foFsk s'V b?Dk ukjhdk j?, fpbe[b BjhA, frnkB

fJfsjk; j? iK fwfEjk;, jhok sK jhok jh j[zdk j?. go fJfsjk; dh ;kofEesk dk e'Jh ;p{s

sK j'Dk ukjhdk. fpBk ;p{s fJfsjk; fet/A j' ;edk<

T[gfBFdK ftZu, owkfJD ns/ wjKGkos ftZu oki/ ~ gowkswk dk jh o{g fbfynk j?. i/

fes/ oZp Xosh s/ nkt/ sK wfonkdk goF'sw okw tKr ihtB pshs eo/. ;Zu s/ M{m dk :Z[X

feqFB GrtkB d/ o{g ftZu nk e/ okw dh bhbQk j?. Gkosh nzihbK ftZu ;fs:[r, d[nkgo, sq/sk

ns/ eb:[Zr dk f}eo nkT[Adk j?. :[Zr e?bzvo BjhA j[zd/, Gkt T[gfBFdK d/ oki/ d/ o{g ftZu okw

dk Xosh #s/ nkT[Dk ;w/A dh ;hwK ftZu BjhA j?. n;hw gow g[oy dh rZb ;hwKpZX j' th BjhA

;edh. b/feB oki/ nb?Zr}?Avogb?N', no;s{, ;[eoks iK :h;; eokJh;N dhnK iBw e[zvbhnK

pBkT[D tkb/ e?bzvoK dh T[wo eJh j}ko ;kb frDhA fcod/ jB. w/o/ wB ~ sK BjhA brdh fJj

rZb. fJ;dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe fJBQK ;kfonK wjKg[oyK dh rZb rbs j?, w/o/ fj;kp Bkb

fJ;~ fJfsjk; efjDk ;jh BjhA brdk. d[BhnK Go ftZu wkBsk gqkgs i"oihnB e?bzvo nB[;ko

phH ;hH dk nzs eokJh;N d/ iBw Bkb j' iKdk j?. j}koK ;kbK dh rZb eoB tkbk e?bzvo 1873

ftZu igkB #u bkr{ j'fJnk, fJigN ftZu 1875 ftZu, o{; ftZu 1918 ftZu, rqh; ftZu

1924, Noeh ftZu 1926 ns/ uhB ftZu 1949 ftZu bkr{ j' frnk. nZi fe;/ d/F dk th

i"oihnB e?bzvo fpBK Gkt/A BjhA ;o ;edk go fJZe rZb ;gFN j? fe fJ; e?bzvo pko/ ;'bQthA

;dh s'A gfjbK e'Jh Bkw' fBFkB BjhA ;h. i' e?bzvo ;'bQthA ;dh ftZu pDBk F[o{ j[zdk j? s/ 18thA

;dh ftZu ik e/ wkBsk gqkgs eodk j?, 20thA ;dh ftZu th fi; e?bzvo ftZu ;[Xko eoB dh

B"ps nkT[Adh j?, T[j e?bzvo j}koK ;kb gfjbK dhnK id rZbK eodk j? s/ nkgDh ejkDh ~

fJfsjk;e efjD dh f}d eodk j? sK j'o e'Jh wzBhA ikt/, w/o/ fj;kp feskp Bkb fJfsjk;

BjhA j?.

;kbK dh frDsh i"oihnB e?bzvo d/ 1000t/A ;kb s'A i' th gfjbK eoB dk :sB eodk

j?, T[j w/oh ;wM s'A sK pkjo j?. ;zB 1000s'A gfjbK dk ;kok ;wK ;ko/ ;kb w?~ sK f;\o

;kb }ho' :hno brd kj?. gfjbhnK d; ;dhnK fe;B/, ed'A ns/ ekjs'A fby wkohnK ;wM BjhA

nkT[Adh. i/ Gbk gfjbhnK d; ;dhnK ns/ T[;s'A gfjbK dhnK ;kohnK fsEhnK fwshnK ~

fwfEjk; nkyhJ/ sK fezBk e[ B[e;kB j?. M{m p'bD dk e'Jh ekoD sK j'Dk ukjhdk j? Bk, fpBK



tiQk skDh T[bMkn d/Dk sK fe;/ d/ ezw th BjhA nk ;edk. fwfEjk;e rZb th sK ;fseko:'r,

g{iD:'r j' ;edh j? sK fco e?bzvo dh e?d feT[A< gZSwhA ;ZfGnsk ftZu ;G s'A gfjbK e?bzvo

pBkT[D dk nX{ok :sB iowB d/ i"jB r[NBpor B/ 1469 ftZu ehsk. uhBh e?bzvo, Gkosh

e?bzvo ns/ fJ;bkfwe e?bzvo Gkt/A pj[s gfjbK s'A uouk ftZu ;B go fe;/ th e?bzvo dhnK

soheK ;zB 1000 s'A gfjbK dhnK fbyhnK BjhA fwbdhnK. uhBh ns/ Gkosh e?bzvo Xkofwe

B}ohJ/ Bkb pDkJ/ rJ/ ;B.

ihtB ;/X tk;s/, j[ew ftZu ofjD tk;s/, fJB;kBhns f;ZyD tk;s/, oZp dh o}k ftZu

ofjDk f;ykT[D tkb/ f;XKs ;B. oZp dh o}k ftZu ofjD bJh fe;/ yk; sohe dh b'V jh BjhA

;h. sh;ok w[Ybk e?bzvo fJ;bkfwe j? i' fe oZph j[ew wzBD dk jdkfJsBkwk j?. feqFuhnB

e?bzvo th sK Xkofwe B}ohJ/ Bkb jh j'Ad ftZu nkfJnk go fJfsjkf;e soheK fby e/ b'eK

~ T[bMk fdZsk. GrtkB feqFB dk feodko Gkt/ fezBk th g{iBhe j? ;h go id'A f;ezdo d/ Bkw

Bkb 326 phH ;hH bk e/ GrtkB feqFB dh eow G{wh, Xow G{wh ~ ;o eoB bJh iKdk f;ezdo

soheK nB[;ko fd;dk j? sK ejkDh fJfsjk;e brdh j?. Gkosh rqzEK T[ZgfBFdK, nzihbK d/

doFB eoe/, ;wMdkoh Bkb gkso fusoD pdbe/, Bt/A BkweoD eoe/, ;zB ;zws d/ co/w ftZu

iV e/ n?;k g/F ehsk fe j[D sK fJj th gsk eoBk n"yk j' frnk fe ;Zu eh j? s/ wBxVs

eh j?< i/ fJj rZb eoBh r[Bkj j? sK w?~ e'Jh n?;h ;}k fdU fe b'eh sqGee/ ikr g?D!



w[;bwkD[ ejktD[ w[;eb[w[;bwkD[ ejktD[ w[;eb[w[;bwkD[ ejktD[ w[;eb[w[;bwkD[ ejktD[ w[;eb[w[;bwkD[ ejktD[ w[;eb[fJ;bkw sK Xow j?, Xow ed/ ^bs j' jh BjhA ;edk. i' ^bs j?, T[j Xkofwe BjhA

j' ;edk. ;dhnK gfjbK dh rZb j? fe gzikp, f;zX d/ Gkosh w{b d/ e[M tgkoh i' fJokB, p;o/

prdkd ftZu ik t;/ ;B, b/feB nkgDh Xkofwe fsqgsh tk;s/ gzikp tZb jh t/yd/ ;B, T[BQK

~ nkgD/ w{b Bkb'A s'fVnk ftS'fVnk frnk. gkfDBh d[nkok ;G s'A gfjbK d[BhnK dh GkFk fbyD

dk i' ftXh ftXkB pDkfJnk frnk, T[; ftXh ftXkB s/ ekp} b'eK B/ id'A T[j y}kBk nkw b'eK

dh gj[zu s'A pkjo eo fdZsk sK nfXnksfwesk d/ dotk}/ yQ'bD bJh pj[s ;ko/ Xow b'V nB[;ko

g?dk j' rJ/. p/phb'fBe ;ZfGnsk dh b'V jh Bk g?Adh i/ ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ nfXnksfwe b'eK ~

nfXnksfwesk s'A XZe/ Bk tZid/. i/ pqjwk, fpFB, wj/F ekp} j' ;ed/ jB sK pJh w[jzwd,

eokJh;N iK ;[eoks feT[A BjhA ep}k eo ;ed/ . oZp #s/ ep}k eoB tkfbnK B/ ;koh d[BhnK

bVk bVk e/ wko fdZsh. d[BhnK ftZu ihD dk ;G s'A tXhnk sohek j? Xkofwe ihtB. b/feB fJ;

d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ d[yKs, ;ko/ :[ZX XowK ekoD jh j'J/ jB. ekF n;hA Xow d/ noE ;wM

;ed/.

pkpo B/ sK FkfJd Xkofwe pokposk tk;s/ n:Z[fXnk ftZu wzdo ~ w;id pDkfJnk j't/

go Xow d/ BK s/ :[ZX eotkT[D tkfbnK dk eh eohJ/ Bk sK fjzd{ ^bs jB s/ Bk jh w[;bwkB

^bs jB, i/ ^bs j? sK f;nk;s ^bs j?. pkpoh w;fid d/ wkwb/ ftZu ;skoK ;kb, eo'VK

o[gJhJ/ s/ eJh ikBK ub/ ikD pknd th w;bk T[[E/ jh j?. i/ Gbk wzdo th pD ikt/ s/ bkr/

pzB/ feXo/ w;fid th pD ikt/ sK eh B[e;kB j?. go f;nk;sdkBK ~ fJj wB}{o BjhA j?. i/

MrVk jh ysw j' frnk sK fco f;nk;sdkB feZXo ikDr/ ikr' tho'! feUA bV bV woB bZr/

j', fes/ fJt/A Bk j't/ fe f;nk;sdkB jh ofj ikD pkeh ;ko/ iKd/ bZrD. nzro/} ;kvh nkg;h

bVkJh d/ ekoD ikDd/ jB. gkfe;skBhnK dk ns/ Gkosh b'eK dk sK e'Jh MrVk BjhA j?, bVkJh

sK f;nk;s dh j?. gkfe;skB ftZu ;oeko ns/ Xkofwe iE/pzdhnK dh bVkJh nzro/}K dh

f;nk;s j?. w[;bwkB nkg; ftZu bVd/ ofjD fJj jh sK f;nk;s j?. gkfe;skB ~ n?NwhA

Fesh pDB dh b'V jh BjhA ;h go nzro/}K B/ n"y/ j' e/ gkfe;skB dk pzp pDtkfJnk.

feq;uhn?fBNh ns/ fJ;bkw dh nkg;h bVkJh i/ fjzd{ w[;fbw bVkJh pD ikt/ sK fiZs nzro/

iK dh j?. d[BhnK Go ftZu tZ;d/ v/VQ nop w[;bwkB ns/ nop s'A T[Zgo fjzd{ i/ nkg; ftZu bVd/

ofjD sK f;nk;sdkB nkgDh T[wo ekw:kph Bkb fpsk ikDr/. w/oh T[wo d/ sK ;ko/ b'e wo

w[Ze ikDr/. eh eo ;ed/ jK, @nkg w'J/ iZr gob'#. r[o[ BkBe c[owkT[Ad/ jB @w[;bwkD[ ejktD[

w[;eb[# Gbk n;hA ;wMD dk :sB th ehsk fe fJ;dk noE eh j? <



nkgD/ nshs dk dodnkgD/ nshs dk dodnkgD/ nshs dk dodnkgD/ nshs dk dodnkgD/ nshs dk dodfJfsjk; phs rJh ejkDh ~ nkyd/ B/. eZbQ i' phs frnk, T[;eZbQ dh ejkDh nZi

fJfsjk; bZr ojh j?. b/eB i' eZbQ nkT[D tkbk j?, T[; eZbQ ftZu nZi dk toswkB fJfsjk;

bZr/rk. fJZe fJfsjk; phs u[Zek, fJZe jkb/ phs fojk. phs u[Ze/ ;w/A ~ n;hA fJ; bJh :kd

eod/ jK fe i' rbshnK ;kv/ s'A ikD/ nDikD/ j' rJhnK nZr/ s'A Bk eohJ/. b/feB frD e/ d/y

bU jo Bt/A fJfsjk; ftZu n;hA g[okD/ s'A tZX ^bshnK eod/ jK. ikDfdnK nDikD pD e/ n;hA

nZi sZe eh yZfNnk. nkgDk fJfsjk; j'o sK fe;/ B/ BjhA pDkfJnk. uzrhnK iK wkVhnK nkgD/

nkgfDnK dhnK jh sK eos{sK jB, ub' f;csK efj bU. b/feB i' fJfsjk; n;hA nZi pDk oj/

jK, nkgDhnK nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK gsk BjhA fejV/ nZyoK ftZu fbyD. n?B/ g[oksB s/ nwho

fto;/ ~ n;hA fet/A bho' bho eoh p?m/ jK, fJ;d/ ekoD xNBktK s/ Bshi/ n;hA ikDd/ jK.

b/feB gsk BjhA feT[A fJt/A brdk fit/A ;k~ fe;/ rZb dk e'Jh gSsktk BjhA j?.

;kvk fJfsjk; gzi j}ko ;kb g[okDk fwbdk j?. T[; s'A gfjbK dk e'Jh ;koEe ;p{s BjhA

fwbdk. fort/d ftZu bc} tofsnk ;gsf;zXt. d/tBkroh fbZgh s/ ;z;feqs GkFk ftZu fby/

t/dK d/ noE eoBtkb/ fJ;d/ noE eod/ jB ;Zs gkDh. ;Zs dfonk f;zX - i/jbw MBQkp -

okth- fpnk; - ;sb[i ns/ ;o;tsh fi; ~ xZro dfonk th nkyd/ jB. fJj fJbkek

seohpB d' bZy tor whb dk fJbkek ;h, ni'e/ gzikp s'A br Gr ;Zs r[Dk tZvk, fJ; fJbke/

d/ b'e gzikph ;B. bj"oh gzikph, fp;s d'nkph, bfjzdh gzikph, f;zXh s/ gjkVh p'bd/. fwjBs

w}d{oh eoB tkb/ f;ZX/ ;kd/ b'e ;B feT[Afe gzikph sK fJBQK nkw b'eK dh GkFk ;h, fJ; eoe/

;kv/ Xkofwe nkr{nK B/ gsk BjhA eh ;'u e/ t/dK Fk;soK dh ouBk eoB bZfrnk n?;h GkFk u[Dh

fi;~ nkw b'e gVQ Bk ;eD. fJj jh ekoB j? fe T[od{ \ko;h j"bh j"bh ekp} j' rJh. T[od{

GkFk feT[Afe gzikph Bkb fwbdh i[bdh GkFk ;h, fJ; eoe/ pj[s ibdh gqufbs j' rJh.

;z;feqs f;o\ rqzEK she jh ;hws ofj rJhs/ T[od{ \ko;h ;oeko/ dopko/ th ekp} j' rJh.

ofjzdh e;o ;{ch ethnK B/ g{oh eo fdZsh . nkw b'eK d/ ;wM ftZu Bk nk ;eD tkbh

GkFk ;z;feqs ftZu fby e/ i' ihtB dk ojZ;t/dK ftZu e?d eoe/ oZfynk j'fJnk ;h, ;ob GkFk

ftZu ;{chnK B/ b'eK sZe gj[zukfJnk. nkw ihtB ftZu'A T[dkoDK d/ e/ nkw b'eK d/ ;wM ftZu nk

;eD tkbh GkFk ftZu fbyh ;{\h eftsk gzikphnK B/ oZi oZi e/ rkJh. T[od{ \ko;h J/Bh gqufbs

j' rJh fe b'eK B/ fbyDh gVQBh th f;Zy bJh. gzikp d/ nkw b'eK B/ ;G s'A gfjbK T[od{ \ko;h

tkbh fbZgh i' g[Zm/ gkf;UA fby j[zdh j?, fbyDh gVQBh f;Zyh. ;kvh e"w d/ bzpVdkoK B/ ;'uD

dh y/ub jh BjhA ehsh fe gzikph ~ T[od{ ftZu fbyDk f;Zy e/ GkFk ~ ;ztko oj/ jB iK ftrkV

oj/ jB. fJ; ftF/ s/ n;hA x{e ;[Zs/ oj/ s/ eh dk eh j' frnk. F/o/ gzikp wjkokik oDihs f;zx

d/ oki ftZu ;oekoh GkFk T[od{ \ko;h ;h. Gkt/A fszB ;" ;kb gfjbK r[o[ nzrd d/t ih B/ g?Ash

nZyoh nkw b'eK tk;s/ gzikph GkFk dh gzikph fbZgh r[ow[yh pDkJh ;h go wjkokik oDihs f;zx



d/ oki ftZu Bk oki/ ~ s/ Bk goik ~ fynkb nkfJnk fe feZvh tZvh ^bsh eo oj/ jB. nZi

sZe fe;/ B/ fJj rbsh BjhA fuskoh.

nkgDh wks GkFk dk nshs fdb ~ dod d/ f;tk j'o e[M BjhA d/ ;edk. o'D ~ fdb eodk

j? go o' e/ dZ;hJ/ fe;~< fe; dh FekfJs fe; e'b eohJ/< efjzd/ @i/ wK j't/ :koBh g[Zs

gqukoB ezw Bk uzrk# b/feB g[Zs eo/ sK eh eo/. ekpb dfonk s'A b? e/ iw[Bk sZe i' th t;'A ;h,

;ko/ d/ ;ko/ gzikph ;B. nZi eh j'fJnk, ojkfJF sK UE/ jh j?, b'e th Ujh B/, dkd/ gVdkd/

sK ;ko/ gzikph ;B b/eB g'so/ BZs/, e'Jh n\rkfB;skBh ejkT[Adk j? s/ e'Jh gkfe;skBh, j'o sK

j'o nzpkb/ p?m/ T[jh b'e gzikphnK ~ nkgD/ d[FwD wzABd/ jB. w?A fJZe fdB p?mk ;'udk ;K fe

i/ fe;/ B/ j'o fe;/ GkFk ftZu fbyDk j't/ uzp/ dhJ/ pzd ebhJ/, e/jV/ t/b/ s?~ oZp B/ pDkfJnk,

;'uK ftZu nkg g? frnk, d{ik uzd feZXo'A uVQ nkfJnk. sK Gbk fet/A fby{ feT[Afe uzp/ dhnK ebhnK

ftukohnK gzikpDK sK ojhnK jh BjhA . ;wM BjhA brdh nkgD/ nshs ~ :kd eoe/ o'tK fe

jZ;K. nkgDk MZrk u[ZfenK nkgDk jh fYZv Bzrk j'Dk.

FkfJd n;hA gsk bkT[Dk jh BjhA ukj[zd/ fe feZXo ~ ik oj/ jK. ;kv/ pZu/ nzro/}h f;Zyd/

;k~ pV/ uzr/ brd/ B/, b/feB nzro/}h dk gkok fes/ ;kv/ jZv sK Bk rkb dT{. wdo No?;k ~

;koh d[BhnK pV/ ;fseko Bkb :kd eodh j?. wdo No?;k B/ pj[s pZfunK dh wK pD ;eD d

kwkD gqkgs ehsk. bZyK pZfunK ~ tXhnk f;Zfynk d/Dk e'Jh jkoh ;koh dk ezw sK j? BjhA b/feB

bZyK pZu/ n?B/ ;"y/ sohe/ Bkb fJ;kJh th BjhA ;B pDkJ/ ik ;ed/. gzikp dh Xosh #s/ brdk

eJh wdo No?;K B'pb gokJh} b? b? e/ rJhnK. go ;kvh }ks }o{o ftrkV e/ Xo rJhnK .

fjzdh dk fJZe rhs j? - @;G e[S b[Nk e/ j'F w/A nkJ/ s'A fenk ehnk. # go w?~ sK f\eo

j? fe ;G e[M b[Nk e/ th ;k~ j'F BjhA nkJh. ;kvh e"w d/ nkr{nK ~ eh ejK. nkgDhnK e[o;hnK

ykso gzikp, gzikph p'bh ns/ gzikphns dk Bk; eoh iKd/ jB . nkgDh e[o;h BjhA SZvDh pkeh

Gkt/A ;G e[M iKdk oj/. w?~ sK eJh tko vo brdk fe i/ e[o;h vkT[D i'rh irkj jh Bk ojh

;kv/ e'b sK ;kv/ u"Xoh nkgDh e[o;h oZyDr/ feZE/< eJh tko fdb eodk seVk j' e/ nkgDh

e"w fdnK u"XohnK ~ ejK - thok SZv e/ d/y', eh oZfynk pZb/ pZb/ ftZu, go vo th brdk

;[oihs gkso d/ p'b :kd eodK - @ihD i'rk sK j', s/ok th esb eo fdnKr/. # w?~ sK brdk

vo, u[Zg ofjDK e[M BjhA efjDk. tzvDk gsk BjhA eh j?, nkgDh uh} i/ nkg BjhA tzv ;ed/

sK tzvhnK gkT[D bJh ;Zdh fpZbh B/ ;G e[M yk ikDk. uZb w?~ eh woB G[Zy/ !

*****



pzd/ dk w[ZY edhwpzd/ dk w[ZY edhwpzd/ dk w[ZY edhwpzd/ dk w[ZY edhwpzd/ dk w[ZY edhwiBw e[zvbh pDkT[D tkb/ ;ko/ ftdtkB fJ; rZb Bkb ;fjws jB fe i/ ;kv/ iBw dk ;jh

;wK, ;jh skohe ns/ ;jh n;EkB dk gsk j't/ sK pj[s jZd sZe gsk bZr iKdk j? fe fJB;kB

d/ f;sko/ fe; soQK d/ jB. ;{oi d/ d[nkb/ x[zw oj/ fJj rqfjnK dh i' nkgDh nkeoFD Fesh

j?, T[;dk gqGkt fJe d{;o/ rqfj s/ g?Adk j?. Xosh ;{oi s'A bZyK whb d{o j'D d/ pkti{d th Xosh

T[s/ ;{oi dh nkeoFD Fesh dk gqGkt g?Adk j?.

i/ iBw n;EkB d/ eoe/ f;sko/ gsk ub ;ed/ jB s/ f;skfonK dh ;jh ikDekoh j't/

sK fco ;kvk iBw n;EkB th Gkfbnk ik ;edk j?. G{ wX o/yk s'A T[so tZb, dyD tZb iK g[{op

gZSw fe; gk;/ iBw j'fJnk. i/ iBw dk gsk eoe/ f;sko/ gsk ub ;ed/ jB sK w?AA :ehB Bkb

efj ;edk jK fe f;skfonK dh ;jh ikDekoh j't/ sK n;hA ;jh iBw n;EkB dk th gsk brk

;ed/ jK. nZi sZe dh y'i w[skpe fizBh e[ n;hA f;skfonK dh ikDekoh oZyd/ jK, T[; w[skpe

d/yhJ/ sK Xosh T[s/ eJh eo'V ;kb gfjbK gkDh w"i{d ;h. fJ; dk Gkt eJh eo'V ;kb gfjbK

jtk th ;h feT[Afe jtk fpBk gkDh dh j'Ad n;zGt j?. gkDh ;h, jtk ;h, Xosh ;h s/ fJj th

;kBz{ gsk j? fe Xosh d/ ftueko jkb/ th J/Bh rowh j? fe Xosh d/ nkogko w'oh BjhA ehsh

ik ;edh. efjD s'A Gkt gkDh, jtk, Xosh ns/ nrB Xosh T[s/ eJh eo'VK ;kb gfjbK w"i{d

;B. i/ w?A nopK ;kb ejK sK th e'Jh fJ; ~ ^bs BjhA efj ;edk. fJ; ftF/ s/ w?A ;?AeV/

feskpK gVQhnK, pj[shnK nro/}h ftu jh fbyhnK j'JhnK jB. pkeh GkFktK ftu i/ fJZeV dZ[eV

feskpK fwbdhnK jB, T[j th nro/}h dhnK fbysK dh Beb wko e/ jh fbyhnK brdhnK jB.

pzd/ d/ iBw pko/ fe pzdk feZE/ s/ ed'A g?dk j'fJnk, fJ; pko/ pj[s jh nihp nzdk}/ brkJ/ j'J/

jB. d; j}ko phH;hH 30 j}ko phH;hH, 35 j}ko phH;hH, 50 j}ko phH;hH s/ fes/ fes/ 5

bZy ;kb gfjbK dh rZb ehsh fwbdh j?.

gzi bZy d/ Bkb eJhnK B/ fJe fpzdh j'o bk e/ gzikj bZy ;kb th fby fbnk. u?;No ;Nko

dh feskp @fj;Noh nk\ dh J/FhnB tobv# ftu 1eo'V 57 bZy ;kb dh th rZb ehsh j?.

nkdwh d/ w[ZY edhw pko/ fJj fizB/ th jtkb/ fwbd/ jB, T[; ;koh rZbpks dk }ohnk

y[dkJh eoe/ fwbhnK jZvhnK, fgzio s/ fJB;kBh fBFkBhnK jh jB. b/feB fe;/ B/ th nZi sZe

fJj dkntk BjhA ehsk fe nkdwh fi;dk fgzio pj[s g[okDk fwfbnk, fJ; nkdwh dk iBw feE/

j'fJnk j'T{. nkdwh e'Jh doZ]s sK ;h BjhA fe fiE/ izfwnk T[E/ jh T[;dh w"s j'Jh j?. :{BkBh

;fGnsk pko/ pVk e[M fbfynk frnk. ;z[vh torh Feb dk d/F j? fJNbh, go feT[Afe ;w[zdo

dk gkDh pj[s ;h, fJ; bJh ;w[zdoh sNK s/ jh pzd/ dh F[o{nks eod/ jB. roh; dh th fJj

jh ejkDh j? fe nkdwh ;w[zdo d/ eoe/ J/E/ g?dk j'fJnk. n\ohek s/ nop d/FK ftu dfonktK

d/ ezY/ nkdwh fwfbnk d;d/ jB. uhB ftu th Bdh d/ feBko/ jh S/ ;" phH;hH d/ eohp pzdk

fwbdk j?, b/feB fe;/ B/ th nkdwh dh e[zvbh BjhA pDkJh. ez[vbh pDktKr/ sK fJj dbhb

d/Dh gt/rh. jZvhnK fwbD eoe/ iBw dk sK nzdk}k BjhA Bk br ;edk.



nkU nkgK G{ wX o/yk d/ nkXko #s/, eoe o/yk d/ nkXko #s/, rqfjnK d/ nkXko #s/, Xosh

dh pDso d/ nkXko #s/, tk:{wvb d/ nkXko#s/, skgwkB d/ nkXko #s/ ns/ ;wZ[u/ Xoksb d/ nkXko

#s/ ;ko/ ob fwbe/ nkdwh d/ w[Y edhw dh rb ubkJhJ/. i/ fes'A ewh ofj rJh sK ;kvhnK

nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK fwjBs eoe/ ;jh iBw e[zvbh pDk b?DrhnK. eo'VK ;kb FkfJd nopK

;kb gfjbK Xosh ;h, gkDh ;h, jtk;h, rowh ;h sK fco nkdwh d/ ti{d dk pkeh eh j? i'

BjhA ;h. nkeko pD ikt/ sK gzi/ sZs fJeZm/ j' e/ pzdk pD ikt/. w/o/ efjD s'A Gkt i/ gzi/ sZs

nopK ;kb gfjbK jh w"i{d ;B sK fe;/ Bk fe;/ nkeko ftu, fe;/ Bk fe;/ Feb ftu pzdk th

nopK ;kb gfjbK iBfwnk. pzd/ d/ ti{d tk;s/ gziK ssK dh }o{os j? s/ i/ gzi/ jh nopK ;kb

gfjbK w"i{d ;B sK w?~ efj b?D fdU fe nkdwh nopK ;kb gfjbK g?dk j'fJnk. ;r'A rqfjnK

d/ fj;kp Bkb fJ; s'A th gfjbK dh e'Jh rZb ;[DkUr/ sK w?~ uzrk bZr/rk.

nopK ;kb gfjbK ;wz[do dk gkDh rowh Bkb Gk\ pD T[vdk, Bwh tkbh jtk feT[Afe Gkoh

j[zdh j?, pdbK d/ o{g ftu fJj jtktK T[BQK fJbkfenK tZb T[v s[odhnK fiXo jtk jbeh j't/

. jtk d/ tksktoD eoe/ Neok Bkb whAj g?Ad/. whjK d/ gkDh BdhnK BkfbnK ftu dh j[zd/ j'J/

fco j"bh j"bh ;wz[do ftu nkD obd/. e[M pZdb i' T[u/ gopsK s/ ub/ iKd/ i' gops G{ wX

o/yk s'A pj[s d{o jz[d/. BkoE g'b tZb d/ ;ko/ T[u/ gjkVK T[s/ n?Bh mzv jz[dh fe ;w[zdoh jtktK

UE/ gjz[udhnK jh izw iKdhnK. fco ed/ row jtk d/ trD Bkb pocK E'VQk pj[s y[o th

iKdhnK s/ T[j gkDh th BdhnK BkfbnK ftu po;ksh gkDhnK Bkb obdk obkT[Adk ;w[zdo ftu

ubk iKdk. j[D sZe nkgK fJ; f;ZN/ s/ gj[zu/ jK fe nopK ;kb gfjbK pzd/ d/ ti{d tk;s/ b'VhAd/

;ko/ sZs w"i{d ;B. T[u/ gjkV, po\, pkoF s/ BdhnK Bkb/ w"i{d ;B. fJj ;G e[M x'y e/ sK

w/ok fdb eodk j? fe w?A f}d eoe/ ejK fe pzdk nopK ;kb gfjbK g?dk j'fJnk. pzd/ d/

f;skfonK tb'A, Xosh ns/ pkeh ;ko/ rqfj i' ;{oi d/ fJod frod xz[wd/ jB, T[BQK rqfjnK tb'A

bZGDK F[o{ eoKr/ sK nopK ;kb d/ pzd/ dh iBw ez[vbh th pDk btKr/.

ni'e/ ;w/A dhnK ;j{bsK s'A fpBK Bk sK nkdwh G{ wX o/yk d/ eohp ofj ;edk ;h s/ Bk

jh T[so ftu po\hb/ fJbkfenK ftu jh ofj ;edk j?. i/ T[so ftu pzdk g?dk j'fJnk th j'T{

sK mo e/ wo frnk j'T{, e[M fdBK ftu iK FkfJd e[M xzfNnK ftu jh. eJh fJbke/ fJ; Xosh

T[s/ n?;/ jB fiE/ nke;hiB Bkb b? e/ jh ikfJnk ik ;edk j?. eJh n?;/ row fJbke/ th jB

fiE/ J/no ezvhFB s'A fpBK pzdk ihn BjhA ;edk. fJ; dk Gkt pzdk Bk pj[s/ row s/ Bk pj[s/

mzY/ fJbke/ ftu g?dk j'fJnk. d{;oh tZvh rZb fe gkDh s'A fpBK n;hA fezBk fuo ihn ;ed/ jK<

sK fco }kjo j? fe gkDhnK d/ ezfYnK s/ pzdk g?dk j'fJnk. ;w[zdo dk gkDh sK ykok j[zdk j?.

nZi th BjhA ghsk ik ;edk. b/feB po;ksh gkDh ns/ pockBh gkDh sK fwZmk jz[dk j?. fe;/ gF{

~ th d' posBK ftu gkDh fdUl fJe ftu ;wz[do dk ns/ d{i/ ftu Bdh dk, ikBto th Bdh

dk gkDh gh e/ y[F oj/rk. s/ fco i/ w?A fJ; rZb dh th f}d eoK fe pzdk ;wz[doh sN s/ BjhA

;r'A BdhnK d/ feBkfonK s/ g?dk j'fJnk sK w/oh fJ; f}d dk itkp th fe;/ s'A ;"yk BjhA fdsk



ikDk.

nopK ;kb gfjbK Xosh #s/, BdhnK d/ feBkfonK #s/ pzdk, ikBto, gF{ gzSh g?dk j'J/.

i/ w/o/ Bkb J/E'A se ;fjws j' sK w?A nrbh rZb eoK fe fejVhnK BdhnK s/ pzdk g?dk j'fJnk

j'T{< :{BkBh b'eK Bkb sK w?A ;fjws BjhA feT[Afe ;w[zdo dk gkDh gh e/ ;kv/ BeV dkd/ ihAd/

oj/, w?A BjhA wzBdk. n\ohek ftu G{ wZX o/yk d/ eohp eoe/ rowh J/Bh j? fe fe;/ jkbs ftu

th pzdk n\ohek ftu g?dk BjhA j'fJnk. nop d/FK ftu th ihtB F[o{ j'D d/ nk;ko B}o BjhA

nkT[Ad/. J/Bh rowh e'Jh BjhA ;jko ;edkl jK fJokB ftu gziK dfonktK d/ ftukb/ dk fJbkek

fi; ~ ed/ gzikp th fejk iKdk ;h, T[; fJbke/ ftu d{i/ iK shi/ gVkn s/ j' ;edk j?, t;

th frnk j't/. uhB dh th rZb wzBD tkbh BjhA feT[Afe ;odhnK ;fj ;eDhnK th w[Yb/ pzd/ bJh

n"yh rZb ;h. :{og ftu i/ e'Jh fgzio pj[s g[okDk fwb th frnk j'T{ sK T[;dk wsbp fJj

BjhA j' ;edk fe pzdk g?dk jh UE/ j'fJnk. e'Jh G[fbnk GNfenk ephbk ik th ;edk j? ^bs

gk;/ s/ fco mzv B/ UE/jh f;ZN fbnk j't/.

d[BhnK d/ s]s/ T[s/ jVZgk s/ wfjzi'dV' tork e'Jh n?;k fJbkek BjhA j? fi; ~ pzd/ d/

g?dk j' ;eD dk n;EkB fejk ik ;edk j?. jVgk ;w[zdo s'A e'Jh uko e[ ;" whb d{o s/ gjkV

s'A th uko e[ ;" whb d{o w"B;{B jtktK dk o;sk, po;ksh gkDh s/ gjkVK s'A Yb e/ nkfJnk

po\ dk fwZmk gkDh, fJd; s/ fijbw BdhnK dh r'd ftu tf;nk ;tor G{ wZX o/yk dh rowh

s'A d{o po\kBh T[soh fJbke/ s'A d{o, pB;gsh tk;s/ n?Bh nB[e{b }o]/} }whB, ;G e[M frDh

ikD s'A uzrk j? fe w?A ;tkb eoK fe fJ; s'A tX nB[e{b fJbkek fiE/ pzdk T[gfink, ftrf;nk

j' ;edk, T[j fejVk fJbkek j' ;edk j?< fJ;/ Xosh s/ sK fJ; s'A tXhnk n;EkB w?~ BjhA

fdf;nk fiE/ pzdk g?dk j' ;edk ;h. nop d/F, fJNbh, :"og, uhB, o{;, nwohek, e?B/vk, w?A

;kok rkj t/fynkl jVZgk tork e'Jh fJbkek BjhA j? fi; ftu pzdk g?dk j'fJnk j' ;edk j?.

;[osh bk e/ fJ; gk;/ ;'u'r/ sK w/o/ f}Zd eoB d/ e[M noE }o{o bZrDr/. w?~ f}Zd b\i uzrk

brD br frnk j?. d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ y'ih jo feskp ftu jVZgk ~ ;G s'A g[okDk Ffjo wzBd/

jB. 3000phH;hH ftu gZehnK fJNK d/ pD/ jVZgk s/ wfjzi'dV' ~ id nkohnk Ykj Y/oh eod/

jB sK T[; tes dh rZb fbyfdnK, pj[s ;ko/ fj;N'ohnB fbyd/ jB fe BkNe ebk f;yo #s/

;h. fJe BkNe y/bD tkbk wzu uko pbke ftu fbyd/ jB. seohpB ;" xo dh irQk ftu.

YZehnK j'JhnK BkbhnK gkDh fBebD bJh jB. ukbh ;/o d/ tZN/ fwb/. jZvhnK s/ ;'B/ uKdh d/

rfjD/, y/sh eoB d/ n"}ko, *fbgh* Fpd dk ikwk th y'ihnK B/ bZGk. ;G e[M jh bZGk fi;~

frD e/ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe d[BhnK dh nkozGsk jVZgk s/ wfjzi'dV/ s'A jh j'Jh, go gsk BjhA

feT[A ;ko/ fJfsjk;eko fJj efjD s'A nZi se feT[A ;zrd/ oj/ fe fJB;kB g?dk th jVZgk s/

wfjzi'dV' fJbke/ ftu j'fJnk ns/ fJB;kBh ;fGnsk th fJ;/ fJbke/ ftu jh F[o{ j'Jh. uko/

gk;/ fiXo fes/ th pzdk frnk, J/E'A jh frnk, w/ok ftFtk; j?.



gzikp dh Xosh s/ GkFkgzikp dh Xosh s/ GkFkgzikp dh Xosh s/ GkFkgzikp dh Xosh s/ GkFkgzikp dh Xosh s/ GkFkgzikp dh Xosh s/ fJzd; @f;zX# Bdh ns/ i/jbw Bdh d/ fwbkg s'A wk;k e[ T[Zso g{op

tZb tZf;nk Ffjo jVZgk, d[BhnK dk ;G s'A gfjbk Ffjo ;h. fJZe tor whb ftZu gZehnK fJZNK

dk pfDnK Ffjo fi; ftZu 2500 phH ;hH ftZu uko nwoheB pbke d/ nkeko dk ozr wzu ;h,

fi; ozr wzu s/ b'e d/th d/tfsnK dk o{g Xko e/ ndkekoh efonk eod/ ;h. w?A T[; ;w/A dh rZb

eo fojk jK id'A jkb/ fJ; d[BhnK #s/ fbys F[o{ BjhA ;h j'Jh. ;wK gk e/ fbysh o{g ftZu th

gfjbk nZyo fJ;/ Xosh s/ jh fwfbnk. w/ok fdb eodk j? fe w?A T[; ;w/A d/ b/yeK s/ ndkekoK

~ gzikph ejK. T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ ndkeko i' fJzdo d/tsk, ib, nrBh s/ pkeh d/th d/tfsnK

d/ o{g Xko e/ BkNe y/fvnk eod/ ;B, ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ gzikp d/ izwgb gzikph ;B. d[BhnK dk ;G

s'A gfjbk rqzE fort/d th fJzd; Bdh d/ feBko/ s/ p?m e/ fbfynk frnk, sK fcofJj rZb wzBD

s'A ezBhA feT[A esokJh ik ojh j? fe fort/d dk ouDtkbk iK ouD tkb/, gzikph ;B. okwkfJD

ns/ wjKGkos BkNe d/ o{gftZu Xkofwe gquko tk;s/ fJ;/ fJbke/ ftZu gzikp ftZu gzikphnK B/

oZi oZi e/ y/b/.

gziK dfonktK dh Xosh gzikp d/ b'e gzikph ;B, gzikph jB ns/ gzikph jh ofjDr/.

;w/A d/ skesto b'eK B/ gzikp ~ bho' bho eo fdZsk. y?o ;Zbk! e'Jh rZb BjhA, gzikphnK dhnK

orK ftZu tfjzd/ y{B dk ozr sK e'Jh bhoK BjhA eo ;edk. nkgD/ d/F ftZu Bk ;jh ftd/FK ftZu,

yk; eo nwohek e?B/vk ftZu sK gzikph nkgDh gfjukD pBkT[D ftZu ;\b jB. jo gzikph ~

gzikph j'D dk wkD j?. id'A e'Jh fe;/ gzikph ~ fJokBh iK fJokeh efj e/ p[bkT[Adk j? sK

fJt/A ;wMd/ jB fe fit/A e'Jh rkb eZY fojk j't/. r[ow[yh ftZu fbyh gzikph GkFk dk g{oph

iK gZSwh gzikp ftZu UBk ;fseko BjhA fizBk e?B/vk ftZu j?. co?Au, uhBhA ns/ gzikph ftZu'A fe;/

fJZe GkFk ~ d{;oh GkFk d/ nfXeko d/ s"o #s/ gfVQnk ik ;edk j?. nzfwqsXkoh gzikph e?B/vhnB

gkobhw?AN d/ w?Apo jB. fe;/ gzikph e'b'A sK j' ;edk e'Jh rbsh j' rJh j't/, b/feB gzikph GkFk

B/ fe;/ dk eh ftrkfVnk. w?~ ;wM BjhA nkT[Adh fe nkgDh wK p'bh s'A w[Beo j' e/, wK tZb

fgZm eoe/ p?mD tkfbnK dk ekbik feT[A BjhA cN iKdk. gzikp dh Xosh ~ gzikp Bk wzBDk,

gzikph p'bh ~ wK p'bh efjD s'A ;zr nkT[Dh gsk BjhA fezBh e[ tfvnkJh dh rZb j?.

gzikp dh Xosh ns/ gzikph p'bh dh th rZb SZv'. r[o{ BkBe B/ Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ nkg;h

MrV/ Xkowe sohe/ Bkb jZb eoB tk;s/ f;Zy Xow d[BhnK ~ pyfFF ehsk. r[o{ BkBe d/ ubkJ/

fJ; Xow ~ d[BhnK dk ;G s'A BthB s/ ;G s'A gqGktFkbh ftukoXkok tkbk Xow wzfBnK frnkj?.

d[BhnK ftu ;?AeV/ Xow jB go f;Zy Xow f;ZyK dh frDsh w[skpe d[BhnK dk gzitK tZvk Xow

j?. fezB/ nc;'; dh rZb j? fe f;Zy Xow d/ iBw n;EkBK #s/ ni/ th eJh b'e fJj efjD dh

e'fFF eo oj/ jB fe f;Zy e'Jh Xow jh BjhA. d[BhnK dk e'Jh th Xkofwe nkdwh i/ T[j Xkowe

j?, Gkt/A fe;/ th Xow ftZu :ehB oZydk j't/, i/ T[j Xowh j? sK nkgD/ nkg ~ f;Zy th nytk



;edk j?. Gkos d/ ek~B 9HH3H ftZu f;Zy Xow ~ ni/ sZe Xow jh BjhA frDd/. gzikph th

BjhA, p'bh th gzikph BjhA, f;Zy Xow fJZe Xow th BjhA sK n;hA e"D jK< ftd/FK ftZu gzikph

jK, ftd/FK ftZu ;kvh GkFk gzikph j?, ftd/FK ftZu d[BhnK dk gzitK tZvk Xow j?-f;Zy Xow,

b/feB n;hA Gkos ftZu e"D jK< nzro/}K Bkb i' 1845 ftZu izr f;zxK s/ cozrhnK dh j'Jh,

T[; bVkJh ftZu pkehnK tZb'A i/ }ok fizBhA th wdd fwb iKdh sK Gkos Ud'A jh nk}kd j' ikDk

;h. f;o\ ;oeko BjhA ;h e'Jh sK jh sK f;Zy c"iK fiZs e/ th nzs jko rJhnK. f;ZyK dh bVkJh

d/F dh bVkJh fet/A frDh ikt/, feT[A i' f;ZyK ~ sK nZi sZe fe;/ B/ frfDnK BjhA.

*****



yVh p'bhyVh p'bhyVh p'bhyVh p'bhyVh p'bhnZr d/ r'b/ ;{oi Bkb'A N[ZN e/ fizBh e[ d{o ikfJnk ik ;edk ;h, UBh d{o ik e/ th nrB

o{g Xosh ~ ;{oi d/ d[nkb/ jh x[zwDk fgnk. fort/d d/ gfjb/ wzvb ftZu ;jh eEB nkT[Adk

j? fe nrB jh osBXkst j?. nrBh fizBk fuo nBe{b gZXo sZe ;fji ;[GkU XkoD BjhA eodh

UBkfuo jtk dh j'Ad w[wfeB jh BjhA j?. Xosh s/ jtk Bk j't/ sK gkDh BjhA pD ;edk. nrB

;Zu dk Xosh o{g XkoD eoBk, ;ku/ s/ gtBk GfJnk, gtB/ s/ ib j'J/. jtk dk j'Ad ftZu nkT[Dk

s/ jtktK s'A gkDh T[sgB j'D Bkb Xosh wK dh e[Zy joh j'D d/ ;kXB pD/

gkDh d/ iht, tB;gsh, gF{ gzSh g?dk j'J/ ns/ nkgD/ nkgD/ fJdko/ ftZu fte;s j'J/.

gkDh d/ iht gkDh ftZu fte;s j'J/, gzSh gfozd/ tZyo/ fte;s j'J/, ohAxD tkb/ iht tZyo/ ns/

Xosh s/ s[oB tkb/ iht tZyo/ sohfenK Bkb fte;s j'J/.

Xosh s/ s[oB tkb/ ihtK ftZu'A pzd/ dk ftek; pj[ gZyh ftek; j'fJnk. yk; eo GkFk B/

pzd/ ~ ikBto s'A fJB;kB pDk fdZsk. T[j w[Ybh GkFk i' ftnkeoDe GkFk BjhA ;h go fJZe d{i/

~ ;wMk ;eD dh ;woZEk oZydh ;h, @fJZe B/ ejh d{;o/ wkBh, d'B' pqjwfrnkBh# T[j w[Ybh

GkFk ;h yVh p'bh. ftnkeoDe BK j[zfdnK j'fJnK th yVQh p'bh B/ pzd/ ~ fJB;kBhns dk gKXh

pDk fdZsk. ;kvhnK f;nkDgK #u'A T[gih ftnkeoD B/ nkw b'eK d/ ;wM ftZu nkT[D tkbh yVQh

p'bh ~ GkFk ejkT[D dk jZe th Bk fdZsk. Bk y/vDk Bk y/vD d/Dk, ;z;feqs Bk sK GkFk d/ s"o

s/ fte;s j'Jh s/ Bk yVQh p'bh ~ fte;s j'D fdZsk. yVQh p'bh e'b'A i/ ;z;feqs B/ d/tBkroh

fbZgh th y'j bJh sK fit/A ejkts j? fe b'V ekY dh iBBh j[zdh j?, fbZgh dh b'V wfj;{; j'Jh.

f;ZN/ ti'A Fkjw[yh j'Ad ftZu nkJh.

pkpk cohd, jkFw, p[Zbk, Fkj j[;?B ns/ pj[s ;ko/ j'o b/yeK B/ nkw b'eK tk;s/, nkw

b'eK d/ fdbK dh XVeD pDB tkbh Fpdktbh tos e/ yVQh p'bh ~ fiT{AfdnK oZfynk. \ko;h

B/ ;z;feqs tKr yVQh p'bh e'b'A Fkjw[yh y'j bJh. d/tBkroh s/ Fkjw[yh d/ ftnkeoDe o{g XkoD

eoB ekoD yVQh p'bh fbyD tk;s/ r[oK B/ r[ow[yh pDkJh. d/tBkroh Fkjw[yh s/ r[ow[yh fszB'A

fbZghnK yVQh p'bh fbyD bJh jh g?dk j'JhnK ;B. j[D n;hA fjzdh, T[od{ ns/ gzikph fszB GkFktK

pDkJh p?m/ jK go fJj fszB Bkw fJZe jh GkFk d/ Bkw jB.

fjzdh T[od{ gzikph jo e'Jh ;wMdk j?. i/ BjhA ;wM brdk sK ;z;feqs s/ \ko;h dk r{V

frnkB BjhA ;wM brdk. ofjzdh e;o nzro/}h B/ g{oh eo fdZsh. i/ n;hA fjzdh dk ;z;feqsheoD

Bk eohJ/, T[od{ dk \ko;heoD Bk eohJ/, Fpdktbh s'A XZe/ Bkb bkJh nzro/}h w'jo bkj d/JhJ/

sK fjzdh gzikph T[od{ fszBK ftZu e'Jh nzso BjhA j?. fszBK dh GkFk yVQh p'bh j?, b'e p'bh j?,

d[BhnK dh ;G s''A gfjbh p'bh j?. nzro/}h d/ nZX s'A tZX b\} yVh p'bh ftZu'A u'oh ehs/ j'J/ jB.

noph b?fNB ns/ ;g?fB ftZu'A i/ yVQh p'bh d/ Fpd eZY d/JhJ/ sK pkeh e[M th BjhA pudk.



fjzdh gzikph dk n;bheoDfjzdh gzikph dk n;bheoDfjzdh gzikph dk n;bheoDfjzdh gzikph dk n;bheoDfjzdh gzikph dk n;bheoDdoZys Gkt/A fizBK wo}h tZvk j't/ go T[;~ fiT{Ad/ ofjD tk;s/ nkgDhnK iVQK Bkb i[V/

ofjDk pj[s }o{oh j[zdk j?. GkFk s'A gfjbK d/ pzd/ ~ fJZe fe;w dk ikBto efjDk fJB;kB

efjD Bkb'A f}nkdk mhe brdk j?. fbZgh s'A fpBK GkFk fbyh jh BjhA ik ;edh. ftnkeoD s'A

fpBK fbZgh d/ e'Jh noE BjhA pDd/. fbZgh ~ ftnkeoDe s"o s/ GkFk fbyD bJh gkfDBh B/

F[o{ ehsk. b/feB Gkosh GkFk dk fdB'A fdB i' nzrq/}heoB j' fojk j? eh fJj fjzdh gzikph ~

T[;dhnK iVQK s'A i[dk sK BjhA eo fojk i/ eo fojk j? sK :ehB efoU fjzdh gzikph dk fJj

doZys ;[Zedk ;[Zedk ;[Ze ikt/rk. fjzdh s/ gzikph fJZe' wK dhnK ikJhnK, fJZe' Xosh wK dhnK

i"VhnK XhnK jB. fjzdh dk ;z;feqsheoD eoB s/ pj[s }'o bZr fojk j?. fjzdh p'bfdnK i/ e'Jh

;z;feqs d/ b\} tos/ sK T[;~ pVk r[Dh frnkB wzfBnK iKdk j?.

;z;feqs ftdtkBK dh frDsh nZi th e[M j}ko j?. ;z;feqs d/ gVQD gVQkT[D tkb/ ;ko/

fwbk e/ th j}koK ftZu jB, bZyK eo'VK BjhA jB. fjzdh ~ ;z;feqs d/ ozr ftZu ozrD Bkb n;hA

nkw nkdwh d/ w{zj #u'A y'j btKr/. r[ow[yh dh ftnkeoD d/tBkroh s'A Gkt/A pj[s pknd 1532-

1539 ftZu r[o[ BkBe d/t ih ns/ r[o{ nzrd d/t ih B/ eoskog[o fty/ fwb p?m e/ pDkJh,

b/feB ;koh d[BhnK dk ftFtheoD eoB ftZu ekw:kp j' ojh nzro/}h dh ftnkeoD 1634 ftZu

fsnko ehsh rJh. 1586 ftZu ftbhnw p[b"eo B/ n;\b e'fFF ehsh. 1594 ftZu g"b rqht;

B/ rqkw?fNek fJzrbhekBk (b?fNB ftnkeoD) pDkJh go nzrq/}h rqkwo1634 ftZu ukob; pNbo

B/ pDkJh. w?~ ;wM BjhA nkT[Adh fe fjzdh gzikph eZb dh izwhA nzro/}h dhnK r'bhnK pD e/ feT[A

y[F jB. feogk eo' ih fjzdh gzikph ~ nkw gouZbs bc}K ftZu, nkw b'eK d/ ;wM ftZu nkT[D

tkbh Fpdktbh ftZu jh ofjD fdU, fJj jh fjzdh gzikph dk n;bheoD j't/rk. bU e[M

;ZuhnK ;[DktKL

pzd/ ~ ikBtoK Bkb'A fes/ tZX FeshwkB pDkT[D tkbh Fpd Fesh Gkos wK dh Xosh s/

fJzd; dfonk d/ feBkfonK s'A gqkgs j'Jh. e'Jh fizB/ wo}h nNeb gZu{ wkoh ikt/ go foZr

t/d s'A gfjbK dk e'Jh fbys ;p{s Bk nZi sZe fwfbnk j? s/ Bk jh fwb ;e/rk. Fpd Fesh

fi; Xosh wK dh r'd ftZu'A fwbh j?, T[; Fpd iBBh ~ fJB;kBhns dh iBBh efjD s'A n;hA

;zrd/ feT[A jK. t/dK Fk;soK ns/ nzihbK ~ fwfEjkf;e efjD tkfbnK ~ e'Jh e'b fpmk e/ g[ZS/

fe fezr i/w} pkJhpb 1611 ftZu gfjbh tko fsnko ehsh rJh go 1604 ftZu sK Fqh nkfd

rqzE dk th goekF j' u[Zfenk ;h. pkJhpb d/ iBw s'A ;" ;kb gfjbK r[o[ BkBe, Grs epho

oftdk; Grs, Bkwd/t, okwkBzd ih ns/ j'o pj[s ;ko/ Gkosh w{b d/ wjKg[oyK dhnK

nfXnksfwe ouBktK gqekfFs j' u[ZehnK ;B.

eh s[;hA fJBQK ;ko/ nfXnkswtkdh wjKg[oyK dh ouBk ~ th fwfEjkf;e jh frDd/ j'< bU

fJZe rZb j'o ;[fDUA }ok ed/ fe;/ B/ fJ; gk;/ fXnkB d/D dk :sB jh BjhA ehsk fe gfjbh



pkJhpb id fsnko ehsh rJh sK T[;dh GkFk eh ;h, fe; GkFk ftZu gfjbh pkJhpb fbyh

rJh ;h< efjD ~ sK eJh fuo T[; GkFk ~ fJzv' :"oghnB GkFk efjzd/ oj/ go ed/ fe;/ B/

fJ; rZb dk y[bk;k BjhA ehsk fe gfjbh pkJhpb dh p'bh 60% Gkosh p'bh ;h, 12% Gkosh

w{b Bkb'A o[Z;h j'Jh w?;kv'B ns/ p/phb'fBe GkFk noph ns/ cko;h p'bh ;h, 8% b?fNB bc}

;B (ni'eb?fNB GkFk ftZu th seohpB nZX/ bc} Gkosh w{b #u'A jh jB). pkeh pu/20% bc}

iowB, rqhe, g[osr/}h ns/ j'o eJh ;kohnK BthAnK izwhnK :"ogh GkFktK ftZu'A ;B. nzro/}h

ftukoh dh jkb/ ftnkeoD pD ojh ;h T[BQhA fdBh. wro'A izw e/ s/ uko e[ ;dhnK ftZu jh d[BhnK

dh BeV dkdh pDh fcodh nzrq/}h e'b e'Jh n?;k ;p{s BjhA fi; d/ nkXko s/ nkgDh g[oksBsk

f;ZX eo ;e/. fiT{D ~ ihn eodk j? sK iVQK Bkb i[VDk gt/rk. fjzdh gzikph dk i/ n;hA

n;bheoD eoB s'A ;zrd/ jK sK ;zrd/ ;zrd/ fes/ nzro/}h d/ rb'pheoD dk fFeko Bk j' ikJhJ/

. ;kvhnK nkT[D tkbhnK gQhVhnK efjDrhnK, J/E/ jo tZvh wZSh S'Nh ~ fBrb iKdh j?, sK jh

sK fJj ;z;ko j?.

Fpd Fesh fi; Xosh wK dh r'd ftZu'A fwbhFpd Fesh fi; Xosh wK dh r'd ftZu'A fwbhFpd Fesh fi; Xosh wK dh r'd ftZu'A fwbhFpd Fesh fi; Xosh wK dh r'd ftZu'A fwbhFpd Fesh fi; Xosh wK dh r'd ftZu'A fwbh

j?, T[; Fpd iBBh ~ fJB;kBhns dh iBBhj?, T[; Fpd iBBh ~ fJB;kBhns dh iBBhj?, T[; Fpd iBBh ~ fJB;kBhns dh iBBhj?, T[; Fpd iBBh ~ fJB;kBhns dh iBBhj?, T[; Fpd iBBh ~ fJB;kBhns dh iBBh

efjD s'A n;hA ;zrd/ feT[A jK.efjD s'A n;hA ;zrd/ feT[A jK.efjD s'A n;hA ;zrd/ feT[A jK.efjD s'A n;hA ;zrd/ feT[A jK.efjD s'A n;hA ;zrd/ feT[A jK.



gzikp ftu w/ok d'Bk d/Fgzikp ftu w/ok d'Bk d/Fgzikp ftu w/ok d'Bk d/Fgzikp ftu w/ok d'Bk d/Fgzikp ftu w/ok d'Bk d/Fgzikp dh gziK dfonktK dh ioy/} Xosh fi; ftZu fJB;kBhns dk iBw j'fJnk, Xkofwe

d[BhnK dk iBw j'fJnk, Fpd dk iBw j'fJnk, t}B eoB d/ ;kXB, rfjD/ ns/ brgr ;koh

dh ;koh ;wroh i' fJB;kB d/ ihD tk;s/ ukjhdh j?, T[j ;koh jh j}koK ;kb gfjbK gzikp

ftZu T[gbpX ;h. gzikp ~ ezXko d/F, wX[o d/F, ;gs f;zX{ ns/ eJh j'o BktK Bkb ikfDnK

iKdk fojk. 1947 ftZu 40% d/ eohp gzikp g{oph gzikp ejkT[D bZrk. 1966 ftZu fjwkub

s/ jfonkDk fBeb ikD s'A pknd n;b gzikp dk ;stK fjZ;k ofj rJ/ gzikp d/ ftueko o/sbh

pokB Xosh (d'Bk d/F) dh rZb eohJ/. wkMk wkbtk ns/ d[nkpk ni'e/ gzikp d/ fszB fjZ;/ frD/

iKd/ jB. ;sb[i ns/ fpnk; d/ ftuekob/ fJbke/ ~ d[nkp fejk iKdk j?. d[nkp d/ th eJh

j'o tZy tZy Bkw jB. ;sb[i d/ Bkb brdk fJbkek wzieh ns/ fpnk; d/ Bkb brdk fJbkek

p/N nytkT[Adk j?. fuZNh ns/ ekbh t/JhA d/ ftueko dk wko{ fJbkek, pokB fJbkek d'Bk

nytkT[Adk. fp;s d[nkp Bfjo id ibzXo NZgdh j? sK fJ;d/ T[Zsoh gZSwh gk;/ i' o/sbk fJbkek

j? T[j j? w/ok d'Bk d/F.

f;XtK ns/ ekbk ;zfxnk d'B/ d/ tZv/ fgzv nytkT[Ad/ jB. fNZfpnK dh o/sk jtk Bkb feZebh

gkT[Adh gkT[Adh ;ko/ okj yfjV/ w/N d/Adh. nZi eZbQ Gkt/A gZehnK ;VeK pD rJhnK jB s/ jo soQK

dhnK c;bK th j[zdhnK jB, go e'Jh ;wK ;h id w{zrcbh, w'm s/ fJZeV d[ZeV j'o c;bK jh

j[zdhnK ;B. fgzvK dh fBnKJhA ftZu pj[s fwjBs eoe/ b'e wkVh w'Nh r[}ko/ i'rh eDe, weZJh

phid/. wkb vzro MZbK p/fbnK ftZu uo e/ fYv God/. d'Bk nkofEe s"o s/ ew}'o fJbkek ;h.

wkM/ d/ b'e d'B/ ftZu foFs/ BjhA ;h efonk eod/. pVh wFj{o ;h wM?bK dh rZb, @fiZE/ xkj

BjhA UE/ sK b'ehA rK BjhA SZvd/, e[Vh fet/A ftnkj d/JhJ/#. j'o sK e'Jh nkwdB BjhA ;h, ezw

eko th pj[sk BjhA ;h. FkfJd J/;/ bJh jh ;G b'e e'fFF eod/ fe pZu/ gVQ ikD sK FkfJd

e'Jh B"eoh jh fwb ikt/. gzikj ;kb gfjbK w?A ekbk ;zfxnK ;e{b ftZu dkyb j'fJnk T[; tes

th ;e{b ftZu j}koK pZu/ dkyb ;B. ;ko/ xoK ftZu d[ZX fxU }o{o j[zdk ;h. pj[s tXhnk wZMK

rkJhnK j[zdhnK ;B. pbdK dhnK i'rK tXhnk tXhnk oZyD dk F"e ;h. @iZN xtkO/ dk s/ p"bd

ekO/ dk# pVk wFj{o frDd/.

;tkDhnK dk d[ZX fxU yKfdnK ghAfdnK, ;KGfdnK jh fdB bzx ikDk. w[zfvnK B/ ;oho

pDkT[D/ s/ y/vK ftZu fjZ;k b?D dk F"e seohpB ;kfonK dk jh ;h. e[FshnK iK y/vK fes/ th

j[zdhnK j'D, b'e j[zw j[wk e/ gj[zu iKd/. ekb/ dh fSzM s'A j\sk d; fdB gfjbK jh d[ekBdkoK

B/ fsnkohnK eoBhnK F[o{ eo d/DhnK. eJh eJh whb d{o sZe okjK #s/ d[ekBK bZr ikDhnK.

wZf;nk s/ pOd d"Vd/ d/yD bJh j}koK dh frDsh ftZu b'e i[V ikD/. d'B/ d/ tXhnk gF{ ;ko/

gzikp ftZu wFj{o ;B sK jh sK gF{nK dhnK u'ohnK pj[s j[zdhnK ;B. fijVk gF{ u'o u[ok e/

dfonkUA gko b? iKd/, T[j ed/ Bk bZGdk. fgzvK ftZu d'B/ d/ w[zv/ d[ZX fxU dh u'oh eoe/ pVk



w}k b?Ad/ . ;kok fdB gkEhnK dh nZr s/ eVQ eVQ e/ d[ZX J/Bk fwZmk j' ikDk fe g[ZS' Bk. w?A eJh

tko pugB ftZu eDe dh BkV dh Bbgh pDk e/ ekVQB/ ftZu'A, wbkJh ftZu Bbgh yQ'G e/ oZi oZi

e/ d[ZX ghsk, xofdnK ~ gsk th BjhA ;h brdk. y/vD wZbD dh T[wo ftZu d[ZX fxU fizBk wo}h

ykJh ikU gu iKdk. u'ohA fwb/ iK ;kXhA d[ZX fxU dk bkbu ;ko/ jh eod/. fxU t/uD tkbh dh

fJZe rZb pVh wFj{o j[zdh ;h, @;/o Bk fdzdh f;ZXthA gzi gkn ekb/, b[ZNh rJh ftukoh NkthA d/

ftuekb/# wkb ukofdnK w[zfvnK B/ fxU b[ZN ykXk.

b'V ekY dh iBBh j[zdh j?. nkgDh nkofEe jkbs Bkb BfiZmD bJh ;e{bK ekbiK ftZu

b'eK B/ gVQkJhnK ehshnK. fdZbh, ebeZs/ ns/ pzpJh (w[zpJh) nkfd tZv/ FfjoK ftZu ik e/ fi;

soQK dk th ezw fwfbnk fpBK fe;/ fjueukjN d/ ehsk. c"i dh B"eoh fwbh sK c"ih pD rJ/

. wkM/ wkbt/ tKr xo p?fmnK ~ o'Nh sK fwbDh BjhA ;h. d'B/ d/F d/ b'eK dh o'Nh sK feZeo

dh Nh;h s/ j'fJnk eodh ;h, jo Nh;h s/ uVQ e/ th d/fynk d'B/ fdnK b'eK. i/ feXo/ g[b pDdk

j't/ iK e'Jh th ezw fwb/ fiZE/ wo}h fwb/, b'e UE/ jh ub/ iKd/. nzro/}K B/ uzrh f;jstkb/

s/ ekw/ b'eK ~ pVhnK B"eohnK fdZshnK. fJZe ;wK ;h fe Gkosh c"i d/ 25% itkB d'B/ d/

j'fJnk eod/ ;B. nk}kd fjzd c"i d/ nZX'A tZX w?Apo d'B/ d/ jh ;B. w;eN, v[pJh ns/ nkb/

d[nkb/ d/ (:{HJ/HJh) fJbkfenK ftZu fJwkosK pDBhnK F[o{ j'JhnK sK ;G s'A tZX w}d{o d'B/ ftZu'A

rJ/. d[BhnK d/ ;wz[doh ijk}K ftZu jo soQK dk ezw ehsk. fJzrb?Av ns/ j'o :"ogh d/FK ftZu

ub/ rJ/ s/ fi; soQK dk th ezw fwfbnk ehsk. w?~ :kd j?. fJj 1974 d/ eohp dh rZb j?

fe d'B/ dk fJZe w[zvk fe;/ :"oghnB d/F ftZu'A nkfJnk. T[;B/ pj[s tXhnk BkJhb'B dh e'Nh gkJh

j'Jh ;h. fe;/ B/ e'Nh dh f;\s ehsh s/ T[j w[zvk efjD bZrk, fJj e'Nh yohdD tk;s/ w?A fijV/

gshb/ wKidk fojK T[j n?B/ tZv/ ;h fe eJh tko gshb/ d/ ftZu tV e/ ;kc eoBk g?Adk ;h.

w/o/ d'B/ d/ fwjBsh b'e nZi fJ;/ bJh jh ekw:kp jB.

nZi d'B/ dk e'Jh fgzv n?;k BjhA fi; fgzv d/ b'e ftd/FK ftZu Bk rJ/ j'D. nwohek, e?B/

vk ns/ fJzrb?Av jh BjhA d[BhnK dh jo B[Zeo/ gj[zu e/, fwjBs w}d{oh eoe/, g?;/ ewk e/ nkgD/

d'B/ d/F d/ izrb ftZu wzrb bk fdZs/. nZi d'B/ d/ fgzv d/yD tkb/ jB. ;zB 1956 ftZu ;kvk

xo i' efjzd/ uko bZy fJZNK bk e/ pfDnK ;h, fgzv ftZu'A jh BjhA eJhnK fgzvK ftZu'A ;'jDk xo

;h. ;ykDh ftZu j[D ik e/ t/y' FkfJd jh e'Jh xo ;kv/ s'A BhtK j't/. nopK o[gJ/ ewk e/ d'B/

d/ b'eK B/ nkgD/ fgzvK ~ fbnKd/, ;'jD/ ;'jD/ xo pDkJ/. xo xo No?eNo Nokbh y/sh d/ Bt/

A ;kXB, nZi fizBh c;b d'B/ ftZu j[zdh j?, j'o feXo/ BjhA j[zdh. jo soQK d/ ;[y jB w/o/ d'B/

d/F ftZu. g?;/ dh e'Jh ewh BjhA, rZvhnK w'NoK BthnK s'A BthnK go fJZe pj[s jh d[ZydkfJe

rZb th ;KMh eoB ~ fdb eodk j?. fe;/ }wkB/ ftZu d'B/ dk gkDh s/ jtk n?B/ ;k\ ;[Eo/ j'fJnk

eod/ ;B fe fJe fw;kb ;h. nZi ebQ ibzXo Ffjo, fi;~ ;koh T[wo d'Bk d/F d[ZX fgnkT[Adk

fojk, d'B/ ~ gsk BjhA fe; rbsh dh ;}k d/ fojk j?, gsk BjhA fe; soQK d/ e?wheb x[fbnK

tkbk rzdkgkDh d'B/ d/ n?B ftueko dh fJe vq/B ftZu r'v/ r'v/ yVk j?. nkb/ d[nkb/ whb whb



sZe ;kj b?Dk w[Feb j?. e[M fuo i/ fJ;/ soQK fojk sK d'B/ dk gkDh th ghD d/ ekpb BjhA

oj/rk. jtk sK yokp j' jh u[Zeh j?. w/oh w/o/ d'B/ d/ ;kfonK thoK nZr/ p/Bsh j? fe ;ko/ fJeZm/

j' e/ fJ; vq/B d/ rzd/ gkDh pko/ ;'u', BjhA sK d'B/ ftZu ihDk w[Ffeb j' ikt/rk.

;k~ nk; jh BjhA g{ok ftFtkF j? fe ;ko/ b'e fJj ;wM ;ed/ jB fe n?Bh fwjBs

w}d{oh eoe/ t;kfJnk j'fJnk d'Bk d/F fJ; rzdh vq/B dk eoe/ phwko j' ;edk j?, T[ZiV ;edk

j?, wo w[Ze ;edk j?. fJj feZvh e[ tZvh wzr j? i/ n;hA ;kj b?Dk wzrd/ jK, ihDk wzrd/ jK.

w[FZes eoe/ pDkJ/ j'J/ d'B/ d/ xoK ftZu ofjDk wzrd/ jK. i/ ;hu/tkb tkb/ ;zsK dh rZb wzB

;ed/ jB sK ;kok d'BK fJeZmk j' e/ ;zsK e'b jh uZbhJ/ s/ nkgD/ d'B/ bJh ihtB dkB wzrhJ/

. n;hA ;kok }'o bk e/ j'ek fdzd/ jK fe nkU ;ko/ fwb e/ nkgD/ d'B/ bJh ihtB dkB wzrhJ/.

i/ fJ; rzd/ Bkb/ s'A yfjVk Bk S[ZfNnk sK fco nkgDk p'ohnk fp;sok pzB e/ oZfyU, ftd/F sK

ftd/F jh ;jh, ;k~ ihDk sK gt/rk jh, i/ whb d{o'A ;[zfxnk BjhA ik ;edk, T[; ftZu x[b/

e?whebK ~ u?e eotkU. w?A g{o/ :ehB Bkb efj ;edk jK fe e[M n?;k e?wheb }o{o fwfbnk

j? T[; ftZu, i' fJB;kBh ihtB bJh w"s pD ;edk j?. Nkjbh ;kfjp r[odtko/ ;ZE ftZu p?m

e/ ;kEhU ;kj b?D dh rZb th efoU! fes/ fJt/A Bk j't/ fe d'B/ dh ;ZE ftZu p?mD tk;s/ th

;k~ fe;/ feZeo dh Nh;h #s/ gj[zuDk gt/!

*****

fJj 1974 d/ eohp dh rZb j? fe d'B/ dk fJZe w[zvk fe;/fJj 1974 d/ eohp dh rZb j? fe d'B/ dk fJZe w[zvk fe;/fJj 1974 d/ eohp dh rZb j? fe d'B/ dk fJZe w[zvk fe;/fJj 1974 d/ eohp dh rZb j? fe d'B/ dk fJZe w[zvk fe;/fJj 1974 d/ eohp dh rZb j? fe d'B/ dk fJZe w[zvk fe;/

:"oghnB d/F ftZu'A nkfJnk. T[;B/ pj[s tXhnk BkJhb'B dh e'Nh:"oghnB d/F ftZu'A nkfJnk. T[;B/ pj[s tXhnk BkJhb'B dh e'Nh:"oghnB d/F ftZu'A nkfJnk. T[;B/ pj[s tXhnk BkJhb'B dh e'Nh:"oghnB d/F ftZu'A nkfJnk. T[;B/ pj[s tXhnk BkJhb'B dh e'Nh:"oghnB d/F ftZu'A nkfJnk. T[;B/ pj[s tXhnk BkJhb'B dh e'Nh

gkJh j'Jh ;h. fe;/ B/ e'Nh dh f;\s ehsh s/ T[j w[zvk efjDgkJh j'Jh ;h. fe;/ B/ e'Nh dh f;\s ehsh s/ T[j w[zvk efjDgkJh j'Jh ;h. fe;/ B/ e'Nh dh f;\s ehsh s/ T[j w[zvk efjDgkJh j'Jh ;h. fe;/ B/ e'Nh dh f;\s ehsh s/ T[j w[zvk efjDgkJh j'Jh ;h. fe;/ B/ e'Nh dh f;\s ehsh s/ T[j w[zvk efjD

bZrk, fJj e'Nh yohdD tk;s/ w?A fijV/ gshb/ wKidk fojK T[jbZrk, fJj e'Nh yohdD tk;s/ w?A fijV/ gshb/ wKidk fojK T[jbZrk, fJj e'Nh yohdD tk;s/ w?A fijV/ gshb/ wKidk fojK T[jbZrk, fJj e'Nh yohdD tk;s/ w?A fijV/ gshb/ wKidk fojK T[jbZrk, fJj e'Nh yohdD tk;s/ w?A fijV/ gshb/ wKidk fojK T[j

n?B/ tZv/ ;h fe eJh tko gshb/ d/ ftZu tV e/ ;kc eoBk g?Adkn?B/ tZv/ ;h fe eJh tko gshb/ d/ ftZu tV e/ ;kc eoBk g?Adkn?B/ tZv/ ;h fe eJh tko gshb/ d/ ftZu tV e/ ;kc eoBk g?Adkn?B/ tZv/ ;h fe eJh tko gshb/ d/ ftZu tV e/ ;kc eoBk g?Adkn?B/ tZv/ ;h fe eJh tko gshb/ d/ ftZu tV e/ ;kc eoBk g?Adk

;h. w/o/ d'B/ d/ fwjBsh b'e nZi fJ;/ bJh jh ekw:kp jB.;h. w/o/ d'B/ d/ fwjBsh b'e nZi fJ;/ bJh jh ekw:kp jB.;h. w/o/ d'B/ d/ fwjBsh b'e nZi fJ;/ bJh jh ekw:kp jB.;h. w/o/ d'B/ d/ fwjBsh b'e nZi fJ;/ bJh jh ekw:kp jB.;h. w/o/ d'B/ d/ fwjBsh b'e nZi fJ;/ bJh jh ekw:kp jB.



gzikp dh feosh fe;kBhgzikp dh feosh fe;kBhgzikp dh feosh fe;kBhgzikp dh feosh fe;kBhgzikp dh feosh fe;kBhe'Jh ;wK ;h fe f;nkD/ fejk eod/ ;B, @T[Zsw y/sh, wZXw tgko s/ BfyZX ukeoh.# eh

fJj ejkts nZi th e'Jh ehws oZydh j? iK BjhA. Gkt/A nZi th uko y/sK dk wkbe u"Vk j' j'

e/ pfjzdk j?, b/feB g[oksB fe;kBh dhnK edoK-ehwsK GkfbnK th BjhA bZGdhnK. e'Jh ;wK ;h

fe d[BhnK ftZu fe;kB jh fJZe tkfjd e"w ;h, i' nksw fBoGo ;h. xo dh eDe dhnK o'NhnK

nkgD/ xo/ jh uZeh ghj e/ ghf;nk nkNk, xo dh wZeh dh o'Nh T[Zs/ eVSh ;kr dh s/ ftZu sk}h

wyDh dh vbh. Fkj t/b/ d/;h fxU dk go"Amk, xo dk pDkfJnk nuko, xo dk g?dk ehsk rzYk

s/ Bkb xo d/ pDkJ/ r[V dh o'Vh xo d/ bt/o/ d/ d[ZX dk pDkfJnk djhA, bZ;h, f;oc fe;kB

e'b jh sK j' ;edk ;h. ;kt/ pZr/ pbdK dhnK i'VhnK, rbK ftZu NZbhnK, gzikbhnK, nobhnK,

jZE/, w[zB/ s/ go?DhnK ;G xo dh bZeV d/ pD/ j[zd/. xo dh ;D ;B[eV/ d/ jZEhA tZN/j'J/ oZ;hnK

oZ;/ s/ wzfinK dhnK d"Dk s/ xo d/ y{j dk mzYk fwZmk gkDh. xo dh egkj Bow/ dhnK g{DhnK

eZs e/ bzp/ bzp/ szd gk e/ eZs/ j'J/ ;{sdhnK xo dh oekB dhnK nkgD/ dbkB ftZu p?m e/ p[D/

j'J/ y/; dohnK. eo'FhJ/ Bkb eZYhnK MkboK tkbhnK gZyhnK dh MZb, oks dh o'Nh yKfdnK fes/

wzi/ s/ p?m/ iZN ~ iZNh MZb wko ojh j't/ sK ;ko/ fdB dk Ee/tK gbK ftZu jh bfj iKdk. jo

soQK dhnK ;p}hnK, jbdh b;D th xo d/, dkbK xo dhnK. rtko/ s/ jotKj dhnK b?ohnK

cbhnK fes/ ;tkDh B/ ohM Bkb pDkJhnK j'D, fes/ b;D dhnK johnK G{eK jok XBhnK s/ sk}h

w/Eh gk e/ xo d/ nKfvnK dh G[oih pDh j'Dh. o'Nh s'A pknd w{zj fwZmk eoB bJh FZeo fxU

iK xo dh pDkJh okp. xo dhnK NkjbhnK s{s fiBQK d/ w'fFnK dhnK pDhnK pkb/ FshohnK, xo

dk ;oeVk ekB/ s/ nkgDhA xo dh fwZNh d/ pD/ j'J/ xo. rZb eh fe e[Zbh r[Zbh s/ i[Zbh ;G xo

d/ j[zd/.

nZi d/ fezB/ e[ fe;kB jB fiBQK ~ feosh fejk ik ;edk j?, FkfJd pj[s/ BjhA. fe;/ B/

mhe jh fNZuo ehsh j? @g[Zs ;odkoK d/, fuZN/ ukdo/ }whBK rfjD/#. i/ feos BjhA eoBh sK fco

fe;kB ejkT[D Bkb sK e'Jh fe;kB BjhA j' ;edk. fJj th mhe j? fe fe;kB dk r{mk jkb/ uZbdk

j?. T[Xko fwb iKdk j? b/feB fezBk e[ fuo fwbdk oj{. d' J/eV dh cod bk e/ i/ No?eNo b?

th nKdk sK T[;dh feFs e"D d/T{. tZv/ tZv/ wekB gkT[D bJh p?AeK eo}k pj[s ;"yk d/ d/AdhnK

go T[; eo}/ ~ bkj[Dk fe; soQK< Bt/A Bt/A c?FBk d/ eZgV/ gkT[D ~ fdb eoBk sK tZyoh rZb

j? go g?;/ feZE'A nkT[Dr/< w?~ fJZe rZb :kd nkJh fe e'Jh iZN gzikj o[g? dk eZgVk Ffjo'A ;"

o[g? ftZu T[Xko b? e/ nkfrnk. iZNh B/ id dZf;nk fe fJj sK gzikj o[g? dk j? sK iZN efjD

bZrk - gzikj d[ekBdko yZN frnk s/ gzikj w?A yZN frnK. T[j fet/A, d[ekBdko B/ gzikj tZX fby

bJ/ go w?A fJZe th BjhA d/Dk. pj[s/ fe;kB eo}/ B/ jh popkd ehs/ jB. pkeh ofjzd/ th eo}/

B/ jh ysw eoB/ jB. fiZsDk eo}k d/D tkfbnK B/ th BjhA. fJ; tes d't/A fXoK nkgD/ nkg

~ ukso ;wMdhnK jB. e[zvhnK d/ f;zr c;/ jB go brdk tV/t/A fe;/ th BjhA ykX/. tZv/ tZv/



j'NbK ftZu ykDk ykD ~, gkoNhnK eoB ~ fdb eodk j? sK ]?o ;Zbk go fi;B/ ukdo t/y e/

g?o BjhA g;ko/, T[j pj[sh d/o bzwhnK skD e/ BjhA ;"A ;edk. tZv/ tZv/ wjZbK ftZu ofjD tkbk,

j'NbK s/ gkoNhnK eoB tkbk s/ NkJhnK ;{N gkT[D tkbk, i' fe eo}/ Bkb ftzfBQnK fgnk j?, w?A

sK T[;~ fe;kB BjhA frDdk. w/ok fe;kB sK e[Zbh r[Zbh s/ i[Zbh dk wkbe j[zdk ;h. dZp e/ tkj[zdk

;h s/ oZi e/ yKdk ;h. ;G e[M jh T[;dk nkgDk ;h. nkgDh BhAd/ ;"Adk ;h s/ nkgDh fBZeh fijh

d[BhnK dk okik ;h.

nZi gzikp dh feo;kDh jNe'o/ b? ojh j?. jo ;kb eof}nK dk Gko tXdk jh ik fojk

j?. \;b i/ tXhnk j' th rJh sK eh gsk fe; Gkn fte/. fe;kBh dk fJj i{nk Gbk fezBk e[

fuo y/fvnk ik ;edk j?. ekoD Gkt/A e'Jh th j't/ go i/ i{nk y/vDk gt/ sK ;wM' fe w[;hps

dotk}k yVek ojh j?, i{nk y/vD tkbk Gkt/A Xowoki jh feT[A Bk j't/. nwohek tor/ d/FK ftZu

fizwhAdko ekw:kp fJ; bJh jB feT[Afe tZv/ tZv/ fizwhAdkoK B/ th jZEhA ezw eoBk ed/ BjhA

fsnkfrnk. d{;oh rZb fe c;bK dk phwk j'fJnk j[zdk j?. e[dosh eo'gh dh jkbs ftZu th

fe;kB ~ tkf}p fJt}kBk }o{o fwbdk j?. y/sh goXkB d/F dk y/sh eoB tkbk fe;kB y[deFhnK

eo fojk j? sK T[; d/F dh nkofEesk pko/ j'o eh gsk eohJ/. d/F B/ i/ y/sh #s/ fBoGo eoBk

j? sK y/sh eoB tkb/ feo;kB ~ th fiT{AfdnK oZyDk gt/rk. fe;kBh wo rJh sK :ehB efoU

pj[sk e[M fiT{Adk BjhA ofj ;edk. ;oeko dh f}zw/tkoh pDdh j? fe n?j' i/j/ ftXh ftXkB pDkJ/

ikD fe ;kvh fe;kBh uVQdhebk ftZu oj/. j'o pj[s ;ko/ eo}/ d/D Bkb fe;kBh ;wZf;nk jZb

BjhA j' ;edh. e'Jh rozNh tkbh rZb j'Dh ukjhdh j?. c;bK g?dk eoB #s/ fizBk you j[zdk j?,

T[; s'A i/ ehws xZN fwb/ sK fe;kB fezBk e[ fuo eZY{. e[dos dh eo'gh j' ikt/, jVQ, ;'ek iK

rV/wko dh jkbs ftZu fe;kB dk youk jo jkbs ftZu fwbDk ukjhdk j?. d{;o/ gk;/ fe;kB

dk th co} pDdk j? fe T[j w"i{dk ;oeko dh ;Z[y wzr/. NeokU eoe/ B[e;kB sK j' ;edk j?,

b/feB ckfJdk e'Jh BjhA j' ;edk. u'DK ;w/A nkgDh wB g;zd dk ;jh B[wkfJzdk u[DBk sK fpbe[b

mhe j?, b/feB fe;/ th gkoNh dh ;oeko pD ikD s'A pknd ;oeko dk ;fj:'r eoBk jh pDdk

j?. fe;kB jh BjhA fto'Xh gkoNhnK th i/eo NeokU d/ EK ;fj:'r eoB, skoK s'VB dh fpikJ/

;kJheb ~ XZek bkT[D sK nZXhnK fpwkohnK d{o j' ;edhnK jB. y?o ;kvh ;'u okiBhse BjhA

j?. ;kvh jo ;zGt e'fFF oj/rh fe fe;kBh ns/ fe;kB dh y?o wzrh ikt/!

*****



fJZe ;dh gfjbK dk gzikpfJZe ;dh gfjbK dk gzikpfJZe ;dh gfjbK dk gzikpfJZe ;dh gfjbK dk gzikpfJZe ;dh gfjbK dk gzikpfJZe ;dh gfjbK tkb/ gzikp dh f}fbQnK nB[;ko rZb eoB ~ ihn eodk j?. ;" ;kb gfjbK

;kvk gzikp fe; soQK brdk ;h, nkU fJZe B}o nkgD/ nshs s/ wkohJ/.

nNe fpnk;h whb fJzd; dfonk d/ g{oph ezY/ d/ Bkb Bkb nNe f}bQk 4223 tor whb

y/so dk f}bQk ;h. j}kok ns/ wZoh gjkVK dh r'd ftZu fJzd; s/ i/jbw dfonktK ftueko x[Zr

tZ;dk fJbkek ;h. ekdo dh e[dos dk FkfJd jh e'Jh n?;k B}kok j't/rk i' nNe f}bQ/ ftZu

BjhA fwbdk. pk;b s'A ekbk fuZNk ~ iKdh ;Ve id'A izrbK ftZu'A dh bzxdh sK d/y e/ jh gsk

bZr iKdk fe fJ; fJbke/ s/ e[dos fezBh w/jopkB j?. nNe dh g[okDh ;oK, febQk s/ yzvoks

nNe d/ nshs dh ejkDh eod/. fJzd; id'A gjkVK Bkb ;wM"sk eoe/ ;w[zdo dh FebXkodh sK

uVQd/ s/ n;s j[zd/ ;{o} dk B}kok fi; fe;/ th d/fynk pZ; d/ydk jh ofj frnk. fJzd; Bdh

d/ fJZe gk;/ fgFkto ns/ TZ[soh cozNhno s/ d{i/ gk;/ nNe. 82 whb dk ;kE eoe/ id fJzd;

gk;k tZN iKdh sK pkeh dk gZSwh ezYk whnKtkb f}bQ/ dh whnKtkb sfj;hb Bkb brdk ;h.

dZyDh jZd Fkjg[o dh y[Fp sfj;hb, i/jbw dh uZetkb sfj;hb ns/ oktbfgzvh dhnK

r[ZioykB s/ oktbfgzvh sfj;hbK g{op tZb'A brdhnK. T[Zso ftZu g{oph gjkVhnK (j}ko/ dhnK

gjkVhnK) s/ ftZu ftukb/ BjkfJs y{p;{os nNe ;h. uko sfj;hbK ;B T[Zso ftZu nNe

sfj;hb, dZyD ftZu skbkrzr, gZSw ftZu fgzvh x/p ns/ g{op ftZu sfj;hb cfsjizr ;h.

ekpb dfonk id'A fJzd; ftZu Skb wkodk s/ fJzd; ftZu v[Zp e/ fJzd; jh pD iKdk. T[;

s'A fpzd e[ wro'A jh ekpb dh oh;/ nNe dk gkDh th fJzd; dh wbehns pD p?mdk. 1883

ftZu o/b dk g[b pD ikD s'A gfjbK b'e bZeV d/ pDkJ/ j'J/ g[b T[Zs'A dh jh fJzd; d/ gko bzxd/

. o/b dk d{ik g[b 1904 ftZu y[FbrV pD ikD s'A pknd th b'e feFsh s/ p?m e/ gko bzxDk

tXhnk ;wMd/. nNe fibQ/ d/ ;ko/ BdhnK Bkb/ fJZe d{i/ ftZu obd/ obkT[Ad/ fJzd; ftZu nkD

obd/. fJzd; dh ubkeh t/y' fe fJZe tko i' th gkDh epi/ ftZu nk frnk, T[; ftZu'A u{bh Go

gkDh th tkfg; nNe dk e'Jh y/s f;ziD tk;s/ BjhA fdZsk. nNe f}bQ/ dh YbkD i' gZSw tZb

~ ;h, fJ;/ bJh sK nNe f}bQ/ dk ;kok gkDh GZi GZi e/ fJzd; ftZu ik obdk. u?jb ns/ jko'

dk gkDh T[Zsoh fJbke/ ~ f;zidk go w"ek fwbD s/ fJzd; ftZu ;wk e/ jh ;kj b?Adk. gkDhnK

B/ eJh tko nNe f}b/Q ftZu j{zMk th c/fonk b/feB gkDhnK dk eoe/ jh d[pkok u?jb gfjb j'

rJh. nNe ftZu e[dos dhnK J/BhnK fBnkwsK ;B fe fJB;kB ~ fiT{D bJh pj[shnK f;nkDgK

dh b'V jh BjhA.

nzro/}h c"i d/ fJZe nc;o N"v nkoH nkJhH n?wHB/ fbfynk j? fe fgzvhx/p s'A e'Jh d' e[

whb dZyD tZb fJZe fBZeh fijh Mhb d/ feBko/ gZEo :[r d/ t/b/ d/ eJh jfEnko, gZEo d/ poS/

, e[jkVhnK ns/ j'o pj[s ;kohnK fBFkBhnK fwbhnK. T[j fBFkBhnK fJB fpB T[;/ soQK dhnK

;B fi; soQK dhnK fi; soQK dhnK fBFkBhnK ~ :"og (coK;) ftZu 40, 000 ;kb g[okDhnK



frDh iKdhnK jB. 327 ph ;hH ftZu id'A ;ezdo (nb?r}?Avo) B/ fJzd; Bdh gko ehsh sK nNe

fJbke/ ftZu T[;dk tkjtk w{zj fwZmk j'fJnk. N?e;bk b'e pj[s jh nwho e"w frDh iKdh ;h.

N?e;bk ~ d'jhA jZEhA b[ZND s'A pknd jh i/jbw gko eoe/ T[;dk g'o; Bkb gzrk fgnk.

fJfsjk;eko 1500 phH ;hH s'A fes/ gfjbK pDhnK y{jhnK dh rZb fbyd/ jB. BkbhnK pDk e/

b'e nkgD/ xoK dk gkDh fJBQK y{jhnK ftZu ;[ZNd/ ;B. N?e;bk s'A jt/bhnK ~ iKdh o/bt/ bkJhB

s/ nkT[Ad/ Ghowzv Ffjo ~ fJ; fJbke/ dk ;G s'A g[okDk Ffjo frfDnK iKdk j?. Ghowzv dh

y[dkJh eofdnK E/j dhnK fszB s?jK fwbhnK. fJ; s'A fenk; bkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe fJj

nkpkdh fszB tko }o{o ^oe j'Jh. T[Zgobh sfj s'A 6 c[ZN EZb/, d{ih sfj ftZu'A 1167 uKdh

d/ f;Ze/ pj[s ;ko/ ;'B/ d/ f;Ze/ ns/ rfjD/ fiBQK ftZu uKdh d/ rfjD/ th ;B, fJZe xV/ ftZu pzd

eoe/ oZy/ fwb/. eJh f;ZfenK s/ ;ezdo nb?ri?Avodk f;o th pfDnK ;h. y[dkJh eofdnK tZv/

tZv/ dhtkB jkb ns/ fJZe p[ZX dk wzdo th fwfbnk.

Xkowe B}ohJ/ Bkb d/yhJ/ sK nNe ftu p[ZX wZs dhnK fBFkBhnK d/ Bkb Bkb fjzd{ wZs

Bkb ;zpzfXs fBFkBhnK, g[oksB d/th d/tfsnK dhnK w{osK s/ fJ;bkfwe edoK - ehwsK dhnK

fBFkBhnK th ;w/A ;w/A y'ihnK B/ y'ihnK. fjT{B;Kr d/ ;w/A dhnK fBFkBhnK fwbhnK. nkBzdgkb

dhnK fjzd{ c"iK ns/ wfjw{d r}BthA dh bVkJh nNe f}bQ/ ftZu j'Jh. fJ; bVkJh ftZu Gkt/

A okig{sK dh jko j'Jh go 30, 000 c"i d/ nukBe jwb/ B/ w[jzwdB c"iK ~ pj[s tZvh ;ZN

wkoh. wfjw{d r}BthdhnK c"iK jodhnK jodhnK w;K fiZshnK. s/othA ;dh ftZu r"oh thwodk

wodk pfunk, id oks d/ nzX/o/ ftZu T[; d/ N?AN s/ jwbk p'fbnk frnk. ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ jwbkto

i' Gkos ~ b[ZND bJh nkT[Ad/, T[BQK dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh tkj nNe d/ b'eK Bkb }o{o g?Adk. izi{nk

b'e fiBQK ftZu iZN r[Zio s/ j'o eJh fe;w d/ b'e ;B, nkg; ftZu pV/ fgnko Bkb ofjzd/.

w[;hps g?D s/ fJeZm/ j' iKd/ s/ tZfvnK tZfvnK ~ uD/ upk d/Ad/. nNe f}bQk Bkdo Fkj, nfjwd

Fkj ns/ j'o eJh jwbktoK dk o;sk pfDnK fojk. f;ZyK dh e'Jh th fw;b i/jbw d/ gko BjhA

;h. 1765 ftZu gfjbh tko r[Zio f;zx Gzrh B/ e[M fJbke/ #s/ ep}k ehsk. cfsjizr s;hb

s/ F[eouZehnk sfj;hb d/ ;odko uso f;zx B/ ep}k eo fbnk. wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ oki

ftZu ;ko/ dk ;kok f}bQk Fkwb ;h. 19thA ;dh d/ F[o{ ftZu ;kok f}bQk ;zg{oD f;Zy oki pD

frnk. bkj"o s'A d{o j'D eoe/ fJj fJbkek feokJ/ s/ uVQdk fojk. tZy tZy b'eK B/ wkwbksko

e/ fJzd; s/ i/jbw ftubk fJbkek wZbh oZfynk. nNe ~ ;zftXkBe s"o s/ f}bQk gfjbh ngq?b

1904 ftZu pDkfJnk frnk.

nNe d/ b'eK ~ i' wo}h ejh ikU, fi;dk wo}h Mzvk M[Zbdk fojk j't/ go fJZe rZb s'A

e'Jh th w[Beo BjhA j' ;edk fe nNe d/ b'eK ftZu fJzd; Bdh d/ ezY/ s/ Fkbks[Zbk dk izwgb

gkfDBh th Fkfwb j?. T[; B/ d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh ftnkeoD pDkJh . fJj b'e gzikph ;B,

gzikph jB ns/ ofjzdh d[BhnK sZe gzikph jh ofjDr/, @iht/ gzikp!#

*****



g[oksB ;ZfGnskg[oksB ;ZfGnskg[oksB ;ZfGnskg[oksB ;ZfGnskg[oksB ;ZfGnsk;ZfGnsk fbyD tk;s/ iK g[ekoB tk;s/ Fpd sK tosD/ jh g?Dr/. FpdK s'A fpBk i/eo

;ZfGnsk fby th BjhA j' ;edh sK fco ;ZfGnsk dh g[oksBsk pko/ rZb eoB s'A gfjbK Fpd

dh g[oksBsk dh rZb eoBh gt/rh. nkgDk nshs n;hA b'eK dhnK fbyhnK feskpK #u'A gfVQnk.

fit/A th fe;/ B/ fbfynk n;hA wzB fbnk. ukso b'eK dhnK usokJhnK ~ ed/ fe;/ B/ FZe dh B}o

Bkb Bk d/fynk. :{BkBh ;ZfGnsk dh g[oksBsk pko/ tekbs eoB tkfbnK ~ Gbk e'Jh g[ZS/ fe

Fpd s'A fpBK :{BkB fet/A fby ;ed/ j'. g[oksB ;fGnsktK dh ejkDheoB tkb/ ;ko/ fJ; rZb

Bkb ;fjws jB fe d[BhnK ~ ;G s'A gfjbk fbfynk j'fJnk nZyo f;zX xkNh ftZu'A jh fwfbnk.

fiZE'A Fpd dh F[o{nks j'Jh, eh UE/ Fpd dh tos'A eoB s/ e'Jh gkpzdh ;h< ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ ftdtkB

wzBd/ jB fe foZr t/d d[BhnK dk ;G s'A gfjbk Xkofwe rqzE j?. ;ZfGnsk d/ ftZu'A i/ Gbk Xow

~ gk;/ eo d/JhJ/ sK fco pkeh pudk eh j?<

ftdtkB gzikphnK ~, fJfsjk;ekoK ~, y'ihnK ~ ns/ ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ ;Zugq;s b'eK ~ nghb

eoB ~ fdb eodk j? fe nkU! nkgD/ nshs dh ejkDh nkg fbyhJ/. d[BhnK wzBdh j? fe ;G

s'A g[okDk ozrwzu jVZgk s/ wfjzi'dV' ftZu jh gkfJnk frnk. ozr wzu s/ Gbk n;hA eh eod/ jK,

FpdK dk gq:'r eoe/, X[BhnK dk gq:'r eoe/, fJFkfonK Bkb e'Jh ejkDh eod/ jK, b'e T[;~

;[Dd/ d/yd/ jB. ;fji/ jh nky ;ed/ jK fe Fpd dh F[o{nks d/ Bkb Bkb FpdK d/ gq:'r eoB

dh ;N/i th f;zX xkNh ftZu jh j'Jh. X[BhnK dk skbw/b BkNe y/bQD tk;s/ }o{oh j[zdk j?. eJh

tko BkNe y/bQfdnK fJFkfonK Bkb th ezw ubkT[Dk g?Adk j?. d[BhnK d/ fe;/ th fJfsjk;eko

~ fJ; rZb Bkb fezs{ gqzs{ BjhA j? fe ;G s'A gfjbk Fpd, ;G s'A gfjbh ;N/i s/ ;G s'A gfjbk

BkNe feZE'A bZfGnk. fJ;dk Gkt j'fJnk fe Fpd jh BjhA ;w[Zuh GkFk dk jh iBw f;zX xkNh

ftZu j'fJnk feT[Afe GkFk dh gfoGkFk Fpd, X[Bh ns/ fJFko/ s'A fpBk j' jh BjhA ;edh. GkFk

d/ iBw n;EkB ~ ;fGnsk dk iBw n;EkB efjD dk fco eh vo.

Fpd Fesh eoe/ jh fJB;kB pkeh ihtK Bkb'A ;G s'A tZX skesto j?. X[BhnK th sK GkFk

jh j[zdhnK jB. b'e fJeZbh X[B tik e/ th ;o'fsnK ~ ehb b?Ad/ jB. FpdK dk gq:'r th T[ukoD

t/b/ X[Bh s'A fpBk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. fe;/ g[okD/ rhs dh X[B ;[D e/ jh gsk bZr iKdk j? fe fejVk

rhs j?. fJZe tko w/o/ Bkb e'ohnk dk fw;No u'J/w/oh eko ftZu fe;/ ezw b"; n?Aib; ~ ik

fojk ;h. fjzdh gzikph dk fJZe nZyo th T[;~ BjhA ;h nkT[Adk b/feB eko ftZu bsk wzr/Feo

dk rhs, @y[d fdb ;/ fdb eh pks ejh n"o o' dhJ/# ;[D e/ efjD bZrk, @;?v;"Ar.# X[Bh s'A jh

u'J/ ~ gsk bZr frnk fe eo[DkwJh rhs j?. fJFko/ Bkb th n;hA fe;/ ~ p[bk ;ed/ jK, x{oh

tZN e/ dpe ;ed/ jK, w[;eokjN Bkb y[F eo ;ed/ jK, nkgD/ ezB cV e/ so;wJh w{zj pDk

e/ w[nkch wzr ;ed/ jK iK j'o fe;/ fJFko/ Bkb ;wMk ;ed/ jK. efjD s'A Gkt GkFk tk;s/ Fpd,

X[BhnK ns/ fJFko/ jh ;kXB jB.



gzikph dk nshs ns/ GftZygzikph dk nshs ns/ GftZygzikph dk nshs ns/ GftZygzikph dk nshs ns/ GftZygzikph dk nshs ns/ GftZygzikphnK ~ n?;/ n?;/ gZsD soB/ gJ/, i' d[BhnK dh j'o fe;/ th e"w d/ fjZ;/ BjhA nkJ/

. FkfJd e'Jh j'o e"w J/B/ gZsD so th Bk ;edh. n?vk tZvk i/ok sK oZp B/ gzikphnK dk jh

pDkfJnk j?. GkFk dh rZb t/y', }o{os g?D s/ gzikphnK B/ T[od{, \ko;h f;Zyh, fjzdh f;Zyh,

pzrkbh, T[Vhnk ns/ dZyDh Gkos dhnK ezBV, wfbnkbw, skfwb, s?br{ ns/ gZSwhA Gkos dh

r[ioksh eJh gzikph fJ; soK p'bd/ jB fe :ehB jh BjhA nkT[Adk fe fJj gzikph b'e jB.

w?A ebeZs/ ik e/ d/fynk sK w/oh j?okBh dh jZd Bk ojh fe f;Zy pzrkbh GkFk d/ ftdtkB th jB.

GtB/Fto, eNe ns/ ;zGb g[o fJbke/ ftZu gzikph b'e pj[s tXhnk T[Vhnk p'bd/ jB. r[ioks

ftZu r[ioksh i'Jh fcod/ jB. ihtB ftZu nrKj tX{ eo{ok gzikphnK ~ ftd/FK ftZu b? frnk.

nzrq/}h sK jo gfVQnk fbfynk gzikph p'b jh b?Adk j?. w?A w"ABNohnb (e?B/vk) ik e/ d/fynk b'e

cq?Au fJ; soK p'bd/ jB fit/A gzikphnK dh wK p'bh j't/. dZyDh nwohek ftZu ofjD tkb/ gzikph

;g?fBF p'bd/ jB. e?b/c'oBhnK, noh}'Bk, fBT{ w?e;he' ns/ N?e;; ;N/N ftZu pj[frDsh

we;heD j'D eoe/ pj[s ;ko/ gzikph ;g?fBF f;Zy rJ/ jB. iowBh ftZu ofjzd/ gzikph pVh

tXhnk iowB p'bd/ jB, fJNbh ftZu fJNkbhnB, b/feB fi; wo}h gzikph ~ fiZE/ wo}h

ofjzdk j't/, g[ZS e/ t/y bU, fjZe skD e/ ej/rk fe w?A gzikph jK.

d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh ftnkeoD nFNknfXnkJ/ gkfDBh B/ fbyh, gkfDBh th gzikph s/

fbyh th gzikp ftZu pfj e/. w?A eJh y'i g[;seK ftZu gfVQnk j?, vkH gq/w gqekF f;zx th fbyd/

jB fe gzikph GkFk e?e/Jh gqkfeqsh, wdq gqkfeqsh ns/ rzXqt gqkfeqsh ftZu'A g?dk j'Jh. w/ok fdb

eodk w?A E'VQk fijk edw j'o nZr/ tXK. rzXkoh gqkfeqs dk iBw n;EkB Gbk fejVk ;h, gzikp.

ezXko nZi eZbQ ncrkfB;skB ftZu jh ;jh go fJZe fdB sK gzikp jh ;h. i/jbw ns/ okth

d/ ftub/ fJbke/ dh gqkfeqs ~ e?e/Jh fejk iKdk ;h, fJj th gzikp ns/ iw[Bk s'A b? e/ okth

ftub/ fJbke/ dh gqkfeqs wXq ;h. gzikp dh Xosh #s/ gzikphnK dh p'bh ~ ukj/ gqkfeqsK ej',

ukj/ fjzdth ej', ukj/ f;zXth ej', NZe nky', iK e'Jh ngGqzF, fJj ;G g?dk gzikp ftZu j'JhnK.

t?fde GkFk th gzikph s/ t/d th gzikph, w?A s/ ejKrk fe ;z;feqs d/ iBw dk ;wK s/ n;EkB

gzikp j? sK fJj feT[A BjhA efjzd/ fe ;z;feqs th gzikph ftZu'A jh pDh. wB[Zysk dh ;G s'A gfjbh

;fGnsk dh ;G s'A gfjbh p'bh ~ nkgDh p'bh efjD s'A ukj/ pj[s b'e ezBh esokT[Ad/ oj/ fco

th r[o{ dh n?;h feogk j? fe eo'VK gzikphnK dh fizd ikB j? gzikph.

fjzdh, fjzd{ ns/ fjzd[;skB dh iBw G{wh gzikp ~ ;w/A ;w/A f;nk;sdkBk B/ bho' bho ehsk.

f;zXh ej', pb'uh ej', e}keh, n\rkBh iK gkeh ej', fjwkubh iK jfonkDth ej', b/feB gzikph

sK gzikph jh jB. ftd/FK ftZu tZ;d/ gzikphnK ftZu'A fe;/ dk th fdb co'b e/ d/y bU, esok

esok ]{B gzikph dh ]?o wzr/rk. gzikphnK dh or or ftZu nkgDhA wK p'bh gzikph d/ nktk}/

nkT[Ad/ jB. b/feB fJZe n?;k o'r brdk ik fojk j? i' ;wK g?D s/ n?Bk rzGho o'r pD ikt/rk



fe fco T[;dk fJbki eoBk w[Ffeb j' ikt/rk.

}ok r"o efoU w/o/ gzikph tho' G?D', nZi sZe ;k~ ;kv/ nkgfDnK B/ BjhA ngDkfJnk

ftd/Fh fet/A ngDkT[Dr/. ftd/FK ftZu ;kv/ pZu/ nkgD/ nkg ~ nzro/} ;wMD bZr gJ/ jB.

gzikph Bkb'A N[ZN ikDr/ s/ fe;/ j'o B/ ngBkT[Dk BjhA, gfjukD eh oj{< ftd/Fh rzr{nK d/ Bkb

pZu/ s'o e/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ ezX EZfbUA jh fwbDr/. ftd/Fh GkFk f;ZyD dk e'Jh jo} BjhA b/feB

;kv/ pZfunK ~ ed/ fe;/ B/ nkgD/ BjhA efjDk s/ ;kvh GkFk i/ ;wM jh Bk bZrh sK fe; d/ rb

bZr e/ o'Dr/< gzikph j'D d/ Bks/ ;kvk ;kfonK dk fJj \o} pDdk j? fe n;hA nkgD/ pZu/

pukJhJ/, BjhA sK :ehB efoU, ;kv/ g'fsnK d'jfsnK d/ ]{B ftZu'A gzikph wfje BjhA nkT[Dh.

f;oc nk; jh BjhA, w?A ftFtkF eoh p?mk jK fe n;hA gzikphns ~ YfjzdhnK ebK tZb BjhA ikD

fdnKr/.

*****

d [B hnK dh ;G s ' A gfjbh ftnkeoDd [B hnK dh ;G s ' A gfjbh ftnkeoDd [B hnK dh ;G s ' A gfjbh ftnkeoDd [B hnK dh ;G s ' A gfjbh ftnkeoDd [B hnK dh ;G s ' A gfjbh ftnkeoD

nFNknfXnkJ/ gkfDBh B/ fbyh, gkfDBh thnFNknfXnkJ/ gkfDBh B/ fbyh, gkfDBh thnFNknfXnkJ/ gkfDBh B/ fbyh, gkfDBh thnFNknfXnkJ/ gkfDBh B/ fbyh, gkfDBh thnFNknfXnkJ/ gkfDBh B/ fbyh, gkfDBh th

gzikph s/ fbyh th gzikp ftZu pfj e/.gzikph s/ fbyh th gzikp ftZu pfj e/.gzikph s/ fbyh th gzikp ftZu pfj e/.gzikph s/ fbyh th gzikp ftZu pfj e/.gzikph s/ fbyh th gzikp ftZu pfj e/.



fgzv dk nshsfgzv dk nshsfgzv dk nshsfgzv dk nshsfgzv dk nshssVe/, gj[ c[Nkbk j[zfdnK jh fuVhnK dh u{z u{z ezBK ftZu g?D dh d/o fe ;tkDhnK B/ ukNhnK

ftZu wXkDhnK gk d/DhnK. tZv/ gfotko j'D/, fe;/ B'Aj Xh B/ XkoK eZYD bZr ikDk, fe;/ B/ e[M

j'o pjkoh e{Vk eoB bZr ikDk. fe;kB B/ i'r d/ rO gzikbh gk e/ s/ g[Zm/ o[e jb ~ gzikbh

s/ Nzr e/, w'Y/ s/ goBk oZy e/, jZE go?Dh cV e/ id y/s tZb s[oB bZrDk sK nZX foVfenk

eVh tkbk rbk; Go e/ ;tkDh B/ nkD cVkT[Dk. fJZe' vhe bk e/ iZN B/ gh b?Dk s/ pbdK ~

y/sK tZb b? s[oBk. o'} jh fJ; soQK fdB dh F[o{nks j'Dh. i/ e'Jh nktk} nkT[Dh sK xo #u'A

fe;/ fJZe dh, ig[ih gVQB dh nktk} nkT[Dh. Bk e'Jh fe;/ ~ ezw dZ;dk s/ Bk jh e'Jh g[ZSdk.

;ko/ nkg' nkgD/ ezw eod/ fcod/. iZN d/ wro Fkj t/bk b? e/ ikDk. sk}h tkjh j'Jh }whB s/

iZNh B/ fJ; soQK g;Zek wko e/ p?mDk fit/A d[BhnK d/ ;G s'A e{b/ rZd/ s/ p?mh j't/. fizBh wo}h

G[Zy bZrh j't/ go iZNh d/ gj[zuD s'A pknd fJZe r/Vk iZN B/ }o{o bk e/ jh jb o'eDk. nZi fJj

;G e[M f;o\ :kdK ftZu jh ofj frnk.

fe;/ ftob/ jh xo gkEhnK dh ;[bxdh nZr s/ d[ZX tkbk ekQVBk fwbdk. gfjbh rZb sK

bt/ok oZyD dk F"e jh iKdk fojk. i/ fe;/ d/ wZM iK rK ;{Jh j't/ sK ukj i'rk oZy e/ pkeh

d[ZX ibzXo s/ pkbNh nzdo. sVe;ko T[ZmD d/ }wkB/ th iKd/ oj/. d' d' uko uko y/sK tkfbnK

B/ th No?eNo oZy/ jB. uko bZy d/ i/ ;zd j'D sK xZN' xZN ukbQh j}ko o[gfJnk ;kb dk p?Ae

b? ikT{. iZN ~ eh pfunk, m[D m[D r[gkb. ezw Bk eoB dh phwkoh gsk BjhA fet/A bZrh. nkw

s"o s/ i' gzikph ̂ bs eod/ jB, fJ;dk T[bKGk gZSwh ;fGnsk ~ d/Ad/ jB. b/feB nwohek ftZu

d; d; j}ko J/eV }whB d/ wkbe w?A ][d ^w p{N gk e/ y/sK ftZu ezw eod/ d/y/ jB. dhdko

f;zx p?A;, N[ZN Gok iK pkm ~ i/ fe;/ B/ fwbDk j't/ sK y/sK ftZu jh fwbd/ jB. mhe j? fe

iZN ~ eo}k pj[s nk;kBh Bkb fwb iKdk, b/feB fezBk e[ fuo fwbdk oj{. T[j fdB d{o BjhA

fe nkw fe;kB d/ f;o n?Bk eo}k j' ikt/rk fe ;koh t/u e/ th BjhA bfjDk. Bk j'T{ pK; s/

Bk tZi{ pz;oh.

e'Jh ;wK ;h fe gzikp ftZu nkjtsK ikDhnK. ob fwb e/ eDe tZY b?Dh. fJZe d{i/ Bkb

f}d f}d e/ fenko/ tZYD/. w?~ :kd j? fJZe tko pkp/ tho f;zx d/ nkjts nkJh. n;hA fBZe/

;K go p/V tr?ok u[Zeh fcod/. d[g?jo dk ykDk nkfJnk. ;kfonK ~ gfjbK p[Ze p[Ze FZeo s/ eVSh

Bkb fxU gkfJnk. fco dkb ;p}h Bkb o'Nh. w?~ :kd j? fJZe nkjtsh @pZs'# pkeh ;kfonK

Bkb'A seVk ;h. d' p[Ze FZeo s/ d' fszB eVShnK fxU gfjbK jh T[;~ gk fdZsk ;h. id'A ;ko/

o'Nh yk jN/ sK wKih B/ wy"b Bkb pZs' ~ fejk, pZs' nkj E'VQk fijk fxU pfunk, gh bk w?A feZXo

tkfg; u[Zeh fco{z. v/VQ SzBk fxU pZs' oZfink j'fJnk th gh frnk. Fkw ~ pkeh ;ko/ xo' xoh

w[V rJ/ go pZs' eDe tZYdk fojk. uzd dh uKdBh ;h, fxU gukT[D tk;s/ ;koh oks tkYh eodk

fojk. ;t/o/ ik e/ d/fynk fJeZb/ pZs' B/ oks' oks S/ eBkb eDe tZY ;Z[Nh.



j[D gzikph iZN ezw BjhA eod/, fi; ezw bJh ed/ iZN wFj{o j[zd/ ;B. jk}w/ ne;o

yokp ofjzd/, Fokp s'A fpBk j'o e[M F"e Bkb yKd/ ghAd/ jh BjhA. d/y e/ d{o'A gSkD j'D tkb/

fdB rtku rJ/. tZS{ fij/ iZNK d/ w[zv/ y/sK #u'A w{bh th i/ fbnkT[Dh sK ;e{No s/ iKd/. gzikph

rZGo{ e'Jh NktK NktK jh ofj frnk. j/eK bk e/ p'bhnK th sK jh gkT[D i/ p'bh nkT[Adh j't/

. nzro/}h tXhnk p'b b?Ad/ go gzikph tZb'A fdB gqshfdB jZE szr j' fojk j?. eh pD{z ;kvk ;wM

BjhA bZr ojh.

*****

fe;/ ftob/ jh xo gkEhnK dh ;[bxdh nZr s/ d[ZX tkbk ekQVBkfe;/ ftob/ jh xo gkEhnK dh ;[bxdh nZr s/ d[ZX tkbk ekQVBkfe;/ ftob/ jh xo gkEhnK dh ;[bxdh nZr s/ d[ZX tkbk ekQVBkfe;/ ftob/ jh xo gkEhnK dh ;[bxdh nZr s/ d[ZX tkbk ekQVBkfe;/ ftob/ jh xo gkEhnK dh ;[bxdh nZr s/ d[ZX tkbk ekQVBk

fwbdk. gfjbh rZb sK bt/ok oZyD dk F"e jh iKdk fojk. i/fwbdk. gfjbh rZb sK bt/ok oZyD dk F"e jh iKdk fojk. i/fwbdk. gfjbh rZb sK bt/ok oZyD dk F"e jh iKdk fojk. i/fwbdk. gfjbh rZb sK bt/ok oZyD dk F"e jh iKdk fojk. i/fwbdk. gfjbh rZb sK bt/ok oZyD dk F"e jh iKdk fojk. i/

fe;/ d/ wZM iK rK ;{Jh j't/ sK ukj i'rk oZy e/ pkeh d[ZX ibzXofe;/ d/ wZM iK rK ;{Jh j't/ sK ukj i'rk oZy e/ pkeh d[ZX ibzXofe;/ d/ wZM iK rK ;{Jh j't/ sK ukj i'rk oZy e/ pkeh d[ZX ibzXofe;/ d/ wZM iK rK ;{Jh j't/ sK ukj i'rk oZy e/ pkeh d[ZX ibzXofe;/ d/ wZM iK rK ;{Jh j't/ sK ukj i'rk oZy e/ pkeh d[ZX ibzXo

s/ pkbNh nzdo. sVe;ko T[ZmD d/ }wkB/ th iKd/ oj/. d' d' ukos/ pkbNh nzdo. sVe;ko T[ZmD d/ }wkB/ th iKd/ oj/. d' d' ukos/ pkbNh nzdo. sVe;ko T[ZmD d/ }wkB/ th iKd/ oj/. d' d' ukos/ pkbNh nzdo. sVe;ko T[ZmD d/ }wkB/ th iKd/ oj/. d' d' ukos/ pkbNh nzdo. sVe;ko T[ZmD d/ }wkB/ th iKd/ oj/. d' d' uko

uko y/sK tkfbnK B/ th No?eNo oZy/ jB. uko bZy d/ i/ ;zd j'Duko y/sK tkfbnK B/ th No?eNo oZy/ jB. uko bZy d/ i/ ;zd j'Duko y/sK tkfbnK B/ th No?eNo oZy/ jB. uko bZy d/ i/ ;zd j'Duko y/sK tkfbnK B/ th No?eNo oZy/ jB. uko bZy d/ i/ ;zd j'Duko y/sK tkfbnK B/ th No?eNo oZy/ jB. uko bZy d/ i/ ;zd j'D

sK xZN' xZN ukbQh j}ko o[gfJnk ;kb dk p?Ae b? ikT{. iZN ~ ehsK xZN' xZN ukbQh j}ko o[gfJnk ;kb dk p?Ae b? ikT{. iZN ~ ehsK xZN' xZN ukbQh j}ko o[gfJnk ;kb dk p?Ae b? ikT{. iZN ~ ehsK xZN' xZN ukbQh j}ko o[gfJnk ;kb dk p?Ae b? ikT{. iZN ~ ehsK xZN' xZN ukbQh j}ko o[gfJnk ;kb dk p?Ae b? ikT{. iZN ~ eh

pfunk, m[D m[D r[gkb.pfunk, m[D m[D r[gkb.pfunk, m[D m[D r[gkb.pfunk, m[D m[D r[gkb.pfunk, m[D m[D r[gkb.



gzikp dhnK edoK-ehwsKgzikp dhnK edoK-ehwsKgzikp dhnK edoK-ehwsKgzikp dhnK edoK-ehwsKgzikp dhnK edoK-ehwsKgzikp ns/ gzikph edoK-ehwsK ~ T[bzx e/ ikD tkfbnK B/ sK e'Jh e;o BjhA ofjD fdZsh

b/feB ;Zu ~ ;kVB tkbh nZr ni/ sZe sK BjhA pDh. gzikp, gzikph ns/ gzikphnK ~ i' ukj'

efj ;ed/ j', go Bkw pdb d/D Bkb ;Zu sK BjhA pdfbnk ik ;edk. gzikph fJfsjk; s'A

gfjbK dk e'Jh fJfsjk; fJ; Xosh s/ sK BjhA, jK fwfEjk;e rZb eoBh j? sK j}ko ;kb ej'

iK fJZe f;\o j'o bk e/ d; j}ko fby fdU, bZy efj bU fe;/ ~ eh. M{m dk eVQkj eoBk

sK fco uk; feT[A xZN ofj ikt/. wB[Zy ~ popkd eo d/D tkbhnK n?Nw FeshnK iK wB[Zy ~

fJ;kBhns s'A d{o eoB tkbhnK fJB;kBh y'iK s'A fpBk jo gqkgsh gzikp ftZu'A jh j'Jh j?. J/

E'A sZe fe fJB;kB ~ ;jh o;s/ s/ s'oB bJh, vo G?n ftZu oZyD bJh jVZgk wfjzi'dV' ftZu

Jh;k s'A eJh j}ko ;kb gfjbK d/th d/tfsnK dk fwfEjk;e gkso fusoD th gzikp ftZu jh

j'fJnk. ib d/tsk, nrBh d/tsk nkfd ns/ oki/ d/ o{g ftZu okw dk feodko fBGkT[D dk fynkb

th gzikp d/ gzikphnK ~ jh nkfJnk. tZyoh rZb j? fe fJZe gzikph ( gkDBh ) dh jh pDkJh

j'Jh d[BhnK dh gfjbh ftnkeoD ~ gzikpD ejkT[D dk ;[Gkr gqkgs BjhA j'fJnk.

r[o{ BkBe d/ T[uko/ j'J/ fBozekoh rhs ftubk nfXnkswe ojZ; nkfd i[rkd'A ;Zu j? s/

oj/rk th ;Zu. ;Zugq;sh d/ dknt/ eoB tkb/ ikDd/ jB fe ;zg{oD ;Zu sK FpdK ftZu jh j'

;edk j?, fco th BkFtkB ~ nftBkFh efj e/ nkgD/ nkg Bkb o'b wko oj/ jB. ;op;KMh

ftukoXkok ~ m/; gj[zukT[D dk :sB eoB tkfbnK ~ o'eDk th ;kvk Xow j?. d;t/A gksFkj

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx }coBkw/ ftZu fbyd/ jB @u{z eko n} jwK jhbs/ do r[}Fs, jbkb n;s

p[odB tk FwFho d;s. # i/ e'Jh ej/ fe f;Zy Xow sK fe;/ j'o Xow dk fjZ;k j? sK efjD

Bkb ;ukJh BjhA fwN ;edh. gzikph ftok;s ~ i/ e'Jh nkgD/ Bkw eoh fcodk j? sK fJ;dk

fJj wsbp sK BjhA fe gzikphns jh iKdh ojh. okfpzdo BkE N?r'o fbyd/ jB fe ;{oi dh

gfjbh feoD gzikp #s/ jh gJh, b/feB i/ e'Jh ej/ gJh j'T{ go w?A BjhA wzBdk sK T[;d/ wzBD

Bkb iK Bk wzBD Bkb ;Zu sK BjhA pdb ;edk. gzikp dh rZb, Xow dh rZb, ;ZfGnkuko dh rZb

i/ n;hA gzikph ftZu BjhA eoKr/ sK mhe sohe/ Bkb eo jh BjhA ;eKr/. fdb eodk j? fe w?A

jo u[o;s/ ftZu yVQ e/ gzikphnK ~ T[Zuh T[Zuh nktk}K wkoK - ikr' tho' fes/ pj[s d/o Bk j'

ikt/. g[Zs ;odkoK d/ ejkT[D ~ fdb eodk j? sK ;odkoh dh okyh th eoBh gt/rh.

d' fszB ;dhnK gfjbK izw/A d/F d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh ;fGnsk ~, ;G s'A tZXhnk ojZ;

~ so'VD wo'VD dk :sB eo oj/ jB. ;kvh jo ;zGt e'fFF oj/rh fe d/F god/; ftZu ftuod/

;kv/ gzikph tho G?DK ~ gzikph p'bh dh ;[y wzrD bJh gq/fonk ikt/ feT[Afe gzikph p'bh iKdh

ojh sK d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh s/ ;G s'A nwho ftok;s ~ nkgDh efjD dk jZe th iKdk oj{.

r[o{ BkBe pko/, Fqh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp pko/ iK r[o{ ykb;/ pko/ i' e'Jh th ftnesh fezs{ gqzs{ eodk

j? sK T[; ;g'bhJ/ ~ ;Zg pDB s'A gfjbK gfjbK jh w;b d/D ftZu p/jsoh j?. ;Zg pD ikt/



sK w[Feb j' ikt/rh. iht/ gzikp dk Bkjok bkT[D Bkb jh rZb BjhA pDBh, jo g[Zso ~ nkgDh

wK gzikph dh gfjo/dkoh eoBh gt/rh. wK s'A tZvk foFsk e'Jh BjhA j[zdk. i/ n;hA wK dh fj\k}s

BjhA eo ;ed/ sK FkfJd e[M th eoB d/ ekpb BjhA jK. gZSwh gzikp fi;~ gkfe;skBh gzikp

efjzd/ fcod/ jB, ;ko/ b'e gzikph p'bd/ jB, b/feB r[ow[yh s'A fpBK fe;/ th fbZgh ftZu ;jh

gzikph BjhA fbyh ik ;edh. b'eK dh wK p'bh s/ gkpzdh bk e/ e'Jh th i/s{ BjhA nytk ;edk.

w?~ g{ok :ehB j? fe e'Jh Bk e'Jh j[ewokB wfj;{; eo/rk fe gzikphnK dh wK ~ fgzio/ s'A

nk}kd eoe/ d[BhnK Go d/ gzikphnK ~ fiZs btK. i/ nZi dk gqXkB gzikph wK ~ fojk eo

d/t/ sK gkfe;skB dk ;G s'A w}p{s gqXkB pD ikt/. wK f;o e'Jh nfj;kB eo d/t/ sK ;ko/ pZu/

T[; nfj;kB ~ fdb ftZu t;k b?Ad/ jB. ;ko/ eFwhoh gzikph j'D d/ pkti{d th nkgDh wK p'bh

gzikph dh ;Z[y BjhA wzr oj/. y?o! :sB eoBk ;kvk co} j?, n;hA :sB eod/ ojKr/ s/ tko tko

ejKr/ fe fdZbh s'A b? e/ uzp/ sZe, uzp/ s'A izw{, ;kok gZSwh gzikp, phekB/o rzrkBro s'A b? e/ fdZbh

sZe d/ ftub/ fJbke/ ftZu ofjD tkb/ ;ko/ b'e iK sK gzikph p'bd/ jB s/ iK fco M{m p'bd/

jB. nkU! @nkgDh nktk}# ftZu obhJ/, nkgDh wK dh r'd ftZu p?mhJ/. s/oh w/oh wK @gzikph!#

*****



;hws n;hw;hws n;hw;hws n;hw;hws n;hw;hws n;hwekdo dh e[dos dk ewkb sK d/y' fe fJB;kB dk gzu G{se fi;w Gkt/A BkFtkB j? go

fJ; ftZu n;hw, nftBkFh FeshnK j[zdhnK jB. fJB;kBh ihtB ;hws j? b/feB ;'u n;hws

j' ;eD dh ;woZEk oZydh j?. n;hws FeshnK ;hws wB[Zy ftZu j[zdhnK sK jB b/feB e"D feZE/

sZe gj[zudk j?, fJj T[; dh FyFhns j[zdh j?. wjkB b'e nkgDh wjkBsk woB bZr/ Bkb BjhA

b? iKd/. wjKg[oy eJh tko n?;k e[M eo iKd/ jB, d[BhnK bJh e[M n?;k SZv iKd/ jB, i' ;dhth

j[zdk j?. nkw fJB;kB th eJh tko n?;k e[M eo ftykT[Adk j? fe T[; dk eow ;dhth iK

fuozihth j' iKdk j?. ;hws ihtB tkbk fJB;kB nkgD/ nzdo'A n;hws FeshnK Gkb ;edk j?.

fJB;kB ftZu n?Bk e[M eo ;eD dh ;woZEk j? fe eJh tko :ehB BjhA nkT[Adk. @pzd/ y'i fdb

jo o'}# fBoGo eodk j? fe n;hA nkgD/ nkg dh fezBh e[ y'i eod/ jK. ;w[zdo d/ ezY/ s/ ik

e/ eJh b'e bfjoK d/y e/ jh w[V nkT[Ad/ jB. eJh b'e d' uko N[ZGhnK bk b?Ad/ jB. eJh soB

dk F"e oZyd/ jB s/ eJh ;w[&zdo dh rfjokJh sZe ikD dk :sB eod/ jB. fJB;kBh ihtB

;w[&zdo dh soQK j?, n;hA nkgD/ ihtB ;w[&zdo dh fe; sfj sZe gj[zud/ jK fJj ;kv/ s/ fBoGo

eodk j?. b/feB @y/sh y;wK ;/sh# iZN dh \;b fe; soQK dh j? fJj iZN dh y/sh eo ;eD

dh :'rsk s/ fBoGo eodh j?. @wB sB fBowb eo' fenkok# ihtB o{gh y/sh eofdnK }whB

~ fezBk ;ztkod/ jK, fezBk tXhnk phi gkT[Ad/ jK, ykd gkDh fet/A eod/ jK. T[gi ;kvh fwjBs

s/ fBoGo eodh j?.

B"itkB ;skJh ;kb dh T[wo ftZu bZyK s'A eZyK dk j' frnk. vzr dh vzr o'Nh dh th fuzsk

pD rJh. T[Xko g?;/ cV e/ ftd/FK ftZu B"eoh eoB bJh s[o fgnk. gfjbh tko jtkJh ijki

ftZu ;\o eofdnK fJj ;'u e/ e[M BjhA yKdk fe fes/ ykD/ d/ g?;/ BK d/D/ g? ikD. eJh d/FK

ftu XZe/ X'V/ yKdk j'fJnk nk]o nwohek gj[zu iKdk j?. MkV{ g'u/ bkT[D dk ezw th T[; ~ oZp

dh ofjws bZfrnk. whAj jBQ/oh ftZu th e{Vk ;[ZND tkbk w'wikw/ dk p?r gk e/ T[; p?r ftZu

t/yD bJh d' w'ohnK eZY e/ rV/Q g?AfdnK ftZu th s[o e/ ezw s/ }o{o gj[zudk. fJZe fBZek fijk

ewok fszB ifDnK ob e/ feokJ/ s/ fbnk ofj bJh. ;ohoe s"o s/ pj[s jh ew}'o, T[; dk

;wki fit/A ;[zrV e/ T[; ewo/ s'A ezw sZe ;hws j' frnk ;h. b/feB e[M ;kbK ftZu jh T[j fJ;

gZXo s/, fJ; w[ekw s/ gj[zu iKdk j? fiZE/ T[; dh frDsh f;nkD/, r[DtkB ns/ ekw:kp

ftUgkohnK ftZu j'D brdh j?. T[; dk pj[s tZvk ;wkfie dkfJok pD iKdk j?. j}koK FkfJd

bZyK b'e T[; ~ ikDd/, T[; d/ pko/ gVQd/ ;[Dd/ jB. pj[s nihp brdk j? fe fJj fet/A j' frnk

< fJj ;'ue/ j'o th nihp brdk fe fJj w/oh nkgDh jh ejkDh j?. :ehB efoU w?A nkgDh

fe;/ ekw:kph dh cVQ BjhA wkoBk ukj[zdk. @jo fJZe pzdk Fkj d[BhnK dk jo fJZe shthA okDh#.

jo fe;/ d/ nkgD/ ;[gB/ j[zd/ jB, nkgDh nkgDh ihtB ftXh j[zdh j?. n;hA feZE/ iKd/ jK, n;hA

eh e[M yZfNnk ewkfJnk iK n;hA fe; fe; ~ ikDd/ jK fJ; s'A ;kvh ekw:kph dk nzdk}k BjhA



bZr ;edk. w/o/ fj;kp Bkb ;kvh j'o j'o eo ;eD bJh iZd'-ifjd jh ;kvh ekw:kph j?. ;kvh

Gkt[e, ;wkfie, nksfwe, ;ohoe, p"fXe ns/ XB d"bs Bkb fe;/ dh wdd eo ;eD dh Fesh

jh ;kvh ekw:kph j?. ekw:kphnK tZb iKdhnK ;VeK jw/FK BthnK pDdhnK ofjzdhnk jB.

ekw:kphnK dk e'Jh nzs BjhA j[zdk. ;hws ihtB ihD tkbk fJB;kB n;hws ekw:kphnK eo

;edk j?.

jEbh ouBk fbyD dk f]nkb fJ; eoe/ nkfJnk fe w/o/ ihtB ftu i' spdhbh nkJh T[;

d/ xNBkeow s'A w/o/ gkme FkfJd e[M gqkgs eo ;eD i' gkmeK d/ fBZih ihtB ftZu e[M :'rdkB

gk ;e/. T[j ;ko/ ftXh ftXkB, s}opk ns/ ;'u FkfJd fe;/ j'o d/ th ezw nk ;eD. ;kv/ ihtB

~ ozrK ftZu ozr d/D dh Fesh, ihtB ~ fJedw pdb e/ oZy d/D dh ;'u ;kv/ ftZu w"i{d j[zdh

j?. fJj ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe T[; ~ tosDk fet/A j?. w/ohnK fBZih ;'uK, w/ohnK fBZehnK

w'NhnK gqkgshnK FkfJd fe;/ ~ pj[s tZvhnK gqkgshnK eo ;eD bJh gq/fos eo d/D. w/ok ihtB

fJZe nkdoFe ihtB d/ sK bkr/ gk;/ th BjhA b/feB n;hA fi; :[Zr ftZu ihn oj/ jK fJ; :[Zr

ftZu eJh b'e oks'-oks d[BhnK pdb e/ oZy d/D dh Fesh oZyd/ jB. nkw s"o s/ Fesh d/ noE

b'e tXhnk BjhA ;wMd/ go w/o/ f]nkb Bkb Fesh pj[sjh Gkt[e Fpd j?. eJh b'e Fesh

jk;b eoB bJh bkbQK ;[ZNd/ ofjzd/ jB b/feB eod/ eZsod/ e[M BjhA. n?;/ b'e ed/ th FeshFkbh

BjhA pD ;ed/. eJh tko FeshtkB b'eK ~ b'e FZe dh B}o Bkb d/yd/ jB. fJj nkgD/ s/

fBoGo eodk j? fe skes d/ n;hA eh noE eod/ jK. fe;/ ~ jok d/Dk skes s'A fpBk ;zGt

sK BjhA go J/j' fijh skes Bk j't/ c/o eh E[fVQnk Gbk. nkgDh ihtB :ksok bJh o;s/ pDk

;eD dh Fesh jo fe;/ ftZu jh j[zdh j?. n;hA nkgD/ o;s/ nkg pDkT[Ad/ jK iK b'eK d/ pDkJ/

o;fsnK s/ jh s[od/ jK fJj ;kvh nkg' nkgDh :'rsk j[zdh j?. n;hA fgSbZr jK fe rkvh jK,

n;hA fwsh jK iK \kvh jK, i/ ;k~ nZr/ bZr e/ s[oBk Bk nkt/ sK fco wro-wro s[o/ uZb' s[jkvh

wo}h. ihtB ~ pdb e/ oZy d/D dh :'rsk jh ;kvh n;hw Fesh j[zdh j?. tksktoB ~ fto'Xh

BjhA ;kEh pDk b?D dh Fesh fe;/ s/ m';h BjhA ik ;edh, jK ;KMh }o{o ehsh ik ;edh j?.

nkgD/ ftneshrs okiGkr ~ ;jh o;s/ s'o ;eDk ;kvh ;G s'A tZvh fiZs j[zdh j?.

fJfsjk; d/ toe/ co'bfdnK gsk bZrdk j? fe ihtB i[rsh f;ZyD dh Fesh eJh soQK

d/ o{g Xko e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh. nkozG ftZu, fJB;kB d/ w[ZY edhw ftZu Fohoe Fesh ~ jh ;G

s'A pbtkB wzfBnk iKdk fojk. i' ;G s'A sZeVk j[zdk T[j nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ ~ nkgD/ fgZS/ bk b?Adk.

fco id'A foFfsnK dh nfjwhns dk gsk bZrk, pzdk ;ZfGne ;'u eoB bZr fgnk sK fgsk g[oyh

skes nZr/ dh nZr/ uZbD bZrh. fJfsjk;e ̂ bshnK ~ ;[XkoB dh ;'u ikr gJh. seBheh :'rsk

dk nkozG j'fJnk sK b'e g?;/ ~ Fesh frDB bZr gJ/. fizBk fe;/ e'b tZX g?;k nk iKdk T[j

UBk jh tZvk nytkT[Adk. ]?o nZi th fJj ;kfonK FeshnK ;kv/ ihtB ftZu pj[s tZvk o'b ndk

eodhnK jB. i/ e'Jh Fohoe s"o s/ pj[s sZeVk j? sK eh wkVk. i/ fe;/ e'b fgsk g[oyh Fesh

j? sK th w"iK. i/ fe;/ B/ pj[s ewkJh ehsh j? s/ pj[s g?;/ tkbk j? sK pj[s jh tXhnk rZb



j?. fe;/ fe;w dh th Fesh j't/ T[j Bk j'D Bkb'A sK p/jso jh j? Bk. b/feB nZi d/ ftfrnkBe

:[Zr ftZu fe;/ ]k; frnkB ftZu fBg[&zBsk Fesh dk ;G s'A tZvk t;hbk j?. Bt/A ftuko, BthnK

bfjoK s/ Bt/A sohe/ nZi d[BhnK ~ fBs fdB pdb oj/ jB. Gkt/A g?;/ ns/ seBhe B/ d[BhnK ~

TZ[uhnK T[ZukJhnK s/ gj[zuk fdZsk go nZieb ftfrnkBe fBg[&zBsk pzd/ ~ j'o T[Zgo fbik ;eD

dh Fesh pD rJh j?. nZi frnkB ns/ nfrnkB d' o;s/ jB. nfrnkBh e'b fiBK wo}h XB

d"bs nk ikt/, fizBh wo}h }whB, ikfJdkd j't/, nZi d/ :[Zr ftZu skesto BjhA ofj ;edk.

gqkgshnK ~ ;zGkb BjhA ;ed/ sK nfrnkBsk ftZu ;G e[M iKdk oj{.

nZi frnkB d/ dotki/ ;G bJh y[bQ/ jB. n;hws frnkB Bkb n;hws FeshnK g?dk j'

;edhnK jB. ;koh d[BhnK frnkBtkB j' ;edh j? go @;tkdK d/ puBK Bkb# e[ZM BjhA pD ;edk.

;k~ ;w/A d/ Bkb ubD bJh e[ZM jhbk p[Zsk th eoBk gT{. frnkB rqfjD eoB bJh g[;seK d/

Y/o bZr/ gJ/ jB. FpdK d/ ;w[&zdo ftZu pj[s jho/ w'sh jB, fJj ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe

n;hA e[ZM gVQB, gqkgs eoB bJh ;wK eZY ;ed/ jK iK BjhA.

frnkB jk;b eo b?D Bkb th rZb w[edh BjhA fizBk fuo sZe n;hA T[; frnkB dk gq:'r

BjhA eod/ UBk fuo ekw:kp BjhA j' ;ed/, FeshtkB BjhA j' ;ed/. e[ZM eo ;eD dh :'rsk

;kvh Fesh sK j[zdh j?. b/feB fizBk fuo :'rsk dk gq:'r BjhA eod/ nkgDh :'rsk dk e'Jh bkG

BjhA b?Ad/ sK fco T[j :'rsk fe; ezw dh j'Jh. w?A e[ZM fdB j'J/ nkgDh p?Ae ftZu p?mk fJe pj[s

;hBhno n\;o YkD vkT[Dh Bkb ;kv/ ftUgko dhnK rZbK eo fojk ;h. rZb pks s'A pknd

vkT[Dh B/ fJe feskp u[Zeh @foZu?wN w?B nk\ pkphb/B# s/ w?~ efjD bZrk fe w?A fJj feskp

}o{o gVQ e/ t/yK. w?A xo nke/ T[j feskp gVQh, w?~ J/Bh uzrh bZrh fe w?A nkgD/ p/N/ ezto ~

fejk fe T[j gVQ e/ d/y/. ezto feskp y'bQ e/ d/yD bZr fgnk s/ Bkb/ efjD bZrk, @w?A gVQh j?

fJj feskp pj[s tXhnk j?#. w/oh j?okBh dh jZd Bk ojh. d' ;kb gfjbK th ezto B/ w?~ e[ZM

feskpK gVQB ~ fdZshnk ;h i' w?~ J/BhnK uzrhnK bZrhnK fe w?A @w/o/ gzX g?Av/# feskp fbyD

bJh w}p{o j' frnk. ezto ~ J/Bk frnkB j? fe id rZb eodk j't/ sK J/t/A bZrdk fit/A ghHn?uH

vhHehsh j't/, b/feB nZmtK ;kb iKdk T[; ~ ;?B fdnkr' ;N/N :{Bhtof;Nh frnK go jkb/ sZe

fvroh BjhA eo j'Jh. ngDh :'rsk sK ozr fdykt/sK jh gsk bZrdk j? fe e'Jh e[ZM eo ;edk

j? fe BjhA. rZbhA-pkshA w?A tZvh eos{sD tZvh G?D, fJt/A BjhA rZvh ub ;edh. g[okD/ }wkB/ dhnK

rZbK rJhnK fe i' seVk j't/, nwho j't/ iK T[; d/ fgU dkd/ nwho j''D sK th e'Jh T[Zuhnk-

T[ZukJhnK s/ gj[zu ;edk j?. nZiebQ sK e'Jh th pzdk ;wMdkoh Bkb frnkB jkf;b eo ;edk

j?. go jo e'Jh n;hws frnkB jkf;b eo ;edk j?. i/eo ;hws ~, BkFtkB Foho ~ n;hws

;'u d/ ozrK Bkb ozr ozrhfbnK eo d/t/ sK ;hws fJB;kB dhnK n;hfws FeshnK d/ tZy-tZy

o{g ebw okjhA ;KM/ eoB dh ohM ;hB/ Bkb bkJh fcodk jK.



;'J/ d{D ;tkJ/;'J/ d{D ;tkJ/;'J/ d{D ;tkJ/;'J/ d{D ;tkJ/;'J/ d{D ;tkJ/okiBhsh dh d' Xkoh dksoh d/ tko wz~ dh dksoh Bkb'A fe;/ soQK th xZN BjhA. w'F/ gkT[D

dh iku j? wz~nK ~. b/feB wz~nK ~ :kd j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe ;'J/ jo tko d{D ;tkJ/ jh j'J/

jB e[dos dk feqFwk gopsK dh po\ Yb e/ f;zX dfonk dk o{g Xko e/ gzikph iB-ihtB tk;s/

wK dh r'd pD e/ gzikp ftZu gorN j'fJnk. bZyK ;kb f;zX dfonk dk mzvk fwZmk gkDh gF{

gzShnK ns/ fJB;kB tk;s/ fiT{Ad/ ofjD dk ;pZp pfDnk fojk. d{o d[okfvUA fwZmk nzfwqs gkDh

ghD nkJ/ b'eK ~ f;zX efjDk BjhA ;h nkT[Adk. f;zX dk fjzd pD frnk, gzikph i' fe j}koK

;kbK s'A f;zX{ eoe/ ikD/ iKd/ ;B T[j fjzd{ eoe/ ikD/ ikD bZr/. f;zX{ ~ i/ fjzd{ efj fdZsk fe;/

B/ sK fco eh j'fJnk. ;gs f;zX{, tjhe d/F, ezXko d/F, ezp'}, e?eJh iK wX[o d/F s/ iK gzikp

Bkw pdb rJ/ go b'e sK T[j jh ;B. gzikph g[Zso ~ f;zX{ iK fjzd{ efjD Bkb eh \oe g?Adk.

d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh ;ZfGne p'bh gzikph tk;s/ d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh ftnkeoD pDkJh

rJh. nNe fibQ/ d/ Fkbks[Zbk Bro dk izw gb gkBDh i/ ftnkeoD fsnko eodk j? sK T[j fe;/

ftd/Fh GkFk ftZu BjhA nkgDh wK p'bh ftZu jh eodk j?. f;zX{ sK efjDk w[Feb ;h fjzd{ pD

rJ/ go ;z;feqs jz;feqs feT[A Bk pDh. ;z;feqs gzikph dh gfjbh ftnkeoDe GkFk j?. fjzdh

th gzikph GkFk j?, e'Jh wzB/ iK Bk wzB/ go eKFh s'A b? e/ ezXko sZe dk fJbkek gzikph ;h. wo

ikDh gzikph ~ wz~nK B/ fBZek-fBZek eoe/ e[sfonk. ;z;feqs i/ gzikphnK e'b'A y'j e/ gzfvs nkgD/

yh;/ ftZu Bk gkT[Ad/, i/ jo gzikph dk jZe j[zdk fe ;z;feqs gVQ fby ;e/ sK FkfJd r[ow[yh

fbZgh dh b'V jh Bk g?Adh. nkw gzikph nkgDh wks GkFk ;z;feqs d/ bkr/ th BjhA ;h YZ[e ;edk.

gzikph b'e Fkjw[yh ftZu fdb dh GVQk; eZYd/ oj/. Fkjw[yh gzikph wK dh pj[s tXhnk

g[Fke j'D d/ pkti{d th g{ok fBnK BjhA ;h eo ;edh. gzikphnK dh gzikphns ~ fbyD tk;s/

, jo gzikph d/ tk;s/ r[ow[yh fbZgh r[o{ ;kfjpK B/ fsnko ehsh. gzikph ejk e/ ;ko/ gzikph

nkgDk wkD ;wMd/ jB. gzikp dk Gkt/A pzd pzd eZN fdZsk frnk go w"s ~ wZsK d/D tkbh e"w

fjzdh gzikph nytkT[Adk j?. gkfe;skBh pD rJ/ gzikph ukj[zfdnK j'fJnK th r[ow[yh ftZu gzikph

GkFk BjhA gVQ ;ed/. Fkjw[yh ftZu jh ;jh go gzikph p'bh ~ wK p'bh efjD tkb/ B"A eo'V

gkfe;skBh gzikph jB. eFwho, fjwkub, gzikp, jfonkDk, fdZbh ns/ rzrkBro fJbke/ ftZu

wz~nK B/ gzikph ]sw eoB bJh pj[s dksoh ubkJh go uko eo'V s'A T[Zgo gzikph wK d/ g[Zs

XhnK nkgDh wK p'bh jh p'bd/ jB. T[Zso gqd/F, pzp/, ebeZs/ ns/ d/F d/ pkeh fJbkfenK ftZu

fJZe eo'V s'A tZX b'e gzikph p'bD tkb/ jB. fJzrb?Av, nwohek, e?B/vk ftZu bZyK gzikph jB.

jfonkD/ dh Bk ;jh go fpqfNF e[bzphnk (e?B/vk) ;N/N dh d{;oh GkFk dk doik gqkgs gzikph

GkFk pj[s ;ko/ wz~nK d/ j[zfdnK th tX ojh j?. fe;/ dh wfjp{pk B/ fes/ Fos oZy fdZsh fe

s?~ sK wzBk i/ s{z nkgDh wK dk ekbik eZY e/ fbnkt/A. w{oy g[Zso nkgDh wK dk ekbik eZY e/

jZE ftZu cV e/ d"Vk ik fojk ;h. GZi/ iKd/ ~ m/vk bZr frnk s/ fvZrD bZrk sK wK dk fdb



fco th sVg T[Zfmnk _ t/ g[Zs pu e/. wz~ dh dksoh sK uZbDh ;[Gkte jh ;h b/feB nkgDh

wK s'A w[Beo j'D tkfbnK ~ th dZ; d/JhJ/_g[Zs' fiZE'A sZe wo}h GZi bU ofjDk s[jk~ g[Zs pDe/

jh g?Dk. fe;/ ~ y[F eoB bJh wK dk ekbik eZYD tkb/ g[Zso' fiT{Ad/ tZ;d/ oj'. wK gzikph d/

eksbK ~ :kd th eotkT[Ad/ ikJhJ/ @wz~ ;kvh dksoh, n;hA wz~ d/ ;'J/, wz~ fiT[A-fiT[A ;k~

tZYdk n;hA d{D ;tkJ/ j'J/#I

*****

BibliographyAdvent of Man. . . . . . . . . . . . C. R. DarwinAn Introduction to Chinese Civilization. . . . . . Johan MeskinCivilization of Modern World . . . . . . . . . . JacobDissent of Man. . . . . . . . . . C. R. DarwinDiscovery of India. . . . . . . . . . J. L. NehruHistory of Ideas. . . . . . . . . . LovejoyeHistory of the Arabs. . . . . . . . . . Philip KhuriHistory of Thought and Invention. . . . . . . . . . Peter WatsonNatural History of Creation. . . . . . . . . . Robert ChambersOrigin of Civilization-Return of the Ar]ns. . . . . . . . . . Bhagwan GidwaniThe Origin and Goal of History. . . . . . . . . . Karal LearthThe Closing of Ameri\n Mind. . . . . . . . . . Prof. AllenBloom Wealth of Nations. . . . . . . . . . Adam SmithThe Sense of Reality… Isaiah BerlinThe Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture …. Edwin Br]ntThe Civilization of the Middle Ages……. Norman CantorThe Philosophy of Enlightenment……Ernst CassirerThe Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture …Jacques CauvinThe Measure of Reality……. Alfred W. CrosbyA History of Religious Ideas…. . Mircea EliadeThe Old World and the New…. . J. H. Elliott:The Coming of the Book…. Henri Jean martinCities in Civilization…… Peter HallAmeri\ in 1492……. Alvin M. JosephyIndia- A history……. John KeayAsia in the Making of Europe…. . Donald F. LachThe Great Chain of Being…. A. O. LovejoyThe Growth of Biologi\l Thought…. Ernst MayrThe Prehistory of the Mind…. Steven MithenThe Early History of the Ancient Near East… Hans J. NissenMapping Time. … E. G. RichardsThe Varieties of Religious Experience… William JamesThe Light of Asia…… Sir Edwin ArnoldThe Public Philosophy…. Walter LippmannThe Secrets of Self…. . Sir Muhammad IqbalRediscovering the Bible……. Bernard Anderson



Fpd goekFFpd goekFFpd goekFFpd goekFFpd goekFXkowe d[BhnK dh nktk}

- Xkowe d[BhnK dh gotk} ;{yFw s'A ;{yFw

- n;E{b s'A n;E{b

;Zu ;fwZfynk FpdFpdFpdFpdFpd

gzi G{se fi;w BkBe dk j?, okw dk j? iK fe;/ j'o wjKg[oy dk j?, wksk d/ roG u'A

g?dk j'J/rk sK fJe fdB }o{o fpyo ikt/rk.

;u, roG i{B s'A ofjs, nv'b, ;op ebk ;woE, Bk e'Jh t?oh, Bk fe;/ dk vo, ekb

ofjs go ihts ikrs, Gbk eh j' ;edk j? <

FpdFpdFpdFpdFpd i/ feXo/ wjKg[oyK B/ T[uko/ j'D sK T[j rzæE pD iKd/ jB, Xow pD iKd/ jB,

b/feB n?;/ FpdFpdFpdFpdFpd i' g[oy d/ T[uko/ j'J/ Bk brD, fJbkjh B{o, pæjw frnkB, fi;dh e'Jh iBBh

j'jh BjhA ;edh T[; Fpd dk iBw BjhA, gæekF jh j' ;edk j?. w/oh ebw fe;/ ftdtkB dh

nb'uBk eoB dh i[ons th BjhA eo ;edh. i/ e'Jh w/o/ ftuko Bkb ;fjws BjhA sK w?Bz{ e'Jh

frbk BjhA. r[o{ d/ okjhA iK fe;/ Grs d/ okjhA i/ fJbkjh FpdFpdFpdFpdFpd dk gæekF j' ikt/ s/ T[; gæekF

Bz{ e'Jh gæekFtkB fJe-fwe eoe/ ;koh d[BhnK dk ukBD w[Bkok pDk d/t/ sK fJB;kB Gkt/A fizBk

wo}h ftdtkB j't/, nzdk}k BjhA brk ;edk fe FpdFpdFpdFpdFpd gæekF fet/A j'fJnk.



nkw[Zynkw[Zynkw[Zynkw[Zynkw[ZyFpd Fesh fJe n?;h Fesh j?, fi; ekoB fJB;kB fFæFNh d/ ;ko/ ihtK ~ nkgD/ t;

ftu eoh fcodk j?. ;ohoe s"o s/ pj[s ;ko/ iht fJB;kB Bkb'A seV/ j[zd/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ ekoiK

ftu eJh gF{ fJB;kB Bkb'A fes/ pbtkB j[zd/ jB. Fpd s/ ;'u Bk j't/ sK pzd/ dk pkeh ;G e[M

seohpB gF{nK tork jh sK j?. fJB;kB Bz{ fJ; rb dh ;'Mh j? fe Fpd Fesh Bkb jh pzdk

;op F/æFN j?. jo fe;/ dh Fpd Fesh ty-ty j[zdh j?. f;nkD/ fejk eod/ ;h, @s{z p'b s/

w?A d;K, s/oh n"eks eh j? <# FpdK dh tos'A eoB d/ tyo/-tyo/ nzdk} jh ;k~ fJe-d{i/ s'A

ty eod/ jB. nfXnksfwe d[BhnK ftu n;hA fenko/ gkJh fcod/ jK, e'Jh nkydk w/ok op Jh;k

w;hj j?, e'Jh nky/ nbk, e'Jh okw, jo e'Jh nkgD/-nkgD/ Fpd tos e/ nkgDh-nkgDh ;'u

s/ gfjok d/ fojk j?.

pkJhpb, e[okB, rhsk s/ j'o ;ko/ Xkofwe ræzEK dk t}{d Fpd d/ fpBK Gbk fet/A ;zGt

j' ;edk j? < fpbe[b BjhA, i/ Fpd jh ;kXB j?, ;w[uh nfXnksfwesk dk sK fco o"bk ekjdk

< fe; rb d/ fenko/ gkJh fcod/ jK, nkg'-nkgD/ Fpd tos e/ nkgD/-nkgD/ op fBFfus

eoe/, i/ rb fJedh jh eoBh j?, sK ;ko/ Fpd ræzE fJesfos eoe/ Fpd ~ jh r[o{ wB bJhJ/

sK eh rabs j? < Fpd jh o;sk j? sK fJ;/ o;s/ s/ ubhJ/. ;kE j't/ sK o;sk ;"yk s?n j'

;edk j?. ty-ty fdFktK tb s[o e/ fJe irkj s/ gj[zuDk sK ;zGt BjhA. jB/Qo/ ftu m/v/ ykD

dh pikJ/ i/ f;o\ Fpd d/ bV br ikJhJ/, i' Fpd gæekF jh gæekF tzv fojk j't/, sK eh rabs

j? < ;w[uh wB[ysk dh ;'u ;KMh j' ikJ/, sK eh rabs j?. jB/Qo/ ftu sK e[M B}o BjhA nk ;edk,

Fpd s'A tX gæekF fes/ j' jh BjhA ;edk. gæekF dh gfjukD eo ;eD dh ;woEk sK ;kvh

j? go i/ ikD-p[M e/ GNed/ fcoBk j? sK nkg/ ckEVhJ/ s?~ e"D Svkt/.

-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV-;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV



g[;se pko/g[;se pko/g[;se pko/g[;se pko/g[;se pko/id'A s'A fJ; irs ftu r[opkDh dk gæekF j'fJnk j?, sd'A s'A Bdo s/ eow ~ gækgs

FoXkb{-iBK B/ nkgD/ ihtB d/ wkorK ftu g;o/ jB/fonK ~ r[opkDh dh o"FBh ftu ;[ykfbnK

sfj ehsk j?. r[opkDh dh fJe s[e B/ nDfrDs fJB;kBK d/ ihtB o{gh ;[e/ fpæSK ~ o{jkBh

jfonktb Bkb jo/-eu{o ehsk j?. r[o{ eh pkDh dk ;G s'A ;æ/FN gfjb{ sK fJj j? fe fJj fJe

]k; Xow iK d/F se jh ;hfws BjhA j?, ;r'A f;æFNh d/ ;ko/ b'e, Gkt/A T[j fe;/ th }ks, o{g,

ozr iK Xow d/ j'D, fJ; d/ nEkj ;kro ftu'A nDfrDs w'sh gækgs eoe/ nkgD/ ihtB ~ o{jkBh

s"o s/ T[ib/ eo ;ed/ jB. go fJj d;Dk pj[s ;zs'yiBe j't/rk fe f;y fJfsjk; fJ; sE

dh g[FNh eodk j? fe r[o{ e/ f;yK B/ nkgD/ ihtB ftu r[opkDh d/ T[gd/F s/ nkdoF ~ ewkT[D

bJh nDfrDs fizdVhnK x'b x[wkJhnK jB. r[o{ e/ f;yK B/ @;uj[ Uo? ;G[ e' T[gfo ;u[ nkuko[

I# d/ XkoBh pD e/ df;nk j?. w/ok ftFtk; j? fe i' fJB;kB fJe wB fJe fus j' e/ B/w

Bkb r[opkDh dk gkm eodk j? sK T[; ~ r[opkDh d/ noE ns/ T[Zu/ wzvbK dhnK T[vkohnK ;[s/

-f;X gækgs j' iKdhnK jB. fco fJ; nB[Gt ns/ nBzdwJh nt;Ek ftu'A ej/ iKd/ p'b e/tb

gæ/w o; gækgs j'D dh d[jkJh jh ej/ ik ;ed/ jB L

;[Bj[ b'ek w? gæ/w o;[ gkfJnk I (370)

fJ;/ jh fposh ftu'A ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV dh jEbh g[;se @Fpd gæekF# j'Ad ftu nkJh

j?. b/ye ~ r[o{ fbt dh ;fji nt;Ek ftu'A i' e[M gækgs j'fJnk j?, T[; ~ nkgDh ;kXkoB

s/ e[dosh Fpdktbh ftu jh fby fdsk j?. fJ; bJh fJj g[;se tfjzd/ fBowb gkDh tKr

T[; dh FoXk ns/ g/æw o; dk tfjD j?. w?~ fJ; fbys ftu'A b/ye dh T[Zuh ;[ofs d/ EK-EK

Mbeko/ gJ/ jB. fe;/ ;[Gkrh xVh ;w/A b/ye B/ nkgD/ nB[GtK ~ ebw ftu pzd eo fbnk j?.

Gkt/A ;o;oh B}o Bkb gVQfdnK fes/ fes/ T[;d/ thuko fGzB j'D ekoB nuzfGs th eod/ jB,

go g{o/ ;zdoG ftu ;wMD Bkb fco ;jh brd/ jB. nkgDh rb efjD s/ fbyD dk je

b/yeK ~ j[zdk j?.

b/ye Bz{ nfj;k; j? fe ;kvh g[oksB nfXnkswe d[BhnK ftu i' tyo/-tyo/ fenko/ gkT[D

dk fotk} j?, T[j pj[s fuo'eDk j? L THHH w?A mhe s{z rabs, w/ok Xow ;jh s/ok rabs, HHHw?A

d/ wro br e/ wfo:kdk G[b oj/ fJB;kB nkgDh-nkgDh GNeDk ftu GNe oj/ jB. n b/ye

nB[;ko ;zg{oD f;o\ ;u jh j' ;edk j?, ;u s'A f;tk ;G M{m j?. fJB;kB Gkt/A fizBk wo}h

;funkok pDB dh e'fFF eo/, ed/ th ;zg{oD ;u BjhA j' ;edk. r[o{ BkBe ;gFN eod/ jB

fe Fpd s'A fpBK j'o e'Jh o;sk BjhAl ;u f;o\ Fpd dh eb/to ftu jh nk ;edk j?.

b/ye B/ ;u, Xow, Grsh nzd'bB, uko-tke, i?B ws, :{jhdhnsl ]kb;k, ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp,

r[ordh, s/ r[opkDh dh nb"fee wjssk pko/ nkgD/ thuko fby/ jB. T[; ~ ]/d j? fe r[o{ eh

pkDh-;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp pko/ pj[s ftdtkBK B/ ;jh ;'u BjhA gærNkJh. b/ye r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp



bJh nkw tos/ iKd/ Fpd @;zgkdBk j'Jh# @s/ pj[s fJsok} eodk j?, feT[Afe r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

dk sK gæekF j'fJnk j? s/ gæekF eoB tkbk jh fJ; dk ok} ikDdk j?. n;hA sK gæekF d/ ;kjwD/

jB/o/ wB ~ o"FBh ftu pdbDk j?. T[; ~ @pkDh feE'A nkJh# dh uouk eoB tkb/ w?eb'v s/ j'o

pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkBK s/ j?okBh j[zdh j?l @;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dk i' gfjbk gæekF j'fJnk, T[; gæekF

~ fpnkB eoB ftu n;woE jB. GkJh j'o fejVk f;nkDk nk frnk i' pkp/ BkBe s'A f;nkDk

j?, fijVk ej/ fe w?~ gsk pkDh fet/A ouh rJhl w?~ gsk pkDh feE'A nkJh j?. # fJ;/ soQK T[;

B/ @;fji/ ofuU ]kb;k# d/ eosk tKr @r[ordh d/ oj;# pko/ th fbfynk j? fe fJ; i's dk

gæekF T[;/ jh ;oho ftu jh j'Dk ;h fi; pko/ X[o dorkj'A fBFfus ;h. d[Bhnkdkoh dh neb

Bkb je fiskT[D tkfbnK ~ oj; pko/ e[M BjhA gsk ;h.

@]kb;k# dh ftnkfynk eofdnK T[j fbydk j? fe ;hws p[Xh tkb/ fJB;kB ]kb;/ dh ;jh

gæhGkFk eoB bfrnK eJh tkoh g{o/ Fpd bGD ftu n;woE ofjzd/ jB. @]kb;k fe;/ ftnesh

ftF/F dk BK BjhA j?, ]kb;k fe;/ fJe fJB;kB dk BK BjhA j?l ]kb;k fJe Fesh j?, fJe

ftFtk; j?, op tork ftFtk;HHHHHHHH ]kb;/ dh sK fe;/ th Xkowe ;to{g Bkb s[bBk ehsh ik

;edh j? i' ]kb; j?. T[j ]kb;k j? fi; ~ nkgD/ nkg s/ ftFtk; j?, nkgD/ r[o{ s/ ftFtk;

j? s/ g{oB ftFtk; j?, T[j ]kb;k j?. f;y Xow ftu, r[o{ BkBe d/ f;oi/ j'J/ Xow ftu i'

;{os Fpd ftu'A fd;dh j?, sK fJj ;{os ]kb;/ dh j?. #

b/ye fJ; g[;se s'A gfjbK @wzf}b Bk fwbh# g[;se th gkmeK ~ G/N eo u[ek j? fi;

ftu doi fBpzX, ejkDhnK s/ eftsktK T[; d/ fBih ihtB Bkb tkgohnK jB s/ T[;B/ Fpdh

ozrD s'A jN e/ T[t/A jh fpnkB ehshnK jB, fit/A tkgohnK jB. e?b/c'oBhnK s'A T[j @nkgDh

nktk}# BK dk w?r}hB th eY fojk j? fi; ~ gkmeK tb'A p/jd g;zd ehsk ik fojk j?.

jEbh g[;se b/ye dh ftukoXkok ~ soshptko nr/ tb tXkT[Adh j'Jh ;zg{oD ;u dh

;'Mh eokT[D ftu fezBh e[ ;cb j?, fJj gkme jh d;Dr/. gzikph wK p'bh s/ ;kfjse ftGkr

dk nfXekoh j'D d/ Bks/ w?A fJ; g[;se d/ b/ye ~ tXkJh fdzdk jK.

nk; j? g[;se gkmeK ftu nkgDh fBt/ebh EK pDkJ/rh.

-u/sB f;zx-u/sB f;zx-u/sB f;zx-u/sB f;zx-u/sB f;zx

fvgNh vkfJo?eNo

GkFk ftGkr gzikp gfjbh wkx, 538 BkBeFkjh gfNnkbk



fJB;kBhnsfJB;kBhnsfJB;kBhnsfJB;kBhnsfJB;kBhnsfJB;kB s/ fJB;kBhns d' ty-ty uh}K BjhA j[zdhnK. fJB;kB ftu i/ fJB;kBhns BjhA

sK T[j fJB;kB ejkT[D dk jedko jh BjhA j?. fJB;kB sK jh fJB;kB j? i/ T[; ftu

fJB;kBhns j?. i/ fJB;kBhns jh BjhA j? sK fco j?tkB s/ fJB;kB ftu coe eh j'fJnk <

gæfeæsh B/ nB/eK gæeko d/ iht-izs{nK dh f;oiBk ehsh j? go fJB;kB jh fJe n?;k iht j?,

fi; ~ ;G s'A tX ;wM j?, fi; ~ fJj gsk j? fe i' T[j eo fojk j?, T[j fezBk e[ ;jh j?

< n;hA fJj ikDfdnK j'fJnK th fe fJj ;jh BjhA j? fco th T[j ekoi eoB dk :sB eod/

jK. T[; ;w/A n;hA fJB;kBhns s'A N[Nd/ jK. fJB;kB ~ id'A fJj gsk brk fe w?A sK pVk f;nkDk

jK, w?A sK pj[s e[M eoB d/ ;woE jK, w?A sK f;oiBk th eo ;edk jK, pVhnK-pVhnK FeshnK

w/o/ ftu jB, w?A ;'u th ;edk jK, w?A ;wM th ;edk jK, sK T[j nkgD/ wjkB nkg/ s'A N[N iKdk

j?. id'A s'A fJB;kB f;nkDk pD frnk, p; T[;/ fdB s'A T[j nkgD/ okj s'A T[ZyV frnk. T[j n?Bk

T[yfVnk fe ikDfdnK-p[MfdnK th T[j rabs o;s/ T[s/ s[oh frnk. fJB;kB n?Bk d{o fBeb

frnk j? fe T[; ~ nkgDh ;wM n?Bh tvh brD br rJh, nkgDh fbnkes T[; ~ n?Bh tvh

brD br gJh fe T[j fJj G[b jh frnk fe T[; ~ ezNo'b eoB tkbk th e'Jh j'o T[; s'A

T[Zgo j?, i' T[; s'A tX skesto j?. T[; ~ op G[b frnk. T[; ~ nkgD/-nkg T[s/ n?Bk ftFtk;

j' frnk fe T[; ~ fe;/ j'o s/ ftFtk; eoB dh }o{os Jh BjhA ikgD brh. id'A T[; dk

ftFtk; gæwkswk s/ Bk fojk s/ fco T[; ~ i' w[FfebK nkJhnK sK T[j vo frnk fe w?A fJj

eh eo p?mK. T[d'A T[; ;w/A d/ e[M f;nkD/ b'eK B/ fwb p?m e/ ws/ gekJ/ fe fJB;kB ~ ;wMkfJnk

ikt/ fe f}zdrh fiT{D bJh fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns d/ bkr/ ofjDk gt/rk. f;nkD/ b'eK B/ fwb

p?m e/ i' fJB;kB ~ ;wMkT[D tk;s/ ws/ gekJ/, T[j pknd ftu ik e/ Xow dk o{g XkoB eo

rJ/. n;hA fJ; pfj; ftu BjhA g?Dk ukj[zd/ fe fJB;kB fet/A g?dk j'fJnk < ed'A g?dk j'fJnk

< feT[A g?dk j'fJnk < p; ;kvk n?Bk ikD b?Dk jh ekch j? fe fJB;kB id'A th g?dk j'fJnk,

fi; eoe/ th g?dk j'fJnk, T[j fet/A th g?dk j'fJnk, T[j fJe n?;/ f;oiDjko dh f;oiBk

;h, i' fJ; fFæFNh d/ jo iht s'A tyoh ;h. nkgDh skes dk w[ohd pfDnk fJB;kB id'A nkgDh

GNeDk ftu GNedk d{o fBeb frnk sK fJj }o{oh j' frnk fe T[; ~ ;wMkfJnk ikt/ fe

ihtB dk oj; eh j? < fJB;kB dk ;jh ihtB eh j? < fJ; bJh Xow j'Ad ftu nkJ/. ;' n;hA

;zy/g o{g ftu nky ;ed/ jK fe Xow fiT{D dh ftXh j?.

d[BhnK d/ ftu fJB;kB d/ fJfsjk; ~ co'bhJ/ sK fszB ;fGnksktK ;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnK jB.

fszBK ftu'A d' ~ sK n;hA ;fGnsk nky ;ed/ jK- -f;zX xkNh dh ;fGnsk s/ :{BkBh ;fGnsk.

sh;ok nzdk}k fJj j? fe fJB;kB n\ohek wjKdhg ftu g?dk j'fJnk. i/ fJB;kB n\ohek

wjKdhg ftu g?dk j'fJnk th j't/ sK th i' ni'e/ jkbks jB, T[; ~ w[y oyfdnK n;hA nzdk}k

bk ;ed/ jK fe fi; wjKdhg ftu ;fGnsk ni/ se th bzCVk e/ s[odh j?, T[; wjKdhg ftu



i/ pzdk g?dk th j'fJnk j'T{ sK T[; ~ ;fGne nkyDk pj[sk :'r BjhA j't/rk. d{;ok, :{BkBh f}d

eod/ jB fe :{BkBh ;fGnsk f;zX xkNh dh ;fGnsk Bkb'A gfjbK j'Ad ftu nkJh, gæzas{ g[oksB

fJfsjk; ~ co'bfdnK nfijh e'Jh m'; dbhb BjhA fwbdh, fi; d/ nkXko @s/ n;hA :{BkBh

;fGnsk ~ d[BhnK dh ;G s'A gfjbh ;fGnsk nky ;ehJ/. fJB;kB d/ fiT{D bJh ;G s'A }o{oh

i' t;s{ j?, T[j j? jtk s/ gkDh. gzi ssK dk pfDnk j'fJnk fJj fJB;kB dk gzu G{se ;oho,

fe;/ n?;h irQk s/ j' jh BjhA ;edk, fiE/ gzi jh fJeso Bk j' ;eD. fJj gzi/ ssL jtk, gkDh,

nrBh, Xosh s/ nkekF. i/ gkDh BjhA sK th fJB;kB fiT{Adk BjhA ofj ;edk. jtk BjhA j? sK

th fJB;kB fiT{Adk BjhA ofj ;edk. sgF ]sw j' rJh sK th fJB;kB ]sw j' frnk. fJj

i' fwNh ;oho ~ brh j'Jh j?, fJ; s'A fpBK th ti{d BjhA j' ;edk. fco fBonkeko sK eosko

jh j' ;edk j?, gæwkswk jh j' ;edk j?. fJ; bJh nkeko s'A fpBK th fJB;kB dk j'Dk Bk-

w[wfeB j?. ;', n;hA ;[s/-f;X jh fJ; Bshi/ @s/ gjz[u ;ed/ jK fe fJB;kBh ;fGnsk dk iBw

gkDhnK d/ ezfYnK T[s/ j'fJnk. fJB;kB g?dk Gkt/A fiE/ wo}h j'fJnk j't/, b/feB tf;nk ik e/

gkDh d/ ezfYnK s/ j?. fiE/ gkDh, T[E/ jtk th }o{oh j't/rh, jtk s'A fpBK gkDh dh j'Ad e'Jh

BjhA j[zdh. ;', n;hA fJ; rb d/ Bkb ;fjws j' ;ed/ jK fe dfonktK d/ ezfYnK s/ fJB;kBhns

tXh c[bh. d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tvk gkDh dk o;sk ni/ se th f;zX Bdh j?, i' e?bkF gops dh

Nh;h s'A fBeb e/ T[u/, Bht/A gopsK dhnK Nh;hnK Bkb b[eD-whNh y/vdh wkB ;o'to Mhb pD

rJh. wkB ;o'to Mhb s'A fy;edh-fy;edh fJj f;zX xkNh ~ ;o eodh j'Jh nop ;kro ftu

ik ;wkJh. fJ; Bdh ftu fjzd{ e[F gops dk gkDh th nkD ofbnk. fijbw, uBkp s/ okth

nkgDk ;\o s?n eod/ fJe-d{i/ ftu obd/ nk]o f;zX (Andus) Bdh ftu ik ob/. ;sb[i s/

fpnk; johe/-gsD s/ ik e/ gfjbK nkg; ftu ob e/, g?Avk w[ekT[Ad/ j'J/ fco f;zX Bdh ftu

fJe-fwe j'J/. ;o;tsh fi; ~ xro dfonk th fejk iKdk j?, fJj th obdh-obkT[Adh nkgD/

o;s/ pdbdh T[;/ o;s/ gfjbK ;sb[i d/ gkDhnK Bkb obh s/ fco T[j th T[; d/ ftu ik

;wkJh. fJfsjk; fJ; rb dk rtkj j? fe iw[Bk Bdh gsk BjhA fe; ekoB gzikp Bkb o[; rJh.

fJe ;wK ;h, iw[Bk Bdh d/ gkDh dk o;sk th ;o;tsh d/ gkDhnK, xro dfonk Bkb ob e/

fJj th f;zX Bdh ftu ob ikfJnk eodk ;h. efjD s'A Gkt gkDhnK dk n?vk tvk ;[w/b d[BhnK

d/ s]s/ s/ feXo/ th BjhA fwbdk. fJj 250 by tor whb dk fJbkek ;h, fi; B{{z fe;/ ;w/

A ;gs f;zX{ fejk iKdk ;h. ed/ fJ; dk BK ;kv/ foFhnK-w[BhnK B/ gzikp ofynk ;h, gziK gkDhnK

dh Xosh. Gkt/A ni dk gzikp T[; g[okD/ gzikp dk ;stK fj;k ofj frnk go fe;/ ;w/A 250

by tor whb dk, gkDhnK dk fJj fJbkek dfonktK dk fJbkek frfDnk iKdk ;h. d[BhnK dh

;G s'A f}nkdk t;'A fJ; y/so d/ ftu ;h. n;hA :ehB Bkb efj ;ed/ jK fe fJB;kBhns dk

i/eo :{BkB ftu iBw j'fJnk th j't/ sK ftek; }o{o f;zX xkNh ftu j'fJnk.



t/d FkFsot/d FkFsot/d FkFsot/d FkFsot/d FkFsofort/d d[BhnK dk ;G s'A gfjbk ræzE j?. fe;/ th j'o feskp ftu fJfsjk; dk f}eo

BjhA fwbdk i' fort/d s'A gfjbK fbyh rJh j't/. fiBQK fdBK ftu fort/d dh ;zgkdBk j'Jh,

T[BQK fdBK ftu f;zX (Andus) Bdh d/ fJod-frod, dfonktK d/ ezfYnK s/ fJ; Xosh s/ ofjD

tkb/ 7075 gæfsFs b'e ofjzd/ ;B. efjD s'A Gkt j? fe id'A fort/d dh ouBk j'Jh sK fJj

ouBk fJ; d[BhnK s/ ofjD tkb/ seohpB 70-75 gæfsFs b'eK tk;s/ j'Jh. fJj tyoh rb

j? fe ni fort/d ~ wzBD tkb/ b'eK dh frDsh 5-7 gæfsFs ofj rJh j?. fJ; dk ekoB eh

j? < fJ; ~ n;hA ft;Eko Bkb BjhA fbyDk ukj[zd/, feT[Afe @e[M e;{o s/ok j?, e[M e;{o w/ok

j? s/ e[M e;{o nkgDk d'tK dk j?. #

id'A j}koK ;kb gfjbK fort/d ofunk frnk sK fJ; dh ouBk fbysh o{g ftu BjhA j'Jh.

d/th-d/tfsnK dk gkso-fusoD, ]k; eoe/ nrBh s/ gkDh ~ d/ts/ wzB e/ T[BQK dk gkso fusoD

T[; ;w/A d/ p[XhihtK B/ gæuko o{g ftu ehsk. efjD s'A Gkt fe fort/d id'A w[Ybh nt;Ek ftu

;h sK T[; dk e'Jh fbysh o{g BjhA ;h. fJt/A th nky ;ed/ jK fe j}koK ;kb pknd id'A

fort/d dh ouBk iK ;zgkdBk j'Jh sK T[d'A ni/ d[BhnK ftu ekra} dh ekY BjhA ;h j'Jh.

fort/d ~ do]sK d/ gfsnK T[s/ fbfynk frnk. fort/d d/ wzso ty-ty GkFktK ftu, ty

ty ftdtkBK B/, ty-ty sohfenK Bkb fby/, fi; ~ nr/ nk e/ eJh j}ko ;kb pknd

;w/A d/ ftdtkBK B/ eJh GkFktK ftu'A u[D e/ pDkJh rJh ftnkeoD ;z;feæs ftu fbfynk.

;z;feæs ftu fort/d ~ fbyD dh tvh G[b j' fBpVh, feT[Afe ;z;feæs nkw b'eK dh GkFk BjhA

;h. nkw b'e fJ; ~ gVQ BjhA ;ed/ ;B. nkw b'eK Bz{ je BjhA ;h fe ;z;feæs ~ gVQB s/ p'bD

dk j";bk th eo ;ed/. ;z;feæs e[M ]k; b'eK dh GkFk pD e/ ofj rJh ;z;feæs d/ fgzio/ ftu

fort/d e?d j' frnk. fort/d ftu d/th-d/tfsnK dk gkso-fusoD j?. d/th d/tfsnK dk gkso

fusoD eofdnK, ;w/A d/ ftdtkBK B/ fJB;kB ~ vokT[D dk :sB ehsk s/ g{oh e'fFF ehsh fe

fJB;kB ~ e[M n?;k vo gkfJnk ikt/ fi; eoe/ fJB;kB rbshnK Bk eo/. fJB;kB dhnK gzi

frnkB fJzdohnK--nyK, ezB, Be, ihG s/ uwVh ns/ gzi eow fJzdohnK-- jE, g?o, w{zj, ekw

fJzdoh s/ wb-w{so tkbhnK fJzdohnK ~ w[y oy e/ fJB;kB ~ fort/d ftu d/th-d/tfsnK dh

T[dkjoD d/ e/, d/th d/tfsnK dk gkso fusoD eoe/ b'eK ~ vo d/ e/, wB[y ~ nkb/ d[nkb/

dh ikDekoh d/D dk T[gokbk ehsk. fJj nkw gæubs rb j? fe fort/d g{oB ;u j?. Gkosh

doFB nB[;ko t/d ;u/ jB go e'Jh th d[BhnK dk Xow n?;k BjhA j?, fijVk fJj Bk efjzdk

j't/ fe ;kvk Xow iK Xkofwe ræzE ;uk BjhA. gfjbK dhnK ;kohnK Xkofwe ouBktK Gkt/A

foFhnK-w[BhnK B/ fbyhnK iK fe;/ B/ th fbyhnK j'D, T[BQK ~ n;hA wB[y ofus ouBktK nky

;ed/ jK. T[j fJB;kB B/ fbyhnK jB. fJj rb th nkw gæubs j? fe pæjwk B/ f;æFNh dh ouBk

ehsh ns/ pæjwk B/ jh t/dK dh ouBk ehsh j?. pæjwk B/ f;æFNh dh ouBk ehsh j?. i/ wzB th



bJhJ/ ns/ T[j pæjwk fi; dh s;tho fJB;kB torh pDkT[Ad/ jB, i/ fJB;kB tor/ pæjwk B/

f;æFNh ouh j? sK fco pæjwK ~ fe; B/ ofunk < i/ pæjwk fJB;kB tork ;h sK T[; B/ fe;/

wK d/ roG ftu'A iBw fbnk j't/rk s/ wK dh ouBk fe; B/ ehsh s/ T[; d/ ofjD dk e'Jh fNekDk

th j't/rk. pæjwk dk e'Jh fgsk th j't/rk, fgsk s'A fpBK fJB;kB dh ouBk ;zGt BjhA s/ i/

f;oiDk eoB tkb/ gfjbK jh w"i{d ;h sK fco pæjwk B/ eh ofunk < i/ pæjwk fJB;kB ;h sK

fJB;kB ;u gæ;s sK j' ;edk, ;zg{oB ;u BjhA j' ;edk. fJB;kB opgæ;s sK j' ;edk j?,

op BjhA j' ;edk. i/ pæjwk op ;h sK T[j fJB;kB BjhA j' ;edk, i/ T[j fJB;kB ;h sK op

BjhA j' ;edk. i/ n;hA Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ ræzEK ~ ;u wzB bJhJ/ sK fco fJB;kB ~ j'o y'iK

eoB dh sK b'V jh BjhA. r?bhbhU pkJhpb dhnK rbK ~ i/ fpbe[b ;u wzB b?Adk pkJhpb dhnK

rbK ;u ;B sK fco pj[sk Gi-d"V eoB dh sK b'V jh BjhA ofj iKdh. j'o th pj[s ;ko/

gSwh ftdtkBK B/ fit/A ;[eoks, gb?N', nfo;N'Nb s/ ikB fvT{th B/ gSwh f;XKsK ~ eJh

sohfenK Bkb b'eK ;kjwD/ ofynk. go i/ n;hA fJj wzB e/ ubhJ/ fe fort/d jh ;op ;u

j? sK pkeh sK e[M eoB dh }o{os jh BjhA ofj iKdh. fco d[BhnK dk frnkB sK fort/d se

jh ;hws ofj frnk. i/ d/th-d/tfsnK dk gkso fusoD jh ;op-;u j? sK fco fJB;kB dhnK

pkeh ;'uK, ekw:kphnK (nuhtw?AN;) ~ n;hA fe; yks/ ftu oyhJ/.

;kwt/d ~ d{;ok t/d wzfBnk frnk j?. i/ fe;/ B/ ;kwt/d ~ ns/ fort/d ~ th fXnkB Bkb

gfVQnk j't/rk sK T[j Gbh-GKs fJj ;wM ikt/rk fe fJ; ftu fort/d Bkb'A e[M th tyok BjhA.

;kwt/d ftu fort/d d/ wzsoK ~ jh ;zrhskswe F?bh Bkb fbfynk frnk j?. fJe th wzso

;kwt/d ftu n?;k BjhA i' fort/d Bkb'A pkjo dk j't/ s/ i/ n;hA uko t/dK dh rb eod/ jK sK

gfjb/ d' t/d fort/d s/ ;kwt/d ftu sK fJe' fij/ wzso jB. fJBQK jh wzsoK ~ ;zrhskswe

sohe/ Bkb fbfynk frnk j? s/ e'Jh BthA rb sK ;kjwD/ nkJh Bk. ;G s'A tvh rb t/dK ftu

fJj j? fe gæwkswk dh j'Ad ~ t/d wzBd/ jh BjhA. op BK dh fe;/ uh} dk t/dK ftu f}eo jh

BjhA nkT[Adk. sh;ok t/d :i[ot/d j?. fJ; ftu th Ujh d/th- d/ts/ jB, i' fort/d ftu jB.

d/th

d/tfsnK ~ fet/A y[F ehsk ik ;edk j?. :r eoB/ s/ eoweKvK pko/ f}eo j?. fJ; s'A

Gbh-GKs nzdk}k brk ;e/ jK fe Ujh d/th-d/ts/ jB s/ \oe e'Jh BjhA j?. fszB'A t/d Bk;se

pæjw jh jB. i' fFæFNh ~ f;oiD tkbk j?, T[j pæjwk fJB;kB tork j?, fi; Bz{ gæwkswk BjhA

fejk ik ;edk. e[dosh FeshnK d/ gæshe d/th-d/ts/, T[BQK dhnK FeshnK dk gærNktk s/ T[BQK

FeshnK ~ wBkT[Dk fet/A j?, fJjh }kjo j?. g[okD Fk;so dhnK i' eEktK jB, T[BQK ftu

e[dosh FeshnK d/ ;{yFw o{g ~ n;E{b o{g ftu, fJe wkBt d/ o{g ftu gærNkfJnk frnk

j?. t/dK d/ d/tfsnK ~ nkekF, ;tor s/ Xosh, fi; ~ s?æb'e th efjzd/ jB, ftu tzv e/ th

n;hA t/y ;ed/ jK. nkekF ftu fJzdo d/tsk ~ gæXkB wzB e/ ubd/ jK. ftF~ gæXkB ;tor j?

s/ nr Xosh s/ gæXkB j?. pkeh fijV/ d/th-d/ts/ fJ; Bkb ;zpzXs jB i/ T[j ;tor, Xosh



s/ nkekF fijV/ jB, T[BQK dh f;oiBk eoB tkb/ d/thd/ts/ jB, T[BQK ~ ubkT[D tkb/ th d/th-

d/ts/ jB, T[BQK ftu ofjD tkb/ th d/th-d/ts/ jB sK pkeh fco e[M BjhA ofj iKdk. gowkswk

op dh rb eofdnK r[o{ BkBe d/t ih fbyd/ jB L

nopd Bopd Xz[X{ekok I XofD B rrBk j[ew[ nXkok I

Bk fdB[ o?fB B uzd[ B ;{oi[ I ;z[B ;wkfX brkfJdk I

nr/ ik e/ fbyd/ jB L

ykDh B pkDh gT[D B gkDh B e' nkfJ B ikfJdk I

fiE/ jtk BjhA j?, gkDh BjhA j?, yfDi gdkoE th e'Jh BjhA j?, nkT[Adk-iKdk th e'Jh BjhA

sK fco gzi G{se ;oho fet/A ofj ;edk j?. T[E/ sK ;u d/ f;tkJ/ fe;/ uh} dh j'Ad ofj jh

BjhA ;edh. ;', i/ gæfeosh jh f;o\ ;u j?, gæwkswk jh f;oiBjko j? sK d/th-d/ts/ fe;

esko ftu oyhJ/. fit/A n;hA okik s/ goik dhnK ejkDhnK ;[Dd/ jK, gækD Fk;soK ~ gVQd/ jK

sK T[BQK ftu oki/-okDhnK s/ goik dhnK ejkDhnK jB. T[BQK d/ fiT{D d/ sohe/ jB, T[BQK dh

skes s/ vo-GkU ;h, fit/A gækD Fk;soK ftu fpnkB ehsk frnk j?. fJt/A brdk j? fe t/dK

dh id'A ebw d/ Bkb ouBk j'Jh, p'bukb ftu Gkt/A fezB/ j}ko ;kb gfjbK d/ feT[A Bk j'D, id'A

gækD-Fk;soK dhnK eEk-eEktK SkghnK, T[BQK fdBK ftu T[j th Skg/ rJ/.

u"Ek t/d @nEot t/d# fJ; ftu ikd{-N{D/ s/ eokwksK dk f}eo nkT[Adk j? i' ndG[s

FeshnK fJ; ftu fdykJhnK rJhnK jB, fJBQK ;kohnK nkb"fee FeshnK s/ eokwksh FeshnK

~ th i/ fXnkB Bkb t/yhJ/ sK w[V e/ fco d/th-d/tfsnK tb ;ze/s j?. ;', t/dK dh rb eofdnK

fJj sK ;k\ }kjo j? fe fort/d dh ouBk, i' b'e }[pkBhebkwh wzsoK dk ikg pj[s d/o s'A

eod/ nkJ/. fort/d dk nkozG fizBk wo}h fuoK dk j't/ go pkeh fszB'A t/dK (;kw, :i[o s/ nEot

t/d), fJBQK dh ouBk gækD-Fk;soK Bkb'A pj[s d/o pknd ehsh rJh brdh j?. pkeh fszB t/dK

ftu EK-EK jh BjhA, fBo'b ;w[u/ s'o s/ fort/d d/ jh B?D-BeF fwbd/ jB. t/dK dh ouBk

f;o\ fJ;/ eoe/ ehsh rJh j? fe fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns d/ Bkb i'Vh ofynk ikt/ feT[Afe id'A

s'A fJB;kB ~ fJj gsk br frnk fe T[j pj[s e[M eoB d/ ;woE j? sK fJj th Bkb dh Bkb

gsk br frnk fe fJB;kB pj[s ;kohnK rabshnK th eodk j?. T[; ~ rabshnK eoB s'A o'eD

bJh, vokT[D bJh t/dK th dh ouBk j'Jh.

uko'A t/d Gkosh g[oksBsk d/ ;G s'A g[okD/ Xkofwe ræzEK d/ s"o s/ frD/ iKd/ jB. Gkosh

Xkofwe d[BhnK ftu t/dK ~ ;G s'A ;funko/ frfDnk frnk j? go j?okBh dh rb j? fe uko'A jh

t/dK ftu Bk gæwkswk dk s/ Bk nkswk dk e'Jh f}eo nkT[Adk j?. fjzd{ ws nB[[;ko t/d wB[y dh

BjhA ;r'A gæwkswk dh ouBk jB go i/ gæwkswk BK dh fe;/ uh} dk f}eo jh BjhA nkT[Adk sK

fco fJj n;hA fet/A nky ;ed/ jK fe t/d gæwkswk dh ouBk jB. gæwkswk dh j'Ad dk e'Jh ;p{s

t/dK ftu BjhA fwbdk. uko/ t/dK dk gkm eoB T[gozs fJt/A brdk j? fit/A uko'A t/d t?fde foFhnK

w[BhnK dh ouBk j?.



n;b ftu t/dK ftu'A, i' ;kvh nkohnk iksh j?, T[; dk t/otk fwbdk j?. f;zX xkNh dh

i' doktV ;fGnsk j?, T[; ~ nkohnB b'eK tb'A fet/A sfj; Bfj; ehsk frnk, fefbnK ~ fet/

A s'fVnk frnk, fJj' fij/ gæ;zr fwbd/ jB. ;zy/g o{g ftu fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe g[oksB

fJB;kB gæfeofse FeshnK s'A vodk ;h s/ T[BQK dh g{ik eodk ;h. t/dK ftu i' fFæFNh dk

;zebg j?, T[j fJ; soQK brdk j? fit/A e'Jh wzik p[D fojk j't/, e'Jh t;s{ pDk fojk j't/.

fort/d ftu fJe irQk e'Jh ;tkb g[Sdk j? fe fijVh f;æFNh j?, fJ; ~ fe; o[y dh beVh

bkJh rJh < t/dK ftu fJj' fijhnK G'bhnK rbK gVQ e/ j?okBh j[zdh j?. ;ko/ t/dK ~ gVQ e/

t/yhJ/ sK fJ; soQK brdk j? fe Xow dh fes/ e'Jh b'V jh BjhA ;wMh rJh. ;', ;zy/g ftu

n;hA fJt/A nky ;ed/ jK fe i' uko'A t/d jB fJBQK t/dK dh ouBk th, ouB tkbk th s/ fiBQK

FeshnK dk gkso fusoD fJBQK t/dK ftu fwbdk j?, fJj ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ Xkofwe d[BhnK s'A gfjbK

d/ gkso jB.

t/dK dh ouBk f;o\ fJ;/ eoe/ ehsh rJh j? fe fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhnst/dK dh ouBk f;o\ fJ;/ eoe/ ehsh rJh j? fe fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhnst/dK dh ouBk f;o\ fJ;/ eoe/ ehsh rJh j? fe fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhnst/dK dh ouBk f;o\ fJ;/ eoe/ ehsh rJh j? fe fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhnst/dK dh ouBk f;o\ fJ;/ eoe/ ehsh rJh j? fe fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns

d/ Bkb i'Vh ofynk ikt/ feT[Afe id'A s'A fJB;kB ~ fJj gsk br frnk fed/ Bkb i'Vh ofynk ikt/ feT[Afe id'A s'A fJB;kB ~ fJj gsk br frnk fed/ Bkb i'Vh ofynk ikt/ feT[Afe id'A s'A fJB;kB ~ fJj gsk br frnk fed/ Bkb i'Vh ofynk ikt/ feT[Afe id'A s'A fJB;kB ~ fJj gsk br frnk fed/ Bkb i'Vh ofynk ikt/ feT[Afe id'A s'A fJB;kB ~ fJj gsk br frnk fe

T[j pj[s e[M eoB d/ ;woE j? sK fJj th Bkb dh Bkb gsk br frnkT[j pj[s e[M eoB d/ ;woE j? sK fJj th Bkb dh Bkb gsk br frnkT[j pj[s e[M eoB d/ ;woE j? sK fJj th Bkb dh Bkb gsk br frnkT[j pj[s e[M eoB d/ ;woE j? sK fJj th Bkb dh Bkb gsk br frnkT[j pj[s e[M eoB d/ ;woE j? sK fJj th Bkb dh Bkb gsk br frnk

fe fJB;kB pj[s ;kohnK rabshnK th eodk j?. T[; ~ rabshnK eoB s'Afe fJB;kB pj[s ;kohnK rabshnK th eodk j?. T[; ~ rabshnK eoB s'Afe fJB;kB pj[s ;kohnK rabshnK th eodk j?. T[; ~ rabshnK eoB s'Afe fJB;kB pj[s ;kohnK rabshnK th eodk j?. T[; ~ rabshnK eoB s'Afe fJB;kB pj[s ;kohnK rabshnK th eodk j?. T[; ~ rabshnK eoB s'A

o'eD bJh, vokT[D bJh t/dK th dh ouBk j'Jh.o'eD bJh, vokT[D bJh t/dK th dh ouBk j'Jh.o'eD bJh, vokT[D bJh t/dK th dh ouBk j'Jh.o'eD bJh, vokT[D bJh t/dK th dh ouBk j'Jh.o'eD bJh, vokT[D bJh t/dK th dh ouBk j'Jh.



T[gfBFdT[gfBFdT[gfBFdT[gfBFdT[gfBFdT[gfBFdK Bkb Xkofwe fuzsB F[o{ j[zdk j?. fit/A t/d ikd{ fuzsB dk cb jB fJ;/ soQK

T[gfBFd Xow dk cb brd/ jB. e[M T[gfBFdK dh ouBk t/dK d/ ekbK ftu th j'Jh brdh

j?. T[gfBFdK dh frDsh 100 d/ eohp j?. rhsk B{{z T[gfBFdK dk ;ko Gkt noE wzfBnk iKdk

j?. rhsk ftu pj[s ;ko/ T[gfBFdK dk f}eo nkT[Adk j?. Xow ;fseko dh r[o{ u/b/ tkbh i' gæEk

j? fJj T[gfBFdK ftu F[o{ j'Jh brdh j?. r[o{ d/ uoBK ftu p?m e/ b'e FKsh ns/ ;[y ræfjD

eod/ jB. r[o{ s'A eJh soQK d/ noE b?Ad/ jB. T[gfBFd Gkt/A fJe-d{;o/ d/ Bkb fwbd/ BjhA go

;kfonK ftu fJe rb ;KMh }o{o j? fe fJBQK dk ftFk nkswk s/ gæwkswk dk j?. t/dK d/ Bkb

T[gfBFdK dk f;o\ J/Bk e[ ;zpzX }o{o j? fe i' d/thd/tfsnK dk ;zebg t/dK ftu fwbdk j?,

fJBQK ;kfonK dk ;fseko eod/ j'J/ gæwkswk dh tfvnkJh T[; ftu tvh d;h j?. :kBh pæjwk

~ fJBQK dk ;odko df;nk frnk j?. fJe rb T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh fe gæwkswk dk f}eo

T[gfBFdK ftu ;kjwD/ nkfJnk, go gæwkswk d/ i' Gkt noE eY/ rJ/ jB, T[BQK s'A fJj brdk

j? fe T[j gæwkswk :EkoE ~ jh frDd/ ;B.

s?æsh: T[gfBFd ftu fGær{ toD s'A g[Sdk j? fe i' :EkoE j?, fi; ftu'A ;kok e[M T[gfink

j?, T[j eh j? s/ T[;/ GkFk ftu df;nk j? fe :EkoE pæjwk j?. T[gfBFd d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ izwD-

woB ~ ;wMD dk :sB eod/ fdykJh fdzd/ jB s/ fiE/ fes/ ik e/ nkgD/-nkg ~ d'F w[es

eokT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB, T[E/ ;koh rb pæjwk @s/ Sv fdzd/ jB. fJB;kB dk d[BhnK s/ nkT[Dk-ikDk

s/ fJB;kBhns d/ pko/ pVk ft;Eko d/ Bkb T[gfBFdK ftu ftuko fwbdk j?. fit/A i/ pzdk wo

frnk, i/ pzdk ;tor ;[Xko frnk, T[; d/ gzu G{se ;oho ~, w'J/ j'J/ ftnesh ~, d/y e/ fJj

;tkb g[Sd/ jB fe d/yD ~ sK nkw ftnesh tork jh brdk j? go fJ; ftu'A eh fBeb frnk,

nfij/ ;tkb < id'A iBw-woB d/ ;tkb g?dk j'J/ T[d'A g[Bo iBw dk ;zebg th T[gfBFdK ftu

jh F[o{ j'fJnk, fit/A ;tor-Boe, fe;/ pzd/ dk nwo j' ikDk (n-wo), T[gfBFdK ftu Xkofwe

f]nkb g?dk j[z[d/ jB. pæjw Fesh s/ pæjw Grsh d/ nkb/d[nkb/ dh rb x[zwdh j?. t/dK ftu

nkswk dk gæwkswk dk ;zebg BjhA. T[gfBFdK ftu nkg;h foFfsnK dh rb ubh. sæ?sh:

T[gfBFd ftu fJe pVh tXhnk T[dkjoD fwbdh j?, pæjwk dk i' ;zebg j?, T[; ~ fJt/A

do;kfJnk frnk j? fit/A pæjwk B/ jh nkgD/ ftu'A ;kok e[M T[gikfJnk j?. brdk j? jo uh}

ftu pæjwk j? s/ jo uh} pæjwk ftu j?, go pæjwk dk gkso fusoD i' T[gfBFd eod/ jB,

pj[sh rb fJE/ jh w[edh j? fe fi; dk gkso fusoD ehsk ik ;edk j?, T[j gæwkswk ekjdk

j'fJnk < nkgDh ;'u nB[;ko i/ e'Jh w{os pDk e/ p?mk oj/ fe fJj gæwkswk j? iK pæjwk j?,

T[j gzi G{se ;oho j?, T[j d/ydk j?, ;[Ddk th j?. w[edh rb i/ n;hA w{os jh pDk e/ p?m

rJ/ sK fco n;hw ~ ;hwKpZX eoB dk i' :sB j?, T[; ~ n;hA fezBk e[ ;jh efj ;ed/ jK.

i' n;hw j?, T[; dh gæhGkFk fJe fJB;kB d/ ekp{ fet/A nk rJh < T[gfBFdK ftu fJe rb



pVh T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh, fit/A t/d gæwkswk dk BkweoB eoB ftu n;woE oj/ jB,

T[gfBFd xN'-xN pæjwk d/ o{g ftu gæwkswk dk BkweoB }o{o eo rJ/. r[o{ u/b/ dk ;zebg,

u/fbnK dk r[o{ d/ uoBK ftu p?m e/ ;[DBk ;G s'A tvh spdhbh j? i' t/dK Bkb'A T[gfBFdK ftu

j?. Xow X"b dk o{g, okik dk s/ goik dk ;zebg. oki/, fiBQK ~ d/th-d/ts/ th wzfBnk frnk,

fit/A Fæh okw s/ GrtkB feæFB, s/ fJj GrtkB th wzB/ rJ/ s/ oki/ th.

rhsk d/ ftu eow, Grsh, frnkB fszBK dk toDB pVk y{p;{os sohe/ Bkb fwbdk j?.

rhsk fJe fJB;kB d/ ihtB dh ;ukJh j?. fJB;kB ~ ;u tk;s/, ;u-gæ;s ofjD tk;s/, op

gæ;s ofjD tk;s/ id'A fe;/ th fJwfsjkB ftu'A r[}oBk gt/ sK T[; ~ jo soQK dh w[;hps dk

;kjwDk eoB bJh fsnko ofjDk ukjhdk j?. i/ e'Jh okik g[so w'j ftu nk e/ nXowh pDdk

j? sK fXæsokFNo tKr T[; d/ Bshi/ ti'A e'Jh d[o:'XB g?dk j[zdk j?. fJe ;kXkoB sohe/ Bkb

;wMkJh rJh rb j?, fe okik i/ g[so w'j ftu nk e/ e'Jh n?;k ekoi eodk j?, fi; d/ Bshi/

;jh BjhA fBebd/ sK T[j nXowh j' frnk.

rhsk dk ;zd/F eh j? < ;konzF ti'A n;hA nky ;ed/ jK fe i/ noiB tork wjKpbh i'

;koh d[BhnK ~ nkgD/ shoK Bkb ezX eoB dh ;woEk oydk j?, shoK Bkb whAj, jB/oh g?dk eo

;edk j?. jo fe;w dh w[weB Bk-w[wfeB Fesh T[; ftu w"i{d j?, T[j i/ feXo/ n?;/ :Z[X d/

w?dkB ftu ubk ikt/, n?;h bVkJh bVBh gt/, n?;/ b'eK ~ wkoB tk;s/ fsnko j'Dk gt/, fiBQK

ftu GhFw fgskwk tor/ dkd/-gVdkd/ jB, fiBQK dh r'd ftu p?m e/ noiB B/ nkgD/ pugB

dhnK wzf}bK s?n ehshnK j'D, do'Dkukohnk tor/ wjK-:'X/ s/ wjK-r[o{ fi; e'b'A noiB B/ ;koh

dh ;koh XB[F ftfdnk gækgs ehsh j't/, feogkuko: tor/ e[b r[o{, skJ/ d/ g[so Gok fiBQK d/

Bkb jo soQK dh ihtB :ksok fJefmnK ehsh j't/ sK nfij/ foFfsnK ~ t/y e/ i/ noiB tork

wjKpbh jfEnko ;[N p?mdk j? sK nfij/ ;w/A rhsk tor/ T[gd/F }o{oh j' iKd/ jB. GrtkB

feæFB ~ Gkt/A noiB dk oEtkB pD e/ izr ftu ikDk fgnk, b/feB T[; GrtkB d/ oEtkB pD

ikD dk i' soe j?, T[; dh pj[s jh f}nkdk }o{os ;h. :Z[X F[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK e"otK s/ gKvtK

dh bVkJh F[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK, ;u-M{m dk dzrb F[o{ j'D s'A gfjbK, }kbwK s/ ;stkdhnK dk

Nkeok j'D s'A gfjbK, foFfsnK d/ ]{B dk n;o n?Bk j' ikt/ fe noiB tor/ wjKpbh jfEnko

;[N p?mD sK T[; tes fdp-fdæFNh tkb/ GrtkB feæFB dh T[; :Z[X ftu w"i{drh }o{oh pD

iKdh ;h. Gkt/A GrtkB feæFB B/ wjKGkos d/ ftu e'Jh jfEnko BjhA u[fenk, fe;/ dk esb BjhA

ehsk b/feB GrtkB feæFB dh i/ ;/X Bk fwbdh, i/ op nkg noiB ~ T[; d/ \o}K s'A tke\

Bk eokT[Adk sK T[j :Z[X BjhA ;h j' ;edk.

Gkt/A i?B ws tkb/ GrtkB feFB ~ fJ; :Z[X dk d'Fh eoko fdzd/ jB s/ ;gFN fbyd/ jB

fe i/ GrtkB feæFB ukj[zd/ sK :Z[X o[e ;edk ;h. T[j :Z[X eokT[D dk d'Fh jh GrtkB feæFB

~ wzBd/ jB go i/ feæFB GrtkB noiB ~ T[; d/ \o}K s'A ikD{ Bk eokT[Ad/ sK M{m dk, }[bw

dk ]kswk j'Dk w[Feb jh BjhA Bk-w[wfeB ;h. @rhsk# dk T[gd/F jh fJj j? fe i/ s[jkvk e'Jh



r[o GkJh iK T[;skd th M{m d/ Bkb yVQk j? sK i/ s[jk~ T[; Bkb bVBk th gt/ sK T[; ~ wkoBk

th gt/ sK s[jk~ fJ; \oai s'A fgSkj BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. }\oBkw/ d/ ftu fJe irQk r[o{ ;kfjp

fbyd/ jB L

u{z eko n} jwk jhbs/ do r[}Fs I

jbkb n;s p[odB t FwFho d;s I

(}\oBkwk)

p;, i/ }\oBkw/ dhnK fJBQK gzeshnK d/ noE eo bJ/ ikD sK fJjh rhsk d/ T[gd/F @fe

id'A pkeh ;ko/ o;s/ pzd j' ikD, s[jkvk e'Jh ukok Bk ubdk j't/ sK nkgD/-nkg ~ pukT[D tk;s/

sbtko dk fJ;s/wkb eoBk th Xkofwe fefonk j?. n;hA t/dK Fk;soK s'A ub e/ T[gfBFdK dh

rb eod/ j'J/, Xkofwe nkrak} dh rb eod/ j'J/ @rhsk# d/ T[gd/F dh rb fJ; bJh ehsh j?

fe fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns d/ Bkb i[V/ ofjD dh eh wjssk j?. fJB;kB dh f}zdrh ftu Xow

pj[s nfjwhns oydk j?. ;u-gæ;s j'Dk fJB;kB bJh fezBk }o{oh j?. ;u s/ sK e'Jh th Xow

fezs{-gæzs{ BjhA eodk fe op gæ;s j' e/ jh fJB;kB ;jh ihtB ihn ;edk j?. b/feB coe p;

J/Bk jh j? fe op gæ;s j'fJnk ikt/ s/ fet/A j'fJnk ikt/. ;ko/ nkg'-nkgD/ okj, nkg'-nkgD/

sohe/ fJE'A se fe eJh gæeko d/ op d/ BK fBFfus eoe/ p?m/ jB. w?A mhe s{z rabs, w/ok Xow

;jh s/ok rabs, w/ok op ;jh, s/ok rabs. w?A d/ wro br e/ wfonkdk G[b oj/ fJB;kB nkgDh-

nkgDh GNeDk ftu GNe oj/ jB.

;kvh g[oksB nfXnksfwe d[BhnK ftu i' tyo/-tyo/ fenko/ gkT[D dk fotk} j?, T[j

pj[s fuo'eDk j?. ;kv/ fgsoK B/ ;kv/ p>a[orK B/ Xkofwe nkr{nK B/ foFhnK-w[BhnK B/ uko :[rK

dk ;zebg uko :[rK ~ tyo/tyo/ o{g ftu fBFfus iK fBoXkos eoB dk i' :sB ehsk j?, T[;

dh E'VQh uouk eoBh }o{oh ;wMd/ jK.



;zg{oD ;Zu;zg{oD ;Zu;zg{oD ;Zu;zg{oD ;Zu;zg{oD ;Zu;zg{oD f;o\ ;u jh j' ;edk j?. ;u s'A f;tk pkeh ;G M{m j?. fJB;kB Gkt/A fizBk wo}h

;funkok pDB dh e'fFF eo/ ed/ th ;zg{oD ;u BjhA j' ;edk. ;u sK nB/e j[zfdnK j'fJnK

th fJe j?, n;E{bsk ftu th ;{yw j?. fd;fdnK j'fJnK nfd; j?. fi; dh Fesh dk ;zg{oD

frnkB fe;/ ~ th BjhA j?, T[j jh ;zg[{oD ;u j?. fJB;kB B/ nkgDh neb d/ pV/ x'V/ d"VkJ/

b/feB neb ;k~ nkgD/ w{b s'A jw/FK d{o eodh ojh. jo fJB;kB Gbh-GKs ikDdk j? fe ;kvk

gzu G{se g[sbk fJe fdB }o{o fpyo ikt/rk, b/feB e'Jh th BjhA ukj[zdk fe ;k~ e[M j't/.

wb-wb e/ BjkT[Ad/ jK, feXo/ ;k~ w?b Bk brh fd;/. fwNh s'A fwNh MkVfdnK ;koh T[wo phs

iKdh go nkf]o fwNh fwNh ftu jh ;wkgs j[zdh j?.

Xosh dk uZgk-uZgk rkj t/fynk, uzd skfonK dk gsk bkT[D dh T[s;[esk j?, go eh ;k~

;zg{oD frnkB j' frnk j? < fpbe[b BjhA, jK rbas \fjwh dk fFeko }o{o j[zd/ jK. ;kvh rabs

\fjwh jh sK j? fe n;hA ;G e[M ikDd/ jK. J/E'A se fe n;hA :[rK-:[rKsoK ~ th nkgD/ fj;kp

Bkb frD fwD e/ p?m/ jK. ;s:[r, sæ/sk, d[nkgo ns/ eb:Z[r uko :[r frDd/ jK. :[rK gæsh th

jo e'Jh nkgDh gæhGkFk pDk e/ p?mk j?. :[r th n;hA fwE/ s/ :[rK dh T[wo th nkg' nkgDh ;'u

w[skpe sfj eo bJh. fJj ikDfdnK fe sfj se ikDk ;kv/ t; dh rb BjhA j? fco th nkgDh

;'u d/ w[ohd pD p?m/ jK. eJh b'e nkgDh ftdtsk dh fcb wkoB ]kso :[rK dh T[wo byK

;kb frDd/ jB. Gkt/A eo'VK ;kb ejh ikD, eh \oe g?Adk j?l i/ e'Jh fJ;/ rb ftu ][F j? sK

fe;/ ~ eh <

;s:[r dh T[wo fB;fus eoB s'A gfjbK fe;/ B/ th BjhA ;'funk fe ;u pko/ i' th e'Jh

ej/ T[j ;zg{oD ;u BjhA j't/rk. i/ n;hA ;fs dh gæhGkFk se BjhA eo ;ed/ sK ;fs dh T[wo

fet/A d; ;ed/ jK. r[o{ BkBe fbyd/ jB--;u yzfv t;? fBozeko[ I eh e'Jh fBzoeko dh T[wo

ikDdk j? < ;u dh jdpzdh eoBh fJB;kB dh gj[zu s'A pkjo j?. wko{ okr ftu r[o{ BkBe

;s:[r dh nt;Ek dk f}eo eod/ jB--#ykDh B pkDh gT[D B gkDhHHHH, B e' nkJ/ ikfJdk I#

}kjo j? fe fiE/ gkDh BjhA j? jtk BjhA j? UE/ ;u s'A f;tk j'o e[M j' jh BjhA ;edk. n;hA

eJh tko nkyd/ jK fe cbkDk pzdk sK ;s:[rh fJB;kB j?, fJ; rb dh ;wM BjhA brh fe

fJB;kB ;s:[rh fet/A j' ;edk j?. i/ gzi/ ss w"i{d BjhA sK T[; irQk gzi G{se fJB;kB j' jh

BjhA ;edk. r[o{ BkBe w[skpe ;s:[r sK ;[zB j?, ;wkX j? n;hw j?, n;hw ~ ;hwKpZX eoB

d/ :sB fezB/ e[ ;koEe j' ;ed/ jB. fi; fdB fJB;kB d/ o{g ftu B}o nkt/ Gkt/A okw jh

feT[A Bk j't/, T[; fdB ;wM' :[r pdb frnk. i' o{gwkB j?, fi;dk t?o th j? Gkt/A pdh Bkb

jh feT[A Bk j't/, fi;dh i{B th j?, ni{Bh BjhA j?, T[;~ Gkt/A wfo:kdk goF'sw okw iK e'Jh

j'o Bkw Bkb nbzfeæs eo', T[j ;u dk gæshe sK j' ;edk j?, ;zg{oD ;u BjhA j' ;edk.

wfo:kdk goF'sw okw dk gkso fusoD eoB tkb/ nkg nkgD/ sohe/ tos e/ s/æs/ :[r



dh rb eod/ jB. ;fs g[oy dh ejkDh eohJ/-i/ op Xosh @s/ fJB;kBh o{g ftu nkt/ sK fe;

soQK dk ihtB j't/, wfo:kdk ftu ofjzfdnK th okw id fJB;kBh o{g ftu j? sK ;u ;zg{oD

BjhA j' ;edk. fi; soQK bSwD okw gæ;s j?, j~wkB okw gæ;s j?, ;[roht okw gæ;s j?, fszB'A

okw BjhA pD ;ed/. gæshe ed/ gow/Fo BjhA j' ;edk. pkbh dk tX eoBk ;æh okw uzdo B/ }o{oh

;wfMnk b/feB b[e e/ tko eoB dh feT[A b'V gJh. T[j ;op FeshwkB j?, ;zg{oD j?, ;zg{oD

~ fe;/ pkbh d/ pb s'A voB dh eh b'V < wjKfoFh pkbwhe B/ gowkswk ~ fJB;kBh o{g ftu

fusoD eoe/ okw ejkDh okwkfJD fbyh. s[b;h dk; B/ th wfo:kdk goF'sw dk gkso fusoD

eoBk ukfjnk b/feB ;hsk wksk dh nrBh gæhfynk s/ ebw o[e rJh. s[b;hdk; ih B/ nrbh

ejkDh wfo:kdk goF'sw dh ejkDh ftu nzfes BjhA ehsh.

s/æsk :[r fszB u"EkJh ;u sK efj ;ed/ jK b/feB ;zg{oD ;u BjhA j?. ;æh okw fe;/ dk

g[so, fe;/ dk gsh s/ fe;/ dk GkJh th j?. gowkswk sK fe;/ ftnesh ftF/F dk ;yk BjhA j'

;edk. s/æs/ :[r dh T[wo d/ nzdk}/ brkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB, feT[Afe okw ns/ ;hsk wksk d/ fgsk

fgskw/ j'J/, oki r[o{, e[b r[o{ j''J/. fJj j' ;edk j? fe ;æh okw d/ ntsko XkoD s'A j}ko gzdoK

;" ;kb gfjbK sæ/sk :[r F[o{ j'fJnk j't/. b/feB i/ ;kohnK eEk ejkDhnK ~ fJem/ eoe/ d/yhJ/

sK d[nkgo ftu j~wkB Ghw ;?B d/ pb dk fJwfsjkB b?Adk j?. fJe okw gæ;s dh T[wo fezBh

e[ bzph j' ;edh j?, ikajo j? j}koK ;kb BjhA j' ;edh. ;' s/æ/s/ :[r dh T[wo d'-YkJh j}ko

;kb s'A tX BjhA j' ;edh. e'Jh ej/ s/ e'Jh wzB bt/, T[j wzBD tkbk ikD/ b/feB fJfsjk; ftu

ni/ se e'Jh m'; dbhb BjhA fwbdh fe s/æsk :[r fezB/ ;kbK dk j?. i' n;hw j?, i/ T[;dh ;hwK

e'Jh xN tX d;/ sK fe;/ ~ fJ;dk e'Jh B[e;kB BjhA j?, sK fco fto'X feT[A j't/ < fi; soQK

e'Jh ][F j?, ofjD d/t' nkgDk eh iKdk j? <

d[nkgo :[r ftu wfo:kdk ftu ofjDk th pj[sk }o{oh Bk fojk. skesto wfo:kdk Gzr

eoB ftu jh tfvnkJh wfj;{; eoB br/. ;e/ uku/ dh ~j, wK ;wkB Gkph ~ Go/ dopko ftu

tkbK s'A cV e/, x;hN e/ fbnkT[Dk wfo:kdk dh s"jhB BjhA sK j'o eh j?. oki Gkr s/ ep}k

eoB ]kso d[o:'XB jo wfo:kdk Gzr eodk j?. d[nkgo :[r d/ ntsko ;æh feæFB Gkt/A ;u gæ;s

;B fco th :[[X d/ ;ko/ fB:w s'V/ rJ/, rdk :Z[X ftu ufvnK s/ tko eoBk wfo:kdk d/ fybk\

j? b/feB ;æh feæFB d/ fJFko/ s/ Ghw do:'XB dk nzs ufvnK s/ tko eoe/ jh eodk j?. Xowoki

:[fXFNo nkgD/ r[o{ do'Dkukohnk dh skes s'A Gbh GKs tkfe\ ;h. Xowoki dk M{m p'b e/

do'Dkukohnk ~ ]sw eoBk fe; wfo:kdk ftu ;jh frDhJ/. wjKtho noiB f;oyzvh dk ;jkok

b? e/ GhFw dk ;oho Sbh eodk j?, e'Jh wfo:kdk ojh BjhA sK eh rb eohJ/ <

d[nkgo ftu ;u s/ M{m dk eoVk w[ekpbk j'fJnk, Gkt/A fis ;u dh j'Jh b/feB ;u dh

;zg{oDsk s/ fezs{ gæzs{ th j'fJnk. ;u d/ gæshe ;æh feæFB dh ;'u ftu g{oD ftFtk; Bk fojk.

i'osh Go th T{Dk BjhA, Uj jh ;zg{oD j?, b/feB i' nXk Gfonk nXk ]kbh j? T[;~ ;zg{oD

fet/A efj ;ed/ jK. d[nkgo noX ;u j? b/feB ;æh feæFB pdh dk nzs eoB ftu ;cb j'J/



. wjKGkos dk :Z[X s/ T[;d/ ekoD xNBktK s/ Bshi/ e[b fwbk e/ 5000 ;kb ftu ;G e[M j'

frnk ikgdk j?, ub' 100 ;kb efj bU. pknd ftu Xow oki ekfJw eoB tk;s/ fezBK e[

;wK br frnk j't/rk. fJfsjk;e B}ohJ/ Bkb d/yhJ/ sK d[nkgo 1500 ;kb s'A tX T[wo dk

BjhA j' ;edk, b/feB fJe tko fco efjD ~ fdb eodk j? fe i/ e'Jh fJ; ftuko Bkb ;fjws

BjhA sK ;k~ e'Jh frbk fFetk BjhA.

eb:Z[r nk]oh :[r frfDnK iKdk j?. frnkB fXnkB ns/ ;'u ;wM f;yo s/ gj[zu rJh

j?. ;kvh f;nkDg d/ ekoD jh sK eb:Z[r j?. fJB;kB dh f;nkDg B/ jh fJB;kB d/ nzs dk

ekoD pD ikDk j?. f;nkDg dk nzs ;s:[r d/ o;s/ ;k\ eo/rk. ;G e[M ]sw j' ikt/rk, fco

fJe tko ;[zB j't/rh. gzi G{se g[sbk Bk fojk sK t?o fto'X dk ;tkb jh g?dk BjhA j[zdk.

seohpB j}ko e[ ;kb g[okDk j? fJj nkgDk eb:Z[r, pj[s bzph T[wo j'Jh sK J/Bh e[ j'o j't/

rh. fJj }o{oh BjhA fe e'Jh j'o ;kv/ Bkb ;fjws j't/ b/feB ;kv/ f]nkb nB[;ko ;s:[r n;hw

j?, s/æsk ;hwk ftu j?, d[nkgo noX nt;Ek j? s/ eb:Z[r B/ nkgDk M[zv u[e fdsk j?. n;hA pj[s

s/} d"V oj/ jK

b/feB fi; o;s/ s/ ik oj/ jK, T[j ;uyzv tb BjhA iKdk . gzi ;" ;kb gfjbK r[o{ BkBe

dh fdp fdæFNh fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns d/ eohp ofjD dh r[VQsh d/ rJh ;h. fJB;kBhns d/

eohp ofjD bJh ;u d/ eohp ofjDk gt/rk s/ ;u d/ eohp ofjD bJh ;k~ e'Jh ;/X b?Dh

gt/rh, e'Jh o;sk ngBkT[Dk gt/rk. eb:Z[r ftu ;u BjhA, wfo:kdk BjhA, ;u M{m dh bVkJh

th BjhA, p; j? sK fBok M{m j?. M{m M{m/ s/ cstk bk fojk j? fe s{z tvk M{m j?A. fJj ikDfdnK

fe M[{m j? fco th eb:Z[rh fJB;kB nkgD/ nkg ~ ;u ;wMh p?mk j?.

jo fJB;kB e'fF; eodk j? fe e'Jh o;sk fwb ikt/ fi; s/ ub e/ ;funko/ j'D dk wkD

gækgs eo ;ehJ/. r[o{ BkBe ;gFN eod/ jB fe Fpd s'A fpBK j'o e'Jh o;sk BjhA j?. ;u

f;o\ Fpd dh eb/to ftu jh nk ;edk j?. eb:Z[r ftu e'Jh th fJB;kB ;u dk gæshe pD

;eD d/ ;woE BjhA j?. Fpd th eJh goeko d/ j[zd/ jB, eJh Fpd sK ;kok tksktoD jh

ftrkV d/Ad/ jB. pj[s feskpK d/ doFB eoB dk w"ek fwfbnk b/feB ;zg{oDsk dh fJe' fJe

fw;kb ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp j?. ;fsBkw s'A b? e/ @nkmkoj d; ph;# se ;zg{oD ;u j?. eb:Z[r

ftu ;u dh f;fynk ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp s'A f;tk j'o fes'A BjhA fwb ;edh. ;zg{oD ;u ;æh r[o{

ræzE ;kfjp s/ fezs{ gæzs{ eoB dh e'Jh r[ikfJzF BjhA j?. ;u j? ;zg{oD ;u.



ukotkjeukotkjeukotkjeukotkjeukotkjeukotke doFB efjzdk j? fe i' fd;dk j? T[jh ;jh j? pkeh e[M BjhA. f;o\ b"fee gæsy

~ jh gæsy wzBdk j?. fco ukotke fJB;kB ~ nkgD/ G"fse ;oho dhnK frnkB fJzdohnK s/

eow fJzdohnK tb w'V e/ b? iKdk j?. b/feB ukotke dh pkeh wsK Bkb'A fJe i' tyoh rb j?

T[j fJj j? fe fJ; dh ;'u ftfrnkBe j?. fijV/ gfjb/ nkdwh gæwkswk d/ ueo ftu c;/

;B, Boe, ;tor d/ ueo ftu c;/ ;B, w[esh gækgs eoB d/ ueo ftu c;/ ;B, T[BQK ;kfonK

dh w[]kb\s eodk j?. fw;kbK d/ e/ pækjwDtkd ~ tzrkfonk frnk j?. ;gFN s"o @s/ eJh EkJhA

fbfynk j? fe i/ ikBtoK dh pbh fdfsnK ezw pDdk j? sK pækjwD nkgD/ fe;/ iht dh iK nkgD/

gfotko d/ ihn dh pbh feT[A BjhA fdzdk. FokXK pko/ fbfynk j? fe i/ gzvsK ~ y[nk e/ T[BQK

d/ fgsoK ~ gob'e ftu ;EkB fwb iKdk j? sK fe;/ ezw @s/ rJ/ gsh dh gsBh i/ ykDk yk

bt/ sK T[; ~ gækgs feT[A BjhA j[zdk. fJ; soQK FokXK @s/ pVh fNgDh ehsh rJh j?. ukotke

ftu pækjwDtkd d/ FokX tor/ eow eKvK dhnK T[dkjoDK d/ e/ nkb'uBk ehsh rJh j?. ;', n;hA

;zy/g o{g ftu nky ;ed/ jK fe ukotke nkgD/ ;w/A d/ ftfrnkBe f;XKs ;B. ukotke B/ nkgD/

;w/A d/ nfXnkswtkdh ftukoK Bkb f;Xh Neo bJh. fJj mhe j? fe ukotke dk f;XKs gæubs

BjhA j'fJnk. b/feB fJj ;w[u/ s"o s/ ;w/A dh }o{os ;h fe fJ; d[BhnK ~ df;nk ikJ/ fe i'

th FeshnK, eokwksK, ikd{N{fDnK Bkb i' nkw b'eK ~ vokfJnk ik fojk j? fJ; s'A voB dh

b'V BjhA, ;r'A fJ; dhnK n;bh edoK-ehwsK ;k~ nkg ngDkT[DhnK ukjhdhnK jB.



Grsh nzd'bBGrsh nzd'bBGrsh nzd'bBGrsh nzd'bBGrsh nzd'bB11thA-12thA ;dh ftu Grsh nzd'bB F[o{ j'fJnk, fi; ftu GrsK s/ ftdtkBK B/ Fpd

dk ;jkok b? e/ fJB;kB ~ FpdK okjhA ihtB d/ oj; ftnkfynk ;fjs ;wMkJ/. pkpk \ohd,

Grs epho, r[o{ BkBe s/ j'o pj[s ;ko/ Grs iB, fiBQK ~ T[; ;w/A d/ f\bk;\o nky ;ed/

jK, nfXnkswe wjKg[oy nky ;ed/ jKl T[BQK B/ i' ;kfjs ofunk, Fpd d/ bV br e/ i'

fJB;kB ~ f;fynk fdsh, gæ/oBk fdshl T[; gæ/oBk ~, T[; nfXnkswe frnkB ~ Grsh bfjo

nkyd/ jB. ;zy/g ftu n;hA fJt/A efj ;ed/ jK fe Grsh bfjo d/ wjKg[oyK B/ nkg fJB;kB

~ T[ZuhnK ;æ/DhnK d/ ]k; ;zgodkfJe eoweKvh Xow Bkb'A nk}kd eotk e/ op Bkb f;X/ w/b

eotkT[D dk :sB ehsk. gæawkswk ~ fwb ;eD dh ihtB iKu d;h. g[oksB gæzgoktK ~ fsnkr

e/ ihtB dh BthA ftnkfynk ehsh. nkw fJB;kB bJh Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ Bt/A dotk}/ y'bQ/.

Grsh bfjo d/ eosk, i' ;k~ nkw fJB;kB ~ d;Dk ukj[zd/ ;B, T[BQK B/ ;k~ fJe BtK

ihtB doFB fdsk. T[; d/ ftgohs ftfrnkB B/ fJB;kB ~ f;o\ ebk ;woEe pDkT[D dk

:sB ehsk. ftfrnkBe ekYK B/ fJB;kB ~ ouBkswe Fesh d/ o{g ftu d/fynk. b/feB fco

th ed/ Bk ed/ T[j Grsh bfjo dk i' gæGkt j?, T[; s'A pu BjhA ;e/, fe ;k~ d/yD tkbk e'Jh

Bk e'Jh }o{o p?mk j?. fJj ;k~ i' ftykfJnk, n;hA i' t/dK, Fk;soK s'A b? e/ ftfrnkBe d[Bhnk

dh ;woEk se dh i'' ejkDh d/ o{g ftu rb ehsh j?, fJ; ;koh T[s/ E'VQh fijh j'o o"FBh gkT[D

bJh ;k~ Fkpfde o{g ftu i'ræzE fwb/, T[BQK @s/ uouk eoBh }o{oh j' iKdh j? fit/A fe owkfJD,

wjKGkos ns/ ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp. n;hA nrfbnK gzfBnK ftu :sB eoKr/ fe fJBQK ræzEK @s/

ftuko eohJ/. fJB;kBh f}zdrh ftu Xow dk eh ;EkB j? < fJBQK ræzEK ftu Xow ~ fe; soQK

soihj fdsh rJh j? < fJB;kBh ihtB ftu fJBQK ræzEK dk eh ;EkB j?. nrb/ gzfBnK ftu n;hA

soe dbhb d/ e/ nkb'uBkswe B}ohJ/ Bkb rbpks eoKr/.



owkfJDowkfJDowkfJDowkfJDowkfJDi/ op Xosh T[s/ nkJ/ ns/ fJB;kBh ihtB iht/ sK fe; soQK dk j' ;edk j?. gæwkswk dk

fJB;kBh o{g ftu fJe fJB;kB dh soQK gksofusoD ;G s'A tXhnk sohe/ Bkb pkbwhe ih B/

ehsk. s[b;hdk; B/ th fJ;/ ozr ftu okw dh ejkDh owkfJD fbyh j?. okw dk Xosh @s/ fJe

fJB;kB d/ o{g ftu ntsko XkoBk, fJB;kBK tKr pugB fpskT[Dk, fJB;kBh ihtB tKr

ftfdnk gækgs eoBh, r[o{ XkoB eoBk nkfd ;kok e[M fbfynk j?. Gkt/A okw uzdo dk gkso

fusoD fJe oki/ d/ g[so @oki e[wko# d/ o{g ftu ehsk j?, b/feB fco th gzi G{se ;oho,

fJB;kBh ;oho d/ ftu fJ; Xosh @s/ fJB;kBK tKr ftuoBk okw tk;s/ th d[Bhnkth w[;hpsK

dk ekoB pD iKdk j?. fJB;kBK tKr f}zdrh d/ eJh gsD soB/ gJ/l pBtk; eNDk fgnkl izrbK

d/ ftu ofjDk fgnkl pV/-pV/ e[o]s b'eK d/ Bkb :Z[X eoB/ gJ/. fJj ;kohnK d[y-sebh\K

fJB;kBh o{g ftu okw B/ MbhnK.

okwkfJD Gkt/A okw dh ejkDh j?, Gkt/A op dh ejkDh j? b/feB fco th fJ;~ Xow ræzE

nkyDk j't/ sK th fJ; dh fJe fJB;kB B/ jh ouBk ehsh j?. s[b;hdk; s/ pkbwhe ih Gkt/

A pj[s tv/ wjK-g[oy j'J/ jB, b/feB jB sK fJB;kB jh. ;zg{oB ;u sK f;o\ gæwkswk jh

j' ;edk j?. fJB;kB d/ e'b'A ;u fbyfdnK th eJh tkoh nfijhnK rabshnK j' iKdhnK jB

fijVhnK nkg dh nkb'uBk nkg jh eo iKdhnK jB. pkbh dk pX eoB tkbh fijVh ejkDh j?l

i/ okw ;u ¼ jh gæwkswk ;h sK pkbh ~ wkoB tk;s/ b[e e/ feT[A tko eoBk fgnk < gæwkswk

~ sK fJ; rb dh ikDekoh j'Dh ukjhdh ;h fe ;hsk wksk ~ fJefbnK Bk Sfvnk ikJ/. e'Jh

]sok j' ;edk j?l e'Jh oktD tork e[p[Xk p/j{dk joes eo ;edk j?. i/ gsk jh BjhA br

;fenk sK fco gæwkswk sK ;ot-ftnkgh j?, ;G e[M ikDdk j?, okw dk ;hsk wksk dh nrBh

gæhfynk b?Dk op ~ sK BjhA iudk. okwkfJD pko/ n;hA ;zy/g o{g ftu nky ;ed/ jK fe ;u

ihtB dk J/Bk tvk oj; j?, fizadrh ihT[D dh J/Bh tXhnk i[rsh j? fJ; ftu, i/ gæwkswk ~

fJB;kBh ikwk gfjB e/ Xosh @s/ nkT[Dk gt/ sK T[j fJ; i[rsh d/ Bkb, okwkfJD d/ oj; d/

Bkb f}zdrh p;o eodk j'fJnK fJB;kBh o{g ftu jh op dh j?;hns poeoko oy ;edk j?l

okw dk n;fsst poeoko oy ;edk j?. ihtB dhnK eJh nNb ;ukJhnK okwkfJD ftu'A T[ZGo

e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[AdhnK jBl fit/A okik iBe fJe fdB ;[gB/ ftu npVtkj/ T[m yb'fJnk s/

nkgDh okDh ~ irk e/ efjD brk fe @w?~ pj[s G?Vk ;[gBk nkfJnk j?, w/ok ;kok oki-Gkr

iKdk fojk, w/o/ jE ftu fJe m{mk j? s/ w?A wzrdk fcodk jK. # okDh B/ ;fji/ jh T[Zso fdsk

fe @j/ okiB Bk sK fJj s/ok ;[gBk jh ;uk j?, Bk fJ; oki Gkr B/ ofjDk j?, Bk jh fe;/ ;[gB/

B/ ofjDk j?. # ;kvk fJB;kBh ihtB jh M{m j?. fJ; dhnK ;kohnK wbehnsK, ;koh Gi-d"V

jh fJe ;[gBk j?. pj[s ;ko/ f}zdrh d/ oj; okwkfJD ftu'A fwbd/ jB. okwkfJD fJe n?;k

wjK-ekft j? fi;~ Xkofwe ræzEK ftu, T[gfBFdK ftu, jo soQK d/ oj;tkdh fJdkfonK ftu

pj[s jh ;fseko Bkb wzfBnk iKdk j?.



wjKGkoswjKGkoswjKGkoswjKGkoswjKGkoswjKGkos ftu df;nk frnk j? fe d[BhnK ;u Xow d/ f;o @s/ yVQh j?. t/dK ftu Xow

~ ;z;koe ftXh iK oj[-ohsh iK eowK se jh ;hws ofynk frnk, b/feB Gkosh ;fGnkuko

ftu Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ pj[s ;ko/ gVkn nkJ/ sK T[; ftu pæjwk ~ soihj fdsh rJh. oki/

wjkokfinK ~ pæjw d/ o{g ftu d/fynk frnk, ntskoK d/ o{g ftu d/fynk frnk. okw s/ GrtkB

feæFB oki/ th ;B s/ GrtkB th ;B, op dk gæshe th ;B. wjKGkos dh rb eoB s'A gfjbK,

G{fwek ti'A, ;k~ fjzd[{ Xow d/ pko/ e[M rbK ;gFN eoBhnK }o{oh pD iKdhnK jB.

@fjzd{# b\} i' j? fJj g[oksB ;w/A s'A f;zX{, ;zX{, fJzd{ s'A pdbdk j'fJnk fjzd{ b\} dk

o{g XkoB eo frnk. nkw s"o s/ n;hA fJj wzB e/ ubd/ jK fe fjzd{ fJe Xow j?l fJj fjzd{

b\} d/ Bkb ;ok;o nfBnK j?. w[;bwkBK B/ id'A Gkos @s/ nkgD/ g?o iwkT[D/ Faaa[o{ eo fds/,

id'A w[;bwkBK dk, fJ;bkw dk Neokn F[o{ j'fJnk, T[j id'A th Gkosh y/so ftu nkJ/ sK T[BQK

d/ Bkb NeokT[Adk i' th Xow, i' fJ;bkw Xow ~ BjhA wzBdk ;h, T[j ;ko/ b'e Gkt/A fe;/ Xow

dh gkbDk eoB tkb/ feT[A Bk j'D, fjzd{ frD/ iKd/ ;B. ;kfjse y/so ftu gfjbh tko r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih B/ nkgDh pkDh ftu fjzd[;skB b\} dk f}eo ehsk . fjzd[;skB, fi; ftu t/dK Fk;soK

~ wzBD tkb/ b'e Fkwb ;B. d/th d/tfsnK dk fto'X eoB tkb/, pæjwk dk fto'X eoB tkb/ i?B

ws s/ p[X ws th ;B s/ E'VQ/-xD/ :j{dh (:{BkBh) th ;B . fJE/ fJj rb toDB:'r j? fe

:j{dh Xow d/ ftu'A jh Jh;kJhns s/ fJ;bkw dk iBw j'fJnk. ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ i' fjzd';skB dh

Xosh @s/ iK fJ; soQK efj bt' i' Gkostk;h ;B, fjzd[{ ;B, T[j Gkt/A i?B ws d/ XkoBh j'D,

f;y ws d/ XkoBh j'D, T[j fjzd{ ;B. jK fjzd{ fJe ws th j?. fJ; d/ i/ noE eoB dh e'fFF

eohJ/ sK fJj fjzd{ ws ~ j'o th S'Nk eo fdzd/ jB. fjzd{ ws ftu }ks toD iK fe;/ nkFow

Bkb ;zpzX oyD tkb/ g[oF jh ]k; eoe/ Xowh j' ;ed/ jB. uko'A t/d ns/ T[gfBFd fjzd{ Xow

d/ w'Yh frD/ iKd/ jBl Gkt/A t/dK ftu op dk e'Jh f}eo BjhA nkT[Adk. jK fJj ræzE Xow d/ ;'w/

}o{o jB. fjzd{ b\} dh ftnkfynk E'VQ/ b\}K ftu eohJ/ sK nky ;ed/ jK fe fJj fe;/ d/

ts/ iK fe;/ fJe Xkowe ræzE iK fe;/ Xkofwe pkBh dk BK BjhA j?. i/ fJ; ~ fjzd{ Xow ejhJ/

sK Gkos d/ t;BheK d/ i' th ræzE, t/d jB, fJBQK ftu i' ftFtk; oyd/ jB, T[j fjzd{ ws d/

XkoBh jB.

wjKGkos fJe n?;k ræzE j? fi; ~ d[BhnK dk ;G s'A tvk ræzE fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ;

ftu ;z;feæs d/ fJe by Fb'e frD/ iKd/ jB. wjKGkos d/ ouB tkb/ w[Bh t/d ftnk; wzB/ rJ/

jB. b/feB i/ n;hA wjKGkos ~ ;w[u/ s"o s/ gVQ e/ t/yhJ/ sK fJj fe;/ fJe b/ye dh ouBk

BjhA brdh . ty-ty XkoBktK s/ TBQK d/ gærNkt/ bJh ty-ty sohe/, ty-ty fJfsjk;e

f}eo, i' nkT[Ad/ jB, T[BQK ~ wd/ B}o oyd/ j'J/ wjKGkos dh i' ouBk j?, fJ; ~ n;hA brGr

fJe j}ko ;kb d/ ftu j'Jh ouBk nky ;ed/ jK. fJj ;wK 400-500 ;kb g{op JhL s'A b?



e/ 400-500 ;kb se d/ ;w/A ftu c?fbnk j'fJnk j?.

wjKGkos fjzd';skB dh Xosh @s/ gfjbk ræzE j? fi; ftu fJB;kB ~ ;s g[oy j'D dh

f;fynk th fdsh rJh j? s/ n;s d/ jkwh dh d[odFk th fdykJh rJh j?. fJj gfjbk ræzE j?

fi; ftu ;u s/ M{m dk :Z[X j'fJnk. pj[s skesto M{m dk nzs j'fJnk. ;u Gkt/A pj[s ;hws

;h b/feB nkfyo ;u dh fis j'Jh. g[so w'j ftu nk e/ id'A fXæsokFNo d[o:'XB d/ o{g ftu

p[fonkJh dk ;woEe pDdk j? sK fJ; ~ fJ; d/ eh Bshi/ G[rsD/ gJ/. fJ; ~ pj[s jh

]{p;{os Fb'eK ftu fby e/ d[BhnK d/ ;kjwD/ fw;kb d/ s"o @s/ ofynk j?. wfo:kdk Gzr eoB

tkfbnK ~, Gkt/A T[j fizB/ wo}h tv/ oki/ wjkoki/ j'D, Gkt/A T[j fizBh wo}h tvh skes d/ wkbe

j'D, Gkt/A T[BQK d/ wro tvh skes Gkt GhFw tor/ pjkdo, do'Dkuko: tork T[;skd,

feægkukohnk tork r[o{ s/ jo soQK dh ;?Bk j't/l fco th T[BQK dh fis j'Dh n;zGt j?. ;u d/

wro gæwkswk nkg yVQdk j?. ;u gæ;s Gkt/A fizBh wo}h ;hws skes oyd/ j'D, T[j nkgD/

ftFtk; d/ f;o @s/ fis gækgs eod/ jB.

wjKGkos ftu fJj soe irQk irQk nkfJnk j? fe fJB;kB ~ rb eoB s'A gfjbK ;'uDk

}o{o ukjhdk j?. fw;kb d/ s'o @s/ do'gdh d/ wz{j ftu'A fBeb/ e[M b\} T[; ~ J/B/ wfjzr/ gJ/

fe T[j b\} fJe pj[s tv/ :Z[X dk ekoB pD rJ/. wjKGkos ftu f}eo nkT[Adk j? fe gKvtK

B/ fJe wfjb pDtkfJnk. fJe pj[s jh ndG[s wfjb fi; ftu i' fd;dk ;h ;G e[M T[;

d/ ftgohs ;h, ;G e[M T[; d/ T[bN ;h. fiE/ nrBh fd;dh ;h T[E/ gkDh dk sbkp ;h. fiE/

o;sk fd;dk ;h T[E/ ezX ;h, fiE/ xkj fd;dk ;h T[E/ nrBh ;h. efjD s'A Gkt jo uh} i'

fd;dh ;h, n;bhns T[; d/ T[bN ;h. ræfj gæt/F eokT[D bfrnK ;ko/ oki/ wjkokfinK ~ ;dk

fdsk frnk. d[o:'XB th wfjb d/yD bJh nkfJnk. id'A d[o:'XB T[; wfjb dk fBohyD eoB

brk sK id'A T[j o;sk d/y e/ g?o Xo/ sK gkDh ftu fvr ikt/, id'A d{;o/ gk;/ ~ w[V/ sK fe;/

ezX Bkb Neok ikt/. d{o'A d/ydh do'gdh d/ w{zj ftu'A fJj b\} fBeb/, @nzBQ/ dk g[so nzBQk. #

fJj b\} ekjd/ do'gdh d/ w{zj ftu'A fBeb/, ;kok oki Gkr y[; frnk, p; T[;/ do'gdh

~ Go/ dopko ftu tkbK s'A cV e/ xVh; e/ fbnKdk frnk. wK ;wkB tvh GoikJh dh Go/ dopko

ftu p/fJ}sh ehsh rJh. fJE'A se f}eo nkT[Adk j? fe T[; d/ ;ko/ t;so T[skoB dk th :sB

ehsk frnk. do'gdh d/ fJBQK b\}K dk Bshik n?B/ tv/ t?o-fto'X ftu pdb frnk fe d[BhnK

d/ ;G s'A tv/ :Z[X dk ekoB pD rJ/. @rhsk# d/ wjKGkos d/ ftu jh e[M nfXnkfJ jB, e[M

u?gNo jB, fiBQK ~ rhsk iK Grts rhsk d/ BK Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?. Grts rhsk d/ noE

(Fkpfde noE) jB - GrtkB d/ p'b, GrtkB d/ rhs, op d/ rhs, op dh f;fynk nkfd.

wjKGkos ftu fJe n?;k ;wK nkfJnk id'A noiB nkgD/ GkJhuko/ ~ nkgD/ r[o{ ghoK ~ ]sw

eoB d/ vo Bkb jfEnko ;[N p?mdk j? s/ noiB ~ jfEnko u[eD bJh g/æoBk, }[bw d/ f]bk\

yVQk eoBk, T[; ~ nkgD/ \o}K s'A ikD{ eotkT[D dk f;o\ wzst ;h rhsk. fJBQK ;kfonK ftu

;ob gæeko dh ;z;feæs ftu GrtkB feæFB s/ noiB ftueko tkoskbkg dk toBD j?.



i?B wsi?B wsi?B wsi?B wsi?B wsi?B Xow Gkos d/ pj[s g[okD/ XowK ftu frfDnk iKdk j?. p[X Xow s'A fuo'eDk gfjbK

j'Ad ftu nkfJnk. GrtkB wjKtho i' p[X d/ ;wekbh ;B, T[j i?B ws d/ 24t/A r[o{ d/ o{g ftu

wzB/ iKd/ jB. wsbp seohpB-seohpB 10-15 ;dhnK gfjbK fJj Xow ukb{ j'fJnk. i?B

ws ftu iht jfsnk s'A pj[s f}nkdk fxoDk j?. fe;/ th soQK iht izs{nK ~{ wkoBk i?B ws

ftu tofis j?. fjz;k, M{m Bk p'bDk s/ u'oh Bk eoBk p[o/ ezw Bk eoB/, g?;k fJemk Bk eoBk,

fJj ;G i?B ws dhnK ftF/FskJhnK jB. p[X ws s/ i?B ws ftu th d/th d/tfsnK dk e'Jh

f}eo BjhA fwbdk. pbfe d/th-d/tfsnK pko/ p/-ftFtk;h g?dk ehsh rJh j? fe d/th- d/ts/

, gæwkswk ;G p/-noE rbK jB. fJB;kB d/ nzdo jh gæwkswk j?. fJB;kB i/ uzrk pD ikt/

sK T[j op dk o{g jh j' ;edk j?.

p[ZX Xowp[ZX Xowp[ZX Xowp[ZX Xowp[ZX Xow

p[X Xow fe;/ ;w/A dk ;G s'A tvk Xow pD e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk . r"sw p[X d/ T[gd/FK

Bkb fJ; dh nkozGsk j'Jh. fJe ;wK ;h id'A p[X Xow Gkos ;w/s bzek, thnsBkw, powk,

e'ohnk, wzr'bhnk, ezp'vhnk, uhB, o{;, fsps, wX J/Fhnk, G{NkB s/ f;ew ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ ;kT{E

Jh;N J/Fhnk dk Xow pD frnk. fJj rb mhe j? fe ni-ebQ p[X Xow Gkos ftu pj[s xN

j? b/feB fJe ;wK ;h id'A p[X Xow d/ wzBD tkfbnK B/ p[X Xow d/ gæukoeK B/, jVgk s/

wfjzi'dV' dh ;fGnsk s'A pknd gfjbh tko ;e{b y[bQtkJ/. irQk-irQk s/ ;oktK pDtkJhnK s/

irQk irQk s/ gæukoe G/i/. b/feB p[X Xow (ws) ftu d/th d/tfsnK tk;s/ e'Jh irQk BjhA, pæjwk

tk;s/ e'Jh irQk BjhA, fJ; eoe/ ;w/A d/ g[ikoh, gzvsK B/ p[X Xow ~ ]sw eoB bJh f;o XV

dh pk}h bk fdsh. i?Bh, fjzd{ Xow ftu jh nkD ob/ s/ fjzd{ Xow dh Fkyk d/ s"o @s/ nkgDh

gfjukD ngDk bJh. i?B ws ;kT{E fJzvhnk ftu ek\h gæubs j?.

:j{dh Xow:j{dh Xow:j{dh Xow:j{dh Xow:j{dh Xow:j{dh Xow d[BhnK dk pj[s jh g[okDk Xow j?. Jh;kJh s/ fJ;bkw Xow :j{dh Xkofwe

gozgok ftu'A jh g?dk j'J/. :j{dh Xow dh i' Xkofwe g[;se j?, T[j @pkJhpb# wzBh iKdh j?

fi; ~ @Ubv N?;Nkw?AN# nkyd/ jB. fJj :j{dhnK dh Xkofwe g[;se j?. pknd ftu Jh;kJhnK

B/ fBT{ N?;Nkw?AN sfjs nkgDh BthA pkJhpb fby bJh. fJ;bkw B/ e[okB Foh\ okjhA Bt/A Xow

dk nkrak} ehsk. e[okB fJe pj[s jh f;fynkdkfJe g[;se j?. -thA ;dh ftu g?dk j'J/ j}os

w[jzwd ;kfjp i' we/ ftu g?dk j'J/, 630 Jh;th ftu wdhB/ ftu ;tortk; j'J/, id'A T[BQK

dh T[wo seohpB 40 ;kb dh ;h. T[BQK B/ dkntk ehsk fe ]a[dk B/, nbQk B/ nkg T[BQK d/ ftu

p?m e/ e[okB Foh\ dh ouBk eotkJh. ;zg{oB Xkowe g[;se d/ s"o s/ fJ;bkwh ;z;ko ~

w[]kfsp ehsh. nbQk dh skoh\ ftu j}os w[jzwd ;kfjp fbyd/ jB fe fJ; ;z;ko ftu nbQk

jh FeshFkbh j?l ;kohnK FeshnK dk wkbe j?. nbQk d' ijkBK dk wkbe s/ okik j?.



f;Zy Xowf;Zy Xowf;Zy Xowf;Zy Xowf;Zy Xow15thA ;dh ftu ;æh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ f;y Xow dh BhAj oyh. f;y dk Fkpfde noE

@Xow dk ftfdnkoEh# j?. Xow Gkt/A fijVk wo}h j't/. fe;/ dk i/ e'Jh ;jh s"o s/ Xkofwe

nehdk j? sK T[; dk Xow Gkt/A fijVk wo}h j?, T[j nkgD/ nkg ~ r[o{ BkBe dk f;y nytk

;edk j?. r[opkDh dk wjKtke j? L

efo fJ;BkB[ f;wfo gæG[ ngBk, wB sB GJ/ no'rk I

e'Jh th Xkofwe nkdwh i/ nkgD/ nkg ~ ;k\ ;[Eok ;tS eoe/ fe;/ th Xow dk gæwkswk

dk, fe;/ th Fesh dk f;woB eodk j?, ;fseko eodk j?, fe;/ th op o{j @s/ ftFtkF eodk

j? sK T[j f;y j?, T[j Xkofwe j?. f;y Xow dk Xkofwe ræzE--;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp j?. ;æh

r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ 1604 Jh;th ftu nkfd ræzE dk gæekF eotkfJnk ;h. 1706 Jh;th

ftu ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu ;kfjp r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ B"thA gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes eoe/

nkgD/ eo-ewbK Bkb ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh ;zg{oDsk eotkJh.

id'A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh i's B"tK ikwk gfjB e/ r[o{ s/ra pjkdo ih d/ o{g @u gfjbh

tko dopko ;kfjp ;æh nzfwæs;o gj[zuh sK B"t/A fgsk r[o{ s/ra pjkdo ih ~ jfowzdo ;kfjp

ftu ikD dh fJik}s Bk fdsh rJh. r[o{ BkBe d/ ubkJ/ f;y Xow ftu r[o{ BkBe d/ B"t/A i'fs

;o{g ~ ;æh dopko ;kfjp nzdo ikD dh fJik}s Bk fwbDk pj[s jh nihp w'V ;h. gfjbk

r[od[nkok fi; n;EkB @s/ gfjbh tkoh ;æh nkfd ræzE dk gæekF j'fJnk, T[; n;EkB @s/ r[o{

BkBe d/t ih d/ B"t/A o{g ~ ikD s'A wBQk eoBk pj[s tvh Xkofwe o[ektN f;X j'fJnk. T[j th

T[; ;op-;KM/ n;EkB @s/ fi; d/ uko'A dotki/a jo fJe bJh jw/FK y[bQ/ ofjD dk gæshe j'D.

r[o{ s/ra pjkdo ih fgsk g[oyh, GoktK, GshfinK ftueko ehosg[o ;kfjp th pj[sh d/

o Bk oj/. nkBzdg[o ;kfjp, T[jBK B/ ue BkBeh d/ BK Bkb t;kfJnk. fJE/ p?m e/ X[o dorkj'A

X[o eh pkDh ~ ebwpzd ehsk. fco d/F d/ ty-ty fjf;nK d/ ftu ik e/ nkw b'eK ~ fwb

e/ b'eK d/ Bkb r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh ftukoXkok ;KMh ehsh. gNBk ;kfjp fty/ dFw/F fgsk

B/ r'fpzd okJ/ d/ o{g ftu ntsko Xkfonk s/ T[; s'A pknd fco B"t/A r[o{ ih ibdh jh nkBzdg[o

;kfjp tkg; gos e/ r[o{ BkBe dh r[ordh s/ fpokiwkB oj/. J/Bh tXhnk sohe/ Bkb r[ordh

s/ fpokiwkB oj/ fe fjzd';skB d/ ;ko/ Xkofwe b'eK ~, ;kohnK Xkofwe gæzgoktK ~ fJj gsk

ub frnk fe nkBzdg[o ;kfjp ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh i's fpokiwkB j?.

id'A gzfvs b'eK ~ fJ;bkw dk ipo ;fjDk fgnk sK Gkos dhnK ty-ty gozgoktK d/

Xkofwe nkr{ r[o{ s/ra pjkdo ih d/ e'b gj[zu/ s/ fwb p?m e/ Xow ~ pukT[D dk wsk gekfJnk.

B"t/A gksFkj Xow ~ pukT[D bJh fdbh gjz[u/. b/feB ;w/A dh je{ws dk J/Bk }'o fe r[o{ ~

th jE gkT[D s'A r[o/} Bk ehsk. #;h; dhnk go f;oo Bk dhnk I# Xow BjhA jkfonk. ;h; s/

Gkt/A efNnk frnk gzi G{se ;oho dk, b/feB T[; ;w/A dh je{ws ~ fJj eh gsk ;h fe fJ;



gzi G{se ;oho ftu i' i's fpokiwkB j? T[; i's dh sK e'Jh okik wjkokik, e'Jh sbtko

]po;ko se BjhA ikDdh, fJ; i's se gj[zuDk sK fJe gk;/ fojk. Fjkds s'A pknd fe;/ th

f;y dk, fe;/ th fjzd';skBh dk, r[o{ ih dh d/j ~ ;thekoB dk jhnk Bk fgnk. sbtko B/V/

fe op. sbtko d/ vo s'A op tb'A w{zj w'VB tkb/ ;ko/ fjzd';skBh fJwfsjkB ftu'A c/bQ j' rJ/

. sK jh sK r'fpzd okJ/ ih Bz{, fiBQK dh T[wo T[; t/b/ 1675 JhH ~ f;o\ B"t/A ;kb dh ;h,

pj[s ;'u ftuko e/ f;y dk fJe n?;k ;o{g fsnko eoBk fgnk fijVk ;o{g fe;/ th fJwfsjkB

d/ ftu c/bQ Bk j't/. ;hos s/ ;{os dh b'V 9t/A gksFkj dh Fjkds s'A pknd wfj;{; j'Jh. fJ;/

bJh ]kb;k ;kiDk fgnk s/ ]kb;/ ftu r[o{ ;kfjp dk nkg ;wkn ikDk, ]kb;/ dk nwo j' ikDk,

;hos s/ ;{os ftu fJe tyok gfotosB j'fJnk, ik fJzM ej'fe r[o BkBe d/t ih ~ r[o{ wzBD

tkb/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ~ fBozeko dh i's wzBD tkb/, r[o f;y dh i' ;{os pDh, T[; ;{os tkbk

ftnesh, ]kb;k ;o{g, nkgDk w{zj fSgkt/ sK fe; soQK fSgkt/.

d[BhnK d/ ftu i' th iBw b?Adk j? T[; dk e'Jh nzs th j[zdk j?. b/feB ]kb;k 1699

Jh;th d/ ftu iBfwnk, pbfe gærfNnk fbyhJ/ sK f}nkdk tXhnk oj/rk. jo fJe uh} s/ jo

fJe iht i' pDdk j? T[; dk e'Jh wXekb s/ e'Jh nzsekb }o{o j[zdk j?, b/feB ofjzdh d[BhnK

se ]kb;/ d/ iBw dk edh wXekb s/ e'Jh nzsekb BjhA j't/rk. id ;o{g gærN j' frnk, ;hos

th ;h s/ ;{os th ;h. id'A ]kb;/ dh ;EkgBk j'Jh sK r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ i'r[o-gho Fpd

;B T[j th w"i{d ;B, Fpd r[o{ w"i{d ;h s/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh @ikB eh ikB# @fgzv gækD#

]kb;k th w"i{d ;h. sK fco fJ; jkb ftu fJ; T[ukJh s/ gjz[u e/ id'A o;sk th j't/ s/ o;s/

Us/ ubD tkb/ th j'D, T[E/ j'o fe;/ ftnesh ft;/aF dh b'V BjhA ofj iKdh iK fJ; soQK ej'

fe id'A r[opkDh w"i{d ;h, r[opkDh ~ wzBD tkb/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ o;s/ @s/ ubD tkb/ ]kb;k

;o{g w"i{d ;B, ;hos th w"i{d ;h s/ ;{os th w"i{d ;h sK fco j'o fe;/ gzi G{se r[o{ dh

}o{os jh BjhA ofj iKdh. ]kb;k r[o{ j? r[o{ ]kb;k j?. ]kb;k r[o{ dk o{g j?, r[o{ dk fgzv gækD

j? L r[o{ dh ikB eh ikB j?. ]kb;/ dk i' fJFN j? T[j Fpd r[o{ j? sK fco Xow dh gæhGkFk

j'o fet/A j't/. id'A Xkofwe pkDh j? s/ pkDh ~ gVQB tkb/, ;[DB tkb/ s/ wzBD tkb/ w"i{d jB

sK fJj' fij/ gæge ~ j'o ;'XD iK g/æoB dh e'Jh r[zikfJF BjhA ofj iKdh. pkeh ;ko/ r[o{

;kfjpkB jbhwh Bkb, fBwosk Bkb ;G e[M d;D dk :sB eod/ oj/. fJB;kB ~ fBwkD/ pD

e/ fJB;kBhns dk o;sk d;d/ oj/. b/feB r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ nkgDk \o} ;wfMnk fe j[ew

ehsk ikt/-- @;G f;yB e' j[ew j? r[o{ wkfBU ræzE. # w[edh rb f;y Xow r[o{ BkBe d/t

ih d/ eo-ewbK Bkb F[o{ j'fJnk. f;y Xow dk w{b wzso r[opkDh j?. f;y Xow dk fJFN

r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp j?. f;y Xow ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ~ ukBD w[Bkok wkor doFe wzB e/ ubdk

j?. f;y Xow dk Xkofwe ræzE ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ;zg{oB ræzE j? s/ f;y dh ;{os th ;zg{oB

j? sK fco j'o fe;/ dbhb dh e'Jh }o{os BjhA ofj iKdh e/ f;y Xow fJe tyok Xow j?.



;{os s/ ;hos;{os s/ ;hos;{os s/ ;hos;{os s/ ;hos;{os s/ ;hosnfXnkswe rbK, nfXnksw uouk s/ nfXnksw ekfJd/ ek~B fJB;kB ~ d;D dh e'fFF

eod/ jB fe jo Xow d/ ihtB ~ ;k\ ;[Eok pDkT[D bJh ty'-tyo/ Yzr sohe/ jB. fe;/ B/

feXo/ dhnK eokwksh Feshnk Bkb vok e/, fe;/ B/ wjk-g[oyK dk gkso fusoD eoe/, fe;/ B/

okfinK wjkokfinK ~ nkdoFe fuzBQ pDk e/ ns/ r[o{ BkBe B/ Fpd ~ r[o{ pDk e/, i' Xkofwe

;ukJhnK jB, Xow dh i' wjkBsk j?, Xow d/ ek~B jB, bSD jBl T[BQK dh rb ehsh j?.

fJB;kB bJh ty ty Yzr sohfenK d/ Bkb ty-ty XowK B/ gæG{ dh gækgsh d/ dkU-g/u fby/

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ Fpd Fesh dk gæ:'r eoe/ @Fpd r[o{ ;[ofs X[fB u/bk# nky e/ Fpd

~, Fkpfde ftXh ~ ;G s'A tXhnk ftXh fejk s/ Fpd okjhA ;z;ko ~ f;X/ o;s/, gæawkswk d/

o;s/ s'oB dk :sB ehsk. jo Xow dk Yzr-sohek tyok ;h. fe;/ B/ e'Jh d/th d/ts/ fe;/ B/

e'Jh oki/, b/feB jo fJe Xow B/ T[; dh gæ;z;k eofdnK fJB;kBK ~ fJe d/ bV brD dh gæ/

oBk ehsh. fJj i' gæ/oBk j?, fJj i' Xkofwe ;ukJhnK jB, Gkt/A fe;/ th Xow dhnK j'D, fJBQK

;ukJhnK ~ Xow dh ohVQ dh jvh fejk ik ;edk j?, e/Adoh Gkt fejk ik ;edk j?. fJj i'

Xkofwe f;fynk j?, Xkofwe ftXhnK jB, fJj Xow dh gæhGkFk j?. b/feB Bkb d/ Bkb Xow

dh gæhGkFk eofdnK ;ko/ XowK B/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu T[; dk gkso fusoD eoB dk :sB

ehsk j?. ;ko/ XowK ftu e'Jh Bk e'Jh n?;h fw;kb j? id fe;/ Bk fe;/ ~ nkgDk op ikD e/

wzfBnk j?.

Gkosh ;z;feæsh ftu fizB/ th Xow ub/ jB, nkgD/ nkgD/ ;ko/ XowK, ;ko/ wsK, ;ko/

doFBK ftu seohpB seohpB ;ko/ Xkofwe ræzEK t/dK, Fk;soK, T[gfBFdK, okwkfJD,

wjKGkos, rhsk, p[X ws, i?B ws ns/ :j{dh ws ftu, fi; ftu'A fJ;bkw Xow iBfwnK, fJBQK

dh uouk eod/ j'J/, rb f;y Xow s/ nk e/ o[eh. fJj ;koh fNgDh fJj ;koh uouk fJ; eoe/

ehsh j? feT[Afe Xkofwe d[BhnK dk fJokdk, Xkofwe d[BhnK dk fBFkBK s/ Xkofwe ;/X sK ;koh

d[BhnK d/ Xkofwe b'eK dh fJe' fijh jh j[zdh j?.

i/ fe;/ ftnesh B/ fe;/ th Xow dh uouk eoBh j't/ Gkt/A T[j fe;/ th Xow dk XkoBh

feT[A Bk j't/ b/feB i/ T[; B/ Xkofwe oj; dk o; wkBDk j? sK T[; ~ Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ ;wekbh

iK fJfsjk; ftub/ pkeh gzfBnK ~ gos e/ t/yDk gt/rk. feT[Afe n;hA fizBk fuo pkeh ;ko/

XowK pko/ BjhA ikD b?Ad/ sK UBk fuo fJj gsk BjhA br ;edk fe nzdo eh j?, :EkoE eh

j?. fw;kb d/ s"o @s/ i/ w?A f;y jK, ;kv/ dkd/-gVdkd/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ f;y ;B, i/ n;hA

f;y Xow dh rb eoBk ukj[zd/ jK, f;y Xow d/ XkoBh jK, f;y Xow jh ;kvk ;G e[M j?. b/

feB i/ n;hA f;y Xow dh nkb'uBkswe rb eoBh j? sK ;k~ pkeh ;ko/ XowK @s/ th, Gkt/A gzSh

Mks B}o jh wkohJ/, }o{o tke\hns j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; bJh n;hA gfjb/ gzfBnK ftu ;w[u/

Xkofwe irs @s/ E'VQh pj[s B}o wkoB dh e'fFF ehsh j?.



fJfsjk; phs rJh ejkDh j'fJnk eodk j?. phs rJ/ ;w/A ~ fJfsjk; nkyd/ jB, b/feB

phs rJ/ ~ :kd eoe/, i' T[; ftu ;jh phfsnk, T[; dk frnkB ;k~ fwbdk j? s/ i' e[M ;jh

BjhA phfsnk iK fi; rb dk ;kv/ g[oksB fgsk-g[oyh ræzEK, ;kv/ ftdtkBK, ;kv/ BeV dkfdnK

d/ e'b'A i' rkj/-prkj/ so[NhnK ofj rJhnK j'D iK fJzM ej' fe e[M nzX ftFtkF j' frnk j't/

iK e'Jh rabshnK j' rJhnK j'D, fJfsjk; gVQ e/ ;k~ T[BQK pko/ gsk ub iKdk j? s/ n;hA T[j

rabshnK Gfty ftu eoB s'A r[o/} eod/ jK. nkgD/ Xow d/ nB[:kJh j'Dk, nkgD/ Xow dk

;woEB eoBk, ;fseko eoBk pj[s tXhnk rb j?. fe;/ th Xow dk e'Jh nB[:kJh j't/, T[;

ftnesh ~ n;hA ;fseko G/AN eod/ jK, b/feB Bkb d/ Bkb i/ pkeh XowK pko/ th T[; ~ e'Jh

frnkB j't/ sK T[j pj[s tfvnkJh dh rb j?, f;\s dh rb j? fJB;kB jw/FK, w[Y edhw s'A

jh Xkofwe fojk j?. fJB;kB nkyd/ jh sK jB, fJB;kB b\} jh sK pfDnk feT[Afe fJB;kB

ftu fJB;kBhns j?. fi; fdB s'A th fJB;kB ~ fJB;kB fejk frnk, p; T[;/ fdB s'A fJB;kB

ftu fJB;kBhns }o{o ;h. Xkofwe j? fJB;kB, i/ Xkofwe BjhA sK T[j fJB;kB BjhA j' ;edk.

fizBk th e'Jh nkdwh fJB;kBhns s'A d{o j't/rk T[j j?tkBhns d/ UBk jh eohp j[zdk ikt/rk.

n;b ftu Xkofwe j'Dk jh sK fJB;kBhns j? s/ fJB;kBhns jh Xow j?l s/ i/ n;hA Xow dh

rb eod/ j'J/ fJB;kBhns dh rb th Bkb'A-Bkb eohJ/l Xkofwe fJfsjk; gVQfdnK, Xkofwe

rb eofdnK, i/ n;hA fJB;kB s/ fJB;kBhns d/ fJfsjk; d/ gzB/ gosd/ jK sK fJ; pko/ e[M

bGKr/, i/ ;k~ ftFtk; j? sK jh, i/ ftFtk; BjhA sK e[M th BjhA. ftFtk; fJe n?;h ;N/i

j?, fJe n?;h uh} j?, i/ E'VQh fijh th xN j? sK T[; d/ e'Jh noE BjhA fBebd/. ftFtk; j?

sK g{oB ftFtk; j?, sK jh T[j ftFtk; pDdk j?. 99 gæshFs ftFtk; d/ e'Jh wknB/ BjhA

j[zd/. i/ fe;/ s/ ftFtk; j't/ sK jh sK n;hA T[; s'A e'Jh T[whd oyd/ jK ;k~ e'Jh nk; pMdh

j?. ;k~ e[M n;{b fwbd/ jB. ;kvk e[M eoB ~ fdb eodk j?. ftukoK eoB ~ fdb eodk

j?. i/ ftFtk; BjhA j? sK fco T[j ;G e[M jh BjhA j?.

Xow fJB;kBK ns/ fJB;kBhns d/ o;s/ dh rb eodk j?. Xow ns/ Xkofwe edoK-ehwsK

fJB;kB ~ jw/FK ;kfjse s/ ebkswe g/æoBk th fdzdhnK jB. ;kfjs ns/ Xow dk nfByVtK

foFsk j?, Fpd dk s/ Xow dk pj[s jh r{VQk foFsk j?. n;b Fesh i' fJB;kB ~ pkeh ;ko/

ihtK s'A f}nkdk FeshFkbh pDkT[Adh j? T[j @Fpd# dh Fesh j?.

;ohoe s"o @s/ pj[s ;ko/ ikBto fJB;kB s'A fes/ tX skesto j[zd/ jB b/feB Fpd dh

Fesh j'D eoe/ fJB;kB ;ko/ ihtK @s/ jkth j' iKdk j?. ;ko/ ihtK ~ nkgD/ t; ftu eo ;eD

dh ;woEk oydk j?. i' Xkofwe f]nkb jB, i' Xkofwe ;'u j? T[; d/ n;o Bkb nkgD/ nkgD/

Xow dh Xkofwe rb eoB tkb/ ftnesh bJh, Xkofwe ;'u oyD tkb/ ftnesh bJh, Xkofwe

gæukoe bJh fJj pj[s }o{oh j? fe T[j nkgD/ Xow d/ Bkb Bkb pkeh XowK dh tke\hns th

oydk j't/. e'Jh th Xkofwe ftnesh i/ sK T[j Xowh j?, ;jh o{g ftu Xowh j? sK T[j pkeh

d/ i' Xow jB, T[BQK dk }o{o nfXn?B eo/rk. T[BQK dk id frnkB gækgs eoB dh e'fFF



eo/rk sK Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ ekfJd/-ek~B nB[;ko Xkofwe ti{d ftu ofjD bJh fJj }o{oh

j' iKdk j? fe d{;o/ XowK ~ gVQfdnK iK d{;o/ XowK dh fw;kb fdzfdnK, rb eofdnK Xowh

b'e ed/ th ;fseko eoB s'A r[o/} BjhA eoBr/.

d{;o/ Xow dk nfXn?B n;hA sK jh eo ;ed/ jK, d{;o/ XowK d/ ftu'A n;hA sK jh e[M f;y

;ed/ jK, d{;o/ XowK dh n;hA rb jh sK eo ;ed/ jK i/ ;kv/ fdb ftu Xkofwe d[BhnK dk

;fseko j?. jwdodh s/ ;fseko d/ Bkb, fBogy j' e/ i/ e'Jh rb eoKr/, sK jh sK T[j

Xkofwe rb j't/rh. id'A n;hA d{i/ XowK pko/ gVQd/ jK sK d{;o/ Xow ~ gVQfdnK th nkgD/ Xow

dh th ;wM ;k~ tXhnk brdh j?. fJB;kBhns d/ Xkofwe fgS'eV tb Mks wkofdnK ;kvh

Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ Bkb B/Vsk tXdh j?. ni ebQ sK d[BhnK J/Bh eohp j[zdh ik ojh j?, G{r'fbe

s"o @s/ J/Bh S'Nh br ojh j? fe fJj Xosh fi; @s/ fJB;kB t;dk j?, 10-12 xzfNnK ftu

fJe irQk s'A fi; wo}h j'o irQk @s/ ikfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJe d/F dh d{;o/ d/FK d/ Bkb, fJe

e"w dh d{;ohnK e"wK Bkb, fJe Xow dh d{;o/ XowK Bkb J/Bh f}nkdk fJe d{i/ @s/ fBoGosk,

J/Bh f}nkdk fJe d[{i/ dh b'V j' rJh j? fe e'Jh th xNBk, e'Jh th wjstg{oB rb d[BhnK

d/ fe;/ th fj;/ ftu feT[A Bk tkgoh j't/, T[j fizBh f}nkdk wjstg{oB j?, d[BhnK d/ pkeh

fjf;nK ftu T[; dk UBk jh f}nkdk n;o gt/rk. ;w/A dh b'V j? fe fJB;kB ftseo/ Sv e/

e"wK, B;bK, o;wK fotk}K, ozr o{g s/ Xow d/ ftsefonK ~ Sv e/ nkg; d/ ftu fgnko Bkb

oj/. ob-p?m e/ fwb e/ ofjDk i/ ;k~ nk ikJ/ sK pj[s w[FebK jb j' ;edhnK jB. pj[s

d[y d{o j' ;ed/ jB. fwbkg ftu ;[y j?, NeokU ftu dod j?, d[y j?. jo Xow d[yK s'A

S[Nekok gkT[Dk ns/ ;[yK dh gækgsh dh rb eodk j? sK fco feT[A Bk fwbkg eohJ/. i/ dod

fwbdk j? NeokU ftu, fco NeokU eoB dh eh b'V j?. jK ;k~, jo fJB;kB ~ fJj ;wM

j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe nkgDh f;cs eoBk nkgD/ Xow dh f;cs eoBk s/ j'o fe;/ dh iK j'o fe;/

Xow dh fBy/Xh eoBk fJj sK Xkofwe fefonk j' jh BjhA ;edh. Xow fe;/ dh fBy/Xh feT[A

eo/rk.

jo fJe fJB;kB dk fJj je pDdk j?, jo fJe fJB;kB dk fJj w"fbe nfXeko pDdk

j? fe T[j fi; wo}h Xkofwe ftukoXkok tkbk j't/, b/feB i/ e'Jh Xowh j? sK fco T[j rabs

fet/A j' ;edk j?. n;hA g[oksB fJfsjk; ftu, fJB;kB d/ fJfsjk; ftu i' NeokU ehs/ jB,

Bshi/ ti'A i' d[y G'r/ jB, T[BQK s'A ;k~ e[M f;yDk ukjhdk j?, T[BQK s'A ;k~ e[M o"FBh fwbDh

ukjhdh j?. fwb p?mD Bkb jh ;[y Fksh j?, nkg;h fgnko s/ ;fseko ftu jh ;[y j?. i/ rb

jh ;ko/ Xow fJe dh eod/ jB fco feT[A Bk ob-p?m e/ p; fJe jh j' ikJhJ/. T[; fJe dh

rb eohJ/, T[; fJe dk ;fseko eohJ/, NeokU ]sw j' ikJ/ sK ;ko/ dod d{o j' ikD. ;[y

fwb ikJ/, fJB;kB XzB j' ikJ/, fJB;kB Xowh j' ikJ/.

;æh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ eo-ewbK Bkb ubkJ/ rJ/ f;y Xow dh rb eohJ/ ! d[BhnK ftu

Xow sK fuo'eD/ w"i{d ;B pbfe fJB;kB s/ fJB;kBhns dk iBw jh fJefmnK j'fJnk.



fJB;kB fJB;kB j? i/ T[; ftu fJB;kBhns j?. Xow BjhA j? sK fJB;kB th BjhA j?. fJB;kB

d/ iBw s'A jh i' fJB;kBhns d/ ekfJd/ ek~B, i' uzr/ eow, i' nkdwh ~ f;X/ okj ubD tk;s/

f;fynk wkso, gæ/oBk wkso, gfsnk e/, vok e/, fe;/ th soQK ;wMk e/, i' wB[ysk d/ fgsk-

fgskwk j'J/ jB, T[BQK B/ i' fJB;kB ~ f;X/ okj d;/, uzrhnK, uzfrnkJhnK d;hnK, ;[fjodsk

d;h, fJe d{i/ dk Gbk wzrDk df;nk, fJe d{i/ dh ;jkfJsk eoBh d;hl fJjh ;G e[M obk-

fwbk e/ sK Xow pDdk j?. n;hA ;fji f}zdrh ftu eJh tkoh efj iKd/ jK fe w/ok fJj Xow

pDdk ;h sK jh w?A fJj tXhnk ezw ehsk. p; tXhnk eoBk jh Xkofwe o[uh j? s/ fJj o[uh

sK pj[s fuo s'A ubh nk ojh ;h. Gkt/A t/dK ftu b'eK ~ eokwksK Bkb vok e/, feæFw/ fdyk

e/, d/th-d/tfsnK dk gkso fusoD eoe/ ;kv/ BeVdkfdnK gVQdkfdnK B/ tXhnk Yzr Bkb

fJB;kB ~ f;X/ fJB;kBhns d/ o;s/ s'oB dk :sB ehsk. ræzEK ftu'A T[gfBFdK ftu'A okfinK

~ op wzB e/, okfinK ~ pæjwk wzB e/, okfinK Bz{z jh ;G e[M wzB e/, fJB;kB ~ T[BQK okfinK

dk j[ew wzBD, oki/ dh o}k ftu ofjD, oki/ dk ;fseko eoB, oki/ d/ oki ftu ;jh sohe/

Bkb ofjD dh gæ/oBk fJB;kB ~ fwbh.

okwkfJD ftu fJB;kB d/ o{g ftu GrtkB dk gkso fusoD eoe/, fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBh

f}zdrh fet/A fiT[Dh ukjhdh j?, fJ; dh fw;kb fJ; dh wfonkdk gæF'sw okw d/ n;fsst

ftu, okw d/ ftnefsst ftu okw dh ;]Fhns ftu, op ~ d[BhnK @s/ fbnk e/ d[BhnK bJh

fJe tkfjd fw;kb ekfJw ehsh. wjKGkos ftu }[bw d/ w[ekpb/ ftu yVQ ikDk jh nkgD/ nkg

Xow pD frnk. }kbw d/ }[bw ~ ;fjDk th e'Jh Xkofwe rb BjhA j? . }kbw d/ e'b'A nkgD/

nkg ~ pukT[Dk pbfe }kbw ~ ]sw eoBk fJj th ;kvk Xow pDdk j?. Gkt/A }kbw ;kvk e'Jh

nkgDk jh feT[A Bk j't/, Gkt/A }kbw ;kv/ skJ/ dk g[s Gok jh feT[A Bk j't/, Gkt/A }aaa[bw d/ Bkb

wddrko pD e/ ;kvk e'Jh fgskwk GhFw jh feT[A Bk yVQk j't/, Gkt/A tv/ tv/ e[b-r[o{, ¼tv/

-tv/ sho-nzdk}h d/ T[;skd, tv/-tv/ :'X/, tv/-tv/ g[oy i/ }[bw d/ je ftu yVQ/ jB, }kbw

dh id'A ;jkfJsk eoB bJh yVQ/ jB sK T[BQK Bz{ p]F d/Dk th Xkofwe rb BjhA j?. }[bw dk

jwkfJsh th }kbw j[zdk j? s/ }[bw dk vN e/ w[ekpbk eoBk, }a[abw ~ ]sw eoBk fBnK wzrDk

nkgDk je wzrDk, fJj fJe Xkofwe fefonk j?. fJ; s'A pknd i/ p[X iK i?B ws ftu pæjwk

~ s/ j'o d/th d/tfsnK ~, eosk ~, gæwkswk ~ th fBor[D df;nk s/ i' r[D iK n"r[D jB sK

fJB;kB ftu jB. i?B s/ p[X ws d't/A fJ; rb d/ XkoBh jB fe e'Jh gæwkswk BjhA j?, e'Jh

d/t BjhA j?, e'Jh d/tsk BjhA j?, e'Jh pæjwk BjhA j?, fi; B/ fJj d[BhnK pDkJh. fJj i' d[BhnK

j? fJj fJB;kB d/ eowK dk cb j?, i' eoKr/ ;' GoKr. fJj ;G e[M ftukofdnK j'fJnK, ub'

:j{dh Xow dh th rb eohJ/. fJ; ftu T[BQK B/ nkgDk sohek tofsnk fe op B/ nkgD/ g[so

~ Xosh @s/ G/fink s/ T[; B/ Xosh s/ nk e/, op d/ g[so B/ fJj i' d[BhnK dk gæpzX ehsk,

fJ; pko/ Ubv N?;Nkw?AN ftu eJh soQK dhnK fw;kbK d/ e/, ejkDhnK gk e/ fJB;kB ~ Xkofwe

iht pDkT[D tb gæ/fos eoB dk :sB ehsk j?.



15thA ;dh se pj[s gæeko d/ ws, eJh soQK d/ Xow, eJh gæeko d/ Xkowe nkr{ d[BhnK

@s/ w"i{d ;B. pj[s gæeko d/ gæukoe w"i{d ;Bl oki/ wjkoki/ w"i{d ;B. ;kok e[M sK ;h,

Xkofwe b'e th ;B, Xow th ;B sK fco fJe Bt/A Xow @f;y Xow# dh eh b'V gJh < eh

ekoB ;h fe ;kfjp ;æh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ fJe Bt/A Xow, #f;y Xow# dk w[Y pzfBQnk < fJ;

dk ekoB eh ;h < ;ko/ Xow j[zfdnK j'fJnK th fJj fJe BthA bhj, fJe BthA ;/X, fJe BthA

f;fynk dh Gbk eh }o{os ;h < }ok fJ; tb B}o wkohJ/. mhe j? d[BhnK ftu Xkofwe b'e

th ;B s/ Xow th ;B, b/feB id'A Xkofwe b'e d{;o/ Xow d/ b'eK Bz{ nkgD/-nkg s'A fBopb

eoB bJh nfij/ :sB eoB br/, fijV/ fJB;kBhns d/ f]bk\ ;B, fijV/ eow Xowh nkdwh

eo jh BjhA ;edk. id'A fJE'A se B"ps nk rJh fe ;kvk Xow jh uzrk j?, s[jkvk uzrk BjhA.

tXdh rb fJE'A se ubh rJh fe ;kv/ Xow d/ Bkb ob ikU BjhA sK s[jkvk rbk eN d/tKr/

, s[jkBz{ ]sw eo d/tKr/. pVh pdfe;wsh j'Jh fe Xkofwe b'e Xkofwe b'eK d/ Bkb :Z[X eoB

br/. Xowh, Xowh ~ wkoB br fgnk sK mhe T[; ;w/A id'A fJ;bkw B/--op B/V/ fe x;[zB, fJ;

vokt/ Bkb x;[zB go/v eoe/ Gkos d/ ftu ofjD tkb/ b'eK ~ t/fynk, ty-ty Xow, b/feB fiBQK

dk BkweoB eoBk w[Feb ;h, ;kfonK ~ fJem/ eoe/ fJ;bkw B/ fjzd{ B}ohJ/ Bkb t/yDk F[o{

eo fdsk, pkeh ;ko/ XowK ~ fJ;bkw B/ fjzd{ nky e/, fjzd{ ikD e/, ;kfonK @s/ }aa[bw eoBk

F[o{ eo fdsk, esb j'D/ F[o{ j' rJ/, wDK-w{zjh izi{ bkj e/ o'Nh ykD dk gæD eoB br gJ/,

id'A nfsnkuko dh ns j' rJh sK r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh nktk} d{o-d{o se ;[Dh rJh. r[o{

ih s'A gfjbK fe;/ dh eh wikb fe e'Jh oki/ ~ ej/ L

gkg eh izR b? ekpbj[ XkfJnk i'oh wzr? dkB[ t/ bkb' I

r[o{ BkBe jh ;h fe i' efjD dh }[ons oyd/ ;B, @oki/ ;hAj w[edw e[s/I# ;æh r[o{ ih

fJj'nkfynk i' ;jh ;h, i' U; wkbe B/ r[o{ ih s'A nytkfJnk, p; T[j jh nkfynk r[o{ ih B/

. r[o{ ih fjzd{nK s/ w[;bwkBK ftukb/ fJe g[b pD e/ yV rJ/ s/ nkfynK fe d'B'A Xow fJe

jh rb efjDk ukj[zd/ jB, uzfrnkJhnK tb fbikDk ukj[zd/ jB, fJB;kB Bz{ fJe jh fwFB tb

;/fXs oyd/ jB. i/ fJe jh fNekDk j? sK fco okj tyo/tyo/ feT[A j'D < ;' fJ; okj T[s/

fJem/ s[o/ iktKr/ sK ;wK th ;jh phs/rk, Ee/tK th xN wfj;{; j't/rk. Nhuk sK fJe jh j?l

i/ T[j j? jh fJe sK T[; ~ okw ej', iK ojhw ej', eh \oe g?Adk j? < p; fJj ;KMh rb

efjD bJh r[o{ BkBe B/ nktk} T[mkJh s/ n?;/ rhs, n?;h pkDh e[dos B/, gæwkswk B/ r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih d/ ftu p?m e/ fbytkJh fe T[j Fpd, T[j Fpdktbh, T[;d/ noE, T[j noEktbh fJe

n?;k wkor doFB eodh j? fi; @s/ ub e/ fJB;kB fJB;kBhns d/ fNekD/ ftu ofjD dk \]o

wfj;{; eo ;edk j? fe w?A fJB;kB jK.

r[o{ BkBe nkyd/ jB L s{z fJe j?Al s{z fszB th BjhA j?A, s{z 33 eo'V th BjhA j?A, fjzd{ th

BjhA j?A, w[;bwkB th BjhA j?A s{z, s/ ;G e[M j?A s{z, b/feB fJe j?A s/ p; f;o\ fJe j?A. ;fsBkw

fJe jh j? i' Uw th j?, i' n;E{b th j? s/ ;fsBkw ;{yFw thl i' ftnesh th j?, Fesh th



j?, ;op ftnkgh j?, nzso:kwh, i' ;G e[M j?, fi; ftu ;G e[M j?, fi; dk ;G e[M j?. p;

Ujh sK j? ;G e[M fJe j?, p; fJe j?, T[j F{yFw th j?, n;E{b th j?, Uw th j? s/ Unzeko

th, ;hwk ftu th j?, n;hw th j?. r[o{ ih id'A T[; dk fgnko Bkb, ;fseko Bkb, fpnkB eod/

, T[; fJe dk sK nkgD/ nB[Gt ftu, e[M fJ; soQK d{o p?m/ fd;d/ s/ nkyd/ jB L @nopd

Bopd X[zX{ekokHHHH ;[fB ;wkfX brkfJdk I# E'VQk fijk nr/ j'o fbyd/ jB -

ykDh B pkDh gT[D B gkDh I Ugfs ygfs B nktD ikDh I (1035)

fiE/ jtk BjhA j?, fiE/ gkDh th BjhA j?, fe;/ gæeko d/ e'Jh yfDi gdkoE th BjhA jB,

T[; irQk fiE/ Bk e'Jh nkT[Adk j? Bk e'Jh iKdk j?, n?;h irQk fi; ftu F{B: j?, jtk s/ gkDh

dh nDj'Ad j? sK fco n?;h irQk gzi G{se Foho fet/A ofj ;edk j?l fJB;kB fet/A ofj ;edk

j?< nfijh irk ftu ;op FeshwkB gæwkswk jh ofj ;edk j?, p; fJj ;'uD tkbh rb j?.

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk s/ T[BQK s'A gfjb/ Xkofwe b'eK dk f;o\ J/Bk jh nzso j? fe gfjbK

;ko/ foFh-w[Bh, ;ko/ Xkofwe b'e GrtkB ~, okw ~ fJe fJB;kB d/ o{g ftu d/yd/ oj/. i/

pæjwk dh w{os pDkJh sK T[j th fJB;kB torh, i/ okw dk gkso-fusoD ehsk, T[j th

fJB;kB tork. i/ ;æh feæFB dk e'Jh ftnefsst, e'Jh gkoN, e'Jh :'rdkB Xosh @s/ fdykT[D

dk :sB ehsk sK T[j th fJB;kB torkl s/ fJB;kB i' j?, fi; ~ th, Gkt/A T[j okw j?, feFB

j?, ojhw j?, j}os w[jzwd j?, e'Jh th j?l gzi G{se ;oho ftu fd;/rk, fJB;kBh o{g ftu

fd;/rkl sK p; fJE/ jh rb w[edh j? fe T[j }o{o fJe fdB fpyo/rk th. i' gzi ssK dk

pfDnk j'fJnk ;oho j?, T[; dk nzs }o{o j't/rk. gziK ssK dk pfDnk j'fJnk e'Jh fJB;kBh

g[sbk, i/ gziK ssK ftu'A fJe th xN j' ikt/ sK fiT[Adk BjhA ofj ;edk. fJ; ;oho ftu'A i/

gkDh ]sw j' ikJ/ sK nkyd/ jB gkDh w[e frnk j?. i/ ;kj pzd j' ikJ/ sK nkyd/ jB, Bp}

BjhA ub ojh, ;kj ]sw j' frnk. i/ nrB w[e ikJ/ sK f;nkD/, t?djehw, nkyd/ jB, p;

j[D sK ;oho mzYk j' frnk j?, ]sw j' frnk j?. gkDh ]sw j' ikJ/, fi;w ftu gkDh Bk oj/

sK p; os ;[e ikt/ sK e[M BjhA ofjzdk. gzi ssK ftu'A fJe th xN ikJ/ sK fJB;kB dk i'

fi;w j?, T[; dk ti{d ]sw j' iKdk j?, nzsekb j' iKdk j?. r[o{ BkBe nkyd/ jB L @g"D Bk

gkDh, ykDh Bk pkDh I# fiE/ e'Jh yfDi gdkoE BjhA j?, jtk BjhA j?, gkDh BjhA j?, sK fco

T[E/ gzi G{se ;oho dk j'Dk sK Bkw[wfeB j?, feT[Afe gkDh s'A fpBK, jtk s'A fpBK ;oho dk ti{d

j' jh BjhA ;edk sK fco eh noE eohJ/.

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh B}o ftu i' gæwkswk j?, i' op j?, T[j fJB;kB BjhA j?, T[j gzi

ssK dk pfDnk j'fJnk BjhA j?. T[j e'Jh ftnesh ftF/F BjhA j' ;edk, T[j sK e'Jh Fesh jh

j' ;edh j?. fJj i' ftnesh s/ Fesh dk nzso j?, p; fJj'nzso j? r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih d/ f;y Xow dk s/ pkeh gfjbK s/ pknd ftu g?dk j'J/ XowK dk. pkeh ;ko/ Xow

fJ; rb ~ wzBd/ jB fe gowkswk fJe j? b/feB e'Jh efjzdk fJj sK w/o/ pæjwk tork j?,

e'Jh nkydk op w/o/ okw tork j?, e'Jh nkydk GrtkB feæFB tork op j?, e'Jh nkydk nbQk



op j?, w"bk j?, e'Jh nkydk ih;; eokfJ;N jh op dk g[so j?. e'Jh nkydk e[M j'o, e'Jh

;wMdk j'ol fJ; d/ nB/eK BK b?Ad/ jB, b/feB r[o{ BkBe nkyd/ jB L @s/o/ Bkw nB/e jB#. r[o{

ih Bz{ fJ; rb s/ e'Jh fezs{-gæzs{ BjhA j?l fJ; ftu e'Jh Fe-F[pkj iK frbk BjhA j?. r[o{ ih

B/ feXo/ fJj BjhA fejk fe okw ~ op Bk wzB', feæFB ~ op Bk wzB'. fe;/ th soQK d/ Xkofwe

Bkw i' op Bkb i'Vd/ jB, T[; d/ Bkb i[V/ fJj Bkw ty BjhA j' ;ed/. b/feB fJj efjzd/ jB

fe T[j ftnesh ftF/F BjhA j?, T[j fJe n?;h Fesh j? i' ;k~ Xkofwe b'eK Bz{ ;fseko ti'A

;ko/ Xkofwe b'eK ~ fgnko d/ Bkb nkgD/ Xow s/ g[{ok ftFtk; eoB bJh g/æod/ jB. r[o{ ih

dk wjKtke j? L

efo fJ;BkB[ f;wfo gæG[ ngBk wB sB GJ/ no'rk I

nkgDk i' gæD j? i' th ftFtk; j? T[; ftu g{oD ftFtk;, i/ ftFtk; E'VQk fijk th xN

j' frnk sK p; ;G e[M ]sw j' frnk. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk i' BtK Xow @f;y Xow# ubkT[D

dk we;d ;h, i' b'V ;h fJj Xow ubkT[D dh, T[; }o{os ~, T[; we;d ~ n;hA ;wMD dk

:sB jh BjhA ehsk. p; fJj geV e/ pfj rJ/ fe r[o{ BkBe jh ;kvk okw j?, op j?, r[o{

BkBe d/t ih ~ g{iD tb ~ n;hA s[o gJ/, b/feB i' r[o{ ih nkyDk ukj[zd/ ;B T[; rb tb

ni se fe;/ B/ fXnkB BjhA fdsk. r[o[{ BkBe d/t ih d/ gzi G{se fi;w dh, T[j gzi G{se

fi;w fi; B/ fJe fdB }o[{o fpyo ikDk j?, T[; fi;w ~ n;hA i/ op nkyd/ jK, T[; dh w[{os

dh s;tho pDk e/ pfj iKd/ jK. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh s;tho ~ X{\ psh ibk e/ X{\ eod/

jK, sK eh n;hA r[o{ ih i' rb efjDk ukj[zd/ ;B T[; s/ g{ok T[sod/ jK, T[; Bkb fBnK eod/

jK. gzi G{se ;oho d/ nzdo gæwkswk e?d BjhA j' ;edk. ;oho i' j? jh gzi G{se, fJ; B/ sK

fJe fdB fpyoBk jh fpyoBk j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk op sK nkfd ;u j? i[rkfd th ;u

j?, i' jw/FK ;u j?, i' jw/FK fiT[Adk j?, fi; dh ikB Bk fBebdh, Bk e'Jh fgU T[; ~ iBw

d/ ;edk j?, Bk fe;/ wksk d/ roG ftu'A T[j iBw b? ;edk j?. i' roG i{B ftu iBfwnK T[j

op BjhA j' ;edk. gæwkswk, okw, op nbQk GrtkB sK fJe Fesh j? GkJh. r[o{ BkBe d/ gzi

G{se ;oho Bz{ i/ n;hA g{iDk j?, g{i'r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ~, e'Jh fJsok} BjhA j?, okw ~ g{i',

feæFB ~ g{i', fJ; ftu e'Jh rb rabs BjhA j? g{i', b/feB eh r[o{ ih fJj rb nkyDh ukj[zd/

;B < r[o{ ih dh i' pkDh j?, T[; pkDh ftu feXo/ fJj fwbdk j? fe op i' j? fijVh g{iD

tkbh uh} j?, i' ;kvk fJFN j?, fi; se gzj[uDk j?, fi; ~ fwbD dh sKx j?, T[j gzi G{se

;oho dk j?, j? feXo/ fJj 1430 nzrK d/ nzdo. r[o{ BkBe dh fiT[Adh ikrdh i'fs nzdo feXo/

fJj rb j? fe r[o{ ih B/ feXo/ fbfynk j't/l fe;/ j'o r[o{ ;kfjp ftu, fe;/ Grs iB d/ wB

ftu p?m e/ r[o{ ih B/ fbfynk j't/, fe;/ oph i'fs B/ fbfynk j't/, fe i' op j?, T[j gzi G{se

;oho dk pfDnk j?. gæshe ed/ gowkswk j' BjhA ;edk. ;ko/ d/ts/ gæwkswk, okw, op d/ gæshe

jB.

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk i' cb;ck j?, i' r[o{ ih efjDk ukj[zd/ jB, fi; eoe/ r[o{ ih



ftukoXkok dh b'V gJh, eh n;hA fJ; rb tb ;'uD dh b'V ;wMh j? fe r[o{ ih efjDk eh

ukj[zd/ jB < r[o{ ih B/ feXo/ BjhA fbfynk fe op n?; soQK dk j?. r[o{ ih nkyd/ jB T[j fJe

j?, fJe Unzeko j?, ;{yw th j?, n;E{b th j?, ;hwk ftu th j? ns/ ;hwk s'A goQ/ th j?. r[o{

BkBe B/ Ujdk BK eh Xfonk-- ;fs, ;fsBkw, Unzeko, ;fsBkw ;fs j?. T[; dk Bkw fJe

j?. r[o{ ih d/ Fkpfde noE th BknBe, i' nB/e BjhA jB. ;' BkBe Bkw d/ Fkpfde noE th

fJe jh pDd/ jB b/feB r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dk i' gzi G{se ;oho j?, i' BkBe j?, wfjsk ekb{

dk g[so j?, wK d/ roG d/ ftu'A fi; B/ iBw fbnk, T[j eh ;fs j?, ;fs dk gæshe j?, ;fs

nky e/ n;hA i/ T[; dh g{ik eoBh j?-- ub' eo' GkJh, i/ s[;hA r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ~ op wzB

e/ T[; dh g{ik eoBh j?, eo', }o{o eo'. i/ s[jkvk ftFtk; XzB/ d/ ftFtk; Bkb obdk j?, i/

XzB/ ~ fJe mke[o d/ ftu'A, fJe gEo d/ ftu ftFtk; eoe/ op bG ;edk j? sK n;hA r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih d/ ftu'A feT[A BjhA bG ;ed/< }o{o bG ;ed/ jK, ftFtk; eoe/ d/y', fe;/ s/ th eoe/

d/y', r[o{ BkBe d/t ih @s/ eoe/ d/y', okw @s/ eoe/ d/y', fe;/ th GrtkB s/ ftFtk; eo

e/ d/y', g{oB ftFtk; ;" \h ;dh ftFtk;, 99 \h ;dh d/ e'Jh wknB/ BjhA jB. ;" \h ;dh

ftFtk; eoe/ d/y', i/ s[jkvk ftFtk; ;" \h;dh j?, XzB/ tork ftFtk; j? sK :ehB efoU,

GrtkB gEo ftu'A th fwb ikt/rk. b/feB r[o{ ih B/ i' nkgDh pkDh d/ ftu efjDk ukfjnk j?l

T[; nB[;ko gowkswk iBw BjhA b? ;edk, gzi G{se iBw BjhA b? ;edk. i/ r[o{ ih ~ e'Jh

gæsy jfo wzB/, i/ r[o{ ih ~ e'Jh gæ/wh, e'Jh f;y, e'Jh fgnkok op wzB/, eosko wzB/, sK fJ;

d/ ftu e'Jh nfseEBh BjhA, fJ; d/ ftu e'Jh rabsh BjhA j?.

n;hA Gkosh ;fGnsk d/ b'e, Gkosh T[g wjKdhg ftu t;d/ b'e, Gkosh w{b d/ b'e g[oksB

;w/A s'A fe;/ Bk fe;/ ~ nkgDk op wzB e/ ubd/ nkJ/ jK. n;hA nkgD/ g[okD/ fJfsjk; ~ c'bhJ/

, fiE'A se th ;kvh B}o iKdh j? T[E'A se jh ;k~ fJ; rb d/ gæsy gæwkD fwbd/ jB fe n;hA

fe;/ Bk fe;/ uh} ~ nkgDk fJFN pDk e/ s[o/ jK. Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ b'e fe;/ Bk fe;/ uh}

~, fe;/ Bk fe;/ Fesh Bz{ Gkt/A T[j nrBh d/tsk j't/ iK e'Jh Eb d/tsk j't/, iK e'Jh ib d/

tsk j't/, fort/d ftu f}eo nkT[Adk j?, Gkt/A T[j fJzdo d/tsk j't/, t/dK d/ ftu f}eo nkT[Adk

j?, e[dosh feæFw/ ~ e[dos dhnK eokwksK jB. fJBQK ~ n;hA ftF/F eoe/ eokwksK ftu

ftFtk; eoe/, d/th d/tfsnK ftu ftFtk; eoe/ s/ T[; ftu'A nkgDk op Gkbd/ oj/ jK. i/ fFt

Fesh ~ n;hA nkgDk op ;theko eo ;ed/ jK, ;dhnK se i/ pæjwk s/ ftFtkF eod/ jK s/

fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe pæjwk B/ jh ;koh f;æFNh ~ f;ofink j?, fJj e'Jh rabs rb BjhA j?,

ftFtk; gek j? . fizBk fuo se ;kvk ftFtk; gek j? T[d'A se d/th d/ts/ fiBQK ~ op dh irk

fpmk fdsk, i/ pæjwk iK fco fFt Fesh j?, fi; ~ op dh irk fpmk fdsk, e'Jh rb BjhA

fi; ~ wo}h fpmk fdU, op dh irQk ukj/ okw ~ fpmk fdU, ukj/ ojhw ~, ;G mhe j?, op

ej' i/ :ehB j? g{oB :ehB. i/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ~ op efjD ~ fe;/ dk fdb eodk j?, i/

T[BQK dh s;tho ftu'A nkgDk fJFN fd;dk j?, T[; d/ ftu sK fJj e'Jh rabs rb BjhA j?.



w;bk sK ;kv/ wzB b?D dk j?, w;bk sK ;kv/ ftFtk; dk j?, w;bk sK ;kv/ :ehB dk j?, i/ ;uh-

w[uhA fdb bk e/ e'Jh fJB;kB e'Jh f;y r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh s;tho ~ g{oB ftFtk; d/ Bkb

nkgDk op wzBdk j? fJ; ftu'A nkgDk op Gkbdk j?, fJ; nzdo :ehB j?, T[; s/ fBoGo eodh

j? ;koh rb. i/ ftFtkF d/ Bkb e'Jh okw ~ iK fe;/ j'o wjKg[oy ~ op wzBdk j? s/ T[j okw

dh, feæFB dh, fFt dh iK gæwkswk dh, r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh rb BjhAl fJj rb T[;d/ ftFtk;

dh j?. i/ ftFtk; d/ Bkb, i/ s[;hA g{oB ftFtk; d/ Bkb op wzBd/ j' s/ XzB/ d/ gEo ftu

ftFtk; tKr ftFtk; eo ;ed/ j', ;zg{oB ftFtk; i/ j? sK gEo d/ mke[o @s/ ftFtk; eoe/

th T[; ftu'A op fwb ikt/rk. XzB/ dk ftFtk; j'frnk s/ T[;/ Bkb jh op fwb frnk.

}kfjo j? fe;/ Bk fe;/ sohe/ Bkb T[; ftFtk; ~ ftFtk; fdtkT[Dk g?Dk, GkJh s/ok i'

ftFtk; j? i/ T[j fis frnk. w;bk ftFtk; dk j? i/ ;k~ ftFtk; j? s/ nkgD/ :ehB d/ Bkb

n;hA fe;/ ~ th wzB bJhJ/, e[M th wzB bJhJ/ T[jhU j' ikt/rk. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih nkgDh

ftdtsk d/ Bkb nkgDh fdp fdæFNh d/ Bkb, nkgDh ebw d/ Bkb i' ftuko ;kv/ Bkb ;KM/ eoe/

rJ/, i' th op r[o{ BkBe d/t ih Bz{ fdf;nk, r[o{ BkBe nB[;ko ftnesh ftF/F e'Jh th, Bk

BkBe, Bk okw, Bk ojhw, Bk pæjwk e'Jh th ftnesh ftF/F, fJj r[o{ BkBe dh rb eo oj/

jK, r[o{ ih dh ftukoXkok nB[;ko e'Jh ft;/aF ftnesh Gkt/A T[j okw j?, ojhw j? e'Jh th j't/

fi; ftnesh B/ fe;/ wK d/ roG ftu iBw fbnk, fit/A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ wfjsk ekb{ d/

xo 1469 Jh;th ftu iBw fbnk, pkbe B/ iBw fbnk, fJB;kB d/ pkbe B/ iBw fbnk, r[o{

ih dh ftukoXkok, r[o{ ih dk i' \b;\k j?, T[; nB[;ko gzi G{se ;oho i' j?, T[j gæwkswk

BjhA j' ;edk. sK fco GkJh n;hA ;æh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ~ iK okw ~ iK j'o fe;/ ftnesh ftF/

F ~ op fet/A wzBd/ jK, T[; d/ Bkb n;hA fet/A fBnK eod/ jK fe n;hA i/ fe;/ ftnesh ftF/

F Bz{ op wzfBnk T[j feT[A wzfBnk.

jo fJe fJB;kB dk jo uh} dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh BK j[zdk j?. jo t;s{ ~ fe;/ Bk fe;/ BK

Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJB;kB dk i' nkw s"o s/ BK j[zdk j? eJh tkoh T[j T[; @s/ g{ok BjhA

T[sodk. f;nkD/ efjzd/ jB L fszB soQK d/ BK j'fJnk eod/ jB. fJe BK i' wksk-fgsk B/ ofynk.

i' n;hA eod/ jK s/ i' ;kvh feos j?L fJe BK T[; s'A pDdk j? i' n;hA feos eod/ jK fit/

A ;e{b ekbi ftu i/ e'Jh gVQkT[Adk j? sK n;hA wk;No ih iK g'æc?;o ;kfjp efjzd/ jK i/ e'Jh

b'eK dk fJbki eodk j? T[; ~ vkeNo ;kfjp efjzd/ jK. fJe BK ;k~ wK fgU B/ fdsk j[zdk

j?, fJe BK n;hA ewkT[Ad/ jK, feos n;hA i' eod/ jK, T[; d/ Bkb ;kvk BK pDdk j?. sh;ok BK

pDdk j? ;kvh ofjDh-pfjDh s[;hA feBQK b'eK d/ Bkb T[md/ p?md/ jK. ;kv/ fgsk ih fejk eod/

;B i/ s[jkv/ d';s ;zs jB ;kX{ jB, ;zsK d/ Bkb ;kX{nK d/ Bkb i/ s[jkvk T[mDk p?mDk j? sK

b'e s[jkvh rb fJ; soQK eoBr/ fit/A ;kX{nK dh rb eod/ jB, ;zsK dh rb eod/ jB. i/ s[jkvh

T[mDh p?mDh u'oK d/ Bkb j?, d';sh u'oK d/ Bkb j? s/ fco b'e efjDr/, @n'j iKd/ jB, u'oK

d/ :ko. # fi; soQK d/ b'eK d/ Bkb ;kvh T[mDh p?mDh j? T[; s'A th ;k~ fJe Bkw gækgs j[zdk



j?. d';s fwso fiBQK d/ Bkb fwbd/ jK ftuod/ jK, T[BQK s'A th ;k~ fJe BK fwbdk j?. d';s

fwso t;soK d/, egfVnK d/ ;wkB j[zd/ jB. fit/A i/ fe;/ B/ ;[jD/ t;so gkJ/ jB, NkJh-FkJh

brkJh j? s/ p{N th fbFed/ gkJ/ jB, uzrh B'edko gr pzBQh j? sK Gkt/A e'Jh T[; Bz{ ikDdk th

Bk j't/, ;bkw eo d/t/rk, fJj ikD e/, fJj t/y e/ fe fJj e'Jh ftF/F ftnesh j?. s/ i/ ;kv/

t;so rzd/ gkJ/ jB, ;kvh jkbs n?;h j? sK eh ;kBz{ e'Jh ;bkw eo/rk, BjhA.

;' ;kv/ fszB soQK d/ BK jB, fJe wksk fgsk dk ofynk BK j[zdk j?, fJe BK ;kvh feos

Bkb i[fVnk j[zdk j?. i' BkweoB eod/ jB, b'e T[; d/ nB[;ko eJh tkoh n;hA g{ok BjhA T[sod/

. fit/A fe;/ dk BK sK xofdnK B/ ofynk F/o f;T[A go j't/ T[j vokeb s/ T[j BK @s/ g{ok Bk

T[sfonk, Y[fenk Bk g{ok. i/ n;hA r[o{ BkBe tb d/yhJ/ -- Bk-nBel Bk-nB/e, fJe jh nB/

e BjhA, fJe' jh BkBe j'fJnk j? s/ fi; uh} dh BkBe B/ rb ehsh j? T[j th fJe' jh j?,

T[; BK s/ i' wksk fgsk B/ fdsk BkBe T[; Bkw @s/ g{ok T[sod/ jB. r[o{ BkBe ih dh ftdtsk,

F];hns r[o{ BkBe d/ Bkw d/ Bkb ;zg{oD fBnK eodh j?. r[o BkBe ~ i/ e'Jh op wzBdk j?

fJj T[;d/ Bkw s'A brdk j? fe T[j op j?. d{;ok BK fe; soQK fwbdk j? < fJj ;kvh feos

j? n;hA eh eod/ jK, fit/A n;hA j[D/ rb ehsh j? i/ e''Jh vkeNo j? T[j b'eK dk fJbki eodk

j?. T[;Bz{ vkeNo ;kfjp efjzd/ jB. r[o{ BkBe B/ feos eh ehsh j? ;koh f}zdrh < T[jh feos

ewkJh ehsh ;koh f}zdrh, i' op s'A pr?o e'Jh nfijh feos ewkJh eo jh BjhA ;edk. fJj

feos ewkJh i'r[o{ BkBe B/ ehsh, fi; fj;kp d/ Bkb r[o ih dh ebw ubh, fijVh pkDh r[o{

ih d/ w[y wzvb ftu'A fBebh fJj Gbk fe;/ pzd/ dh pkDh brdh j?, i/ fJ; ~ X[o eh pkDh nkyd/

jK sK fJ; ftu rabs eh j? < fJj pkDh i' r[o{ ih B/ T[ukoh j? fJj Fpd, fJj i' FpdK

dk ;[w/b, i' Fpdktbh i' FpdK dh Fesh, r[[o{ ih B/ w[y wzvb @u'A T[ukoh, fJj pkDh Gbk fe;/

ftnesh dh j' ;edh j?. e'Jh ftnesh fJj' fijh rb eo ;edk j?. r[o{ ih dh i' feos j?,

i' feos ewkJh j?, i' e[M efjnk r[o{ ih B/, T[; d/ fj;kp Bkb th T[BQK dk e'Jh BK pDdk j?.

i' r[o{ ih B/ ehsk T[; d/ fj;kp d/ Bkb T[BQK dk BK oyhJ/ sK eh BK oy ;ed/ jK, d;', eh oy

;ed/ jK < i' th fe;/ B/ fejk, p'fbnk, efonk, fe; soQK dk ehsk, T[; d/ fj;kp Bkb i' T[BQK

feos ehsh, T[; pkDh d/ fj;kp d/ Bkb T[BQK dk BK eh oyhJ/. i/ w/o/ tork ej/ fJj sK op

dhnK rbK, fJ; ftu eh rabs j? < op s'A fpBK fJj rbK j'o e'Jh eo jh BjhA ;edk. Gbh-

GKsh ;kv/ w{zj u'A fBebdk @j/ tkfjr[o{, fJj ;fsr[o d/ w[y wzvb ftu'A i' rbK fBebhnK jB,

op dhnK rbK jB. # X[o eh pkDh j? fJ; ftu rabs eh j? <

sh;ok BK eh j?, fe s[jkvh T[mDh p?mDh fe; d/ Bkb j?, fet/A dh j?, feE/ iKd/ j' s[;hA,

feBQK b'eK d/ Bkb ftuod/ j', T[; s'A th s[jkvk BK pDdk j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ fwso e"D

;B. r[o{ ih fe; ~ fwb/, feE/ rJ/. r[o{ ih d/t B/ we/ s'A b? e/ irBBkE g[oh se, d[BhnK

d/ ftu feBQK-feBQK irk s/ ik e/, i' uko T[dk;hnK ehshnK, fJBQK ftu T[j feE/ feE/ rJ/, fe;

~ fwb/, T[BQK dh tkoskbkg fe; fe; Bkb ;h < Gbk i/ we/ rJ/ sK feT[A rJ/ < T[E/ j}os



w[jzwd ;kfjp dk Xow ;EkB ;h s/ T[E/ Xkofwe b'e ;B. T[BQK Bkb Xow dhnK rbK ehshnK,

ftuko ehsh fe GkJh fe;/ ftnesh ftF/F ~ op Bk ej'. fJj ;kok e[M ouD tkbk ftnesh

fet/A j' ;edk j? < pkeh dh i' f;æFNh j? T[; ~ ouD tkbk e"D j? < j}os w[jzwd j? sK fJj

fet/A j' ;edk j? ! fJe ftnesh i' jv wk; dk pfDnk j'fJnk j?, T[j fFæFNh dh ouBk eo

jh BjhA ;edk, i' nkg fJe fdB fpyo ;edk j?. we/ ftu iBw j'fJnk, wdhB/ ftu nzs j'

frnk. i' iBw b?Adk j?, T[; dh w"s th fJe fdB nk iKdh j?. i/ we/ ftu ik e/ r[o{ BkBe

B/ fJj rb ehsh, feBQK b'eK Bkb ehsh, fJ; s'A eh BK d/JhJ/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ~. gkegNB

ftu ik e/ i'rb ehsh, T[j feBQK Bkb ehsh < fe; Bkb ;h T[mDh-p?mDh. r[o{ ih irBBkE

g[oh rJ/, fiE/ g[ikoh gzfvs X{c ibk e/ nkoshnK eo oj/ ;B, T[BQK ~ ;wMkT[Ad/ jB L

rrB w? Ekb[ oft uzd[ dhge pB/ skfoek wzvb iBe w'sh I

fJe pj[s tvh nkosh j' ojh j?. feBQK b'eK Bkb T[mDh p?mDh j'Jh < irBBkE g[oh dk

wzdo ;w[zdo d/ ezY/ pfDnk j'fJnk j?. T[E/ i' b'e p?m/ ;B, T[BQK ~ n;hA eh ejhJ/ < T[j

Xkofwe ;B iK BjhA < T[j op ~ bGd/ ;B. mhe j?, T[BQK d/ bGD dk sohek iK T[BQK d/ ftFtk;

dk sohek i' ;h, T[j fJB;kBh ;h, o[{jkBhns ;h. nkgDh pb-p[Xh d/ Bkb T[BQK ~ o{jkBhns

dh rb d;h. o{jkBhns i' j? T[; d/ w[skfpe n;hA r[o{ BkBe ~ eh BK d/JhJ/. r[o{ BkBe d/t

ih ~ i/ w?A op ejK, sK w/ok fJ; rb s/ ftFtk; fezBk e[ j?. r[o{ ih Bz{ i/ e'Jh th j'o op

ej/ s/ ;" gæfsFs :ehBB fJj ;jh rb j?. b/feB fco T[j rb w[V e/ nk iKdh j? - r[o{ ih

~ op efjDk rabs BjhA j?. r[o{ ih op ;B, w;bk fJ; rb dk BjhA, w;bk s[jkv/ w/o/ ftFtkF

dk j?. ;k~ ftFtk; fezBk j?, i/ ;k~ g{oB ftFtk; j? sK fco r[o{ BkBe op j?. i/ ;zg{oB @s/

ftFtk; eoBk j? sK ftFtk; ;zg{oB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. i/ ;zg{oB d/ Bkb sfj fdb'A ;" gæfsFs

op wzBd/ jK sK r[o{ BkBe op j?. T[BQK d/ gzi G{se ;oho B/ ntsko th Xkfonk s/ fi; B/ 1539

ftu d/j Svh. Gkt/A r[o{ ih B/ fpyo ikD tkb/ ;ohoe ikw/ ftu jh ihtB phskfJnk b/feB i/

n;hA :ehB Bkb fJj nkyhJ/ sK gzi G{se ;oho d/ ftu i' p?mk j?, T[; r[o{ BkBe d/ j'mK ftu,

T[; d/ i' w[y wzvb ftu'A i' pkDh ;k~ fwbh j?, i/ T[; pkDh d/ ftu'A ;k~ fJj rbK bGhnK,

T[j ;kXkoB fJB;kBh feos j' jh BjhA ;edh. fco r[o{ BkBe ~ op efjDk, gho efjDk,

fBokeko efjDk

rabs BjhA j?. r[o{ BkBe fe; Bz{ nkgDk r[o{, gho wzBd/ ;BHHH

;pd[ r[o[{ ;[ofs X[fB u/bk I

r[o{ ih d/ p'b/ Fpd, fijV/ T[; gzi G{se ;oho ftu dh j' e/ ;kBz{ fwb/, fi; ~ nkXko

pDk e/ T[j oph pkDh ;kv/ se gjz[uh, i/ T[; nkXko @s/ n;hA r[o{ BkBe d/t ih Bz{ op wzB bJhJ/

iK op dk o;sk wzBk bJhJ/ s/ T[; d/ ftu eh \oe j?. i/ ;k~ ftFtk; eoBk nk ikJ/, ;k~

:ehB eoBk nk ikJ/, i/ ftFtk; g{oB j?, sK r[o{ BkBe ;zg{oB r[o{ ~ fBonkeko ej', eosko

ej' fi; wo}h ftF/FD Bkb p[bkU. w?~ ftFtk; j?, w?A ftFtkF Bkb efj ;edk jK fe r[o{



BkBe fBonkeko th ;h, Unzeko th ;h, eosko th ;h, Uw th ;h.

j'o T[gwk fit/A fe;/ th B}o d/ Bkb d/fynK okw ~, gæG{ nbQk ~, T[BQK dh B}o ;[jktDh

j' ikJ/, nfXn?B j' ikJ/ nkgD/ okj s/ ubfdnK :ehB j' ikt/, ftFtk; j' ikt/. nkgD/ Xow

d/ ftu ftFtk; j' ikt/, ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ fJe j' ikD sK rb pD ikJ/, XzB j' ikJ/ fJj d[BhnK.

oki/ s/ Xow dk ;{os s/ ;hos dk i/ fwbkg j' ikt/, okik Xowh pD ikt/, i/ ;{os ftu ;hos

B}o nkJ/ fJ; s'A nr/ j'o e[M BjhA j?, ;zg{oB j? fJE/ fJj rb. i/ 10 ;kb dk puk fi;~

op B/ gVQB d/yD bJh pVhnK ;[jDhnK nyhnK fdshnK jB, i/ T[; d/ xo d/ f}d eoB fe

n;hA fJ; ~ n?BeK brtkT[DhnK jB, fJj ;jh BjhA j?. ezBK okjhA ;[Ddk j?, ;[jD/ tXhnK ezB

jB, i/ e'Jh ej/ fe w?A sK jhnfozr J/v (wFhB) brkT[Dh j?, fJj eh ;jh j? < e[dos B/ i'

;kv/ ;oho ~ p]fFnk j? i/ fJBQK dk o'b j?, i' ;k~ o'w p]F/ jB, eh fJBQK uh}K ~ pdbDk

}o{oh j?. e[dos dk e'Jh ekoB j? fJ; ftu. i/ e'Jh ej/ fe w/oh wksk d/ w{zj s/ sK tkb (dkVh)

BjhA j?, fgU d/ w{zj s/ feT[A j? < i' T[; e[dos B/ ehsk T[; s/ ftFtk; eohJ/ T[; dk fXnkB

eohJ/ frnkB eohJ/. pkeh i' wzrK jB wzrD dh b'V jh BjhA j?. tkfjr[o{ feogk eo/ fe n;hA

Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ Bkb ubD dh e'fFF eohJ/, o;sk e'Jh th j't/ e[dos d/ Bkb e[dosh s"o

s/ ;[w/b j' ikJ/ sK fco rb pD ikJ/. fijV/ ;hos dh iK ;{os dh i' nkb'uBk tkb/ gk;/ s[o/

jB, ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh ;zgkdBk fet/A j'Jh, feE'A pkDh nkJh, g'EhnK feE'A nkJhnK < i' r[o{

BkBe dk gæekF j?, T[j i's i' T[; dk gæekFwkB j'fJnk, gæekF fe; soQK fJeso j'fJnk< T[;

s/ fezs{ gæzs{ fpbe[b Bk eo'. fJ; ftu i' f;y j? T[; ~ fi; soQK p]fFF j'Jh T[; soQK T[;

@s/ :ehB eohJ/ sK :ehB efonK rb pD ;edh j?. r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh nkb'uBk eod/ j'J/ th

;k~ vo BjhA brdk.

@gærfNU ]kb;k gowksw eh w"i#-- gorN j'fJnk ]kb;kl fi; fe;/ dk iBw j[zdk j?,

T[;dk e'Jh wX ekb th j[zdk j? s/ e'Jh nzsekb th. ]kb;/ dk ed/ e'Jh wX ekb BjhA j' ;edk

s/ Bk jh nzsekb feT[Afe ]kb; ]kb;k sK ed/ Bk fwN ;eD tkbh j;sh j?. ]kb;k e'Jh

ftnesh BjhA j?, ]kb;k sK Fesh j?, ]kb;k fe;/ dk Bkw BjhA pbfe fJj sK pj[s tvh T[gkXh

j?l fJe nihp fe;w dh nt;Ek j?. ;'bK ;" BfVQBt/A dh ft;kyh tkb/ fdB ]kb;/ dh ;kiBk j'Jh,

gzi fgnkfonK dh ;kiBk. gzi fgnko/ ;ki e/ r[o{ ih dh nkg th T[; soQK ;i ikD dh ohM,

@]kb;k w/o' o{g j? ]k;# efjD dk \?;bk, e'Jh iBw b?D dh iK iBw d/D dh e'fFF BjhA ;h.

g{oD ftFtkF Bk j't/ sK f;o sK eh e[M th d/D ~ fdb BjhA eodk. r[o{ d/ gzi fgnko/ nkgD/

f;o ;wogs eo e/, d[fBnkth f;oK ~ fsnkr e/ nwo j' rJ/. e/; i' e[dos B/ p]F oy/ ;B,

e/;K ~ ;ztkoB tk;s/ ezxk r[o{ B/ p]F fdsk. fJB;kBh ;oho dk ;fseko eoB tk;s/, Bzr/}

YeD tk;s/ ;[zdo eSfjo/, r[o{ fgsk B/ fsnko eotk e/ p]fFF ehs/. nkgD/ nkg s/ feægk eo

;eD d/ ;woE eoB bJh, nkgDh ofynk nkg eo ;eD bJh feogknkB feogkB ]kb;/ ~

gækgs j'Jh. nkgDh fj\kis eoBh sK jo fe;/ dk Xow j?. fe;/ dh sbtko d/ tko s'A puB



tk;s/ eVk, f;o s/ eVk j? iK r[N s/, :Z[X ;w/A feægkB ubkT[D tk;s/ r[N dh ns/ ;h; dh

fj\k}s eoB tk;s/ eVk p]fFF j'fJnk. @w?A# w[e rJh, s/ok s[M e' ;"Ag fdsk. r[o{ B/ ][d

fFeos ehsh s/ gzE pD frnk, nekb g[oy eh \"i pD rJh.

r'fpzd okJ/ s/sh ;kb dh T[wo se r[o{ BkBe dh i's, @BkBe ;hos# ~ ;zGkbd/ oj/. id'A

B"t/A gksFkj dh Fjkds j'Jh s/ fe;/ B/ th fjzws Bk fdykJh, e'Jh th r[o{ dk f;y nytkT[D

bJh Bk fBsfonk, sK ;tkb g?dk j' frnk fe f;y e"D jB < f;y dh gfjukD eh j? < n?;h

gfjukD pDkJh, nkg nzfwæs Se e/ n?;/ f;zx ;i/ fe Gkt/A f;o\ B"A ;kb jh r'fpzd okJ/ r'fpzd

f;zx pD/ b/feB ofjzdh d[BhnK se nwo ]kb;/ ftu p?m/ fd;Dr/. fit/A r[o{ BkBe d/ BkFtkB

fi;w ftu nfpBkFh i's dk gæekF ;h T[; soQK r'fpzd f;zx dh ;{os ftu nfpBkFh ;o{g dk

gæekF j'fJnk. fit/A BkBe gæekF, ;w[uk r[o{ gæekF ns/ T[; gæekF Bkb w/b yKdk ;ko/ dk ;kok

gæekF fwb e/ d[Bhnk dk fJe tyok ukBD w[Bkok ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp fe;/ ~ th nwo eo ;eD

dh ;woEk oydk j?. mhe T[;/ soQK ]kb;k nwo ;o{g fe;/ ~ th nwo eo ;eD dh ;woEk

oydk j?. fit/A r[o{ BkBe ;{yFw th ;h s/ n;E{b th, T[;/ soQK ]kb;k ;{yFw th j? s/ n;E{b

th. ;{os ftu ;hos ns/ ;hos ftu ;{os, pkDh r[o{, r[o{ j? pkDh, ;hos s/ ;{os dk ;KMk

gæekF j? ]kb;k. w[nk\ eoBk ih, w?A s/ ejKrk fe ]kb;/ dk gæekF j'fJnk. r[o{ ræzE dk gæekF

;w[uh f;æFNh ~ gæekFwkB eo ;edk j?, ]kb;/ dh T[gkXh gækgs eoe/ th ;koh f;æFNh nwo

j' ;edh j?, gæekFwkB j' ;edh j?.

fe;/ B/ fe;/ ~ op ikD e/, fe;/ B/ fe;/ ~ w[oFd wzB e/, fw;kb d/ s"o @s/ pæjwk, ftF~,

wj/F, okw-feæFB, K¼ Jh;k, j}os w[jzwd d/ o{g ftu toDB ehsk. efjD s'A Gkt jo fe;/

B/, i' Xkofwe ;hos s/ i' Xkofwe, i' Xow dhnK ;ukJhnK jB, T[BQK ~ fdykT[D bJh, fe;/

Bk fe;/ o{g dk toDB }o{o ehsk j?. r[o{ BkBe B/ f;y Xow dh f;oiDk ehsh. f;y ~ Fpd

d/ bV bkfJnk. Fpd dh Fesh Bkb ;z;ko ~ ;wMkfJnk. Fpd dh wjkBsk, Fpd dh ;ukJh,

Fpd dh T[Zusk ~ Fpd okjhA jh gærNkfJnk. f;y Xow dh i' gæhGkFk j? iK f;y Xow dh i'

gfjukD j?, Xkofwe s"o @s/, T[j sK r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ pkDh T[ukofdnK ;ko jh F[o{ j' rJh

;h.

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ fJ; Fpd Fesh ~ ;op FeshwkB ikD e/, i' r[o{ BkBe dh i's

Xoh, T[; Fpd d/ ftu -- ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ~ r[o{ BkBe dh fiT[Adh ikrdh d/j, fiT[Adh

ikrdh i's dh T[gkXh fdsh. fJ; s'A gfjbK pj[s jh ;'u ftuko e/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ f;y

~ fJe o{g th p]fFnk. id'A r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ~ g[fSnk frnk fe Fpd d/ bV sK ;k~ bkT[D

br/ j' s/ i/ n;hA nkgD/ r[o{ d/ j{-p-j{ doFB eoB/ j'D sK fco fet/A eohJ/ < sK r[o{ ;kfjp

B/ fszB tuB ehs/ s/ nkgDhnK f;y ;zrsK ~ ;wMkfJnk L gouk Fpd dk, g{ik nekb dh s/

dhdko ]kb;/ dk. ]kb;k ;o{g n?;k ;o{g j?, e[dosh s"o @s/ fJj fJe n?;k ftFk j? fi; dh

ftF/F s"o @s/ i/ n;hA rb Bk eohJ/ sK f;y Xow dh j'o fizBh th wo}h rb eoh ikJhJ/ sK



fJj nX{oh jh oj/rh.

]kb;k eh j? < eh e/tb bzwh dkjVh w[SK tkbk fJB;kB, fi; B/ f;o @s/ grVh pzBQh j't/

, rba ftu feogkB gkJh j't/, eh T[j ]kb;k j? < eh T[; ~ jh ]kb;k nkyd/ jB. ;hws p[Xh

tkb/ fJB;kB ]kb;/ dh ;jh gæhGkFk eoB bfrnK eJh tkoh g{o/ Fpd bGD ftu n;woE ofjzd/

jB. ]kb;k fe;/ ftnesh ftF/F dk Bkw BjhA j?, ]kb;k fe;/ fJe fJB;kB dk Bkw BjhA j?,

]kb;k fJe Fesh j?, fJe ftFtk; j?, op tork ftFtk;. ]kb;k sK pæjwk j?, ]kb;k sK fFt

Fesh j?. ]kb;/ dh sK fe;/ th Xkofwe ;Po{g d/ Bkb s[bBk ehsh ik ;edh j?. i' ]kb; j? T[jh

]kb;k j?. fi; ~ nkgD/ nkg @s/ ftFtk; j?, nkgD/ r[o{ s/ ftFtk; j? s/ g{oB ftFtk; j?,

T[j ]kb;k j?.

;hos d/ Bkb jo Xow B/ e'Jh nkg nkgDh ;{os th pDkJh. f;y Xow ftu r[o{ BkBe

d/ f;oi/ j'J/ Xow ftu i/ ;hos Fpd ftu'A fd;dh j? sK ;{os ]kb;/ ftu fd;dh j?. ]kb;k

fJe n?;k ftFtk; j? fi; ftFtk; dk XkoBh d[BhnK dk e'Jh th ftnesh j' ;edk j?, Gkt/A T[j

fe;/ th Xow dk nfBnkJh feT[A Bk j't/. d[BhnK d/ fe;/ Gkr ftu th Gkt/A feT[A Bk ofjzdk j't/

. i/ T[j nkgD/ fe;/ op ~, nkgD/ fe;/ GrtkB ~, nkgD/ fe;/ fJFN ~ ;zg{oB s"o s/ wzBdk

j?, T[; ~ ;zg{oB ftFtk; j? fe;/ @s/, efjD s'A Gkt i/ e'Jh op gæ;s j?, T[; dk op

Gkt/A e'Jh th j't/ sK T[j nkgD/ op s/ ftFtk; eo/, fe i' fJB;kB ~ e[dos B/ fdsk j?, e[dos

dk ehsk esfonk, e[dos dhnK p]fF;K s/ :ehB eoe/, ftFtk; eoe/ gæwkswk B/ fJB;kB ~

ezuB d/jh fdsh j?, nyK

d/yD bJh fdshnK jB, fijVk n;hA ftFtk; Bkb efjzd/ jK fe nyK sK pj[s }o{oh jB.

id'A 40-45 ;kb dh T[wo s'A pknd E'VQh B}o ew}'o j' iKdh j? sK n;hA mhe t/yD, gVQD,

fbyD bJh n?Be brkT[Ad/ jK. fJj sK fJB;kB dh fJe f\sos j? fe i' g?;/ d/ e/ n;hA n?Be

brtkJh, g?;k th fdsk, XzBtkd th ehsk. n;hA vkeNo ;kfjp dk pj[s pj[s XzBtkd eod/ jK.

b/feB ed/ th fe;/ B/ fJj BjhA ;'funk fe 40-50 ;kb fi; B/ B}o d/ oyh T[; dk th e'Jh

XzBtkd eo/. fJB;kBh d/j s/ gzi frnkB fJzdohnK, gzi eow fJzdohnK, i' u;e/ bk bk e/ n;hA

wkDd/ jK, fi; soQK ;kvk wB wzB/, n;hA T[;/ soQK gæ:'r eod/ jK.

b/feB ed/ T[; d/D tkb/ dk, ftF/F s'o s/ fJzdohnK ~, fJ; s/ wkD eofdnK XzBtkd eoB

dh }o{os jh wfj;{; BjhA ehsh, fit/A fe ;kvk je j[zdk j? fJBQK @s/. w/o/ jE, w/o/ ezB, w/oh

w/oh jh brh j? s/ fi; B/ p]fFnk j?, fJj ;G e[M ed/ edkJhA toQ/ fSwkjh ;kX ;zrs ftu

p?m e/ wzB b?Ad/ jK fe d/D tkbk T[jh j?. b/feB i' nkgD/ e'b j? T[j nkgDk brdk j? s/ nkgD/

sohe/ Bkb T[; dk T[g:'r iK d[ogæ:'r nkgDh wo}h d/ Bkb eod/ jK. i/ e'Jh ;k~ uzrk Bk br/

iK wB ftu nkt/ fe w?~ fJ; soQK BjhA eoBk ukjhdk sK n;hA T[; ezw ~ fco th eod/ jK.

w?~ gæwkswk B/ w{zj s/ w[SK, dkjVh p]FhnK, w/oh wK ~ BjhA p]FhnK, w?A i/ fJj fFekfJs eoK

fe w/o/ w{zj s/ fJj eh T[Zr fgnkl w/oh wK d/ w{zj s/ BjhA ;h s/ w?A nkgDh wo}h w[skfpe e[dos



d/ p]F/ j'J/ o'wK dh e[dos dh wo}h d/ f]bk\ p/ndph eoK sK fJj w/ok ftnefsst j?.

]kb;/ d/ ;o{g ftu ftFtk; eoB tkbh rb e'Jh d[BhnK dh nihp rb sK j? BjhA-- p;

f;o\ ftFtk; eoBk s/ f;o\ T[; wkbe dh o}k ftu ofjDk j?. ]kb;k X[o'A gækgs dks ~

;theko eodk j?. fJe gk;/ sK n;hA pj[s ;fjwsh oyd/ jK, @wkB[y e? feS[ Bkjh jkfE I# b/

feB Bkb dh Bkb nkgDk g{ok :sB eod/ jK fe nkgDh wo}h w[skfpe ekoi eohJ/. p; ekoi

;koh d[BhnK B/ eoB/ jh jB. ]kb;/ dk f;o\ J/Bk jh coe j? fe ]kb;k i' th ekoi eodk j?,

T[; dh o}k ftu ofj e/ eodk j? s/ B]kb; nkgDh wo}h w[skfpe ubD dk :sB eodk j?.

]kb;k fit/A n;hA gfjbK th efj u[e/ jK, ftnesh BjhA, Fesh j?l s/ fJj i' Fesh j?, fJj

i' ;o{g j?, fJj i' ftFtk; j?, fJ; ftFtk; ~ i/ n;hA f;y r[o wfonkdk nB[;ko, tv/ s'A

tv/ wjK-g[oyK d/ Bkb tv/ s'A tv/ ;zs wjkswk d/ Bkb, tvh s'A tvh Fesh d/ Bkb s[bBk eohJ/

sK fJ; ftu rabs rb BjhA j't/rh. w[edh rb ;kv/ fgsoK B/, g[oksB Xow d/ ;kv/ ;zsK

wjkswk B/, nkgD/ nkgD/ sohe/ d/ Bkb pæjwk ~ op dk o{g pDkfJnk. ed/ GrtkB okw pD e/

s/ ed/ feæFB pD e/ Xosh s/ bhbQk fdykJh.

f;y Xow ftu i/ gæwkswk fJB;kB tork j?, i/ d[BhnK dh ;G s'A tXhnk ;{os fJB;kB

dh ;{os j?, i/ GrtkB ~ fJB;kB d/ o{g ftu n;hA d/yDk ukj[zd/ jK sK ]kb;k f;y Xow nB[;ko

gæG{ ;o{g j?. r[o{ fgsk r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx nkgDh ebw d/ Bkb fby rJ/ jB, @]kb;k w/o' o{g

j? ]k; I ykb;fj w/A jT[A eo{z fBtk; I# r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dk i' ftFtk; j?, T[; @s/ ftFtk;

eoBk fezBk e[ rabs j' ;edk j?, fpbe[b BjhA. f;y r[o{ BkBe ~ pkpk BkBe s/ pkeh r[o{nK

~ ;fseko d/ Bkb r[o{ ;kfjp p[bkT[Ad/ jB. ]kb;/ d/ fgsk dh id'A rb ubdh j? sK r[o{ r'fpzd

f;zx ~ r[o{ fgsk nkyD dk th ;[Gkr gækgs eo b?Ad/ jB. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ]kb;/ d/ fgsk

ih jB. i/ e'Jh g[so nkgD/ fgsk tork brDk ukj/ sK fJ; rb ftu eh rabs j?. fJ;/ ;{os

s/ ;hos dh rb eofdnK id'A f;y Xow @s/ rb nkT[Adh j? sK ;hos ftu r[o{ BkBe nkgD/ ftu

p?m/ B}o nk ;ed/ jB. fJj ;kvh wo}h j? fe n;hA r[o{ BkBe ~ nkgDh ;hos ftu fpmkT[Dk

ukj[zd/ jK iK BjhA. fes/ n;hA nkgD/ nkg Bkb M{m sK BjhA p'bd/, fes/ nkgD/ Bkb drak sK BjhA

eo oj/. n?t/A fet/A ejh ikJhJ/ fe n;hA r[o{ BkBe d/ f;y jKl id se n;hA BkBe ~ ;hos

ftu fpmk BjhA ;ed/ s/ BkBe dh ;'u dk ;fseko BjhA eo oj/. ;{os dh id'A rb ubdh j?,

nkgD/ r[o{ fgsk d/ p]F/ ;o{g, fi; ftu r[o{ fgsk nkg ;wkn rJ/, T[; ;o{g dk ;fseko

eoBk, T[; ;o{g d/ ftu nkgD/ nkg Bz{ d/yD dk :sB eoBk fezBk e[ n"yh rb j?, fezBk e[ w[Feb

ezw j?. pkeh d[BhnK d/ fizB/ th Xow j'J/ jB, ;kfonK XowK d/ ftu ;o{g ~ fenk; ehsk frnk

j?. fJe nzdk}k brkfJnk frnk j? fe gæwkswk dk ;o{g fe; soQK dk j't/ <

d[BhnK d/ pkeh ;ko/ XowK ftu Gkt/A fJj fJfsjk;e iK fwfEjk;e, fe;/ th fe;w dh

rb j't/, ;ko/ XowK d/ ftu gowkswk d/ ;o{g ~, op d/ ;o{g ~, fJFN d/ ;o{g ~, nzdk}/

brk brk e/ nkg' nkgD/ sohfenK d/ Bkb gærNkfJnk s/ g/F ehsk j?. f;y Xow jh fJe n?;k



tkjd Xow j? fi; ftu ;{os ns/ ;hos dk ;gFN o{g j?. d[BhnK dh ekbh p'bah oks ftu

d[BhnK bJh, ukBD w[Bkok pDB bJh, T[; oks ~ jB/o/ ftu'A eYD bJh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dk gæekF

jo soQK d/ Bkb ;woE j?.

Xkofwe ;hos r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu'A gærN j' ;edh j? s/ Xkofwe ;/X ;æh r[o[{ ræzE ;kfjp

ftu'A fwb ;edh j?. ;u d/ wkor @s/ ubD tkb/ Xkofwe b'e, fi; wo}h Xow d/ g?o'eko j'D,

id'A fes/ th T[j r[o{ BkBe dh ftukoXkok ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ doFB gkm eoBr/ iK ;æh r[o{

ræzE ;kfjp ~ ;[DBr/ iK ;wMDr/ sK i/ T[j ;u/ Xkofwe j'Dr/ sK T[BQK ~ jo Xow d/ i' tXhnk

bSD jB T[j ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu'A }o{o fwbDr/.

i/ ;{os dh rb eohJ/, ]kb;k ;o{g fJe n?;k ;o{g j? fi; ;o{g dh ftnkfynk eoB br/

, gæhGkFk eoB br/, n;hA i/ rabsh Bk eohJ/ sK ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ wjK-g[oyK, ;ko/ d/th d/tfsnK,

;ko/ Xkofwe gho, g?razpoK dh ;{os, ]kb;/ d/ ftu'A d/yh ik ;edh j?. ]kb;k ;o{g fe;/ fJe

e"w bJh BjhA pfDnk. ]kb;k ;o{g sK fJB;kBhns dk ;G s'A tXhnk ;o{g j?. i/ ;kBz{ e[dos

dhnK p]FhnK dksK @s/ ftFtk; j? s/ i/ fJzBk ikD p[M e/ nkgD/ op @s/ ftFtk; Bk eoBk ukjhJ/

, i/ fco th e'Jh g[mk eoe/ T[;sok c/odk sK fco T[; ~ nkgD/ Xow @s/ :ehB j? < ftFtk;

j? <

f;y ;o{g ]kb;k ;o{g dk fJe :{Bhto;b ;o{g j? i' jo fJB;kB dk e[dosh ;o{g j?.

i' e[dos B/ ;k~ p]fFnk j?, T[; @s/ jo fJe fJB;kB dk je pDdk j?. ]kb;k f;o\ gzikp

s/ gzikphnK d/ f;y Xow dk ;o{g BjhA j?. f;y Xow f;o\ gzikp s/ gzikphnK dk jh f;y Xow

BjhA j?. r[o{ BkBe Gkos s'A fpBk bzek, g[{op d/ d/FK, nop d/FK s/ p;o/ pradkd ftu x[zwd/

oj/ s/ fJB;kB ~ fJB;kBhns f;ykT[Ad/ oj/. eh T[j fJj ;kok e[M nkgfDnK tk;s/ jh eod/

oj/ ;B < n;hws ~ ;hws eoB dk :sB eo oj/ r[o{ ~ ;kv/ ftu'A w/ok efjD tkb/, f;y Xow

~ nkgDk Xow efjD tkb/, f;y Xow dhnK jd pzdhnK eoB tkb/, fJj fJ; soQK d/ skb/

brkT[D tkb/ f;y e'Jh pj[s/ tXhnk f;y BjhA jB. ;z;ko dk e'Jh th ftnesh i' nkgD/ fJFN

~, nkgD/ Xow ~, nkgD/ r[o{ gho Bz{ wzBdk j?, i/ ;uh--w[uhA e'Jh Xkofwe j? sK T[; ~ g{ok

nfXeko j? fe T[j f;y nytk ;e/. f;y dk Fkpfde noE j? Xow dk ftfdnkoEh. b/feB i/

n;hA ftfdnkoEh j'D dh pikJ/ ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ nfXnkge pDB dk :sB eod/ oj/ sK nkgD/ w{b

we;d s'A fEVe iktKr/, nkgDh n;b wzf}b s'A d{o ub/ iktKr/. n;hA ;fseko fgnko sK eh

eoBk nkgD/ Xow d/ noE th G[b iktKr/. p; gj[zuDk sK fJe irQk j?, ;ko/ Xow fJe irQk

gj[zuD dh rb eod/ jB. jfowzdo ;kfjp fezBh tXhnk fw;kb j?. ;ko/ XowK ~ ;w[u/ s"o @s/

d/fynk ikJ/ sK Xkowe d[BhnK dh fJe e/Adoh ;'u j?, fpzd{ j?. jfowzdo ;kfjp d/ uko dotk}/

uko'A so\ fJ; rb dk gæshe jB fe fe;/ th fdFk ftu''A, fe;/ th d/F ftu'A fe;/ th Xow dk

e'Jh th ftnesh, e'Jh th fJB;kB dopko ;kfjp d/ ftu nkgDk pokpo dk je iskn ;edk

j?. b/feB fJe rb dk f]nkb oj/ fe T[; irQk @s/ fiE/ fe n;hA nfXeko iwkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jK,



T[; irQk s/ ikD tk;s/ ;k~ Xkofwe j'Dk gt/rk. Xkofwe j'Dk }o{oh j?. o;s/ Gkt/A uko jB,

uko dotk}/ jB go T[BQK uj[z dotkf}nK se gjz[uD tk;s/ Xkofwe j'Dk }o{oh j? Xow d/ o;s/

jh T[E/ gj[zu ;ed/ jK.

nodk; eod/ jK fe ;k~ f;yK ~ jh BjhA, ;z;ko dh ;koh fJB;kBhns ~ nkgD/ nkgD/

fJFN @s/ ftFtk; j' ikJ/, nkg'-nkgD/ op dh o}k ftu ofjDk nk ikJ/. p; i/ o}k ftu

ofjDk nk frnk, i/ T[; ~ wB}{o j't/, fJj ;kvh ;wM ftu nk ikt/ sK fco ]kb;k eh j? <

fJ; dh ftnkfynk eoB dh pj[sh b'V BjhA ofj iKdh. op dh o}k ftu ofjDk T[; fJe @s/

ftFtk; eoBk, g{oB ftFtk; j?. i/ ftFtk; 99 gæshFs j? sK T[; d/ e'Jh wkfJB/ BjhA fBebd/

. g{oB ftFtk; fe;/ @s/ th, e'Jh th Xow j?, Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ Xkofwe b'e f;y

nytkT[D d/ jedko jB. i/ op dh o}k ftu ofj ;eD d/ ;woE j' ;eD sK ]kb;k th nytk

;ed/ jB.

f;y ;o{g ]kb;k ;o{g dk fJe :{Bhto;b ;o{g j? i' jo fJB;kBf;y ;o{g ]kb;k ;o{g dk fJe :{Bhto;b ;o{g j? i' jo fJB;kBf;y ;o{g ]kb;k ;o{g dk fJe :{Bhto;b ;o{g j? i' jo fJB;kBf;y ;o{g ]kb;k ;o{g dk fJe :{Bhto;b ;o{g j? i' jo fJB;kBf;y ;o{g ]kb;k ;o{g dk fJe :{Bhto;b ;o{g j? i' jo fJB;kB

dk e[dosh ;o{g j?. i' e[dos B/ ;k~ p]fFnk j?, T[; @s/ jo fJedk e[dosh ;o{g j?. i' e[dos B/ ;k~ p]fFnk j?, T[; @s/ jo fJedk e[dosh ;o{g j?. i' e[dos B/ ;k~ p]fFnk j?, T[; @s/ jo fJedk e[dosh ;o{g j?. i' e[dos B/ ;k~ p]fFnk j?, T[; @s/ jo fJedk e[dosh ;o{g j?. i' e[dos B/ ;k~ p]fFnk j?, T[; @s/ jo fJe

fJB;kB dk je pDdk j?.fJB;kB dk je pDdk j?.fJB;kB dk je pDdk j?.fJB;kB dk je pDdk j?.fJB;kB dk je pDdk j?.



]kb;k]kb;k]kb;k]kb;k]kb;k@gærfNU ykb;k gæwksw eh w"i#, ykb;/ dk e'Jh iBw BjhA j'fJnk, ykb;k gærN j'fJnk

j?. fit/A n;hA rb ehsh j? fe r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ gzi G{se fi;w d/ ftu fJe i's dk gæekF

j'fJnk. fJ; i's d/ Bkb ;[w/b oyD tkb/, T[;/ ozr tkbh i' i's ;h, i' th ftnesh, i' th j'o

pæjw frnkBh, g[oy i' T[; i's d/ Bkb ;[w/b oyd/ ;B, T[j ;zg{oB s"o @s/ fJe ;B. fJe-

fwe j' rJ/ s/ ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu nkJ/. ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ~ jk}o Bk}o r[o{ dh T[gkXh

fwbh, fijVh fe pDdh jh ;h. fJ; d/ Bkb jh e[M rbK j'o th thuko eoB tkbhnK jB, fiBQK

pko/ e"w ftu d[fush j?. ]kb;/ dh b'V feT[A gJh.

gfjbh rb sK fJj fe i' ]kb;k b\} j?, fJ; pko/ uouk eod/ jK. fijVk ;o{g th

]kb;k pfDnk, fJ; ftu eh BtK j?. fejVh uh} n?;h ;h i' fJ; ftu BthA ;h feT[Afe ]kb;k

;kiD tkb/ fdB ]kb;/ dk Bkw th ;h, ]kb;/ dk i' ;oho, fi;w j?, T[;d/ e/; th ;B. fiBQK

~ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ Sksh Bkb bk e/ gzi fgnko/ fejk, eh fJBQK d/ gfjbK e/; BjhA ;B

< e/; ;B. 1699 ftu i' ]kb;k ;kfink frnk, fJ; fdB pj[s/ b'e e/;Xkoh ;B. e/; gzi

fgnkfonK d/ gfjbK jh ;B, feT[Afe fJe fi;w d/ j[zfdnK fJe i' ;ot FeshwkB j?, i' Bk;

j' jh BjhA ;edk, T[; dh ;EkgBk fet/A j' ;edh, T[; dh j'Ad fet/A j' ;edh j?. gzi G{se ;oho

dk ]kswk j'Dk }o{oh ;h. r[o{ ;kfjp B/ gzi f;oK dh wzr ehsh, 6tK wzfrnk jh BjhA.

f;nk;sdkB dk f;o nkgDk j[zdk j? s/ Xowh dk nkgDk BjhA j[zdk L-

epho w/ok w[M wfj feS[ BjhA i' feS[ j? ;' s/ok I

s/ok s[M eT[ ;T[gs/ fenk bkr? w/ok I

fJ; ftu GiD tkbh iK ikD tkbh e'Jh rb jh BjhA. fJj i' gzi fgnko/, 6t/A dh wzr

ehsh jh BjhA. T[; d/ ftu th e'Jh ekoB j't/rk. gzi ~ i' szp{ ftu fbik e/ T[BQK d/ fsnko/

ehs/ rJ/. ezx/ ;ikJ/, eSfjo/ g[nkJ/, eVk, i' jE dh fj\k}s eodk j?, i/ eVk gkfJnk

j't/, T[; @s/ sbtko wkoB Bkb r[N ~ e[M BjhA j[zdk s/ feogkB, feogk-nkB nkgDh fJ}s s/

feogk eoB tk;s/. i' gzi eeko p]F/ r[o{ ;kfjp B/ gzi fgnkfonK ~ ;kps ;{os op d/ bV

bkfJnk, T[BQK ~ eh j'fJnk, ed'A j'fJnk, fet/A j'fJnk, fJj T[j wkbe nkg ikDdk j?. gzi

fgnko/ feE'A fbnKd/. T[BQK Bz{ rba Bkb bk e/ i' ;zrs ;h fJ; ftu T[j ;wkn rJ/, fet/A ]kb;k

pDBk j?. gzi fgnkfonK d/ eo ewbK d/ Bkb nzfwæas Sfenk. T[j th ]kb;/ d/ ftu ob rJ/

. nzfwaæs dk pkNk fsnko eoB bfrnK fJe ;opb'j dk posB b? e/ i' ib gkfJnk. F;soK

Bkb x'fbnk, gzi pkDhnK d/ Bkb ;zg{oB ehsk, fco fJ; ftu, r[o{ ;kfjp d/ wfjb wksk ihs'

ih B/ T[; ;wkrw ftu fFoes ehsh, T[BQK wfmnkJh, gsk;/ G/N ehs/. fJj i' nzfwæs fsnko

j'fJnk, gzi fgnkfonK ~ SekfJnk frnk, T[E/ fe;/ B/ b[ek e/ BjhA Sfenk, ;kX ;zrs d/ ftu

p?m e/ fsnko ehsk, ftu p?m e/ SekfJnk s/ gzi fgnko/ ftnesh s'A T[ZGo e/ Fesh j' rJ/.



fi; Fesh dk T[; ftu iBw j'fJnk, T[; ftu r[o{ ;kfjp nkg ob rJ/. nzfwæs Sfenk, T[;

fdB s'A ]kb;k Fesh pD frnk. T[j ftnesh BjhA fojk. n?;k ]kb;k, fi; ftu d[BhnK dk

fijVk wo}h pzdk ;wkn ;edk j? i' th fJB;kB gæwkswk ~ wzBdk j? iK T[j Xkofwe j?. i/

E'VQk pj[s fto'X j'fJnk sK T[j th T[BQK dk fto'X j'fJnk fijV/ fJj uko toD ;B. nkgD/

nkg ~ ysoh, pækjwD, F{do fJj toDK tkfbnK B/ fto'X ehsk, feT[Afe uko toDK ftu Fesh

g?dk j'Jh. fJBQK B/ sK fto'X eoBk jh ;h, fijV/ fe nkgD/ nkg ~ fJzukoi ;wMd/ ;B fe Xow

~ n;hA ubkT[Ad/ jK, p; T[BQK B/ fto'X ehsk. d{;o/ fto'Xh T[j ;B fijV/ fJj BjhA ;B ukjz[d/

fe r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih Bz{ r[o{ wzBD dk j[ewBkwk ikoh eoBk. ;ot FeshwkB dh ;woEk ;kjwD/

T[BQK dk fto'X eoBk e[dosh jh ;h s/ T[BQK dk fto'X e'Jh wknB/ BjhA oydk. iK i' b'eK ~ nkg

d/ fj;kp d/ Bkb Xow dh ftnkfynk eoe/ Xkofwe eow s'A goQK oyDk ukj[zd/ ;B, T[BQK fto'X

ehsk. ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu i' i's j?, fJj fe;/ fJe dh BjhA j?, ftnesh ftF/F dh BjhA

j?. ;ot-FeshwkB i's T[; gæekF d/ Bkb fJe-fwe j' rJh. T[; d/ ftu Fw{bhns eoe/ gæekF

i' j?, r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ ftu gæekF j' frnk.

]kb;/ ftu ]kb; o{g j't/, fJj ;o{g j? ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dk. ;otftnkgh j?, fJj

;æh dopko ;kfjp nzfwæs;o se jh ;hfws BjhA j?.

fJj gæekF fe; tk;s/ j? < fJB;kB tk;s/ j?, ;/X d/D tk;s/ j?. fJj gæekF fJB;kB ~

fJB;kB pDkT[D bJh i' j'fJnk. gæekF dk i' ;o{g j'Dk }o{oh ;h. fw;kb d/Dh }o{oh ;h. nzfwæas

dk fgnkbk fsnko ehsk, ]kb;k ;kfink frnk. T[j ]kb;k nwo j?, ftnesh BjhA j?, Fesh

pD frnk. gzi fgnko/ i' ;ko/ Fesh pD rJ/, ftnefsst i' ;h ]sw j' frnk, ftneshst

;ohoe fdæFNhwkB i' F];hns ;h i' fJj fdæFNhwkB o{g ]sw j'fJnk, nzs j' frnk, ftu'A

T[rfwnk Fesh dk gæekF . fi; soQK r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ nzdo i's dk gæekF j'fJnk, T[;

gæekF dh soQK ]kb;k gæekF j'fJnk. T[; d/ ftu Fesh d/ ftu nkg Fkwb j' ikDk s/ ;zrs

ftu ;w'J/ ikDk, ob ikDk, fJj fJe T[dkjoD, f;fynk d/D tkbh rb ;h. r[o{ ftu fJj Fesh

j? fe Fesh dh f;oiDk eoe/ fJ; ftu fJ; Fesh d/ ftu ;wkn ;eD. fJj Fesh nwo

j' rJh j?. i' ]kb;/ dh Fesh j? T[; ftu ;æh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ;kfjp d/ ;wkn ikD dh ohM

s/ T[; d/ Bkb nwo j' ikD dk fJokdk j?, T[dkjoD j?, fw;kb j?, i' T[; ftu'A oph, fJbkjh

feæFwk ;h i' T[j r[o{ BkBe d/t ih s'A F[o{ j'fJnk. ;hos s'A ;{os j'fJnk. Xkofwe b'e fe;/

soQK d/ th j'D, ;k~ ftXksk B/ i' o{g fdsk j?. T[; @s/ :ehB eoe/, ftFtk; eoe/ T[; ftu

;wkn ikDk, T[; tork brDk i' r[o{ tork iK fgsk tork br/ sK fJ; ftu eh rabs j? !



r[ordhr[ordhr[ordhr[ordhr[ordhr[o{ BkBe d/t ih nB[;ko nekbg[oy, gæwkswk d/ fizB/ wo}h Bkw oy bU, fi; wo}h

BK d/ Bkb :kd eo bU, b/feB T[j fJe jh j?. T[; d/ n;hA fJB;kB fizB/ wo}h BK oyh ikJhJ/

, fJj ;kvh wo}h j?. T[j i' gæwkswk j? fJe j?, i' fJj fJe j? fJj gæwkswk j? s/ T[; dk

BK j? ;fs, ;u. ;k~ pDkT[D tkbk, ;kvh f;oiDk eoB tkbk, ;kvh f;æFNh dk ou/sk i' j?, i'

;fs j?, T[; d/ gæsh ;kvk eh thuko j?, eh ftjko j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJB;kB ~ i/ fJB;kB nkyDk

j? s/ T[; ~ eh eoBk gt/rk. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih nB[;ko fJB;kB ~ ;u-gæ;s j'Dk gt/rk. i'

;fs gæ;s jB T[jh sK ;funko/ jB. fJj ftXh d;d/ jB r[o{ BkBe L

fet ;funkok j'Jhn? fet e{V? s[N/ gkfb I

j[efw oikJh ubDk BkBe fbfynk Bkfb I

p; o}k d/ ftu ofjD d/ Bkb jh ;funkok pD ;edk j?. r[o{ BkBe dh i' o}k j?, T[j

j? ;u d/ gæsh ;fseko, ;u gæ;s r[o{ BkBe ;fs dh i's, i' r[o{ d/ ftu irdh j? iK

fJt/A ejhJ/ fe f;y Xow, i' r[o{ BkBe B/ ubkfJnk, fi; ~ f;y Xow nkyd/ jB, fJj j?

ihtB dh i[rsh, ;funko j'D dh ftXh, gæ/oBk, fet/A ;funko j' ;ed/ jK, fJB;kB fet/A

;funkok j' ;edk j?. r[o{ BkBe dh i' rb j?, i' nekbg[oy dh irkJh j'Jh fJj i's, i'r[o{

BkBe d/ nzdo e'Jh i's p?mh j?, fi; pko/ n;hA thuko eo u[e/ jK, i' pkDh r[o{ BkBe B/ T[ukoh

fJj fJB;kB d/ eoB dh rb BjhA ;h. fJj sK f;o\ gæwkswk jh f;oi ;edk j?. T[; fj;kp

d/ Bkb jh n;hA fJt/A nky ;ed/ jK--r[o{ BkBe d/ ftu i' i's ;h, i' ;'u ;h, T[;~ n;hA nekb

g[oy dh i's, op dh i's nky ;ed/ jK. i' fJj i's r[o{ BkBe d/ ftu irdh ;h, T[; ~ nr/

fet/A s'fonk ikt/ < r[o{ BkBe dk i' fi;w ;h, ;oho ;h, fi; ftu fJj i's irdh ;h, fJj

;oho sK BkFtkB ;hl fJ; B/ sK fJe fdB fpyo ikDk ;h, T[; B/ sK BkF j'Dk jh ;h. jK,

;oho }o{o pdfbnk, d{;o/ ikw/ ftu r[o{ BkBe dk ;o{g pdfbnk, ;oho pdfbnk, i' gzi G{se

;h. i' ;kv/ r[o{ j'J/ T[j e"D e"D ;B, id'A r[o{ BkBe B/ ekfJnk gbNh, r[o{ BkBe dh i' r[ordh

dk fJfsjk; j?, T[; dh rb eod/ jK. i'r[o{ BkBe d/ nkgDh ræfj;Eh ftu'A, b'ekuko ftu'A,

d[BhnK d/ fj;kp Bkb i' gfotko j?, T[; d/ ftu r[o{ BkBe dh jo uh} @s/ T[; d/ g[soK dk

nfXeko j?, fit/A ;kv/ g[soK dk nfXeko, n;hA fJB;kBh iht jK ;kv/ ikD s'A pknd ;kv/ g[soK

dk nfXeko e/tb T[BQK uh}K @s/ pDdk j? i' n;hA pDkJhnK iK ;kv/ fgsk g[ofynK s'A ;kBz{

fwbhnK. gzi G{se r[o{ BkBe d/ fi;w B/, i' pDkfJnk, T[; @s/ je T[BQK d/ g[soK dk pDdk

;h, }whB s/ ikfJdkd @s/, eoskog[o ftu, i' r[o{ BkBe B/ jb tkj-tkj e/ pDkJh ;h, T[;

@s/ nfXeko ;h iK j'o e'Jh idh ikfJdkd, fgsk g[oyh ikfJdkd ;h r[o{ BkBe dh, i' wfjsk

ekb{ s'A fwbh, T[; @s/ nfXeko ;h n"bkd dk.

pkpk ;æh uzd ih pj[s bzwh T[wo G'r e/ rJ/. fJfsjk; fJ; rb dk rtkj j? fe pkpk



;æh uzd T[dk; oj/ ;koh T[wo. pkpk ;æh uzd s'A ubh @T[dk;h ;zgodk#l T[BQK ~ T[dk; feT[A j'Dk

fgnk, T[j sK r[o{ BkBe d/ g[so ;B < r[o{ BkBe dk g[so j't/ s/ T[dk; oj/ fJj rb iudh

BjhA. pkpk ;æh uzd B/ ;koh T[wo T[dk;h ftu eNh. eh ekoB ;h fJ; dk, fJe gk;/ sK pkDh

efjzdh j?, #i' wKrfj mke[o ng[B/ s/ ;'Jh ;'Jh d/t?. # d/t?, }o{o d/t?, go GkJh r[o{ d/ e'b'A i'

r[o{ BkBe d/ g[so B/ wzfrnk, r[o{ BkBe d/ g[so B/ nfXeko ti'A i' wzfrnk, pkpk ;æh uzd dh

wzr feT[A g{oh BjhA j'Jh < fJ; d/ pko/ }o{o thuko eoBh ukjhdh j?. r[o{ BkBe B/ nkfynk,

@i' wkrfj mke[o ng[B/ s/ ;'Jh ;'Jh d/t?. # b/feB i/ ;kvh wzr ;jh j? sK d/t/, i/ ;kvh wzr

rabs j? sK g{oh BjhA j't/rh. d/t/, jo fJe uh} d/t/ go i/ n;hA T[; bJh nfXekfos jK, gækgs

eoB d/ bJh. fJj i' ;kvh wzr j?, i/ fJj rabs j? sK fJj g{oh BjhA j't/rh. fw;kb d/ s"o

s/ i/ fe;/ g[fb; nfXekoh dk S'Nk fijk puk, fi; ~ T[j ikB s'A tX fgnko eodk j't/, fje

Bkb bkJh oydk j't/, wzB bt' fJj 5 ;kb dk puk n?Z;HghH ;kfjp ~ ej/, fe fJj i' s[jkvk

fg;s"b j?, fJj i' fotkbto j?, fJj T[; ~ d/ d/t', sK eh T[j g[fb; nfXekoh T[; 5-6

;kb d/ pu/ ~ nkgDk fg;s"b d/ d/t/rk < BjhA d/t/rk, feT[Afe wzr rabs j' rJh, i/ f;nkDk

pkg j'T{ sK T[; dh wzr g{oh BjhA eo/rk. i/ e'Jh 5 -6 ;kb dk puk nkgD/ fgU s'A T[; dh

BthA eko dhnK ukphnK, phHn?ZwH vpb:{H dhnK ukphnK wzr/ fe T[; B/ }ok r/Vk eYDk j?, sK

eh T[; 5-6 ;kb d/ pu/ ~ fgU nkgDh eko dhnK ukphnK d/ d/t/rk, BjhA d/t/rk. BjhA d/t/rk,

feT[Ae wzr rabs j' rJh, i/ f;nkDk pkg j'T{ sK T[; dh wzr g{oh BjhA eo/rk.

i/ ;kvh wzr rabs j? sK T[j g{oh BjhA j'Dh. fJ;/ soQK pkpk ;æhuzd dh i' wzr ;h T[j G"fse

t;sK dh j' ;edh ;h. b/feB i' r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ nzdo irdh i's @s/ nfXeko iwkT[D dh

wzr ;h, T[j g{oh BjhA ;h, j' ;edh. fJj i's sK T[E/ jh irDh ;h fiE/ ir ;edh ;h i' fJ;

d/ :'r ;h. r[o{ nzrd d/t ih B/ ;'funk r[o{ BkBe d/ g[soK d/ Bkb w/ok fto'X Bk j't/, ;' d{;oh

gksFkjh ;æh r[o{ nzrd d/t ih r[o{ BkBe dh i's ~ gzi G{se ;oho ftu fpmk e/ eoskog[o

;kfjp ~ Sv e/ yv{o ;kfjp nk rJ/, r[o{ BkBe d/ g[soK d/ Bkb r[o{ d/ gfotko dk fto'X Bk

j't/, e'Jh NeokU Bk j't/, ;kok e[M T[E/ jh Sv e/ T[BQK dh i's ~ ;hB/ d/ Bkb bk e/, r[o{ nzrd

d/t ub/ rJ/ yv{o ;kfjp ftu. T[E/ p?m e/ T[BQK B/ Bkw ifgnk, T[BQK rbK ~ ;zGkfbnk, j'o th

:'rdkB gkfJnk. fit/A r[o{ BkBe B/ i' th pkDh T[ukoh j?, T[; pkDh ~ fit/A n;hA nkyd/ jK,

T[j fJB;kB dh pkDh sK j' BjhA ;edh. fJj sK X[o eh pkDh j?. T[;/ soQK jh r[o{ nzrd d/

t ih B/ i' Fb'e T[uko/, T[j fJB;kB d/ T[uko/ j'J/ BjhA brd/. T[j r[o{ BkBe dh i's dh pkDh

i' r[o{ BkBe d/ ftu i's p?mh ;h, T[; i's dh pkDh ftu e'Jh nzso BjhA j?.

id'A fJj i's d{;oh gksFkjh r[o{ nzrd d/t ih s'A pknd r[o{ nwodk; ih ftu ik e/ irh

sK fco fto'X j'fJnk. fit/A r[o{ nzrd d/ Bkb pkpk ;æh uzd dk fto'X j'fJnk ;h, r[o{ nwodk;

ih Bkb fto'X j'fJnk, feT[A j'fJnk < r[o{ nzrd d/t ih d/ g[so T[; uh} T[s/ nkgDk je

iwkT[Ad/ ;B, i' T[BQK ~ fwb jh BjhA ;edh ;h. i/ T[BQK dh j[zdh, T[BQK d/ ftu irdh. i/ T[BQK



dh j[zdh sK feT[A Bk irdh. fJj fe;/ ftnesh ftF/F dh i's sK BjhA j?. T[E/ jh irDh ;h

fiE/ ir ;edh ;h. r[o{ nwodk; ih nkgD/ ;hB/ ftu T[; i's ~ fpokiwkB eoe/, ;KG e/,

T[; dk ;fseko eoe/, T[; d/ bV br e/, r'fJzdtkb ;kfjp ub/ rJ/. T[j th BjhA ukj[zd/ ;B

fe r[o{ nzrd d/t ih dh n"bkd d/ Bkb ;kvk e'Jh fto'X j't/. NeokU ftu FKsh BjhA ofjzdh.

r[o{ BkBe dh i's ;zGkbh p?m/ r[o{ fet/A T[; EK p?m/ ofjzd/. T[E/ p?m e/ r[o{ BkBe dh pkDh T[;

b?n ftu T[BQK okrK ftu, T[BQK X[BhnK d/ ftu, fi; ftu r[o{ BkBe d/ w[y wzvb ftu'A X[o eh

pkDh fBebh ;h, T[;/ soQK r[o{ nwodk; ih B/ pj[s ;koh pkDh ouh. n;hA fJe tko fco nky

;ed/ jK fe fJj pkDh th nkw wB[y dh, gzi G{se ;oho dh brdh jh BjhA. n;hA nky ;ed/

jK fJj pkDh nkw fJB;kB dh j? BjhA. T[; dh i's T[; gæw/Fo dh, T[; op dh oukJh j'Jh

T[j pkDh ;h.

r[o{ okwdk; B/ tf;nk t;kfJnk r'fJzdtkb ;kfjp Sv e/ okwdk;g[o (nzfwæs;o) ik

v/o/ bkJ/. T[; dk eh ekoB ;h < T[; dk ekoB th fJj ;h fe pkp/ w'jB dh wzr rabs j' rJh

;h. i/ wzr rabs j? sK T[j sK g{oh j' jh BjhA ;edh, @i' wkrfj mke[o ng[B/ s/ ;'Jh ;'Jh

d/t?#l i' Bk d/t/ T[j fpbe[b Bk d/t/. pkp/ w'jB dh wzr rabs j' rJh, fJj wzr g{oh Bk j'Jh.

i/ wzr g{oh Bk j't/, i' n;hA wzrd/ jK, T[j Bk fwb/, fco ;kvk jzeko ikrdk j?, eo'X ikrdk

j?, b'G ikrdk j?. fJ; eoe/ r[o{ okwdk; ih r'fJzdtkb ;kfjp Sv e/ e{u eo rJ/. T[j gzi

G{se ;oho ftu p?mh i's B/ id'A pdbDk ;h, i's dh ekfJnk gbNDh ;h.

fJ; oph i's B/ id'A ekfJnk gbNDh ;h, T[; ;w/A r[o{ noiB d/t ih ;æh nzfwæs;o ;kfjp

Sv e/, i' fe T[BQK d/ fgsk ih B/ nkgD/ eo ewbK Bkb t;kfJnk ;h, dopko ;kfjp ;æh

soBskoB ;kfjp ub/ rJ/. feT[A ub/ rJ/, feT[Afe pkpk fgæEh uzd Bkb NeokU BjhA ;B eoBk

ukj[zd/. fgæEh uzd dh wzr th rabs j' rJh ;h. fgæEh uzd r[o{ BkBe dh i's T[s/ nkgDk nfXeko

;wM p?m/ ;B. r[o{ d/ tv/ g[so j'D d/ Bks/ nkgDk nfXeko ;wM p?m/ ;B. wzr rabs j' rJh.

wzr rabs ;h fJ; bJh g{oh j' BjhA ;h ;edh. nkgD/ i' jB, fJj fizB/ nkgD/ j[zd/ jB T[BQK

d/ e'b nkgfDnK ~ szr eoB dk f}nkdk nfXeko j[zdk j?. nkgfDnK s'A puD bJh nkgfDnK d/

Bkb bVkJh s'A r[o/} eod/ j'J/ r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ soBskoB ik t;kfJnk. ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

d/ nzdo 700 d/ eohp nzr r[o{ BkBe dh gzithA i's ;æh r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh pkDh j?.

J/Bh pkDh dh ouBk ehsh, 1430 nzrK ftu'A 700 nzr d/ eohp r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh pkDh

j?. ]?o, fJ; ftF/ s/ nkgK nr/ ub e/ rb eoKr/. rb eo oj/ ;K r[o{ BkBe dh r[ordh d/

fJfsjk; dh.

S/thA gksFkjh r[o{ BkBe dh S/thA i's B/ fJe d[yKs t/fynk, r[o{ fgsk ~ ssh sth @s/

p?m/ d/fynk. ssh o/s ;h; ftu gk i' s;hj/ fds/ rJ/, T[BQK Bz{ ;[D e/ ;æh r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp

d/ wB ftu fJe j'o f]nkb nkfJnk. fJe o{jkBh skes pD rJh fJj i's. r[o{ BkBe dh i's,

i' oph i's j? r[o{ BkBe s'A ekfJnk gbNdh, T[BQK ftu p?m rJh j?. T[; dh fj\k}s eoBk ;kvk



\o} pDdk j?. T[; dh fj\k}s eoB bJh r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp B/ sbtko T[mkJh. gfjbh

tkoh fe;/ Xkofwe nkr{ B/ Xow dh ofynk eoB bJh sbtko T[mkJh. whoh ghoh dhnK d'

sbtkoK T[mkJhnK. fe;/ B/ ;'funk th BjhA ;h, d' sbtkoK fJemhnK j' ;edhnK jB. T[; i's

~ ;zGkbD bJh, T[; dh ofynk bJh sB, wB, XB ;G e[M bk fdsk. p; T[; i's ~ ;zGkbd/

ub/ rJ/. b/feB e'Jh pkDh r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp dh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu BjhA fwbdh. FkfJd

fJ; i's dh ofynk eofdnK ehosg[o s/ ibzXo B/Vbk eoskog[o th t;kfJnk. pkeh d/ ezw

sK T[j eod/ oj/, fJ; i's ~ ;zGkbd/ oj/, b/feB pkDh e'Jh BjhA fbyh. i/ fbyh j[zdh sK ;æh

r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ ftu doi j[zdh. fco tkoh nkJh fe fJj i's ekfJnk gbN e/ feE/ ikt/

< pkpk r[ofdsk ih r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp d/ tv/ g[so ;B, tv/ bVe/ ;B.

fJj i's r[o{ jfo okJ/ ih, i' r[ofdsk ih d/ ;g[so ;B, d/ gzi G{se ;oho ftu ik

;wkJh. id'A fJ; i's ~ nmthA irQk 8thA gzu G{se d/jh ftu gfotofss j'Dk ;h sK T[BQK d/

tv/ bVe/ dh T[wo :'r th ;h, f;nkD/ th ;B. gozs{ T[BQK dh T[wzr j' rJh i/ w?~ nk ikJ/

, p; T[E/ wzr rabs j' rJh. fJ; eoe/ 8thA gksFkjh ;æh jfofeæFB fJe pkbe d/ o{g ftu

fJ; i's ~ ;zGkbD d/ ;woE j'J/. fJj i's ;æh jfofeæFB d/ ftu ik fpokih. pkpk BkBe dh

nktk} pD e/, r[o{ nzrd ih, r[o{ nwodk; ih, r[o{ okwdk; ih, r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh nktk}

pD e/ X[o eh pkDh nkJh. fJj i's ;æh jfofeæFB dh pkbe nt;Ek d/ ftu T[;/ soQK jh t;

rJh fi; soQK r[o{ nwodk; ih ftu iK r[o{ noiB d/t ih ftu. pkb nt;Ek ftu ;æh jfo

feæFB ih B/ fco ekfJnK gbNh s/ fJj B"t/A gksFkj ;æh r[o{ s/ra pjkdo ih ftu ik p?mh. pVk

NeokU j'fJnk, Xho wbhJ/ Fohe pD p?m/. ;æh jfowzdo ;kfjp ftu ikD dh fJik}s Bk fdsh.

wzr rabs j' rJh ;h, feE'A g{oh j' ;edh ;h < wkbeh eoBh ukj[zd/ ;B.

r[o{ BkBe dh d;thA i's r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ f;y Xow dh T[;koh d/ Bt/A fd;jd/

f;oiD/ ;B. T[j fto'X dhnK T[bMDK @u gJ/ jh BjhA. T[BQK B/ sK r[ordh d/ fJfsjk; ~ nzfsw

d/ ;dhthA S[j d/Dh ;h. i/ T[j gzi G{se ;oho ftu i's ;ikT[Dk ukj[zd/ sK gziK fgnkfonK ftu'A

iK fe;/ j'o ~ d/ ;ed/ ;B. fgnkfoU ! BjhA, T[BQK B/ sK e[b irs dk Gbk eoBk ;h. fJ;

bJh fi; Fpd d/ ;kro s/ Fpd gæekF ftu'A r[o{ BkBe dh ;hos fe;/ fBt/ebh ;{os Gkt ]kb;/

dh ;{os ftykJh fdzdh ;h, T[; d/ bV ;z;ko d/ b'eK ~ bkfJnk sK i' ;z;ko dk e'Jh th gækDh

Fpd gæekF ~ nkgDh fizadrh dk nzr pDk ;e/.



;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih gæsy jfo Fpd r[o{, r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh fiT[Adh ikrdh,

irwrkT[Adh i's pko/ rb eoB br/ jK. ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih eo'VK f;y, eo'VK FoXkb{ fi;

i's, fi; ræzE d/ jo o'} BjhA sK rkj/-prkj/ doFB eod/ jB. byK ftnesh, byK f;y ;æh

r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih ~ gVQd/ ;[Dd/ jB, ftukod/ jB. j}koK ftnesh, j}koK f;y, fBsB/wh jB,

fBsB/w Bkb pkDhnK dk ikg eod/ jB. ;?AeV/ b'eK B/, p[XhihthnK B/ ftdtkBK B/ Fæh r[o{ ræzE

;kfjp ih d/ pko/ nkgDh p[Xh n}wkT[D dh e'fFF ehsh j?. r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih pko/ nkgDh

nkgDh neb d/ x'V/ d"VkJ/, e[M ftukoK eoBhnK F[o{ ehshnK. ;kvk we;d fJE/, r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

d/ fJfsjk; iK i' ftdtkBK B/, p[XhihthnK B/, i' nkgDh neb nB[;ko nkgDh ;'u nB[;ko, i'

rbK ehshnK jB, i' fbfynk j?, g[;seK iK ræzE fby/ gVQ/ jB, T[BQK pko/ rb eoBh ;kvk we;d

BjhA j?.

n;hA Fæh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih dh rb eoB s'A gfjbK fJe rb ;gFN eo d/Dh ukj[zd/ jK.

w?A fJj sK BjhA efjzdk fe w/o/ s'A gfjbK i' ;?AeV/ ftdtkBK, fiBQK B/ pj[s fwjBs eoe/, xkbDk

eoe/ eJh eJh ;kb bk e/, i'Fæh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih d/ ;o{g iK Fæh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ ti{d

pko/ i' uouk ehsh, w?A~ T[BQK s'A tX gsk j? iK T[BQK dh nkb'uBk eodk jK. r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih

pko/ ftuko eoB bfrnK, rb eoB bfrnK, ;kvk :ehB j? ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih pko/ i'

ftdtkBK B/ fbfynk j? fe r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh ih ;zgkdBk j'Jh j?, ;zgkdBk fet/A j'Jh j? ed'A

j'Jh < fJ; soQK brdk j? fit/A i' th fJ; pko/ feskpK fbyhnK rJhnK, T[j fJe rabs gk;/

~ s[o gJ/. rabs gk;/ ~ i/ GihJ/ sK fe;/ fNekD/ @s/ bfrnk jh BjhA ik ;edk. ;æh r[o{ ræzE

;kfjp ih pko/ rb eoBh, fJ; soQK fit/A fe;/ feskp pko/ rb eohdh j?, fJj ;ok;o rabs

j?. fit/A g[;seK dh ;zgkdBk j[zdh j?, gæekFBk jz[dh, T[;/ soQK jh ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh ;zgkdBk

efjDk, g'Eh efjDk, fJj sK e'Jh ;jh rb BjhA brdh. fJ; ftu e'Jh sE BjhA. r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih d/ gzit/A ikw/ ftu i' i's ;h, fijVh i's r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih d/ ftu ;h, T[j oph i's, T[j oph B{o, T[j nfXnkswtkd, T[; ;u dh, i' fe

fe;/ th Fpd d/ Bkb ftnkfynk e'Jh th BjhA eo ;edk. T[; Fesh d/, T[; i's d/ ;æh r[o{

ræzE ;kfjp ih d/ pko/ rb eofdnK jo ebw n;woE j' ikt/rh. T[; i's dk r[o{ BkBe d/t

ih d/ gzi G{se ;oho d/ ftu iBw BjhA j'fJnk, T[; i's dk gæekF j'fJnk. fJj gæekF r[o{

BkBe d/t ih d/ ;oho ftu j'fJnk. fJ; soQK dk gæekF jh fJBQK r[[DK bSDK tkbk gæekF, T[u

dh nt;Ek tkbk gæek;, a fiE/ fiE/ th j'fJnk, fi; gækDh ftu j'fJnk r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ;oho

ftu fi;w ftu, fJj gæekF j'fJnk. fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb j'o pj[s jh tXhnk, pj[s jh gjz[u/

j'J/, pj[s jh wjK-g[oyK ftdtkBK d/ ftu i' gæekF ;h, fiE/ th gæekF j'fJnk, fiE/-fiE/ th

;h, T[E/-T[E/ gj[zu e/ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ Fpd okjhA gæekF ehsk. T[; dk fJeso j' ikDk s/



gæekFwkB j' ikDk, Fpd d/ o{g ftu gæekFwkB j' ikDk, ;'uD tkbh rb j?. Fpd r[o{ j? i' ;æh

r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dk gæekF j'fJnk, fJ; dh ;zgkdBk BjhA j'Jh. i/ fJ; ~ ;zgkdBk jh frDh

ikJhJ/, 1604 Jh;th ftu r[o{ noiB d/t ih B/ ;zgkdBk ehshl p; fJ; rb dk o"bk gk e/

s[o/ fcohJ/ sK T[; dh n;bhns ~ n;hA ;wM jh BjhA ;ed/. rb eh j? fJj gæekF fi; dk

r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ~ nfj;k; j'fJnk ;h, T[; gæekF dh o"FBh d[BhnK Go ~ fdykT[D bJh r[o{

BkBe d/t ih B/ nkgDk fwFB pDkfJnk. T[; gæekF Bkb ;koh d[BhnK ~ gæekFwkB ehsk. eh T[jh

gæekF r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ ftu BjhA ;h, T[jh jh ;h. 5thA gksFkjh d/ ftu T[t/A ;h, r[o{ BkBe

d/ gzu G{se ;oho d/ ftu i's ;h, i'r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ ftu gæekF j'Jh.

r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ ftu id'A gæekFwkB jh j' rJh i's, T[; ~ i/ n;hA nkyhJ/ fJj

;zgkdBk j'Jh sK fezBk e[ fBnK eo oj/ jK < ;kvk sK fJjh :sB j't/rk rb eoB dk, ;æh r[o{

ræzE ;kfjp ftu'A n;hA r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ doFB eo ;ed/ jK, ;ko/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ doFB

eo ;ed/ jK, nfXnkswtkd d/ doFB eod/ jK. T[; dk gæekF i' nfXnkswe gæekF j?, i' r[o{

ræzE ;kfjp ftu'A n;hA bG ;ed/ jK, T[; ~ i/ n;hA ejhJ/ fe ;zgkdBk j'Jh j?, fJj mhe BjhA

j?. ;kvk ftFk sK fJj j? fe fJ; ~ ;zgkdBk nkyDk jh rabs j?. r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ~ efjDk

fe ;zgkdBk j'Jh, fJj rabs j?. r[opkDh d/ 1430 nzrK ftu ;zgkdBk b\} feXo/ BjhA

nkfJnk.

T[; gæekF dh, i's dh, Fpd dh ;zgkdBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. Bk fe;/ sohe/ Bkb ikfDnk

ik ;edk j?, Bk s'fbnk fwfDnk ik ;edk j?. fi; dk ;k~ gsk jh BjhA e"D j?, T[j gæekF,

T[; dh ;zgkdBk Gbk e"D eo ;edk j? < i/ n;hA g[;seK dhnK g[;seK fbyhJ/, wDK-w{jhA

g[;seK fbyhJ/ fe ;zgkdBk j'Jh, pkDh feE'A gkJh, w'jB ih B/ g'EhnK b? e/ nKdhnK. UJ/ GfbU,

fejV/ ueo ftu n;hA gJ/ jK < j[D se J/B/ p[Xhihth byK ftdtkB fe; gk;/ ~ d"V/ oj/ <

;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp pko/ gsk eoB br/ oj/ fe fJj fe; soQK pfDnk. T[; gk;/ ~ fet/A d"V

;ed/ j' fi; uh} dk ;k~ gsk jh BjhA. fJj r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dk i' gæekF j?, fJB;kB d/ t;

dh rb jh BjhA j?, fJB;kBh rb BjhA j?, fJj nr/ dh rb j?. fJ; pko/ n;hA fet/A rb eo

;ed/ jK < i' ;kv/ t; dh rb jh BjhA j?, i' o[{jkBh j?, fi; ~ gefVnk jh BjhA ik ;edk,

fet/A bfGnk fe gæekF fet/A j'fJnk, fijV/ nekb g[oy pko/ ;k~ gsk jh BjhA, i/ r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih, fiBQK ftu gfjbk gæekF j'fJnk, ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dk i' gfjbk gæekF j'fJnk, r[o{

BkBe d/t ih, T[; gæekF ~ i' nekb g[oy dk gæekF j?, T[; gæekF ~ fpnkB eoB d/ ftu

n;woE jB sK GkJh j'o fejVk n?;k f;nkDk nk frnk i' pkp/ BkBe s'A th f;nkDk j?, fijVk

ej/ fe w?~ gsk pkDh fet/A ouh rJh, w?~ gsk pkDh feE'A nkJh < GkJh s[;hA whfDnK dhnK

g'EhnK N'bD s[o gJ/ fiBQK B/ fJ; i's dk fto'X ehsk. i' gæekF j?, T[j ;zg{oB j?. T[; pko/

rb eoBh fJB;kB d/ t; dh rb BjhA j?. i/ fJB;kB d/ t; dh rb jh BjhA, sK i' noX frnkBh

j?, fiBQK d/ ftu i's gæekF jh BjhA j'Jh, T[j T[; gæekF pko/ fet/A rb eoB GkJh < i'



r'fJzdtkb ;kfjp tkbhnK g'EhnK dh rb eoB s[o gJ/, i/ T[BQK g'EhnK d/ ftu gæekF j'fJnk

j[zdk sK fco nkfd ræzE ;kfjp dk gæekF eoB dh }o{os eh g? rJh ;h <

;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu id'A gæekF j'fJnk, i's dk gæekF j'fJnk, T[; d/ ftu fJj i's,

i' i's gzit/A BkBe d/ ftu p?mh, gæekFwkB j' p?mh ;h, T[; i's ~ nfj;k; ;h i' r[o{ noiB

d/t ih ftu gæekFwkB ;h, r[o{ noiB d/t ih ftu irwrkT[Adh i's dk r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh

i's Bkb'A fpbe[b e'Jh nzso BjhA ;h. T[j gæekF i' GrsK d/ ftu, wjKg[oyK d/ ftu ftuofdnK

j'fJnK fJ; i's B/, r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh i's B/ T[; gæekF ~ gærNkfJnk. r[o{ BkBe dh i's

ob rJh.

r[o{ nzrd d/t ih r[o{ BkBe d/t ih s'A ty BjhA ;B. r[o{ nzrd ih th T[t/A jh fbfynk

eod/ ;B. r[o{ BkBe ih torhnK rbK efonk eod/ ;B. j'o fe;/ ~ eh gsk ;h fe T[; gæekF

B/ Fpd dk ikwk gfjBDk j?, gæekFwkB eoBk j?, fet/A eoBk j?l s[;hA Fe feT[A eod/ j' < UJ/

GfbU b'e', nkgDk nkg sK bG BjhA ;ed/ gozs{ gzit/A op ~, fet/A ehsh ;zgkdBk r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

dh, fJ; pko/ rbK eod/ j'. T[j gæekF fet/A j'fJnk fi; gæekF dk ;k~ gsk jh BjhA, fi; ~

;kv/ e'b gVQB dk sK ;wK BjhA, wEk N/e e/ nk iKd/ jK. ;[DB dk sK ;wK BjhA, r[o{ xoK d/ ftu

ræzEh, ehosBhJ/ pkDh gVQd/ ;[Dd/ jB. fezBh fwjBs Bkb ;wMkT[D dh e'fFF eod/ jB, n;hA

fgS/ p?m/ nkgDhnK nkgDhnK rbK, nkgD/ ezwK dhnK rbK eod/ jK.

;k~ eh gsk gæekF eh j? < gVQB dh ;wMD dh sK fjzws BjhA j?l n;hA J/B/ i'r/ j? BjhA

fe gæekF pko/ rb eohJ/. T[; ~ sK ;wMDk ;h, fJj ftdtkB feXo ~ d"V gJ/ < ;wM BjhA

nkT[Adh fJj ohs fet/A ubh. eJhnK B/ sK ;koh fizadrh bk fdsh fJ; ~ bGD bfrnK fe ;zgkdBk

fet/A j'Jh < fJ; dk c?;bk eoB tkb/ s[;hA e"D j[zd/ j' GkJh < i' fBozekoh j?, ;z;koh BjhA j?

T[; pko/ ;z;ko d/ b'e fet/A rb eoB GbK < i' fBonkeko j?, T[; pko/ ;z;ko d/ b'e rb eoB

d/ Gbk fezB/ e[ ;woE jB, i' ;z;koh b'e fJj i[nos eod/ jB, i/ ;z;koh rb eoB dh ;woEk

j't/. d/th d/ts/ i' ;z;koh jB, fiBQK dhnK e'Jh fsæFBktK th jB Gkt/A T[j fJzdo d/tsk jh feT[A

Bk j't/, i/ fJ;soh dh fsæFBk nk ikt/, T[j ;z;koh j?, fBozekoh BjhA j' ;edk. T[j fJB;kB

j' ;edk j?, T[j fBozeko BjhA j' ;edk, id'A fsæFBk nk ikJ/ ¼, fto'X nk ikJ/, eo'X nk ikJ/

. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih B/ ihtB ihftnk fJB;kB tKr, fJ; ihtB dk iBw th j'fJnk. r[o{ BkBe

B/ ntsko th Xkfonk. T[j gzi G{se ;oho fJe fdB ]sw th j'fJnk go T[BQK d/ ftu i' i's

;h, fijVh i's ~ n;hA bGD d/ ftu, d;D d/ ftu, ;'uD d/ tk;s/ th :'r BjhA jK, T[; i's

pko/ i/ rb eohJ/, i's feE'A nkJh, T[; d/ f;oBkt/A dk ;k~ gsk jh BjhA, n;hA nkgD/ nkg s/

w/jo eohJ/. i/ wzf}b gkT[Dh j?, i/ e[M d/yDk j?, gæekF d/ ftu i' ukBD j?, T[; d/ ftu fijVk

]}kBk j?, T[j fwb ;edk j?. fJj i' jB/ok j?, jB/o/ ftu d/yD Bkb e[M BjhA bGDk. T[; d/

ukBD dh }o{os j?. T[; i's d/ ftu ;k~ r[o{ BkBe d/t ih th fwb ikDr/. j'o e[M th i' n;hA

bGkr/A ;k~ fwb ikT{. gh-n?Zu vhH th fwb ikt/rh. eJhnK ftdtkBK B/ pj[s fwjBs ehsh,



pj[s fwjBs ehsh, b/feB eh y'i ehsh fe gæekF fet/A pfDnk < fi; d/ pko/ n;hA ;woE jh

BjhA jK. 19thA s/ 20thA, fgSbhnK d' ;dhnK d/ ftu pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkBK B/, pj[s ;ko/

p[XhihthnK B/ gzikph d/ ftu nzr/æ}h d/ ftu fjzdh d/ ftu pj[s ;koh uouk ehsh ;æh r[o{ ræzE

;kfjp d/ pko/, T[; dh pkDh pko/, r[o{nK pko/ pj[s e[M fbfynk, r[o{ ;kfjpkB pko/ pj[s e[M

fbfynk, iBw ;kyhnK fbyhnK, j[ewBkw/ th fby/, ;æh r[o{ nkfd ræzE ;kfjp dh pkDh pko/

fbfynk, ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh ;zg{oBsk pko/ fbfynk, pkDh pko/ fbfynk . pVh fwjBs eoe/

, pVh pVh xkbDk xkb e/ g[;seK fbyhnK, T[j ;ko/ i' ftdtkB b'e jB, T[BQK ftu'A pj[s/ b'e,

pj[s/ ftdtkB rabs o;s/ s[o gJ/ fe ;zgkdBk fet/A j'Jh < r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh ihtBh @s/

jh ;kok }'o bk fdsk, T[BQK d/ ftu i' i's j?, T[; ~ ;wMD pko/ :sB th eod/ oj/.

T[j ;ko/ i' gfjb/ ftdtkB j'J/, T[BQK d/ ftu fJe rb }o{o ;h fe FoXk ;h, GktBk ;h,

gftsosk ;h, ;fseko ;h, fgnko ;h, sK jh T[BQK B/ J/Bk ;wK bk e/, r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp Bkb, r[o{

;kfjp d/ Bkb fgnko j'D eoe/ jh T[BQK i' f;fynk, ;[fDnK, gfVQnk fizBk th, i' th, ;ko/ fgnko

s/ ;fseko d/ Bkb fbyd/ ub/ nkJ/. T[BQK dh rb eoB @s/ fJe bfjo ub gJh. fijVh uouk

3-4 djkfenK s'A fgS/ fij/ ubh, f;y Xow ~ r[o{ BkBe dh i' ;uh i's j?, i's dh rb j?,

T[; ftu E'VQk fijk ]bb gkT[D bJh fijVk d"o ub fojk ;h, T[; dh rb eohJ/. fJj d{;o/

XowK tkfbnK dk, Xow Gkt/A ;ko/ gftso j[zd/ jB, i/ e'Jh Xkofwe j' ikJ/ sK T[; dk Xow

fijVk th j't/, i/ T[j Xowh j't/, fJB;kB j't/, sK r[o{ BkBe dk f;y pD ;edk j?. r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih dh r'd ftu p?m ;edk j?. go e[M Fokosh b'e J/B/ ;[jD/ Xow ~, fJzBh ;[jDh rb

~ E'VQk fijk ]bb gkT[D bJh fe fJBQK ~ }ok g[m/ o;s/ gkfJnk ikJ/, fJ; eoe/ T[BQK B/ e'fFF

ehsh s/ e'fFF ftu id'A e'Jh fwFB ekw:kp j' ikt/, T[; d/ Bshi/ rabs fBebd/ jB. fweb'v

BK dk fJe fwFBoh, T[; B/ d/fynk fe fJj Xow pj[s fJfsjk;e j?, fJ; ftu e'Jh rabs

rb j? jh BjhA, ]bb gkfJnk ikJ/.

feæFu?fBNh dk ftfdnkoEh fJe feæFuhnB, feT[Afe feæFu?fBNh dh fj;N'oheb ngo'u sK

e'Jh j? BjhA, fwEkb'ih i' j?, fwEkb'ih s/ fJfsjk; dk i' nzso j?, T[j nzso j? fweb'v s/ pkeh

d/ f\bk;\o . i' f;y ftdtkB jB fiBQK B/ f;yK ~, gzikphnK ~ r[o{ ;kfjpkB pko/ i' ftuko

fds/ i' rbK pksK ehshnK, T[BQK d/ ftu Xkofwe fJfsjk; j?. fJ; feæFu?fBNh d/ ftfdnkoEh

B/, fJe feæFuhnB B/ r[o{ ;kfjp pko/ nkgD/ e'b'A ejkDhnK gkJhnK. f;y Xow dh ;Nvh

eofdnK w?~ th fJ; ~ gVQB dk E'VQk fijk tes fwfbnk. i' f;y Xow dk fJfsjk; j?, fJ;

dhnK v{zxkJhnK se T[; dh gjz[u BjhA j?. T[j fet/A fJ; dh rb eo/rk < fet/A r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

dh rb eo/rk < id'A fJE/ se T[; dh ;'u jh BjhA j?, :ehB jh BjhA j?, i/ T[; dk ftFtk;

jh BjhA j? fi; Xow d/ ftu, T[; d/ pko/, T[j ;jh rb eo/ s/ feT[A eo/ < i' T[; B/ g[;se

fbyh @r[o{ BkBe n?Av dk f;y fobhiB. # r[o{ BkBe jh sK f;y Xow j? f;y fobhiB j?, pkeh

sK e[M th BjhA j?. @n'e;c'ov# tkfbnK B/ i' g[;se Skgh j?, T[; ftu'A brdk j? fe fweb'v



f;y Xow dk c"b'no BjhA j?, i' rb eodk j? @No?vhFB nk\ dk f;y fobh}B# nkgDh ouh

g[;se dh, i' fFekr' s'A Sgh j?l fbydk j?, ;kv/ Xow dh, fJ;dh @fj;Noh nk\ dh f;yfJ}w#

fJj i' rbK fJj eodk j?, fweb'v Gbk j? e"D < fJj fweb'v T[j e'Jh r[o{ fgnkok BjhA ;h,

Bk f;y ;h, fJj e"D j? < fJj fweb'v i' fwFBoh j?, fJ; B/ i' f;y ws pko/ i' ouBktK

fbyhnK jB, fJe f;y dhnK ouBktK BjhA jB. f;yfJ}w ~ gVQB dh pVh e'fFF ehsh nkgD/

fj;kp d/ Bkb. fJe sK T[; dk BK @w?ekfb\# Bkb fwbdk i[bdk T[; tork ;h, go w?ekfb\

fJe f;y ;h, T[j fwFBoh BjhA ;h, T[j f;y ;h. fwFBohnK B/, feæFuhnBK B/ T[; dh w"s

t/b/ T[; ~ d\BkT[D t/b/ pVk o"bk gkfJnk ;h, T[; dk fto'X ehsk ;h. feæFuBK B/ T[; ~

ngDkfJnk BjhA ;h. T[j fJe f;y ;h, i' f;y pD e/ rbK ehshnK, f;y fJfsjk; fbfynk.

T[jd/ Fe eoe/, feT[Afe fweb'v dk BK T[; d/ BK Bkb obdk fwbdk ;h, fJ; bJh b'eK B/

;wfMnk fe fJj th fwekb\ tork f\bk;\o j't/rk. T[; dhnK feskpK gVQB bJh T[sktb/ j'J/

. go gVQ e/ gsk brk fe w?ekfb\ s/ w?eb'v ftu sK }whB-n;wkB dk nzso j?. T[j w?eb'v

nkgD/ Xow pko/ rb eo/. i/ fe;/ j'o Xow pko/ rb eo/rk sK T[; dk ozr eh j't/rk. fweb'v

efjzdk j? fe fjzd{fJ}w dk niro fJe fdB f;y Xow ~ fBrb Bk ikt/. f;yfJ}w iK

fjzd{fJ}w ftu i' MrV/ gJ/ jB fJj ;kvh rabsh j?, go T[j fweb'v e"D j[zdk j?, fJj ;kvh

xo dh rb j?. n;hA nkg/ fBp/V btKr/, fJj e"D j[zdk j? efjD tkbk fe fjzd{nK s'A pu e/ fojk

i/. T[; B/ i/ nkfynk, ouBktK, fbyhnK, SghnK, rb w[e rJh. fJj i' feæFu?fBNh d/ fJ;

ftfdnkoEh B/ f;y Xow pko/ i' ewb x'fNnk, T[j ;kv/ ;oho ~ e'jV bk frnk. T[; dk ;zskg

n;hA G'r oj/ jK. w/o/ wB ~ pj[s d[y j?. fJj i' okj dk o'Vk pfDnk, fJ;d/ Bkb eJh j'o

fJ; o;s/ ftu o'V/ yVQ/ j' rJ/. f;yfJ}w dk fJe fJfsjk; j?, fJj fJe wjkB fJfsjk;

j?. i/ fe;/ fwFBoh pzd/ B/, fe;/ b?n ftu rb ehsh j?, T[; b?n ftu s[;hA feT[A rb eod/

j'< fJj i'vkH fgnko f;zx B/ fbfynk j?, @rkEk ;æh nkfd ræzE n?Av dk ezNo'to;h.# vkH fgnko

f;zx B/ i' fbfynk j? fJ; ~ fJj gsk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe ezNo'to;h s[;hA eo oj/ j', jb BjhA

eo oj/ j'. fJ; ezNo'to;h ~ ]sw eoB ftu s[jkvk Gbk j?. nkg i/ pkp/ BkBe pko/ rb eod/

j' fgnko f;zx ih, s[;hA fgnko Bkb rb eo'. T[t/A eo' fit/A s[jkv/ fgU dkd/ eod/ ;h. s[;hA

rkEk, ejkDhnK d;d/ j', fJj ejkDh j? < vkH fgnko f;zx ~ e'Jh g[S/ fe r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

ejkDh j?, e'Jh rkEk j? < i/ n?Bk jh fgnko f;zx dk siopk j? fe fJj fJe rkEk j? sK w?A

nkgD/ tb'A vkH fgnko f;zx ~ w[nk\ eodk jK. vkH fgF"ok f;zx B/ gh-n?uHvhH dh fvroh b?D

tk;s/ fbfynk j?, @r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp e?BB whfBzr n?Av nEkoNh#. vkH fgF"ok f;zx f;y

r[owo:kdk ftu r[owfs ftu :ehB oyD tkbk pzdk r[owfs dh n?wHJ/H j't/, T[; ~ J/Bk gsk

BjhA fe fJj i' nEkoNh j?, r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh nEkoNh pko/ d;dk j?, fJj T[; ~ J/Bk nkg

s/ wkD j?. fe; ~ je j? r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh nEkoNh pko/ p'bD dk, fe;/ j'o ~ je j? d[BhnK

ftu < i/ r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh nEkoNh pko/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih ~ Fe j[zdk, T[j j[ew Bk eod/



, @;G f;yB e' j[ew j? r[o{ wkfBU ræzE#I fJj j[ew feT[A eoBk ;h r[o{ ;kfjp B/. ebrhnK

tkb/ B/ r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ~ r[o{ wzBD dk j[ew ehsk. fJj i' fJBQK rbK pko/ ;wMkT[D dk :sB

ehsk vkH fgF"ok f;zx B/, e?BB whfBzr, fJj ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh pkDh feE'A nkJh, fJj f;y

Xow ftu fJ; soQK dhnK rbK eoe/ dtzd yVQk eo oj/ j', fJj pkDh feE'A nkJh, g'EhnK feE'A

nkJhnK < eh Fæh r[o{ noiB d/t ih ~ nfj;k; BjhA ;h fe pkDh feE'A nkJh j? < fJj fgF"ok

f;zx ~ ;æh r[o{ noiB d/t ih s'A f}nkdk gsk ;h < ;wM BjhA nkT[Adh fe i' d[fush g?dk eod/

jB, fJBQK ~ fJj BjhA gsk fe f;yK d/ ;ot'sw r[o{ fiT{Adh ikrdh i'fs fJj r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

j?. fJ; d/ pko/ fe;/ ~ e'Jh Bk n]fsnko j? Bk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. i/ e'Jh rb eodk j?, e'Jh

r[o{ noiB d/t ih s'A f}nkdk f;nkDk ;wMdk j?, fJ; pko/ ;kv/ i' gstzs/ jB, f;y Xow d/

i' nkr{ jB, Xkofwe nkr{ jB, T[BQK ~ fwb e/ efjDk ukjhdk j? fe Gdo g[oF' nfij/ gk;/

Bk s[o' ! s[jk~ fJ; soQK eoB dk e'Jh je BjhA j?. f;y dh v?\hB/FB, f;y Xow dh v?chB/

FB, gæhGkFk fgF"ok f;zx fdzdk j?. fJj b'e gh-n?ZuHvhH dhnK fvrohnK b?D bJh e[M th e[opkB

eo ;ed/ jB. ;koh e"w ~, ;kvk i' dhB nwkB j?, Xkofwe ;'u j?, T[; ~ dkn @s/ bk ;ed/

jB < fJj gVQ/-fby/ ftdtkB jB, i' ukBD w[Bkok j[zd/ jB, go fJBQK dk f]nkb fe; gk;/ ~

ik fojk j?, fJj nky oj/ jB f;y Xow dh nEkoNh eh j?, pkDh feE'A nkJh. nfij/ b'eK ~

o'eDk ukjhdk j?, sK i' e'Jh w?eb'v j'o Bk izwD. i/ oky/ jh y/s T[ikVD br gJ/ sK y/s dk

eh pD/rk < r[fozdo f;zx wkB, fezBk ;[jDk ;o{g j?, g{ok r[of;y j?, b/feB f]nkb g[m/ gk;/

br frnk. r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp fet/A pfDnk, j'Ad ftu fet/A nkfJnk< w?A gVQh j? T[; dh feskp,

@dk w/fezr nkc dk f;y ;efoguo#. w?A ;wMdk ;h fe pVk tvk ftdtkB j?, tXhnk fbfynk

j't/rk go gsk BjhA eh j'fJnk, w?Bz{ gVQ e/ pj[s d[y bfrnk. w?A sK pj[s tvk ftdtkB ;wMdk

;h, b/feB eh T[j r[o{ noiB d/t s'A th tX f;nkDk j' frnk. feE'A pkDh nkJh, s[;hA g'EhnK

dhnK rbK eod/ j', r'fJzdtkb ;kfjp tkbhnK g'EhnK, whfDnK dhnK g'EhnK, T[j sK r[o{ BkBe

dh i's d/ fto'X ftu g?dk ehshnK g'EhnK jB. r[fozdo f;zx wkB ~ eh je pDdk j? < fgæEh

uzd ~, nkgD/ g[so ~ w[ekpb/ s/ yVQk eoB bJh fe S'Nh T[wo j?, e'Jh th sohek ngDkfJnk,

r[ordh ~ nkgD/ e'b ofynk ikt/, fJ; bJh fJj g'EhnK fbyhnK. fJj i'pkp/ w'jB tkbhnK

g'EhnK jB, fJBQK ftu pj[s ;koh pkDh ;jh j?, fJj g'EhnK ;fseko:'r jB, fJBQK ftu pkDh

j?. ftdtkBK ~ w/oh jE i'V e/ p/Bsh j?, fJ; gk;/ ~ Bk ikU, g[m/ gk;/ Bk ikU. ftFtk; eoBk

ukjhdk j?, ;k~ :ehB eoBk ukjhdk j?. i/ r[o{ BkBe d/t s/ r[o{ noiB d/t ih @s/ ftFtk;

BjhA j? GkJh, s[;hA fco f;y th Bk ejkU, s[jk~ fJj je th BjhA pDdk. i/ nkgD/ dhB-nwkB

s/ ftFtk; BjhA j? sK s[;hA e[M j'o ejkU, g[m/ gk;/ Bk ikU, T[;/ NkjDh ~ tY oj/ j', fi;

s/ p?m/ j'. pVh fwjBs ehsh j?, r[fozdo f;zx wkB dh feskp gVQ e/ fJj brdk j? fe T[;B/

seohpB 100 feskpK gVQhnK jB, gsk brdk j? pVh fwjBs ehsh j?. go fwjBs ehsh g[m/

gk;/. vkH fgnko f;zx d/ wro brD dh b'V BjhA j?, w?eb'v d/ wro brD dh b'V BjhA j?,



;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp s'A tvh e'Jh nEkoNh BjhA j?. T[; @s/ fezs{-gæzs{ eoB dk fe;/ ~ e'Jh

nfXeko BjhA j?. fJe gzBk sK eh fJe bkJhB, fJe nyo, fJE'A se fe fpzdh, fNgh, brK wksoK

e[M th ;'XD dk fe;/ ~ e'Jh je BjhA j?. i/ fe;/ dk jE T[; tb tXdk j?, T[; ~ o'eDk ukjhdk

j?. i' gfjb/ ;kv/ ftdtkB f;y Xow pko/ fbyd/ ;B, Gkt/A T[; ftu th eJh soQK d/ G[b/y/ ;B,

b/feB T[BQK dh FoXk d/y e/, T[BQK dh GktBk d/y e/, fijVhnK T[BQK d/ ftu rabshnK ;B, w[nk\h

dhnK jedko ;B. w?A rzvk f;zx ~ gfVQnk, frnkBh frnkB f;zx ~ gfVQnk, j'oK ~ th gfVQnk,

i' th rbK ;kyhnK d/ fj;kp Bkb ubhnK jB, frnkBh r[ofds f;zx, joGiB f;zx, eow f;zx

fj;N'ohnB j[ohA, fJBQK dh fijVh rb ;h, T[; ftu fJfsjk;e gy s'A tX s'A tX ikDekoh d/D dh

e'fFF ;h, T[gwk nbzeko tos/ rJ/ jB. fJj T[; Bkb i;fN; eodhnK jB, fit/A GkJh i'X f;zx

~, frnkBh bkb f;zx ih ~, GkJh ekBQ f;zx BkGk ~ gfVQnk, fJBQK ~ d/y e/ fJT[A brdk j? fe iBw

;kyhnK pko/ i' rbK ehshnK, T[BQK s'A fJj BjhA brdk fe f;y BjhA jB. fJj Fæh r[o{ BkBe dh r'd

ftu p?m e/ rbK eod/ jB. fgnkok f;zx @gdw# B/ i' rbK ehshnK, T[BQK ftu oj; j?l T[j o{j

j? fijVhnK rbK frnkBh ;kfjp f;zx B/ ehshnK i' g[oksB wjKg[oyK B/ ehshnK, ethnK B/ i'

rbK ehshnK, T[BQK ftu ;fseko fd;dk j?. jfozdo f;zx @wfjp{p# B/ i' @;fji/ ofuU ]kb;k#

ræzE fbfynk j?, w?A XzB j' frnk fJj g[;se d/y e/ fe T[BQK B/ J/Bk e[M gfVQnk, f;y fJfsjk;

pko/ :ehB BjhA nkT[Adk. fJj UjhU jfozdo f;zx wfjp{p jB fijV/ ed/ pj[s jh fsyh nktki

d/ Bkb soe-ftsZoe Bkb rb eod/ j[zd/ ;B. fJj T[BQK B/ 1154 gzB/ dk @;fji/ ofuU ykb;k#

;?AeV/ g[;seK gVQ e/ fbfynk j?. fJfsjk; dh iBw ;kyhnK gy'A iK fe;/ gy s'A th uouk ehsh

j?, T[; d/ jo fJe gzB/ ftu'A, jo bkJhB ftu'A, jo b\} ftu'A T[; d/ fdb ftu t;dh FoXk

fd;dh j?. go e[M b'e Ykn bkT[D dhnK rbK eod/ jB.

;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d[BhnK dh ;op T[u nEkoNh j?. fJ; ~ fSbDk, sokFDk BjhA ukjhdk.

fJj okj Sv d/t'. fJ; d/ Bshi/ ;koh e"w ~ G[rsD/ g? ;ed/ jB. i/ nfijk eoB Bkb s[jk~ e'Jh

;e{B fwbdk j?, fvrohnK fwbdhnK jB, sK fJj eh uh} j?. b/feB fJj i' ftdtkB, w?A gfjbK d;/

jB, fJj w?eb'v d/ u/b/ pkbe/ brd/ jB. i/ nkgD/ nkg ~ esb eoBk j? sK eksb fe; ~ nky'r/

< i/ tX xN fejk frnk sK w[nk\h dk je Bk y'jDk ih ! Fæh r[o[{ ræzE ;kfjp ih nbNhw/N nEkoNh

j?. fJ; ~ i/ ;wM BjhA ;ed/, ;wMk BjhA ;ed/ sK fJj fe fJ; dh pkDh feE'A nkJh, nfijhnK

rbK BjhA eoBhnK ukjhdhnK. i's dk i' gæekF j?, T[; d/ Bkb fiE/ fiE/ th, fiBQK fiBQK o{jK ftu

i' gæekF j'fJnk, ;[w/b j'fJnk, ;[Gkfte ;h, fJeso j' e/ fJe Fesh pD frnk. i/ n;hA T[; i's

dk T[; oph pkDh dk dhdko BjhA eo ;ed/, T[; ~ t/y BjhA ;ed/, sK fJj fet/A nky ;ed/ jK fe

o"FBh feE/ j?. T[j i's fJe j?, ;u j?, T[; ~ fBy/VB dh, fSbD sokFD dh e'Jh r[zikfJF BjhA

j?. Fæh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih @;fsBkw# s'A b? e/ @nkmkoj d; ph; I# se ;w[uh pkDh fJe i's

j?, X[o eh pkDh j?. fJ; pko/ n;hA ;gFNsk Bkb fJj rb efj ;ed/ jK, ;' fJ; pko/ e'Jh

j'o gVu'b dh e'fFF BjhA eoBh ukjhdh.



r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dhnK pkDhnK dk t/otkr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dhnK pkDhnK dk t/otkr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dhnK pkDhnK dk t/otkr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dhnK pkDhnK dk t/otkr[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dhnK pkDhnK dk t/otkr[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh fiT[Adh ikrdh i's gæsy jfo ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ~ n;hA ;[Gkfte

s"o @s/ jh gVQd/ jK. ;[Gkfte s"o @s/ ;[Dd/ jK. ;[Gkfte s"o @s/ jh fJt/A wfj;{; eod/ jK fit/

A n;hA FoXK d/ c[b G/AN eo oj/ jK, ;fseko G/AN eo oj/ jK, b/feB pj[s jh xN ftdtkB n?;/

jB. fJ; ftu e'Jh Fe BjhA fe e[M ftdtkB n?;/ jB,

b/feB pj[s xN jB, i' nfXn?B eoB bfrnK, ;otD eoB bfrnK iK gæuko eoB

bfrnK, fiBQK dh o;Bk d/ ftu'A T[BQK d/ frnkB d/ ;w[zdo ftu u[Gh brdh j? s/ ftFtk; j[zdk

j?. fe;/ ftob/ wjkB ftnesh B/, fe;/ nfijh F];hns B/, ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ eohp s'A

doFB eoB dk :sB ehsk j?. ohM Bkb, gæ/w Bkb s/ v{zfxnkJh d/ Bkb doFB eotkJ/ jB sK

th T[; nfXnkswe gæekF dk n;hA g{oB frnkB sK jk;b BjhA eo ;ed/ b/feB e'fFF eoBh

;kvk \o} pD iKdk j?. T[;/ :sB d/ Bkb fJe e'fFF eoB d/ fJokd/ d/ Bkb ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

ih dh i' nzdo{Bh pDso j?, T[; pko/ e[M ftuko eoB ~ wB wzBdk j?.

;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ nkozG ftu w{b wzso dh pkDh j? L

;fsBkw[ eosk g[oy[ fBoGT[ fBot?o-nekb w{ofs ni{Bh ;?Gz r[o gæ;kfd I fJj i' w{b

wzso j?, ;w[uh pkDh dk w{b wzso j?. w{b wzso ~ jh i/ n;hA fXnkB Bkb gVQhJ/ s/ w{b wzso

ftu jh ;G e[M gækgs j' iKdk j?. i' Grs iB iK i' e[M r[o{ ;kfjpkB ;k~ do;kT[Dk ukj[zd/

jB, T[j i' fJe j? fi; dk Bkw ;fs j?, T[; fJe dh, T[; ;u dh fXnkB iku, Grsh iku

ig[ih ;kfjp dh pkDh s'A F[o{ j[zdk j?. ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dh ;w[uh pkDh ~ i/ ;zy/g s"o @s/

B}o wkohJ/ sK gfjb/ nzr @s/ @ig[ih ;kfjp# dh pkDh j?, 8t/A nzr @s/ @;'do[# dh pkDh j?,

10t/A nzr @s/ @;' g[oy[# dh pkDh j?, 12t/A nzr @s/ @;'fjbk ;kfjp#. fJ; s'A pknd 31 okrK

d/ ftu pkDh j?. ;æh okr, wkM, rkT[Vh, nk;k, r{ioh, d/t rzXkoh, fpjkrVk, tvjz;, ;'om,

XBk;oh, i?sf;oh, N'vh, p?okVh, fsbzr, ;{jh, fpbktb, r"Av, okwebh, BN-BokfJD, wkbh

r"Vk, wko{, s[ykoh, e/dkok, okr G?oT[, p;zs, ;kozr, wbQko, ekBVk, efbnkD, gæGksh s/ okr

i?iktzsh. okrK dh ;wkgsh s'A pknd ;j;feæsh Fb'e jB L 4 Fb'e r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/, 67

Fb'e ;æh r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/, 24 Fb'e rkEk wjbk gzitK, 23 Fb'e, c[Bj/ wjbk 5t/A d/

, 11 uT[p'b/ wjbk gzitK d/, 243 Fb'e, Grs epho ih dh pkDh d/, 130 Fb'e F/] \ohd

ih d/, ;tJhJ/ gzit/A gksFkj d/, 20 ;tJhJ/ s/ 11 GNK d/ 123 ;tJhJ/, Fb'e tkoK s/ tXhe

fiBQK dh frDsh 152 j?, B"t/A wjb/ d/ 57 Fb'e fwbd/ jB fiBQK ~ n;hA G'r d/ Fb'e efjzd/

jK. fco w[zdktDh wjbk gzitK s/ nyho ftu okrwkbk j?. 31 okrK d/ ftu i' pkDh j?, T[;

ftu 6 r[o{ ;kfjpkB dh pkDh dk t/otk fJ; gæeko j? L r[o{ BkBe d/t ih d/ 209 Fpd, 123

nFNgdhnK 25 Szs fiBQK dk i'V 357 pDdk j?. r[o{ nwodk; ih d/ 172 Fpd, 79

nFNgdhnK s/ 19 Szs jB, fiBQK dk i'V 270 pDdk j?. r[o{ okwdk; ih d/ 264 Fpd, 58



nFNgdhnK, 38 Szs fiBQK dk i'V 360 pDdk j?. ;æh r[o{ noiB d/t ih d/ 1322 Fpd 45

nFNgdhnK 63 Szs jB, fiBQK dk i'V 1430 pDdk j?.

fJE/ e[M o[e e/ ftuko eoB ~ fdb eodk j?. eJh tkoh fttkd ubdk j? fe e'Jh pkDh

tX j? xN j?, fit/A okr wkbk j?, b/feB okrK ftu i' pkDh j?, r[o{ noiB d/t ;kfjp dh pkDh

ftu nFNgdhnK fwbk e/ i'V 1430 pDdk j?. fJ; ftu e'Jh soe j?. 1430 nzr ;zg{oB

;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp dk ;o{g j?. B"t/A wjb/ d/ 59 Fpd fwbd/ jB, nFNgdhnK s/ Szs B"t/A

gksFkj d/ BjhA jB. ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ ftu 6 r[o{ ;kfjpkB dh pkDh fwbdh j?. r[o{ BkBe

d/t ih, r[o{ nzrd d/t ih, r[o{ nwodk; ih, r[o{ okwdk; ih, r[o{ noiB d/t ih s/ r[o{ s/

ra pjkdo ih. 15 GrsK dh pkDh ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu nzfes j?l 31 okrK ftu'A 22 okrK

ftu GrsK dh pkDh nzfes j?. GrsK d/ ;ko/ Fpd fwbk e/ fJBQK dh frDsh 349 pDdh j?.

e[M Grs iB, fiBQK dh pkDh r[o{ ;kfjp d/ pokpo ;BwkB d/ Bkb nzfes j?, T[BQK dk t/otk

fJ; gæeko j? L epho ih, Bkwd/t ih, oftdk; ih, sæb'uB ih, \ohd ih, p/Dh ih, XzBk ih,

i? d/t ih, GhyD ih, ;{odk; ih, gowkBzd ih, ;?D ih, ghgk ih, ;dBk ih, okwkBzd ihl fJj

15 GrsK dh pkDh nzfes j?. 4 okrhnK YkvhnK dh pkDh nzfes j? fi; ftu pkpk ;[zdo ih,

;sk pbtzv s/ fJe Fpd GkJh wodkBk ih dk fwbdk j?. 11 GNK d/ ;tJhJ/ fwbd/ jB fiBQK

d/ eæwtko Bkw fJ; soQK jB L

i' 11 GN jB, T[BQK d/ Bkw fJ; soQK jB L eb;jko, ikbg, ehos, fGyk, ;b, Gb,

Bb, pb, r:zd, wE[ok s/ jopz;. fJj 11 GN jB i' n;b ftu r[o{ ;kfjp dh T[gwk eod/

;B, r[o{ xo d/ gæ/wh ;B. r[o{ ;kfjpK d/ i' ibt/ ;B, fi; soQK T[j r[o{ ;kfjp ~ d/yd/ jB,

T[;/ soQK jh fpnkB eod/ jB. fJBQK s'A nr/ okrhnK, YkvhnK dh gæEk ubh brdh j?. r[o{

;kfjpkB dhnK f;\sK, T[gwk, dopko ftu rkfJnk eod/ ;Bl T[; oj; se T[; T[Z; ;[Zusk

se i' T[gwk ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ gæekF d/ ftu x[b fwbD dh ;woEk oydh ;h, ;koh dh

;koh T[gwk ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp d/ ftu nzfes ehsh rJh. 22 tkoK jB--r[o{ BkBe dhnK wkM

nk;k s/ wbko =3, r[o{ nwo dk; ih dhnK r{ioh, ;{jh, okwebh s/ wko{ okr ftu=4, r[o{

okw dk; ih dhnK ;æh okr, rT[Vh, fpjkrVk, tvjz;, ;'om, fpbktb, ;kozr s/ ekBVk=8, r[o{

noiB d/t ih dhnK rT[Vh, r{ioh, i?s;oh, okwebh, wko{ s/ p;zs=6, ;s/ pbtzv dh okwebh

ftu =1 jB.

gæsy jfo ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ih d/ nzr do nzr doFB eofdnK ;G s'A gfjbK ;fsBkw[

s'A pkDh F[o{ jz[dh j?. fJ; dk t/otk fJ; gæeko j? L-

gfjb/ nzr s'A 13 nzr se fBsB/w dh pkDh j?. 14 nzr s'A i' ;æh okr F[o{ j[zd/ jB. w[Y

ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh pkDh j?. r[o{ ;kfjpK s'A pknd ;æh okr ftu epho ihU, fsæb'uB

ihU, Grs epho ih dh pkDh d/ Bkb Grs p/Dh s/ oftdk; ih dh pkDh j?. r[o{ nzrd d/t

ih, r[o{ okwdk; ih, r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh pj[s pkDh Fkwb j?. 94 nzr s'A okr wkM F[o{ j[zd/



jB. fJ; ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh pkDh d/ Fpd Gkt/A BjhA jB go nFNgdhnK jB, fJj

pkDh i' okr wkM ftu j?. okr wkM nzr 57 jB, okr ;æh okr d/ 80 nzr jB s/ wkM d/ 57

nzr jB, 151 nzr s'A okr rkT[Vh nkozG jz[dk j?, pj[s jh bzwk okr j?. okrK ftu ;G s'A

f}nkdk pkDh okr rkT[Vh ftu jh fwbdh j?. 346 nzr se okr rkT[Vh ubdk j?. 196 nzr

pkDh d/ okr

rkT[Vh ftu jB. ;G s'A tvk okr j?, ;G s'A f}nkdk

pkDh rkT[Vh ftu jh fwbdh j?. fJ; okr ftu r[o{ nzrd d/t ih, r[o{ okw dk; ih, r[o{

noiB d/t ih ns/ 9t/A gksFkj dh pkDh th Fkfwb j?. r[o{ ;kfjpK d/ Bkb Bkb okr rkT[Vh

ftu epho ih dh th pj[s pkDh fwbdh j?. Grs Bkwd/t, Grs oftdk; ih dh pkDh j?. d{;o/

tv nkeko ftu okr nk;k ih jB. fJj okr nzr 347 s'A F[o{ j[zdk j?. fJj d{;ok tvk okr

j?. fJ; ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t ih, r[o{ okwdk; ih, r[o{ noiB d/t ih ns/ GrsK dh pkDh th

nzfes j?. fJ; ftu epho ihU, B"t/A gksFkj dh pkDh th Fkfwb j?. okr nk;k ftu Grs

Bkwd/t, Grs oftdk;, Grs XzBk ih dh pkDh fwbdh j?. r[opkDh d/ ftu fJj d{;ok tvk okr

j?. fJ; s'A nr/ okr r{ioh i' 489 nzr s'A b? e/ 52 nzr se 37 nzrK d/ ftu pkDh j?. okr

r{ioh ih gfjb/ wjb/ d/ u"E/ s/ gzit/A wjb/ d/ Fb'e fwbd/ jB. Grs epho, Bkwd/t, sæb'uB,

i?d/t dh pkDh th fwbdh j?. okr d/t rzXkoh 527 nzr s'A F[o{ j[zdk j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh

pkDh. r[o{ okwdk; ih-- u"E/ wjb/ dh pkDh, gzit/A wjb/ dh pkDh fJ; ftu nzfes j?.

B"t/A gksFkj dh pkDh nzfes j?, GrsK dh pkDh th nzfes j?. 527 nzr s'A b? e/ 536 nzr se

okr d/t rzXkoh dh pkDh j?.

okr fpjkrVk 537 nzr s'A ubd/ jB. fJ; ftu 5t/A gksFkj dh pkDh j?, 9t/A gksFkj

dh pkDh j?. fJ; okr ftu u"E/ gksFkj d/ Szs jB, 5t/A gksFkj d/ Szs jB, Grs pkDh BjhA

j?. 557 nzr s'A okr tvjz; nkozG j[zdk j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t ih, r[o{ nzrd d/t, r[o{ nwodk;

ih, r[o{ okwdk; ih dh pkDh fJ; ftu nzfes j?. fJ; ftu x'VhnK s/ nbkj[DhnK nkfd th

jB. okr tvjz; ftu th Grs pkDh BjhA j?. okr tvjz; 557 nzr s'A b? e/ 595 nzr se

ubd/ jB. fJ; s'A nr/ okr ;'om j? i' 595 nzr s'A F[o{ j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu gfjb/ wjb/ dh

pkDh, shi/, u"E/ gzit/A s/ B"t/A gksFkj dh pkDh nzfes j?. okr ;'om d/ ftu Grs pkDh th j?,

Grs epho ih, Grs Bkw d/t, Grs GhyD, Grs oftdk; ih dh pkDh Fkwb j?. okr ;'om

659 nzr se ubdk j?. 60 s'A b? e/ okr XBk;oh ftu gfjb/ gksFkj dh pkDh, shi/, u"E/,

gzit/A s/ B"t/A gksFkj dh pkDh th Fkwb j?. okr XBk;oh ftu Grs pkDh th j?, Grs oftdk;,

;?D, sæb'uB, Grs ghgk ih, Grs XzBk ih dh pkDh okr XBk;oh ftu fwbdh j?. 695 nzr

se okr XBk;oh j?, 696 nzr s'A okr i?s;oh nkozG j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu u"E/, gzit/A, s/ B"thA

gksFkjh dh pkDh Fkwb j?, Szs th jB. okr i?s;oh ftu r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ Bkb Bkb Grs

oftdk; ih dh pkDh th nzfes j?. 696 s'A b? e/ 710 nzr se okr i?s;oh j?. fJ; s'A pknd



okr N'vh 711 s'A F[o{ j[zdk j?. r[o{ okw dk; ih s/ r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh pkDh ;æh r[o{ s/ra

pjkdo ;kfjp dh pkDh nzfes j?, Grs Bkwd/t dh pkDh okr N'vh ftu Fkwb j?. 711 s'A 718

se okr N'vh ftu pkDh ouh rJh j?. nr/ okr p?okVh j?. fJj 719 nzr s'A nkozG j[zdk j?.

wjbk u"Ek s/ gzitK dh pkDh j?. 2 nzrK dk pj[s S'Nk okr j?. 721 s'A okr fsbzr F[o{ j[zdk

j?. fJ; ftu gfjb/ wjb/ dh pkDh r[o{ okw dk; ih s/ gzit/A gksFkj dh pkDh nzfes j?.

9t/A gksFkj dh pkDh okr fsbzr ftu nzfes j?. epho ihU, Grs Bkwd/t ih dh pkDh th

Fkfwb j?. 727 nzr se okr fsbzr ubdk j?.

728 nzr @s/ okr ;{jh F[o{ j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu ;æh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh pkDh nzfes j?.

r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh pkDh, gfjb/ d{;o/ wjb/ dhnK pkDhnK Fkwb jB. r[Dtzsh s/ Szs th

fwbd/ jB. GrsK d/ ftu epho ih, Grs p/Dh, Grs oftdk; ih dh pkDh, F/] \ohd ih dh

pkDh, okr ;{jh ftu nzfes j?. fJj okr 728 s'A 794 nzr se ubdk j?. 795 nzr s'A okr

fpbktb ubdk j?. fJ; ftu gfjb/, shi/, u"E/, gzit/A gksFkj dh pkDh nzfes j?, B"t/A gksFkj

dh pkDh th fwbdh j?. shi/ gksFkj dhnK nFNgdhnK s/ Szs th fwbd/ jB. Grs epho,

Bkwd/t, oftdk;, ;XB/ eh pkDh th nzfes j?. okr fpbktb 858 nzr se j?.

859 nzr s'A okr r"Av F[o{ j[zdk j?. u"E/ gksFkj s/ gzit/A gksFkj dh pkDh nzfes j?. fJ;

okr ftu gfjb/ r[o{ ;kfjp dh pkDh nzfes BjhA j?. fJ; okr ftu B"t/A gksFkj dh pkDh th

BjhA j?. Grs epho, Grs Bkwd/t ns/ Grs oftdk; dh pkDh fJ; ftu Fkwb j?. 859 s'A

875 nzr se okr r"Av dh pkDh ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu nzfes j?. okr okwebh F[o{ j[zdk j?.

u"E/ gksFkj dh pkDh j?. r[o{ BkBe, r[o{ nzrd d/t ih, r[o{ okwdk; ns/ 9t/A gksFkj dh pkDh

Fkwb j?. okwebh okr ftu Grs p/Dh, Grs oftdk; ns/ Grs Bkwd/t ih dh pkDh Fkwb

j?. epho ihU dh pkDh th Fkwb j?. ;s/ pbtzv dh pkDh th fJ; ftu Fkwb j?. okr okwebh

876 nzr s'A b? e/ 974 nzr se ubd/ jB. okwebh u"Ek tvk okr j?. 975 nzr s'A okr BN

BokfJD F[o{ jz[dk j?. fJ; ftu u"Eh s/ gzithA gksFkjh dh pkDh jh Fkwb j?, j'o fe;/ r[o{

;kfjpkB dh pkDh fJ; ftu nzfes BjhA j?. fJ; ftu 975 nzr s'A F[o{ j'e/ 983 nzr se pkDh

nzfes j?. 984 s'A okr wkbh r"Vk nkozG j[zdk j?. u"Eh s/ gzithA gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes j?.

Grs Bkwd/t dh pkDh th nzfes j?. 984 s'A 988 se okr wkbh r"Vk ftu pkDh nzfes j?.

989 s'A okr wko{ nkozG j[zdk j?. fJj r[opkDh d/ ftu nkeko d/ gy s'A sh;ok tvk okr j?.

fJ; ftu gfjb/, d{i/, sh;o/, u"E/ s/ gzit/A gksFkj dh pkDh nzfes j?. GrsK ftu'A Grs epho

ih, Grs Bkwd/t ih, Grs i?d/t ns/ Grs oftdk; ih dh pkDh Fkwb j?. 1106 se okr

wko{ ftu pkDh nzfes j?. 1107 s'A okr s[ykoh gækozG j[zd/ jB. fJ; ftu gfjbh, u"Eh s/ gzithA

gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes j?. fJ; okr ftu 1107 s'A 1117 nzr se pkDh nzfes j?. fJ;

s'A nr/ okr e/dkok nzr 1118 s'A ukb{ j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu u"Eh s/ gzithA gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes

j?. fJ; okr ftu r[o{ BkBe d/t, r[o{ nzrd d/t ns/ B"thA gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes BjhA j?.



GrsK ftu'A epho s/ oftdk; ih dh pkDh fwbdh j?. okr e/dkok d/ nzr 1118 s'A 1124 se

ubd/ jB.

1125 nzr @s/ okr G?ot F[o{ j' iKdk j?. fJ; ftu gfjbh, shih, u"Eh ns/ gzithA

gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes j?. GrsK ftu'A Grs epho ih, Grs Bkwd/t ns/ Grs oftdk; ih

dh pkDh nzfes j?. okr G?oT[ 1125 s'A 1167 nzr se ubdk j?. 1168 nzr @s/ okr p;zs

F[o{ j[zdk j?. okr p;zs d/ ftu gfjbh ns/ shih gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes j?. u"E/ s/ gzit/A

gksFkj dh pkDh th fwbdh j?. okr p;zs ftu Grs epho, Grs oftdk;, Grs Bkwd/t ns/

Grs okwkBzd dh pkDh nzfes j?. fJj 1168 s'A 1196 nzr se ubd/ jB. 1197 nzr s'A

okr ;kozr nkozG j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu gfjbh, u"Eh, gzithA ns/ B"thA gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes

j?. Grs epho ih, Grs Bkwd/t, Grs gowkBzd s/ Grs ;{odk; ih dh pkDh th fwbdh j?.

;kozr okr 1197 nzr s'A 1253 nzr se ubd/ jB. 1254 nzr s/ okr wbQko nkozG j[zdk j?.

fJ; ftu gfjbh, shih, u"Eh s/ gzithA gksFkjh dh pkDh nzfes j?. okr wbQko 1254 s'A

1293 nzr se ubd/ jB. 1294 nzr s'A okr ekBVk ubdk j?. fJ; ftu u"Eh s/ gzithA

gksFkjh dh pkDh Fkwb j?. fJ; ftu Grs Bkwd/t ih dh pkDh Fkwb j?. r[o{ BkBe d/t, r[o{

nzrd d/t s/ B"thA gksFkjh dh pkDh fJ; okr ftu BjhA j?. fJ; s'A nr/ 1319 nzr s'A okr

efbnkD nkozG j[zd/ jB. fJ; ftu u"Eh s/ gzithA gksFkjh dh pkDh Fkwb j?. fJ; okr ftu

GrsK dh pkDh Fkwb BjhA j?. B"t/A gksFkj B/ okr efbnkD ftu pkDh BjhA ouh . 1319 s'A

b? e/ 1326 nzr se okr efbnkD ubd/ jB. 1327 nzr s/ okr gæGksh nkozG j[zd/ jB. fJ;

ftu gfjb/ wjb/, shi/ wjb/ r[o{ nwodk;, epho ihU, Grs Bkwd/t s/ Grs p/Dh ih dh pkDh

th Fkwb j?. fJj okr 1351 nzr se ubd/ jB. okrK ftu fJ; s'A pknd okr i?iktzsh jB.

1352 nzr se seohpB fJe nzr dh pkDh j?. fJj B"t/A gksFkj dh pkDh j?. fJ; ~ 31tK

okr th fejk iKdk j?.

fJ; s'A nr/ Fb'e F[o{ j[zd/ jB. fJBQK ftu Fb'e, ;j;feæsh, c[Bj/, rkEk ns/ uT[p'b/

Fkfwb jB. fJj 1363 nzr se ubd/ jB. Grs epho ih d/ Fb'e 1364 nzr s'A F[o{ j[zd/

jB, fJj 1364 s'A b? e/ 1377 nzr se ubd/ jB. 1377 nzrt¼ s'A F/] \ohd ih d/ Fb'e

F[o{ j[zd/ jB. 1377 s'A 1384 se 7 nzr jB. fJ; s'A pknd shi/ s/ u"E/ wjb/ d/ ;tJhJ/

jB s/ Fb'e, tkoK s/ tXhe 1410 s'A F[o{ j[zd/ jB s/ wjb/ shi/ d/ 1413 nzr @s/ jB,

gzit/A wjb/ d/ Fb'e 1421 nzr s'A 1424 nzr se fJj pkDh ubdh j?. gzit/A gksFkj d/ Fb'e

1425 ns/ 1426 @s/ jB. 1426 nzr @s/ B"t/A gksFkj d/ Fb'e jB, fiBQK ~ n;hA G'r d/ Fb'e

th efjzd/ jK. fJj B"t/A gksFkj dh pkDh j? s/ fco wz[dktDh wjbk gzitK s/ n]ho ftu okr

wkbk j?. i' fJj okrK pko/ uouk ehsh j? fJ; ftu e'Jh G[b th j' ;edh j?. fJj pj[s jh

gftso, ;zg{oB s/ gæsy j?. 1429 s'A okr wkbk ubdh j?. 1430 ;zg{oB nzr jB. 1430 nzr

se ;zg{oB pkDh i' ;woE r[o{ dh i's j?, fJj T[; dk t/otk j?.



F;so ns/ Fk;soF;so ns/ Fk;soF;so ns/ Fk;soF;so ns/ Fk;soF;so ns/ Fk;soXow oki s/ sK jh j' ;edk j? i/ okik Xowh j't/. b/feB @oki fpBk Bk Xow ub/ j?A# okik

BjhA, nB[;kFB BjhA, ek~B BjhA, sK fe;/ d/F e"w ftu Xow sK eh, e'Jh eko'pko th BjhA ub

;edk. i/eo okik j? b/feB okik Xowh BjhA sK @Xow fpBk ;G db/ wb/ j?A#. fi; foFs/ ftu

Xow BjhA T[j foFs/ d[yKs ftu pdb iKd/, fi; gotko dk w[yhnk Xow BjhA fBGkT[Adk T[j

gotko N[N iKd/ B/. nkdoF ihtB ihD bJh Xowh okfinK dh b'V j?. ;wki ~ ;/X fwbDh

}o{oh j?,

b/feB i/ ;/X ;jh BjhA sK feXo ikT{ ;wki < ;fseko sK tfvnK dk jh eohdk j?, fJ;

bJh tv/ dk j'Dk }o{oh j?. oki j'T{ fe;/ dk, sK jh sK T[;dk b'e ;fseko eoBr/. okik i/

goik ~ fgnko Bk eo/ sK T[j fe; soQK oki eo ;edk j?. fJ; bJh GU ns/ GkU d'jK dh

jh b'V j?. okik BjhA sK goik ekjdh, goik BjhA sK okik ekjdk. F;so ns/ Fk;so dh fJe

d{i/ d/ fpBK e'Jh ehws jh BjhA. F;so ;jh BjhA iK Fk;so B[e;dko j? sK :ehB efoU

NeokU j' ikt/rk. NeokU ftu fis Gkt/A fe;/ dh th j't/, b/feB popkdh }o{o j't/rh. GU

ns/ GkU fwbkg d/ ftu jh ftuo ;ed/ jB. F;so ns/ Fk;so dh nkg;h fBoGosk jh sK

fJB;kBh ihtB dh wfo:kdk j?.

wfo:kdk goF'sw okik okw nkgDk Xow fBGkT[D tk;s/ oki Gkr fsnkr e/ pBtk;h j'

ikt/, op tork ihtB ihT{D dk fJokdk j't/ sK th F;so dk j'Dk bk}wh j?. okw ~ th pkbh

tor/ pbtkB Bkb BfimD bJh shoK dh }o{os g?Adh j?. oktD tork jzekoh i/ p/j{dk joes

eodk j? sK jfEnkoK s'A fpBk sK T[; Bkb rb eoBh th n"yh ;h. skjhUA sK okw tor/ oki/

~ th sho ewkB dh tos'A eoBh gJh. d/F s/ oki eodk j't/ iK fdbK s/ b/feB okw tor/ oki/

~ th jo tes sho ewkB Bkb oyD/ g?Dr/. Fk;so F;so s'A fpBK fJe edw th BjhA ub

;edk. i/ Xowh okik nkgDh fj\k}s BjhA eo ;edk sK j'o fe;/ ~ eh puk ;edk j? < GrtkB

feæFB wjKGkos d/ :Z[X ftu jfEnko BjhA u[ed/, b/feB fJ; :Z[X d/ ;G s'A tX skesto noiB

d/ oEtkB pD e/ Gbk eh d;Dk ukj[zd/ jB, pbfe jfEnko u[eDk jh noiB dk Xow j?, fJj

jh rhsk dk T[gd/F j?. fFF{gkb d/ Gkt/A BfVQBt/A r[Bkj feæFB B/ w[nk\ eo fds/ b/feB nkf]o

ueo ubkT[Dk jh fgnk. nB[;kFB poeoko oyD tk;s/ jfEnko }o{oh j?. nB[;kFB ftu ofjDk

th Xow j? s/ nB[;kFB ftu oyDk th Xow j?. Xow ekfJw oyD tk;s/ jfEnko }o{oh j?

b/feB jfEnko dh tos'A eoB tkbk i/ Xkowe j't/ sK jh ;jh j? s/ i' ;jh BjhA T[j Xkowe

fet/A j' ;edk j? <

Xkowe b'e nkw s"o s/ iht jfsnk d/ jkwh BjhA j[zd/, b/feB e[M iht n;hA nu/s s"o

s/ jh wkod/ jK. ;kj Bkb n;hA fezB/ iht nzdo b? iKd/ jK, ;k~ gsk jh BjhA ubdk. @nk;k dh

tko# ftu r[o{ BkBe fbyd/ jB, @i/s/ dkD/ nzB e/, ihnK pkM Bk e'fJ I# (472) . p'XhnK s/



i?BhnK ~ sK fco eDe th BjhA ykDh pDdh. jo jfEnko jfsnk BjhA eodk. Xow pukT[D

]kso r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih i/ sbtko dh tos'A eod/ jB sK BkBe Fpd ~ jfEnko pDkT[Ad/ jB.

jkEh s'A ikB pukT[D bJh i/ e'Jh e[M th u[e e/ jkEh d/ f;o ftu wko/ s/ jkEh j'o gk;/ w[V

ikt/ sK T[jh ;kXB jh ;G s'A tvk jfEnko j'fJnk. nkgD/ pukU tk;s/, Xow d/ pukU tk;s/

F;so bk}wh j?. ]kb;/ e'b i/ feægkB BjhA sK T[j nkgD/ Xow dh s/ nkgDh fj\k}s BjhA eo

;edk. F;so s'A fpBK ]kb;k efjDk iK ejkT[Dk iudk jh BjhA. pbfe e'Jh Xow, e'Jh th

d/F, e'Jh th e"w F;so s'A fpBk ihts BjhA ofj ;edh. tXhnk s'A tXhnk jfEnko oyD/ fe;/

th d/F Xow d/ f]bk\ BjhA j[zd/ b/feB tXhnk jfEnko tXhnk sohe/ Bkb tosD/ jh ;kvk Xow

j?.

nB[;kFB poeoko oyD tk;s/ jfEnko }o{oh j?. nB[;kFBnB[;kFB poeoko oyD tk;s/ jfEnko }o{oh j?. nB[;kFBnB[;kFB poeoko oyD tk;s/ jfEnko }o{oh j?. nB[;kFBnB[;kFB poeoko oyD tk;s/ jfEnko }o{oh j?. nB[;kFBnB[;kFB poeoko oyD tk;s/ jfEnko }o{oh j?. nB[;kFB

ftu ofjDk th Xow j? s/ nB[;kFB ftu oyDk th Xow j?.ftu ofjDk th Xow j? s/ nB[;kFB ftu oyDk th Xow j?.ftu ofjDk th Xow j? s/ nB[;kFB ftu oyDk th Xow j?.ftu ofjDk th Xow j? s/ nB[;kFB ftu oyDk th Xow j?.ftu ofjDk th Xow j? s/ nB[;kFB ftu oyDk th Xow j?.



d;w rqzEd;w rqzEd;w rqzEd;w rqzEd;w rqzEd;t/A gksFkj ;æh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ B"A ;kb dh T[wo ftu B"t/A gksFkj dh Fjhdh s'A

pknd r[o{ BkBe dh rdh ~ ;zGkfbnk. fgsk Xow dh ]kso tkfonk, g[so tko/. Xow dh ]kso

fizBhnK e[opkBhnK r[o{ ;kfjp B/ fdshnK, fJ;dh fw;kb d[Bhnk d/ s]s/ s/ feXo/ BjhA fwbdh.

B"t/A r[o{ dh pkDh ~ ;æh r[o{ nkfd ræzE ftu Fkfwb eoe/ r[o{ dh rdh, r[o{ BkBe dh rdh

jw/FK jw/Fk bJh Fpd gæekF Bkb irwr irwr eo fdsh. ]kb;/ dk gæekF nkgD/ eo ewbK

Bkb ehsk. }[bw dk s/ }kbw dk vN e/ w[ekpbk ehsk. fJj ;G e[M eoB d/ Bkb-Bkb r[o{ fgsk

B/ pj[s ;kohnK ;kfjse ;orowhnK th ehshnK. gowkswk ikD/ feT[A, go r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ftu

e'Jh nkgDh ouBk nzfes BjhA ehsh. fizB/ ftdtkB r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ dopko ftu ;B, UB/

FkfJd fe;/ th oki/ wjkoki/ d/ dopko ftu BjhA j'J/.

d;w rzæE ¿ÂÀÅ nzrK dk ræzE j?. d;w ræzE dh pkDh d/ pko/ pj[s ;ko/ tkd-fttkd ub/

, ni th ub oj/ jB. b/feB tkd-fttkd eoB tkfbnK dk d[yKs th T[j jh j? i' ;æh r[o{ nkfd

ræzE pko/ ny"sh ftdtkBK B/ fgSb/ thj e[ ;kbK s'A fuziVh S/V oyh j?. ;æh r[o{ nkfd ræzE dh

pkDh fet/A ns/ fe'E'A feE'A fJemh ehsh rJh < ;æh r[o{ nkfd ræzE dk gæekF gzit/A gksFkj r[o{

noiB d/t ih B/ nkg eotkfJnk. seohpB nXh pkDh sK r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh nkg fbyh

j'Jh j?. d{;oh rb fe i/ r[o{ noiB d/t ih r[o{ BkBe dh r[ordh ;zGkb ;ed/ ;B sK :ehBB

T[j BkBe pkDh th ;zGkb ;ed/ ;B. @pkDh r[o{ r[o{ j? pkDh# r[o{ BkBe dh i's ns/ ;æh r[o{

noiB d/t ih dh i's ftu i/ nzso jh BjhA sK fco ;tkb fe; rb dk < wefbUv ns/ T[;d/

u/b/ pkbe/, ]k; eoe/ fgnko f;zx, gF"ok f;zx ns/ r[fozdo f;zx wkB nkgD/ nkg ~ r[o{ noiB

d/t ih s'A tX ;wMdko ;wMd/ j'J/ fbyD dk :sB eod/ jB fe pkDh feE'A s/ fet/A fJeso

ehsh rJh. jo;jkJ/ tkbhnK g'EhnK ns/ r'fJzdtkb tkbhnK g'EhnK ftu pkDh }o{o j? b/feB

fJjBK g'EhnK dh ;zgkdBk r[o{ ;kfjpK dh pikJ/ r[o{ fgnkfonK B/ ehsh. f;woshnK @u'A fJeso

j'Jh pkDh ftu fe;/ gæeko dh so[Nh ofj ikDh ;[Gkfte j?. pkDh dk f;woD eoB tkb/ wjKg[oy

XzBsk d/ gkso jB, b/feB i/ e'Jh ej/ f;woD eoB tkb/ r[o{ s'A f}nkdk ;wMdko jB sK fco

T[;~ Gbk eh itkp d/JhJ/ <

r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh pkDh i' fe d;w ræzE ftu T[gbpX j?, ftdtkB r[o dopko ftu

gfVQnk ;[fDnk eod/. fit/A pkeh r[o{ ;kfjpK dh ns/ Grs-iBK dh pkDh ftdtkBK ~ }pkBh :kd

;h, U;/ soQK jh d;w gksFkj dh pkDh th ftdtkBK ~ }pkBh :kd ;h. ;æh r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp

dh ;w[uh pkDh iK sK gzit/A gksFkj B/ s/ iK fco d;t/A gksFkj B/ gæekF eotkJh. fJ; ftu

fe;/ fe;w dh G[b j' ikD dk e'Jh ekoD jh BjhA pDdk. fJe fttkd ;[DB ftu }o{o nkfJnk

;h fe d;t/A gksFkj pokposk BjhA ;h eoBk ukj[zd/, fJ; bJh fJe ezB/ dk \oe gk fdsk.

gfjbh rb sK r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh pkDh ns/ r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh sbtko ftu jh e'Jh



nzso BjhA < r[o{ BkBe d/t ih ns/ d;thA i's ftu Bk-pokposk dk sK ;tkb jh g?dk BjhA j[zdk.

d{ih rb fe ]kb;k b\} sK fuo'eDk gfjbK fbfynk th fwbdk j?. sh;oh rb fe @ej[ epho

iB GJ/ ykb;/# dh irkj ezBk pdb e/ d/y' e'Jh noE jh BjhA pDdk. r[o{ ræzE ;kfjp ;zg{oD

j?, ;zg{oD ;u j?. ;u dk gæekF ;funkfonK d/ eo ewbK Bkb j'fJnk.

fJ; ftu e'Jh Fe BjhA fe d;w fgsk ;æh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih B/ pj[s ;koh pkDh ouh.

b/feB ;o;k Bdh gko eoB bfrnK pj[s ;kok ;kfjs fi; ftu r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh pkDh

th ;h, Bdh ftu o[VQ frnk.

d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk r[o{ fgnkfonK B/ f;woshnK ftu'A, ftdtkBK dhnK :kdK ftu'A ehsh

eotkJh. fJj j' ;edk j? fe ftdtkBK e'b'A ;zgkdBk eofdnK e'Jh G[bK so[NhnK ofj rJhnK

j'D. ;kvh ;'u dh ;woEk, w/oh ;wM d/ goK dh fizBh e[ gotk} j?, T[; w[skfpe d;w ræzE

dh ;zgkdBk ftdtkB g[oyK B/ ehsh, r[o{ ;kfjp B/ BjhA. ekoD sK eosko ikD/, b/feB gæekF

dh Fw{bhns d/ pkti{d th d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk jh j'Jh brdh j?. T[j gæekF fi; gæekF B/

jEbh g[;se fbyD dk wkor doFB eotkfJnk, d;w ræzE ~ gæekF d/ ftu w/ohnK nyK

GkbdhnK }o{o fcohnK b/feB gæsy jfo efjD dh fjzws BjhA gJh.

d;t/A gksFkj dh pkDh dk i' fttkd ufbnk. i' T[BQK dh f;oiDk ;h pkDh ;h, i' ræzE ;B,

T[j fJfsjk; rtkj j? fe ;o;k Bdh gko eofdnK gkDh d/ ftu o[VQ frnk. nkg T[BQK B/ so

e/ gko ehsk. ;kok ;kfjse ]}kBk o[VQ frnk. i' T[; pkDh dk gæekF j'Dk ;h T[; se rb BjhA

gjz[uh. i' th pkDh d;w ræzE d/ ftu Fkfwb j'Dh ;h iK BjhA j'Dh ;h, i' gæekF j'Dk ;h i's

dk i' th c?;bk j'Dk ;h, i' j[ew j'Dk ;h, T[j j[ew eoB tkbk wkbe nkg ikD/, n;hA

fet/A efj ;ed/ jK fe d;w ræzE dh pkDh fejVh j? iK fejVh BjhA. r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh

i' pkDh ;h, i/ T[; dk gæekF T[BQK d/ eo -ewbK Bkb j[zdk, fJ; ftu fe;/ soQK dh Fe eoB

dh e'Jh r[zikfJF jh BjhA ;h j'Dh. i' d;w ræzE ;kfjp dh pknd ftu i' ;zgkdBk j'Jh, w[nk\

eoBk i' fe;/ ~ fezs{-gæzs{ j? sK w?~ fJ; dk e'Jh d[y BjhA j?. w/oh ;'u d/ w[skfpe r[o{ r'fpzd

f;zx B/ ;w[uh Xkofwe d[BhnK d/ fJfsjk; dh ;kfjs dh ;Nvh ehsh i' th ;k~ T[; ;kfjs

pko/ fJfsjk; pko/ nB[tkd eoe/, ftdtkBK okjhA ;k~ ikD{z eotkfJnk. nfijh y'i FkfJd ni/

se fe;/ :{Bhtof;Nh B/ th Bk ehsh j't/. i' T[BQK d/ e'b ftdtkB ;B T[BQK dk ezw f;o\ r[opkDh

gVQBk jh BjhA ;h, Xow dk frnkB gækgs eoBk th ;h. b'eK ~ nfXnkswe, Xkofwe d[BhnK

d/ Bkb i'VBk th ;h. r[o{ ih B/ pkDh ouh, ;æh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih dh i' ouBk d;w rzæE, i/

e'Jh efjzdk j? fe fJj pkDh T[BQK dh BjhA j? sK fJ; gk;/ Bk ikU. ;æh nkfd ræzE dk 17 thA

Jh;th d/ ftu gæekF j'fJnk ;h. feT[Afe gæekF B/ jh gæekF ehsk ;h. ;æh r[o{ noiB d/t ih

d/ ftu p?m/ gæekF B/ jh gæekF ehsk ;h i' i's ;h T[; dk gæekF fJefwe j'fJnk ;h. d;w

gksFkj dhnK ouBktK d/ gkDh d/ ftu o[VQ ikD ekoB fJj pkDh ftdtkBK B/ fJeso ehsh.

fit/A ;[Dh ;h fJeso ehsh, fJj i' d;w gksFkj dh pkDh ;h, i' ftdtkBK B/ fJeso ehsh



;h, fJ; dk gæekF BjhA j'fJnk. fJ; ~ ftdtkBK B/ fJeso ehsk, f;woshnK okjhA pkDh

fJeso j'Jh. T[j wjKg[oy fiBQK B/ T[j pkDh ;[Dh-;[DkJh, fbyh, T[; d/ ftu e'Jh G[b ofj

rJh j't/ iK e'Jh j'o pkDh nzfes j' rJh j't/, ;kBz{ T[; dk ;fseko eoBk ukjhdk j? feT[A i'

fJj pkDh f;woshnK okjhA nkJh. fJ; bJh fJ; @s/ e'Jh fezs{-gæzs{ eoBk BjhA pDdk.

fJj j' ;edk j? fe ftdtkBK e'b'A ;zgkdBk eofdnK e'Jh G[bK so[NhnKfJj j' ;edk j? fe ftdtkBK e'b'A ;zgkdBk eofdnK e'Jh G[bK so[NhnKfJj j' ;edk j? fe ftdtkBK e'b'A ;zgkdBk eofdnK e'Jh G[bK so[NhnKfJj j' ;edk j? fe ftdtkBK e'b'A ;zgkdBk eofdnK e'Jh G[bK so[NhnKfJj j' ;edk j? fe ftdtkBK e'b'A ;zgkdBk eofdnK e'Jh G[bK so[NhnK

ofj rJhnK j'D. ;kvh ;'u dh ;woEk, w/oh ;wM d/ goK dh fizBh e[ofj rJhnK j'D. ;kvh ;'u dh ;woEk, w/oh ;wM d/ goK dh fizBh e[ofj rJhnK j'D. ;kvh ;'u dh ;woEk, w/oh ;wM d/ goK dh fizBh e[ofj rJhnK j'D. ;kvh ;'u dh ;woEk, w/oh ;wM d/ goK dh fizBh e[ofj rJhnK j'D. ;kvh ;'u dh ;woEk, w/oh ;wM d/ goK dh fizBh e[

gotk} j?, T[; w[skfpe d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk ftdtkB g[oyK B/ ehsh, r[o{gotk} j?, T[; w[skfpe d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk ftdtkB g[oyK B/ ehsh, r[o{gotk} j?, T[; w[skfpe d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk ftdtkB g[oyK B/ ehsh, r[o{gotk} j?, T[; w[skfpe d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk ftdtkB g[oyK B/ ehsh, r[o{gotk} j?, T[; w[skfpe d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk ftdtkB g[oyK B/ ehsh, r[o{

;kfjp B/ BjhA. ekoD sK eosko ikD/, b/feB gæekF dh Fw{bhns d/;kfjp B/ BjhA. ekoD sK eosko ikD/, b/feB gæekF dh Fw{bhns d/;kfjp B/ BjhA. ekoD sK eosko ikD/, b/feB gæekF dh Fw{bhns d/;kfjp B/ BjhA. ekoD sK eosko ikD/, b/feB gæekF dh Fw{bhns d/;kfjp B/ BjhA. ekoD sK eosko ikD/, b/feB gæekF dh Fw{bhns d/

pkti{d th d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk jh j'Jh brdh j?.pkti{d th d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk jh j'Jh brdh j?.pkti{d th d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk jh j'Jh brdh j?.pkti{d th d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk jh j'Jh brdh j?.pkti{d th d;w ræzE dh ;zgkdBk jh j'Jh brdh j?.



w/o/ gzX g?Av/w/o/ gzX g?Av/w/o/ gzX g?Av/w/o/ gzX g?Av/w/o/ gzX g?Av/

;wogD;wogD;wogD;wogD;wogD

nkgD/ tsB s'A d{o u'rk bZGD bJh rJ/ s/ ftd/Fh edoK ehwsK d/ tZ; g? rJ/ w/o/ tor/

byK gzikphnK ~ ;wogs

edoK ehwsK G[Zb iktKr/

eZyK tkr{z o[Zb iktKr/

:ehB ikfDU w/o/ :ko', eo'VK nwoheB vkbo ewkT[D s'A pknd w?~ ;wM brh fe g?;k

pj[s }o{oh j[zfdnK j'fJnK th, ;G s'A }o{oh BjhA j? .



w/o/ gzX g?Av/ pko/w/o/ gzX g?Av/ pko/w/o/ gzX g?Av/ pko/w/o/ gzX g?Av/ pko/w/o/ gzX g?Av/ pko/d{finK dh GbkJh pko/ T[jh ;'ud/ jB, fiBQK ~ nkgDhnK ;wZf;nktK ;[bMkT[D dh iku nk

rJh j't/. id'A e'Jh T[Zdwh ftnesh ihtB ftu ;cb j' iKdk j? sK T[; ftu nkgD/

t/y/, ;[D/, gVQ/, ;wM/, goy/ ns/ jzYkJ/ nB[GtK ~ d{finK Bkb ;KMk eoB dh ;[Gkte ftosh

ikrdh j?. T[; dh ;cbsk ftu nB/eK ftneshnK dk :'rdkB j[zdk j?, fiBQK dk T[j F[eokBk

eoBk ukj[zdk j? ns/ ;opZs d/ Gb/ dk rhs rk e/ o[fenK j'fJnK ~ otkBk j'D dk ;[B/jk fdzdk

j?. Go/ j'J/ jh v[bQd/ jB ns/ wzf}bK tkb/ jh tfjzd/ jB. @w/o/ gzX g?Av/# ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV dh

;cbsk d/ gzXK ns/ fwjBsh id'ifjd d/ g?AfvnK ~ g/F eoB tkbh fJe gqwkDe, gq/oBkwJh ns/

fdbu;g d;skt/} j?, fijVh fJj sZE T[ZxVt/A o{g ftu ;Ekgs eodh j? fe gjz[ud/ T[jh jB

fijV/ ubd/ jB, ubd/ T[jh jB fizBQK ftu nkgD/ ihtB, ;wki ns/ ;z;ko ~ pdbD ns/ ;[jD/

ok pDkT[D dh sKx j[zdh j?. fisBh FeshFkbh fJj sKx j[zdh j? T[sB/ jh ;[fjod ns/

FeshFkbh T[gokb/ j[zd/ jB. ;[ZBV dh jZEbh ouBk fJj ;kps eodh j? fe jzYD;ko nwhoh ns/

y[Fjkbh, fwjBs ns/ brB s'A fpBK ;zGt BjhA j[zdh. eJh jB, fijV/ ftT[AsK pDkT[Ad/ ofjzd/

jB go eod/ e[M BjhA, pj[s jB fijV/ eod/ ;G e[M jB go ftT[As s'A fpBK. ;[ZBV ;kps

eodk j? fe ;cbsk ftT[AspZX ekoi ftZu'A jh T[gidh j?. i/ gzikp d/ fJe fgzv dk r[zwBkw fijk

fJe ftnesh nwohek tor/ ubke, gokJ/ ns/ fBodJh d/F ftu ik e/ nkgDh fwjBs Bkb

ewkJh eoe/ ;cbsk d/ gouw bfjokT[Adk j? sK T[; ftu }o{o e[M nfijk j't/rk fijVk

ftbZyD ns/ fBnkok j? ns/ fi; ftu d{finK bJh T[dkjoD pDB dh :'rsk j?. ;[ZBV fJj ;kps

eodk j? fe fwjBs dh JhwkBdkoh, T[d/F dh ;gZFNsk, gfotko dh J/esk, ;cb j'D dh X[B

ns/ e[M eo-ftykT[D dh sKx id'A feZebh-ebho gkT[D sK y[Fjkbh d/ dotk}/ nkg-w[jko/ y[ZbQ

iKd/ jB. i/ T[d/F F[G j't/ sK o;sk ;kc fdykJh d/D br g?Adk j?. ;[ZBV w[Zy s"o s/ fJe

;[gB;k} eth j? go ;cb T[j tgko d/ y/so ftu j'fJnk j?, fi; dk ekoB fJj gqshs j[zdk

j? fe nB[Gth eth j'D eoe/ ;[ZBV ~ wB[Zyh dod ns/ wB[Zy dhnK sKxK-T[wzrK ns/ y[FhnK

rwhnK dk v{zxk nB[Gt j? ns/ fJ; nB[Gt B/ T[; d/ niBthA rkjeK Bkb tosA'-ftjko ftu

T[xVtK o'b fBGkfJnk j't/rk. wB[Zy pk}ko ftu uh}K yohdD BjhA iKdk, nkgDhnK ;wZf;nktK

d/ jZb b?D iKdk j? ns/ T[j g?;/ e[opkB eoe/ t;sK fiZs fbnkT[Adk j?. fiZsD dk fJj nfj;k;

T[; ~ gq;zB eodk j?. uzrk tgko T[j j? fi; ftu tgkoh ns/ rkje d't/A gq;zB th j'D ns/

y[Fjkb th j'D. @w/o/ gzX g?Av/# fJe ;cb tgkoh, fJZe ;cb gsh, fgsk, d';s, GkJhtkb ns/

Bkrfoe pDB d/ Yzr sohe/ dZ;D tkbh ouBk j?. ;[ZBV ~ xkN/ th gJ/, nfeqsxDsk th ;fjDh

gJh, tXhehnK dk fFeko th j'Dk fgnk, nkgfDnK jZE'A ngwkB th jzYkfJnk go fJBQK ;ko/ e"V/

s}ofpnK d/ pkti{d eth-wB j'D eoe/ T[j nv'b fojk ns/ nkgD/ nB[GtK ns/ nfj;k;K ~

nkgDhnK eftsktK ftu r[BQdk fojk. T[; B/ jo fe;/ d/ tko ~ swh}, sfj}hp ns/ }ps dhnK



YkbK Bkb y[zvk eoe/ nkgDh w;skBh ukb pDkJh oZyh. eJh T[; d/ Bbe/-gzg g[ZN e/ b? rJ/ go

fco th T[; B/ nkgDh Sphb pzd BjhA ehsh. fijV/ neb-;{M tkb/ ;B, T[j T[; s'A ckow{b/

g[ZS e/ y[Fjkb j' rJ/ go fiBQK ftu ekjb ns/ nfeqsxDsk ;h, T[j nkgD/ jh Gow ikb ftu

c;d/ oj/. fJj g[;se gzikph ;wki ns/ ;fGnkuko d/ t/ot/ jh g/F BjhA eodh, ;r'A fJj th

d;dh j? fe gokJh Xosh #s/ b'e fet/A ftuod/ jB ns/ fijV/ ;cb j[zd/ jB T[j fet/A ;cb

j[zd/ jB ns/ fijV/ n;cb j[zd/ jB, T[j feT[A ;cb BjhA j[zd/. fJ; gZy s'A fJj g[;se j'o

th noEg{oD j? feT[Afe fJj ;cbsk-n;cbsk d/ B/w th ;gZFN eodh j?. nfij/ B/w eftsk

ftu BjhA, tkose ftu jh g/F ehs/ ik ;ed/ ;B.

nwohek ftu fe;/ ftnesh dh ;cbsk T[; tZb'A g?;/ ewkT[D dh :'rsk Bkb goyh-wkgh

iKdh j? go Gkos ftu n;hA ;cbsk ~ e/tb g?;/ Bkb BjhA, T[; d/ ufoso ns/ T[; d/ fJB;kBh

r[DK Bkb th wkgd/-s'bd/ jK. ;[ZBV bzwk no;k nwohek fojk j? go T[; B/ T[ZE/ th Gkosh r[DK

tkbh fJB;kBhns dk Mzvk M[eD BjhA fdZsk ns/ nkgD/ ufoso s/ e'Jh dkr BjhA bZrD fdZsk.

fJt/A T[j Gkosh ;fGnkuko ns/ ;z;feqsh ns/ nwoheB ihtB-iKu d/ d'jK nkXkoK s/ pV/ wkD

Bkb ;cb j'fJnk j?. fJ; g[;se ftub/ nB/eK b/y T[; d/ wkBth r[DK ns/ T[ZuhnK wB[Zyh

edoK-ehwsK ~ g/F eod/ jB. T[; dk gfjbk jh b/y wB[Zyh ufoso pko/ j?. fJt/A jh T[; d/

j'o eKv FyFhns, gfjukD, }who, co}, o{jkBhns, n;{b, fJokd/, foFs/, soihj, B/Vsk,

fiZs-jko, tknd/, ;wM, ;fjekosk nkfd wkBth r[DK ~ g/F eod/ jB.

;[ZBV d/ wB ftu fJ;soh iksh gqsh ;[B/j ns/ ;fseko j?. Gkt/A ;[ZBV B/ nkgDh gsBh

pko/ pj[sk e[M BjhA fbfynk. go T[j ;[ZBV dh nktk} dh r{zi j?, eJh tkoh ;[ZBV T[; d/ p[ZbQK

Bkb w[;ekT[Adk j? ns/ eJh tkoh T[j ;[ZBV dh nZy okjhA o'Adh j?. ;[ZBV ftu fijVk fdb XVedk

j?, T[j T[; dh ;[fjod, ;yh, ;fj:'rh, ;[:'r, ;[xV ns/ ;'jDh gsBh dk j?. ;[ZBV dh ;cbsk

ftu T[; dh gsBh dk :'rdkB ;kc Mbedk j?. Gkt/A t/ot/ ns/ T[dkjoDk ;[ZBV B/ nkgD/ gfotko

ns/ B/Vb/ ;zpzXhnK d/ fdZs/ jB go fJBQK ftZu'A fBebD tkb/ fBu'V jo fe;/ s/ bkr{ j'D tkb/

jB. b/ye ;[ZBV e'b nkgDh rZb o"ue Yzr Bkb efjD dk j[Bo j?. fBZe/ fBZe/ eKvK ftu nkgD/

nB[GtK ~ fpBK fe;/ gb/ED d/ gqrNk e/ T[; B/ nkgD/ fJe ;cbs tkoseeko j'D dk gqwkD

fdZsk j?. T[j b'e-;{M ns/ b'e-w[jkto/ ~ fBg[zBsk Bkb tosdk j?. Y[ZethA Fpd-u'D, ;kdh

tkepDso ns/ ;kdk ns/ ;gZFN fpnkB Yzr nkfd r[D fJe otkBh T[gik e/ gkme ~ nkgD/

Bkb s'oB dh ;woEk oZyd/ jB. fJj ;zi'r dh rZb j? fe fJj g[;se T[BQK d'FK s'A w[es j?,

fijV/ ;t?-ihtBe ouBktK ftu nkg w[jko/ nk iKd/ jB. fJj g[;se jo T[; ftnesh ~

gVQBh ukjhdh j?, fi; dh f}zdrh ftu fdbu;gh j?, ;cb j'D dh sKx j?, ihtB wkDB ns/

;cb j'D dh ohM j?. fJ; g[;se ftu jo fe;/ bJh e[M Bk e[M nfijk j?, fijVk T[; dh

f}zdrh ~ BthA bhj s/ gk ;edk j?. ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV dk XzBtkdh jK, i[ T[BQK B/ nkgDh fJj

g[;se gVQB dh w?~ w"i wkDB dk nt;o fdzsk j?. -vkH Bfozdo f;zx eg{o-vkH Bfozdo f;zx eg{o-vkH Bfozdo f;zx eg{o-vkH Bfozdo f;zx eg{o-vkH Bfozdo f;zx eg{o



XzBtkdXzBtkdXzBtkdXzBtkdXzBtkdgotdrko dk XzBtkdh jK fe w?~ ;wK, ;'Mh, ;/X ns/ ;woZEk pyfFF eoe / @w/o/ gzX

g?Av/# w/oh ihtBhA d/ sb] s}ofpnK ftZu'A gqkgs ehshnK e[M ihtB ikuK gkmeK Bkb ;KMhnK

eoB dh ohM g{oh eotkJh. e'fN e'fN XzBtkdh jK. sfj fdb'A XzBtkdh jK vkeNo Bfozdo f;zx

eg{o ih dk, fizBQK B/ w/oh gfjbh g[;se @wzf}b Bk fwbh# gVQ e/ fBo'b tkose fbyD dh gq/

oBk fdZsh. eftsk fbyD dk F"e Gkt/A w/ok uo'eDk j?. eftsk fby e/ i' fdb ~ ;e{B fwbdk

j?, T[;dk nfj;k; jh nbZr j?. b/feB i' e[M w?A @w/o/ gzX g?Av/# feskp ftu fbyDk ukj[zdk ;K,

T[j ;G e[M FkfJd eftsk ftZu Bk fejk ik ;edk. vkeNo Bfozdo f;zx eg{o ih dk XzBtkd

eoB tk;s/ w/oh tkose F?bh bc} GkbD dh FkfJd iku BjhA ikDdh. w?A fdb'A XzBtkdh jK

;odko u/sB f;zx fvgNh vkfJo?eNo GkFk ftGkr gzikp dk fizBQK B/ ;w/A ;w/A f;o ;wK eZY e/

w?~ w/o/ fby/ b/y gVQ gVQ e/ ;[DkJ/ s/ j";bk d/ d/ e/ w/o/ e'b'A fJeZsh b/y fbytk fdZs/, @w/o/

gzX g?Av/# fJeZsh fBpzX o{g ftZu w/ohnK pksK s/ fposKs jB. gq'c?;o e[btzs n"ibk sK fJ;

feskp dk Bkw jh, pksK s/ fposKs oZyD dh ;bkj d/Ad/ ;h.

pj[s XzBtkdh jK w?A nkgD/ tho i;ftzdo dk i' w?~ w/oh ;koh f}zdrh fJZe wkor doFB

eotkT[D dh G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ oj/. jEbh g[;se fbyD s'A gfjbK w?A ;/X b?D bJh i' feskpK

gVQhnK T[j th i;ftzdo dh nkgD/ xo pDkJh bkfJpq/oh #u'A jh gVQhnK. nkgDh Xow gsBh

jogqhs dk fezBK e[ XzBtkd eoK< fgSb/ ;Zs wjhfBnK ftZu uko g[;seK, wzf}b Bk fwbh, Fpd

gqekF, jho ;[ZBV ns/ w/o/ gzX g?Av/, w?A ed/ th Bk fby ;edk i/eo jogqhs w?~ ;kohnK

}[zw/tkohnK s'A w[es Bk eodh. jogqhs dh fJ; e[opkBh dk eo}dko jK. pZfunK B/ n?Bk c?fbnk

j'fJnk ezw ;zGkfbnk s/ w?A p/fceo j' e/ ekr} s/ ebw ubkT[Adk fojk. ;G dk pj[s jh XzBtkdh

jK. w/ok ihn eodk j? fe nkgD/ gkmeK dk gfjbK jh XzBtkd eo fdnK. eZbk eZbk ;yF i' th

fJ; g[;se ~ gVQ/rk, wfj;{; eo ;e/rk fe w?A

nkgD/ gkmeK dk gfjb'A jh feT[A XzBtkd eoh ikBK. J/Fhnk ft}B}, b[fXnkDk tkfbnK dk

th XzBtkdh jK fiBQK B/ fJ; g[;se ~ gqekfFs eoe/ gkmeK sZe gj[zukfJnk. fJZe tko fco

fJeZb/ fJeZb/ dk pj[s pj[s XzBtkd.

- ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV- ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV- ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV- ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV- ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV



;kvk ufoZso;kvk ufoZso;kvk ufoZso;kvk ufoZso;kvk ufoZsoufoZso sK fe;/ dk th fusfonk ik ;edk j? b/feB i/ n;hA nkgDk ufoZso fusoBk ukjhJ/

sK FkfJd ;G s'A tXhnk fuso ;ed/ jK. w?A nkgDh ihtB ejkDh ftZu'A fi; soQK dk jK, dhnK

e[M MbehnK, e[M w/o/ fBZih ftuko s/ e[M eftsktK fwbk e/ @wzf}b Bk fwbh# feskp fbyh .

w/o/ d';s fwZso efjD bZr/ fe wzf}b sK s?~ fwb rJh j?, s/oh feskp dk BK ^bs j?. w/ok

fJe fwZso w[yfsnko dkJhnk BtK Ffjo n?;H ghH bZfrnk j'fJnk j?. T[; dh ekb nkJh fe

s?~ e[M bZGD dh b'V j? sK fJz;g?eNo xZbK< ihtB d/ eJh sb] siop/, w/o/ ihtB d/ eJh

nihp w'V d/FK ftd/FK ftZu ftuofdnK, ~ ;KM/ eoB ~ wB eodk j?. gowkswk dh pDkJh j'Jh

fJ; d[Bhnk B/ w?~ eh e[M f;ykfJnk iK fJt/A ej' fe eh w?A e[M f;ZyD d/ ;woZE ;K< T[;

;woZEk d/ pko/ rZbK eoB ~ ihn eodk j?.

ihtB d/ ojZ; ~ wip{ohnK, ew}'ohnK s/ :'rsktK d/ nkXko s/ nkgD/ ihtB dhnK fw;kbK

d/ e/ nkgD/ G/d y'bQD ~ fdb eodk j?. j' ;edk fe;/ gkme ~ w/ohnK vzvhnK, okjK, yfjfVnK

#u'A e[M n?;k th fwb ikt/ fi; dh n;hA eJh tko sbkF eod/ fcod/ jK. u"th ;kb ftd/FK ftZu

fet/A r[}ko/, w?A nkgD/ ihtB ~ fezBk e[ ihftnk s/ w/o/ ihtB B/ w?~ fezBk e[ ihftnk, ;G e[M

;KMk eoB Bkb fdb j"bk j' ikt/rk. ;jh ihtB fiT[D s'A tXhnk d[Bhnk ftu e'Jh uh} BjhA,

b/feB ;jh o;s/ iKfdnK ;k~ feBQK rZbK dk fXnkB oZyDk g?Adk j?, T[j e[M siop/ i' w/o/ fgzv/

#s/ tkgo/ ;KM/ eoBk ukj[zdk jK. w?A nkgD/ ihtB ftZu j}koK b'eK Bkb fwfbnk frfbnk, bZyK

b'eK Bkb ikD gfjukD j'Jh. pj[s ftdtkB b'e th fwb/, tZv/ tZv/ fp}B;w?B th fwb/ ns/ pj[s

f;nkD/ pV/ nwho b'e th fwb/, b/feB fizfBnK ~ w?A B/fVUA ikD ;fenk jK, T[j Gkt/A fizB/ wo}h

ekw:kp b'e j'D go T[j nzdo'A nzdo e'Jh xkN wfj;{; eod/ jB. pkjobh ;\bsk eJh tko

nzdob/ dod ~ b[e' BjhA ;edh. foFs/dkoh ~ fBGkT[AfdnK fBGkT[AfdnK eJh tko n;hA nkg nX{o/

ofj iKd/ jK go fe;/ ~ eh gsk fe ;k~ eh fwfbnk s/ eh BjhA fwfbnk.

w/ohnK s/ohnK e[M rZbK n?;hnK j[zdhnK jB i' ;KMhnK eo bJhnK ikD sK j' ;edk j? fe;/

soQK dk ckfJdk j' ikt/. eJh tko n;hA ihtB ftZu G"fse gdkoEK dh G[Zy w/ND bJh iK fJt/

A ej' fe nwho pDB bJh ;kok }'o bk fdzd/ jK. nkgDh gfotkoe j'Ad yokp eo b?Ad/ jK. eo'VK

vkbo ewk b?D/ e'Jh ;"yh rZb BjhA, eo'VK vkbo ewkT[AfdnK nkgD/ gfotko iK nkgD/ pZfunK

~ s[;hA rtk p?md/ j' sK fco fet/A fbyhJ/ fe ewkfJnk f}nkdk fe rtkfJnk f}nkdk. eJh tko

;k~ gsk j[zdk j? fe ;jh eh j? s/ rbs eh j?< gqzs{ ikD p[ZM e/ th n;hA pj[s e[M n?;k eod/

jK i' ;k~ gsk j? fe BjhA eoBk ukjhdk sK fco T[j ekoi eoe/ n;hA e[M gkfJnk fe rtkfJnk.

w?A nkgD/ ihtB ftZu pj[s tko nkgD/ Bkb ezw eod/ foFs/ dkoK fwZsoK s/ w[bk}wK Bkb n}wk

e/ d/fynk j? fe s[;hA fizBk wo}h uzr/ pDB dh e'fFF eo', fizBk wo}h ;jh uZb', fizBk wo}h

;fseko eo' go s[jkv/ ufoZso dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh fjZ;k s[jkv/ ftnefsst dk, s[jkvh FyFhns



dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh fjZ;k s[jkv/ bJh w[]kb\s g?dk eo fdzdk j?. eJh tko nkgD/ pZfunk ~ ;jh

rZb dZ;fdnK th pZu/ T[;d/ j'o noE eo b?D sK s[;hA eh yZfNnk< ewkJh eofdnK, gfotko

ftZu ofjzfdnK, pj[s b'eK dh wdd eofdnK, Xkofwe n;EkBK s/ tXhnk tXhnk rZbK eofdnK

;[DfdnK fJt/A brdk j? fe s[;hA pj[s b'eK ftu fxo/ j'J/ j'. eJh tko nkgDk nkg J/Bk fJeZbk

brdk j? fe nkb/ d[nkb/ dh GhV ftu dw x[Ndk j?. eJh tko n;hA T[whd eo b?Ad/ jK fe ;kv/

pZu/ nky/ bZr e/ ;kvk e[M ezw eo ;ed/ jB. xo dh e'Jh f}zw/tkoh fBGk ;ed/ jB. gzqs{ id'A

gsk brdk j? fe ezw sK j'fJnk jh BjhA sK pzdk ;'udk j? fe w?A ekj~ nkfynk, nkg/ jh feT[A

Bk eo btK.

fJe fwZso B/ w?~ rZb ;[DkJh fe T[;B/ fJZe fdB pVh }o{oh fuZmh fbyh. fgzv ftu

ofjzdk ;h. T[; fgzv ftu e'Jh vke]kBk BjhA ;h. T[j ;'u fojk ;h fe fsnko j' e/ Ffjo

ikt/ s/ Ffjo ik e/ fuZmh gk nkt/. J/ B/ ~ T[;dk e'Jh j'o GkJhtkb nkfJnk s/ efjD bZrk fe

w?A Ffjo ~ uZfbnK jK. w/o/ fwZso B/ ;'funk fe f;nkDk pzdk j? f}zw/tko ns/ w/ok tke\ j?,

w?A fJ; ~ ejK fe fuZmh gk d/JhA. jkb/ ;'u jh fojk ;h fe T[j p'b fgnk, @nkj fuZmh gkT[Dh

j? sK fbnk d/ d/ w?~, w?A Ffjo ik e/ vke]kB/ gk d/tKrk. # ]s b? e/ ubk frnk. gzi ;Zs fdBK

pknd w/ok fwZso Ffjo frnk j'fJnk ;h s/ T[j jh GkJhtkb fwb frnk. jkb ukb g[ZSfdnK

T[;~ u/s/ nk frnk s/ g[ZS fbnk, T[j ]s w/b eo fdZsk ;h iK BjhA< T[j s/ok Gbk j' ikt/!

w?~ sK u/sk jh G[Zb frnk! fes/ f}nkdk }o{oh sK BjhA ;h. ]s j? sK }o{oh ;h. fco nkj b?

s/ ikj BZm e/ w/b eoe/ nk. fJj' fij/ ;w/A s[;hA eh eo ;ed/ j'< w/oh ihtB :ksok d/ e[M

n?;/ gb th jB i' w?A fusoBk ukj[zdk jK.

w?A eJh tko ;'funk fe pVh BZm GZi ehsh, pV/ g?;/ pDkJ/, pj[s b'eK ~ o[}rko ftZu

gkfJnk. pVh jh f}zw/tkoh Bkb nkgD/ nkg ~ ezweko ftu brkJh oZfynk. eh T[j ;G e[M eoBk

}o{oh ;h< eh w/ok ;odk BjhA J/B/ gzr/ b?D s'A fpBK. fe; rZb'A GZik fcodK, ekoB eh j?< eJh

tko id'A w/ok e'Jh fwZso iK foFs/dko e[M n?;k ezw eo b?Adk fi; ~ eoB bJh w?A eJh tko

;'funk go eo Bk ;fenk. fwZso ~ tXkJh d/D dk th co} g{ok ehsk go wB jh wB ftZu

w?A nkgD/ nkg ~ e'f;nk th. fJ; soQK dh jkbs ftu w/ok i' siopk j'fJnk, T[j ;kok fpnkB

eo d/D ~ fdb eodk j?. eJh tko id'A fes/ w?A rZb eodk j[zdk sK b'e pV/ fXnkB Bkb

;[Dd/, pV/ gs/ dhnK rZbK eoBhnK. fJ; soQK bZrDk fe b'e pj[s rj[ Bkb ;[Dd/ jB. b'eK ~

w/ohnK rZbK pVhnK uzrhnK brdhnK go fe;/ s/ th fe;/ fe;w dk e'Jh n;o sZe th Bk j'Dk.

fJj d/y e/ fco wB ftu nkT[Dk fe dZ; w?A Gbk ekjs'A f;o ygkJh eo fojk jK. ihtB ftZu

eJh foFs/ fBGkT[D bJh s[;hA jko wzBD ~ th fsnko j' iKd/ j'. ;jh j[zfdnK j'fJnk th jko

wzBDh n"yh j? b/feB s[;hA foFs/ ftZu dokV BjhA g?D d/Dk ukj[zd/. jko e/ th s[jk~ ;e{B Bk

fwb/ sK fco fdb ftu nkT[Adh j? fe w?A sK n?t/A jfonk. pZeoh ikB'A rJh ykD tkb/ ~ ;tkd

jh Bk nkfJnk.



eJh tko s[jkvk fdb ;k\ j[zdk j?. s[;hA fdb'A bk e/ ;jh ;bkj fdzd/ j', go ;[DB tkb/

B/ fe; soQK bJh, fJj T[; T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. ;Zu/ wB'A e[M nkfynk th i/ fe;/ ~ ̂ bs n;o

eo ikt/ sK fco T[;dk Bshik sK fco rbs jh j't/rk. ;kvk bVek rrB dhg pugB s'A jh

e[M nkgD/ f]nkbK dk fojk j?. jo fe;/ dk ;fseko th eodk, ;kfonK Bkb fgnko th eodk.

b/feB nkgD/ nkg ~ ed/ th fe;/ s'A xZN f;nkDk Bk ;wMdk. id'A 16 ;kb dk j'fJnk sK T[;B/

e?b/c'oBhnk vokJhftzr bkJh;z; b? fbnk. w?A ;'funk uzrk j'fJnk, j[D w?~ T[;~ ;e{b SZvD Bk

ikDk gt/rk. jogqhs Bkb ;bkj eoe/ n;hA N'fJNk fge ng NoZe b? fdZsk, rrB e'b fBZek fijk

NoZe ;h. e[M fdBK pknd jh rrB nkgD/ i/p ]ou/ u'A pukJ/ g?f;nK d/ ;gheo yohd e/ b?

nkfJnk. w?A xo nkfJnk sK fJe d' j'o w[zfvnK ~ Bkb b? e/ NoZe ftu ;gheo bkT[D dh ;ehw

pDk oj/ ;h. eh eoB bZr/ j'< w?A ;[Gkte jh g[ZS fbnk. v?v NoZe ftu ;gheo brkT[D bZr/

jK. w?A nkgD/ fdb'A ;wMkT[D bZrk, rrB s{z BtK BtK bkJh;z; fbnk j?, ;gheoK d/ o"O/ r"O/ ftu

rbsh j' ;edh j?, w/oh ;bkj wzB/ sK ni/ ;gheo Bk brk. ]?o T[;B/ ;gheo sK Bk brkJ/ go

fdb ftZu fJZe rzY pzB bJh fe v?v B/ ;gheo BjhA brkT[D fdZs/. e[M ;kb pknd id'A rrB

ewkJh eoB bZr fgnk sK w/oh gsBh jogqhs B/ fejk fe rrB ~ tXhnk eko b? e/ d/ JhJ/.

n;hA n?e{ok eko b? e/ fdZsh. shi/ e[ fdB w?A xo d/ w{job/ bknB ftZu c[ZbK ~ gkDh d/ fojk

;K fe pj[s T[Zuh T[Zuh tZid/ ;gheoK dh nktk} nkJh. fpzd e[ wro'A jh rrB B/ eko fbnk yVQh

ehsh. nktk} ;[D e/ eJh nKYh r[nKYh th nk rJ/. w?A th j"bh j"bh B/V/ ubk frnk. rrB

;kfonK ~ eko ftZu bZr/ ;gheo ftykt/. eko dh fvZrh ftu fJzB/ tZv/ tZv/ ;gheo fe feskp

oZyD i'rh irQk BjhA ;h. ;ko/ b'e f;\sK eo oj/ ;h. w?A th fejk pj[s tXhnk. w/o/ fdb ftu

:kd nkfJnk fe w?A rrB ~ ;gheo brkT[D s'A fe;/ fdB o'fenk ;h. nZi T[; B/ nkgD/ wB

dh eo jh bJh.

eJh tko ihtB ftZu n?;k j[zdk j? fe s[jkvh wo}h BjhA j[zdh fe s[;hA fe;/ nkgD/ ~ szr

eoBk j?. s[jkv/ fdb ftu T[; dk Gbk eoB dh ohM j[zdh j?, go T[j T[; rZb ~ nkgD/ sohe/

Bkb ;'u e/ p?m iKdk j?. nfij/ w"e/ s[;hA eh eo ;ed/ j'< w/o/ ihtB ftZu fJ; soQK dhnK eJh

xNBktK tkgohnK. T[j ;kohnK j{-p-j{ gkmeK Bkb ;KMhnK eoB ~ fdb eodk j?. ihtB ftZu

fJj' fij/ jkbksK Bkb fet/A fBgfNnk ik ;edk j?, fJj ;G e[M fbyD ~ fdb eodk j?. efjzd/

jB fe i/ e'Jh f}nkdk d/o phwko oj/ sK T[;~ dtkJh dk nkg vkeNo s'A tZX gsk bZr iKdk

j?. i' n;hA ;'ud/ jK, T[;~ ;kv/ Bkb d/ fet/A t/yd/ jB, T[; soQK d/ e[M siop/ fJ; feskp

ftZu toBB eoB ~ ihn eodk j? feT[Afe w/o/ Bkb tkgoh xNBk dk w/o/ ufoZso s/ sK n;o

}o{o gkJ/rk. fJ; bJh nkgD/ ufoZso dk fusoD eofdnK jh ;[Gkte s"o s/ nkgD/ ihtB

nB[Gt th ;KM/ eoB/ ukj[zdk jK. fj\k}s eofdnK eofdnK th n;hA eJh tko nkgfDnK ~ szr

eo fdzd/ jK. nkgD/ B}ohJ/ Bkb d/yd/ jK. pZu/ eJh tko fJ; d/ tZyo/ noE eZY b?Ad/ jB. eJh

tko ;'ud/ jB fe v?v w?~ fgnko BjhA eod/. i/ fgnko eod/ j[zd/ sK w?~ ;gheo bkT[D s'A feT[A



o'ed/<

s[;hA fe;/ uh} ~ fe; soQK b?Ad/ j', fJj jh sK s[jkvk ufoZso j?. i/ nkgK e'Jh fpnkBpk}h

eod/ jK iK fe;/ ~ e[M ;wMkT[D dh e'fFF eod/ jK go nkgD/ ihtB ftu T[; soQK BjhA eod/

< fco fe;/ s/ fet/A n;o j' ;edk j? < eJh tko f;nkD/ b'eK ~ Xkofwe n;EkBK s/ tXhnk

tXhnk rZbK eofdnK ;[fDnk go T[;dk n;o BjhA j[zdk. w?A nkgD/ Ffjo d/ r[od[nkok ;kfjp

ftZu eJh tko ;N/i s/ rZbK pksK eoBhnK. ;zrs B/ pV/ fXnkB Bkb ;[D th b?Dk. w?~ fJZe fdB

fJe p}[or efjD bZrk fe s{z rZbK sK pj[s tXhnk eodk jA? go fe;/ #s/ n;o BjhA j[zdk

fd;dk. w?A p}[or ~ ;wMkfJnk fe fJj ;ko/ seohpB i' fuoK s'A fJ; fJbke/ ftZu ofj oj/

jB, fJj w?~ ikDd/ jB, w/o/ Bkb ftuo/ jB. w/ohnK nkdsK s'A ikD{z jB. w/o/ ihtB d/ eJh

G/d ikDd/ jB. fJjBK ~ gsk j? fe w?A i' r[od[nko/ dh ;N/i s'A p'bdk jK w?A n;b f}zdrh ftu

T[j ;kok e[M T[; soQK BjhA eodk. i/ w?A ][d BjhA eodk sK w?~ j'o fe;/ s/ frbk eoB dk jZe

th BjhA pDdk. b'eK ~ ;fji f;ykT[D dk :sB eodk jK. b/feB w/o/ ihtB ftu ;fji BjhA

j?. b'eK s/ fet/A n;o j't/<

w?A feXo/ fJe ejkDh gVQh fe e'Jh wjKg[oy ;h fi; dh pVh wzBs ;h. T[;d/ pV/ f;Zy

;/te ;B. d{o d{o sZe uouk ;h. wjKg[oy ~ fJe fdB e'Jh ;zs wjkswk fwbD nkJ/. gsk

bZrk fe ;zs FKsh ;kro nkJ/ jB fiBQK B/ ;koh T[wo G'o/ ftZu FKsh Bkb fpskJh j?. ;ZE ftZu

;\ ftSkJh rJh. wjKg[oy s/ FKsh ;kro nkjw' ;kjwD/ p?m rJ/. wjKg[oyK dk fJe ;/te

fgSb/ gk;/ yVQk gZyk MZb fojk ;h. FKsh ;kro d/ eJh u/b/ T[;d/ wro p?m/ ;B. y?o tkoskbkg

ukb{ j' rJh. gZyh MZb fojk ;/te }ok y'ih fij/ ;[Gk dk ;h. T[; d/ fdb ftu nkJh fe goyhJ/

sK ;jh FKsh ;kro fezBk e[ FKs j?< fit/A jh T[;dh B}o FKsh ;kro Bkb fwbh sK T[; tZb

T[Arbh eoe/ fjbkJh s/ Bkb/ wkVk fijk f;o ~ fjbkfJnk. fpzd e[ wro'A fco FKsh ;kro B/

T[; ;/te tZb d/fynk. T[;B/ fco T[Arbh fjbkJh Bkb/ f;o fjbkfJnk, fit/A T[j e[M ikD frnk

j't/. FKsh ;kro dh fposh wjKg[oyK tZb xN rJh s/ xVh w[Vh gZyk c/o oj/ ;/te tZb d/yD

bZrk. fizBh tko jh FKsh ;kro wjKg[oyK d/ fgSb/ gk;/ yVQ/ gZyk MZb oj/ ;/te tZb t/y/ UBh

tko jh T[j T[Arbh fjbkJ/ s/ Bkb/ f;o fjbkJ/. FKsh ;kro dh FKsh Gzr j' rJh. ;G e[M G[Zb

e/ tkoskbkg ftZu/ SZv e/ fuwNk b? e/ T[m yVQk j'fJnk. ;ko/ j?okB j' rJ/. wjKg[oyK B/ FKsh

;kro ~ g[ZfSnk fe eh rZb j' rJh< gZyk c/od/ ;/te tZb fJFkok eoe/ efjD bZrk, @fJ; ~

g[ZS'. # ;/te ~ g[ZfSnk frnk sK ;/te w[;eokfJnk s/ efjD bZrk fe w?A sK t/y fojk ;h fe

FKsh ;kro ih ftu feXo/ e'Jh e'bk sK BjhA Gydk, go fJj sK wxh nZr j?. ;' i' n;hA ;'ud/

jK }o{oh BjhA fe pkeh ;ko/ th T[; soQK jh ;'uD. w/oh ;'u ftZu fezBh e[ nZr j?, fizB/ e[ e'fbnK

s'A w?A tke\ jK, T[j ;ko/ nkgD/ gkmeK Bkb ;KM/ eoB dh b'udk jK.

tXhnk r[DK tkfbnK dh ;'u th tXhnk j[zdh j? s/ T[j id'A e'Jh rZb eod/ jB sK b'eK s/

n;o th uzrk g?Adk j?. g[okD/ }wkB/ ftZu tXhnk ufoZso eoe/ jh f;nkD/ b'e nkw iBsk ~



Xkofwe vo fdzd/ ;B. ofjDh s'A jh gsk ub iKdk ;h fe fJB;kB fe; soQK dk j?. d/th d/ts/

sK jh nkyd/ ;B i/ T[BQK d/ ufoZso d?th j'D . d?AsK ~ ed/ fe;/ B/ BjhA ;bkfjnk. ;dhnK sZe

tXhnk b'eK dh gfjukD T[BQK d/ ufoZso d/ eoe/ jh j[zdh ;h. ek~B s'A fpBK sK e[M th BjhA

j' ;edk. b/feB pj[s d/o sZe tXhnk ufoZso dh fw;kb d/ e/ jh Xkofwe ekfJd/ ek~B ;wMkJ/

iKd/ ;h. oki/ dk ufoZso goik Bkb'A pj[s tXhnk j'fJnk eodk ;h. b/feB fgSb/ 60-70 ;kb

s'A fw;kbK fJ;d/ T[bN fwbD bZr gJhnK jB. i' nwho j?, seVk j?, T[j jh tXhnk j?. j[D

sK pZ; tZv/ pDB ~ ;G dk fdb eodk j?. g?;k ewkT[D ~ fdb eodk j?. seV/ j'D bJh T[Zgo

uVQB bJh Gkt/A thj b'eK ~ bskV e/ th ufVQnk j't/ e'Jh, b/feB seV/ dk jh p'bpkbk j?.

ufoZso dh pj[sh b'V jh BjhA wfj;{; j[zdh nZi-eZbQ. ufoZso BjhA oj/rk sK fco eh pD{z d[Bhnk

dk. nkg' nkgD/ pko/ sK ;k~ gsk jh j[zdk j? fe n;hA fezB/ e[ gkDh ftZu jK. f;nkD/ nkyd/ @;j[z

ykJhJ/ ihn dh-Bk g[Zs dh Bk Xh dh. # nkgD/ pko/ sK n;hA ;gFN o{g ftu ikDd/ jK. w/oh

nodk; j? fe w?A nkgDh rZb eofdnK nkgDk gkso fusoD eofdnK b[e' Bk oZyK. w?~ :ehB

j? fe w?A fi; soQK nkgD/ okjK ~ ;wfMnk j?, T[;/ soQK jh toBB eoB dk :sB eoKrk. nkgDk

ihtB ihD dk i' sohek j?, T[j jh sK ;kv/ sohe/ pDkT[Adk j?. fi; sohe/ Bkb n;hA fiT[Ad/ jK,

T[j jh ;kvk ufoZso j[zdk j?. eJh tko n;hA nkgDk sohek SZv e/ d{finK ~ y[F eoB dh ohM

Bkb d{;fonK d/ fgS/ bZr s[od/ jK sK fJ; e/; ftu ;kvk ufoZso th fgS bZr{ jh j' iKdk j?.

}'o Bkb iK rZbpks eoe/ i' b'e pkehnK ~ wro bk b?Ad/ jB, T[j jh T[BQK dh gfjukD pD

iKdk j?.

eJh tko s[jkvh rZb uzrh sK brdh j?. f;\s th n;hA eod/ jK go nkgD/ ihtB s/

ukj[zfdnK j'fJnK th bkr{ BjhA eod/. w/ok tZvk bVek ezto nkgDh G{nk ~ fwbD ;?ANkwohnk

frnk j'fJnk ;h. Fkw ~ nwoihs sK ykDk fsnko eoB bZr gJh. pbftzdo T[BQK dk bVek

i'ok s/ ezto fbftzr o{w ftu p?m/ rZbK pksK eo oj/ ;B fe ezto d/ c[ZcV ih-pbftzdo w/

ok w?r}hB @nkgDh nktk}# u[Ze e/ gVQB bZr gJ/. T[BQK ~ rzGho d/y e/ ezto efjD bZrk, @eh

gVQd/ j' c[ZcV ih<# pbftzdo B/ w/oh fbyh ejkDh @edoK ehwsK# gVQ e/ ezto ~ ;[DkJh. ezto

dk ;[D e/ o'D fBeb frnk fe T[;d/ v?v bJh fe;/ fdB fezrfonK tkb/ nkB/ dh eh ehws ;h<

pVh uzrh bZrh T[;~ w/oh jZvphsh. fJe tko ;[D e/ T[;~ ;koh :kd th j' rJh. eJh b'eK

~ T[;B/ ;[DkJh. nkgDh o'}kBk f}zdrh ftZu ezto B/ g?;/ dh ed/ edo BjhA ehsh, fizB/ i/p ftu

j'D w[ek e/ jh xo nkT[Adk. w?A fJj ;G e[M ikDfdnK fe w/o/ gfotko d/ w?Apo fet/A ;'ud/ jB,

w?A nkgD/ nkg ~ T[BQK d/ nB[e{b pdbD dk :sB eodk ofjzdk jK. :sB eoBk jh ;kvk co}

j?, T[j :sB th w?A nkgD/ gkmeK Bkb ;KM/ eoB/ ukj[zdk jK. w?A sK pZ; fJj jh f;Zfynk j? fe

nkgfDnK ~ ;wMkT[D s'A gfjbK nkgD/ nkg ~ ;wMk fbnk ikt/ sK fpjso j?.

nkgD/ pZfunK ~ nkgDh ;woZEk nB[;ko wkor doFB eotkT[D dk :sB eoBk jo fJB;kB

dk co} j? . pj[s jh f}nkdk fceo eoB bZr ikJhJ/ sK pZu/ nkgDk fceo eoBk SZv fdzd/



jB. w?A fJe tko nkgD/ fwZso Bkb rZbpks eo fojk ;K. rZb eofdnK eofdnK w/o/ pZfunK

dhnK rZbK ub gJhnK. rrB pko/ ;ko/ ikDd/ jB fe T[j pVk vK; tr?ok eoB tkbk s/ jo fe;/

Bkb ou-fwu ikD tkbk j?. T[j ;wkfie foFs/ fBGkT[D rZbpks eoBh tkjtk ikDdk j?. id'A

tZv/ bVe/ ezto dh rZb uZbh sK w?A fejk fe ezto ;wkfie s"o s/ pj[s f;nkDk BjhA, ni/ th

pZfunK tKr jh eJh tko r?o f}zw/tko brdk j?. w/ok fwZso w?~ ftZu/ jh N'e e/ efjD bZrk,

@fes/ J/dK sK BjhA fe s[;hA ezto ~ f}zw/tko pDB dk w"ek jh Bk fdZsk j't/.# pj[s f}nkdk fceo

eoe/ th n;hA pZu/ dk Gbk BjhA eo ;ed/ . i/ pZuk rrB tKr u[;s j? sK T[;dk fceo eoB

Bkb T[j nkgDh p/fJZ}sh ;wM/rk. i/ ezto tKr j? sK ;'u/rk fe uZb w?~ fceo eoB dh eh

b'V j?< nkg/ wzwk B/ ;G e[M eo d/Dk j?. g?;/ v?v B/ d/ d/D/ fizB/ ukjhd/. fJ; soQK eoB Bkb

n;hA Gkt/A nkgD/ pZfunK tk;s/ i' fgnko eod/ jK, T[;dk jh fJ}jko eod/ jK. fizBK fuo

uwfunK Bkb y[nkT[Ad/ oj'r/, pZu/ nkg ykDk BjhA f;Zy ;ed/. f}zdrh dh nkgDh s'o j[zdh j?.

jo nkdwh jo iht e[M }o{oh sohe/ nkg/ jh f;Zy iKdk j?. rK d/ tZSV/ ~ iBw b?D s'A e[M

fwzNK ftu nkgDh wK d/ ED bZG b?D dk sohek nk iKdk j?, rK sK ed/ BjhA f;ykT[Adh.

;kfJp/ohnk d/ mzY/ fJbkfenK #u'A gzSh po\ g?D s/ Gos g[o tor/ row fJbkfenK ftZu nk iKd/

jB. rowhnK nk ikD s/ e{ziK ~ tkg; ;kfJp/ohnk T[Zv e/ ub/ ikD dh e'Jh ftZfdnk sK BjhA

fdzdk. nkg/ jh ubhnK iKdhnK jB. ihtB dk t/r eJh tko ;bkjK d/D s/ fceo eoB Bkb ftrV

;edk j?. eJh tko n;hA d[obZG ;wM e/ pj[sk f]nkb oZyDk ukj[zd/ jK, ;r'A ezw yokp eo b?Ad/

jK. efjzd/ jB fe jhiV/ d/ xo g[Zs izw fgnk s/ T[;B/ u[zw u[zw e/ jh wko fdZsk.

****



;kvh FyFhns;kvh FyFhns;kvh FyFhns;kvh FyFhns;kvh FyFhnspj[s tXhnk b'e d[Bhnk s/ nkgDk gqGkt }o{o SZvd/ jB. b'e tXhnk b'eK s'A pj[s e[M

f;Zyd/ jB. f;nkD/ b'eK d/ siofpnK s'A b'e pj[s e[M f;Zyd/ jB. w{oyK s'A th f;Zyd/ jB b'e.

;wMdko b'e d[Bhnk ~ wkor doFB eotkT[Ad/ jB. w{oy eJh tko n?;/ ekoi eo fdzdk j? fi;

dh T[;~ e'Jh b'V jh Bk j't/ s/ xkNk yk b?Adk j?. fJe ejkDh w?A fes'A gVQh ;[Dh fe fJZe tko

F/o, b{zpV s/ y's/ dh d';sh j' rJh. b{zpV fBrokBh oZydk-e'Jh ysok j't/ sK F/o w[ekpbk

eodk-i/ e[M bZd e/ fbnkT[Dk j't/ sK y's/ s/ bZd e/ b? iKd/. pVh d';sh fBGh. fJZe fdB b{zpV

B/ e'Jh fFeko eZY e/ fbnKdk. F/o B/ wko fbnk s/ y's/ #s/ bZd e/ T[j nkgD/ fJbke/ ftZu ub/

rJ/. F/o B/ y's/ ~ fejk fe nkgK fszB'A fFeko eoe/ fbnkJ/ jK s{z tzv eo d/j. w{oy y'sk

wk;kjkoh th BjhA ;h go T[;B/ fszB pokpo d/ fjZ;/ eo fdZs/. F/o ~ pVk r[Z;k nkfJnk. T[;B/

wkfonk MgNk s/ y's/ ~ th wko ;[ZfNnk. E'VQh d/o :ko wko d/D dk nc;'; eoe/ F/o b{zpV ~

efjD bZrk, @w/o/ e'b'A :ko wkfonk frnk pVk dZ[y bZrk go j[D G[Zy th pVh bZrh j?. uZb s{z

tzvhnK gk s/ nkgK fFeko ykJhJ/. # b{zpV B/ ;ko/ dk ;kok whN fJe gk;/ eo fdZsk s/ E'VQk fijk

fJe gk;/ oZy e/ F/o ~ fejk, @fJj ;kok s/ok j? w/ok sK pZ; fJj fBZek fijk N[eVk jh j?.

# F/o pVk y[F j'fJnk Bkb/ w}/ Bkb ykJh ikt/ s/ Bkb/ b{zpV ~ g[ZSD bZrk fe s{z fJj neb fe;

s'A f;Zyh j?< sK b{zpV wo/ gJ/ y's/ tZb fJFkok eoe/ efjD bZrk fJ; s'A.

e[dos B/ i' fJj f;qFNh ouh j?, fJ; ftu pj[s ;koh neb e[dosh jh j?. t/yD ~ nZyK

fwbhnK jB, e[dosh, nZy dh fj\k}s eoBh th pDdh j?. i/ B}o ew}'o j' ikt/ sK n?Be th

btkT[Dh g?Adh j?. ;k~ uZbD fcoB bJh d' bZsK e[dos B/ p]FhnK jB. uZbDk fcoBk e[dosh

j? go n;hA n?;/ EK g?o Bk oZyhJ/ fiZE/ }yw fwbD. i/ e'Jh f;nkDk dZ; d/t/ fe J/E/ g?o Bk

oZyhA, ;V iktA/rk sK e'Jh rbs BjhA j?. pkeh ojh ;wMkT[D tkb/ dh FyFhns s/ T[;dh Bhns.

i/ ;k~ fe;/ s/ :ehB jh BjhA iK i/ ;k~ fe;/ dh Bhns s/ FZe j? sK n;hA T[;dh ;bkj feT[A

btKr/. ;' f;nkD/ b'e s/ uzrhnk FyFhnsK fe;/ s/ J/Bk gqGkt SZvD dh e'fFF BjhA eodhnK fe

nrbk ej/ fe w?~ szr eo fojk j?. szr eoe/ ytkJh wfmnkJh th eJh tko tXhnk BjhA brdh.

d[Bhnk ftZu'A jh n;hA fdB/ oks f;Zyd/ jK. ;k~ b'eK tZb d/y e/ jh gsk bZr ;edk j?. fes'A f;Zy

e/ jh gsk bZr ;edk j? fe;kB ~, fe fejVh \;b fe; ;w/A phiDh j?. i/ e'Jh jkVh dh \;b

;kT[Dh phiD ;w/A phi d/t/ sK dkD/ BjhA g? ;ed/.

n;hA F{ wzso Bkb fe;/ ~ e[M BjhA f;yk ;ed/. FyFhns d/ gqGkt n;b ftZu foFs/

pDkT[Ad/ jB. i/ fe;/ ~ tXhnk brdk j?, gqGktFkbh brdk j?, T[; d/ gqGkt dk n;o jh j[zdk

j? fe nkgK T[; ~ g;zd eoB bZr g?Ad/ jK. j'o foFsk i'VBk ukj[zd/ jK. T[;~ ;[DBk ukj[zd/ jK.

i/ ;kvk ftnefsst tXhnk BjhA j? sK foFs/ yokp j[zd/ jB. b'e d{o ofjD dh e'fFF

eoBr/, pu e/ ofjDr/. fJj' fij/ ftnesh nkgD/ pZfunK ~ th rtk p?md/ jB. eJh tko ;kvh



FyFhns dk n?Bk gqGkt j[zdk j? (uzrk j't/ iK wkVk) fe n;hA efjD ~ i' wo}h ejh ikJhJ/

, T[;dk e'Jh n;o BjhA g?Adk. ;k~ d/y e/ jh b'e ;wM iKd/ jB fe j[D eh eoBk ukjhdk j?.

d{;oh rZb j? fe ;kvk rZbpks eoB dk sohek eh j?< eJh tko pj[s tXhnk b'e nkgD/ nkg

~ fe;/ s/ gqGkt gkT[D s'A ;ze'u eod/ jB feT[Afe T[BQK dh p'bukb dh skes jh BjhA j[zdh. nzdo

frnkB j? go i/ e'Jh fJ}jko BjhA eo ;edk sK fco fe;/ ~ fet/A gsk bZr/rk. ;' i/ n;hA fe;/

dk ;fseko eod/ jK iK fe;/ ~ fgnko eod/ jK sK T[;dk fJ}jko eoB s'A fpBK rZb BjhA pD

;edh. fJ}jko eo ;eD dh :'rsk th ;kvh FyFhns dk pj[s tZvk fjZ;k j[zdh j?. jo pzd/

ftZu fJB;kBh j?tkBh s/ F?skBh r[D j[zd/ jB, go i' r[D n"r[D s[jkv/ b'eK ~ gsk bZr iKd/ jB,

T[BQK r[DK Bkb jh b'e s[jk~ ikDd/ jB.

;kvk ufoZso s/ ;kvh FyFhns ob e/ ezw eodhnK jB. ;wki ftZu i' ;kvh s;tho pDdh

j?, T[j ;kv/ ufoZso ftZu'A s/ ;kvh FyFhns ftZu'A ob e/ pDdh j?. d[Bhnk dhnK B}oK ftZu fi;

soQK d/ n;hA jK T[; dk ;kv/ foFfsnK s/ pj[s gqGkt g?Adk j?. ;' ;kvh d[Bhnk ftZu pDh s;tho

dh i' Fesh j?, T[j jh ;kvh Fesh j[zdh j?. d[Bhnk ;k~ fet/A d/ ydh j?< f;nkD/ b'e e'fFF

eod/ jB fe ;wki ftZu T[BQK dh s;tho ]okp Bk j' ikt/. eJh tko ihtB ftZu n?;/ th b'e

fwbd/ jB i' s[jkvh s;tho s'VB dk F"e oZyd/ jB. w/o/ ihtB ftu w/oh i' s;tho pDh, T[;~

w/o/ eJh nkgfDnK B/ s'VB dk :sB ehsk. T[j fezB/ e[ ekw:kp oj/, fJ; pko/ th w?A nkgD/

gkmeK s'A e[M BjhA b[ekDk ukj[zdk. d[Bhnk d/ pj[s d/FK ftZu ikD dk w"ek fwfbnk. d[Bhnk pj[s

tXhnk j?. i/ szr eoB iK sebh\ d/ D dk e'Jh :sB eodk j? sK T[j s[jkvk e'Jh nkgDk jh

j[zdk j?. fe;/ Ugo/ dk feZE/ ftjb. fizBk th e'Jh ;kv/ f}nkdk B}dhe j[zdk j?, T[; e'b ;k~

}bhb eoB dk UBk jh f}nkdk nfXeko j[zdk j?. fJ; feskp ftZu nkgD/ siofpnK d/ Bkb Bkb

pj[s ;ko/ w/o/ eohph, fiBQK B/ w/oh s;tho ~ ;wki ftZu'A s'VB dk :sB ehsk, T[BQK Bkb th

gkmeK dh gfjukD eoktKrk.

eJh b'eK dh s;tho d/y e/ n;hA pV/ gqGkts j' iKd/ jK. d/yD ~ pV/ wkvb wB[Zy bZrd/

jB. T[j ;kvhnK nZyK dk G[b/yk j[zdk j?. rbsh Bkb eJh tko n;hA n?;h rbsh eo p?md/ jK

fe tkfg; gosDk pj[s w[Ffeb j' iKdk j?. fJt}kB/ ti'A s[jk~ pj[s jh xkN/ MZbD/ g?Ad/ jB,

pj[s ;ko/ foFs/ yokp j' iKd/ jB. fJZe fBZeh fijh rbsh eoe/ tksktoD jh pdb iKdk j?.

w?A nkgDh fJZe jZvphsh ;KMh eoKL

w/o/ ;KY{ dh wk;h dh Xh G?D ;koh T[wo fJzrb?Av ftZu ofjD s'A pknd nkgD/ Gok d/ e'b

e?b/c'oBhnK nk rJh. oZp ikD/ eh j'fJnk T[;d/ ;e/ Gok B/ nkgDh G?D dk p'ohnk fp;sok u[Ze

e/ p{fjUA pkjo oZy fdZsk. y?o T[;B/ nkgD/ wk;h d/ g[Zs ~, i' fe w/ok ;KY{ brdk ;h, ekb

ehsh. T[BQK fdBK ftZu w/o/ ;ko/ foFs/dko, i' e?b/c'oBhnK ftZu ofjzd/ ;B, w/oh ;bkj b? fbnk

eod/. w?~ id'A gsk bZrk fe w/o/ ;KY{ dh wk;h dh Xh ~ wdd dh b'V j? sK w?A jogqhs Bkb

;bkj eoe/ T[BQK ~ nkgD/ xo p[bk fbnk. fJe bVek s/ d' itkB bVehnK th T[;d/ Bkb ;B.



T[j ;kv/ xo oj/, ;k~ pVk uzrk bZrk. ;t/o/ T[Zm e/ fJFBkB gkDh eoe/ fBZsB/w pVh Bow

nktk} ftZu eoB tkbh nzfwqsXkoh s/ jw/FK j;z{ j;{z eodh fco/. T[;d/ ufoZso s/ T[;dh

FyFhns dh n?Bh tXhnk s;tho pDh ;kv/ T[Zs/ fe ;k~ fpbe[b Ugok Bk bZrk. fJj \otoh

1993 dh rZb j?. w/ok s/ jogqhs dk gfjbK s'A jh gzikp nkT[D dk gq'rokw pfDnk j'fJnk ;h.

n;hA wjhB/ e[ tk;s/ gzikp nkJ/ s/ ;kok xo fpzdo' d/ jtkb/ eo nkJ/. T[j uko/ iD/ ;kv/ xo,

xo tKr oj/.

id'A n;hA tkfg; nkJ/ sK e[M ;wK gk e/ n;hA fpzdo' s/ T[; d/ pZfunK tk;s/ ewok feokJ/

s/ b? fdZsk. ;kv/ xo T[j ne;o o'} nkT[Ad/ s/ fezBk fezBk ;wK ;kv/ e'b fpskT[Ad/. rZbK rZbK

ftZu fJe fdB fpzdo' B/ tZvh bVeh dh Fkdh eoB dk fJFkok ehsk. ;kv/ fgzv dk fJe bVek

g;zd eoe/ n;hA e[Vh dk ftnkj oZy fdZsk. ftnkj feT[Afe ;kv/ xo j'Dk ;h, jo soQK dh fsnkoh

n;hA ehsh s/ jo ekoi ftZu nZr/ j' e/ w?A ftnkj dh o;w ~ tXhnk pDkT[D bJh ezw ehsk.

nZr/ j' e/ FrB ftjko ehs/. ]ouk th ;kvk ekch j' frnk go jogqhs dk ;[Gkn j? fe id'A T[j

fe;/ Bkb eodh j? sK pj[s eodh j?. jogqhs B/ e[Vh ~ eZgVk bZsk th pj[s fdZsk s/ rfjD/

th gkJ/. ftnkj ftZu c'N'rokcoK B/ w/ohnK s/ jogqhs dhnK, f}zw/tkoh fBGkT[AfdnK dhnK s;thoK

th pj[s fyZuhnK.

e[M ;wK gk e/ fpzdo' B/ w?~ fejk fe i/ w?A T[BQK ~ fJe ;N'o d/ d/ tK sK T[j fwjBs

eoe/ tXhnk ihtB ihn ;ed/ jB. jogqhs d/ o'eD d/ pkti{d th w?A fJe ;N'o fpzdo' d/ jtkb/

eo fdZsk. ;kv/ nekT{AN?AN B/ ;koh ekr}h ekotkJh eo fdZsh. fJe bZy ;Zso jiko vkbo dk

B'N eoe/ w?~ d/ fdZsk fe j"bh j"bh d/ fdnKr/. ;kb v/Y ;kb feFsK s/ feokfJnk th fdzd/ oj/

. BthnK rZvhnK th ]ohd bJhnK. pVh rZg wkfonK eoB fe pj[s tXhnk ;N'o fwfbnk. ]ou/

tXk bJ/ s/ ezw xZN eo fdZsk. fJe oks ;N'o dk ;kok ;wkB bZd e/ b? rJ/. ;t/o/ gsk bZrk

fe eJh NoZe Go e/ ;wkB gsk BjhA feZXo b? rJ/. w?A pVk j?okB j'fJnk < ;kok ;kwkB jh b?

rJ/, Bkb/ fijV/ g?;/ d/D/ ;h ;kv/, T[j th rJ/, jZd j' rJh. jkb/ n;hA ;'ud/ jh ;h fe eh eohJ/

, ;k~ tehb dh fuZmh nk rJh fe fpzdo' B/ e/; eo fdZsk. ;kv/ foFs/dko B/ ;k~ rbs fp}B;

ftZu gk e/ xkNk gkfJnk j?. fpzdo' B/ fJe dw nkgDh s;tho jh pdb bJh. ;koh T[wo

fJzrb?Av ftZu ojh s/ ej/ nzro/}h BjhA ikDdh. w?A iZi ~ pVk dZ;D dk :sB ehsk fe w/oh xo

tkbh jogqhs dh G?D d/ gsh dh wk;h dh Xh w/oh eh bZrh. go fpzdo' B/ iZi nZr/ T[j ;kohnK

s;thoK i' T[;dh bVeh d/ ftnkj ftZu fyZuhnK ;h, fiBQK ftZu ;ko/ FrB w?A jh eo fojk ;h,

iZi nZr/ fbnk oZyhnK. iZi efjD bZrk fe i/ w?A fpzdo' dk foFs/dko BjhA sK T[; dh bVeh d/

ftnkj ftZu fJj ;G e[M feT[A ehsk < w/o/ e'b fJ;dk e'Jh itkp BjhA ;h. nzs ftu c?;bk

j'fJnk fe f;tkJ/ fJ;d/ fe fpzdo' ;k~ ;kv/ g?;/ w'V/, ;k~ 1,88,000 vkbo fpzdo' ~

d/D/ gJ/. ufoZso ns/ FyFhns dh i' w?A s;tho fpzdo' dh pDkJh fcodk ;h, T[;B/ w/ok

f;zxk;D fjbk e/ oZy fdZsk. w?A s/ ;kfonK gkmeK ~ fJj jh ejKrk fe fe;/ dh fdb ftZu



s;tho pDkT[D s'A gfjbK eJh tko ;'uDk ukjhdk j?, BjhA sK fizBh gZeh s;tho j't/rh UB/ jh

rbs Bshi/ fBeb ;ed/ jB.

n;hA b'eK ~ nkgD/ B}ohJ/ Bkb d/yd/ jK. ;k~ fet/A brdk, p; nkgDh ;'u s/ :ehB eoe/

n;hA fe;/ dh s;tho fdb ftZu pDkT[Ad/ jK. i/ e'Jh ;k~ ;wMkT[D dk :sB eo/ sK th n;hA

;'ud/ jK fe fJ; ~ BjhA gsk. i/ Gbk w?A jogqhs dh ;bkj wzB b?Adk sK fpzdo' ~ ;N'o Bk fdzdk.

go dZ[y sK fJ; rZb dk j? fe w?~ ed/ th fpzdo' dh Bhns s/ FZe BjhA ;h j'fJnk. w?A ;kc fdb

Bkb i' fgnko ns/ ;fseko Goh s;tho pDkJh ;h, T[j w/oh ;'u ;h. nkgDh ;'u rbs j' ikt/

sK fco xkNk th nkgD/ nkg ~ g?Adk j?. ;' fe;/ dh s;tho fdb ftu pDkT[D s'A gfjbK fBohyD

eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. n;bhns dk gsk brkT[D bJh N?Z;N eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. pkeh b'eK ~ ;[DB

Bkb th pukn j' ;edk j?. b'eK dk eh f]nkb j? T[; pko/ th rzGhosk Bkb ;'uDk ukjhdk j?.

fJ; soQK eoB Bkb n;hA G[b/y/ ftZu BjhA ofjzd/. fizBh gZeh s;tho n;hA pDk e/ p?m/ j[zd/ jK

UB/ jh j?okB eoB tkb/ Bshi/ fBeb ;ed/ jB. wB ftZu i' gZeh s;tho j[zdh j?, eJh tko

id pdbdh j? sK n;hA j?okB j' iKd/ jK, fco T[; s/ :ehB eo b?Ad/ jK, go j' ;edk j? fe

T[j mhe Bk j't/. ;dhnK sZe b'e fJj jh ;wMd/ oj/ fe Xosh pj[s tZvh j? s/ ;G uzd sko/

;{oi Xosh d/ fJod- frod x[zwd/ jB. fco gsk bZrk fe Xosh sK ;{oi d/ d[nkb/ x[zwdh j?,

FkfJd ;{oi th fe;/ d/ d[nkb/ x[zwdk j't/. ]?o :ehB eoBk s/ :ehB dk N[ZN ikDk jh sK ;kvh

fJB;kBh fcsos j?. :ehB eoB dk sohek jh sK ;kvh FyFhns j?.

BthnK BthnK y'iK, Bt/A dotk}/ y'bQdhnK jB. fJZe tko fe;/ gkoNh ftZu w?A frnk. fJe

vkeNo d/ w[zv/ dk iBw fdB ;h. pj[s ;ko/ vkeNo fJeZm/ p?m/ rZbK eo oj/ ;B. rZb uZbh fe

nZi eZb nZX/ s'A tZX pZu/ ;hi/ ohnB ngo/FB Bkb j[zd/ jB. w?A p?mk p?mk p'b fgnk, @vkeNo

;kfjp id'A ;hi/ohnB ngo/FB dk gsk jh BjhA ;h T[d'A eh j[zdk ;h<# vkeNo B/ ;fji Bkb s/

}ok e[ w[;eokT[D dk :sB eoe/ T[Zso fdZsk fe T[; ;w/A wK dh iK pZu/ dh w"s j' ikfJnk eodh

;h, eJh tko d't/A jh wo iKd/ ;h. ;' eJh tko ;w/A d/ Bkb eJh ;tkb jZb th j' iKd/ jB.

;kv/ fdb ftu rbs s;tho ;jh th j' iKdh j?. id'A s;tho pdbdh j? sK d[Bhnk Bkb fJ;

s;tho Bkb ;kv/ foFs/ pdb iKd/ jB. fBoGo eodk j? fe ;kvh s;tho i' fdb ftZu pDk

e/ p?m/ ;K, T[j fe; soQK rbs ;h. fJj ;kvh nkgDh ekpbhns #s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe n;hA

i' fdb ftu s;Zto ehsk j?, ;jh j? iK rbs. n;hA fi; soQK dh s;tho pDkJh, T[;/ soQK dk

foFsk pDk e/ p?m iKd/ jK. e[dosh j? fe i/ s;thoK pdbBrhnK sK foFs/ th pdb jh ikDr/

s/ s[jkvh ;'u th pdb ikt/rh.

w?~ :kd j? fe B"oE j"bht[v r[od[nkok b?AeoFw dhtkB uZb fojk ;h. w?A ;/tk th eo fojk

;h s/ Bkb Bkb pVh rzGhosk Bkb rZb th ;[D fojk ;h. r[o gqhsh joh ig[ih ;kfjp dh bVhtko

eEk eo oj/ ;h. ;kok dhtkB jkb yuk yfu Gfonk j'fJnk ;h. ;ko/ u[Zg eoe/ fJekro fuZs

j' e/ r[o{ dhnK rZbK ;[D oj/ ;h. fJZe nkdwh nkfJnk, T[;d/ Bkb d' pkbe ;B. wZEk N/e e/



T[j th w/o/ bkr/ nk e/ p?m frnk s/ nZyK pzd eoe/ Fpd dh ftnkfynk ;[DB bZr fgnk. T[;d/

Bkb nkJ/ d' pkbe fJZe sK fBZek fijk ;h, T[j ed/ fe;/ gk;/ ikt/ ed/ fe;/ gk;/. d' e[ vkbo

th T[; pZu/ B/ u[Ze e/ i/p ftZu gk bJ/. d{;ok pZuk T[; nkdwh d/ r'v/ s/ f;o oZy e/ T[Zuh T[Zuh

o'Jh ikt/. ;kok tksktoD ]okp j[zdk d/y e/ w?A T[; pzd/ dk w'Yk jb{fDnk. T[j fit/A sqGe e/

T[fmnk. w?A p/Bsh ehsh, ih pZfunK ~ }ok ;KG'. u[Zg eokU fJ; ~ Bkb/ fJ; S'N/ ~ }ok bkr/

fpmk bU. T[j pzdk pV/ gSskt/ fij/ Bkb s/ pVh fBwkDh fijh nktk} ftZu efjD bZrk, @ih

n;b ftZu n;hA j[D/ nkbtftT[ j;gskb #u'A nkJ/ jK, w/oh gsBh, fJBQK d'jK pZfunK dh wK, eJh

fdBK s'A phwko ;h s/ xzNk e[ j'fJnk T[j g{oh j' rJh. w?A pj[s jh fBZek fijk wfj;{; ehsk

fe w?A fJ; pzd/ dh e?;h s;tho pDk e/ p?mk ;h. ehosB dh ;wkgsh j' rJh. n;hA ;kfonK B/

ob e/ T[; Bkb jwdodh eoB dk :sB ehsk. w?A sK T[;~ w'Yk fjbk e/ p[bkT[D bJh w[nk\h

th wzrh. pknd ftZu n;hA ;ko/ T[; d[fynko/ Bkb nZXk g"Dk xzNk p?m/ rZbK eod/ oj/.

n;hA bZy :sB eohJ/ fe;/ dh s;tho n;hA T[; d/ ufoZso s/ T[;dh FyFhns ~ d/y e/

BjhA pDk ;ed/. eJh tko ;wK fJB;kB ~ wip{o eo fdzdk j? s/ s;thoK pdb iKdhnK jB.

d/yDh gkyDh s'A eJh tko fJB;kB j'o soQK dk brdk j? go n;b ftZu T[j j'o j[zdk j?. n;hA

G[b/y/ ftZu j'o s;tho pDkJh fcod/ jK. ;kv/ fgsk ih pugB ftZu jh nkgD/ fgsk, ;kv/ pkpk

ih d/ Bkb ofj e/ ftd/Fh ;e{bK ftZu gVQB eoe/ T[BQK ~ eZgVk bZsk gkT[D dh pVh iKu ;h.

f;nkb ftZu Eoh gh; ;{N gk e/ NkJh bkT[Dh pVh m'e e/ gZr pzBQDh, fbFed/ p{N gkJ/ j'D/ jZE

ftu p?r fijk b? e/ id'A fes/ p}ko ftZu dh bzxd/ sK eJh b'e fJj ;'u e/ ;fs ;qh nekb

p[bk fdzd/ e/ e'Jh yk; n\;o j'D'A. go w/oh ;'Mh nB[;ko ;kv/ fgsk ih B/ ed/ e'Jh B"eoh jh

BjhA ;h ehsh.

f;nkD/ b'e ;w/A d/ Bkb Bkb nkgDh ekpbhns d/ Bkb foFfsnK dhnK s;thoK pdbd/

ofjzd/ jB. i/ ;w/A f;o gsk bZr ikt/ sK ;k~ pj[sh j?okBh BjhA j[zdh s/ pj[sk B[e;kB th BjhA

j[zdk. go fJj ;G e[M sK jh j' ;edk j? i/ ;kv/ ufoZso s/ FyFhns tXhnk j'D. nkgDh

ekpbhns s/ th fBoGo eodk j?. fe;/ dk nzdk}k n;hA nkgDh ;'u d/ w[skpe jh bk ;ed/ jK.

i/ w?A eko ubkJh iKdk jK ns/ ;Ve d/ ftukb/ e'Jh j'o eko nZr/ yVQh eo d/t/. w?A j"oB wko

wko e/ EZe iktK s/ T[j eko ;Ve d/ ftukb/ jh yVQh oj/. w?A f;nkDk j'tK sK ;'u ;edk jK

fe j' ;edk j? eko ]okp j' rJh j't/ s/ w?A fJj ;'u e/ gkf;UA dh j"bh j"bh fijh bzx iktK.

go i/ f;o\ fJj ;'u e/ fe fJ; eko ~ goQ/ ikDk ukjhdk j? iK s[o g?Dk ukjhdk j?, w?A T[;

ftZu }'o dh fbnk e/ eko wkoK sK ;ko/ B[e;kB dk f}zw/tko w?A nkg jh j'fJnk. nzdk}/ n;bhns

BjhA j[zd/ s/ ;kv/ nzdk}/ ed/ n;bhns ~ pdb th BjhA ;ed/. n;b ftZu n;hA nzdk}k brk b?Ad/

jK. d{;o/ d/ fdb ftu eh tkgo ojh j? fJj BjhA ;'ud/. fJZe tko fJZe bVeh r[od[nko/ wZEk

N/eD nkJh, n;hA n"e;Bkov ;e{b d/ jkb ftu dhtkB ;ikfJnk eod/ ;K. pkpk r[ow[y f;zx

Fpd gVQ e/ s/ T[; Fpd dh ftnkfynk eo oj/ ;B. T[; bVeh B/ vkbo oZy e/ wZEk N/fenk.



T[; d/ Bkb T[; dk fJZe fBZek fijk pZuk ;h. T[; bVeh B/ g{oh e'fFF ehsh fe pZuk th f;o

M[ek e/ wZEk N/e/ . bZy :sB eoB d/ pkti{d th pZu/ B/ f}d ehsh oZyh s/ wZEk Bk N/fenk. pkpk

ih th fXnkB Bkb d/y oj/ ;h. efjD bZr/ phph s{z vkbo oZy e/ wZEk N/fenk, pZu/ ~ th vkbo

d/ s/ T[j th wZEk N/e{. fJt/A jh j'Jh id'A jh e[Vh B/ vkbo pZu/ d/ jZE cVkfJnk, pZu/ B/ pVk

tXhnk nkgDh wK tKr wZEk N/ fenk.

Bhns ns/ ;ukJh fe;/ dh gVQ ;eDh pVh n"yh j?. jo fJZe dh nkgDh nkgDh FkB th

j[zdh j?. Bkb/ fe;/ ~ gVQkT[D tk;s/ ;kvh e'fFF fe; soQK dh j?, e'fFF eoB dk sohek fezBk

e[ tXhnk j?. e[dos d/ n;{b tZy soQK d/ j[zd/ s/ ;kvk fttjko tZy soQK dk j[zdk j?, ;kv/ fttjko

s/ foFfsnK dh fBoGosk j[zdh j?. i/ uko mZr mZrh wko e/ pokpo tzvd/ jB sK fJj T[BQK dk

nkg;h foFsk j?. n;{b sK efjzdk j? fe u'oh eoBh BjhA ukjhdh. fe;/ Bk fe;/ sohe/ Bkb oks'A

oks bygsh pD ikD dh ;ehw GktA/ ;jh th ;kps j' ikt/ go T[;dh n;bhns dk gsk uZbD

s/ foFs/ }o{o pdbDr/. FyFhns ftZu ;zs[bB pDkJh oZyD bJh ;k~ nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ Bkb

i[VBk g?Adk j?. eJh tko nu/s s"o s/ i/ e[M n?;k j' ikt/ i' fe;/ ~ uzrk Bk bZr/ iK fe;/ dk

ezw yokp eo d/t/ sK fJj' fij/ ;w/A i/ ;k~ gsk bZr ikt/ fe n;hA ^bs\fjwh ftZu ;K sK

nkgDh rbsh wzB b?D Bkb FyFhns pDdh j?, ftrVdh BjhA. nu/s s"o s/ fe;/ pko/ nzdk}k

rbs th bZr ;edk j?. i/ s[jkvh nkgDh Bhns ;k\ j? sK nu/s s"o s/ j'JhnK ^bs\fjwhnK

th s[jkvhnK nkgDhnK BjhA j[zdhnK. rbs ~ ;jh iK ;jh ~ rbs ;wM b?Dk sK ;[Gkte j? go

n;b rZb dk gsk uZbD s'A pknd th, ;Zu ;kps j'D s'A pknd th, s[;hA fJ; Bkb fet/A BfiZmd/

j', fJj s[jkvh FyFhns j?. rbshnK j' ikDhnK sK ;[Gkte rZb j?. eJh tko tZv/ tZv/ b'e

rbshnK eo p?md/ jB. b/feB Bshi/ fe; soQK G[rsd/ jB, T[; ftZu'A ;kvk fujok j'o th ;kc

B}o nkT[Adk j?.

****



;kvh soshp;kvh soshp;kvh soshp;kvh soshp;kvh soshpfe;/ th y/so ftu n;hA fJe dw f;yo s/ BjhA gj[zu ;ed/. i/ e'Jh f;yo s/ fpmk d/

t/ s/ f;yo s/ p?m/ ~ j/mb/ vzfvnK dk frnkB jh Bk j't/ sK T[j T[E/ fNe BjhA ;edk, fro

ikt/rk. wo th ;edk j?. jZvhnK sK }o{o NZ[N ikDrhnK. pugB ftZu pZuk gfjbK jh d"VB BjhA

bZrdk. eJh j'o ;N/iK ftZu'A bzx e/ foVQ e/, s[o e/, c/o fes/ d"VB brdk j?. ihtB d/ jo ezw

ftu fJt/A jh j[zdk j?. e[dos d/ fB:wK nB[;ko jh ;ko/ ekoi j[zd/ jB. fJZe fdB ftZu e'Jh

foFsk BjhA pD ;edk, e'Jh tXhnk fyvkoh BjhA pD ;edk. i/ e'Jh e'fFF eo/rk sK T[;~

fBokFsk dk w{zj d/yDk gt/rk. eJh tko s[;hA pj[s f;nkD/ gVQ/ fby/ j[zd/ j' go e[M ekoi fJ;

soQK d/ j[zd/ jB fe fi; ftZu gVQkJh Bkb'A siop/ dh tZX }o{os j[zdh j?.

n"e;Bkov ftZu fJe fJzihBhno ofjzdk ;h okT{c. B/tb p/; g'oN tBhwh pVh tXhnk B/

th dh B"eoh eodk ;h. :{H ;hH b"; J/Aib; ftZu pZu/ gVQd/ ;B. tXhnk gfotko ;h. nkgD/ xo

tr?ok th ]ohd/ ;B. rZb eh pVh tXhnk o'Nh yKdk ;h. T[j ed/ ed/ ShBk wkoehN s'A ;"dk b?D

iKdk, ed/ fjzdh fcbw feokJ/ s/ b?D iKdk. ShB/ fszB/ Gok pV/ fwjBsh s/ eJh ;N'o ubkT[Ad/

;B. fszB/ Gok pj[sk gVQ/ fby/ Gkt/A BjhA ;B go ezweko pV/ tXhnk ubkT[Ad/ . tZv/ Gok ioB?b

ShB/ B/ phH n?wH vpb:{ eko oZyh j'Jh ;h. fi; dk Bzpo gb/N th w?~ :kd j? ihH BkBe. okT{c

B/ d/yDk fe fJj ;XkoD b'e fezBk N"jo Bkb ofjzd/ jB. j't/ Bk sK w?A th fJe ;N'o pDk btK.

i"jB;B vqkJht s/ fJZe Bt/A Fkfgzr ;?ANo ftZu fJZe tXhnk d[ekB feokJ/ s/ b? bJh. pZ; c/o

eh ;h. fizB/ e'b g?;/ ;B ;ko/ d[ekB s/ bk fdZs/ . xoK #s/ eo}k u[Ze e/ ;wkB gk fdZsk. pj[s

}'o bkT[D s/ th T[;dh d[ekB Bk uZbh. ;kok NZpo yg yg e/ wo frnk go d[ekB xkN/ ftZu

ikt/. pZfunK dh gVQkJh s/ th pVk n;o fgnk. shthA nkdwh th pj[s MrVd/ ofjzd/. w?~ okT{c

B/ f;ckoF ehsh fe ;N'o fe;/ soQK ftetk fdnK go e'Jh th rkje Bk fwfbnk feT[Afe you/

fes/ nkwdB Bkb'A tZX ;B. xkN/ tkbk ezw Gbk e'Jh feT[A eo{. pZ; j'Dk eh ;h ;kok gfotko

yZib y[nko j'fJnk. gfotkoe ihtB popkd j' frnk.

n;hA ihtB ftZu e[M th eoBk j?, T[; d/ i' vzv/ jB fJZe fJZe eoe/ jh uVQB/ g?Dr/ BjhA

sK Bshi/ rbs j' ;ed/ jB. fJe' dw T[go uVQB dk f]nkb ezw yokp th eo ;edk j?. n;hA

nkgDh nfrnkBsk ~ T[bzx e/ BjhA ik ;ed/. nfrnkBh i/ fes/ frnkBtkB j'D dk Gow b? e/

s[o gt/ sK fe;/ EK dk th BjhA ofjzdk. n;b ftZu nkgDh nfrnkBsk dk frnkB j'Dk jh frnkB

jk;b eoB dk gfjbk ;pe j?. frnkB jk;b eoB bJh ;k~ ;G s'A gfjbK nkgDh ;[DB Fesh

tXkT[Dh gt/rh. fJ; s'A th gfjbK nkgDh nfrnkBsk ;theko eoBh gt/rh. i' ;[D BjhA ;edk,

T[; ~ ed/ frnkB j' jh BjhA ;edk.

fJZe tko dh rZb j? fe n;hA p'J/Bk gkoe r[od[nkok ;kfjp ftZu e'Jh gq'rokw fBgNk e/

tkg; nk oj/ ;K. w/o/ Bkb frnkBh r[odhg f;zx s/ T[BQK dk iEk ;h. frnkBh r[odhg f;zx

b?AeoFw r[od[nko/ d/ j?Zv rqzEh ;B. Fkw g? rJh, ;zfXnk t/bk j' frnk. frnkBh ih efjD bZr/



ofjok; eohJ/. n;hA ;ko/ ob e/ ofjok; dk gkm eoB bZr gJ/. w?A th bkjk b?D bZr fgnk.

nukBe fJZe irQk s/ nk e/ w?A o[e frnk. pknd ftZu fco ;kfonK d/ Bkb ob e/ T[ukoD eoB

bZr frnk. nodk; s'A pknd frnkBh ih w?~ g[ZSD bZr/ fe w?A o[fenk feT[A ;h. w?A pE/oh jK j{z

ehsh go T[BQK d/ f}d eoB s/ w?~ dZ;Dk jh fgnk fe frnkBh ih fJZe okr dk T[ukoD rbs

eo oj/ ;h. frnkBh ih ~ gsk ;h fe T[j T[ukoD rbs eod/ jB, ;[s/ jh T[j rbs gVQd/

;B. efjD bZr/ fi;~ ;[DBk BjhA nkT[Adk T[;B/ nkgDh neb ~ skbk wko fbnk. w?~ w[nk\h

th Bk wzrD fdZsh s/ nkgDh nfrnkBsk ep{b ehsh.

nkgDh Gktesk s/ n;hA eJh tko godk gk ;ed/ jK. xVh dh xVh eJh tko n;hA nkgD/

fujo/ #s/ Bebh fujok bk b?Ad/ jK. i' ;k~ ikDd/ BjhA, T[j sK BjhA gfjukD ;ed/. ;kvh

gfjukD tkb/ b'e sK ikDd/ j[zd/ jB fe n;hA fezB/ e[ gkDh ftZu jK. d{;oh rZb fe fit/A n;hA

;wZf;nktK ~ d/yd/ jK, T[j T[; soQK jh pD iKdhnK jB. id'A xo ftZu ;G e[M mhe uZb fojk

j't/ ;ko/, jh y[F j'D sK ;ko/ jh fJZe d{i/ tZb d/y e/ j?okB j[zd/ jB. fJZe d{i/ dhnK ekpbhnsK

s/ y[Fh gorN eod/ jB. i/ xo ftZu e'Jh sebh\ wfj;{; j' ojh j? sK ;ko/ fJZe d{i/ ~ tZY{

ykT[A eod/ jB. y[Fh iK ^wh d/ ekoB dk gsk bZr ikt/ sK n;hA io b?Ad/ jK gqzs{ i' ftnesh

fe;/ y[F cfjwh ftZu Ng{;hnK wkoB bZr iKd/ jB, T[j id'A fvZrd/ jB sK ;ZN brdh j?.

fJZe tko ;kv/ feokJ/dkoK B/ ;kv/ #s/ w[eZdwk eo fdZsk. feT[Afe ;kvh fJzF'o?AF pj[s tXhnk

;h. fJ; eoe/ T[BQK d/ tehb B/ rbscfjwh dk fFeko eo fdZsk fe feokJ/dkoK ~ pZ; gzi uko

fwbhnB vkbo sK fwb jh ikT{. gzi uko fwbhnB pVk j[zdk. fJ; y[Fh ftZu jh ezweko eoBk

jh xNk fdZsk. tZvhnK tZvhnK rZvhnK th b? bJhnK s/ eJh soQK d/ t?b th eoB/ F[o{ eo fdZs/

b/feB T[j sK y[Fcfjwh ;h s/ fwfbnk e[M th Bk, ;r'A e'b'A d/D/ gJ/. tehb d/ g?;/ tZyo/ bZr/

, fJ; ;ZN B/ ;G e[M yokp eo fdZsk. i/ rbscfjwh Bk j[zdh sK ;G e[M BjhA ;h iKdk ofjDk.

g?;/ fwbD dh rbs nk; eo bJh go j'T{ fet/A fJ; pko/ nfrnkBsk ;h. nkyoh vzv/ s/ p?mD

dh y[Fcfjwh ftZu jh X"D GBtk bJh. nkgDh jkbs ;wMD bJh ;k~ v{zxkJh Bkb ;'uDk

gt/rk s/ jo vzv/ s/ ;zGb ;zGb e/ g?o XoBk gt/rk.

eJh tko n;hA nkgD/ nkg tZb Mksh BjhA wkod/ s/ d{;o/ dh rbsh d/yD d/ nkdh j[zd/ jK.

shthA nkdwh dh i/ pDdh BjhA sK nkdwh i/ ej/ fe w/oh fJZ}s BjhA xo ftZu sK jh w?A d[yh

jK. fJj th j' ;edk j? fe nkdwh dhnK rbshnK eoe/ jh xo ftZu eb/F j't/. i/ n;hA nkgDh

rbsh mhe eo bJhJ/ sK ;kok ezw ;{s nk ;edk j?. nkgD/ nkg dk d'F bZGDk gfjbh g"Vh j?

s/ ;[y gqkgs eoBk nkyoh g"Vh. n;hA y[Fcfjwh ftZu i' w[;hpsK yVQhnK eo b?Ad/ jK, T[BQK Bkb

BfiZmDk th eqwtko jh g?Adk j?. fJZe dw fgZS/ BjhA w[V j' ;edk. gzrk g? ikt/ sK T[;~ ;[bMkT[D

bJh th eqwtko jh uZbDk g?Adk j?. ;k~ pVk ;'u e/ s/ ;zGb e/ uZbDk g?Adk j?. fJ; jEbh feskp

ftZu n;hA e'fFF eoKr/ fe ;kohnK w[;hpsK d/ jZb fet/A bZGhJ/, fJ; s/ ftuko ehsh ikt/. fJj

;G e[M ;kv/ nkgD/ d[nkb/ jh x[zwdk j?, ;kvh FyFhns d/ d[nkb/. e[M th ;[bMkT[D s'A gfjbK,



fe;/ th itkp s'A gfjbK, ;k~ nkgD/ nzdo ;kvh w[Ybh s;tho tZb t/yDk gt/rk. fe;/ s/ ekp}

j'D s'A ;"yk j? fe nkgD/ nkg s/ ekp} j'fJnk ikt/. i/ n;hA pZfunK s'A fwbtosD dh nk; oZyDk

ukj[zd/ jK sK n;hA nkgDh ukjs g{oh eoB bJh ;ko/ nkgD/ co} fBGkT[D/ F[o{ eo d/JhJ/ sK ezw

;"yk j' ikt/. i/ n;hA ukj[zd/ jK fe ;kv/ s/ e'Jh :ehB eo/ sK nkgD/ nkg ~ fJ;d/ :'r pDkT[Dk

gt/rk.

nkgD/ nkg s/ fiZs gqkgs eoB Bkb n;hA pj[s ;kohnK fiZsK gqkgs eo ;ed/ jK. nkgDk

ufoZso mhe j?, FyFhns mhe j? sK b'eK s/ pkehnK s/ fiZs gqkgs eoBh nk;kB j' iKdh j?.

n;hA nkw s"o s/ d{;fonK ~ do[;s eoB tZb bZr/ ofjzd/ jK. d{;fonK dhnK p[fonkJhnK jh

fuskod/ oj/. i/ n;hA nkgD/ nkg ~ gfjbK co'bhJ/ sK j' ;edk j? fe pkeh dk ezw pVk nk;kB

j' ikt/.

fJ; g[;se ftZu w?A ihtB dhnK ;wZf;nktK jZb eoB dhnK e[M ftXhnK s/ th uouk eoBh

ukj[zdk jK. fJj ftXhnK th ;kv/ s'A jh F[o{ j[zdhnK jB. n;b ftZu ;kohnK ftXhnK d[Bhnk dhnK

;kv/ nzdo jh j[zdhnK jB. pZ; T[BQK ~ nkgD/ nzdo'A GkbD dk :sB jh eoBk j?. tXhnk feskpK

gVQ e/ tXhnK b'eK Bkb ftuko tNKdok eoe/, tXhnk d/FK ftZu tXhnk tXhnk ftUgko eoe/

, pj[s ;koh ewkJh eoe/ id'A w?A nkgD/ nkg ~ d/ ydk jK sK fJt/A brdk j? fit/A w?A i' e[M nkgD/

bJh eo ;edk ;h iK i' e[M nkgD/ nkg #u'A Gkb ;edk ;h, T[j BjhA Gkb ;fenk. i' w?A BjhA

Gkb ;fenk T[; ftZu j'o fe;/ dk d'F BjhA j?, w/ok nkgDk jh d'F j?. w?A i' e[M th rtkfJnk

j? T[j th FkfJd Bk jh rtkudk i/ feXo/ w?A nkgD/ nkg ~ Gkb ;eD d/ ;woZE j[zdk. fdb eodk

j? fe g{oh fJwkBdkoh Bkb ihtB d/ n;{bK dh rZb eoK i' n;{b w/ok ihtB ;zto ;ed/ ;h, go

feT[Afe w?A BjhA ngDkJ/, fJ;/ bJh xkN/ ftZu fojk. ****



;kvh gfjukD;kvh gfjukD;kvh gfjukD;kvh gfjukD;kvh gfjukD@tkdVhnK ;ikdVhnK fBGD f;oK d/ Bkb. # jo nkdwh e'Jh Bk e'Jh Nhuk fwEdk j?. fi;

soQK dh fe;/ dh :'rsk j[zdh j? iK fi; soQK dh ykjF j[zdh j? T[;/ soQK d/ Nhu/ n;hA fwE b?Ad/

jK. Nhu/ fwEDk jo fJB;kB dh ;'u j?, nkds j?. eJh tko n;hA n?;/ Nhu/ fwE b?Ad/ jK i' n;hA

g{o/ BjhA eo ;ed/. b/feB i' Nhu/ n;hA jk;b eo b?Ad/ jK, T[jBK NhfunK d/ eoe/ ;kvh gfjukD

pD iKdh j?. e'Jh vkeNo pD frnk, e'Jh fJzihBhno, e'Jh nfXnkge pD frnk s/ e'Jh

ftUgkoh d/ s"o s/ ikfDnk ikD bZrk. fi; BK d/ Bkb n;hA, fi; feZs/ dk eoe/ n;hA ikD/ iKd/

jK, T[j ;kvk d{;ok Bkw j[zdk j?. fi; soQK dk ftuko ;kv/ f}jB ftZu g?dk j't/rk T[; soQK d/

jh n;hA :sB eo ;ed/ jK. n;hA ew}'o ftnesh jK iK fJokd/ d/ gZe/ jK, fJj ;kvh :'rsk

ns/ ;kv/ NhfunK dh gqkgsh s'A nzdk}k brkfJnk ik ;edk j?. eJh tko fJ; soQK th j[zdk j?

fe ;kv/ Nhu/ sK j'o fwE/ j[zd/ jB. n;hA nkgDh gfjukD j'o jh pDkT[Dh ukj[zd/ jK b/feB pD

e[M j'o jh iKdk j?. fJj e[dos dh d]b-nzdk}h ejh ik ;edh j?. fit/A w?A ed/ ;'funk th

BjhA ;h fe nwohek ftZu ik e/ 24 ;kb ojKrk. nkb{nK d/ xkN/ B/ w?~ Xosh d/ d{;o/ gk;/ fbik

;Z[fNnk. T[E/ ik e/ w?A fco s'A nkgD/ nkg ~ Gkfbnk. nkgDh :'rsk ~ fco s'A Bt/A f;foUA n}wk

e/ d/fynk. Bt/A Nhu/ fwE/ s/ nkfyo nkgDh gfjukD fJZe ftUgkoh d/ s"o s/ pDk bJh. gzikp

dk fe;kB gzikph dh n?wH J/H, b/feB nzro/}K Bkb ik e/ w[ekpb/ ehs/ s/ Bt/A NhfunK ~ g{fonK

ehsk. w?A fJ; rZb Bkb ;fjws BjhA fe ;kvhnK ;'uK ftZu'A jh :'rsk iBw b?Adh j?. eJh tko

;k~ fJ; soQK th ;'uDk g? iKdk j? fi;d/ pko/ ed/ ;'funk th Bk j't/.

g[Zmh ;'u eJh tko ;k~ g[Zm/ ezw eoB d/ ekpb pDk fdzdh j?. b'eK dh nkb'uBk eoBk, fBzdk

eoBk, ekjbkgD iK ][dro}h torhnK ;'uK ;k~ fJj rbs ezw eoB d/ ekpb th pDk fdzdhnK

jB. w?A nkg eJh tko ekjbk g? e/ eJh B[e;kB eotkJ/ jB. w?A id y/sh eoB bZfrnk fgzv ftZu

sK ;kvh }whB ns/ Bfjo d/ ftukb/ e[M n?;h }whB ;h fi; ftu dh ;k~ Bfjo dk gkDh fwb

;edk ;h. w?A T[j }whB yohdD tk;s/ ekjbk g? frnk. t/uD tkb/ ~ w/oh ew}'oh dk gsk bZr

frnk s/ ehws d[ZrDh s'A th tZX d/ e/ }whB b?Dh gJh. ;kvhnK nkdsK Gbk fet/A pD iKdhnK,

fJj ;kvh ]kjF, ;kvh :'rsk ns/ ;kvh fdqVsk d/ ekoB ;k~ e[M eoB dk u;ek g? iKdk j?.

T[; u;e/ ~ n;hA nkds th nkyd/ jK. e[M eoB dh u/ Ne bZr ikDh, fi; u/Ne d/ cb;o{g

b'e ;kvh gfjukD eoB. d{;o/ bc}K ftZu T[j u/Ne ;kvh gfjukD pD ikt/.

e?b/c'oBhnK ftZu w?~ fJZSk g?dk j'Jh fe dofwnkB/-Bk pj[s tZv/ s/ Bk jh pj[s fBZe/ ;N'o

pDkJ/ ikD. fBZe/ ;N'o i' fe ekoBo ;N'o ti'A ikD/ iKd/ jB, T[BQK ftZu w?A eJh ;kb ezw eoe/

d/fynk ;h. pkjO/ tZv/ ;N'o y'bQD dh fjzws BjhA ;h. 1990 ftZu w/oh fJj ]kjF g{oh j' rJh.

id fcbw'o ;?ANob wkoehN ekw:kp j' rJh sK nkgDh :'rsk s/ Go';k j' frnk 1991 ftZu

n?bohU ;?ANob wkoehN pDkJh, 1992 ftZu w{ogkoe ;?ANob wkoehN 1993 ftZu ;?w ;?ANk



gkT[bk wkoehN, 1994 ftZu w/B whN wkoehN s/ 1996 ftZu t?Bu[ok ;?ANob wkoehN ]ohd

bJh, 1995 ftZu bZeh ;?tB p/e;chbv ftZu b? fbnk. gfjbK f;o\ fBZek fijk fbeo ;N'o

;?Nhe[nkJ/ fbeo jh ;h. n?;h u/Ne bZrh ;?ANob wkoehN tkb/ ;kvh gfjukD pD rJh. ]kjF

;h, siopk th j' frnk, :'rsk th ;h, pZ; u/Ne bZrD dh d/o jh ;h fe ;kvh tZyoh gfjukD

pD rJh.

s[;hA fezBh e[ ekw:kp gfjukD pDk ;ed/ j', fJj s[jkvh u/Ne s/ fBoGo eodk j?. s[jkvh

u/Ne s[jkvh :'rsk s/ fBoGo eodh j? s/ :'rsk s[jkvh ykjF s/ fBoGo eodh j?. i/ fe;/ dh

e'Jh ykjF BjhA iK ykjF g{oh eoB dh :'rsk BjhA iK fco u/Ne BjhA bZrh sK T[j gfjukD

ed/ BjhA pD ;edh. ekw:kph dh y[Fh jk;b eoBh j? sK ykjF :'rsk s/ brB (u/Ne) fszB/

j'D sK jh rZb pD/rh. i/ fJZe th xZN j? sK fBok;sk dk w{zj d/ yDk g? ;edk j?. fJj th ;Zu

j? fe fJZe fdB ftZu ykjF g?dk j' e/ :'rsk nk e/ brB bZr e/ gfjukD BjhA pfDnk eodh.

efjzd/ jB @o'w fJe fdB ftu BjhA pfDnk. # jo fJB;kB nkgDk ihtB nzRkD/ s'A jh nkozG

eodk j?. i' jo soQK d{finK s/ fBoGo j[zdk j?. j"bh j"bh nkgD/ nzr g?oK dh gfjukD pDdh

j?. ;wK gk e/ fco b'eK s/ fBoGosk s'A th nk}kd j' iKd/ jB. nk}kd ftnesh d/ fdb ftu

]kjFK T[wzrK g?dk j[zdhnK jB. T[wzrK g{ohnK eoB bJh :sB eodk j? fJB;kB s/ fco id'A

:'rsk g?dk j[zdh j? sK fco ;kv/ ftZu brB g?dk j[zdh j?. brB bZr ikt/ sK fco :'r ftnesh

nkgDh ohM g{oh eo b?Adk j?. ohMK d/ g{o/ j'D Bkb jh sK ;kvh gfjukD pDdh j?. fizBhnK tZX

ohMK g{ohnK j' ikD UBh f}nkdk ;kvh gfjukD pD iKdh j?.

nkdwh nkgDk ;\o d{finK s/ fBoGosk s'A ukb{ eodk j?. e[dos s/ fBoGo eodk j?, id'A

n;hA nkgDh tZyoh gfjukD pDk b?Ad/ jK sK th fJ;dk fJj wsbp BjhA fe n;hA fe;/ Bkb e'Jh

foFsk BjhA oZyd/. fJB;kB fJeZbk sK ofj jh BjhA ;edk. tZvh s'A tZvh gfjukD tkb/ ftnesh

~ th foFfsnK dh b'V j[zdh j?. id'A w?A e?b/c'oBhnK frnk sK fpbe[b fJeZbk ;K. nkgfDnK ftZu

ofjD dh J/Bh G[Zy bZrh ;h fe 60-70 ihn nkgD/ bkr/ bkr/ fJeZm/ eo bJ/ s/ ;G s'A tZvh

rbsh fJj ehsh e/ ;kfonK ~ fJe' soQK d/ fp}B; ftu jh gk fdZsk. efjzd/ B/ uwfrZdV d/

xo goQkT[D/ nk rJ/. T[; B/ Bkb dhnK NkjDhnK Bkb g[Zm/ bNek fdZs/. nkg; ftu w[ekpb/ j'D/

F[o{ j' rJ/. f}dK j'DhnK F[o{ j' rJhnK, bVkJhnK th j'JhnK, w[edw/ uZb/. w?A ;'uK fe nkgDh

gfjukD d/ nkgD/ foFs/dko fJeZm/ eoe/ w?A fJj eh gzrk gk fbnk go pj[s d/o j' u[Zeh ;h.

w?~ id'A w/oh gfjukD szr eoB bZr gJh. w/o/ nkgD/ ;Zg w/o/ bVB bZr gJ/ sK nkgDh gfjukD

s'A d{o GZi ikD ~ fdb eo/. sK jh sK w?A nkgDh gfjbh feskp dk BK @wzf}b Bk fwbh# oZfynk

;h. ;kvh nkgDh gfjukD id szr eodh j? sK gSsktk fijk brdk j? fe Bk w/oh ohM g?dk

j[zdh Bk w?A e'fFF eoe/ iZd'-ifjd eoe/ :'r j[zdk, Bk brB brdh s/ Bk w/oh gfjukD pDdh.

fezBk uzrk j[zdk i/ w?~ UgfonK ftZu ofj e/ ;e{B Bkb ihtB pshs eoB dk w"ek fwfbnk

ofjzdk. go ekF! fe sho tkg; gos nkT[Adk.



T[wo d/ Bkb }o{oh BjhA fe jo pzd/ dh gfjukD pD ;e/. eJh ;koh T[wo e[M th eo

;eD d/ :'r jh BjhA j[zd/. gzikph ftFt ekBcoz; ftZu ibzXo p'bfdnK iBw/ik f;zx i"jb B/

pVk j;kfJnk. T[;B/ feskp fbyh pkbeK bJh go pkbeK dh T[wo BjhA dZ;h. eJh ;koh T[wo

pkbe jh ofjzd/ jB. id'A n;hA fBoGo eod/ jK fe;/ s/ sK ;kvh f}zw/tkoh e'Jh BjhA j[zdh. nkgDh

gfjukD pDk b?D s'A pknd n;hA BjhA efj ;ed/ fe w/ok iz[wk d'F g'F. sK jh sK w?A nkgD/ nkg

~ ;wMkfJnk fe nkg/ ckEVhJ/ s?~ e"D Svkt?. s/o/ jB fJj ;ko/ b'e. ;[fozdo f;zx s{z nkg

jh fJeZm/ ehs/ jB. j[D s{z fes/ BjhA ik ;edk, G[rs j[D. jZEK dhnK fdZshnK ~ dzdK Bkb y'jb.

w?A s/ ;[fDnk ;h fe fJe fJeZbk s/ d' frnkoK. ob fwb e/ e'fFF eohJ/ sK tZvhnK s'A tZvhnK

gqkgshnK eo ;edk j? fJB;kB. go w?~ eh gsk ;h fe w?~ e?Auh wko e/ fjZbD i'rk th BjhA

ofjD d/Dk w/o/ nkgfDnK B/. fJeZfbnK dh sK e'Jh th gfjukD BjhA j[zdh. fJeZbk sK o[Zy th

Bk j't/ T[ikV ftZu. fi; soQK d/ th jB, nkgD/ jB. go fizBk fuo n;hA nkgDh wo}h Bkb

nkgD/ okj pDk ;eD d/ ;woZE jK, ;kvh b'eK ftZu ftuofdnK th tZyoh gfjukD j[zdh j? go

i/eo ;k~ fe;/ d/ j[ew ftZu ofjD bJh wip{o j'Dk g? ikt/ sK ;kvh gfjukD s/ ;ZN tZidh

j?. nkgDh s'o/ nkgDh wNe Bkb i/ e'Jh s[fonk iKdk j? sK fJj jh T[;dh gfjukD j?. pk}ko

ftZu dh jkEh s[fonk iKdk j?, e'Jh o'Vh wkodk, e'Jh nkb/ d[nkb/ GZik fcodk, e'Jh nkydk d't/

A gk;/ g{SK bZrhnK go i/ sK jkEh nkgDh s'o/ s[oh ikt/ sK jh jkEh j?. jo fJe dh rZb dk

n;o jkEh s/ j' jh BjhA ;edk, fJj jh jkEh dh gfjukD j?.

;fj:'r Bkb dh oh; BjhA i/ ;ko/ fwb e/ ;fj:'r eoB ;kfonK dh neb ezw nk ;edh

j?, ;G ~ e[M Bk e[M eo ftykT[D dk w"ek fwb iKdk j? s/ ekw:kphnK fco g?o u[zwdhnK

fcodhnK. fBoGo ;k~ ofjDk g?Adk e[dos dk n;{b j?. go id'A n;hA nk}kd j' iKd/ jK sK

nk}kd j[zfdnK th fe;/ Bk fe;/ s/ fBoGo eoB ~ fdb eodk j?. fJeZfbnK ed/ th rZb BjhA

pDdh. ;G s'A tXhnk sohek j? ;fj:'r. w[]kb\s szr eodh j? go ;fj:'r Bkb n;hA tZv/ s'A

tZv/ ekoi eoB ftZu ;woZE j[zd/ jK. ;fj:'r d/ Bkb Bkb i/ ;wM bZr ikt/ fe n;hA fJ; ezw

~ fet/A eoBk j? sK ;'B/ s/ ;[jkr/ tkbh rZb j' iKdh j?. fcbw'o ;?ANob wkoehN n;hA ;fj:'r

Bkb ubkJh, w?~ siopk ;h s/ w/o/ Bkb fdnK ~ w/o/ s/ :ehB ;h. w?A fit/A efjDk ;kfonK B/

GZi GZi e/ eoBk. n;hA E'VQ/ ;w/A ftZu jh pj[s g?;k pDkfJnk. ;kfonK dhnK i/pK Go rJhnK.

ftXh Bkb ob fwb e/ g{o/ ftFtk; Bkb e[M th eohJ/, T[;dk Bshik ;jh fBeb/rk. ob fwb

e/ pDkJh gfjukD d/ B?D BeF jh w}/dko j[zd/ jB.

****



;kv/ nfXeko;kv/ nfXeko;kv/ nfXeko;kv/ nfXeko;kv/ nfXekod[Bhnk dhnK G"se t;sK n;hA fizBhnK e[ gqkgs eo ;eD dh ;woZEk oyd/ jK, UBk jh

tZvk ;kvk nfXeko y/so j[zdk j?. e'Jh ;kJheb jh yohd ;edk j?, e'Jh ;e{No s/ e'Jh eko.

fJj ;kvh :'rsk s/ fBoGo eodk j?. i/ n;hA ;{MtkB jK ;kv/ ftZu Fesh j? s/ ;kvh ohM j't/

fe n;hA e[M gqkgs eoBk j?. T[; ohM ~ g{oh eoB tk;s/ :'rsk s/ brB th j't/ sK n;hA T[j

t;s{ gqkgs eo b?Ad/ jK. pj[s ;woZEk tkb/ b'e pj[s wfjzrhnK t;sK th b? ;ed/ jB. T[j

;kohnK G"fse t;sK i' n;hA pDkJhnK jB, T[BQK s/ ;kvk nfXeko j[zdk j?. w?A nkgDh eko dh ukph

fe;/ ~ d/tK iK Bk d/tK, fJj w/oh wo}h. fi; uh} s/ s[jkvh wo}h uZb/ fiZE'A fiZE'A sZe s[jkvh

wo}h uZb/, T[j jh s[jkvk nfXeko y/so j[zdk j?. Bkb dh Bkb T[j ;kohnK t;sK i' s[jkvhnK

jB, T[BQK dk f]nkb oZyDk th s[jkvk co} j[zdk j?. efjzd/ jkEh b?Dk ;"yk go ;KGDk n"yk j[zdk

j?. fBoGo eodk j? fe s[;hA nkgD/ nfXeko y/so dhnK t;sK dh fezBh e[ ;zGkb eod/ j'. eko

dk s/b gkDh Bk d/y'r/ sK pj[sh d/o BjhA uZb/rh, Gkt/A fizBh wo}h tXhnk eko j't/. ;' fJZe rZb

sfj j'Jh fe T[j t;sK i' s[jkv/ nfXeko y/so ftZu jB s/ fiBQK dh ;zGkb s[;hA eo oj/ j',

T[BQK s/ s[jkvk nfXeko j[zdk j?.

G"fse t;sK d/ Bkb Bkb XB s/ g?f;nK s/ th ;kvh :'rsk nB[;ko nfXeko pD iKdk j?.

sohek T[j jh j? fe i/ ;k~ ohM j't/, ;kvh :'rsk j't/, ;k~ brB th j't/ sK n;hA XB ewk

;ed/ jK. ewkJh eo ;ed/ jK. tXhnk B"eoh, tXhnk eko'pko j't/ sK tXhnk nkwdB j't/ s/ i/

eko'pko tXhnk BjhA sK fco nkwdBh fet/A tXhnk j' ;edh j? < G"fse t;sK tKr ewkJh s/

th ;k~ nfXeko pDkJh oZyD bJh T[;dk fXnkB oZyDk gt/rk. g[okD/ }wkB/ ftZu b'e fejk eod/

;h nebK pkM'A y{j ]kbh. i/ ohM Bkb nkgDk ;kok sB wB bk e/ s/ pVh brB Bkb pV/ f;oV

Bkb g?;k ewk th fbnk s/ i/ ;k~ nkgDh ewkJh ;zGkbDh Bk nkt/ sK ysw j' ;edh j?.

d; ;kb gfjbK i/ fe;/ B/ nkgDk fJe y/s t/u e/ fJe bZy o[gJ/ iwQK eotk fdZs/. 10%

ftnki b? e/ th i'Vdk fojk j't/ sK d; ;kb pknd nZi T[; e'b d' bZy o[gJ/ j't/rk. pVk tXhnk

brdk d/yD ;[DB ~. b/feB 10 ;kb gfjbK fi; y/s ~ fe;/ B/ ]ohfdnk ;h, T[;B/ Bkb/ sK

c;b jo ;kb tZYh s/ i/ T[j y/s nZi d; ;kb pknd eo'V iK d' eo'V dk j? sK ckfJd/ ftZu

e"D fojk< feE/ d' bZy s/ feE/ d' eo'V ;" r[DK tkXk. efjD s'A Gkt i/ ;k~ nkgDhnK t;sK

dh ;zGkb BjhA eoBh nkT[Adh sK T[j uh}K s[jkv/ nfXeko y/so ftu BjhA ofjDrhnK. iK fJzM

ej' fe xN ;eD dk vo j?.

G"fse t;sK ns/ nkgD/ ewkJ/ XzB s/ nfXeko d/ Bkb Bkb fJZe j'o nfXeko j[zdk j?. n;b

ftZu ;G s'A tZX nfjwhns oZyD tkbk nfXeko ;kvk nkgfDnK s/ j[zdk j?. s[jkv/ fezB/ e[ nkgD/

jB, T[j th s[jkvk nfXeko y/so j?. eJh b'e rZbK eod/ ;[D/ fe w/o/ e'b j'o e[M BjhA pZ;

w/o/ sK :ko d';s jh w/oh XB g{zih j?. tZv/ xokD/ tkfbnK ~ b'e seVk frDd/. vo th j[zdk



j? tZv/ xokD/ tkfbnK dk ;oeko/ dopko/ th gjz[u j[zdh j?. gfjbh rZb G"fse uh}K t;sK s/

ewkJh dh ;zGkb sK nkdwh jh eod/ jB. ;' pzd/ dh ;G s'A tZvh ewkJh pzdk jh j[zdh j?. eJh

tko s[;hA ;f[Dnk j't/rk i/ feXo/ fe;/ dk B[e;kB j' ikt/, XzB wkb iKdk oj/ sK b'e fdbk;k

fdzd/, F[eo j? e'Jh ikBh B[e;kB BjhA j'fJnk, pzd/ ;ko/ szdo[;s B/, nkg/ j'o ewk b?Dr/. efjD

s'A Gkt pzd/ dh ;G s'A }o{oh b'V pzdk jh j?. foFfsnK fpBK XB d"bs dk e'Jh noE jh BjhA

pDdk, e'Jh we;d jh BjhA pDdk. pj[s ;ko/ XB wkb ftZu i/ pzdk fJeZbk j? sK eh eo/rk.

foFfsnK dh th d/y-GkO eoBh g?Adh j?. i/ ;k~ foFs/ BjhA oZyD/ nkT[Ad/ sK n;hA nfXeko rtk

p?md/ jK.

i' th t;sK n;hA nkgD/ fBZih nfXeko y/so ftZu g?dk eo b?Ad/ jK, T[BQK dk ;k~ eh ;[y

j?, fJ; gk;/ }ok fXnkB eohJ/. G"fse t;sK i' n;hA fwjBs eoe/ pDkJhnK, i/ T[BQK dk ;[y

gqkgs eoBk j? sK n;{b j'D/ sK }o{oh jB feT[Afe jo ekoi dh e'Jh wfonkdk sK j[zdh jh j?.

i/ s[jkv/ e'b eko j? sK T[;dk ;[y gqkgs eoB bJh }o{oh j? fe nkgD/ jZE ofj e/ ubkJh ikt/

. ;w/A s/ n;EkB d/ fB:wK ftZu ofj e/ ubkJh ikt/. go i/ T[j jh eko rbs ubkUr/ sK ;[y

dh irQk d[Zy gqkgs j'Dr/. fJ;/ soQK ewkJh eoe/ i'fVnk XB i/ ;jh Bk toshJ/ sK d[Zy dk ekoD

pD ;edk j?. rbs irQk s/ bZfrnk g?;k eJh tko w[;hps yVQh eo fdzdk j?. fJ;/ soQK foFs/

pDkJh oZyD/ th pj[s }o{oh j[zd/ jB feT[Afe fwZsosk id th N[ZN/rh d[FwDh iBw bt/rh.

****



;kvh :'rsk;kvh :'rsk;kvh :'rsk;kvh :'rsk;kvh :'rskeJh tko n;hA e[M eo ;eD d/ :'r j[zd/ jK b/feB n;hA fe;/ j'o dh n:'rsk dk fFeko

pD iKd/ jK. rbsh fe;/ j'o dh go fJt}kBk ;k~ G[rsDk g? iKdk j?. eJh tko G"fse gdkoEK

dh th :'rsk fe;/ j'o B/ yokp eo fdZsh j't/ sK gdkoE dk eh e;{o j?. fJ; dk fJe d{;ok

gk;k th j[zdk j? fe eJh tko b'eK ~ gsk jh BjhA j[zdk fe fJj sK ;'B/ dh ykD j?. fe;/ j'o

ftZu gfjukD ;eD dh :'rsk j[zdh j?. fit/A n;hA uouk eo u[Ze/ jK fe G"fse gdkoE ns/ ewkJh

s/ g?;/ s/ nfXeko sK wB[Zy dk jh j[zdk j?. ;' nkdwh dh :'rsk G"fse gdkoEK dh :'rsk s/ pj[s

n;o eodh j?. 1996 ftZu n;hA t?ABu{ok ;?ANob wkoehN dh ikfJdkd p?Ae s'A yohdh. fszB bZy

d; e[ j}ko dk e[Zb youk j'fJnk. w/o/ fgzv dk fJZe bVek ;opihs s/ T[;dk fJZe fwZso ;kph

w/o/ pokpo d/ fjZ;/dko ;B. 70-70 j}ko vkbo fszBK B/ bk e/ pkeh eo}k b? fbnk s/ ezw ukb{

eo fdZsk. ;kph s/ ;opihs d't/A pj[s ;]s fwjBs eoB tkb/ pVh BZm-GZi eoB tkb/ ;B.

pVh f}zw/tkoh Bkb ezw eoB. ;N'o pj[s tZvk ;h. pj[s nkwdB d/ ;eD dh :'rsk ;h ;N'o

dh, b/feB F[o{ ftZu e[M BjhA ;h pu fojk. d't/A fJZe fdB d\so ftZu p?m/ ;h fe w?A th ubk

frnk. rZbK-pksK eofdnK ;opihs B/ ;tkb ehsk fe ;k~ pudk e[M BjhA. w?A fejk fe fJ;

;N'o dh pVh ;woZEk j? pj[s e[M pu ;edk j?, j";bk oZy', ;G mhe j' ikt/rk. w?A gfjbK T[;

soQK d/ ;N'o ubkJ/ ;h, w?~ gZek gsk ;h fe ;N'o }o{o uZb/rk. w?A ;wMkfJnk d'tK ~ fe fJe

dw e[M BjhA j' ;edk go w?A :ehB fdtkT[Adk jK fe fJj ;N'o }o{o uZb/rk. w?A fJj th efj

fdZsk fe s[;hA d't/A gzi gzi ;" vkbo jo j\s/ b? ikfJnk eo'. S/ e[ wjhB/ phs rJ/ go ;N'o

jkb/ th w[Bk\k Bk fdykt/. fJZe fdB fco whfNzr p[bk e/ efjD bZr/ fe ;kvk gzi ;" vkbo j\s/

Bkb ;odk BjhA s/ ;N'o e[M fdzdk BjhA. fco fet/A ehsk ikt/< w?A g[ZfSnk. ;opihs ej/ ;N'o

t/u d/JhJ/. w?A fejk Bk t/uhJ/. ekch d/o rZbpks ubdh ojh. nyho ftZu d'jK B/ ;bkj eoe/

fJe sith} w/o/ e'b g/F ehsh fe e'Jh rkje fwbdk j? i' nkgK ~ gzikj gzikj j}ko w[Bk\k

d/D ~ fsnko j?. w?A fco fejk e/ ;N'o t/uDk BjhA ukjhdk. nyho ftZu d'jK B/ w?~ B'fN; d/

fdZsk fe iK sK ;N'o ;KMk t/u fdU s/ iK w?A d'jK ~ 130,000 vkbo fJeZb/ fJeZb/ ~ d/

d/tK s/ ;N'o ;kok oZy btK. w/o/ bZy wBkT[D s/ th T[j Bk jh wzB/.

w?A n"yk ;"yk j' e/ e[M g?;/ ftnkih cV e/ d'jK ~ 130,000 d/ fdZs/ . n;hA fwjBs eod/

oj/ s/ ;N'o ;kb e[ ftZu ub fgnk s/ g?;/ pukT[D bZr fgnk. e[M ;wK j'o bzx frnk sK n;hA

fe;/ ~ feokJ/ s/ d/ fdZsk, pVk tXhnk feokfJnk nkT[D bZr fgnk s/ ikfJdkd dh ehws th

pj[s tZX rJh eJh r[DK j' rJh. ;opihs d/ xo bVek j'fJnk. n;hA d/yD rJ/ sK ;opihs

;N'o pko/ g[ZSD bZr fgnk. d' e[ ;" whb d{o ofjzdk s/ pVh tXhnk d[ekB dk wkbe ;h ;opihs.

w?A id'A dZf;nk fe w?A sK pj[s tXhnk fojk. gzi ;Zs bZy vkbo dk w/ok ckfJdk j' frnk sK

;opihs ;'uD bZr fgnk fe T[; ~ w/oh rZb wzB b?Dh ukjhdh ;h. nZi sZe gSsk fojk j?.



;' fe;/ G"fse gdkoE dh :'rsk dk nB[wkB bkT[Dk th ;kvh :'rsk j[zdh j?. g?;/ s/ G"fse gdkoE

sK B"eo j[zd/ jB. nkdwh B"eo s'A fezBk e[ ezw b? ;edk j?, fJj ;kvh nkgDh :'rsk j[zdh j?.

;kvh :'rsk ;kvh ;'u ns/ ;kv/ fttjko s/ fBoGo eodh j?. fJe w[Bk\k ewkT[D dh fwedko

j[zdh j? fit/A gzikj vkboK dk ;"dk b? e/ i/ 75 vkbo dk t/u fdZsk sk 25 vkbo w[Bk\k j' frnk.

d{;oh w[Bk\k ewkT[D dh :'rsk j[zdh j?.

n;hA fJZe ;N'o fbnk fi; ftu jo soQK dk ;wkB ftedk ;h. d[ZX, whN, ;p}hnK,

efonkBk, wfBnkoh, dtkJhnK, wfmnkJhnK s/ tkJhB phno th ftedh ;h. id'A n;hA e'Jh BtK

;N'o pDkT[Ad/ sK fJZe d' uh}K dh ;/b bk e/ b'eK ~ neoFs efonk eod/ ;K. fJ; tko w?A

;'funk fe 16 n"A; phno dh ed/ fe;/ B/ ;/b BjhA bkJh ub' nkgK bkT[Ad/ jK. T[; ;w/A n;hA

2 e/; 16 n"A; dh phno d/ t/funk eod/ ;K. B"A vkbo dh b?Dh s/ 12 vkbo dh t/u e/ fszB

vkbo j\s/ d/ pu ikD/. n;hA n]pko ftZu fJFfsjko fdZsk e/ 16 n"A; phno dk e/; nZi s'A

12 vkbo dh irQk 10 vkbo dk fwb/ rk. 30% dh irQk 10% jh w[Bk\k b?Dk F[o{ eo fdZsk.

e[M fuo ftu jh n;hA 2 e/; dh pikJ/ 200 e/; jo j\s/ t/uD bZr gJ/. fszB vkbo j\s/

dh fpikJ/ 200 vkbo j\s/ dk puD bZr fgnk. ;' bkG dh fwedko xZN eoe/ n;hA fezBk tZX

bkG eo fbnk. phno sK ;kXB ;h. ;kvh :'rsk eoe/ n;hA T[; ;kXB dk ;jh fJ;s/wkb eo

fbnk.

w?A jw/FK fJj ;'udk j[zdk ;K fe i' rkje jB T[BQK Bkb tXhnk ;b{e j'Dk ukjhdk j?. go

;ko/ ;N'oK ftZu w?A nkg sK rkje G[rsk BjhA ;h ;edk. ;' w?A nkgD/ w[bk}wK ~ bkbu d/ e/ tZX

s'A tZX sBykj d/ e/ oZyDk s/ nkgD/ GoktK tKr iK pZfunK tKr T[BQK Bkb g/F nkT[Dk. ;kv/ fJZe

rZb wFj{o ;h fe fi; fe;/ B/ ;[fozdo Bkb ezw ehsk, T[j j'o fes/ ezw BjhA eo ;edk. y?o

w/o/ Bkb ezw eoe/ ;kb d' ;kb ftZu jh w/o/ w[bk}w J/B/ ;woZE j' iKd/ ;h fe T[BQK ~ j'o fes/

ezw eoB dh }o{os jh BjhA ;h g?Adh. nkgD/ ftUgko eo ;eD d/ :'r j' iKd/. pj[s w[zv/

w/o/ e'b ezw eoe/ nkgDh jh :'rsk Bkb nZi-ebQ eo'VK vkboK d/ wkbe jB. w?A id'A ed/ T[BQK

~ fwbdk iK d/ydk sK eJh tko fdb ftZu y[Fh j[zdh j? fe w/ok th E'VQk pj[sk jZE j? fJBQK

dh ekw:kph ftZu. ewkJh eoBh g?;/ ewkT[D/ pVh tXhnk rZb j? b/feB fJ; rZb dk th fXnkB

oZyDk j[zdk j? fe w/o/ :sB Bkb w/oh :'rsk Bkb i' th ekw:kph jk;b j'Jh j? T[; d/ pdb/ fes/

w?A e[M rtkfJnk sK BjhA< i/ g?;/ ewkT[Ad/ ewkT[Ad/ ;N'o pDkT[Ad/ pDkT[Ad/ n;hA pj[s ;ko/

foFs/dko, :ko d';s rtk bJhJ/ sK th mhe BjhA. ;G e[M eoBk ukjhdk j?, g?;/ th ewkT[D/

ukjhd/. nkgD/ nkg ~ y[F th oZyDk ukjhdk j? go i/ fJ; dh ehws pj[s tZX skoBh gt/ sK

eh bkG j'fJnk. nkgDk iK fe;/ j'o dk B[e;kB eoe/ i/ e[M fwb th frnk sK ;"dk xkN/tzdk

j?.

;opihs ~ Gkt/A w/oh ekw:kph uzrh Bk jh bZrh j't/ go w?A T[;dk B[e;kB BjhA ehsk. Bk

jh w/o/ tZb'A T[j rtkuk jh j?. fe;/ Bk fe;/ fdB id T[;~ nfj;k; j't/rk sK ;G mhe j'



ikt/rk. nkgD/ w[bk}wK ~ tZX g?;/ sBykj d/ e/ iK T[BQK Bkb tXhnk tshok eoe/ w?A fe;/ dk

rtkfJnk e[M BjhA go i/ e'Jh ftUgkoh ej/ e/ ;[fozdo pzd/ yokp eo d/Adk sK w/ok eh e;{o

j?< i/ e[M eoBk j? sK T[; tk;s/ T[gokbk sK eoBk jh gt/rk. T[gokbk sK jh eo ;ed/ jK

i/ ;kv/ ftZu ekpbhns j?, :'rsk j?. i/ :'rsk j? go ;kvk fdb BjhA eodk T[j ezw eoB ~

iK fJzM ej' fe ;kvh brB BjhA fi; ezw ftZu T[j th BjhA j' ;edk. ;kvk fJokdk, ;kvh

ekpbhns ns/ ;kvh brB fwb e/ jh Bshi/ ;jh eZY ;ed/ jB. i/ fszBK ftZu'A fJZe th xN j?

sK w[Feb j' ;edk j? ;G e[M. fizBh tZX brB j? fizBh tZX :'rsk j? s/ fizBk fJokdk gZek j?

UBk jh Bshik ;jh fBeb/rk. d{;oh rZb fJj fe e'Jh th ewkJh fi; dh ehws pj[s f}nkdk

skoBh gt/, mhe BjhA j[zdh. gZek fJokdk eoe/ ;kok }'o bk e/ brB Bkb ezw eoe/ i' ewkJhnK

eod/ jB s/ T[j T[; ewkJh eoB dh pj[sh ehws th ndk BjhA eod/, T[j jh sK ekw:kp ns/

:'r jB. i/ dkVQh Bkb'A w[ZSK tZX rJhnK nkwdBh gqkgs eoB bJh ehws nkwdBh s'A tZX ndk

eoBh gt/ sK fJj' fijh ewkJh dk eh eoBk<

****



;kvh fdqFNh;kvh fdqFNh;kvh fdqFNh;kvh fdqFNh;kvh fdqFNhg[oksB }wkB/ ftZu bc} j[zdk ;h fdp fdq;Nh. jo fe;/ e'b BjhA j'fJnk eodh ;h fJ;

soQK dh B}o. ni'e/ }wkB/ ftZu i/ fJB;kB dh fdqFNh j?, T[; fdqFNh eoe/ jh pkeh ;ko/ ihnK

s/ jkth j?. jo gF{ gzSh ftZu fJB;kB torh nkgD/ nkg dh y'i eo ;eD tkbh fdqFNh BjhA

j[zdh. nZyK ;G ~ fdZshnK oZp B/ go ;'u ;eD dh Fesh f;o\ fJB;kB e'b jh j?. fJ; Fesh

d/ eoe/ jh n;hA d{finK d/ siofpnK ftZu'A e[M f;Zy ;ed/ jK. ;kv/ nkgD/ siop/ fet/A oj/,

fJj th f;Zy ;ed/ jK s/ i/ e'Jh nkgD/ ihtB d/ siop/ b'eK Bkb ;KM/ eo ;eD d/ :'r j't/

sK eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. nkgDh ;'u, nkgD/ siop/ i/ fJwkBdkoh Bkb ;KM/ ehs/ ikD sK gVB ;[DB

tkfbnK ~ pj[s bkG j' ;edk j?. n;hA i' wfj;{; ehsk, T[j ;kvk siopk j'fJnk. fJB;kB

e'Jh siop/ dk Bkw BjhA j?. b/feB siop/ eoB dh Fesh }o{o oZydk j?. i' n;hA wfj;{; ehsk,

i/ fJwkBdkoh Bkb pkehnK ~ th nkgD/ gkmeK ~ dZ;hJ/ sK T[j fJwfsjkB, i' s[jk~ d/D/ gJ/

, fiBQK T[Zu/ Bht/A EKtK s'A s[jk~ r[}oBk fgnk, T[BQK nihp foFfsnK dk gkmeK ~ frnkB j' ;edk

j?. Gkt[esk jo fJB;kB ftZu j[zdh j?, fe;/ ftZu tZX fe;/ ftZu xZN. b/feB wB[Zy Gkt[esk dk

th Bkw BjhA j?. Gkt[esk fJB;kB ftZu j[zdh j?, wfj;{; eoB tKr Gkt[esk th fJB;kB dk

siopk j?. ihtB ftZu Gkte j' e/ i' n;hA ehsk, i/ fJwkBdkoh Bkb T[j siopk th nkgD/ gkmeK

Bkb ;KMk eo d/JhJ/ sK Gkt[esk ftZu tfj e/ fiZE/ fiZE/ s[;hA o[VQ/ fco/, s[jkv/ gkme s[jkv/

siop/ s'A, T[j ;G t/r fiBQK ftZu s[;hA tfj t/fynk, T[; s'A tke\ j' ;ed/ jB. i' ;ehwK s[;hA

pDkJhnK jB, i' ;'uK ;'uhnK, T[BQK ;ehwK ~ B/go/ ukVQB bJh s[jk~ fezBh e[ e[opkBh eoBh

gJh. i/ fJwkBdkoh Bkb nkgDh fdZsh j'Jh e[opkBh dk siopk gkmeK Bkb ;KMk eo d/JhJ/ sK

j' ;edk j? gkmeK ~ T[j ;ko/ gkgV Bk t/bD/ g?D. fJ; bJh w/ok fdb eodk j? fe w?A i' gkgV

t/b/, w?A i' wfj;{; ehsk, w?A fiBQK Gkt[e tfjDK ftZu tfjzdk fojk s/ w/oh ;'u dhnK T[vkohnK

GofdnK w?~ fezB/ gZsD soB/ gJ/, fezB/ nk;wkB rkj[D/ gJ/. T[j ;kok w/o/ ihtB dk, w/ok nZyhA

fvZmk s/ nkgD/ fgzv/ s/ jzYkfJnk jkb gkmeK d/ Bkb ;KMk eoK. fJZe rZb }o{o j? w?A nkgD/ gkmeK

~ dZ; d/tK fe s[jk~ fwb/rk pj[s e[M go s[jk~ w/o/ Bkb Bkb T[vDk gt/rk, w/o/ t/rK ftZu

tfjDk gt/rk, w/oh ;'u torh gotk} bkT[Dh gt/rh. jK fco eh f]nkb j?< uZbhJ/-T[ZvhJ/ <

d[Bhnk d/ ftZu ftuofdnK, i' ;kvh nkgDh s;tho pDh j?. d[Bhnk dh n?bpw ftZu fijVh

s[jkvh nkgDh s;tho j?, T[;~ i/ rj[ Bkb t/yhJ/ sK :ehB j' iKdk j? fe fJj w/oh s;tho

fpbe[b mhe irQk s/ bZrh j?. feT[Afe d[Bhnk ;kv/ torh j? s/ n;hA d[Bhnk tor/ jK. fJZe pVh

g[okDh rZb :kd nkJh. w/o/ yk; foFs/dkoK d/ xo fJZe ;zd{e torh nbwkoh j[zdh ;h. T[;

nbwkoh s/ tZvk ;kok FhFk bZrk j[zdk ;h. f;o s'A g?oK sZe nkgDk nkg fd;dk ;h. fJZe fdB

T[BQK d/ xo e'Jh p}[or gqkj[Dk nkfJnk. dbkB ftZu dh bzxD bZrk sK T[; FhF/ ftZu s[od/ nkgD/

goSkt/A ~ d/y e/ yb' frnk s/ d't/A jZE i'V e/ efjD bZrk, @;odko ih ;fs ;qh nekb. # i/



}ok fXnkB Bkb d/yhJ/ sK d[Bhnk FhFk j? fi; ftZu ;k~ nkgDk nkg jh fd;dk j?. coe pZ;

J/Bk jh j? fe nkgDk goSktK jh n;hA d/yd/ jK s/ b'eK pko/ fenk; eod/ jK. id'A b'eK pko/

fenk; eod/ jK sK ;G ~ nkgDh sZeVh Bkb s'bD dk :sB eod/ jK. fJj fJB;kBh fcsos

j?, ;[Gkn j? fJB;kB dk, go i/ w?~ s'bDk ukj[zd/ j' sK gkmeK ~ w/oh p/Bsh oj/rh fe nkgDh

sZeVh Bkb Bk s'fbU, w?A nkg/ ;G e[M dZ;Krk fe w?A fe; Gkn ftedk fojk jK. d[Bhnk ;G dh

nkb'uBk eodh j?. ;G ~ NDek tik e/ d/ ydh j?. i/ w?~ NDekT[Dk tikT[Dk j't/ fe;/ gkme

B/ sK w/o/ sZe jh ;hws ofjDk feT[Afe n;hA id'A rZb eod/ jK sK ;kok tksktoD ;kok wkMk,

wkbtk frDB bZr g?Ad/ jK @fJ;B/ sK fJt/A jh eoBk ;h#

-y{B fe;dk-J/d/ fgU dkd/ fJt/A jh eod/ ;h

-d[ZX s/ p[ZX ikDh ;h.

-fij' fijh e'e' T[j' fij/ e'e' d/ pZu/.

-wK s/ T{m-pkg s/ x'Vk pj[sk BjhA sK E'VQk E'VQk

iK sK fgU dkd/ d/ y{B ~ fBzdh ikDr/ iK fco wksk fgsk ~ T[bKGk fdzd/ jB fe fiZdK

dh gotfoF j'Jh T[;/ soQK dk jh pDBk ;hl

-wK wzrsh g[Zs fet/A okik pD iKdk.

-pkg{ vke/ wkodk ;h g[Zs fet/A ;kX{ pD iKdk.

-fgU ~ ;koh T[wo SzB Bk fwbh g[Zs fet/A wfjb gk bT{. wK fgU dh gotfoF eoB

dh ekpbhns fBzdh iKd/ s/ iK tksktoD

~ d'F fdzd/.

-i?;k d/F s?;k G/;.

]op{}/ ~ t/y e/ jh ]op{}k ozr cVdk.

-u'oK dh N'bh fJZe' p'bh.

-dkb yk e/ whN d/ veko fet/A wko/.

w?A nkgD/ ihtB ftZu i' yZfNnk rtkfJnk fJ; Bkb w/o/ ykBdkB dk, w/o/ wksk fgsk dk iK

w/o/ tksktoD dk e'Jh d'F BjhA s/ Bk jh e'Jh w/ohnK ekw:kphnK ftZu e'Jh jZE j?. w?A jw/FK

nkgDh ikB s/ jh y/vdk fojk jK. ;' p/Bsh j? fe w/o/ eoe/ fe;/ ~ d'F Bk d/Dk ih.

@d'; eozwk nkgfDnk# fJj i' w?A nkgD/ G/d y'bQD dk nkgD/ siop/ ;KM/ eoB dk, nkgD/

fdqFNhe'D dk i' ]bk;k eoB bZrk jK, fJj sK w/ok :sB j? fe s[jk~ e[M d/tK. b/feB i/ e[M

n?;k bZr/ fe s[jk~ BjhA ukjhdk sK Bk b?Dk w?~ e'Jh frbk BjhA j't/rk. i' e[M th w?A ;KMk eoB

ik fojk jK, fJj w/ok nkgDk nfGnk; j?. w/ok nkgDk nfj;k; j? s/ w/ok nkgDk ftFtk; j?.

ikBtoK dk ed/ nfj;k; BjhA j[zdk. ikBtoK ~ fJB;kB f;ybkJh d/ ;edk j?. ikBto f;y ;ed/

jB, f;yk BjhA ;ed/. go w?A sK fJB;kB jK s/ f;yk ;eD d/ ekpb j'fJnk sK i/ w/ohnK dbhbK

ftZu e[M s[jkv/ ezw dk j'fJnk sK ;KG fbU, pkeh w/o/ bJh ofjD fdU.



w?A nkgDh rZb F[o{ eoK nkgDh fdqFNh dh rZb eoK. t?;/ sK jo fJB;kB nkgD/ nkg ~

bhvo ;wMdk j? @w?A okjK s/ BjhA s[odk, w?A s[odk sK okj pDd/. #(gkso) w/oh ejkDh ;Zuh e[M

n?;h j? fe w?A fi; th tksktoD ftZu fojk, w?~ sK fJt/A jh bZrk fe w/oh ihtB ejkDh dh f}zw/

tkoh w/oh j?. w/ok ufoZso w/ohnK nkdsK eoe/ jh j?. i' e[M th w/o/ Bkb j'fJnk T[;dk

f}zw/tko w?A ][d jK. jo tksktoD ftZu jo ;tkb dk itkp w?A nkgDh :'rsk Bkb fdZsk j?, fe;/

dk e'Jh d'F BjhA. fi; soQK dh w/oh ;'u ojh, T[; soQK dk jh w/ok ;[Gkn fojk. w/ok fdqFNhe'D

jh w/oh s;tho j?. w?A tksktoD nB[;ko ed/ YbB dh e'fFF BjhA ehsh. nkgDk tksktoD nkg

pDk ;ed/ j' sK j'o fe;/ tksktoD ftu YbB dk eh ezw. i/ s[;hA e[M eo ;ed/ j' sK jkbks

nkgD/ nkg s[jkvk ;kE d/Dr/. fJwkBdkoh Bkb o;s/ pDkT[D tkfbnK d/ Bkb b'ehA s[o g?Ad/ jB.

;r'A \]o eod/ jB, s[jkv/ Bkb s[o e/. XZek ;NkoN b'eK ~ jw/FK fe;/ Bk fe;/ dh b'V g?Adh

j?. fgU dkd/ dk BK b? e/ fgdow ;[bskB p{d nky e/ jh nkgD/ wB ftZu y[F j' iKd/ jB.

b/feB w?A ed/ nkgD/ fgU dkd/ dh Ssoh dh SK BjhA T[vheh, w/o/ fgU dkd/ tXhnk ekw:kp b'eK

ftZu frD/ iKd/ ;B, go w/o/ jo edw dh gfjukD w/o/ nkgD/ Bkb j?. w/oh rZb w/o/ s'A jh ubdh

ojh j?. w/oh f;oih j'Jh d[Bhnk w/oh nkgDh :'rsk eoe/ j? ns/ i' i' eVQh w?A x'bh T[;dk

f}zw/tko th w?A y[d jK. i/ w?~ fe;/ B/ d[Zy fdZsk sK fJj w/oh jh fe;/ rbsh eoe/ j'fJnk, w?A

i' e[M th jK, fJj w/ok eoe/ jh j? feT[Afe d[Bhnk dk e'Jh fJB;kB s[jkvh wo}h d/ f]bk\

s[jkv/ s'A e[M BjhA b? ;edk, Bk jh d/ ;edk j?. ;kv/ s/ so; sK jh b'e eod/ jB i/ ;k~ uzrk

brdk. ;ohoe s"o s/ e'Jh phwkoh bZr ikt/ iK e'Jh n?e;hv?AN j' ikt/ sK tZyoh rZb j?. nkgD/

ti{d ~ J/Bk gZek eoe/ oZy' fe s[jk~ fbskV e/ bzx ikD dh fe;/ dh fjzws jh Bk gt/. nkoEe

B[e;kB th j' ;edk j? fi; ftZu s[jkvk e'Jh d'F BjhA. ;kvh gfjukD, ;kvh ehws, ;kvk

ufoZso, ;kvh nkgDh fdqFNh s/ fBoGo eodh j?.

****



;kvh fjzws;kvh fjzws;kvh fjzws;kvh fjzws;kvh fjzws@fjzws nZr/ bZSwh gZy/ nZr/ g"D# i/ fjzws eo ;edk j? pzdk s/ b'e T[; d/ wro s[o g?Ad/

jB. w?A nkw s"o s/ ihtB ftZu nZr/ bZr e/ jh s[fonk jK. fjzws eoe/ e[M eoB s/ jh fdb

~ s;Zbh fwbdh j?. fJj sK d[Bhnk dk t/r j?. i/ s[;hA fjzws BjhA eo ;ed/ sK fco b'eK d/

fgS/ fgZS/ s[o/ uZb'. fjzwsh s'A Gkt w/ok f}zw/tkoh fBGkT[D s'A j?. nkgDh f}zw/tkoh ;wMDh s/ T[;

~ fBGkT[Dk. xZN' xZN nkgDh ;koh tkj bk e/ fBGkT[D dk :sB eoBk. i/ n;hA fjzwsh j'tKr/

sK fe;/ s/ fBoGo BjhA eoKr/ fe e'Jh j'o eo bT[. @nkgD jEh nkgDk nkg/ jh eki[ ;tkohn?I#

i/ n;hA nkgD/ ;tkbK d/ itkp nkg bZG ;ed/ jK sK eh rbs j?. eJh b'e n?;/ fwbd/ jB i'

e[M eo ;ed/ jB. w;b/ jZb eoB d/ :'r j[zd/ jB b/feB T[j fjzws jh BjhA eod/ s/ ub' SZv'

efj e/ nkgD/ nzdobh skes ~ i[NkT[Ad/ jh BjhA. ;k~ fjzws eoBh ukjhdh j? -fjzws/ wodK

wdd/ ][dk. i' fjzwsh j[zd/ jB gqwkswk th T[BQK dh wdd eodk j?. eJh b'e ;'ud/ ofjzd/ jB

fe e'Jh T[BQK dh wdd eo/. fjzwsh b'e e'fFF F[o{ eo fdzd/ jB. @}wkB/ e' pdbBk jw B/ mkDk-

f}zdk t' j? i' }wkB/ e' pdb d/s/ j?. # fjzwsh j'Dk jo fJB;kB bJh }o{oh j,? fjzwsh b'e fes/

dh fes/ fBeb iKd/ jB s/ nkb;h p?m/ dkVQh y[oed/ ofjzd/ jB . fjzws th s/ nkb; th j? sK

T[j ;G e[dosh, fJB;kB jh fjzwsh jz[d/ jB s/ fJB;kB jh nkb;h fco feT[A Bk fjzws eohJ/

s/ nkgD/ ;tkb nkg eZYD dh e'fFF eohJ/.

nZr/ bZr e/ uZbD tkfbnK s/ fgZS/ fgZS/ nkT[D tkfbnK ftZu }whB nk;wkB dk coe j[zdk

j?. u[;s sK T[j jh j? i' nZr/ bZr ;edk j?. ;kv/ e'b sh;ok o;sk BjhA j[zdk e'Jh. iK sK w{jo/

j' e/ s[ohJ/ s/ iK fgS/ bZr s[ohJ/. ekw:kph dh gfjbh g"Vh fjzwsh j'Dk j?. i/ s[;hA fjzwsh BjhA

sK pVk w[Feb j? ekw:kp j'Dk. d[Bhnk d/yD ~ sK fJZe' fijh jh brdh j? . d' nZyK, d' jZE,

d' ezB, d' g?o b/feB E'VQ/ fij/ b'e nZr/ bzx iKd/ jB, fiBQK ~ n;hA ekw:kp b'e efjzd/ jK.

pj[s xZN b'e fJ; esko ftZu j[zd/ jB. fJ; esko ftZu nkT[D bJh pVh jh fjzws dh b'V

j? s/ i' fjzws eoe/ fJ; esko ftu nk frnk, T[j jh ekw:kp ejkJ/rk. i' fiZfsnk T[jh

f;ezdo ejkJ/rk. fJj rZb gZeh j? fe i/ s[;hA nZr/ BjhA brd/ sK e'Jh Bk e'Jh }o{o s[jkv/ nZr/

bZr s[o/rk s/ s[;hA fgZS/ ofj ikUr/. ckvh th ofj ;ed/ j'. fjzwsh b'e ed/ th ckvh BjhA j[zd/

. fwZsh d'bh jh j[zd/ jB. i' fjzws eoe/ s[o g?Ad/ jB, T[BQK ~ o;s/ ftZu w[;hpsK th nk

;edhnK. fe;/ B/ ]{p fbfynk @wzf}b go ubB/ tkb'A e' gE w/A oks j{nk eosh j?. # go i/ okj

ftZu oks g? ikD d/ vo eoe/ e'Jh s[o/ jh Bk sK feZE/ gjz[u'r/. fjzwsh b'e n"yhnK s'A n"yhnK

wz}bK sfj eo b?Ad/ jB. jB/ohnK oksK r[}ko ;eD dh fjzws j'Dh jh sK fjzwsh b'eK dh fBFkBh

j?. w?A sK fJj jh ejKrk fe fjzws eo' i/ s[;hA fjzws eo'r/ sK n?;k fejVk ezw j? i' e'Jh j'o

eo ;edk j?. s[;hA feT[A BjhA eo ;ed/. fjzws eoe/ s[oBk jh ;G s'A tZvh rZb j?. o;s/ ftZu

fi; fi; uh} dh }o{os gt/rh, T[j jh fwb ikt/ rh feT[Afe b'V jh sK ekY dh wK j[zdh j?.



nkgD/ nkg s/ fJspko eoe/ d/y'. fJwkBdkoh BjhA SZvDh ukjhdh, b/ feB nksw ftFtk;

s'A fpBK e'Jh fe;/ wzf}b s/ BjhA gjz[u ;edk. gfjbh rZb nksw ftFtk; BjhA sK s[;h fjzwsh

j' jh BjhA ;ed/. fjzwsh b'eK dh Nhw th j' ;edh j?. Nhw jo pokpo d/ jkDhnK dh j't/ sK

jh w}k nkT[Adk j?. t?;/ th f;nkD/ nkyd/ B/ fe fiBQK gzShnK d/ yzG fJZe' fij/ Bk j'D T[j fJeZm/

T[Zv jh BjhA ;ed/. fJe' fij/ fjzwsh ob e/ e[M dk e[M eo ;ed/ jB. nkb;h b'e nkgDh :'rsk

s/ FZe eod/ jB w?A eh eo ;edK< go fjzwsh b'e efjzd/ s[od/ jB. nkb;h b'e wzBd/ jB fe

w?A sK pJh J/dK dk jh nK go fjzwsh ej/rk fe T[;/ soQK e'Jh j'o o;sk Gkfbnk ikt/. nkb;h

b'e b'eK dhnK rZbK eod/ jB. nkb;h ej/rk b'eK B/ w?~ szr eo fdZsk. fjzwsh ej/rk w?A fe;/

dh gotkj feT[A eoK. nkb;h ;'udk ofj ikt/rk fe b'eK B/ w?~ e[M BjhA eoB d/Dk s/ fjzwsh

gzr/ bt/ rk. pZ; gzr/ b? ;eD tkb/ jh fjzwsh j[zd/ jB. eJh tko gzr/ b?D tkfbnK ~ gzrk g?

th ;edk. ;kvk fJZe fwZso pV/ gzr/ fbnk eo/ ;kfonK ~ gsk ;h. w/o/ Bkb fJZe r[ioksh ezw

eodk ;h. T[;B/ jw/FK w/o/ gzr/ b?D tkb/ fwZso dhnK rZbK eoBhnK @pj[s Gkrsk j?#-ibdh

geVk ikJ/rk#. mhe j? eJh tko geV/ th iKd/ go fjzwsh b'e pkehnK ~ wkor doFB eokT[D

dh ;woEk oZyd/ jB. nkb;h b'e d{finK ~ d'F fdzd/ jB go fjzwsh ej/rk, @j;s o/yktK dh

fuzsk Bk eo' jZE f;oiDjko B/ sedho d/. #

i/ s[;hA nkgD/ nkg ~ fgnko eod/ j' sK nkgD/ nkg tk;s/ e[M eo' fjzws eo'. i/ e[M

fsnkr th eoBk fgnk fco eh j'fJnk, e[M jk;b eoB tk;s/ e[M fsnkrDk sK gt/rk jh. ;G

e[M w[wfeB j? go eh s[;hA eo ;ed/ j'. eh fjzws j? s[jkv/ ftZu <

****



;kvh d[BhnK;kvh d[BhnK;kvh d[BhnK;kvh d[BhnK;kvh d[BhnKjo fJB;kB dh nkgDh fJZe d[Bhnk j[zdh j?. e[M b'eK dk fi; fi; s/ gqGkt g?Adk j?, T[j

th ;ko/ T[;dh d[Bhnk ftZu Fkwb j' iKd/ jB. b/feB e[M b'eK dk fizBK b'eK Bkb fwbDk tosDk

j?, T[j jh T[BQK dh d[Bhnk j[zdh j?. gqGkt sK d{o d{o sZe th g? ;edk j?. gqekF ftZu o"FBh

ftZu sK d{o d{o sZe fd;dk j? . jB/o/ ftZu N'j N'j e/ pj[s gsk BjhA bZr ;edk. e[M b'e

w[;hpsK dhnK rZbK eod/ jB. e[M b'e w[;hpsK jZb eoB dh e'fFF eod/ jB. e[M b'e ;'ud/

jB fe fJ; x[zwDx/oh ftu'A pkjo fet/A fBebhJ/ < i/ e'Jh e'fFF jh Bk eo/ sK x[zwDx/oh sK

b? v[Zp/rh. p/ T[whdh jZb BjhA j?, T[whd o;sk pDk ;edh j?. fe;/ ~ d'F d/D Bkb eh pD{z,

e'fFF eoe/ jZb bZG ikt/ sK jh rZb pD ;edh j?. fiZs gqkgs eoB bJh jfEnko sK u[ZeDk

jh gt/rk. jfEnko FpdK dk th j' ;edk j?. i/ j'o fe;/ ~ fiZsDk ukj[zd/ jK sK ;G s'A gfjbK

nkgD/ nkg s/ fiZs gqkgs eoBh gt/rh. i' nkgD/ nkg s/ fiZs BjhA gqkgs eo ;ed/, j'o fe;/

~ fet/A fiZs ;ed/ jB. tXhnk d[Bhnk pDkT[Dh b'ud/ jK sK gfjbK nkg tXhnk pDBk gt/rk.

i/ n;hA nkg uzfrnkJh s'A goj/} eod/ jK sK s[jkvh d[Bhnk fe;/ ehws s/ th uzrh BjhA pD

;edh.

nkgD/ nkg ~ fiZsDk pkeh ;kohnK fiZsK s'A }o{oh j?. i/ n;hA nkgD/ nkg ~ fiZs

;ehJ/, nkgD/ nkg ~ fJZe nkdoF fJB;kB pDk bJhJ/ sK jh sK nkgDh d[Bhnk nkdoF pDk

;eD dh ;'u ;ed/ jK. nkgD/ nkg s/ oki BjhA eo ;ed/ sK j'o fe;/ s/ fet/A eo ;ed/ jK.

nkswk F[ZX eoe/ jh gqwkswk dk f;woD j' ;edk j?. gfjbK nkgD/ nkg s/ fiZs gqkgs eo'.

fco d[Bhnk ftZu nkgDk Mzvk rZvDk nk;kB j' ikt/rk. s[jkvh FyFhns dk s[jkv/ feodko dk

eoe/ jh d[Bhnk s[jkvh rZb ;[D/rh. j'o fe;/ ~ mhe eoB s'A gfjbK nkgD/ nkg ~ mhe eo

fbnk ikt/ sK fpjso j?. fi; d[Bhnk s/ s[jkvk gqGkt BjhA, T[j s[jkvh d[Bhnk BjhA, s[;hA T[;

ftZu ofjzd/ }o{o j'. i/ nkgD/ gfotko s/ s[jkvk e'Jh gqGkt BjhA sK s[jkvk eh j'fJnk< jK s[;hA

T[; ftZu ofjzd/ }o{o j'. fi; s/ s[;hA nkgDk gqGkt BjhA gk ;ed/, T[j s[jkvh d[Bhnk BjhA, s[;hA

T[; ftZu ofjzd/ th j't' fco th d[Bhnk s[jkvh BjhA. eJh tko n;hA skes ~ jZE tZ; BjhA eo

;ed/. e[M uh}K n;hA pdb BjhA ;ed/ go fJj sK eo ;ed/ jK fe ;kv/ s/ T[BQK dk n;o Bk

gt/. n;hA nkgDk nkg sK puk ;ed/ jK. nkgD/ nkg s/ i' wkD j?, T[j jh pfDnk oj/. ;k~

Bk e'Jh fwNk d/t/, J/Bk jh ek\h j?. fe;/ B/ yor'F ~ fejk, @s{z i/ whN ykDk F[o{ eo d/t/ sK

fe;/ d/ ekp{ Bk nktA/.# go yor'F efjzdk, @w/ok whN w?~ p]F fdU w?~ fe;/ dk whN ykD dh

b'V BjhA.#

jo fJB;kB dk fdb eodk j? fe nkgDh skes, nkgDh gjz[u, nkgDk dkfJok, nkgDh

d[Bhnk pDkJ/ fi; ftZu ftuo e/ T[; ~ ;e{B fwb/ . eJh tko n;hA ;Zu/ wB'A nkgDh d[Bhnk

T[;koBh ukj[zd/ jK. s[jkvh fwjBs d/ pkti{d th d[Bhnk s[jkvh BjhA pD ;edh. nkgK ;'ud/ jK



fe w?A sK e'fFF g{oh ehsh go fJj w/o/ Bk pD ;e/. i/ rj[ Bkb d/yhJ/ sK ;kvh ekpbhns ftZu

e'Jh B[e; j[zdk j?. i/ n;hA ekpb j'JhJ/ sK Gbk feT[A Bk pDdh rZb. w?A b'eK ~ nkgD/ pDkT[D

dh pVh e'fFF ehsh, eJhnK ~ nkgD/ ;wM e/ e?b/c'oBhnK ftZu nkgD/ pokpo nkgDh d[Bhnk

ftZu d/yDk ukfjnk. xZN' xZN S/ gfotko n?;/ jB e?b/c'oBhnK ftZu i' fe;/ fdB w?~ nkgDh ikB

brd/ ;h. fJT[A brdk ;h fit/A w/o/ gqkD T[BQK d/ ftZu jh tZ;/ j'D. w?A ;kfonK ~ ftd/F ftZu

ofjzfdnK ;kok }'o bk e/ T[E/ d/ gZe/ t;Bhe pDtkfJnk. fe;/ fe;w dh b'V j't/, fe;/ ~ sK

w?A nkgDh ikB jk}o eo fdzdk. ;kfonK ~ ezw eko th ukb{ eoB ftZu w?A jo tko Bkb yb'fJnk.

;ko/ pV/ ekw:kp gfotko frD/ iKd/ jB. go fJZe w'V n?;k nkfJnk fe fiBQK b'eK ftZu w?~

nkgDh o{j fd;dh ;h, T[j w/oh f}zdrh d/ o;s/ o'eD bZr gJ/. w/o/ BZe ftZu dw eo fdZsk.

feT[Afe w/oh or or d/ tke\ ;B, fJ; bJh w/ohnK po/eK c/bQ eoBhnK T[BQK ~ nkT[AdhnK ;h.

fco s[;hA nkg/ ;wM ikU fe fpB po/e iK sK rZvh ub jh BjhA ;edh, i/ ubkT[Dk ukj' th

sK }o{o fes/ Neok ikt/rh. T[;/ rZvh ~ fi; ftZu p?m e/ ed/ T[j Y'b/ dhnK bkT[Ad/ j[zd/ ;h,

T[;/ rZvh ~ N[eV/ N[eV/ eo fdZsk. fJ; dk d'F w?A nkgD/ nkg s/ b?Adk jK. w/o/ ftZu jh e'Jh

xkN j'T{ sK jh sK T[j w/oh d[Bhnk BjhA pD ;e/. FkfJd w?A b'V s'A tZX fceo eodk fojk,

FkfJd w?A b'V s'A tZX wdd eodk fojk, FkfJd w?A b'V s'A tZX ;bkjK fdzdk fojk. FkfJd w?A

}pod;sh fxT[ d/D dk :sB eodk fojk s/ T[j ;wM/ w?A ezB gZN fojk jK. n;hA nkgDh d[Bhnk

dk ft;Eko eo ;ed/ jK b/feB :kd oj/ fe b'e gudk gudk jh yKd/ jB. J/Bh j[fFnkoh ;kv/

ftZu }o{o j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe b'V s'A tZX sK dtkJh th yokp eodh j?. fNedk fNedk g?o oZyD

Bkb jh fNekT{ j' ;ehdk j?.

rVpV tkbh rZb fJj jh j[zdh j? id n;hA ;'u b?Ad/ jK fe fJj b'e rVpV jB. ;kvh

;'u ftZu jh rVpV j?. pkehnK ~ pdbD dh pikJ/ i/ n;hA nkg pdbD dh e'fFF eohJ/ sK

nk;kB th j? s/ ;jh sohek th fJj jh j?. n;hA nkw s"o s/ fFekfJs eod/ jK fe ;kvh e'Jh

BjhA ;[Ddk go ed/ BjhA ;'ud/ fe i/ ;k~ ;[DkT[D dk F"e j? sK j'o fe;/ ~ th fJj F"e j' ;edk

j?. ;wMdko b'e sK ;[DB ~ th fsnko ofjD sK jh ;wMdkoh j?. eJh tko ;[D e/ jh n;hA

nkgDk gqGkt gk ;ed/ jK. i/ ;k~ ;[DBk nk ikt/ sK th n;hA nkgDh d[Bhnk ftZu tkXk eo ;ed/

jK. nkw s"o s/ n;hA nkgDh ;'u nB[;ko jh ubd/ jK. eJh tko w?A b'eK ~ efjzfdnK ;[fDnk,

@w?A s?~ fdb dh rZb d; e/ nkgDk fdb j"bk eo fbnk go s{z nrKj j'o fe;/ ~ Bk dZ;h.# go

n;hA fJj BjhA ;'ud/ fe i/ T[; dk fdb j"bk eoB ~ fdb eo fgnk sK fco eh j'T{. eJh tko

n;hA nkgDh rZb eoB bZr/ T[;d/ BshfinK pko/ BjhA ;'ud/. f;nkD/ sK T[j jh j[zd/ jB, nkgDh

d[Bhnk T[j jh pDk ;ed/ jB i' d{o-nzd/F j'D s/ pknd ftZu fBeb ;eD tkb/ BshfinK dk

th nzdk}k oZyd/ j'D. id'A n;hA fe;/ ~ d'F fdzd/ jK sK T[; s'A gfjbK fJZe fwzN bJh fJj th

;'uDk ukjhdk j? fe fes/ w?A jh sK rbsh BjhA eo fojk. ;k~ i' wo}h p'bD dh nk}kdh j' ;edh

j? go pknd ftZu fBebD tkb/ BshfinK dh f}zw/tkoh e"D bJ/rk. rbs rZb j? sK fJj fco



e[dosh j? fe T[;d/ Bshi/ ;jh Bk fBebD. d;thA wzf}b s'A Skb sK n;hA wko ;ed/ jK go

T[;dk Bshik eh fBeb/rk, T[j ;kv/ nkgD/ jZE tZ; BjhA j[zdk.

;kvk ;[Gkn ;kv/ n;{bK s/ fBoGo eodk j?. e[dos d/ n;{bK dh T[bzxDk eoB d/ th i'

Bshi/ jB, T[j ;k~ G[rsD/ g?Ad/ jB. nkw s"o s/ ;k~ pknd ftZu Bshi/ G[rsD eoe/ jh gsk

brdk j? fe ;kE'A rbsh j' rJh. go rbsh wzB b?Dh iK d[pkok T[j rbsh Bk eoBh ;k~ d[Bhnk

Bkb i'Vdh j?. nkgDh f}d s/ nV ikD Bkb n;hA N[ZNd/ jK. nkgDh rbsh Bk wzBDh ;kvh ;G

s'A tZvh rbsh j[zdh j?. nkgDh rbsh ~ be'Dk nkgDh rbsh dh tekbs eoB d/ pokpo j[zdk

j?. i/ ;kv/ e'Jh n;{b jh BjhA nkgD/ Bkb, e'Jh tknd/ jh BjhA sK ;kvk e'Jh ti{d th BjhA j'

;edk. i/ ;kv/ tknd/ fBGkT[D dh o[uh j?, T[j jh ;k~ ;kvh d[Bhnk ftZu frDsh eotkT[Adh j?.

tkndk f]bk\h eoB tkfbnK d/ ;ko/ f]bk\ j' iKd/ jB. ;kv/ tknd/ s/ tknd/ fBGkT[D dh Bh:s

s'A jh ;kvh FyFhns pDdh j?. ;kvk nzdo{Bh frnkB s/ ;kvh }who dk gsk th ;kv/ tknd/

fBGkT[D s'A jh brdk j?. i/ n;hA nkgD/ nkg s/ wkD eoBk ukj[zd/ jK sK ;k~ nkgD/ n;{bK s/

gfjok d/Dk gt/rk. nkgD/ tknd/ fBGkT[D/ g?Dr/. nkgD/ n;{bK s/ g{o/ T[so e/ i' w}k nkT[Adk

j?, n;{b s'V e/ UBk jh gSsktk brdk j?. gSskt/ dk fJ}jko Bk eoe/ th dod }o{o j[zdk

j?, wzBhJ/ iK Bk ;kvh wo}h. f;nkD/ b'e tknd/ fBGkT[Ad/ jB. f;nkD/ b'e o;sk fdykT[Ad/ jB,

GNed/ BjhA, ;r'A GNeD d{o eod/ jB. ][d c?;bk j[zd/ jB, b'e T[jBK d/ c?;b/ BjhA eod/.

tXhnk b'e nkb'uBk eoB dh pikJ/ fw;kb pD e/ fdykT[Ad/ jB. tXhnk b'e ;wZf;nktK jZb eod/

jB, ;wZf;nktK yVhnK BjhA eod/ . f;o\ T[j jh ezw eod/ jB i' ;jh sohe/ Bkb eo ;ed/

jB. rbsh BjhA eod/, i/ ^bsh j' ikt/ sK fe;/ j'o ~ nkgDh rbsh dk d'Fh BjhA mfjokT[Ad/

. rbsh jo fJB;kB s'A j' ;edh j?. rbsh wzB b?Dk s/ wodK tKr Bshi/ G[rsD bJh fsnko

ofjDk jh wodK dh gfjukD j?. fBg[z;e b'e d[Bhnk BjhA pDk ;ed/.

****



;kv/ Nhu/;kv/ Nhu/;kv/ Nhu/;kv/ Nhu/;kv/ Nhu/i' phs frnk T[j sK phs frnk. i/ e[M uzrk j'fJnk i/ n;hA e[M tXhnk eo ;e/ sK T[;

dk cb th ;k~ }o{o fwfbnk j'T{ iK fwb fojk j't/ . i/ n;hA e'Jh y[Bkwh eo p?m/ jK sK T[;

dk th Bshik G[rfsnk j'T{. wo w[Ze frnK ;fwnK dk ;/e Gkt/A jw/FK ;kv/ Bkb ofjzdk j?. go

f;nkD/ b'e T[; s'A ;pe f;Zyd/ jB -G{sekb d/ G{s ~ jw/FK uw/Vh BjhA oZyd/. ;kv/ s'A iK ;kv/

p}[orK s'A i/ e'Jh rbsh j'Jh j't/ sK T[; ~ f}jB ftZu oZy e/ T[; soQK dh j'o rbsh Bk eohJ/

sK mhe j?. phs frnk ;' phs frnk. phs rJ/ ~ fco d[pkok BjhA fpskfJnk ik ;edk. nkT[D

tkbk ;wK th fe;/ B/ d/fynk BjhA. nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A fe; oki/ dh goik j'T{ eh gsk. fe;/ d/

F ftZu ;oekoK pj[s pdbdhnK ;B. ;kb d/ dofwnkB fe;/ ;e{b ftZu wk;No B/ ebk; ftZu

g[ZfSnk, nkgD/ d/F d/ gqXkB wzsoh ih e"D j?< ebk; ftZu fe;/ B/ th ;jh Bk dZf;nk, ebk;

d/ wBhNo ~ yVQk eoe/ wk;No efjD bZrk, i/ fJj ;tkb ngq?b ftZu ;kbkBk fJwfsjkB ftZu

nk frnk sK eh eo'r/< bVe/ B/ itkp fdZsk fe fijVk gqXkB wzsoh ngq?b ftZu j'fJnk T[;dk

BK n;hA ngq?b ftZu jh :kd eoKr/. ;' GftZy pko/ pj[sk e'Jh BjhA ;'udk. toswkB ~ i' rzGhosk

Bkb BjhA b?Ad/, T[j nkgD/ Bkb fBnK BjhA eo oj/ j[zd/. i/ e'Jh nkgD/ Bkb fBnK BjhA eo ;edk.

j'o fe;/ Bkb eh fBnK eo{ < phs u[Ze/ ;w/A ftZu'A th gVQ ;[D e/ ns/ toswkB ftZu ftuofdnK

n;hA d[Bhnk dh o\sko ftZu nkgD/ nkg ~ Gkbd/ fcod/ jK.

pj[s g[okDh rZb j? fe w?A s/ w/ok tZvk Gok ;[yfizdo ekbk ;zfxnK pk}ko ftZu'A e[M b?D

rJ/. fJj 1971 d/ eohp dh rZb j?, w?~ gZek BjhA :kd. ;[yfizdo jkb/ BtK BtK e?gNB

pfDnk ;h. bzpo/N/ ;e{No s/ n;hA rJ/. id'A n;hA pk}ko ftZu ik e/ ;e{No yVk ehsk sK ;kvh

ikD gfjukD tkb/ eJh b'e fJeZm/ j' rJ/. ;[yfizdo FkfJd gfjbh tko ekbk ;zfxnK ~ todh

ftZu frnk ;h. w?A sK ;"dk b?Adk fojk. ;[yfizdo ~ eJh soQK d/ ;tkb eoB b'e, feZE/ g';fNzr

j?< T[E/ w";w fej' fijk < s[jk~ ;kok fdB eh eoBk g?Adk j?< fJ; soQK d/ b'e ;tkb eod/

;h. w?A ;"dk b? e/ E?bk ;e{No dh fgSbh ;hN s/ fbik oZfynk. eJh b'e d/o Bkb ;[yfizdo ~

fwb/. pVh fdbu;gh Bkb rZbK eoBhnK ukj[zd/ ;B. w/ok fJZe ;e{b dk iwksh g{oB gfjbh s'A

d;thA sZe d; ;kb fJZe' jh ebk; ftZu fJeZm/ gVQ/. g{oB w/o/ e'b nkD yVQk j'fJnk. pVh BhM

Bkb todh tZb d/y/, ed/ w'Y/ s/ bZr/ fszB skfonK ~ d/y/. w?~ efjD bZrk :ko w/ok th fdb

eodk tZvk j' e/ c"ih n\;o pDK. n;hA d[Bhnk ftZu nkgD/ n;EkB dh y'i eod/ fcod/ jK. i'

n;hA eoBk ukj[zd/ jK, i' n;hA ;[DBk ukj[zd/ jK, T[j d[Bhnk d/ b'eK dhnK ekw:kphnK tork j't/

sK mhe j?. i/ e'Jh u'o u'oh eodk cfVnk ikt/ sK T[; d/ e[ZN g? ojh j't/ sK t/yD tkbk

ej/rk j'o wko' uko fJjd/. ;' e'Jh th T[; tork BjhA pDBk ukj/rk.

n;hA eJh tko pZfunK ~ ;tkb eod/ jK tZvk j' e/ eh pDBk ukjz[dk< d[Bhnk fJZe wkvb

j?. fJ; ftZu fe; soQK dk wkvb ;k~ pj[s uzrk brdk j?, wB ~ GkT[Adk j?. pZ; ;kvh b'uk



fJj jh pD ikt/rh fe ekF w?A fJ; tork pD iktK. fJj i' e[M pD ;eD dh b'uk j?, fe;/

tork pD ;eD dh ohM j?, fJj jh ;kv/ Nhu/ j[zd/ jB. Nhu/ ed/ T n s'A BjhA F[o{ jz[d/. Nhuk

e'Jh F[o{ eoB dh nt;Ek BjhA j?, Nhuk sK gjz[uD dh nt;Ek j?. Nhu/ fJwfsjkB BjhA j[zd/

Bshi/ j[zd/ jB. jK NhfunK dh gqkgs bJh eJh fJwfsjkB d/D/ g? ;ed/ jB. Nhuk sK fJZe

;cbsk j?, fizBk f}nkdk ekpb fJB;kB j't/rk UBk tXhnk Nhuk fwE ;edk j?, UBh nk;kBh

Bkb nkgD/ Nhu/ s/ gj[zu ;edk j? s/ eJh b'e fJ; Bkb th ;zs[FN BjhA j[zd/. T[j fJZe Nhuk

g{ok eoe/ j'o tXhnk tXhnk Nhu/ pDk b?Ad/ jB. ;{oi s/ gj[zuD dk Nhuk j? fe;/ dk sK ub'

uzd s/ sK FkfJd gj[zu jh ikt/. pj[s tZv/ Nhu/ eJh tko gqkgs BjhA th j[zd/ go fJ; dk wsbp

fJj BjhA fe Bk gqkgs j' ;eD tkbk Nhuk BjhA j' ;edk. ;k~ fJ; soQK ;'uDk ukjhdk j? fe

Nhuk eh j?< r'b eh j? < Nhu/ fwED s'A fpBK G/v ukb/ s[o e/ s[jkvh nkgDh gfjukD BjhA pD

;edh. i/ d[Bhnk s/ e'Jh gqGkt SZvDk ukj[zd/ jK sK Nhu/ fwED/ g?Dr/. NhfunK ~ g{ok eoB bJh

gzr/ b?D/ g?Dr/. ;\o sfj eofdnK w[;hpsK th MZbDhnK g?DrhnK. sko{ jh v[Zfpnk eod/ jB.

fJj th fpbe[b mhe j? fijVk ed/ gkDh ftZu tfVnk jh BjhA, T[j soB dh iKu fet/A f;Zy

;edk j?. d[Bhnk dk ukBD w[Bkok sK T[j jh pD ;edk j? fi; ftZu b'n j't/, o"FBh j't/ #s/

:kd oZfyU o"FBh gqdkB eoB tkb/ ;/e s'A puD pko/ ed/ BjhA ;'ud/.

wzf}b dk gsk j't/ fejVh j? sK jh sK n;hA T[; tZb s[o ;ed/ jK. ;k~ gsk j? fe n;hA

ibzXo'A fdZbh gjz[uDk j? sK nkgD/ nkg eko b[fXnkD/ tZb ~ w[V gt/rh. nzfwqs;o tZb BjhA. jo

w'V s/ s[;hA fdZbh d/ fBFkB Gkb'r/. i/ e'Jh gsk Bk bZr/ sK g[ZS'r/ fe;/ ~ fe fdZbh ikD dk fejVk

o;sk j?. fdZbh ikDk j? sK fco j'o fe;/ rbs gk;/ ikfJnK sK gj[zu BjhA ;eDk. fJ; bJh

jo ;zGt e'fFF fJj jh oj/rh fe f;ZX/ fdZbh tZb ~ jh iKdh ;Ve s/ ojhJ/. o;s/ ftZu eJh

soQK dhnK go/FkBhnK j' ;edhnK jB. fe;/ n?e;hv?AN eoe/ N?qf\e ikw j' ;edh j? iK e'Jh tZvk

wzsoh bzxDk j?, fJ; bJh fszB xzN/ pkeh ;kfonK ~ o'e fdZsk frnk j't/. iK s[jkvh eko dk

NkfJo g?Auo j' ikt/, e'Jh th ekoB j't/, o[ektN g? ;edh j?. wzf}b s/ gjz[ufdnK d/oh j' ;edh

j?. go i/ }o{o ikDk ukj[zd/ j' }o{o gjz[uDk ukj[zd/ j' sK oZp eo/ }o{o gjz[u'r/. eJh tko o;s/

ftZu e'Jh o"fue xNBk tkgo iKdh j?. oki g[o/ Ykp/ s/ o'Nh ykD bJh o[e rJ/ dkb ;p}h ~

sVek bZr fojk j?, J/B/ ~ fJe j'o eko, i' fdZbh tZb'A nkJh, T[;/ jh Ykp/ s/ nk e/ o[edh j?.

T[; ftu'A s[jkvk e'Jh g[okDk fwZso i' 24 ;kb pknd fwfbnk j't/, fco -pZb/ pZb/ pZb/ iZc/ g?

iKd/. jk;/ eV frZbhnK g?D brdhnK. ob p?m e/ o'Nh ykD bZfrnK e?b/c'oBhnK s'A nkfJnk fwZso

d[Bhnk dh ;G s'A tXhnK ;eku dh p'sb eZY b?Adk s/ Bkb/ jZ; jZ; e/ nkydk-w/ok gZek gq'rokw

;h fe fJj s/o/ Bkb p?m e/ ghDh nk. pZ; fco eh, nukBe n?;h y[Fh fwb rJh fi; dh e'Jh

nk; jh BjhA ;h. n?;h y[Fh fi; ~ s[;hA j'o jzYkT[Dk ukj[zd/ j'. w;K w;K s/ bZGdhnK fJj'

fijhnK y[FhnK. nZi d/ w"e/ fBZs fBZs sK fwbd/ BjhA. uZb fdZbh fco ed/ ubk ikthA. w?A s/ E'VQ/

fdB gzikp ofjDk. pZ; ;kok ;wK fJeZm/ ojKr/. uZb T[J/ w[zfvnk ;odko dh rZvh tkfg; b? uZb



vokfJto ~ fJFkok eoe/ s/ s[jk~ pKj s'A cV e/ nkgDh eko ftZu fpmk bt/ s/ j'o e[M ;'uD

dh b'V jh wfj;{; Bk j't/. s[;hA tkfg; ibzXo th nk ;ed/ j'.

;kvh wzf}b dk nzdk}k Bk j't/, i/ gsk jh Bk j't/ feE/ ikDk sK tkN fet/A w[ektKrk s/ fezB/

e[ d{o iktKr/. s[o sK jh ;ed/ jK i/ ikDd/ j'JhJ/ feZE/ ikDk. ;kv/ ihtB dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh wB'oE

j'Dk }o{oh j?. e'Jh Bk e'Jh wzf}b e'Jh Nhuk }o{o j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ihtB dk Nhuk T[wo d/ jo

Gkr dk Nhuk, fit/A ftfdnkoEh dk Nhuk, fe;kB dk Nhuk, ftUgkoh dk Nhuk, p[Ykg/ dk Nhuk,

itkBh dk Nhuk. jo ;kb dk Nhuk th j' ;edk j? jo wjhB/, jo xVh dk jo gb dk th e'Jh

Nhuk j' ;edk j?. b/feB fpBK Nhu/ d/ n;hA e[M BjhA eo ;ed/. ihtB dh ;/X j'Dh sK pj[s

jh }o{oh j?. ;w[Zu/ s"o s/ s[jkvh ihtB dh i' ;/X j?, T[; ~ fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ id'A ubd/ jK

sK eJh tko jkbksK d/ jZE'A wip{o j' e/ iK nDrfjbh Bkb iK fco fe;/ j'o ekoB eoe/ iK

n;hA nkgDh ;/X s'A T[yVd/ jK sK ;kvh nkgDh }who ;k~ w[nk\ BjhA eodh. i/ fe;/ j'o dk

ftFtk; ;k~ Bk oj/. i/ fe;/ fwZso iK fe;/ foFs/dko Bkb p/ftFtk;h j' ikt/ sK n;hA T[; s'A

goQK j' ;ed/ jK. yfjVk S[vk ;ed/ jK n?;/ ftnesh s'A fi; Bkb p/ftFtk;h j' ikt/. b/feB i/

n;hA ][d nkgDh ;/X s'A nkgD/ fJokd/ s'A nkgDh wzf}b tZb tXd/ o;s/ s'A T[yVd/ jK sK n;hA

nkgD/ nkg ~ eh ejKr/. nkgD/ nkg s'A GZi e/ feZXo ~ iktKr/. ihtB dh GNeDk ftZu'A GNed/

fcod/ pj[s b'e ;k~ fwbd/ jB. T[j ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ i' GNe oj/ fwbd/ jB, ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ nkgDh

ihtB ;/X s'A nkgDh wzf}b s'A nkgD/ Nhu/ s'A GNe/ j'J/ j[zd/ jB. eJh tko s[;h ;[fDnk j'Dk b'eK

~ efjzfdnK fe w/oh e'Jh wzf}b BjhA j?, e'Jh Nhuk BjhA j?. fJj' fijh fpnkBpk}h eoB tkb/

nkgD/ Bkb M{m p'b oj/ j[zd/ jB. b{zpVh d/ nzr{o yZfNnK tkbh ejkDh ;G B/ gVQh j't/rh. gjz[u

Bk ;eh go yZN/ nzr{o w?~ BjhA ukjhd/, nky e/ fdb ~ s;Zbh d/ bJh.

eJh tko fJ; soQK th j[zdk j? fe Nhuk rbs fwfEnk iKdk j?. f}zdrh dhnK wz}bK

fBFfus eoBk th pj[s }o{oh j?. fJj th }o{oh j? fe i' wzf}b i' Nhuk n;hA fwE fbnk j?,

T[j mhe th j? iK rbs. eJh tko ;kv/ rbs c?;b/ ;k~ J/Bk ]okp eod/ jB fe gSsktk bZr

iKdk j? fe w?A fJj Nhuk feT[A fwE fbnk. yg yg e/ woB s'A pknd th fi;dk gSsktk bZr

iKdk j?, fJj' fij/ Nhu/ BjhA fwED/ ukjhd/. fe;/ s/ ftFtk; eoe/ n;hA fe;/ okj s/ s[o g?Ad/

jK go T[j o;sk ;k~ e'jK d{o b? iKdk j? s/ fco tkg; gosDk th n"yk j' iKdk j?. fi; B/

s[jk~ rbs o;s/ s/ gk fdZsk, f}nkdk s'A f}nkdk T[;~ fJj jh efj ;ed/ j' fe s{z w/o/ Bkb

ftFtk;xks ehsk. T[bKGk d/D Bkb g?AfvnK dh MZy wkoh dk Ee/tK sK BjhA bfj ;edk. efjD

s'A Gkt wzf}b }o{o fwEDh gt/rh-go thok ;'u ;wM e/. eJh tko fJt/A th j[zdk j? fe n;hA

uzr/ Gb/ o'Nh yKd/ j[zd/ jK. nkwdBh th mhe mke, gfotko th y[F, szdo[;sh th oZp dh feogk

Bkb ;G e[M mhe jz[dk j? b/feB fe;/ w[ekpb/ dk eoe/ fe;/ ]kopk}h Bkb iK bkbu ftZu nk

e/ n;hA nkgDh wzf}b nkgDk Nhuk n?;k fwE b?Ad/ jK fe ;G e[M jh iKdk bZrdk j?.

w?~ nkgD/ fJe yk; fwZso dh ejkDh :kd nkJh. w/ok fJZe pj[s tXhnk fwZso ;h. n;hA



1983 ftZu e[M fuo fJeZm/ ezw ehsk. pknd ftZu th ;kvk nkg;h gq/w pfDnk j'fJnk ;h.

ngq?b 1988 ftZu w?A fbeo ;N'o ]ohfdnk. T[; ftZu w/o/ fwZso B/ wdd ehsh. g?;/ dh th s/

T[AM th w/o/ Bkb iKdk nkT[Adk fojk. jkb/ d' fszB wjhB/ jh j'J/ ;B fe T[;B/ th bkrb/ Ffjo

n"e;Bkov ftZu fbZeo ;N'o b? fbnk. w?A th T[;dh g{oh wdd ehsh ;r'A fJZe fwZso s'A 80000

vkbo b'B th nkgDh f}zw/tkoh s/ b? e/ fdZsk. T[; dk ;N'o w/o/ tkb/ Bkb'A pj[s tXhnk ;h. y?o

w?A s/ w/oh gsBh jogqhs B/ pVh fwjBs ehsh. fdB oks fJe eo fdZsk. oZp B/ pj[s poes

gkJh s/ ;kvh d[ekB nkb/ d[nkb/ wFj{o j' rJh. pVh poes gkJh oZp B/. n;hA nes{po 1989

ftZu g?;/ i'V e/ xo th yohd fbnk. ;kv/ fwZso B/ th wjhB/ d/ ftZu ftZu xo b? fbnk. y?o

pVk tXhnk j'fJnk, 1990 ftZu n;h fcbw'o wkoehN yohd bJh. ;kv/ fwZso B/ th wjhB/ d/

ftZu ftZu fJe wkoehN yohdh. 1991 ftZu n?bohU wkoehN n;hA yohd bJh. fwZso w/ok th

feT[A fgS/ oj/, T[; B/ co?}B' tZb fJe ;N'o j'o ik fbnk. 1992 ftZu w/o/ j'o ;kEh w/o/

Bkb ob rJ/ sK n;h w{ogkoe wkoehN yohdh. w/ok fwZso sK Nhuk fwE e/ p?mk ;h fe pokpo

uZbDk j?. T[; B/ th fJe j'o d[ekB n"e;Bkov pDk bJh. n;hA sK fit/A fit/A foFs/dko fJeZm/

j[zd/ rJ/, T[t/A jh j'o ezw tXkT[Ad/ ;K. w/o/ fwZso dh w/o/ Bkb w[ekpbk eoB dh ohM B/ rbs

gk;/ s'o fdZsk. sK jh gsk bZrk fe ;G e[M t/u e/ feXo/ j'o ;N/N n"orB ftZu ubk frnk.

efjD s'A Gkt rbs Nhu/ rbs gk;/ fbik ;ed/ jB. rbs gk;/ oZfynk jo edw s[jk~ ^bs

gk;/ jh fbikJ/rk. ^bs gk;/ ~ BZm/ ikD Bkb wzf}b s'A ftZE tXdh j?. feZeo dh Nh;h s/ jh

ik e/ gsk bZr/rk fe fJj Nkjbh BjhA ;h, s{s th BjhA ;h, p/oh th BjhA ;h. ub' j'o BjhA sK

ezv/ yk e/ p/o th fwb iKd/ sK s[;hA gkoy{ ejkT[Dk ukj'r/ < nkfyo ftZu fJj jh efjDk ukj[zdk

jK fe Nhu/ fwED s'A p^?o fpbe[b BjhA ;odk b/feB rbs Nhu/ fwE e/ gfjbK th ;G e[M

iKdk brdk j?.

****



;kvh }who;kvh }who;kvh }who;kvh }who;kvh }whonkgDh ejkDh efjD bZfrnk i/ ;u' ;Zu Bk ejKr/ sK j'o sK FkfJd e'Jh Bk geV/ go

;kvh }who ;k~ }o{o T[bKGk d/t/rh. @u'oh eZy dh th s/ bZy dh th# M{m p'b e/ fe;/ eufjoh

ftZu'A sK poh j' ;ed/ jK. go fdb d/ dopko ftZu id'A }who B/ tekbsBkwk doi ehsk sK fco

feZXo ~ ikUr/ . M{m dh fezBh fwedko j? fJ; dk o"bk BjhA. i/ n;hA rbs jK sK nkgDh }who

s'A sK BjhA pu ;ed/. eJh tko n;hA pV/ siop/ tos e/, fbnkes tos e/ nkgDh :'rsk s/

nfXeko tos e/, nkgDh g[}hFB dk g{ok fJ;s/ wkb eoe/ e[M gqkgs eod/ jK. e[M fiZs jk;b

eod/ jK. b/feB ;kvh }who ;k~ nzdo'A nzdo ykJh iKdh j? fe fJj w?A i' rbs ehsk fJj feT[A

ehsk. n;hA fiZs e/ th jo iKd/ jK s/ eJh tko n;hA jko e/ th fiZs iKd/ jK. ;kvk bVek rrB

nkw pZfunK s'A f}nkdk ;wMdko j?. d[Bhnkdkoh th uzrh soQK fBGkT[Adk j?. ftUgko ftZu n?Bk

s/} fdwkr fe tZv/ tZv/ n\;o T[; dh geV d/y e/ dzr ofj iKd/. T[j eboe torh B"eoh

eoB bZr fgnk s/ Bkb dh Bkb gfVQnk th eo/, ekbi ikt/. go T[; B/ B"eoh ftZu n?Bh

fdbu;gh fdykJh n?Bh fwjBs ehsh fe T[; ~ w?B/io s/ fco nZm f}fbQnK dk J/ohnk w?B/io

pDk fdZsk frnk. d' e[ ;kb ftZu n?Bh soZeh ehsh fe ;Zm g?Ajm j}ko vkbo ;kb dh ewkJh

th eoB bZr fgnk. T[; B/ nkgD/ ekbi ikDk pzd eo fdZsk. w?~ fdb ftu dod pj[s j'fJnk.

w?~ gsk ;h fe rrB Bkb pfj; eoBh mhe BjhA. fJZe fdB rrB ~ p[bk e/ w?A fejk fe s{z

gVQBk sK G[bk jh fdZsk. efjD bZrk v?v b'e uzrh B"eoh s/ gj[zuD bJh, g?;/ ewkT[D bJh,

gVQkJh eod/ jB. T[j ;G e[M w?~ fwb fojk . w?A ;'funk fvroh sK FkfJd j[D rrB Bk eo/

go fJj fp}B; tXhnk eo ;edk j?, feT[A Bk w?A nkgD/ fp}B; ftZu rrB dh Fesh ~ tosK.

fJe fdB fco fgU g[Zso n;hA p?m/ rZbK eo oj/ ;K sK w?A rrB ~ nkgDk ftUgko ubkT[D dh

sith} g/F ehsh, s{z J/ohnk w?B/io j?, go nkgD/ fp}B; ftZu wkbe s{z j't/rk. fizB/ g?;/ T[j

s?~ fdzd/ jB s{z fJ; s'A tZX bJh ikthA. jogqhs ~ th fJj ;jh bZfrnk, rrB th pVk y[F

s/ d'jK wK g[Zso B/ c?;bk eoe/ rrB ~ ;ko/ eko'pko dh f}zw/tkoh ;zGkb fdZsh. w?A d/fynk fe

w/o/ s'A tXhnk ubk fojk j?, w?A ;G e[M jZEhA eodk eokT[Adk ;h, rrB ezfgT{No s'A eotkT[Adk

j?. ;G e[M mhe mke d/y e/ w?A fJZe fdB fejk fe w?A e[M r[Gr[bQkN bJh fcodk jK. w?A fszB

uko feskpK SgtkT[DhnK ukj[zdk jK i/ s[;hA S[ZNh fdT[ sK w?A gzikp nkgD/ xo ftZu p?m e/ nkgDk

wB j"bk eo btK. w/oh p/Bsh gqtkB j'Jh, jogqhs B/ gzikp ftZu w/o/ bJh fJZe B"eo dk, i' o'Nh

pDk ;edk ;h, gqpzX eo fdZsk s/ w?A gzikp nk frnk.

id w?A gzikp nk frnk sK rrB N?bhc{B s/ eJh tko fJ; soQK dk nfj;k; eotkJ/ fit/

A T[j w/oh r?ojk}oh ftZu sebh\ wfj;{; eo fojk j?. go w?~ sK nZm f}fbQnK dk J/ohnk w?B/

io rrB fdykJh d/Adk ;h. y?o e[M wjhfBnK ftZu ezto dh Fkdh ibzXo j'Jh. pj[s ;ko/ ;kv/

fwZso s/ foFs/dko nwohek, e?B/vk, fJzrb?Av s'A nkJ/. ;Zs nZm ;" b'eK d/ fJeZm ftZu id'A ezto



d/ ftnkj dh fo;?gFB s/ rrB Gok dk co} fBGkT[Adk j'fJnk ;ko/ nkJ/ j'J/ wfjwkBK dk XzBtkd

eoB bZrk sK w/ok s/ nkgDh wK jogqhs dk XzBtkd eoB bZrk o' jh fgnk. XzBtkd ;fjs ;kv/

tZb fJFkok eoe/ efjD bZrk fe fi; soQK s[;hA ;k~ gkfbnk j?, fJ; soQK pZu/ gkbDk pj[s

w[Feb j?. rrB dhnK rZbK ;[D e/ w?~ th o'D nkfJnk. nzdo'A nzdoh w?A fJZe fiZs wfj;{; eo

fojk ;h. w/oh nzdobh ntk} w/oh }who efj ojh ;h fe ;[fozdo s{z jko e/ BjhA nkfJnk s{z

nZi th i/s{ j?A. w?A nkgD/ g[Zso dk ftnkj d/yD s'A pknd fco nkgDhnK ouBktK ftZu rtku

frnk. efjzd/ B/ Bk i' ezw s[;hA eo oj/ j' fJ; s/ jh ;koh stZi' fdUr/ sK jh mhe j?. sK w?A

feT[A fJXo T[Xo GNfenK fcoK. nkgDhnK ouBktK ~ jh soihj fdnK sK mhe oj/rk.

eJh tko n;hA fenk; eo b?Ad/ jK. nzdk}k brk b?Ad/ jK fe fJ; soQK j'Dk, b/feB j[zdk e[M

j'o j?. w?A sK rrB ~ pVk nkgj[dok fijk ;wMdk ;h go ed/ fJ; rZb dk nzdk}k th BjhA

;h fe T[; d/ fdb ftu ;kv/ Bkb n?Bk fgnko s/ ;fseko b[fenk p?mk j?. eJh tko n;hA nzdk}k

brk b?Ad/ jK fe fJj nkdwh ;jh BjhA iK fJj ezw ;jh BjhA. go ;kvh T[j ;'u ;kvk T[j nzdk}k

;jh BjhA j[zdk. fit/A w?A ;opihs d/ ;N'o SZv e/ ikD s'A pknd ftZu gSskT[D dh ejkDh dZ;h

j?. pZ; n;hA eJh tko nkgD/ tZb'A ;jh ;'u e/ s[od/ jK, go ub/ rbs gk;/ iKd/ jK. ;' fJe

tko BjhA d' tko, tko tko ;'u e/ s[oB dk bkG }o{o j[zdk j?. fJj th BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk fe

;'uh ikU, nzdk}/ brkJh ikU go eo' e[M th Bk. eJh efjzd/ ;[D/ nK i' sedho ftZu j'fJnk

fwb ikT[. go i/ s[;hA s[o/ jh Bk sK g?Avk sedho fet/A fBp/V{. i/ n;hA ;'ud/ jK fe sedho

uzrh j? iK wkVh j? sK fJj th ;'uDk ukjhdk j? fe ;kvh ;'u th sedho pDkT[D tkb/ B/ jh

pDkJh j?. fe;/ B/ pVk tXhnk fbfynk j?, @j;s o/yktK dh fuzsk Bk eo' jZE f;oiDjko B/

sedho d/. #

fijVk e[M th BjhA eodk, fe;/ gk;/ th BjhA s[odk nky fdzdk j? fe w/oh }who BjhA

fJik}s fdzdh e[M eoB ~, w?A sK T[;~ ejKrk fe s/oh }who fJik}s BjhA fdzdh fe s{z }who

~ fJik}s BjhA fdzdk. d[Bhnk ftZu ftuoB tk;s/ d[Bhnk d/ Bkb uZbDk gt/rk. i' e[M d[Bhnk

eodh j?, i' ;dhnK s'A ;kvh fgos ubh nkT[Adh j?, T[; soQK ;G ~ s[oBk gt/rk. nkgDh f;js

dk f]nkb eoBk, goj/} Bkb ykDk ghDk, f;Zfynk jk;b eoB dk :sB eoBk, nkgD/ ;oho ~

jzYD;ko pDkT[D dk :sB eoBk, gfotkoe d[Zy ;[Zy ftZu fjZ;k b?Dk, nkgD/ u[frod/ ~ ;kc

;[Eok oZyDk, nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh d[Bhnk ftZu nkgDh gfjukD pDkT[Dk, tXhnk fw;kb pDB

dh e'fFF eoBk, fJj ;G eod/ ub/ nkJ/ jB. fco n;hA feT[A Bk eohJ/ < ;ko/ ekoi eo', ihtB

d/ ;ko/ ozr wkDB/ ;kvk jZe pDdk j?, jZe ns/ co} pokpo uZbd/ jB. jZe gqkgs eoB dh d"V

ftZu co} BjhA G[ZbD/ ukjhd/. jo ekoi d[Bhnk dk eoe/ t/yDk pDdk j,? b/feB jo ekoi dh

e'Jh wfonkdk th j[zdk j?. pZ; fJ; wfonkdk dk }who Bkb f;ZXk ;pzX j[zdk j?. d't/A ;ehnK G?DK

jB, pbfe w?A sK ejz{ rk i"VhnK G?DK jB.

;kv/ fenk; dk, nzdk}/ dk s/ ;kvh }who dk ;kvh pDso ftZu pj[s tZvk jZE j[zdk j?.



i' fenk; ;jh eo ;e/ s/ nkgDh }who ;k\ oZy e/ uZb/ sK T[j nZtb fe;w dk gkso pD ;edk

j?. nzdk}k rbs j' ikt/ iK }who ~ wko e/ uZbD Bkb ;jh wz}bK gqkgs eoBhnK Bkw[weB jB.

d'jK #u'A fJZe th rbs j? sK th rbs-fenk; rbs j' ikt/, wB ftu w?b Gkt/A Bk th j't/ sK

th ;opihs tKr pzdk B[e;kB eotk b?Adk j?. i/ nzdk}k ;jh j? o;sk ;jh j? go wB ftZu w?b

j?, sK th Bshi/ ;jh BjhA fBebd/. w/o/ fJZe fwZso d/ ;N'o s/ fJZe gzikph w[zvk ezw eodk ;h.

pVk s/} w[zvk ;kok ezw ikDdk ;h. fwjBsh th pVk ;h. w/o/ fwZso B/ T[;~ w?B/io pDk fdZsk.

gfjbK sK Bed sBykj b?Adk ;h fco id T[;~ u?Ze fwfbnk sK T[;B/ dZf;nk fe w/o/ e'b ek~Bh

s"o s/ ezw eoB dh fJik}s BjhA. fco fet/A j't/, pj[s jh jk}o fdwkr w[zvk ;h. T[;B/ fJe

o'} ;N'o s/ nkT[Adh e[Vh Bkb nZNh ;ZNh fcN eo bJh. e[Vh j? sK Gkt/A ekfbnK dh ;h, b/feB

;'jDh ;[BZyh pVh gzikph e[VhnK torh T[uh bzph itkB. T[; e[Vh Bkb ftnkj eotk e/ w[zvk

ek~Bh s"o s/ gZek j' frnk. fdb dh pVh ;kc e[Vh ;h. e[Vh B/ jo e'fFF eoe/ gzikph bZrD

dh e'fFF eoBh. gzikph ;{N gkT[Dk, r[od[nko/ th f;o YZe e/ nkT[Dk. ;ko/ rZbK efonk eoB

fe brdh jh BjhA fe fJj e[Vh gzikph BjhA. gzikph p'bDh th T[; B/ f;Zy bJh Gkt/A p'bdh ;kv/

pZfunK tKr jh ;h. d' ;kbK ftZu w[zv/ ~ T[; e[Vh Bkb ftnkj eoB eoe/ rohB ekov fwb

frnk. nwohek dk gZek fojkfJFh pD frnk. nukBe fJe fdB T[j e[Vh Fokph j'Jh fco/,

egV/ th u'fOnK tKr nZX guZX/ jh gkJ/ j'J/. gsk bZrk fe xo tkb/ B/ vkJht'o; d/ fdZsk. nkg

gZek j'D bJh jh T[;B/ sK ftnkj eotkfJnk ;h. fdb dh rZb ed/ gsBh ~ dZ;h jh Bk. gsBh

T[; ~ Xow gsh ;wM p?mh ;h. ;kfonK ~ gsk bZr frnk e/ e[Vh Bkb X'yk j'fJnk. w[zvk sK

p; fJZe' jh dbhb d/t/ fe w?A sK gZek j'D bJh ftnkj eotkfJnk ;h. eJh f;nkfDnK B/

;wMkfJnk th, w?A th fJe fdB T[;~ fejk fe p/Nk fJt/A BjhA eohdk, s?~ gfjbK jh dZ; d/

Dk ukjhdk ;h. nkgDh }who ~ wko e/ d' ;kb fet/A fpskJ/ gsk BjhA. d; e[ fdBK pknd fJZe

fdB ;N'o s/ fJeZbk d/y e/ fe;/ B/ T[j w[zvk r'bh wko e/ wko fdZsk. oZp ikD/ fe; B/ wkfonk

go g[fb; T[; e[Vh d/ GoktK s/ FZe eodh ;h.

gowkswk B/ sK ;k~ iBw fdZsk. wksk fgsk ;kXB pD rJ/. wK dh r'dh ftZu fizB/ ;[y

;B, T[j wK B/ d/D dk :sB ehsk. p'bh dh foFfsnK dh gfjukD th wK fgU B/ eotkT[D dk

:sB ehsk. f;nkfDnK B/, nfXnkgeK B/ f;Zfynk th d/D dk :sB ehsk. fJj ;G e[M efj bU

fe gowkswk dh fbyh j'Jh sedho ;h. p'bh dh GkFk dh fi; sohe/ Bkb n;hA nkgDh f}zdrh

ftZu tos'A eod/ jK. fi; soQK dh uzrh wzdh p'bh p'bD dh w[jkos n;hA eod/ jK T[j ;kvh nkgD/

jZEh fbyh j'Jh cZNh j[zdh j?. T[; dk d'F j'o fe;/ dk BjhA j[zdk. Fpd sK todkB j' ;ed/ jB.

T[BQK dk gq:'r n;hA fet/A eoBk j?, fJj ;kvh wo}h j?. wK sK r'd ftZu fyvkT[Adh nZedh Bk EZedh

go wK ftukoh dh r'd ftZu id'A n;hA fcZN BjhA nkT[Ad/, id'A tZv/ j' iKd/ jK sK nkgDh wo}h

dhnK b'ohnK, nkgD/ nkg ~ fdzd/ jK. nkgDh wo}h d/ fyv"fDnK Bkb y/vDk ukj[zd/ jK. d[Bhnk

ftZu nkJ/ oZp dh wo}h Bkb go d[Bhnk Bkb foFs/ n;hA nkgDh wo}h Bkb pDkT[Ad/ jK. i/ oZp



B/ ;k~ e'Jh nzr ;jh BjhA bkfJnk sK n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe oZp B/ eh ehsk< go i/ ;kv/ pDkJ/

foFs/ b? e/ pfj ikD sK oZp dk eh e;{o. jkbksK dk eh e;{o< j'o fe;/ dk th eh e;{o< w?A

eJh tko fbfynk j? -nkg/ ckEVhJ/, s?~ e"D SvkJ/. d{o dh ;'u e/ ;jh ;kc ;[Eoh }who Bkb

s[oB tkfbnK tk;s/ jh sK ;qh r[o{ noiB d/t ih wkM okr ftZu fbyd/ jBL

;u? wkofr ubfdnk T[;sfs eo/ ijkB[I (nzr 136)

ehwsh uh}K dh jh ehws g?Adh j?. i/ }who ehwsh j? sK }o{o w[Zb gt/rk. i/ j'o e'Jh

Bk th gkJ/ sK s[;hA nkg T[; ;Zuh ;Z[uh }who dk w[Zb gkt'r/.

****



;kv/ co};kv/ co};kv/ co};kv/ co};kv/ co}fJB;kBhns dk gkso fusoD eoB bZfrnk id'A co}K dh rZb uZbdh j? sK nkw s"o s/

pkeh ;kfonK dk co} :kd eotkT[Ad/ ofjzd/ jK. nkgD/ co} BjhA :kd oZyd/. n;b ftZu ;k~

G[Zbd/ BjhA ;kv/ co}, n;hA nkg G[bkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jK. fJB;kB dh f\sos jh e[M n?;h j?. fBZe/

j[zd/ n;hA nkgDh gziK T[ArbK dh fJZe y/v y/fvnk eod/ ;hL

fBZeh T[Arbh efjzdh ykJhJ/ ykJhJ/.

d{;oh T[Arbh efjzdh feE'A ykJhJ/.

sh;oh T[Arbh efjzdh f;o uVQkJhJ/.

u"Eh T[Arbh efjzdh bkT{ e"D<

s/ fco nzr{mk fdyk e/ efj d/Ad/

bZE{ sK bZE{ BjhA sk nkj ikDdk.

n;hA nkgD/ ihtB ftZu th fJj y/v y/vd/ jK. ;k~ gsk j? fe ;kvk co} eh pDdk j?

go n;h ikDfdnK nDikD pD iKd/ jK. nkgDh ekw:kph bJh nkgDk Bkw pDkT[D bJh nkgD/

foFfsnK dk ;[y gqkgs eoB bJh n;hA jw/FK :sB eod/ ofjzd/ jK b/feB BkwDk yZNfdnK

ewkJhnK eofdnK, ftUgko eofdnK nkgD/ co} th :kd oZyD/ ukjhd/ jB BjhA sK fco rZvh

BjhA ubdh. ;kvk fJe tko feokJ/dkoK Bkb MrVk j' frnk. d[ekB pj[s tXhnk ubdh ;h,

feokJ/dko ewkJh th tXhnk eod/ j'Dr/. Bt/A f;foUA feokJ/ dk fJeokoBkwk d; ;kb bJh wzrd/

;h. ]?o T[jBK dk jZe th pDdk ;h s/ ;kvk fdb th BjhA ;h eodk fe T[j J/Bk tXhnk ftUgko

rtk e/ pfj ikD. j'o th eJh ;ZiDK fwZsoK B/ T[BQK dh f;ckoF ehsh. w?A ;'funk feokJ/ s/ sK

d/Dk jh j? feT[A Bk fJjBK ~ jh d/ d/JhJ/. pzfdnK ftZu p?m e/ w?A fejk fJZe doyk;s fby e/

G/i fdU fe s[jkv/ e'b bh} BjhA j? s/ ;k~ BtK fJeokoBkwk feogk eoe/ d/ d/t'. T[j jZe sK

;wMd/ ;B go co} g{ok eoB s'A Med/ ;B. T[jBK B/ Bk e'Jh doyk;s G/ih s/ Bk jh T[BQK ~

e'Jh fJeokoBkwk fwfbnk.

n;hA id'A e'Jh Nhuk fwEd/ jK, e'Jh wzf}b gqkgs eoBk ukj[zd/ jK sK Bkb dh Bkb ;k~ T[;

wzf}b #s/ gjz[uD d/ o;s/ s/ ;kXB th bZGD/ g?Dr/ feE/ gjz[uDk j?. i' ;kvk jZe j? sK o;s/

ftZu co} th :kd oZyD/ g?Dr/. co}K dh id'A tkoh nkT[Adh j? sK n;hA ezi{;h eoB bZr g?Ad/ jK.

go eJh tko T[; d/ Bshi/ ;jh BjhA fBebd/-vzB GoB/ g? iKd/ jB. j'o fe;/ s/ fiZs gqkgs

eoB s'A gfjbK ;k~ nkgD/ nkg s/ fiZs gqkgs eoBh j't/rh, sK jh j'o fe;/ ~ fiZfsnk ik ;edk

j?. ;kohnK fiZsK sbtko Bkb jh BjhA fiZshnK iKdhnK. eJh tko s[jkv/ Fpd ;[D e/ jh b'e

jko ikDk ukj[zd/ jB. B}o Bkb B}o fwbk e/ jh s[jk~ fiZsDk BjhA ukj[zd/. d{;oh rZb i' pj[s

}o{oh j?, T[j fJj j? fe fe;/ Bk fe;/ d?th Fesh s'A, fe;/ Bk fe;/ oZp s'A voBk ukjhdk j?.

i/ fe;/ dk vo Bk j't/, fe;/ dk ;fseko Bk j't/ sK n;hA nkgD/ co}K ~ G[bkT[Dk ukjKr/ go



i/ ;k~ gsk j? fe ;k~ e'Jh d/y fojk j? sK ;[Gkte jh ;jh uZbKr/. ;' gowkswk dk nk;ok

b? e/ s/ gqwkswk s/ ftFtk; eoe/ ubDk }o{oh j?. fJwkBdkoh Bkb nkgD/ o;s/ sfj eoKr/ sK

;[y fwb/rk. pj[s f}nkdk G'b/ th BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk fe s[jk~ e'Jh b[ZN b? ikt/. f;nkD/ nkfynk

eod/ ;h fe n?;/ fwZm/ Bk j' ikfJU fe e'Jh yk jh ikt/ s/ J/B/ e"V/ th Bk j't' fe e'Jh E[Ze d/

t/. i/ fe;/ B/ s[jkvh fe;/ t/b/ pKj cVh j't/ sK T[;~ :kd oZyDk ukjhdk j?. :kd ~ ed/ ed/

sk}k eoB Bkb pVk ;e{B fwbdk j?.

w?A id'A e?b/c'oBhnK frnk ;K sK gfjb/ fdB jh w/o/ jZE ftZu sko bZr rJh. w/ok jZE ekch

eZfNnk frnk. e[M Ee/tK th ;h. BthA irQk th jkb/ w/ u BjhA ;h nk ojh s/ w?~ p[yko j' frnk.

e?broh s'A G{nk ih B/ ekb eoe/ nwoihs G?D ~ w/oh wdd bJh G/fink. w?~ Bkb fbik e/

N?NB; dk Nhek btkfJnk. nkgD/ xo oZfynk s/ id w?A mhe j' frnk sK B"eoh bZGD bJh th

w/o/ Bkb iKd/ oj/. T[; ;w/A w?~ oZp tork nk;ok brdk ;h nwoihs G?D dk. d' j}ko fszB

ftZu w?A s/ jogqhs B/ nkgDh Fkdh dh 25 thA ;kb frokj wBkJh. pj[s b'e fJeZm/ j'J/. pj[s

tZvk jkb ;h nokos. id'A b'eK Bkb yuk yfu Go frnk sK w?~ ;kfonK dk XzBtkd eoB dk w"ek

fwfbnk.

;ko/ foFs/dkoK s/ fwZsoK dk XzBtkd eoB s'A gfjbK w?A nwoihs G?D ih dk s/ T[BQK d/ gsh

joehos f;zx ozXktk dk XzBtkd ehsk s/ ;kfonK b'eK Bkb ikD gSkD eotk e/ fejk fe e?b/

c'oBhnK ftZu w/ok ;G s'A gfjbk ;jkok pD/ ;h. T[; dh pd"bs jh nZi w?A n?Bh soZeh eo ;fenk

jK. w?A nkgDk co} th fBGkfJnk s/ T[; co} fBGkT[D ftZu d'jK dh f;\s eoB bZfrnk i' w?~

fdb ftZu mzv gJh, T[; dh e'Jh ehws j' BjhA ;edh.

i/ ed/ s[jk~ e'Jh fBnK eoBk g? ikt/ sK fizBK fuo ;koh rZb ;wM Bk bZr ikt/ T[ZBk fuo

e'Jh c?;bk BjhA eoBk ukjhdk, fJj th ;kvk co} j?. i/ nkgD/ nkg ~ gsk Bk bZr/ sK fe;/

feskp dh iK fe;/ f;nkD/ dh ;bkj b?Dh th uzrh j?. fe;/ dh r?ojk}oh ftZu T[;dk p[ok sZe

e/ n;hA nkgD/ co} BjhA fBGkT[Ad/. GftZy ftZu fBebD tkb/ BshfinK dk nzdk}k oZyD tkb/ b'e

rbsh eoB s'A jw/FK r[o/} eod/ jB. Nhu/ fwED/, gq'rokw pDkT[D/ wz}bK fBFfus eoBhnK sK

pj[s jh }o{oh jB. fco T[j jh rZb fe jo fe;/ eow dh jo ekoi dh e'Jh Bk e'Jh wfonkdk

j[zdh j?. wfonkdk ftZu ofjD tkb/ b'e nkgD/ nfXekoK dk nBzd wkDd/ wkDd/ nkgD/ co} ~

th nZy'A go'y/ BjhA eod/. i' b'e nkw b'eK tork bZrD dh e'fFF eod/ jB, T[j tXhnk ofjzd/

jB. B}oK ftZu uVQBk jo tes mhe BjhA j[zdk. pj[s nZr/ bzxD tkb/ iK pj[s fgS/ ofj ikD

tkfbnK dh uouk f}nkdk j[zdh j?. i/ nkw b'eK Bkb n;h jZ; y/v e/ ;wK fpskT[Ad/ jK sK ;G

~ mhe brdk j?. rbsh fdb'A bk e/ BjhA eoBh ukjhdh n?go rbshnK fJB;kBK s'A ne;o j'

iKdhnK jB. w?A s/ fJj th nkydk j[zdk jK fe rbshnK eoBk ;kvk jZe j?. i/ ;kvh ehsh rbsh

d/ rbs Bshi/ fBebd/ fd;D sK T[; rbsh ~ ;[XkoBk th ;kvk co} pDdk j?. ;kv/ Bkb fdnK

dh j' ;e/ sK wdd eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJ; ftu s[jkvk th ckfJdk j't/ j'o fe;/ dk th ckfJdk



j' ikt/ sK pj[s tXhnk j?.

ftUgko eoB dh fJZe ftXh n;h ngDkJh. w/o/ e'b f;o\ d' e[ bZy vkbo ;h. 1990

ftZu T[j bk e/ n;hA fJZe tXhnk d[ekB fcbw'o Ffjo ftZu b? bJh. T[; ~ ubkT[D tk;s/

w/o/ fJzvhnk s'A rJ/ foFs/dkoK ~ Bkb obk fbnk. fdwkr w/ok uZfbnk s/ jZEhA ezw T[j pj[s eo

b?Ad/ ;h. fizB/ g?;/ w?A ]ou/, T[j n;hA ;KM/ EK s'A pkjo eZY bJ/ s/ ;kb v/Y ;kb ftZu T[j ;N'o

gzi bZy vkbo dk j' frnk. n;h eh ]ofunk, e[M th BjhA, g?;/ fizB/ bkJ/ T[j ewk th bJ/.

w/ohnK ;ehwK s/ siopk ns/ w/o/ foFs/dkoK dh fwjBs Bkb n;hA ;kb e[ ftZu jh seV/ j' rJ/

. p?m e/ n;hA GoktK tKr rZb w[ek bJh fe j[D fJj ;N'o dh wkbeh nZXh s[jkvh s/ nZXh ;kvh.

;ko/ pj[s y[F. T[j fizB/ ihn ;N'o s/ ezw eod/ ;h T[BQK dh sBykj eZY e/ pkeh g?;/ n;hA nX'

nZX eo b?D/. nZm e[ j}ko vkbo wjhBk ;kv/ fjZ;/ nk iKd/. T[j fJeZb/ ;N'o b? BjhA ;h ;ed/

, w?A fJeZbk ubk BjhA ;h ;edk. ob fwb e/ fJe d{;o/ d/ ;kE Bkb ;ko/ tXhnk ofj rJ/. ;kv/

e'b g?;/ j'o j' rJ/ s/ Bkb/ siopk mhe fojk. fJ; eoe/ n;hA fJZe fJe eoe/ gzi j'o ;N'o

gzi tZy tZy GkJh tkbK Bkb ob e/ pDkJ/. ;ko/ ;kv/ nkgD/ yk; foFs/dko, yk; fwZso ;B. j[D

y/v B/ fJe BtK w'V fbnk.

id'A S/ ;N'o s/ S/ jh GkJhtkb ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ nwho pD rJ/, ;kfonK e'b g?;/ j' rJ/ sK ;G

~ ;ehwK nkT[D bZr gJhnK. fJj G[Zb jh frnk fe d' ;kb gfjbK e[M BjhA ;h ikDd/ s/ e'b

th e[M BjhA ;h, w;K dZE/ Bkb dZEk jh brdk ;h. soekOK ~ ;kfonK B/ fJeZm/ j' e/ skF

y/vDh, dko{ ghDh s/ whN w[ork y{p uZbD/. j"bh j"bh ;ko/ x[;fo w[;o eoB bZr gJ/ fe fJj

pVk T[;skd fBefbnk. d/y' pJh fizBh nkwdB nkgDh S/ gfotkoK dh j?, ;[fozdo fJeZbk UB/

g?;/ ewkJh iKdk j? feT[Afe S/ ;N'oK ftZu ;kvk nZX ;h fijV/ g?f;nK Bkb ;kvk nZX pfDnk ;h

;ko/ ;N'oK ftZu, T[j g?;/ th n;hA eZY bJ/ s/ nZX d/ wkbe fco th oj/. go T[j fJj G[Zb jh

rJ/ fe w?A sK i' bkfJnk ;' eZfYnk go T[BQK ftZu'A eJh sK w/o/ Bkb ]kbh jZEhA jh ob/ ;h. i/

;ko/ gzi gzi bZy d/ ;N'o j' rJ/ sK YkJh YkJh bZy d/ wkbe th ;ko/ pD rJ/ b/feB T[BQK ~

nkgDk YkJh bZy Bk fd;/ w/ok gzdoK bZy uzrk Bk bZr/ . w?A fJe fdB ;ko/ fJeZm/ eoe/ g[ZfSnk

fe w/oh rbsh sK dZ;' fco jZ;D. n;hA ;'funk fes/ foFs/dkoh ftZu s/ :koh d';sh ftZu fcZe

Bk g? ikt/. w?A ;kfonK ~ fejk fe w[Zb gk e/ w/ok fjZ;k yohd bU s/ ftu'A jh ewk e/ d/ fdU.

;ko/ g[ZmhnK SkbK wkoB pV/ y[F fe fizBk w[Bk\k fdzd/ ;h T[; s'A xZN th feFs eohJ/ sK d' fszB

;kbK ftZu ;ko/ ;N'o T[BQK d/ j' ikDr/. fbys gVs wkVh w'Nh eoe/ ;kfonK B/ ;N'o ;zGkb bJ/

s/ n;hA ;kfonK #u'A pkjo. ;kv/ e'b T[jh ftukok fBZek fijk ;N'o ofj frnk.

d' e[ ;kbK ftZu id'A ;kfonK B/ ;k~ j"bh j"bh eoe/ g?;/ d/ fdZs/ sK w?A ;'funk j[D eh eohJ/

. T[; soQK dh y/v y/vD ~ j'o fdb BjhA ;h eodk. w?A ohnb ;N/N dk bkfJ;z; th b? oZfynk

;h. w?~ fit/A fit/A ;{s bZrk, w?A d[ekBK dh ikfJdkd ]ohdDh F[o{ eo fdZsh s/ n;hA ;ko/ g?;/

Xosh #u BZg fdZs/. efjD s'A Gkt d[ekBK yohd bJhnK. ;k~ feokJ/ GkV/ ekch nkT[D/ F[o{ j'



rJ/. nukBe ehwsK J/BhnK uVQ rJhnK fe e'Jh gzi r[DK, e'Jh d; r[DK pj[s ehwsK tXhnK.

;kvk gzdoK bZy bkfJnk ;h, T[j 6-7 r[DK j' frnk. fco ;ko/ pV/ d[yh fe n;hA sK fco T[E/

d/ T[E/ jh oj/ s/ ;[fozdo sK pVh ikfJdkd pDk frnk. w?A gfjb/ fdB s'A b? e/ nZi sZe co}

fBGkT[D dh ;'udk fojk go fe;/ ~ y[F Bk eo ;fenk. fJZe BjhA ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ i' edh w/oh T[Arbh

bZr e/ s[o/ ;h s/ nZi eJh eJh bZyK vkboK d/ wkbe jB, fwbhnBo jB, ;ko/ jh id fwbd/

sK fJ; soQK brdk fit/A w?A T[BQK dk e'Jh B[e;kB eo fdZsk j't/. ob e/ ;kfonK B/ ewkJh ehsh.

w?A e'Jh d/tsk s/ ;h BjhA fe nkgDk fjZ;k th d/ fdzdk. fco w/o/ wz[v/ th w/o/ r'vk c/o ;ed/ ;h.

w?A sK fJj jh f;Zfynk j? fe fJwkBdkoh Bkb nkgD/ o;s/ s[od/ j'J/ i/ fe;/ dh pKj geV ;ed/

j' sK }o{o geV' go nkgDk nkg rtk e/ BjhA. i/ ;jh ubfdnK th e'Jh s[jkv/ Bkb y[F BjhA

j? sK T[;dh fuzsk eoBh th ;jh BjhA. s[;hA nkgD/ co} s'A fgSKj Bk jN', e'Jh j'o nkgDk co}

fBGkJ/ iK Bk fBGkJ/, fJj T[; s/ SZv fdU iK gowkswk s/.

i/ e[M eofdnK g?;/ sK pV/ pDkJ/ go ;tkd BjhA nkfJnk, tksktoD ftZu th y[Fh BjhA

sK fJj' fijh ejkDh ~ e'Jh tXhnk w'V d/ e/ fJ; ftZu'A fBeb ikDk jh fpjso j?. go i/ s[;hA

jo jkbs ftZu uzpV/ jh ofjzd/ j' sK fJ; dk wsbp s[jk~ nwb j' frnk. nwbh sK pj[s/

r[DK tkb/ BjhA j[zd/, nwb sK fco o'r j?. fco sK g?;/ dk nwb s[jk~ tZ; ftZu eo bt/rk.

g?;k B"eo jh oj/ sK fpjso j?, i/ g?;/ d/ s[;hA B"eo j' rJ/ sK fco eh ckfJdk. fe;/ ~ e[M

d/ ;eD dh ;woZEk j? sK gowkswk dk F[eo j? go i/ s[;hA d'jhA jZEhA b[NkT[Dk F[o{ eo fdU

sK s[jkv/ e'b eh pu{. g?;/ ewkT[D dk s/ ]ouD dk th fJZe ftXkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;'u ;wM

e/ ftXkB pDkU s/ fco T[; ftXkB d/ ftZu ftZu ofj e/ uZbD Bkb i' ;\o bzxdk j?, T[; dh

e'Jh oh; BjhA. nkgD/ ftXkB f;o\ T[j jh pDkT[Ad/ jB fiBQK ftZu nkgD/ g?oK s/ yVB dh skes

j[zdh j? ;'u j[zdh j? i' fe;/ s/ fBoGo BjhA eod/ ;r'A b'eK ~ dZ;d/ jB @nkgD jEhA nkgDk nkg/

jh eki[ ;tkohn?I# i/ s[;hA d{o-nzd/F j' ns/ d{o-nzd/Fh dh ehws ikDd/ j' sK s[jk~ wzf}b tZb

ikD dh ;/X j?. iKu j? sohek j?. fi; ~ iKu BjhA T[j eko fet/A ubkt/ s/ fet/A gjz[u/ fes/

, so e/ jh gko bzfxnk ik ;edk j?. okj ftZu wkfVnK ~ r's/ BjhA d/D/ ;r'A i/ fe;/ ~ cVQ

e/ gko bzxk ;ed/ j' sK }o{o bzxkU e'Jh XzBtkd eo/ iK Bk eo/. fJj th j' ;edk fe e'Jh

ej/ fe fyZu e/ w/oh pKj jh s'V d/D bZrk ;h. ;kc Bhns Bkb s[od/ ikDk jh ;kvh wzf}b tZb

b? ikt/rk. b'eK gqsh co} g{o/ eoB s'A gfjbK nkgD/ tk;s/ th e[M co} j[zd/ jB. gfjbK nkswk

s/ fco gowkswk.

****



;kvk X[ok ;kvk e/Ado;kvk X[ok ;kvk e/Ado;kvk X[ok ;kvk e/Ado;kvk X[ok ;kvk e/Ado;kvk X[ok ;kvk e/AdotXhnk b'e nkgD/ ihtB d/ tXhnk tXhnk Nhu/ fwEd/ jB, ;'jDhnK wz}bK fBFfus eod/

jB s/ T[BQK wz}bK s/ gj[zuD bJh o;s/ tk;s/ nkgD/ ekfJd/ ek~B pDkT[Ad/ jB. T[j ftXkB, i'

F[o{ th nkgD/ s'A j[zdk j?, bkr{ th n;hA eoBk j[zdk j? s/ T[;d/ fj;kp Bkb s[oBk th n;hA j[zdk

j?. fJ; bJh ;G e[M eoB bJh n;hA e/Ado fpzd{ nkgD/ nkg ~ jh oZyd/ jK. pkeh dh d[Bhnk

;ko/ o;s/ s/ o;fsnK ftZu fwbD tkb/ b'e ;kv/ Bkb s[od/ jB. n;hA ;kE b? b?Ad/ jK nk;ok b?

b?Ad/ jK go jo ezw dk n;b e/Adoh fpzd{ sK n;hA nkg jK. nkgD/ s'A pknd nkgD/ B}dheh s/

pknd ftZu e'Jh j'o. n;hA nkgDh n"eks w[skpe jh nkgD/ fBFkB/ pDk ;ed/ jK. eJh tkoh ;kvh

ohM ;kvh n"eks s'A fes/ f}nkdk j[zdh j? fit/A ;[oihs gkso fbydk j?L

fJ; soQK j? fi; soQK fdB oks ftubk ck;bk

w/ohnK ohMK w/oh n"eks ftubk ck;bk.

;kvhnK ohMK eJh tko tZvh s'A tZvh n"eks s'A th fes/ tZvhnK j' iKdhnK jB. ;[oihs gkso

dh jh fJZe j'o fbys j?-nZi n;hA tKr ijk}K v[Zp uZb/ jK, ;{oi tKr{z T[d/ j'tKr/ Gbe/. feZvh

tZvh n"eks j?. ijk} ftZu ;kok fgzv p?m ;edk j?. fJ; soQK dh n"eks tkfbnK ~ th b'ehA v'p

fdzd/ jB. s[jkvk j";bk s[jkv/ Nhu/ pDkT[Adk j? sK jh sK gkso nkgD/ j";b/ Bkb nkgD/ nkg

s/ nkgD/ X[o/ s/ wkD eoe/ nkydk j? fe eZbQ ~ ;{oi tKr fco uVQBk j?. w"s th fJe ;ukJh

j? b/feB eZbQ dh ;t/o th ;{oi d/ uVQB fpBQK BjhA j' ;edh. o"FBh eoBk b'ud/ j' sK ;{oi pD

e/ uVQBk gt/rk. tZv/ tZv/ ;w[zdoh p/V/ NkJhN?fBe tor/ th v[Zp ;ed/ jB. p[bzd j"A;fbnK tkb/

;{oi torh fjzws d/ Bkb uVQd/ jB s/ nzX/o/ nkg/ d"V iKd/ jB. ;kvh d/y ;eD dh Fesh fezBh

j?, T[;/ fj;kp Bkb ;kvh ehws pDdh j? s/ T[;/ fj;kp Bkb n;hA Nhu/ fwE b?Ad/ jK. fizBk

w}p{s X[ok j?, UBh w}p{sh Bkb jh n;hA T[;d/ d[nkb/ x[zw ;ed/ jK. i/ ;kv/ n;{b w}p{s jB,

;?ANo w}p{s j,?

;kvk e/Ado w}p{s j?, sK e[dos d/ fB:wK ~ fXnkB ftZu oZy e/ nkgD/ fwFB tZb uZb

;ed/ jK s/ nk;kBh Bkb gj[zu ;ed/ jK. ;kvh Fesh, ;kvh f;nkDg, ;kvh ;/X ns/ ;kvh oZfynk

;kv/ e/Ado s/ jh fBoGo eodh j?.

nkw b'e nkgD/ nkg ~ ;[oZfyns BjhA ;wMd/. ;[oZfyns ;wMDk th pj[s }o{oh j? fizBh

e[ ;kvh ehws ;k~ wfj;{; j[zdh j?, fizBh e[ ;kvh skes wfj;{; j[zdh j?, UBk jh n;hA nkgD/

nkg ~ ;[oZfyns ;wMd/ jK. ;kvh UBh jh gfjukD w}p{s j?, fizBh n;hA t/yd/ jK. i/ n;hA

nkgD/ nkg ~ ew}'o ;wMd/ jK sK ;kvk j"A;bk jh BjhA g? ;edk fe e'Jh ezw db/oh Bkb eo

;ehJ/. eJh tko n;hA nky d/Ad/ jK fe w/o/ s'A feE/ j'Dk fJj ezw. i/ j"A;bk jh BjhA sK fco

ezw eh f;o/ uVQBk. nkgDh skes dk nfj;k; Y/ oh Ykj e/ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. nkgD/ nkg

Bkb gzr/ b? e/ jh j[zdk j? nkgDh skes dk nfj;k;. ;kv/ e'b eJh fJ; soQK d/ th w[zv/ ezw



eod/ ;B i' pj[s jh nDikD ;B. fe;/ fe;w dk frnkB BjhA ;h. nkgD/ nkg s/ ftFtk; eoe/

jh T[j nwohek tor/ d/F ftZu gj[zu rJ/. T[E/ ik e/ gzr/ b? b? e/ ;G e[M f;Zy fbnk. nwoheD

b'eK s'A tXhnk eJh e[M pDk fbnk. w?~ :kd j? fJZe tko fJZe bVek dftzdo ;kv/ Bkb ezw eodk

;h T[j n?Bk G'bk ;h fe g[ZS' jh Bk. fJe fdB n;hA d' fszB iD/ ek\h dk eZg ghAd/ rZbK eoB

bZr gJ/. fJzvhnk dhnK th rZbK ub gJhnK. wdo Nq/;k dh T[BQK fdBK ftZu d[Bhnk Go ftZu pVh

uVQs ;h. w?A rZb eo fojk ;h fe T[; n"os dk j";bk t/y', T[;dk fJokdk t/y' fezBk w}p{s j?.

fJeZb/ ebeZs/ Ffjo ftZu, fJe Ugo/ Ffjo ftZu, fJe fwFBoh pD e/ n"os nkt/. nkw s"o

s/ b'e fJe n"os ~ ew}'o ;wMd/ jB. go fJe n"os fJe Ffjo ftZu nkgD/ gZe/ fJokd/ d/

f;o s/ gzi bZy b'eK ~ feqFuhnB pDk rJh. n;hA rZbK eofdnK eofdnK dftzdo ~ g[ZfSnk

fe s{z ebeZsk d/fynk dftzdo. itkp ftZu efjD bZrk, nkj' ih ebeZsk gzikp ftZu jh nk. n;hA

;ko/ jZ; gJ/. y?o T[jh dftzdo nZi ebQ bZyK gsh j? s/ ;'jDk eko'pko j?. ;'jD/ xo ftZu

ofjzdk, ;'jDh eko ubkT[Adk j?. e[M th Bk ikDfdnK j'fJnK T[; ~ nkgD/ nkg s/ :ehB ;h fe

i/ j'o e'Jh eo ;edk j?, w?A feT[A BjhA eo ;edk. nZi T[; B/ ;G e[M eo ftykfJnk.

n;hA b'eK s'A Yzr sohe/ f;Zyd/ jK. ;G s'A tZX gqGkt nkgDh f}zdrh dk nkgD/ wzB nzdo

i' c[oB/ c[od/ jB, T[BQK dk j[zdk j?. mhe j? fe i/ okj G[Zb ikJhJ/ sK fe;/ s'A g[ZS th ;ed/ jK.

go feE/ ikDk, fJj sK n;hA nkg jh fBFus eod/ jK. i/ ;jh Nhuk fwfEnk frnk sK rZb pD

iKdh j? s/ i/ rbs fwfEnk frnk sK fco rZb ftrV th ;edh j?. jo fJB;kB dh nkg' nkgDh

f;nkDg j[zdh j?. fizBK e'Jh f;nkDk j? UBk jh T[;dh e/Adoh ;oeko w}p{s j[zdh j?. ;kvk

e/Ado jh sK ;kvh ;oeko j?. i/ ;oeko ew}'o j't/ sK e[M th BjhA eo ;edh. i/ n;hA Y/oh

Ykj e/ p?m iKd/ jK sK n;hA eh eo ;ed/ jK. b/feB i' fJB;kB w}p{s jB. T[j jw/FK nkgDh

nktk} d{o d{o sZe gjz[uk ;ed/ jB. jo fJB;kB, jo e"w, jo d/F dk ekw:kp iK Bkekw:kp

j'D dk fJj jh ekoB j?-e/Ado s/ fBoGo eodk j?. e/Ado ew}'o j? sK e[M th BjhA j' ;edk.

e/Ado pbtkB j? sK i' wo}h j' ;edk j?.

tkJhN jkT{; ftZu fijVk th gqXkB pD e/ iKdk j?, T[; dh skes J/ Bh j[zdh j? fe 100

ek~B pDkT[D tkfbnK ftu'A fizBK fuo 75 gqXkB d/ f]bk\ Bk ikD sK gqXkB T[j ezw eo ;edk

j?. nwohek dk fJj ek~B j? fe i/ nwohek dk gqXkB e[M th eoBk ukj/ sK T[;~ o'eD bJh

75% s'A tZX t'N ukjhdh j?. fJ;/ bJh sK p[F ;koh d[Bhnk ~ dzdhnK fuVk fojk j?. fi; wo}h

d/F d/ ftZu ik e/ fSZso go/v eo fdzdk j?. ;jh iK rbs, fJ; dk BjhA o"bk b/feB T[;dh skes,

T[;dk ;?ANo, T[;dk X[ok seVk j?. vkeNo wBw'jB f;zx s'A p[F f;nkDk sK BjhA. ;koh d[Bhnk

ikDdh j? fe vkeNo wBw'jB f;zx s'A tZvk noEFk;soh nZi dh d[Bhnk ftZu e'Jh BjhA j?. vkH

wBw'jB f;zx B/ i/ e'Jh fpnkB th d/Dk j't/ sK T[;~ eJh b'eK dk f]nkb oZy e/ d/Dk g?Adk j?

feT[Afe vkeNo wBw'jB f;zx ~ bkb{ gqFkd o'e ;edk j?, gk;tkB o'e ;edk j?, w[bkfJw f;zx

o'e ;edk j? iK e'Jh ekwfB;N o'e ;edk j?. fJZe gqshFs th o'eD dh esko ftZu ub/ ikt/



sK wBw'jB f;zx T[j ezw BjhA eo ;edk. fezBk coe j? 1% ns/ 75% ftZu.

pZ; J/Bk jh seVk j? p[F. nZi ek~B pdb e/ d/y bU fe Gkos dk gqXkB wzsoh i/ e[M

eoBk ukj/ sK fizBK fuo 75% w?Apo gkobhw?AN T[; d/ f]bk\ Bk j'D UBk fuo ezw BjhA o[e

;edk. eoe/ d/y bU, fJe ;kb d/ ftu ftu Gkos ;koh d[Bhnk s'A seVk Bk j' frnk sK w?~

cV e/ fjzd wjK;kro ftZu ;[ZN fdU.

f;nkDk j'Dk pVh tXhnk rZb j?. s[jkvh f;nkDg UBk fuo fe; ezw dh fizBK fuo s[jkv/

e'b T[; f;nkDg ~ bkr{ eoB nwbh ikwk d/D dh skes jh BjhA. fJ; ftZu e'Jh FZe BjhA fe

f;nkD/ pzd/ ;jh c?;b/ b? ;ed/ jB go T[BQK ~ bkr{ eoB tk;s/ f;nkDg e'Jh ezw BjhA eo

;edh. skes dh pj[s b'V j?. i/ s[jkvk nkr{ jh skesto BjhA, i/ s[jkv/ d/F dk gqXkB wzsoh

jh skesto BjhA, sK d/F skesto fet/A j' ;edk j?< c"i B/ jh bVBk j[zdk j?. efjzd/ jB fe

bVkJh dh fiZs jko dk ekoB T[; c"i d/ ioB?b dk N?AN j[zdk j?. bVkJh dh o{g o/yk pDkT[D

tkb/ d/ i/ s[;h jZE pzB e/ oZy' sK eh T[whd eo ;ed/ j' fe jZE pzBnK tkbk ioB?b eh eo/

. i/ fe;/ fiZs dh T[whd oZyd/ j' sK ioB?b dh ;[D'. i/ ;ktXkB eo/ sK ;ktXkB j' ikt/ c"i.

i/ ej/ r'bh ubkU sK fpBK ;'u/ ;wM/ ;koh c"i gNke/ ubk d/ t/ sK jh fiZs ;ed/ j'. Fesh

dk ;?ANo ew}'o j? sK s[;hA FeshwkB BjhA j' ;ed/. fco T[bKG/ d/ ;ed/ jK pZ; s/ eJh f;nkD/

T[; d/ T[Zso th pV/ tXhnk d/ fdzd/ jB. T[bKG/ dk T[so fdzfdnK w?A ;odko ;toB f;zx ~

;[fDnk. ;odko ;toB f;zx dh FkfJd fJj nkyoh tko n?wH ghH pDB dh nghb ;h. n;hA

ekbi gVQd/ ;K gsk bZrk fe fJzdok rKXh ;toB f;zx dh wdd bJh eg{oEb/ nk ojh j?. pj[s

tZvk fJeZm s/ Go/ fJibk; ftZu fe;/ gq/wh B/ T[Zm e/ ;toB f;zx ~ ;tkb eo fdZsk fe s[;hA

n?B/ ;kb wzsoh oj/ j', go gzikp dk eh ehsk s[;hA< ;toB f;zx w[;eok e/ efjD bZr/-b/j

bdky fe;/ c"ih dh ;kok ;kb d/F dh okyh eod/ j'J/ bzx ikt/ go xo nkJ/ ~ xo d/ efjD

e/ s{z pbd G[Zy/ wko fdZs/. ;toB f;zx wzsoh Gkt/A 20 ;kb oj/ go T[BQK e'b gzikp dk e[M eo

;eD dh Fesh jh BjhA ;h s/ i/ Fesh jh BjhA sK s[;hA e[M BjhA eo ;ed/.

:'rsk th j't/ Fesh th j't/ sK jh rZb pD ;edh j?. fJeZbh :'rsk e[M BjhA eo ;edh.

fJeZbh Fesh sK fe;/ d/ ug/V wko th ;edh j? go fJeZbh fbnkes sK jZE pzB e/ fpmkJ/

ioB?b tKr j[zdh j?, i' ;G e[M eo ;eD d/ ;woZE j[zfdnK th e[M BjhA eo ;edk. w?A fJe

ejkDh gVQh feXo/ . w?~ :kd nkJh s/ fJ; ftF/ Bkb pVh jh Y[edh j?. e'Jh gsBh nkgD/ gsh

~ vkeNo e'b b? e/ rJh. gsh ~ pA?u s/ fpmk e/ vkeNo ~ bzp/ u"V/ b?euo d/ e/ ;wMkT[D

bZrh fe gsk BjhA w/o/ xo tkbk p'bdk feT[A BjhA. vkeNo ;[Ddk fojk s/ nyho ftZu vkeNo

T[; phph nZr/ jZE i'V e/ yV frnk, feogk eo' ih s[;hA fe;/ ~ p'bD dk w"ek fdU sK jh e'Jh

p'b/. f;nkD/ nkyd/ iK okj gJ/ ikDhJ/ iK tkj gJ/ ikDhJ/. eJh tko id'A n;hA wip{o j' e/ iK

fe;/ th ekoB fe;/ o;s/ s/ uZbd/ jK iK ;k~ uZbDk g?Adk j? sK ;kv/ ftZu T[; o;s/ dhnK w[;hpsK

MZbD dk th pb g?dk j' iKdk j?. d[Bhnk dh d{;oh tZvh bVkJh i' bzpk fuo ubdh ojh 1939



s'A 1945 sZe S/ ;kbK ftZu, nwohek ~ bVkJh bVB bJh seohpB ;ko/ ezw eoB tkb/ pzd/ c"i

ftZu G/iD/ g? rJ/. fgS'A n"osK ~ nkg ;ko/ ezw eoB/ gJ/. gfjbK nwoheD n"osK th pj[sk

eoe/ wod s/ jh fBoGo eodhnK ;h. S/ ;kb pj[s bzpk ;wK j[zdk j?. S/ ;kbK ftZu pj[s n"osK

~ nkgD/ ezw nkg eoB dh nkds g? rJh. sK jh sK ni/ sZe T[j nkds BjhA rJh. Fesh g?dk

j' rJh s/ i' FeshtkB j' ikt/ fco T[; ~ fe;/ dk eh vo < i' b'e nkgD/ gfotko ftu

FeshwkB jB, i' b'e nkgD/ GkJhuko/ ftZu FeshwkB jB, i' b'e pj[s g?;/ eoe/ FeshwkB jB

iK pj[s tXhnk ezw iK B"eoh eoe/ y[F iK FeshwkB jB, T[j nkgDh Fesh d/ X[o/ d[nkb/,

nkgD/ e/Ado d/ d[nkb/ jh x[zwd/ jB. e/Ado ew}'o j? sK fco e[M th BjhA pudk. pZ; xz[wD-

x/ohnK jh ofj iKdhnK jB.

****



;kvh o[jkBhns;kvh o[jkBhns;kvh o[jkBhns;kvh o[jkBhns;kvh o[jkBhnsnfXnksfwe, o{jkBh, oZph, gke, gftZso, gktB, nkswe, d?th, Xkofwe, fBokeko,

nw{os iK fuzBQ wJh nt;Ek tZb ~ iKdh fdqFNh s/ nfXnksfwesk tZb bZrh brB ftu'A ;kvh

o[jkBhns dh Mbe g?Adh j?. w?A dknt/ Bkb nky ;edk jK fe Xow n;EkBK #s/ dht/ pZshnK

irkT[D tkb/ ;kv/ Xkofwe ;ogzu o[jkBhns d/ noE th BjhA ikDd/. i/ o[jkBhns d/ noE ikDd/

j'D sK Xkofwe d[yKs g?dk jh BjhA j' ;ed/. nZi d[Bhnk ftZu ;G s'A tZvk d[yKs Xkofwe d[yKs

j?. nZi dh ;G s'A tZvh bVkJh fJoke-nwohek dh bVkJh BjhA j?, fJ;bkw s/ feqFfun?BNh dh

bVkJh brdh j?. i/ ;kv/ ;ko/ Xkofwe nkr{ Xowh j' ikD, ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ XowK ~ ubkT[D tkb/

iK fJT[ ej' fe ;ko/ XowK d/ bzpVdko i/ Xowh j' ikD, ;Zuh w[ZuhA Xowh j' ikD sK fco

Xowoki Bk j' ikt/ < ;ko/ XowK d/ b'e fJj efjzd/ ;[D/ jB, wzBd/ th ;[D/ jB fe oZp gowkswk,

nZbk ;op FeshwkB j?. ;ko/ nkyd/ jB fe T[go tkbk jh ;G dh gotfoF eodk j?. ;ko/ efjzd/

jB fe eoB eokT[D tkbk T[jh j?. ;G dh ;zGkb eoB tkbh d?th Fesh eh n?Bh ew}'o j? fe

T[j nkgDh fj\k}s th BjhA eo ;edh < fBokeko, nw{os fi; dhnK n;hA ejkDhnK gkT[Ad/ jK,

fi; dhnK f;\sK eod/ n;hA EZed/ BjhA, T[j J/Bk ew}'o j? fe T[; dh fj\k}s eoB dh f}zw/

tkoh jh ;kv/ Xkofwe bzpVdkoK dh j?. s[;hA ;kfonK B/ ;[fDnK j'Dk fe fJj ijkd j?, Xow ;zeN

j?-n;hA nkgDk Xow pukT[D bJh e[opkB j' iktKr/, n;hA f;o XV dh pk}h bk fdnKr/. fJBQK

;kfonK ~ fJeZm/ eoe/ e'Jh g[ZS/ Gbk, T[J/ GfbU b'e' s[;hA ed'A e[ d/ nkgD/ oZp s'A seV/ j' rJ/

. oZp ftukok s[jkv/ fpBK gsk BjhA eh eo{ < s[;hA Bk j[zd/ sK Xow sK p; d[Bhnk s'A fwN jh

ikDk ;h. w?~ ;wM BjhA nkT[Adh fe ed/ Bk fwN ;eD tkbh Fesh dh fe;/ ftnesh ~ fuzsk

eoB dh eh b'V j? <

w?A dknt/ Bkb nky ;edk jK fe fJj i' XowK d/ bzpVdko jB, fJBQK ~ th gsk j? fe

fJj fezB/ e[ Xowh jB. nkgD/ nkg Bkb M{m p'bd/ jB.

Bebh Bekp gk e/ n;bh fujok b[ekT[D dk :sB eod/ jB. b'eK ~ Xkofwe f;Zfynk d/

D tkb/ w/o/ tor/ nkg Xowh jB fe BjhA, T[j ;G ikDd/ jB. o'} Xow n;EkB s/ ik e/ BZe

orVB tkbk }o{oh BjhA fe Xowh j't/. w?A fJj BjhA efjzdk fe BZe Bk orV'. w/ok th dkn bZr/

r[od[nko/ ik e/ w?A th pV/ BZe orVdk jK, pVhnK nodk;K eodk jK. d/ yDh gkyDh s'A th uzrk

Gbk f;Zy brdk jK. fJZe tko dh rZb :kd nkJh fe ;kv/ fJZe fwZso jfopz; ufjb d/ xo

nyzvgkm ;h. fJbke/ dk wzfBnk j'fJnk Bkwto nkdwh j?. j}koK b'eK Bkb ufjb dh T[ZmDh

p?mDh j?. pj[s soQK d/ b'e nyzvgkm s/ jk}oh btkT[D bJh nkJ/. seohpB ;ko/ w?~ th ikDd/

;B. ufjb dk e'Jh yk; gfotko pkjo'A fes'A th nkfJnk ;h, i' ;k~ BjhA ;h ikDd/. w/oh gsBh

jogqhs G'r s'A pknd pj[s n"osK ftZu p?mh ;h. w/ohnK rZbK ub gJhnK pVh tXhnk seoho

eodk j?, e'Jh ej/ gkm pj[s tXhnk eodk j?. pVhnK f;\sK eoB ;kohnK sK T[; ;kv/ s'A



nDikD n"os B/ g[ZS jh fbnk jogqhs ~ fe s/o/ xo tkbk j? e"D< feT[Afe T[j w?~ BjhA ;h

ikDdh fJ; bJh T[; B/ g[ZS fbnk. jogqhs pDk ;tko e/ efjD bZrh, @n"j T[j i' GkJhnK d/

ftueko fuZN/ e[Vs/ gikw/ tkbk ekbh gZr pzBQ e/ p?mk, GkJhnK tork jh brdk, T[j j? w/ok xo

tkbk. # id w?~ rZb dk gsk bZrk sK w?A wB jh wB ftZu pVk jZf;nk fe w?A eh jK s/ b'e w?~

eh ;wMD.

eJh b'e Xow n;EkBK d/ ezw-ekoK ftZu pj[s jh fjZ;k b?Ad/ jB. gqpzX eod/ pV/ BZm/

fcod/ jB. fJt/A brdk fit/A pZ; NNhjoh tKr fJBQK B/ jh n;wkB Ezw oZfynk j?. Xow n;EkB

~ ubkT[D dk pj[s fceo eod/ jB. b'eK e'b ik ik e/ tXhnk Xow n;EkB pDkT[D bJh

T[rokjhnK eod/ jB. i/ e'Jh dkB d/D bJh nkt/ T[;dk pVk ;fseko eod/ jB. XzBtkd eod/

jB. Xkofwe b'eK dhnK f;\sK ;[DkT[Ad/ jB. go T[BQK dh nkgDh ejkDh pj[sh tXhnk BjhA j[zdh.

w?A eJh ;ko/ Xow n;EkBK s/ ;/tk ew/NhnK ftZu ezw eoe/ d/fynk j?. eJh ew/Nh w?Apo sK n?;/

th j[zd/ jB fiBQK ~ Xow d/ Bk noE nkT[Ad/ s/ Bk jh f;ZyDk ukj[zd/ jB. pZ; T[j sK Xkofwe

ew/Nh d/ w?Apo pDBk ukj[zd/ jB. T[; bJh T[j e[M th eo ;ed/ jB. Xow n;EkB oj/ iK Bk

oj/ go T[j tZv/ ;/tkdko ejkT[Dk wzrd/ jB. nzB/ dh ohM r[b/b/ s/, rb'bk cV e/ jh p?mDk ukj[zd/

jB, wkoBk feZXo j?, d[FwD dk fFeko feZXo j?, fJ; Bkb e'Jh snZbe BjhA j[zdk T[BQK dk. fJzBk

jh pj[s j? fe rb'bk T[;d/ jZE ftu j?. fJj' fij/ fJe BjhA, eJh nzB/ s[o/ fcod/ jB, fiBQK

d/ eoe/, fiBQK dh ohM dk eoe/ eJh tko Xkofwe n;EkBK s/ bVkJhnK MrV/ th j[zd/ jB.

r'bhnK th uZb iKdhnK s/ pzd/ wo th iKd/ jB. eJh tko Xow n;EkB pzd th j' iKd/ iK fco

;EkBe ;oeko pzd eoB dk j[ew eo fdzdh fe fJ; irQk b'e fJeZm/ j'J/ sK ]sok j?. rbs

ezw j'D s'A pukT[D bJh eJh Xow n;EkBK ~ eJh tko izdo/ brd/ th w?A d/y/ jB. n?;/ b'eK

~ eh s[;hA Xowh ej'r/ fiBQK B/ ed/ e'Jh n?;h rZb jh BjhA ehsh i' fe s[jkvk Xow eodk j?.

i' f;Zfynk s[jkvk Xow d/Dk ukj[zdk j?, T[; f;Zfynk dk i/ fe;/ ~ T n th Bk nkT[Adk j't/ sK

T[j Gkt/A fiZvk wo}h Xkofwe bzpVdko pfDnk fco/ ;G p/-wfjBh ebkw jh j't/rh.

nzBQk! nkr{ EkghJ/, sK pZ; s[;hA nkg/ ;wM bU fe fe; EK fbikJ/ rk. i/ fe;/ dh nkg

feXo/ gjz[uD dh ;woZEk Bk j't/, fe;/ ~ fet/A gj[zuk ;edk j?. ;wkfie }who ftZu ;jh ;/X

fwb ;edh j?, i/ ;wkfie }who ~ nZy'A go'y/ eoe/ e'Jh nkgDh }who ~ th nDr"fbnk eoe/

e'Jh fJZe bZs d/ Gko nZyK whN e/ ;w[zdo d/ ezY/ yVQk j? sK T[j sK fco prbk Grs jh j' ;edk

j?. Xow ~, o[jkBhns ~ ;wMD tkb/ n;EkB s/ p?m e/ th i/ e'Jh :EkoEe BjhA j?, nfXnkswe

BjhA j?, fJjh ;'udk j? fe cbkDk pj[s jk}oh btkT[Adk j? s/ cbkDk sK Xow n;EkB s/ nkT[Adk

jh BjhA-cbkDk sK pVk eZp/ ;[Gkn dk j?, Bk pJh cbkDk sK pVk eZNV j? fJ; gk;/ jh fi;dh

;'u bZrh j?, T[j Gkt/A fizB/ wo}h tXhnk Xow n;EkB s/ p?mk j't/, T[j Xkofwe ojZ; ~ BjhA

;wM ;edk. t?;/ Xow n;EkB i' jB, T[j Xow ~ wzBD tkfbnK dh ;ZE j[zdh j?. Xow BjhA

j[zdk. Xow n;EkB sK jh fejk ik ;edk i/eo e'Jh n;EkB th j't/, b'e th j'D T[; n;EkB



s/ ikD tkb/, Xkofwe ekotkJhnK th j[zdhnK j'D, ehosB eEktK j[zdhnK j'D, Bwk}K gVQ j[zdhnK

j'D. fiE/ d/ gq'rokwK dk, ekotkJhnK dk, b'eK ~ gsk j't/ s/ ekotkJhnK eoB bJh ekfJd/ ek~B

th j'D, fJBQK ;kfonK s'A fpBK sK Xow n;EkB BjhA ub ;ed/ jB, Bk jh irQk fpBK, Bk b'eK

fpBK, Bk Xkofwe fefonktK fpBK. i/ e'Jh gq'rokw iK e'Jh fJzs}kw jh BjhA sK th Xkofwe

gq'rokw fet/A uZb ;ed/ jB. Xow n;EkB fet/A uZb ;ed/ jB. go id'A ;qh r[o{ BkBe nkgD/

gowkswk ~ nkgDh fdp fdqFNh Bkb t/yd/ jB sK T[j sK brdk fe;/ Xow n;EkB ftZu BjhA

p?mkL

nopd Bopd XzX{ekokIHHHHHHHHH;[zB ;wkfX brkfJdk. .

****



;kv/ n;{b;kv/ n;{b;kv/ n;{b;kv/ n;{b;kv/ n;{b;kv/ B/w, f;XKs, n;{b, ftXh, ftt;Ek, ohsh, wfonkdk, gdth, gqDkbh iK Xkofwe ;'uK

;kv/ nzdo{Bh e/Ado s/ fBoGo eodh j?, ;kv/ ftnefsst s/ fBoGo eodh j?. ;kvh FyFhns

#s/ fBoGo eodh j?, ;kvh }who s/ fBoGo eodh j?. ;kv/ n;{b fe;/ B/ BjhA pDkJ/ j[zd/. fJj

e'Jh nbipok BjhA j? i' fe;/ s'A ;tkb ;wM bJhJ/. ;kv/ n;{b s/ ;kvh }who dh X[o dorkj

#u'A T[gid/ jB. ;jh T[gi th nkgDh j[zdh j? s/ rbs th. y/sh sK fe;kB dh nkgDh j[zdh j?,

pj[s tXhnk c;b j't/ sK d/yD tkb/ f;\s eod/ jB fe fezBh tXhnk \;b j?. \;b dh ewkJh

sK fe;kB dh jh j[zdh j? go b'e th T[;dk nkBzd b?Ad/ jB. i/ y/sh pj[s wkVh j't/, \;b pVh

fBezwh j't/, fi; ftu'A fe;kB ~ puDk sK eh j?, xkNk jh gt/rk sK n?;h jkbs ftZu b'e f;\sK

BjhA eoBr/, fNZuoK sK Gkt/A eoB. ;kv/ tXhnk n;{bK dh, i' n;{b ;kv/ nkgD/ nzdo dh T[gi

j?, T[j n;{b i/ tXhnk j'D sK b'e f;\sK eod/ jB. go xNhnk n;{bK tkfbnK ~ b'e ;jh

B}o Bkb BjhA d/yd/. fe;/ pj[s/ seV/ go rbs fJB;kB s'A vodk sK Gkt/A oj/ e'Jh b/feB T[;

Bkb ;KM fGnkbh gkT[D dh fe;/ dh swzBk BjhA j' ;edh. T[;d/ tork jh e'Jh Gkt/A T[;d/ Bkb

s[o/ feT[Afe fJZe' fij/ yzGK tkb/ gzSh fJeZm/ T[Zv ;ed/ jB. ;jh n;{b sK pdbd/ th BjhA. n;{bK

s/ uZbD tkbk jh pdb ikt/ sK tZyoh rZb j?. efjzd/ ;Zu ~ sK nZr th BjhA ;kV ;edh. ;jh

n;{bK tkfbnK s/ n;hA fBoGo eo ;ed/ jK. i/ ;kv/ n;{b tXhnK jB sK nkgD/ nkg s/ fBoGo

eoBk sK fco j'o th nk;kB j?.

n;{b fe;/ d/ wro BjhA g?Ad/. n;{b fe;/ dk yfjVk BjhA eod/. n;{b fe;/ Bkb Bk Bkok}

j[zd/ jB s/ Bk jh fe;/ Bkb y[F j[zd/ jB. n;{b sK jo fJZe ~ fJe' jh B}ohJ/ Bkb d/yd/ jB.

fJ;dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe fi; dh nZy fJZe j? d{ih nZy j? jh BjhA, T[j ej/ w?A ;G ~ fJe'

jh B}o Bkb d/ydk jK. d/yD -d/yD ftZu pj[s coe j[zdk j?. fJe y{p;{os bVeh tZb e'Jh

nkgDh wK dh B}o Bkb d/ydk j?. fe;/ dh wK fBjkfJs y{p;{os j? sK T[;~ wK jh ej/rk s/

wK dh B}o Bkb jh d/y/rk. e'Jh G?D ej/rk, e'Jh Xh ej/rk s/ e'Jh bkOK th f;ZN ;edk j?-

nkjk! fJj' fijh fes/ w/oh gq/fwek j't/ iK gsBh j't/ sK fezBk uzrk j't/! ;' d/yD dk B}ohnk

nkgDk nkgDk j' ;edk j?, b/feB y{p;{osh BjhA pdbdh. ;jh n;{b, ;jh f;XKs, jw/FK

wfonkdk ftZu ofjzd/ jB, pbfe wfonkdk ftZu ofjD eoe/ jh ;jh j[zd/ jB. n;b ftZu

wfonkdk jh n;{b dk d{;ok Bkw j?. wfonkdk fe;/ ~ X'yk d/ e/ fe;/ nkgD/ wB g;zd Bkb BjhA

fBeb s[odh. fJZe ~ SZv e/ d{i/ tZb ikD tkb/ wfonkdk g[oF'sw BjhA j' ;ed/. n;{b ed/ ;k~

X'yk BjhA fdzdk. ;k~ c;kT[D dk :sB BjhA eod/. n;{b ed/ fe;/ ~ rbs o;s/ s/ BjhA gkT[Ad/

. n;{b, f;XKs fe;/ j'o d/ f;XKsK s/ BjhA uZbd/ s/ Bk jh fe;/ j'o d/ f;XKsK dh gotkj eod/

jB. f;XKsK dh nkgDh d[Bhnk j[zdh j?, nkgDk tksktoD j[zdk j?. f;XKs nkgD/ nkg ~ pukT[D

bJh fe;/ dh w[Ekih BjhA eod/. f;XKs ed/ wfonk BjhA eod/. n;{bK ~ esb eoB tkbk



jfEnko ni/ sZe sK BjhA pfDnk. nkdwh ~ esb eo ;ed/ j', nkdwh d/ n;{bK dh, f;XKsK

dh sK tk tZb th BjhA e'Jh d/y ;edk. tZv/ s'A tZv/ MNe/ f;XKsK ~ fjbk BjhA ;ed/. MNe/ Xosh

fjbk ;ed/ go fiBQK n;{bK #s/, fiBQK f;XKsK s/ Xow Xosh yVQh j?, T[j f;XKs fe;/ fe;w

d/ G{ukb d/ fjbkfJnk BjhA fjZbd/. wfonkdk g[oF'sw dh wfonkdk ~ e'Jh d; f;oK dk wkbe

u'oh eoe/ BjhA fbik ;edk, jK fe;/ bSwD o/yk ~ bzxD dh wfonkdk i/ Gzr j' ikt/ sK

wfonkdk Gzr eoB tkfbnK ~, f;XKs s'VB tkfbnK ~, n;{b Gzr eoB tkfbnK ~, f;XKs s'VB

tkfbnK ~, n;{b G[Zb ikD tkfbnK ~ u'o th fbik ;ed/ jB.

f;XKs sK rfjo/ ;w[zdoK dh fBnkJhA j[zd/ jB. fJBQK d/ sb ftZu eh e[M b[fenk fgnk j?

T[;dk ;k~ eh gsk. n;{b sK pZ; ngDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. n;{bK ftZu ihftnk ik ;edk j? go

n;{bK dh sfj sZe BjhA d/fynk ik ;edk. f;XKs, sK w[Ybh ;ukJh j[zd/ jB iK ;ukJh dk w[ZY

ej/ ik ;ed/ jB. pj[s jh g[oksB ;ukJh ej/ ik ;ed/ jB. f;XKsK dh ;z[dosk jh tZyoh j?.

n;{bK dh, f;XKsK dh pDso, n;{b dk co/w n;{bK dk YKuk jh tZyok j[zdk j?. fJj fJZe nB'yk

jh eZgVk j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb ihtB dk i'Vk ikwk pDdk j?. jo jkbs ftZu n;{b tZv/ jh ofjzd/

jB. fJB;kB Bkb'A fJB;kB d/ n;{b tZv/ j[zd/ jB. T[wo th bzph j[zdh j?. fJfsjk; ftZu fiE'A

sZe B}o iKdh j? fbik e/ d/yhJ/, uzr/ n;{bK tkfbnK ~ jh b'e uzrk efjzd/ jB. tZv/ tZv/

FeshwkB oktD tor/ w{oy eoe/ jh ikD/ iKd/ jB.

tXhnk f;XKsK ~ sK jo e'Jh ngDk th ;edk j?. tko tko ihn ;ed/ jK. tXhnk f;XKsK

~ jo :[Zr ftZu jo o[Zs ftZu jo ;fGnkuko ftZu ;Zu/ ;[Zu/ f;XKsK ~ ngDkT[D tkb/ th j[zd/

jB. eJh b'e :sB eod/ jB n;{bK s/ uZbD dh. fezBk e[ d{o uZb ;ed/ jB, uZbD tkb/ dh

;woZEk j[zdh j?. f;XKs sK n;hw j[zd/ jB. ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh fSzB Gzroh ftdtsk dk o"bk r"bk

eJh tko ;k~ ;jh f;XKsK dh gfjukD eoB ftZu w[Feb g?dk eo fdzdk j?. fJj f;XKsK dh

rbsh BjhA, ;kvh nkgDh rbsh j[zdh j?. M{mhnK s/ eZuhnK fJZNK dhnK BhAjK #s/ T[;kohnK j'JhnK

;kvhnK ftUAsK, ;kvk ;ukJh tZb, f;XKsK tZb ikD dk w"ek jZE' bzxk fdzdhnK jB. b/feB pkb{

o/s dhnK pDhnK fJwkosK fezBk e[ fuo fNe ;edhnK jB. ;kvh soZeh eoB d/ n;{b jh ;k~

tXhnk n;{bK tZb b? iKd/ jB. tXhnk n;{b ngDk e/ n;hA nkgD/ fd;jZd/ tZv/ eo b?Ad/ jK. n;hA

;op frnksk sK j[zd/ BjhA, ikDh ikD sK jK BjhA. fJ; bJh n;hA ;jh ns/ rbs ftZu, ;jh

nzso BjhA eo ;ed/. ;k~ nkgD/ nkg dh, nkgDhnK nkdsK dk th g{ok frnkB BjhA j[zdk. i'

n;hA eo oj/ jK mhe j? iK rbs, nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh uwe dwe th eJh tko nZyK uz[fXnk

fdzdh j?. ;w/A dhnK ;'uK ns/ }wkB/ dhnK neb bshchnK dh ;jh f;XKsK Bkb e'Jh f}nkdk foFs/

dkoh BjhA jz[dh. ;w/A d/ FeshtkB nkgDh ;'u pkehnK s/ th m'; fdzd/ jB. fJ; dk wsbp fJj

BjhA fe fbskV/ j'J/ nkdwh d/ n;{b rbs jB. T[j sK vodk nkgD/ pukU ftZu jh jK ih, jK

ih eoh iKdk j?. f;nkD/ nkyd/ B/ oZp B/V/ fe x;[zB. rbs p[fBnkd s/ rbs b'eK d/ pDkJ/ j'J/

n;{b fuo ;EkJh BjhA j' ;ed/. nZEo/ b'eK dh nkgDh wo}h Bkb gkJhnK vzvhnK fwN ikfJnk



eodhnK jB.

n;hA ;hws j' ;ed/ jK. j' ;ed/ eh < n;hA ;hws jK b/feB n;hfws okjK s/ s[o e/

n;hfws n;{b ngDk e/ n;hfws f;XKs XkoD eoe/ nzs T[BQK f;XKsK d/ XkoDh d/ s"o s/ nkgDh

T[woK s'A eJh r[DK tZX ihn ;ed/ jK. i/ n;hA ;jh n;{bK ~ XkoD eod/ jK sK ;jh f;XKsK

dh ikDekoh th j' iKdh j?. fizB/ f}nkdk frnkBtkB j' e/ n;hA n;{bK d/ nwbh pD iktKr/ UBk

jh tZX d[Bhnk dk frnkB ;k~ j' ;edk j?. n;{b sK T[j jh ofjzd/ jB. ;Zu sK ed/ BjhA pdbdk

b/feB n;hA ;funko/ j'D dk :sB eoB Bkb ;Zu gqkgs j'D Bkb ;Zu d/ j'o eohp j' iKd/ jK.

;Zu dh j'o ;wM bZr iKdh j?. ;Zu/ o;s/ s/ s[ofdnK fizB/ tXhnk n;{b pD rJ/, fizBh f}nkdk

;wM bZr rJh, pZ; UBh jh tXhnk rZb pD ;edh j?. f;nkDg s/ ;/X Bkb uZbD tkb/ uzr/

n;{bK d/ XkoDh pD ;ed/ jB. ihtB dk ;jh BeFk d/y e/ jh ;k~ gsk brdk j? fe feZXo

~ ikDk, fet/A ikDk, fJ; bJh ;k~ fwjBs eoBh gJ/rh. ;G s'A tZvh ;wM ;k~ T[d'A brdh

j? id'A ;k~ ;kvh gj[zu dk, ;kvh Fesh dk frnkB j' ikt/. ;k~ ;G e[M eoB dh nk}kdh j?

go Bshi/ ;kvh wo}h Bkb eZY ;eD dh nk}kdh BjhA. uzr/ n;{bK ~ XkoD eoe/ ihtB ;[Eok

eo ;ed/ jK. rbs f;XKs ngDkJ/ rJ/ sK T[; d/ fBebD tkb/ Bshi/ G[rsD bJh th fsnko

oj'. id'A ;k~ ;jh ihtB ihD d/ n;{bK dk frnkB j' ikt/ sK ;kvh ;/X ;k~ f;ZX/ o;s/ s/ b?

iKdh j?. p; fco f;ZX/ o;s/ nkgDh s'o s[od/ s[od/ th d[Bhnk s/ nkgDk gqGkt SZv ;ed/ jK.

;jh n;{b i/ s[jk~ gqGkts eo d/D sK T[BQK n;{bK #s/ uZb e/ s[;hA j'oBK ~ gqGkts eo ;eD

d/ ;woZE j' iKd/ j'. @ ;fu wkofr ubfdnk T[;sfs eo/ ijkB[#, wkM okr ftu r[o{ noiB

d/t ih fenk ewkb dk c[owkB[ eo rJ/. pZ; j[D ;kvk ;Zu go;s j'Dk jh pkeh j?.

****



;kv/ fJokd/;kv/ fJokd/;kv/ fJokd/;kv/ fJokd/;kv/ fJokd/id'A ;k~ ;kvh nzdo{Bh v{zxkJh dk gsk bZr iKdk j?, ;kv/ n;{b, ;kvh o[jkBhns, ;kv/

co}, ;kv/ ufoZso, :'rsk s/ }who dk gsk bZr iKdk j? sK ;kvh FyFhns T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/

nkT[Adh j?. id'A ;k~ ;kvh gfjukD j' iKdh j? sK n;hA nkgDh d[Bhnk ftZu fet/A ftuoBk j?, fJ;

dh fjzws j' iKdh j?. fco n;hA nkgDh fdqFNh Bkb Nhu/ fwED d/ ekpb j' iKd/ jK. fco n;hA

nkgDh ekpbhns d/ nkXko s/ nkgD/ fJokd/ pDkT[Ad/ jK fe n;hA eh eoBk j? < nkgD/ nkg ~

;?ANo pDk e/ fJZe gqGktFkbh X[ok pDk e/ T[;d/ fJod frod x[zwD dh soshp pDkT[Ad/ jK.

fJokd/ w}p{s eoe/ ;k~ ;kvh d[Bhnk ;k\ B}o nkT[D bZr g?Adh j?. fco ik e/ fes/ ;k~ ;kvh

d[Bhnk Bkb ;kv/ ;jh foFs/ ;wM nkT[Ad/ jB. ;kv/ fJokd/, fco n;hA pDkT[Ad/ BjhA, nkg/ pD

iKd/ jB. ;k~ id'A nkgDk nkg bZG g?Adk sK nkgD/ fJokd/ th bZG g?Ad/ jB. fJokd/ ;k~ fes'A

ik e/ xV"D/ BjhA g?Ad/. rfjfDnK tKr ;kvh ekpbhns d/ fj;kp Bkb ;kv/ o;s/ nkgD/ nkg ;k\

B}o nkT[D bZr g?Ad/ jB. feT[Afe jo fJB;kB d/ nkgD/ tZyo/ jh fJokd/ j[zd/ jB s/ T[BQK ~ g{ok

eoB bJh fJB;kB e'b f;o\ fJe' jh iBw j[zdk j?. jo fJB;kB nkgDh fw;kb nkg jh j[zdk

j?. jo fJB;kB ~ fJokd/ g{o/ eoB dk fJZe w"ek jh j[zdk j?. jo fJB;kB ~ fJokd/ g{o/ eoB

dk i' fJZe w"ek fwbdk j?, T[;~ n;hA T[g:'r eod/ jK iK T[j w"ek nikJhA ub/ iKdk j?, fJj

;G e[M ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eodk j?. ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe n;hA nkgDh s'o/ s[od/ iKd/ nkgDh

d[Bhnk ftZu eh gqGkt SZvd/ jK. ;kvh f}zdrh d/ noE fe;/ j'o B/ nk e/ BjhA ;wMkT[D/ j[zd/,

;kv/ ihtB d/ noE n;hA y[d e'b'A jh g[ZSD/ j[zd/ jB s/ y[d jh n;hA itkpd/j j[zd/ jK. ;kv/ ihtB

d/ ;tkbK dk itkp th ;kv/ jh nkgD/ ihtB B/ d/Dk j[zdk j?. fizBk e'Jh f}zw/ tko j? UBh f}zw/

tkoh Bkb nkgD/ ;tkbK d/ itkp d/Adk j?. id'A fJokd/ th ;kv/ nkgD/, pDkT[D tkb/ th n;hA jK

sK fco f}zw/tkoh fe; dh j'Jh < ;kv/ pDkJ/ ek~B n;hA nkgD/ s/ jh bkr{ eoB/ j[zd/ jB.

fJokd/ oks' oks pD ikD tkbh uh} BjhA. ehsk eokfJnk gkm BjhA j? fe g?;/ d/ fdU s/

G'r gtk bU. fJj sK nkfd s'A nzs sZe dk f;woD j?. pj[s v{zxk nzso fXnkB j' e/, nzso

fdqFNh Bkb nkswe ukBD j'D Bkb jh j' ;edk j?. sZsK dk fBy/V eoe/ g{oh SkDphD eoe/ g{ok

ftFb/ FD eoe/ pDB tkbh rZb j?. fJokdk pDkT[Dk fuzsB dk ftFk j?. pj[s ftuko eoe/,

pj[s fXnkB Bkb, g{oh XkoBk Bkb f]nkb eoe/, ;wM e/ g{o/ ftt/e s/ p[ZXh Bkb eoB tkbh

feos j?. fJokd/ pDkT[D/ ;"y/ BjhA gJ/, go id'A fJokdk gZek j' ikJ/ sK T[; ftZu jh FhF/ tKr

;kc B}o nkT[D bZr g?Adk j? fe n;hA eh jK s/ eh eoB d/ ;woZE jK s/ ;k~ j[D fe; soQK

s[oBk ukjhdk j?< pZ; fJj jh sK ;G e[M fJokdk j[zdk j? s/ nkgD/ pDkJ/ fJokd/ dh g{osh eoB

tkb/ th id'A n;hA nkg jh sK fco o"bk jh e'Jh BjhA. ;kv/ FhF/ ftZu n;hA nkgD/ nkg ~ jh

d/yDk j[zdk j?. n;hA eJh tko nkgDh wo}h Bkb nkgD/ fJokd/ pdb th b?Ad/ jK go fJokd/

pdbDk th UBk jh n"yk j? fizBk fJokdk pDkT[Dk. go id'A n;hA fJokdk Xko e/ s[od/ jK sK ;kv/



fJod frod dh d[Bhnk ~ gsk bZr iKdk j? fe n;hA fe; gk;/ ik oj/ jK. eJh tko ;kv/ nkgD/

mhe BjhA ;wMd/, T[j BjhA ukj[zd/ fe n;hA nkgD/ fJokd/ g{o/ eohJ/. s[jkv/ ;kJheb dhnK skoK

s'VB tkb/ pj[s fwb ikDr/. T[j e'Jh ftd/Fh BjhA j[zd/, fizBk e'Jh s[jkv/ f}nkdk eohp j? UBk

jh T[j s[jk~ s/ s[jkvh Fesh ~ ikDdk j[zdk j?. Ugo/ b'e fiBQK ~ s[jkvh :'rsk dk gsk BjhA,

T[j feT[A gzrk b?Dr/. gzr/ jw/FK ;kv/ Bkb ;kv/ nkgD/ jh b?Ad/ jB. eJh tko gZe/ fJokd/ Bkb

n;hA fJwkBdkoh Bkb uZb oj/ j[zd/ jK sK o'fenK n;hA o[ed/ BjhA ;r'A o'eD tkfbnK s'A th e[M

f;Zy b?Ad/ jK. eJh tko ;kv/ b'e ;kvk B[e;kB eoBk ukj[zd/ jB b/feB ;kvk j'o \kfJdk j' iKdk

j?.

n;hA fJZe ikfJdkd fszB e[ bZy vkbo dh yohdh. d' e[ bZy T[; T[go j'o bk e/ tXhnk

d[ekB ubk bJh. d[ekB n;hA feokJ/ s/ d/ fdZsh s/ ;'jDk feokfJnk nkt/. feokJ/dko ;kv/ nkgD/

yk; ;B. foFs/dkohnK th pDdhnK ;h s/ eJh fuo fJeZm/ T[md/ p?md/ eoe/ fgnko th ;h. y?o

;kvk fJokdk pD frnk fe T[j ikfJdkd t/u d/JhJ/. ;k~ frnkoK bZy 25 j}ko vkbo dk rkje

fwb frnk s/ n;hA t/u e/ gk;/ j'J/. id foFs/dkoK ~ n;hA fbysh B'fN; G/fink fe j[D

feokfJnk Bt/A wkbe ~ d/D sK T[BQK ~ gsk bZr frnk fe ;"dk fezB/ dk j'fJnk. ;Zs nZm bZy

vkbo n;hA ewk fbnk. ;kv/ nkgfDnK ~ ;kv/ feokJ/dkoK ~ fJj rZb gu/ Bk s/ T[j ;kv/ ;kJheb

dhnK skoK s'VB bZr gJ/ feT[Afe ;kv/ nkgD/ ;B. G/sh ;B s/ n?;h y/v y/vh fe ;k~ f;ZN fbnk.

;k~ wip{o eo fdZsk s/ ]ohdko dk ;kok youk i' fe eohp 80, 000 vkbo d/ eohp ;h, ;k~

d/Dk fgnk. n;hA T[j ikfJdkd fco tkfg; b? bJh. oZp dh wo}h n?BhnK ehwsK uVQ rJhnK

fe T[j jh ikfJdkd nZi fszB r[DK tZX g?;/ d/ ;edh j?. j[D ;kvk fJokdk pdb frnk s/ n;hA

t/uDk jh BjhA ukj[zd/. nkg;h fto'X j' frnk. fJ; bJh T[j feokJ/dkoK ~ th d[ekB SZvDh gJh

s/ ;kvk bVek pVk tXhnk T[; ~ ubk fojk j?. ;kvh nkwdB th tX rJh s/ ehws th tX rJh.

;' i/ s[jkvk fJokdk ;kc j? s/ gZek j? sK e'Jh th s[jkvh tk tZb BjhA t/y ;edk. i/ ;k~ gsk

j? fe n;hA eh eo oj/ jK sK e'Jh s[jkvk e[M BjhA ftrkV ;edk.

****



;kvk ;woEB;kvk ;woEB;kvk ;woEB;kvk ;woEB;kvk ;woEBfdqF o{g ftZu, t/yD d/ fj;kp Bkb ;gFN s"o s/ id'A n;hA e'Jh gqfsfrnk eod/ jK,

s;dhe eod/ jK, g[FNh eod/ jK, g'qVQsk eod/ jK, fe;/ dk ;woEB eod/ jK sK fJj th ;kvk

;thekfonk j'fJnk, gofsnkfJnk j'fJnk, jzYkfJnk j'fJnk siopk j[zdk j?, sK jh n;hA ;woEB

eod/ jK. ;woEB pVk ;'u ;wM e/ eod/ jK. ;woEB pVk ;'u ;wM e/ fdZsk iKdk j?, d{o

dh ;'u e/ b'e ;woEB eod/ jB. i/ ;k~ gsk j't/ fe fJ; pzd/ B/ ;kv/ fe;/ ezw BjhA nkT[Dk

sK n;hA T[;dk ;woEB BjhA eod/. fJ;/ bJh jh sK id'A fJe ;oeko i' oki eo ojh j[zdh j?,

p[oh soQK jkodh j?. b'eK ~ gsk j[zdk j? fe d{ih tko fJj ;oeko BjhA pDBh. id'A gZek gsk

bZr ikt/ fe ;kv/ fJbke/ d/ ftXkfJe B/ fiZsDk jh BjhA sK fco d{o dh ;'u e/ Bt/A dk ;woEB

eod/ jK, fes/ ezw jh nkT[. ;woEB eoB bZfrnK n;hA f;o\ nkgDh rozNh jh d/ ;ed/ jK.

j'o fe;/ e'b ik e/ fe;/ dk ;woEB eoB tk;s/ dbhbK d/ e/ wBkT[D dh iK ;wMkT[D dh e'fFF

s/ n;hA eo ;ed/ jK. T[j ;woEB d/t/ iK Bk fJj T[; s/ fBoGo eodk j?. ;' ;woEB fJe

pj[s jh ftneshrs Fesh j?. fe;/ j'o ~ i/ s[;hA nkgD/ Bkb i'Vd/ j' sK T[; dh Fesh T[;d/

;woEB eoB eoe/ jh pDdh j?. f;nkD/ fejk eod/ ;h -@;j[z ykJhJ/ ihn dh, Bk g[Zs dh Bk

Xh dh. # ;' n;hA nky ;ed/ jK fe ;woEB fJZe fBZih Fesh j[zdh j?. gqsZy o{g ftu ;gFN

ns/ }o{oh jK ftu jK fwbkT[D Bkb ;woEB j[zdk j?. fBFfus s/ mhe mke wdd j[zdh j?.

;woEB jo tes ckfJdk eoB dh jh ;'udk j?. fi;B/ B[e;kB jh eo fdZsk T[j ekjdk

;woEB. eJh tko n;hA fJ; vo Bkb ;woEB BjhA b?Ad/ fe ;kv/ jZe ftZu BjhA ofjDh rZb.

fJ; dk bkG BjhA j'Dk, T[j ;kvh G[Zb j[zdh j?. ;woEB jw/FK jZe ftZu jh iKdk j?.

gq?}hv?AN ftbhnw i?co;B efbzNB fJZe pj[s jh d{o fdqFNh tkbk gqXkB ;h. T[; dhnK

;ehwK B/, T[;d/ fdwkr B/ nwohek ~ pj[s w}p{s ehsk. ;koh d[Bhnk ikDdh j? fe T[j pVk

jh ekw:kp gqXkB ;h nwohek dk. efbzNB s'A fJZe rbsh eh j'Jh < b'eK B/ w'fBek bftz;eh

dhnK pVhnK ejkDhnK pDkJhnK-pV/ rhs rkJ/. ]?o rbsh fe;/ s'A th j' ;edh j?. gqXkB th

sK fJB;kB j[zd/ jB. efbzNB th sK fJB;kB j?. T[; s'A rbsh j' rJh go fJ; dk fJj wsbp

BjhA fe T[;B/ i' e[M nwohek bJh ehsk, T[j ;kok iKdk fojk. nrbh u'D ftZu v?w'eq/fNe gkoNh

tZb'A efbzNB dh gkoNh tZb'A efbzNB dk T[g gqXkB n?b r'o id u'D w[fjzw ftZu ;h sK r'o fJe

fdB efbzNB e'b frnk. nwohek d/ jo u?Bb B/ T[j whfNzr NhH thH s/ fdykJh. r'o B/ efbzNB

~ p/Bsh ehsh fe bftz;eh dk eoe/, w'fBek dk eoe/ efbzNB dh rZb dk n;o BjhA j'Dk. fJ;

bJh r'o B/ p/Bsh ehsh fe efbzNB ;woEB Bk d/t/ sK uzrk j?. pZ; FkfJd fJj jh ekoB ;h

fe r'o jko frnk s/ p[F gqXkB pD frnk. efbzNB r'o ~ fJj p/Bsh eofdnK ;[D e/ jZf;nk

s/ efjD bZrk, @ikj s/ nkgDh ek~B pDkT[D tkbh ;?fBN fi; dk s{z gqXkB j?A, ik e/ efj fe

ek~B pdb d/D s/ w?~ shih tko u'D bVB dh fJik}s d/ d/D fco d/yhA.# ;' ;woEB



jw/FK ckfJd/ tk;s/ j[zdk j?, B[e;kB tk;s/ BjhA<

;woEB jw/FK toswkB ;w/A dh rZb j?. i/ n;hA fJ; soQK eo b?Ad/ jK, fJt/A j[zdk. T[;

Bkb ;woEB dk e'Jh foFsk BjhA. ;woEB sk yVQ/ dk ]kb;k j?. i/ j? sK j[D j? BjhA j? sK

BjhA. ewkB ftu'A fBefbnk sho ed/ tkfg; BjhA nkT[Adk. wo/ ~ s[;hA ihAdk BjhA eo ;ed/, Gkt/

A s[;hA nkg jh wkfonk j't/. id'A ;{oi uVQ fgnk sk jB/o/ ~ fco tkfg; BjhA p[bk ;ed/ . ;'

;woEB jo jkbs ftu toswkB dh rZb j?. w[od/ g[ZN e/ T[BQK #u'A w[Fe jh nkt/rh. nkT[D tkbk

eZbQ th efjzd/ fe;B/ t/fynk. fJ; bJh ;woEB dk e'Jh noE BjhA i/ toswkB ftZu s[;hA BjhA

eod/. efjzd/ B/ Bk j[D/ jh d' jZE eoe/ t/y b?, eZbQ dk eh gsk < nrbh rZb fe ;woEB b[e

S[g e/ BjhA j[zdk, }kjo j' e/ j[zdk j?. b[e S[g e/ iK fgZS/ p?m e/ i' s[;hA eod/ j' fJj fe;/ ftXh

dk iK fe;/ pzd/ dk ;woEB gqkgs eoB dh ftXh sK j' ;edh j?, ;woEB BjhA j[zdk. eJh efjzd/

;[D/ nk Bk fe w?A f;ZXk s/oh wdd BjhA eo ;edk go w?A fe;/ ~ efj fdnKrk. fJ; dk wsbp

i' fe;k j?, sh;ok j? T[j ;woEB eo/rk, w?A BjhA, ;woEB sK doFBh uh} j?. nkgD/ p{j/ s/

Mzvk bkT[D tkbh rZb j?. Sksh m'e e/ pKj yVh eoe/ pzfdnK tKr fe;/ d/ Bkb yVQ/ j'D ~

;woEB nkyd/ jB. sh;oh rZb fe i/ s[jkvk fdb BjhA wzBdk sK th s[;hA e[M BjhA eod/ j[zd/

o'Adk x'Vh uVQk th fdZsk sK T[;B/ ;tkj eoBk. ;woEB sK jh eo ;ed/ j' i/ s[jkvk fdb wzBdk.

fdb bk e/ BjhA eo'r/ sK fco T[j ;woEB ekjdk. i/ fe;/ pzB e/ ;Z[eDk gk fdZsk sK s[jkvh

wo}h Bk j'Jh. fJj sK s[jk~ pzBQD tkb/ dk ;woEB j?. ;' i/ fe;/ d/ Bkb yVQ/ j' sK vN e/

yVQ/ j't'. pzfdnK tKr vN e/ i' T[;~ th :kd oj/ fe e'Jh w/o/ Bkb yVQk ;h. fi; ~ fe;/ d/

fynk BjhA ;woEB eofdnK, wfj;{; BjhA ehsk, Bk jh fjZe m'e e/ s[jkv/ Bkb yVk j?, T[j

iK sK s[jkvk ;woEB eodk BjhA s/ iK fco wkjsV J/B/ i'rk jh BjhA j'Dk.

****



;kvh ndkekoh;kvh ndkekoh;kvh ndkekoh;kvh ndkekoh;kvh ndkekohnkgD/ ihtB ftZu ;k~ eJh soQK d/ o'b eoB/ g?Ad/ jB. eJh soQK dh ndkekoh eoBh g?Adh

j?. fJZe Btizwh, pZuh fi;~ jkb/ e[ZM th gsk BjhA, jZ;Dk s/ o'Dk th FkfJd T[;d/ g{ok tZ;

BjhA, wK s/ jh jo soQK fBoGo eodh j?. wK dh r'd jh T[; dk ;G e[M j?. T[; tes th T[j

Bt izwh pZuh fJe ndkeko j[zdh j?. E'VQh fijh tZvh j[zdh sK G?D dk o'b ndk eodh j?.

ftfdnkoEh pDdh j?, gVQB iKdh j?. g[okD/ }wkfBnK ftZu xo dk ezw jh efonk eodh ;h-

r'jk e{Vk efonk eodh ;h. GKvk NhAvk wKidh, pjkoh e{Vk eodh, gkEhnK gZEdh th nkgDh ebk

dh ndkfJrh eo ojh j[zdh ;h. E'VQh j'o tZvh j' e/ XkoK eZYdh, d[ZX foVedh, pkg{ iK tho dh

o'Nh b? e/ iKdh. GZsk b? e/ iKdh Bko dk gsk BjhA fezB/ e[ ethnK B/ fezBhnK feskpK ftZu nfs-

eEBh nbzeko ftZu f}eo ehsk j?. fco ftnkj dh fsnkoh F[o{ j' iKdh, dohnK y/; p[DB/ f;ZyD/

, gZyhnK, c[bekohnK eZYDhnK, fsqzRDK ftZu ;j/bhnK ;zr uoy/ d/ bzp/ bzp/ szd eZsD/, g{DhnK

r'jfNnK dh iKu f;ZyDh s/ eJh tko sK fszqRDK d/ rhsK dh ;[o jh pdb ikDh. pkg{ dh ;/tk

eodh, thoK dh ;[Zy wzrdh ~ fJZe fdB ftnkj dh o;w dh ndkekoh th eoBh g?Adh. T[; fdB

sK ;ko/ }wkB/ dhnK B}oK ftZu uVQ ikDk. fJZe ;XkoD e[Vh d/ jZEK dhnK s/VK jbdh wb wb

e/ ;o'AQ d/ s/b s/ jbdh fwbk e/ wbDh s/ ;koh w?b bkj ;Z[NDh. T[j jh e[Vh id fbFek g[Fek

e/ tXhnk ftnkj tkb/ eZgV/ gk e/ s[odh sK t/y e/ ;ko/ dzr ofj iKd/. v'bh s[oB bZrh e[Vh

dh ndkekoh sK ;kfonK ~ o[nk fdzdh. fco ;j[o/ ik e/ fJZe gsBh dk o'b eoBk g?Adk, gsh dh,

;Z; ;j[o/ dh ;/tk eoBh, fdUo, i/m th u"AeVk wko e/ u"Ae/ ftZu nkD pfjzd/. T[jBK dh th o'Nh

gekT[Dh g?Adh. BDkBK dh B[eskuhBh th ;jkoBh g?Adh. fezBk n"yk j? fJ; soQK dk o'b fprkBh

;N/i s/ ik e/ eoBk. go ;kok }'o bk e/ nkgDh ebk dh godoFBh eodh. ;wK nkT[D s/

gowkswk dh fwjo Bkb wK pDdh s/ fJZe BtK o'b nkozG j' iKdk. xo dh ;tkDh dk o[spk

fBGkT[D ftZu th fejVh xZN ebk dh b'V j?. xo dh ;tkDh dh th ndkekoh eoBh. T[woK d/

goSkt/A Yb ikD s/ fco dkdh dhnK ejkDhnK ;[DB bJh g's/ g'sohnK th nkgDh tZs tkj[zd/ .

fizBK fuo ;tk; uZbd/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ ndkekoh, fe;/ Bk fe;/ o'b ~ fBGkT[Adh fBGkT[Adh fJZe fdB

d[Bhnk d/ fJ; ozr wzu s'A s[o iKdh j?. nkgD/ ihtB dh nkgDh G{fwek fBGkT[D tk;s/, ihtB

d/ tZy tZy GkrK ftZu tZy tZy fe;w dh ndkekoh dh f}zw/tkoh fBGkT[Dh jh ihtB j?. jo o'b

wjZstg{oB j?. gsh dk, gsBh dk, wK fgU dk o'b, fJe nfXnkge dk o'b, Xkofwe j'D dk

o'b, fp}B; iK fe;/ j'o eko'pko ftZu nkgDk o'b, rZb eh jo o'b nkgDh tZyoh wjkBsk oZydk

j?. id'A ;k~ ;kvk o'b BjhA ndk eoBk nkT[Adk iK id'A n;hA nkgDk o'b eofdnK e[M n?;k eod/

jK i' d/yD ;[DB tkb/ ~ mhe BjhA brdk. }wkB/ ~ mhe BjhA brdk sK n;hA eJh tko nkgD/

pV/ ehwsh foFfsnK ~ ftrkV b?Ad/ jK. ;G s'A }o{oh uh} ;kv/ bJh foFs/ j[zd/ jB. fJB;kB

fJeZbk BjhA ofj ;edk. fJB;kB fi; ~ foFs/ Bk oZyD/ nkT[Ad/ j'D, T[j sK fco gF{ jh j'fJnk

feT[Afe fe;/ gF{ ~ foFs/ fBGkT[D dh b'V BjhA j[zdh. fJB;kB sK foFfsnK dk eoe/ jh foFs/



fBGkT[D dh ndkekoh eoe/ jh ikfDnK iKdk j?. ;k~ gsk j[zdk j? fe ;kvk eh foFsk j?. ;kv/

eh jZe jB s/ ;kvhnK f}zw/tkohnK eh j[zdhnK jB. id'A n;hA ;'ud/ jK fe foFsk eoB s'A gfjbK

jh ;'u b?Dk mhe j? fe w/ok fi; Bkb foFsk pDB ik fojk j?, T[j foFs/ dh G{fwek fBGk th

;e/rk fe BjhA. fJZe tko w/o/ fJZe fwZso dk bVek itkB j' frnk. pj[s tXhnk ezgBh ftZu

fJzihBhno bZr frnk. g?;/ th tXhnk ewkT[D bZr fgnk. ;kfonK dhnK B}oK ftZu uVQBk jh

;h. pV/ tXhnk tXhnk foFs/ nkT[D bZr/. fJZe fdB e'Jh ;ZiD fe;/ vkeNo e[Vh dk foFsk b?

e/ nkfJnk. xo fdnK ~ rZb pVh fdbu;g bZrh. xo th mhe j?, ]kBdkB pVk g[okDk j?. fe;/

uh} dh ewh BjhA s/ e[Vh vkeNo j?. w[zvk th p?mk ;[Dh frnk u[Zg eoe/. id'A pZ; rZb fBZpV

jh uZbh, foFsk gZek jh j' uZfbnk sK w[zv/ B/ ;'funk fe j[D w?~ nkgDk o'b ndk eoBk ukjhdk

j?. yVQk j' e/ efjD bZrk, v?v w?~ gsBh ukjhdh j?, w/o/ xo tkbh ukjhdh j?. w?~ vkeNo BjhA

ukjhdh, Bk sK w?A woh} jh jK s/ Bk jh w?~ T[;dh ewkJh ukjhdh. fi; ;N/i s/ fi; gkso

dh fi; soQK dh ndkekoh dh b'V j't/, T[;/ soQK dh jh u'D n;hA eod/ jK. ;kv/ ihtB dhnK

gqkgshnK ;kv/ Nhu/ sK jh g{o/ j' ;ed/ jB i/eo n;hA nkgDh pDdh G{fwek fBGkJhJ/ s/ nkgD/

ihtB d/ vokw/ ftZu pkeh ebkeko th n?;/ i'VhJ/ i' ;kvh ejkDh d/ ;jh gkso bZrD. ;jh gksoK

dh u'D Bk eo j't/ sK fco th ;kvk vokwk tXhnk BjhA pD ;edk. i/ gksoK B/ nkg w[jko/

uZbfdnK s[jkvh ihtB Mkeh d/ Gkt noE jh pdb fdZs/ sK th mhe BjhA. ;kvh ndkfJrh jh

;kvh ndkekoh dh ejkDh ftZu ikB gkT[Adh j?. wFj{o ukobh u?gfbB r{zrhnK fcbwK dk fJe

ndkeko ;h. T[j fJZe fcbw ftZu pq?v u'oh eodk gefVnk iKdk s/ oks Go i/bQ ftZu ofjzdk

j?. ;t/o ~ g[fb; T[; ~ pkjo eZYdh j? go T[j w[V w[V nzdo ikD dh f}d eodk j?. T[;

dh f}d jh T[; dh ndkekoh j?-w?A nzdo jh mhe jK, pkjo sK pq?v th BjhA ykD ~. w?A eJh

tko rZb eodk j[zdK fe fJZe Bkw ;kvk xofdnK B/ oZy fdZsk s/ d{;ok Bkw ;kv/ o'b j[zd/ jB.

;kvh ndkfJrh eJh tko J/Bh tXhnk j[zdh j? fe b'e ;kvk T[; o'b w[skpe jh Bkw oZy b?Ad/ jB.

vkeNo, wk;No ih iK \"ih ;kfjp ;kv/ o'b d/ nkXko s/ oZy/ j'J/ Bkw j[zd/ jB. ;kvh ihtB d/

BkNe ftZu ndkekoh s'A ;kvh d[Bhnk ftZu ehws dk gsk ubdk j?. ;kv/ ftZu t;dh ebkekoh

dk gsk brdk j?. ;kvh ndkekoh eoB d/ Yzr sohe/ gsk uZbd/ jB. ;kv/ nkgD/ u[D/ j'J/, ;kvh

nkgDh ihtB ejkDh d/ o'b jh ;kv/ s'A pknd ;kvh :kdrko pDd/ jB. fJj }o{oh BjhA fe ;N/

i s/ s[;hA GZi/ fcod/ j' sK s[jkvk o'b :kd ofj ;edk j?. eJh tko fBZe/ fij/ o'b Bkb s[;hA

ihtB d/ T[; feZ;/ d/ wkor doFB eotk fdzd/ j'. gowkswk B/ ;k~ g?dk ehsk s/ pj[s ;kohnK

FeshnK th fdZshnK. T[BQK FeshnK dk gq:'r ;kv/ tZ; j[zdk j?. n;hA fet/A t/yd/ jK, fet/A ;[Dd/

jK, fet/A p'bd/ jK, fet/A s[od/ jK-g[Zm/ s[od/ jK fe f;ZX/. fJj ;G ;kvh nkgDh ndkekoh j?.

d[Bhnk pVh f;nkDh j?. ;fji/ jh ;G b'e ikD iKd/ jB fe fJj ebkeko fezB/ e[ gkDhnK ftZu

j?. i' eo ftykT[Ad/ jB, T[j jh ndkeko. fijV/ fiZs ikD T[j jh f;ezdo. pkeh sK fco

fit/A efjzd/ B/ -ekDhJ/ x'Vh uV/ sK ikDhJ/.



;kvhnK ;z;EktK;kvhnK ;z;EktK;kvhnK ;z;EktK;kvhnK ;z;EktK;kvhnK ;z;EktK;z;EktK gfotkoe th j[zdhnK jB s/ tgkoe th. fJZe n?;k ;zrmB, n?;h iE/pzdh fi; ftZu

ftuofdnK ;kvh gfjukD pDdh j?. n;hA fJZe fJeZbh ikB BjhA j[zd/ ;r'A fJZe ikB j' e/ ubd/

;zrmB dk fjZ;k j[zd/ jK. nkgD/ B\/ B[e;kB dh f}zw/tkoh sK nkgDh j[zdh j?, b/feB ;z;Ek dh

f}zw/ tkoh ;G dh ob fwb e/ j[zdh j?. fe;/ fJZe pzd/ dh ;z;Ek BjhA j[zdh. ;zrmB sK ;zr ;zr

ub e/, ;kfonK dk ob fwb e/ j[zdk j?. n;hA i/ fJeZb/ jK sK ;kvk B\k B[e;kB th ;kvk fJeZfbnK

dk j[zdk j?. ;z;Ek ftZu d[Zy ;[Zy tzvD dh Fesh j[zdh j?. efjzd/ jB fe fJZe fJeZbk s/ d'

frnkoK. ob e/ ;kvh Fesh pj[s f}nkdk j' iKdh j?. w?A eJh tko ;N/iK s/ th fejk, yk; eo

pZfunK dhnK ftnkjK FkdhnK s/ w?A ne;o rZb efonk eodk jK fe fJZe s/ fJZe frnkoK sK jh

j' ;ed/ jB i/ T[j fpbe[b fJZe d{i/ d/ pokpo j'D. fJZe pj[s nZr/ j? s/ d{;ok pj[s fgZS/

ofj frnk j't/ sK T[j frnkoK BjhA pD ;ed/, fJeZb/ fJeZb/ jh ofj iKd/ jB. ;zrmB BjhA pD

;ed/ ;z;Ek BjhA pD ;ed/. ;w{fje o{g ftZu ub e/ ;KM gk e/ ;KM/ fBFkB/ fwE e/ jh uZbD

tkb/ ;z;Ek nytkT[Ad/ jB. i/ e'Jh fJeZbk ofj fojk j?, T[; dh gsBh Xh iK g[Zso e'Jh BjhA,

Bk jh wK fgU j?. j'o e'Jh th BjhA fJeZbk jh j? sK T[j fJj BjhA efj ;edk fe w?A gfotko

ftZu ofjzdk jK. T[j j'o fe;/ d/ gfotko ~ jh Gkt/A nkgD/ gfotko tork wzBh fco/ go T[;

dk e'Jh gfotko BjhA j[zdk. fttjko th fe;/ j'o d/ Bkb jh j' ;edk j?. nkgD/ nkg Bkb s[;hA

eh fttjko eo ;ed/ j'. tgkoe ;z;Ek Nhu/ ~ b? e/ s[odh j?. e[M eoB dh ftT[As pDk e/

id'A e[M b'e ob fwb e/ uZbd/ jB sK T[j fco tgkoe ;z;Ek ejh ik ;edh j?.

xo gfotko dh id'A rZb uZbdh j? sK fgqz;hgb s/ik f;zx dk b/y @xo# :kd nkT[Adk j?.

T[j fbyd/ jB fe xo fe;/ fJwkos ~ BjhA efjzd/, xo sK T[j j[zdk j? fi; ftu p?mk e'Jh

fe;/ dh T[vhe eo/ s/ fe;/ ~ fceo j't/ fe w?A nkgD/ xo ikDk, w?~ e'Jh T[vhedk j'T{. ihnK

s'A fpBK ]{p;{os fJwkos sK j' ;edh j?, xo BjhA. fgnko d/ XkfrnK Bkb pzBQ/ j'J/ n;hA id

ihtB pshs eod/ jK sK T[j ;kvk gfotkoe ihtB j[zdk j?. fi; gfotko ftZu fgnko BjhA T[j

sK fco j'o e[M jh j' ;edk j?, gfotko BjhA fejk ik ;edk. f}zdrh Bkb ;wM"sk eoe/ fdB

eZNh eo oj/ b'eK ~ gfotko BjhA fejk ik ;edk. doi/ j'D fizBk d/ s/ dofinK dk ;fseko

j't/, wK fgU dk doik gsh gsBh dk doik, fgU g[Zso dk doik s/ wK Xh dk doik. fJj

dofinK d/ noE ikBD tkb/ jh gfotkoe b'e jz[d/ jB. jo w?Apo ~ nkgDh nkgDh f}zw/tkoh

dk nfj;k; j't/. nkg;h fBoGosk d/ ;[y dk u;ek bZrk j't/. fwb i[b e/ ofjD Bkb fiBQK ~

w}k nkT[Adk j't/. i' fJZe d{i/ bJh ikB d/D ~ fsnko j'D. i' fJZe d{i/ fpBQK ofj Bk ;eD,

fiBQK dh ekpbhns jh fJZe d{i/ s/ fBoGo eodh j't/. fJZe d{i/ d/ ezw ftZu fdbu;gh j't/.

fJZe d{i/ d/ ezw nk ;eD ftZu jh fiBQK ~ ;[y fwbdk j't/, T[; ~ gfotko nkyd/ jB. d[Bhnk

ftZu ;G s'A tZX fJ;s/ wkb j'D tkbk b\} j? @w?A#. b/feB d[Bhnk dk ;G s'A ew}'o nZyo th

@w?A# j?. n;hA nkyhJ/ sK w?A nkg/ T[; n;hA ftZu nkD p?mdk j?. gfotko ed/ w?A BjhA j[zdk. gfotko



n;hA j[zdk j?. gfotko d/ jkbksK s/ sg;ok n;hA ob fwb e/ p?m e/ eod/ jK. gfotko ~ tXhnk

pDkT[Dk Bt/A s'A Bt/A fBFkB/ pDkT[Dk ekw:kphnK jk;b eoB tk;s/ ob fwb e/ fJe ;KMh dZy

fdzd/ jK fe n;hA feZE/ yVQ/ jK.

d{;oh fttjkfoe ;z;Ek j[zdh j?. fi; soQK dk ;kvk fttjko j?, T[; soQK dh B;b Bkb

n;hA obDk ukj[zd/ jK. d[Bhnk dhnK tZyohnK tZyohnK B;bK dh nkgDh gfjukD j[zdh j?. n;hA

fi; ;z;Ek d/ ekoD ikD/ iKd/ jK, T[j th ;kvh gfjukD pD iKdh j?. ;kXK Bkb T[ZmDh p?mDh

j? sK b'e ;k~ ;kXK dk u/bk pkbek efjDr/. i/ u'oK Bkb T[ZmDh p?mDh j? sK u'oK dk Bkw ;kv/

Bkb th }o{o bZr ikt/rk. fJj ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe n;hA fe; soQK d/ nytkT[Dk j?.

m/e/ ftZu ik e/ i' o'} p/;[os j' iKdk j't/, e'Jh u[Ze e/ xo ~ bJh iKdk j't/ sK t/yD ;[DB

tkbk sK fJj' ej/rk fe fe;/ Fokph ~ bJh iKd/ jB fi; d/ rb ftu T[;dh gZr j? s/ i[Zsh

gsk BjhA m/e/ ofj rJh. i/ e'Jh Xow n;EkB s/ iKdk j?, Xkofwe b'eK Bkb fwbdk i[bdk j?

sK b'e efjDr/ fe fJj ftnesh T[; ;z;Ek dk w?Apo j?, r[od[nko/ iKdk j?. wzdo iK w;hs

ikD tkb/ nkg' nkgDh ;z;Ek d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB. b'eK ftZu T[; ;z;Ek dh gfjukD pD iKdh j?.

1978 ftZu w?A ;zGb g[o (T[Vh;k) frnk. T[Vhnk b'e gzikph BjhA ;wMd/. j[D FkfJd e'Jh gVQ/

fby/ ;wM iKd/ j'D. b/feB n?stko ~ id'A r[od[nko/ ftZu ehosB dh nktk} nkT[Dh sK r[od[nko/

d/ w{jo/ ;Ve s/ d{o d{o sZe bkJhBK bk e/ b'ehA p?m iKd/ fe nZi tXhnk bzro fwb/rk. r[od[nko/

d/ ;/tkdkoK ~ th gsk j[zdk ;h s/ T[j T[BQK tk;s/ gfjbK jh bzro fsnko eoe/ oZyd/. r[od[nkok

fJZe fttjkfoe ;z;Ek j?. fi; soQK d/ fttjko n;hA eod/ jK, T[;/ Bkw Bkb b'ehA ;kvhnK f;\sK

eod/ jB. ]?o! uzr/ wzd/ s/o/ pzd/.

tgkoe ;z;Ek fe;/ Nhu/ ~ fwZE e/ fJZe d{;o/ d/ nk;o/ Bkb ekw:kphnK jk;b eoB ~

pDkJh j'Jh ;z;Ek j[zdh j?. ob fwb e/ fJZe d{;o/ dk jZE tNk e/ fe;/ ;KM/ ezw eoB bJh

tgkoe B}ohJ/ Bkb th ;z;Ek pDkJh ik ;edh j?. ;oeko B/ ;fjekosk dh bfjo fJ;/ we;d

bJh ubkJh ;h fe i' ezw fJeZbk nkdwh BjhA eo ;edk, ob-fwb e/ ehsk ik ;edk j?. jo

;z;Ek d/ ;zukbe j[zd/ jB. tZv/ S'N/ o[sp/ j[zd/ jB. gfotko ftZu th w[yhnk j[zdk j?. Xow

n;EkBK s/ th gqpzXe j[zd/ jB. tgkoe ;z;EktK ftZu th pj[sh tko nkg' nkgD/ ezw tzv e/ ;w[Zu/

s"o s/ e'fFF eoe/ fJeZfmnK jh ezw ~ B/go/ ukVD dh swzBk Bkb pDkJh j'Jh Nhw ~ ;z;Ek

efj ;ed/ jK. ;z;EktK ftZu ;G s'A tZvh d[Zy dh fJj rZb j[zdh j? fe eJh w?Apo nkg sK ;[y

gqkgs eoBk ukj[zd/ jB b/feB d{;fonK dh fuzsk BjhA eod/. fco d[yKs g?dk j[zdk j?. eJh tko

;w[Zuh ;z;Ek d/ fBFkB/ tZyo/ j[zd/ jB. e'Jh w?Apo nkgDk iksh w[\kd b? e/ ;z;Ek ftu nkD ob/

sK ;koh rVpV j' iKdh j?. i/ ;z;Ek dk e'Jh w?Apo ej/ fe w/oh e'Jh f}zw/tkoh BjhA s/ Bk jh

w?A fe;/ ezw ftZu d]b d/Dk j? sK T[j fco T[; ;z;Ek dk w?Apo th Bk j'fJnk. fe;/ Bk fe;/

fe;w dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh ;fj:'r sK d/Dk gt/rk. jo fJZe dk nkgDk nkgDk fj;kp j[zdk j?,

we;d j[zdk j?. fco th i/ gZ[rdk j? sK fJeZm/ s[o e/ g?Avk ;"yk j' ;edk j?. n;b B[esk j? fe



s[jk~ gZ[rdk j? fe BjhA. eJh tko b'e fe;/ ;z;Ek ftZu fJ; eoe/ obd/ jB fe T[j fJeZb/

e[M eoBk jh BjhA ikDd/ j[zd/ s/ i/ T[j j'oBK d/ nk;o/ Bkb ekw:kp j' ;ed/ jB sK T[BQK ~

g[Zrdk j?. eJh n?;/ fjZ;/dko j[zd/ jB i' g?;k bk ;ed/ jB go ezw BjhA eo ;ed/. i/ T[BQK d/

bkJ/ g?;/ dk ;jh cb fwb fojk j? sK T[BQK ~ g[Zrdk j?.

n;hA fJZe ;z;Ek pDk e/ fJZe d[ekB b? bJh. w?A T[; d[ekB ftZu d' bZy vkbo bk fdZs/.

pkeh ;kfonK B/, fe;/ B/ g?;/ bkJ/, e'Jh ;wK bkt/, e'Jh gqpzX eo/. ;kvk ezw mhe mke ub fgnk.

w?A sK f;o\ g?;/ bkJ/ ;h s/ w?~ w/ok fjZ;k fwbh iKdk ;h. w?~ uko j}ko vkbo wjhB/ dk

seohpB fwfbnk eo/. w?A y[F fe 24% ftnki s/ w/o/ g?;/ ezw eo oj/ jB. gqpzXe pV/ f;oVh,

fwjBsh ns/ nDEZe ;B. T[j d[ekB fszB uko r[DK tX rJh. T[; dk w[Bk\k th fszB uko r[DK

j' frnk go w?~ T[j 12 iK ;'OQK j}ko dh pikJ/ T[jh uko j}ko fdZsk eoB. ;G ~ gsk bZr

frnk fe w/o/ Bkb mZrh j' ojh j?, go w?A u[Zg eoe/ p?mk fojk. b'eK B/ w/oh gsBh jogqhs ~

dZ; fdZsk fe fJ; soQK ;[fozdo ~ e[M b'e orVk bk oj/ jB. jogqhs w/o/ xo nkJ/ d/ rb g?

rJh fe feT[A xkNk yKdk j?A < go w?A id T[; ~ ;wMkfJnk fe fszB rZbK j' ;edhnK iK s/ w?A

;koh y/b yokp eo fdnK iK nkg gqpzXeK Bkb ftZu j' e/ gzr/ btK s/ iK nkgDk d' bZy vkbo

tkg; b? btK. jogqhs efjD bZrh tkg; b? bU. w?A ;wMkfJnk fe p?Ae B/ 3% ftnki d/Dk,

s?~ 24% wkodk, uZ[g eoe/ bJh ik, eoh ikD d/ i' eod/ nk, go nkgK ~ g[Zrdk. eJh ;kb

n;hA fJ;/ soQK jh uZbd/ oj/. ;z;Ek d/ gqpzXe Gkt/A ;k~ orVk jh bk oj/ ;B go ;k~ g[Zrdk

;h.

****



;kv/ o;s/;kv/ o;s/;kv/ o;s/;kv/ o;s/;kv/ o;s/ihtB ftZu nkgD/ pugB s'A pkjo fBeb e/ id'A ;k~ ;kvk nkgDk nfj;k; j[zdk j?, id'A

n;hA nkgDh fBZih ftneshrs skes d/ nzdk}/ bkT[D d/ ;woZE j' iKd/ jK sK ;kvh }who ikrdh

j?. id'A ;kvh }who ikr g?Adh j? sK ;k~ nk}kdkBK s"o s/ nk}kdh Bkb nkgDh wo}h eoB ~

fdb eodk j?. id'A fJB;kB ~ nkgDh wo}h eoB dk nfj;k; j[zdk j?, fdb eodk j? nkgDhnK

wo}hnK eoB ~ sK fco nkgDh skes dk nfj;k; j[zdk j?. id'A ;k~ ;kvh skes dk nfj;k;

j' iKdk j?, id'A ;k~ nkgDk nkg bZG iKdk j? sK s[;hA nkgD/ g?oK s/ s[oB dh e'fFF eod/ j'.

s[jkvhnK bZsK s[jkvk Gko u[Ze e/ s[odhnK jB sK jh nkgDh skes dk nfj;k; j[zdk j?. fi;

d/ fi;w ftZu ghgk ]{B dk j't/, fco T[; d/ v"O/ feT[A Bk cVeD. nkgD/ o;s/ pDkT[D s/ nkgD/

pDkJ/ o;fsnK s/ uZbD ~ fdb eodk j?. id'A n;h nkgD/ o;s/ nkg bZGD s/ T[BQK #s/ uZbD

d/ ;woZE j' iKd/ jK sK T[; ftZu'A fJZe j'o Fesh g?dk j[zdh j? d{o nzd/Fh dh Fesh. nkgDh

skes d/ nzdk}/ bkT[AfdnK bkT[AfdnK nkgD/ GftZy ftZu eh j'T{ iK eh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, T[; pko/

;'u F[o{ j' iKdh j?. n;hA ;'u ;ed/ jK fe i/ fJ; soQK eoK sK T[; dk Bshik eh fBeb/rk.

;kv/ bJh eh uzrk j?, eh wzdk, fJ; dk frnkB j' iKdk j?. ;k~ nkgDh ekpbhns dk frnkB

j' iKdk j? fe n;hA eh e[M eoB d/ ;woZE jK. fdb ftZu thuko T[md/ jB. n?;/ thuko T[md/

jB, n?;k nzdk}k brdk j? fi; dk ;k~ jkb/ siopk BjhA j'fJnk j[zdk. fJ; soQK th j' ;edk

j?, fJ; gk;/ fdwkr iKdk j?. nkgDh yk; skes ~ bZGD dh Fesh g?dk j' iKdh j?. Bkb Bkb

;k~ nkgDhnK ;dkukoe, B?fse, fJybkeh, ;dkukoh, f;fynkdkfJe s/ T[gd/Fkswe FeshnK

dk th g{ok g{ok nfj;k; j' iKdk j?. nkgD/ nkuko ftT[jko[ dk th siopk j' iKdk j?. ;k~ nkgD/

nkg pko/ fJbw j' iKdk j? fe n;hA ;dkukoe s"o s/ fe; irQk yV/ jK. fJ; nt;Ek ftZu gj[zu

e/ ;k~ ;kv/ pfjFs dk, ;kvh izBs dk, ;kv/ ;tor dk gsk bZr iKdk j?. j'o fe;/ ~ gsk bZr/

iK Bk bZr/ go ;k~ }o{o gsk bZr iKdk j? fe n;hA i' eod/ jK iK eoB ik oj/ jK, fJj ;torh

rZbK jB iK ;k~ BoeK d/ Gkrh pDk d/DrhnK. id'A ;k~ ;kv/ nkgD/ pko/ fJj ;koh ikDekoh j'

iKdh j? sK fco n;hA n}wk e/ d/yd/ jK. siopk eoe/ d/yd/ jK. id'A n;hA nkgD/ nkg s/ fJj

n}wkfJF eoBh F[o{ eod/ jK sK ;kv/ ihtB dk X[ok, ;?ANo ;k~ nkgD/ nkg ftZu B}o nkT[Adk

j?.

jo uVQd/ ;{oi, jo xVh jo gb n;hA fJj siop/ eod/ jK s/ nkgD/ ;?ANo d/ d[nkb/ jh

x[zwd/ jK. go fizBk fuo s[jk~ ftFtk; BjhA j[zdk, fizBk fuo s[;hA nkgD/ nkg ~ bZGd/ BjhA,

UBk fuo nkgD/ nkg s/ wkD th BjhA eod/. nkgD/ nkg s/ wkD sK jh j[zdk j? id'A ;k~ nkgD/

nkg s/ ftFtk; j' ikt/. id'A n;hA nkgD/ nkg ~ :'r ;wMd/ jK sK jh ;ko/ gqpzX nkgD/ jZEK

ftZu b?Ad/ jK. nkgD/ bZG/ j'J/ okj tXhnk bZrD bZr g?Ad/ jB. id'A n;hA fJ; nt;Ek ftZu gjz[u

iKd/ jK sK wfj;{; eod/ jK fe ;k~ j'o e'Jh BjhA ubk fojk, n;hA nkg nkgDh rZvh ubk ;ed/



jK. ;kvh fJj nt;Ek fJZe fdB ftZu BjhA pD ;edh o'} d/ siofpnK ftZu'A jh pDdh j? s/

n;hA o'} e[M BtK jh f;Zyd/ jK. i/ ;kvh Bhns uzrh j? sK ;kvh ehws ;kv/ fdb ftZu j'o j'

iKdh j?, ;kvh ehws ;kvh Bhns s/ fBoGo eodh j?. id'A n;hA nkgD/ nkg Bkb ehs/ tknd/

fBGkT[Ad/ jK sK ;kvh ehws j'o j' iKdh j?. nkgDh ][ddkoh s/ fi; ~ Bk} j' ikt/, wkD j' ikt/

, fco T[j rodB T[mk e/ s[odk j?. T[;dk N"jo Bkb s[oB ~ fdb eodk j?. id'A n;hA nkgDh

eko nkg ubkT[Ad/ jK sK ;k~ frnkB j' iKdk j? fe gfjbK eh eoBk j?. fe; ezw ~ soihj

fdZsh ikt/. fijVk soihj d/D bZr fgnk fi; ~ gsk bZr frnk fe gfjbK eh eoBk ukjhdk

j?, pknd ftZu eh, sK pZ; T[j ;zukbe pD frnk. nkgD/ fB:w nkg pDkT[D/ s/ nkg/ jh T[BQK

fB:wK s/ uZbDk. id'A ;k~ soihj d/Dh nk iKdh j? fe fe; ezw ~ gfjbK eoBk j? sK n;hA

siop/eko j' iKd/ jK.

w/o/ pko/ e?b/c'oBhnK ftu fJZe rZb pVh wFj{o j[zdh fe fi; th ;N'o ~ jZE gkT[Adk j?,

T[; ~ ubk fdzdk j?. w/ok fJZe fwZso i' fJZe tZvh u/B d/ fJZe ;N'o dk wkbe ;h, fi; soQK

ezgBh ej/, T[; soQK jh eodk ;h. T[; dh wo}h Gkt/A BjhA ;h ubdh go T[j y[F ;h. w?~ g[ZSD

bZrk s/o/ e'b eh ikd{ j? fe s{z pzd gJ/ ;N'o th ubk fdzdk j?. w?A T[; ~ dZf;nk fe siop/

Bkb ;kv/ jZE y[bQ rJ/ jB. ;k~ gsk bZr frnk j? fe gfjbK eh eoBk. w?~ fco g[ZSD bZrk-

gfjbK eh eodK, s{z }ok w?~ th dZ;. w?A sK pZ; T[j jh eodk jK i' ;kvh ezgBh ej/. w?A itkp

fdZsk fe s?~ sK eZY/ eYkJ/ ;tkb fwb iKd/ jB, Gkt/A ub' ;tkb eZYD d/ okj dZ;D dh ehws

nZX tZY e/ b? iKd/ w[Bk\/ ftZu'A s[;hA ekog'o/FB ~ pj[s fdzd/ j', go fco th s[jk~ ckfJdk j?

feT[Afe s[jk~ nkgDk f;o tosD dh b'V jh BjhA. go n;hA sK g{oh tkb dh yZb T[skohdh j?.

n;hA pzd gJ/ ;N'oK s/ ]ouk eoe/, ;kc eoe/, ;?N eoe/ s/ fco ;koh dh ;koh wkoehN Bkb'A

xZN ehwsK oZy e/ eJh tko bZr/ Gkn jh uh}K t/u e/ nkgD/ rkjeK dk o[MkB pDk b?Ad/ ;h. rkje

~ g{oh fJZ}s fwb/, bzph bkJhB ftZu th Bk bZrDk gt/ s/ ;"dk th ;;sk fwb/ sK feT[A BjhA T[E/

ikT{. j"bh j"bh rkjeK ~ nkds g? iKdh ;kv/ ;N'o s/ nkT[D dh. fco ;wK d/y e' j"bh j"bh

nkgDk w[Bk\k th tXk b?Ad/ ;K. tXhnk ;N'o uZbD bZr g?Dk, tXhnk w[Bk\k th j[zdk j'Dk s/ n;hA

tXhnk ehws b? e/ t/u d/Dk s/ fco wZ[Y'A ;[ZYA' T[j y/v y/vDh. fJ; soQK n;hA nZm d; tko ehsk

s/ fJbke/ ftu ;kvk BK pD frnk. nkgD/ o;s/ dk ;k~ frnkB j' frnk. nkgD/ pDkJ/ fB:wK

Bkb s[od/ ;K s/ pZ; nZbk nZbk s/ ]?o ;Zbk.

****



;kvh soihj;kvh soihj;kvh soihj;kvh soihj;kvh soihjid w[ekpb/ dh rZb ubdh j? sK nkw s"o s/ tXhnk dk w[ekpbk pj[s tXhnk Bkb j[zdk

j?. i/ ;kv/ e'b d' o;s/ jB, fe; o;s/ uZfbnk ikt/, tXhnk s/ iK pj[s tXhnk s/ feT[Afe d'jK

o;fsnK s/ sK uZb BjhA ;ed/ . ykO d/ ftZu gkDh sK UBk jh j?, i/ fJZe s'A tZX fenkfonK ftZu

gkDh SZv d/JhJ/ sK e'Jh fenkok th BjhA Godk. ;kok gkDh o;s/ ftZu jh }ho iKdk j?. f;nkD/

nkyd/ jB fe d' p/VhnK ftZu g?o oZyD tkbk sK v[Zp iKdk j?. fco pJh v[ZpDk ekjs'A, nkgK fJZe

o;s/ ~ y[Fh-y[Fh jZ;fdnK w[;eokT[AfdnK, fpBK fe;/ gSskt/ d/ BKj efj fdU s/ d{;o/ ~ i'

s[jk~ uzrk bZr/, T[; o;s/ ~ nkgDk bU. fJj }o{oh BjhA fe tXhnk ~ SZv e/ pj[s tXhnk

jh u[DBk j?. eJh tko pj[s tXhnk ;kvh ;'u w[skpe s/ ;kv/ B}ohJ/ Bkb mhe BjhA j[zdk. i/

n;hA pzpJh ikDk j? (@w?~ s/ fJj th gsk BjhA fe feT[A w[zpJh pD frnk, w?A w[zpJh ejK fe

uzrk Gbk pzp/ ejK#) sK rZvh geVhJ/ iK fco jtkJh ijk}. eJh b'eK e'b tes BjhA j[zdk T[j

cNkcN ikDk ukj[zd/ jB s/ T[j jtkJh ijk} b? b?Ad/ jB. go eJh w/o/ tor/ ftjb/ ;'ud/ jB

fe nkgDk fejVk Bowk ;[Zedk fi; ~ S/sh ik e/ f;ziDk j?. nkokw Bkb rZvh ftZu p?m e/ uZbd/

jK, Bkb/ o;s/ ftZu B}ko/ d/yd/ iktKr/. ]?o, nkg' nkgDh soihj d/ w[skpe n;hA u'D eod/ jK.

fJt/A th efj ;ed/ jK fe nkg' nkgDh ;'u w[skpe n;hA soihj fdzd/ jK. id'A n;hA fJZe ezw

~ SZv e/ d{;o/ ~ u[Dd/ jK sK fJ; dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe T[; ezw s'A ;k~ B\os j?. tiQk

fJj j[zdh j? fe d{;o/ ezw ftZu ;k~ pj[s tZX ;e{B fwbdk j?.

n;hA wfj;{; eohJ/ iK Bk eohJ/, n;hA nkgD/ ihtB ftZu jw/ FK BjhA dk fJ;s/wkb eod/

jK. ihtB d/ jo o;s/ s/ n;hA uZb BjhA ;ed/, fiBQK s/ BjhA ubd/, T[BQK ~ n;hA nkgDh ipkBh

BKj Bk th eohJ/ sK th efjzd/ jK. eJh tko j'o pj[s }o{oh ezw eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh eJh

ezw n?;/ th j[zd/ jB i' s[;h eoBk ukj' th sK BjhA eo ;ed/. e[M f}nkdk }o{oh ezw eoB bJh

Bk }o{oh ezwK tZb fgZSk eo b?Dk, fgZm eo b?Dh ;[Gkte rZb j?. eJh tko n;hA c; iKd/ jK

uZb :ko fJj th tXhnk ezw j?, fJj jh eod/ jK go ;k~ fe;/ pj[s tXhnk w"e/ s'A jZE X'D/

g? ;ed/ jK. i/ n;hA BKj efjDh BjhA f;Zyd/ sK ;kv/ eJh n?;/ ezw, i' n;hA eo ;eD d/ :'r

j[zd/ jB, T[j ofj iKd/ jB. fco eJh tko fJj j' jh BjhA ;ed/ pj[s d/o j' u[Zeh j[zdh j?.

id'A n;hA rbsh eod/ jK sK e[M n?;k eoB ftZu jh bZr/ ofjzd/ jK fi; ekoB ;kvk B[e;kB j'

iKdk j? sK T[;dk ekoB j[zdk j? ;kvh n:'rsk. i/ n;hA soihj d/D d/ :'r jh BjhA sk fet/A ;jh

j' ;edk j?. d{;ok ekoB j? ;kvh wo}h. n;hA soihj d/D d/ ekpb jK iK BjhA go n;hA nkgDh

wo}h eo b?Ad/ jK. e[M th j' ikt/ w?A fJ; soQK jh eoBk, fco s[jk~ gsk e[M th j' ;edk j?.

eJh tko ihtB ftZu n;hA e[M rtk p?m/ j[zd/ jK. T[; dk vo bZrk ofjzdk fe T[; soQK fco

Bk j' ikt/ sK n;hA vod/ vod/ T[; gk;/ tZX fXnkB fdzd/ jK s/ d{;ok pj[s }o{oh ezw ofj iKdk

j?. fit/A w?A eJh EKJhA f}eo ehsk j? fe w?~ nkb{nK d/ xkN/ B/ Xosh d/ d{i/ gk;/ u[Ze e/ wkfonk.



n?v/ tZv/ xkN/ eJh tko io/ th BjhA iKd/. eJh fe;kBK B/ sK nksw jZfsnk jh eo bJh ;h.

1982 ftZu T[; ;w/A bZy e[ pj[s j[zdk ;h. ;G ;zd t/u e/ th 90 j}ko w/o/ f;o jh ;h id'A

w?A nwohek frnk. y?o fwjBs eoe/ eo}k sK bkj fdZsk. jogqhs th ezto s/ rrB ~ b? e/

w/o/ e'b nk rJh. 1988 d/ ngo?b ftZu id'A n;hA gfjbk fbZeo ;N'o fbnk sK g?;/ cV cVk

e/ jh fbnk ;h. w?A s/ jogqhs B/ fdB oks fJZe eoe/ ;N'o ubkfJnk. g?;/ th pV/ pDkJ/, xo

pkjo ;G e[M pDk fbnk. fgSb/ xkN/ gJ/ dk n?Bk n;o fe n;hA fe;/ fe;w dh e'Jh e;o

ofjD jh Bk fdZsh s/ pj[s tXhnk ftUgko ubk fbnk. d{ik shik u"Ek fJ; soQK pj[s f}nkdk

pkoK ;N'o pDkJ/ s/ fJe pj[s ekw:kp fp}B;w?B d/ s"o s/ ikfDnk ikD bZrk. b/ feB fJ;

tgkoe GZi d"V ftZu w?A nkgD/ d'jK g[ZsoK dh gVQkJh tZb fXnkB Bk fdZsk s/ w/o/ d't/A bVe/ tXhnk

skbhw jk;b Bk eo ;e/. id'A ezto 25 ;kb dk j' frnk sK fJZe fdB w?A T[; Bkb rZb eo

fojk ;h fit/A T[; Bkb o'; eodk j'tK fe w?A 22 ;kb dh T[wo ftZu n?wH J/H eo bJh ;h s/

s{z 25 ;kb dk j' frnk jkb/ s{z ekbi dh fvroh BjhA bJh. ezto sK nZyK Go e/ ubk frnk

go w?A ;'uD bZr fgnk fe fes/ fJj w/ok jh e;{o sK BjhA. w?A nkgD/ pZfunK ~ e'b p?m e/ gVQk

;edk ;h. w?A vkbo ewkT[D bZrk fojk s/ w/o/ pZu/ T[; soQK Bk gVQ ;e/ fi; soQK gVQ ;ed/ ;h.

w/oh soihj ;jh j[zfdnK j'fJnk th w?~ rbs bZrD bZrh.

;k~ gsk j? fe n;hA ;G e[M eo ;eD d/ ;woZE jK. n;hA nkgD/ ihtB d/ ;ko/ fBFkB/

nkg jh pDkT[Ad/ jK s/ nkg jh fBGkT[Ad/ jK. go fJZe rZb i' pj[s }o{oh j? fe ;k~ gsk j'Dk

ukjhdk j? fe fejVk ezw }o{oh j?. fejVk ezw ;k~ gfjbK eoBk ukjhdk j?. pkeh ;ko/ ekoi

th eoB/ jB go n?;k fejVk ekoi j? i' ;G s'A gfjbK eoBk j?. pZ; fJ; rZb dk i/ gsk bZr

ikt/ sK jh T[j b'e pj[s ekw:kp j[zd/ jB. nkw fJB;kB ~ nkgD/ nkg s/, nkgDh e[M eo

;eD dh Fesh s/ wkD jz[dk j?. nkw nkdwh fJj jh nzdk}/ brkT[Adk j? fe fJ; ezw dk Bshik

eh fBeb{. fizBK e[M eo ;eD dh fe;/ dh ;woZEk j? UBk jh eo ;edk j? Bk < i/ e'Jh d{o-

nzd/Fh ;jh eo ;edk j? sK T[j jh ekw:kp nkdwh j' ;edk j?. sh;oh rZb i' ;G s'A }o{oh

j?, ;woZEk s/ d{o-nzd/Fh s'A th }o{oh j? fe fe; ezw ~ n;hA soihj fdzd/ jK. i/ ;k~ soihj

d/Dh nk ikt/ sK n;hA pj[s jh ekw:kp j' ;ed/ jK. nkgDh ekw:kph bJh ;k~ f;ZyDk gt/rk

fe gfjb fe; ezw ~ d/Dh j?. pkeh d/ ezw c/o ;jh. id'A ;k~ ;'u ;wM e/ gfjb d/Dh nk

ikt/, soihj d/Dh nk ikt/ sK n;hA nk;kBh Bkb jh f}nkdk }o{oh ezw eoB brd/ jK s/ ;[Gkte

jh Bk }o{oh ezwK ~ iK xN }o{oh ezwK ~ n;hA nD;hs/ ofjD fdzd/ jK. ;kvk i/ soihj d/D

dk siopk j' ikt/ sK ;[Gkte jh pkeh eJh ezwK ~ BKj eo fdzd/ jK. fi; ~ BKj efjDh nk

ikt/, T[j jh ekw:kphnK jk;b eod/ jB s/ i' BKj BjhA efj ;ed/, T[j ekw:kp j' jh BjhA

;ed/. ekw:kp b'e nkg w[jko/ jh ezwK ~ soihj fdzd/ jB s/ nkg w[jko/ jh i' pj[s/ }o{oh

ezw BjhA jB, T[BQK ~ BKj efj fdzd/ jB. i' \?;bkez[B ftnesh BjhA jB, fiBQK ~ soihj BjhA

d/Dh nkT[Adh iK i' fe;/ j'o vo s'A vo/ j'J/ }o{oh ezw ~ gfjb BjhA d/ ;ed/ s/ xZN }o{oh ezw



ftZu jh n?;k d"Vd/ jB fe fgSKj gosDk n"yk j' iKdk j? sK fco T[j ;koh T[wo gSskT[Ad/

jB. ekw:kphnK jk;b eoe/ th T[j Bkekw:kp j[zd/ jB s/ w/o/ tKr fco j'o BjhA sK ebw cV

e/ eJh tko nkgD/ r[ZG-r[GkN eZY b?Ad/ jB go eo e[M BjhA ;ed/. f;nkD/ nkyd/ B/ Bk @fco

gSskfJnk eh j'Dk id fuVhnK u[r rJhnK y/s. # fijVk d[ZX s[jkvh nDrfjbh eoe/ c[ZN

frnk, fco T[; ~ ed/ d[ZX BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk. ;' s[;hA i/ ;G e[M eo ;ed/ j', B\/ B[e;kB

th ikD ;ed/ j' sK th nkgD/ nkg s/ feqgk eo' fe T[j jh ezw gfjbK eo' i' s[jk~ gfjbK

eoB/ ukjhd/ jB.

****

fi; ~ BKj efjDh nk ikt/, T[j jh ekw:kphnK jk;bfi; ~ BKj efjDh nk ikt/, T[j jh ekw:kphnK jk;bfi; ~ BKj efjDh nk ikt/, T[j jh ekw:kphnK jk;bfi; ~ BKj efjDh nk ikt/, T[j jh ekw:kphnK jk;bfi; ~ BKj efjDh nk ikt/, T[j jh ekw:kphnK jk;b

eod/ jB s/ i' BKj BjhA efj ;ed/, T[j ekw:kp j' jh BjhAeod/ jB s/ i' BKj BjhA efj ;ed/, T[j ekw:kp j' jh BjhAeod/ jB s/ i' BKj BjhA efj ;ed/, T[j ekw:kp j' jh BjhAeod/ jB s/ i' BKj BjhA efj ;ed/, T[j ekw:kp j' jh BjhAeod/ jB s/ i' BKj BjhA efj ;ed/, T[j ekw:kp j' jh BjhA

;ed/. ekw:kp b'e nkg w[jko/ jh ezwK ~ soihj fdzd/ jB;ed/. ekw:kp b'e nkg w[jko/ jh ezwK ~ soihj fdzd/ jB;ed/. ekw:kp b'e nkg w[jko/ jh ezwK ~ soihj fdzd/ jB;ed/. ekw:kp b'e nkg w[jko/ jh ezwK ~ soihj fdzd/ jB;ed/. ekw:kp b'e nkg w[jko/ jh ezwK ~ soihj fdzd/ jB

s/ nkg w[jko/ jh i' pj[s/ }o{oh ezw BjhA jB, T[BQK ~ BKjs/ nkg w[jko/ jh i' pj[s/ }o{oh ezw BjhA jB, T[BQK ~ BKjs/ nkg w[jko/ jh i' pj[s/ }o{oh ezw BjhA jB, T[BQK ~ BKjs/ nkg w[jko/ jh i' pj[s/ }o{oh ezw BjhA jB, T[BQK ~ BKjs/ nkg w[jko/ jh i' pj[s/ }o{oh ezw BjhA jB, T[BQK ~ BKj

efj fdzd/ jB.efj fdzd/ jB.efj fdzd/ jB.efj fdzd/ jB.efj fdzd/ jB.



;kv/ jfEnko;kv/ jfEnko;kv/ jfEnko;kv/ jfEnko;kv/ jfEnko;wki ftZu g?dk j' e/ id'A n;hA nkgD/ ;wki pDkT[D d/ ;woZE j' iKd/ jK, id'A ;k~ fJ;

soQK brdk j? fe n;hA nkgD/ jZEh nkgD/ nkg/ ezw ;tko ;ed/ jK sK ezw ;ztkoB bJh ;k~ e'Jh

:'iBk pDkT[Dh g?Adh j?. nkgD/ B\/ B[e;kB dk nfj;k; j'Dk ukjhdk j?. id fJj th j' ikt/ fco

n;hA fJj ;G e[M eoB dh f}zw/tkoh b? b?Ad/ jK. fJ; f}zw/tkoh ~ gqpzXe fejk iKdk j?. id'A

n;hA nkgD/ ezwK d/ gqpzXe pD iKd/ jK sK n;hA :sB eod/ jK fe ;kvh ihtBh ~ gqGktFkbh

fet/A pDkfJnk ikt/. ;jh n;{b j'D. i' eo oj/ jK T[; dh ;wM j't/. fJj th ;wM j't/ fejVk

ezw wjZstg{oB j? s/ fejVk Nkfbnk ik ;edk j?. nkgD/ nfXeko y/so ftZu ofj e/ n;hA jo

uh} dk ;zs[bB oZyD dk :sB eod/ jK. fizBk ;zs[bB oZy ;ed/ jK UB/ jh n;hA tXhnk gqpzXe

j[zd/ jK. w{b sZs ~ goyD bJh fe; wkg-dzv, fe; e;"Nh dh b'V g?Adh j? iK fe; e;"Nh s/

g{o/ T[ZsoBk j[zdk j?, T[; bJh eJh jfEnko ukjhd/ jB. nkgDh wo}h Bkb nkgD/ Nhu/ gqkgs

eoB bJh i' wkg dzv ukjhd/ jB, T[BQK e;"NhnK dh uouk eohJ/. n;hA fJBQK wkg-dzvK ~ ihtB

i[rsh d/ jfEnko nky ;ed/ jK. ;kvh d{ofdqFNh, ;kvh ;wM dk ns/ ;kv/ fJokd/ d/ Nhu/ dk

skbw/b pj[s }o{oh j?. Gkt/A s[jk~ fezBk th nkgD/ nkg s/ wkD j't/, fezB/ th Yzr sohe/ ikDd/

j'tA', fezB/ th Nhu/ fwED dh s[jkvh :'rsk j't/ go fco th ;cb ihtB ihD bJh s[jkv/

fBFkfBnK dk ns/ fBFkfBnK tZb tXD dk skbw/b j'Dk pj[s }o{oh j?. s[jkvh Fesh s/ Fesh

dk fJ;s/wkb eoB dk skbw/b }o{oh j?. i' ;ehwK s[;hA pDkJhnK jB, T[BQK ;ehwK dk s/ ;ehwK

dh u'D dk skbw/b j'Dk pj[s }o{oh j?. nkgDh ykjF g{oh eofdnK s[;hA e'Jh wfonkdk sK Gzr

BjhA eo oj/. jo eow eofdnK wfonkdk dk jfEnko pV/ ezw nkT[Adk j?.

i' th wo}h jfEnko tos' fizBk fuo s[jkv/ ihtB dk ;zs[bB j? UBk fuo sZe s[;hA ;wM'

fe ;jh o;s/ s/ ik oj/ j'. ;' wfonkdk d/ Bkb Bkb ;zs[bB th ;kvk jfEnko j[zdk j?. i' ;zs[bB

oZy ;ed/ jB, T[j ewkJhnK eod/ eod/ nkgD/, gfotko nkgDh f;js iK nkgD/ ;BwkB ~ th

BjhA rtkT[Dk ukj[zd/. fJj pj[s tko j[zdk j? fe n;hA fJZe gk;/ fiZs gqkgs eod/ eod/ d{i/ gk;/

jko iKd/ jK s/ ;'ud/ jK ub e'Jh BjhA fJZe gk;k sK mhe j'fJnk. g?;/ s/ pDk jh bJ/ i' gfotko

~ s[;hA e'Jh wjZssk BjhA fdZsh iK f;js j'o yokp eo bJh sK ;Zu dZf;U fe fJj ;"dk s[jk~

g[Zrdk j? < ;zs[bB Bk fojk sK ed/ fe;/ ekw:kph dh y[Fh j' jh BjhA ;edh< ;k~ e'Jh n?;k

jfEnko th ukjhdk j? fi; dk ;k~ nk;ok j't/, j";bk j't/ fe w/o/ e'b fJj jfEnko j?. ;kv/

nzdo gq/oBk d/t/, fi; gq/oBk ;dek n;hA tXhnk gqpzXe pD ;ed/ jK, fi; eoe/ n;hA nkgD/ ehs/

d/ fJt}kB/ G[rsD s'A pu ;ed/ jK. i' ;k~ ;jh ;/X fdzd/ jB, T[j jh ;jh jfEnko jB, T[j

jh ;kvk w[Zy e/Ado j?. ;G s'A tvk jfEnko T[; gk; j? i' nkgD/ gfjbK eoB tkb/ ezw u[D ;e/

. i/eo ezw s[jk~ nkgD/ wro s'odk j? sK mhe BjhA j?. nkgD/ ezwK s/ nkgDh je{ws sK ub'

n;h eo ;ed/ jK b/feB ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh d[Bhnk dk eh eohJ/.



ubd/ ;kJheb ftZu vzvk nVk e/ skoK s'VB tkfbnK dk eh eohJ/< fejVk jfEnko toshJ/

. eJh tko n;hA p[oeh gk e/ fe;/ ~ g{S fjbkT[D bk b?Ad/ jK. eJh tko GkJhtkbh eoe/ ;kv/

ekoi th n?;/ j' ;ed/ jB s/ s[jkvh th ohM g{oh j' ikt/. b'eK dk w{zj pzd eoB bJh e'Jh Bk

e'Jh jfEnko sK tosDk jh gt/rk. ;bkj eoe/ b'eK dh th edo tXk ;ed/ jK. s{z dZ;h pJh

fJj ezw fet/A eohJ/. nrbk y[F j' ikt/, s[jkvk eh iKdk j?. s[;hA sK w[;eok fbnk, eoBh sK

nkgDh wo}h jh j?. y?o e'Jh th jfEnko j't/, T[j s[jkv/ ezw nkt/ sK jh s[jkvk jfEnko j?.

i/ s[jk~ wro bk fbnk sK s[jkv/ jh f;o ftZu tZiD tkbk jfEnko s[jkv/ fejV/ ezw. s[jkvk

jfEnko s[jkv/ bJh ezw eo/, s[jkvh wo}h Bkb b'VK g{ohnK eo/ sK jh sK T[;~ s[jkvk jfEnko

ejKr/. ;w/A f;o s[jkvk jfEnko e'b th j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJwfsjkB d/D ub/ ikU go g?ZB jh

Bk fbnkU sK fe; Bkb fby'r/< :Z[X ftZu ub/ ikU go nkgDh sbtko iK rzB i/ xo jh G[Zb

ikU sK nkgDk f;o tYtk e/ nkt'r/. ;kv/ jfEnko ;kv/ ezw th nkT[D tkb/ j'D/ ukjhd/ jB s/

;kv/ e'b th j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. d{o-nzd/Fh Bkb ;'u ;wM e/ s[oB tkb/ jh ;jh fNekD/ gjz[ud/

jB. fJ; bJh s[jk~ n?;/ jfEnko ukjhd/ jB i' s[jk~ d{o-nzd/Fh d/ ekpb pDk d/D. fe; ezw

~ gfjbK eoBk j? s/ fet/A eoBk j?, fJ; bJh i' jfEnko ezw nkt/, T[j jh n;b ftZu tXhnk

jfEnko j[zdk j?. siopk, nfGnk; ;G s'A tXhnk jfEnko f;ZX j' ;edk j?, pFos/ e/ s[jk~

;jh gk;/ ikD dk nfGnk; j' frnk j't/.

i' ekoi n;hA eod/ jK, T[BQK dh g{osh bJh ;kvk i' o'b j?, ;kvh i' irQk j?, T[; dk g{ok

g{ok frnkB j't/, pbfe ;G ~ gsk j't/ fe fJ; ezw ftZu eh o'b j?, ;kvk sK fco th fto'X

BjhA j[zdk. i/ fe;/ ~ gsk jh Bk bZr/ fe eh j' fojk j? sK T[s;[esk ofjzdh j?, Gow ofj iKdk

j?. n;hA nkgD/ w[bk}wK ~ jw/FK fJj ejhdk j? fe id'A nzro/} rkje ;N'o ftZu j'D sK T[BQK

d/ ;kjwD/ nkg; ftZu th gzikph Bk p'b'. id fe;/ ~ gsk BjhA brdk fe eh j' fojk sK th

s[jkvh w[]kb\s j[zdh j?. nkgD/ NhfunK ftZu'A ;jh Nhuk u[D b?Dk th fJZe jfEnko j?. Nhu/ s/

gj[zuD dh :'rsk th jfEnko j?. i/ fJ; ;G e[M ~, ;ko/ jfEnkoK ~, ;ko/ NhfunK ~ fJeZmk

eoe/ d/ yhJ/ sK ;G e[M w[V frV e/ ;kv/ s/ jh nk iKdk j?. i/ n;hA g{oh e'fFF eoe/ nkgD/

nkg ~ tXhnk fJB;kB pDkT[D dk :sB eohJ/ sK ;G s'A tXhnk :sB j?, ;G s'A tXhnk ekotkJh

j?. ;G s'A tXhnk u'D j? ns/ ;G s'A tXhnk Nhuk j?. i/ s[jkv/ ftu'A ][Fp' nkT[Adh j? sK T[j ][Fp'

;G ~ gsk uZb ikJ/rh. s[jkv/ ftjV/ bZr/ c[ZbK dh wfje d{o d{o sZe nkg/ ub/ ikt/rh s/ ;Zu

ikfDU pdp' dk th fJjh fj;kp j?. pdp' ;r'A gfjbK oVe g?Adh j?. i' wo}h jfEnko tos'A

i/ s[jkv/ s'A fes/ ][Fp' nkT[D bZr ikt/ sK s[jkv/ s'A tZX f}zdrh d/ dkn g/u j'o fe;/ ~ BjhA

nkT[Ad/. i/ n;hA wfje tzvd/ jK sK wfje fybkod/ jK sK jh nky ;ed/ jK f}zdrh f}zdkpkd!

****



;kvh fBoGosk;kvh fBoGosk;kvh fBoGosk;kvh fBoGosk;kvh fBoGoskn;hA gfjbK nkgD/ wK pkg #s/ fBoGo eod/ jK. ;wki #s/ Xkofwe n;EkBK #s/ ;e{bK s/

fBoGo eod/ jK. fco ;wK nkT[Adk j? fe ;k~ nkgD/ nkg s/ fBoGo j'D dk frnkB j[zdk j?.

n;hA nkgD/ nzr wfj;{; eoB brd/ jK. id ;kv/ v"O/ coed/ jB sK ;k~ nkgD/ nkg s/ wkD

j' iKdk j?. n;hA ukj[zd/ jK fe nkgD/ okj nkg pDkJhJ/ pbfe j'o th e'Jh ;kv/ pDkJ/ okjK s/

s[o/. w?A feXo/ gfVQnk fe i' e[M th ;k~ fwfbnk j? nZyK, BZe, ezB, bZsK, g?o ;koh dh ;koh

ezuB d/jh, i' ;k~ fwbh j?, fJj ;k~ gowkswk tZb'A s'j\k fwfbnk j?. wK-fgU tZb'A s'j\k

fwfbnk j?. go fi; soQK n;hA nkgD/ nkg ~ pDk b?Ad/ jK, fi; soQK n;hA fJ; ;[zdo d/jh dk

fJ;s/wkb eod/ jK, fJj ;kv/ tb'A s'j\k j[zdh j?. ;kvk s'j\k j? ;wki ~, wksk-fgsk ~ s/

gqwkswk ~. fJj i' s'j\k j?, fJj id fe;/ ~ d/D tkbk j' iKdk j? sK ;wki dk e'Jh j'o ihn

th ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eo ;edk j?. jo fJB;kB dh, jo ekw:kp fJB;kB dh ;G s'A gfjbh ykjF

j[zdh j? fe T[; ~ b'e ikBD. T[j nZr/ bZr e/ s[oBk ukj[zdk j?. d[Bhnk ftZu nkgDh fdZy pDkT[Dk

ukj[zdk j?. jo uVQdhebk tkbk fJB;kB nkgD/ nkg ~ fJZe wkvb d/ o{g ftu t/yDk ukj[zdk j?.

rbs uh}K ~ mhe eoBk ukj[zdk J/. fco j"bh j"bh }wkB/ ~ pdbDk ukj[zdk j?. T[od{ dk fJe

F/no j? @}wkB/ e' pdbBk jw B/ mkDk, f}zdk t' j? i' }wkB/ e' pdb d/s/ j?A.#

;kvh }wkB/ Bkb fBoGosk nkozG j' iKdh j?. eJh fJZe' fij/ ftukoK tkb/ fwb e/ ubd/

jB. fJZe' fij/ yzGK tkb/ gzSh fJeZm/ T[Zv ;ed/ jB. fco ob e/ ws/ gk; eod/ jB. f;nkD/

fejk eod/ ;h, ;" f;nkfDnK fJZe' wZs. f;nkD/ fwb e/ u'D eod/ jB fe fejVk ezw gfjbK

eoBk ukjhdk j? s/ fejVk ezw fpbe[b BjhA eoBk ukjhdk. ;' n;hA }wkBk pdb ;eD d/ ;woZE

j' e/ fco T[j ;'ud/ jK fe fet/A pdbDk, i/ fJ; soQK ehsk sK T[; d/ Bshi/ eh fBebDr/-

T[; soQK ehsk s/ eh j'T{. }wkB/ ~ pdbDk feE'A F[o{ eohJ/, }o{oh eoB tkb/ ezw fejV/ jB

s/ gfjbK eoB tkb/ fejV/ jB. idA' n;hA fJ; w'V s/ gj[zu iKd/ jK sK fco ;tkb g?dk j[zdk

j? fe n;hA fe; s/ fBoGo eoBk j? s/ fezBk e[ fBoGo eoBk j?. F[o{ n;hA nkgD/ s'A jh eoBk

j?, gfjbK nkgD/ nkg ~ ;t? fBoGo pDk btKr/ sK jh e'Jh ;kv/ s/ fBoGo j' ;edk.

i/ n;hA ukj[zd/ jK fe ;kv/ #s/ e'Jh ftFtk; eo/ sK ;k~ nkgD/ nkg ~ ftFtk; eoB:'r

pDkT[Dk g?Adk j?. gfjbK n;hA ekpb j'tKr/ sK jh ;kvh ekpbhns s/ e'Jh fBoGo eo/rk. fJe

F/no :kd nkfJnk @][dh e' eo p[bzd fJsBk fe jo sedho ;/ gfjb/ ][dk pzd/ ;/ ][d g{S/ psk

s/oh o}k fenk j?. # i/ n;hA ew}'o jK sK ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh d[Bhnk ;kv/ s/ fBoGo fet/A eo

;edh j?. i/ pj[s b'e th n;hA Bkb bJh fcod/ jK sK i' ;k~ ikDd/ jB, fiBQK ~ gsk j? fe

fJj sK nkgD/ i'rk th BjhA s/ j'o fe;/ dk eh ;tko ;edk. eJh sK db/oh Bkb s[jkv/ w{zj s/

jh efj d/Dr/ @nkg wK wzrsh gzikj e[Zs/ Bkb. # ;kv/ fJe w[zvk t[vb?Av fjZb} ftZu fe;/ r'oh

d/ 7-11 (;?tB fJb?tB) ;N'o s/ ezw eodk ;h. itkB ;'jDk ;[BZyk iZNk dk w[zvk, r'oh dk xo



tkbk g[fb; ftu ;h s/ ;kok fdB g[bh; g?No'b dh rZvh ubk e/ EZe N[ZN e/ xo nkT[Adk s/ g{ok

nkokw th Bk eo ;fenk j[zdk fe eJh tko n?woi?A;h ekb nk ikDhA s/ T[; ~ ikDk g?Adk. ]?o

r'oh pVh itkB s/ ;[BZyh ;h. T[; dh j"bh j"bh nkgD/ w[bk}w w[zv/ Bkb rZb y[ZbQ rJh. gq/w j'

frnk s/ r'oh B/ r'o/ ~ sbke d/ e/ gzikph w[zv/ Bkb ftnkj eotk fbnk. d' fszB itkB e[VhnK

th T[; ;N'o s/ ezw eodhnK ;h. id'A fes/ T[; w[zv/ ~ nkgDh w[bk}w e[Vh Bkb e'Jh rZb eoBh

gt/, e'Jh ezw jh dZ;Dk sK T[; dh r'oh gsBh B/ d\so s'A pkjo nk e/ nkgD/ xo tkb/ ~ g[ZSDk

fe eh rZb ehsh< pVhnK euhuhnK b?DhnK r'oh B/, id th T[; B/ nkgD/ xo tkb/ ~ fe;/ e[Vh

Bkb rZb eofdnK d/yDk, feT[Afe r'oh B/ th nkgDk w[bk}w gZfNnk ;h. ;' gfjbK ;k~ nkgD/

nkg s/ fJspko j't/ sK jh j'o fe;/ d/ fJspko d/ gkso pD ;ed/ jK.

nksw ftFtk; BjhA j? sK j'o fe;/ s/ ftFtk; eoBk iK ;'uDk fe ;kv/ s/ e'Jh ftFtk;

eo/, fJj sK Bkw[weB j?. gfjbK nkgD/ nkg s/ g{oB :ehB j't/ sK ;jh ;wki ftu :ehB

eoB:'r ;EkB pDk ;ed/ jK. uVQd/ ;{oi ~ ;bkw eoB tkb/ fwb th iKd/ jB go uVQd/ ;{oi

dh bkbh fSzB Gzroh j[zdh j?. i/ fe;/ pZdb B/ ;{oi nkD b[ekfJnk sK fe;/ B/ ;bkw BjhA efjDk.

i/ iVQK w}p{s BjhA sK o[Zy pj[s/ tZv/ BjhA j'fJnk eod/. tZv/ j'D bZrD sK iVQ, ew}'o j'D eoe/

fvr th g?Ad/ jB. fBoGosk d/ foFs/ ;kv/ efjD Bkb iK e[M eoB Bkb BjhA fBGd/. i' ;kvh

n;bhns j?, T[; d/ nkXko s/ jh fBGd/ jB. foFfsnK fpBK fJB;kB ekjdk. fJB;kB i' ;kv/

p'b fe;/ gqGktFkbh bfji/ ftu ej/. T[j n;bh ufoZso Bkb w/b BjhA yKd/ sK b'e th pV/

f;nkD/ jB. ;G ikDd/ jB -@jo pks eh dksk e' ]po j?# b'eh ed/ th n?;/ ftnesh s/ fBoGo

BjhA eoBr/. nk}kdkBK s"o s/ ;fj ;[Gk fBeb/ j'J/ p'b, i' s[jkv/ ihtB Bkb w/b yKd/ jB. n?;/

p'bK ~ ;[D e/ d[Bhnk s[jkv/ Bkb s[odh j?. n?;/ b'eK s/ d[Bhnk dk fBoGo eoB ~ wB eodk

j?. ;' i/ n;hA ukj[zd/ jK fe ;kv/ s/ ftFtk; eo/ e'Jh sK gfjbK nkgD/ nkg ~ nkgD/ ftFtk;

dk gkso pDkT[Dk gt/rk. id'A n;hA nk}kd jK sK fe;/ s/ fBoGo BjhA eod/. n;hA d[Bhnk ~ Bkb

b? e/ uZbD d/ :'r jK s/ ;kv/ n;{b ;jh jB. ;kv/ foFfsnK dh u'D ;jh j?. i/ ;k~ gsk j?

fe eh eoBk j? s/ ed'A eoBk j?< n;hA nkgD/ Nhu/ tZb tXD dk gqpzX eoBk ikDd/ jK s/ ;kvh

Bh:s mhe j?, sK fco n;hA u[D u[D e/ foFs/ pDk ;ed/ jK s/ T[j foFs/ uzr/, fuo-;EkJh

s/ ;[ydkJh j[zd/ jB.

;kv/ foFs/ ;kvh nkg;h fBoGosk ihtB d/ Bt/A dotk}/ y'bQdh j?. fwb e/ n;hA pj[s e[M

eo ;ed/ jK. @fJZe fJeZbk d' frnkoK. # b/feB ;k~ fJj th BjhA G[ZbDk ukjhdk fe foFfsnK

d/ dod th pV/ d[ydkfJe j[zd/ jB. oZp Bk eo/ fwZsosk N[ZN ikt/ sK fco d[FwDh g?dk j' iKdh

j?. ;kohnK }ksh sebh\K nzdo j' e/ MZb ;ed/ jK. p[Zeb ftZu w{zj d/ e/, nzdo'A d[Bhnk swkFk

d/ydh j? s/ n;hA e[M th BjhA eo ;ed/. foFs/ pDkT[D bZr/ n;hA ;fji tos ;ed/ jK go

N[ZNfdnK d/ gNke/ sK d{o d{o sZe ;[Dd/ jB. gzikph dk fJe rhs j? @;kvh brdh fe;/ Bk

t/yh s/ N[ZNdh ~ iZr ikDdk. #N[ZNdhnK sK jh jB id'A n;hA e'Jh Ujbk oZyd/ jK. \kfJdk b?D



bJh pDkJ/ foFs/ i/ ;jh p[fBnkd s/ BjhA pD/ sK w}/ fco j'o soQK d/ th nk ;ed/ jB. i/

n;hA phwkoh d{o eoBh j?, sK T[; dk ekoD bZGDk gt/rk. fpwkoh dh iVQ bZG e/ T[;dk fJbki

eoB s'A fpBQK rZb BjhA pD ;edh s/ i/ ;kvhnK ;kohnK iVQK ;kv/ s'A jh ubdhnk jB sK feT[A

Bk gfjbK nkgDk fJbki ehsk ikt/ s/ fco foFs/ pDkJ/ ikD. gfjbK nkgD/ s/ fBoGo j' ;eD

d/ ekpb j'tKr/ sK jh e'Jh j'o ;kv/ s/ fBoGo eo ;e/rk.

*****

i/ n;hA ew}'o jK sK ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh d[Bhnk ;kv/ s/i/ n;hA ew}'o jK sK ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh d[Bhnk ;kv/ s/i/ n;hA ew}'o jK sK ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh d[Bhnk ;kv/ s/i/ n;hA ew}'o jK sK ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh d[Bhnk ;kv/ s/i/ n;hA ew}'o jK sK ;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ dh d[Bhnk ;kv/ s/

fBoGo fet/A eo ;edh j?. i/ pj[s b'e th n;hA BkbfBoGo fet/A eo ;edh j?. i/ pj[s b'e th n;hA BkbfBoGo fet/A eo ;edh j?. i/ pj[s b'e th n;hA BkbfBoGo fet/A eo ;edh j?. i/ pj[s b'e th n;hA BkbfBoGo fet/A eo ;edh j?. i/ pj[s b'e th n;hA Bkb

bJh fcod/ jK sK i' ;k~ ikDd/ jB, fiBQK ~ gsk j? febJh fcod/ jK sK i' ;k~ ikDd/ jB, fiBQK ~ gsk j? febJh fcod/ jK sK i' ;k~ ikDd/ jB, fiBQK ~ gsk j? febJh fcod/ jK sK i' ;k~ ikDd/ jB, fiBQK ~ gsk j? febJh fcod/ jK sK i' ;k~ ikDd/ jB, fiBQK ~ gsk j? fe

fJj sK nkgD/ i'rk th BjhA s/ j'o fe;/ dk eh ;tkofJj sK nkgD/ i'rk th BjhA s/ j'o fe;/ dk eh ;tkofJj sK nkgD/ i'rk th BjhA s/ j'o fe;/ dk eh ;tkofJj sK nkgD/ i'rk th BjhA s/ j'o fe;/ dk eh ;tkofJj sK nkgD/ i'rk th BjhA s/ j'o fe;/ dk eh ;tko

;edk. eJh sK db/oh Bkb s[jkv/ w{zj s/ jh efj d/Dr/;edk. eJh sK db/oh Bkb s[jkv/ w{zj s/ jh efj d/Dr/;edk. eJh sK db/oh Bkb s[jkv/ w{zj s/ jh efj d/Dr/;edk. eJh sK db/oh Bkb s[jkv/ w{zj s/ jh efj d/Dr/;edk. eJh sK db/oh Bkb s[jkv/ w{zj s/ jh efj d/Dr/

@nkg wK wzrsh gzikj e[Zs/ Bkb#.@nkg wK wzrsh gzikj e[Zs/ Bkb#.@nkg wK wzrsh gzikj e[Zs/ Bkb#.@nkg wK wzrsh gzikj e[Zs/ Bkb#.@nkg wK wzrsh gzikj e[Zs/ Bkb#.



;kvh Gktesk;kvh Gktesk;kvh Gktesk;kvh Gktesk;kvh GkteskGktesk, ;zt/rsk, i}pks, T[s/iBk fJj i' sozrh wB't/r j?, fJj f;o\ ns/ f;o\

fJB;kB Bkb jh ;pzX oZydk j?. BkBk gqeko d/ iht izs{, gF{, gzSh, ehV/-we"V/ s[o/ fcod/ jB.

fJj ;G d/ ;G Gktesk d/ e'Jh d{o d/ th foFs/dko BjhA j[zd/. i}pks f;o\ fJB;kB ftZu jh

j[zd/ jB. fJB;kB dk foFsk gZek j? i}pksK Bkb. Gktesk BjhA T[j sK fJB;kB tork d/yD

~ Gkt/A bZr/, go fJB;kB BjhA j' ;edk. Gktesk dk ]}kBk fJB;kB dh ;G s'A tZvh g{zih j?.

i/ ;kv/ d[fBnkth foFs/ jB, fJj ;ko/ d/ ;ko/ i}pksK d/ foFs/ jh jB. i/ n;hA fe;/ d/ i}pks

BjhA ;wM ;ed/ sK n;hA T[;d/ ;e/ fet/A j' ;ed/ jK< Gktesk ;kvh ;eh foFs/dko j[zdh j?.

s[;hA f;o\ T[; fJB;kB d/ jh eohp j' ;ed/ j' i' s[jkv/ i}pksK dh edo eodk j?. fi; ~

s[jkv/ i}pksK dh edo jh BjhA, T[; Bkb s[;hA pj[s d/o BjhA ub ;ed/. Gktesk dk ]}kBk

fBwosk, ;kT{g[D/, Fok\s, ofjwfdbh, ;ukJh, fJwkBdkoh, B?fsesk ns/ fdnkBsdkoh tor/

ehwsh jhfonK Bkb pDdk j?. fiBQK b'eK e'b Gktesk dk T[j nwho ]}kBk j?, T[j fdb fiZs

;ed/ jB. d[Bhnk fiZsD bJh Gkt/A c"iK dh b'V j?, s'gK pzp pzd{eK dh b'V j?, e'Jh y/v fiZsD

bJh ;ohoe pb dh, fdwkrh pb dh b'V j?, d[Bhnk dhnK ehwsh t;sK gqkgs eoB bJh g?;/

dh b'V j? go fdb fiZsD tk;s/ g?;k ezw BjhA eodk, Bk s[jkvh skes ezw eodh j?. pzp pzd{eK

th fdb BjhA fiZs ;edhnK. ;koh d[Bhnk ~ Gkt/A pzdh pDk b?D. i/ fe;/ B/ fdb fiZsDk j? sK

fJZe' fJe sohek j? s/ T[j j? Gkt[esk. i}pksK dh w[dok jh fdb fiZs ;edh j?. g?;/ tNKdo/

dk ;kXB j[zd/ jB. go fdb f;o\ fdb Bkb jh pdbkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. bU nkg/ ;tkb dk itkp

fwb frnk fe fdb dh ehws fdb pdbD dk wkfXnw Gkt[esk j?. i}pksK s'A fpBQK fe;/ dk

fdb fiZs b?Dk n"yk jh BjhA, Bkw[weB j?.

i/ e'Jh f;ZX eo/ fe T[j fJspko :'r, Go';/:'r j? sK fJspko eoB ~ ihn eodk j?.

fi; s/ g{oB ftFtk; j' ikt/ sK Gktesk dh e'Jh ehws jh BjhA j[zdh. ikB tko d/D ~ ihn

eodk j?. fJZe tko ekbi ftZu pj[s tZvk gq'rokw ;h . T[; gq'rokw ftZu fFt e[wko pNkbth

th nkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. fFt ~ fijV/ bkfrUA ikDd/ ;B, T[BQK ~ gsk j? fe jo gq'rokw s'A pknd

ne;o fFt Fokp ghAdk j[zdk ;h. pj[s b'e sK fFt ~ Fokph j'J/ ~ rkT[Adk s/ o'Adk d/yD jh

nk ikfJnk eod/ ;B. Fokph jkbs ftZu fFt ~ ;N/i s/ fbnKdk frnk. gsk BjhA eh fdb ftZu

nkJh, fFt B/ fJZe ;?ANh Bb dk g?ZB i/p ftu'A eZfYnk. fJZe d' o[gJ/ dk g?ZB j'Dk. ;ko/ b'eK d/

Go/ w/b/ ftu g?ZB fdyk e/ efjD bZrk fe fJ; g?ZB Bkb w?A b{Dk fbyh ;h. nZi s[jkvk fFt fJ;

g?ZB ~ t/uDk ukj[zdk j?, dZ;' fezB/ dk ]ohdd/ j'<# ;" o[gJ/, gzi ;", j}ko, eJh j}ko sZe p'bh

bZr rJh. T[BQK fdBK ftZu j}ko o[gJ/ dhnK d' wZMK nk iKdhnK ;h. sd/ fJe e[Vh, i' FkfJd

T[; ekbi ftu gq'c?;o ;h, T[;B/ eJh j}ko d/ e/ g?ZB yohd fbnk. id g?ZB gqkgs eoB

;N/i #s/ rJh sK f;o u[zBh Bkb YZe e/ s/ u[zBh d/ gZb/ ftZu T[j g?ZB fJe fBnkws tKr fbnk



s/ e[M d/o T[; B/ ;N/i s/ yVQ e/ rZbK th ehshnK. w?~ fJZe rZb :kd j? fe T[; B/ fejk ;h

fe i' ehws w?A fJ; g?ZB dh skoh j?, T[j fJ; g?ZB dh ehws BjhA. fJj g?ZB sK Bk bZyhA Bk eo'Vh.

b/feB w/oh n"eks fJ; s'A tZX ehws skoB dh BjhA. fe;/ B/ ]{p fbfynk j?@fdb dfonk ;w[zdo'A

v{zx/ e"D fdbK dhnK ikD/A.#

id'A e'Jh fe;/ dk fdb fiZs bt/ sK fco T[; dhnK eJh rbshnK th w[nk\ j' iKdhnK.

fdb sK oZp j[zdk j?. ;ko/ r[Bkj th w[nk\ eo ;edk j?. id'A n;hA fdb fiZs fbnk sK ;wM'

oZp fiZs fbnk. i/ fe;/ B/ X'y/ Bkb fdb fiZfsnk j't/, fJwkBdkoh Bk j't/ sK fco s[jk~ gsk

jh j? fe oZp oZ[; th ikfJnk eodk s/ fJZe tko oZp o[Z; ikJ/, fe;/ dk fdb N[ZN ikJ/ sK fco

bZy :sB eoB Bkb th T[j fdb BjhA i[V ;ed/. tkj tkj fezBk ;'jDk fbfynk fe;/ B/, @N[ZN/

fdb Bh i[Vd/ t/yhA s'Vh Bk.# w?A eJh gfotko, eJh foFs/ N[ZNd/ d/y/ i' fco ed/ BjhA i[V/.

;r'A fdb N[ZND dk dod w?A jzYk e/ th t/fynk j?. w/ok fJZe fwZso ;h pj[s fgnkok. id'A w?A gzikp

ftZu y/sh efonk eodk ;K, T[BQhA fdBhA n;hA ne;o fJeZm/ ofjzd/. w?A }ok vo{ fijk go T[j

pj[s db/o ;h. w/oh f}bQ/ d/ nfXekohnK Bkb s/ fJbke/ d/ ;odko b'eK Bkb pVh ;KM ;h, i'

;koh dh ;koh w/o/ fwZso dh th ;KM pD rJh. T[; dk fJe Gok ;h, fi; ~ T[j pZfunk tKr

fgnko eodk ;h. w?A th T[;d/ Gok ~ pZfunK tKr jh ;wMDk. w/o/ w'No-;kJheb dhnK eJh

tko T[;B/ nZXhnK skoK s'V e/ fbnk yVk eoBk, w?~ ed/ th p[ok Bk bZrDk. w/o/ fwZso dh EK

w?A eJh tko T[; ~ fJwfsjkB tk;s/ ekbi fbikDk. T[j th w/ok nkgD/ tZv/ Gok tKr ;fseko

eodk ;h. bzph ejkDh j?. fco pkeh fes/ ejKr/. ]?o w?~ fe;/ wip{oh ekoB gzikp SZv e/ Xosh

d/ d{;o/ gk;/ ikDk fgnk. fJZe fdB oks ~ wBj{; N?bhc{B B/ w/ok ;kok ihtB pdb e/ oZy fdZsk.

gsk bZrk fe w/ok fwZso fe;/ n?e;hv?AN ftZu wkfonk frnk. w?~ ;wM Bk nkt/ fe w?A feT[A BjhA

wo frnk T[; dh irQk, fJt/A bZr/ fe T[; s'A fpBQK w?A fet/A ihn ;edk jK.

}'o Bk izwD Bk woB. eh eo ;edk ;K. T[; d/ Gok dh fuZmh fwbh. nc;'; dh th ;h

s/ T[dk;h dh th. eJh soQK e'fFF eoe/ i' th sohek s[ozs j'fJnk tos e/ w?A T[; ~ nkgDk

tho ;wM e/ nkgD/ e'b p[bk fbnk. fJe d{;o/ d/ nk;o/ Bkb n;hA pj[s tXhnk fdB fpskT[D

bZr/. ;ZuhA w/ok e'Jh j'o S'Nk Gok j[zdk sK th FkfJd w?A T[; ~ J/Bk fgnko Bk eo ;edk. go

;w/A ~ FkfJd wB}{o BjhA ;h. fe;/ ekoB T[j w/o/ fto'X ftZu yV frnk. w/oh fJZ}s eoBh

sK fJZe gk;/, w/ohnK okjK o'eD bZr fgnk. w?~ bskV e/ bzx ikD dk :sB eoB bZr fgnk,

d[FwDh dh GktBk g?dk j' rJh, nkgj[dok j' frnk, XZe/Fkjh eoB bZr fgnk, ftFtk;xks eoB

bZr fgnk, p/t;kjh j' rJh. :ehB iKdk fojk, w?~ T[; s'A vo bZrD bZr fgnk. w/ok fdb N[ZN

frnk. eJh tko T[; d/ Bkb ehs/ fgSb/ bkv fgnko :kd eoe/ fJeZbk sK p?m e/ o' b?Dk go

T[; d/ eohp ikD ~ ed/ fdb BjhA ehsk. w/ok i' r{Vk firoh foFsk ;h, s;Zbhp]F foFsk

;h, i' }oy/} ngDZs ;h, pZ; ;koh dh ;koh iKdh ojh.

****



;kvh B/Vsk;kvh B/Vsk;kvh B/Vsk;kvh B/Vsk;kvh B/Vsk;kvk fdb wzB/, fdwkr fJik}s d/t/ sK jh n;hA fe;/ d/ eohp j' ;ed/ jK. n?;k th j[zdk

j? eJh tko, n;hA nkgD/ nkg d/ th eohp BjhA j[zd/ . ;kvk fdb th BjhA wzBdk s/ fdwkr

fJik}s BjhA d/ fojk j[zdk go fco th n;hA T[; o;s/ s/ uZbd/ jK. e'Jh wip{oh iK e'Jh ew}'oh

;k~ fJ; soQK d/ th w'V s/ fbnk e/ yVQ/ eo fdzdh j? fe s[jk~ nkgDh wo}h d/ f]bk\ fe;/

d/ Bkb s[oBk g?Adk j?. n;hA eJh tko nkyd/ jK fe rb fgnk Y'b tik fojk jK. go tik s/

s[;hA oj/ j' Bk, s/ Y'b j? th s[jkv/ rZb ftZu. ;G s'A tZX nktk} th s[jkv/ jh ezB gkVdh j[zdh

j?. B/Vsk sK fdbK dh j[zdh j?. iK fe;/ tgkoe tiQk eoe/ fe;/ b'G, bkbu ftZu nk e/ n;hA

fdwkr dh tos'A eoe/ nkgDk B\k B[e;kB d/y e/ fe;/ d/ B/V/ j' iKd/ jK. fdb Gkt/A wzB/ Bk wzB/

go fe;/ }ksh w[\kd bJh fe;/ yk; ckfJd/ bJh th n;hA fe;/ d/ eohp j' iKd/ jK. fi;wkBh

B/Vsk dk th fJj jh ekoB j[zdk j?. i/ s[jkvk fdb eo/ iK fdwkr fJik}s d/t/ sK s[;hA eohp

j' iKd/ j' fe;/ d/. b/feB fdb dk gbVk eJh tko B/Vsk d/ wkwb/ ftZu Gkoh j[zdk j?. fdwkr

fJ; bJh u[Zg eo ofjzdk j? fe uZb rbs sK rbs ;jh go fdb sK w/ok y[F j? Bk. fdwkr

BjhA wzBdk fe fe;/ n?;/ o;s/ uZfbnk ikt/ fi; o;s/ ftZu ubfdnK pj[s fJwfsjkB d/D/ g?D.

fdb bZr frnk s/ fco bZr frnk. yk; eoe/ fJFe d/ wkwb/ ftZu sK fdb eJh tko fdwkr

s'A ftjo e/ p?m iKdk j?. tkfo; B/ fbfynk j? @nkFe i/v[ p/neb Bk e'Jh.# neb eoB bZr

ikt/ sK fdb fco fgnko fet/A eo/. foFfsnK dh B/Vsk sK fJ; soQK dh j[zdh j? fe Xosh d/

d{i/ gk;/ p?mk s[jkvk ;kEh eJh tko nZyK pzd eoe/ s[jkvh eb/to ftZu B}o nkT[Adk j?. ;' B/

Vsk fdb s/ fdwkr dh y/v j[zdh j?. B/Vsk fi;wkBh s/ o{jkBh j[zdh j?. fi;wkBh B/Vsk sK ikBto

th eo b?Ad/ jB. ikBto th fi;wK dh B/Vsk d/ ozr Yzr ikDd/ jB. b/feB o{jkBh B/Vsk f;o\

fJB;kB jh wfj;{; eo ;ed/ jB. o{jK dk w/b fJe fefonk BjhA, nfj;k; j[zdk j?. fi;w eJh

tko fJB;kBK d/ pj[s B/V/ j[zfdnK th e'Jh o{jkBh foFsk BjhA pDk ;ed/. pj[s f}nkdk fi;wK

d/ eohp j' ikD dk th eJh tko e'Jh nfj;k; BjhA j[zdk.

pj[s d/o dh rZb j?, 1973 ftZu w?A bkfJbg[o ]kb;k ekbi ibzXo dk ftfdnkoEh ;h.

fJZe tko b'eb pZ; cV e/ i'sh u"e sZe ikD bZr/ sK n?Bh GhV g[ZS' jh Bk. ;hNK d/ ftueko

b'e fJZe d{i/ d/ Bkb i[V e/ yV/ ;B. w?A th ftukb/ fij/ yb'sk ;h. pZ; fco o[eh s/ nZr'A jh

s{Vh tKr Goh pZ; ftZu nZm d; j'o ;tkohnK uVQ rJhnK. d'jK gkf;UA s'A jh n?;k XZek tZik

fe ;ko/ fJe d{;o/ Bkb fJ; soQK uzpV rJ/ fit/A pKdoh dk pZuk wK dh Sksh Bkb uzpV iKdk

j?. jo soQK d/ tZv/ S'N/ b'e ;h. e[VhnK w[zv/ th pj[s ;B. fJe d{;o/ Bkb fJ; soQK uzpV e/

th T[j e'Jh th fe;/ d/ eohp BjhA ;h. T[j e'Jh fwbkg BjhA ;h, e'Jh nfj;k; BjhA ;h.

fi;wkBh s"o s/ B/V/ j' e/ fJe d{i/ ~ uzpV e/ th i/ s[jkv/ fdb iK fdwkr ftZu T[; dk e'Jh

we;d BjhA pDdk, T[; dh e'Jh }o{os BjhA pDdh, T[; dh e'Jh y[Fh BjhA j[zdh sk fij' fijhnK



GZm/ s/ fJZNK fuD fdZshnK, T[j' fijh GhV ftu sfj bZr rJh. o{j dh y[oke fwb ikt/ sK n;hA

Bk j' ;eD tkb/ th tknd/ eo fdzd/ jK. eJh eth b'e sK nzpoK d/ sko/ s'V e/ wkF{e dh M'bh

ftu fbnk gkT[D dhnK th rZbK eod/ jB. B/Vsk ;kvh fe;/ foFs/ ftZu th j' ;edh j?. wK Xh

dh B/Vsk feT[A BjhA j' ;edh, fgT[ g[Zso dh B/Vsk, G?DK GoktK dh B/Vsk, nkgDh dkdh iK BkBh

Bkb B/Vsk feT[A BjhA j' ;edh< foFs/ sK j[zd/ jh B/Vsk d/ jB. i/ B/Vsk BjhA sK foFs/ d/ noE

jh e[M BjhA. eohp BjhA sK fco Gkt/A shthA nkdwh jh feT[A Bk j'D, foFs/ dk ozr jh BjhA pD

;edk. eJh tko n;hA pj[s eohp j[zd/ jK nkgfDnK d/ s/ eJh tko fJt/A brdk fe ;kv/ foFs/

d/ e'Jh noE jh BjhA jB. fJZe d{;o/ dh Gktesk d/ n;hA GkJhtkb BjhA jK sK fco ekjdh j?

n?;h GkJhtkbh. i/ fe;/ bJh ikB jk}o eoB ~ fdb eodk j? sK T[j n?t/A s/ eodk BjhA, }o{o

e'Jh wknB/ j'Dr/. BjhA sK e'Jh fe;/ bJh feT[A wo{. d[Bhnk ftZu ftuofdnK foFs/ fBGkT[D ns/

;kv/ nkgfDnK Bkb B/Vsk fet/A pDkJh ik ;edh j?. nkU! e[M fJ; pko/ th rZbK eohJ/L

i/ fe;/ Bkb n;hA B/Vsk eoBk ukj[zd/ jK. fe;/ d/ eohp nkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jK sK T[; ftnesh

~ ;wMDk pj[s }o{oh j?. i/ fpBQK ;'u/ ;wM/, fpBK d/fynK fe gkDh fezBk v{zxk j?, n;hA Skb

wko d/JhJ/ sK fco v[Zp th ;ed/ jK. fe;/ ~ ;wMD s'A fpBK T[; Bkb foFsk fet/A j' ;edk

j?. pknd ftZu id'A ;kv/ foFsk w/u BjhA nkT[Adk sK n;hA efjzd/ jK fe ;kv/ Bkb X'yk j' frnk.

i/ gfjbK jh T[; ftnesh dhnK ftF/F skJhnK dk gsk j't/ sK fco fdb BjhA d[ydk. ;' ;k~

fe;/ d/ th eohp ikD s'A gfjbK T[; ~ ;wM b?Dk ukjhdk j?. ;wM b?Dk ukjhdk j? fe s[jkvhnK

ohMK obdhnK jB fe BjhA. ohMK ~ ;wMDk pj[s }o{oh j?. i/ ;wMD dh e'fFF BjhA eoKr/ sK

pD/ pDkJ/ foFfsnK s/ th n;hA }[bw eo ;ed/ jK. co} eo' s[;hA fJzihBhno j' s/ fe;/ T[uh

fJwkos dk BeFk fsnko eo oj/ j'. ;kok w/ } s[jkvk BeFk pDkT[D dh ;wZroh Bkb Gfonk

fgnk j't/. J/B/ ~ s[jkvk gzi ;kb dk p/Nk nkgDh BthA fwbh eko dk fyv"Dk s[jkv/ ek^}K s/

s[jkv/ BeF/ d/ T[go fbnk Xodk j? s/ voo voo eoe/ ubkT[D bZrdk j? sK eh eo'r/< i/ ;wMD

dk :sB eo'r/ sK pZu/ ~ BtK fwfbnk fyv"Dk s[jkvhnK thj fJwkosK Bkb'A tXhnk bZr fojk j?.

go i/ s[;hA ;wMD dh e'fFF jh BjhA eod/ s/ fyv"Dk u[Ze e/ ;[ZN fdzd/ j' sK eh j't/rk, s[jkvh

g[Zso Bkb B/ Vsk tX/rh BjhA ;r'A xN/rh. pZuk o'J/rk s/ fizBk fuo T[; ~ :kd oj/rk fe T[;dk

fyv"Dk gkgk B/ u[Ze e/ ;[ZN fdZsk ;h, T[j pZuk ej/rk fe w?A gkgk Bkb BjhA p'bDk. i/ fBZek fijk

e[M wjhfBnK dk nkgDk pZuk s[;hA u[Zfenk j? s/ pZuk s[jkvk ;{N frZbk eo fdzdk j?, s[jk~ p[ok

BjhA bZr/rk feT[Afe pZuk s[jk~ pj[s uzrk brdk. s[;hA fpBK fe;/ frb/ d/ ik e/ egV/ pdb b?Ad/

j'. s[;hA ;wM iKd/ j' fe e'Jh BjhA pZu/ ~ eh gsk fJ;dk. n;hA fe;/ ~ ;wMD dh EK id'A nkgD/

B}ohJ/ Bkb fBoDk eoe/ s[od/ jK sK d[yKs g?dk j[zdk j?. B/Vsk dh pikJ/ d{oh tXdh j?. nkgD/

fdwkr Bkb ;'uD d/ Bkb Bkb i/ n;hA d{;o/ ~ th ;wMD dk :sB eohJ/ sK jh B/Vsk j' ;edh

j?. gzi ;kb d/ pZu/ dk fyv"Dk i/ t/yDk j? sK nkgDh B}o Bkb BjhA, pZu/ dh B}o Bkb d/y'r/

sK jh T[; fyv"D/ dh T[; tes ;jh ehws dk gsk bZr ;e/rk.



fe;/ Bkb B/Vsk pDkJh oZyD bJh d{;oh tZvh rZb fJj j? fe i' tkndk eod/ j', T[j

fBGkU. sK jh B/Vsk pDh oj/rh. gfjbh rZb fe nrb/ ~ ;wMDk }o{oh j?, d{ih rZb nkgD/

tknfdnK s/ g{o/ T[ZsoBk pVk }o{oh j?. i/ tknd/ BjhA fBGkT[Ad/ n;hA sK :ehB T[Zv ikJ/rk. i/

s[jkv/ s/ fe;/ nkgD/ dk :ehB jh ]sw j' frnk sK fco pkeh eh pfunk. ;' ;k~ tknd/ pV/

;'u ;wM e/ eoB/ ukjhd/ jB. i/ n;hA fe;/ nkgD/ Bkb tkndk eo fbnk b/feB fe;/ yk; ekoB

eoe/ T[j g{ok BjhA j' gkfJnk. ekoB eJh tko n?;/ j' iKd/ jB fe s[;hA tkndk fBGk ;eD s'A

n;woZE j' iKd/ j' sK fco fJ; jkbs ftZu, fi; Bkb tkndk ehsk, s[;hA T[; ~ e'b fpmk e/

tkndk Bk g{ok eo ;eD dk ekoD ;wMk fdzd/ j'. nkgfDnK ~ ;kvh wip{oh ;wM bZr iKdh

j? s/ fdb ftu fe;/ fe;w dh rbs cfjwh BjhA ofjzdh. Bkb/ i/ s[jk~ s[jkv/ nkgD/ fJ; soQK

ikDd/ jB fe ;kvk gkgk iK w/ok gsh sK jo jkbs ftZu tkndk fBGkT[Adk j?, id'A th T[; B/

e'Jh tkndk ehsk }o{o fBGkfJnk, fJj s[jkvh fgos pD iKdh j?. s[jkvk fJspko pD iKdk

j? s/ i/ co} eo' n?;k nkdwh i' jo tko nkgDk tkndk g{ok eodk j?, T[; s'A ed/ fe;/ wip{oh

ftu e'Jh tkndk BjhA g{ok ehsk frnk sK ;ko/ efjDr/ fJj sK fJ; soQK dk BjhA. e'Jh wip{oh

j' rJh j't/ rh.

B/Vsk pDkJh oZyD bJh ;k~ gsk j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe fi; d/ w?A eohp ofjDk ukj[zdk jK,

T[j w/o/ s'A eh nk; bkJh p?mk j?. eJh tko n;hA nkg/ jh nzdk}k brk b?Ad/ jK s/ e'Jh G[b/yk ofj

iKdk j?. n;hA Bk ukj[zfdnK th G[b/ y/ ftZu jh e[M n?;k eo p?md/ jK fi; Bkb ;kvh d{oh tXdh

j?. w/oh pVh ohM ;h fe w/ok bVek w/o/ s'A tZX gVQkJh eo/. b'e id'A w/o/ g[Zso dh fvroh dhnK

rZbK eoB sK w?~ uzrk bZr/rk. w/o/ tZv/ bVe/ B/ :{Bhtof;Nh sK dkybk b? fbnk go ;Zs ;kbK

ftZu fvroh Bk ehsh. w?~ jw/Fk T[; s/ frbk ofjDk feT[Afe w?A nkgD/ B}ohJ/ Bkb d/ydk ;K.

ezto jw/FK efjzdk, @fuzsk Bk efonk eo' v?v. # go @gzuK dk efjDk f;o wZE/ goBkbk T[E/ dk

T[E/. # ezto B/ fvroh Bk ehsh. ezto d/ fdb ftu ;h fe v?v ukj[zdk w?A tXhnk B"eoh eoe/

tXhnk g?;/ ewkT[D bJh fvroh eoK go T[; ~ gsk ;h fe g?;/ ewkT[D s'A fpBK th T[;dk ezw

uZbh ikDk, pE/o/ pDkJ/ pkg{ B/. feT[Afe ezto dh ;'u s/ w/oh ;'u tZy tZy ;h. ezto B/ ;'funk

th BjhA j'Dk fe T[; dh fvroh b?D Bkb v?v ~ fe; fe;w dh y[Fh j't/rh. ;' foFfsnK ftZu

B/ Vsk pDkJh oZyD bJh ;k~ nkgDhnK nk;K T[whdK ~ ;wMDk pVk }o{oh j?. id'A ;k~ fJZe

d{i/ dhnK nk;K T[whdK dk gsk jh BjhA j[zdk fe ukj[zdk eh j? sK foFfsnK ftZu d{ohnK j'DhnK

;[Gkte jB. eJh foFs/ n?;/ j[zd/ jB fe gsk jh j[zdk j? fe ;k~ fJe d{;o/ s'A eh T[whd j?.

fw;kb d/ s"o s/ id'A fe;/ dk ftnkj j' ikt/ sK i' i' T[whdK nkg; ftZu d'jK dhnK shthA nkdwh

dhnK fJe gsh gsBh d/ s"o s/ i' n;hA fJZe d{i/ s'A nk; eod/ jK, T[j ;G e[M dk nfj;k;

jh j[zdk j?. i/ e[M n?;k j' ikt/ fe n;hA nkgDh gsBh iK gsh s'A T[whd jh BjhA ;h eod/, i'

j' frnk sK B/Vsk BjhA ofjzdh. d{oh j'Dh F[o{ j' iKdh j? nkg; ftZu i' fJj ;wM e/ fJZe d{;o/

~ gsk jh j?. gsh ~ iK gsBh ~ gsk jh j?, ;G ~ gsk j[zdk j? fe eh foFsk j? shthA nkdwh



dk, b/feB fco th xz[v u[ekJh, w{zj fdykJh torhnK fBZehnK tZvhnK pj[s tZv/ wkfJB/ oZyD

tkbhnK rZbK pj[s }o{oh jB. fJj ;gFN rZbK foFfsnK dh p[fBnkd j[zdhnK jB. ;gFN j?

fe foFs/ dk fJ}jko eoB Bkb BhAjK w}p{s j[zdhnK jB. n;gFN foFfsnK ftZu coe g? iKdk

j?. d[fuZsh tX iKdh j?. ;gFNsk foFs/ w}p{s eodh j? d[fuZsh, Bk ;gFNsk foFs/ s'Vdh

j?.

foFfsnK dh B/Vsk pDkJh oZyD bJh }o{oh j? fe i/ feXo/ e'Jh rbsh j' ikt/ sK pzfdnK

tKr wzBDh ukjhdh j? s/ rbsh ;[XkoB dk :sB eoBk ukjhdk j?. Foh\ s/ e[o]s pzfdnK ftZu

f;o\ fJj jh nzso j[zdk j? fe e[o]s b'ehA e;kJh tKr rbsh eoe/ T[; ~ rbs BjhA

efjzd/, Foh\ nkdwh gSskt/ dk fJ}jko eodk j?. rbshnK fJB;kBK s'A j' iKdhnK jB b/feB

nkgDh rbsh Bk wzBDk T[; s'A tZvh rbsh j[zdh j?. nBikD/ ftu ehsh rbsh fe;/ s'A th j' ;edh

j?. foFfsnK dh B/Vsk poeoko oZyD bJh fgnko eoBk }o{oh j?. id'A s[;hA fe;/ ~ fdb'A bk

e/ p/ro} fgnko eod/ j' sK fe;/ ~ T[; dh ehws, T[; dh wjZssk dk nfj;k; eotkT[Ad/ j'.

;kvh fBZih B/Vsk jh, nkgD/ gfotko iK ftUgko ftZu foFs/ pDkT[Adh j?. T[u/u/ s"o s/ ehsk

fgnko ;fseko ;kv/ foFs/ pDkT[Adk j?. go i/ e'Jh ej/ fe w?A sK ;koh d[Bhnk ~ fJZe' fijk

fgnko eodk jK sK wsbp s[jkv/ fjZ;/ sK FkfJd e[M th Bk nkt/. fe;/ Bkb foFsk oZyDk j?

sK fBZih B/Vsk Bkb jh ofj ;edk. ;koh iwks pokpo j?, fJj fdwkr dh rZb sK j' ;edh

j?, fdb dh BjhA. fBZih B/Vsk d/ ekoB jh s[;hA nkgfDnK d/ B/V/ j' ;ed/ j'. ;koh d[Bhnk Bkb

;koh iwks Bkb B/Vsk sK feskpK dh rZb j?. d[Bhnk ftZu ftuofdnK j'fJnK nkgfDnK Bkb

ngDZs eo'r/ sK jh s[jkv/ fBZih s[jkv/ nkgD/ ofj ;eDr/.

****



;kvh fiZs jko;kvh fiZs jko;kvh fiZs jko;kvh fiZs jko;kvh fiZs jkonkw ihtB ftZu, gfotkoK ftZu, fgzvK ftZu, ;oekoK ftZu, tgkoK ftZu, pj[s fe;w d/

MrV/ j[zd/ jB. f;nkD/ fejk eod/ ;h fiZE/ uko GKv/ j'D T[j yVed/ jh j[zd/. fJe tko dh rZb

:kd nkJh, ;kv/ pZu/ jkb/ 1012 ;kb d/ jh ;B. jogqhs fe;/ ezw xo'A rJh j'Jh ;h. FkfJd

nkgDh G?D ;[Zyh d/ xo. ;kv/ xo fBnkfDnK B/ uko u[c/o/ uh}K fybkohnK j'JhnK ;B. fes/

thvhU r/wK, fes/ p;s/ s/ fes/ nZX/ nZX/ gh e'e tr?ok oZy/ j'J/. w/ok fJe yk; fwZso ;kv/ Ffjo

t?Bu[ok ftZu'A dh bzx fojk ;h. T[; dk eko ftu'A \'B nkfJnk fe gzi e[ fwzNK ftu xo nk fojk

j?. yk; fwZso ;h. id'A xo tfVnk sK ybkok fgnk d/y e/ jZ; fgnk. w?A fejk :ko w[nk\ eoBk

pZfunk B/ ;kok fbftzr o{w wZfbnk fgnk, nkU nkgK d{;oh p?me ftZu (f;fNzr o{w) ftZu p?md/

jK. fJe tko pfjD bZfrnK w?A fco fejk, @ybko/ bJh w[nk\h ukj[zd/ jK.# w/ok fwZso fco

jZf;nk s/ efjD bZrk, @i/ fe;/ d/ xo e[M j'T{ sK fyZbo{.# ;' i/ uko ihn fes/ fJeZm/ j'Dr/

sK MrV/ j'Dr/ . MrV/ j'D/ sK ub' ;[Gkte rZb j? b/feB n;hA MrV/ BfiZmd/ fe; soQK jK. eJh

tkoh fwZsosk d[FwDh ftZu pdb iKdh j?. i/ MrVk fiZs e/ n;hA xo bVkJh gk bJh sK ;wM'

fiZs e/ th nkgK jko rJ/. e'Jh t;s{ gqkgs eoB bJh i/ n;hA pzd/ rtk bJ/ nkgD/ sK th xkN/

tzdk jh ;"dk j? feT[Afe pzd/ t;sK pDk ;ed/ jB. b/feB t;sK pzd/ BjhA pDk ;edhnK. xoK

ftZu gfotkoK ftZu MrV/ eJh tko ftUgko Bkb'A th pj[s tZvk d[yKs g?dk eo fdzd/ jB. w?~

fe;/ B/ nkgDh fJZe dod ejkDh ;[DkJh. w?A fwZso s/ BjhA efj ;edk go T[; dk e'Jh fBZek

fijk ezw w?A ehsk ;h fi; eoe/ T[; dk pj[s ckfJdk j' frnk s/ T[; B/ nkgDk ;wM e/ nkgD/

fdb dh rZb w/o/ Bkb ;KMh eo bJh. T[j fJe rohp xo dk gzikph iZNK dk w[zvk ;h. pkg dh

d' J/eV }whB ;h. fszB Gok ;h T[j ;G s'A S'Nk ;h. fJe T[; s'A th S'Nh G?D ;h. ;G s'A tZvk

Gok pkg Bkb y/sh ftu wkVk w'Nk jZE tNkT[Adk. d{;ok Gok Ffjo eko]kB/ ftZu B"eoh eodk.

S'N/ d't/A G?D Gok gVQd/ ;h. id d;thA gk; ehsh sK pkg B/ ;kc dZ; fdZsk fe w?A s?~ j'o BjhA

gVQk ;edk. T[; w[zv/ dh :koh d';sh fe;/ seV/ xo d/ w[zv/ Bkb ;h i' nwohek fojk ;h. T[;

B/ ;kok you eoe/ T[; ~ Bkb jh nwohek b? nKdk. fJj rZb 1980 dh j?. nwohek nk e/

T[; B/ pj[s fwjBs ehsh. fwjBsh d/y e/ s/ T[; d/ fwZso dh tke\h eoe/ T[; dk ftnkj

th N?e;; ;N/N ftZu fe;/ gzikph e[Vh Bkb j' frnk. nkgD/ pkg{ ~ jo wjhB/ g?;/ G/idk fojk.

fi; fdB T[; dh G?D dk ftnkj ;h T[j nkg ik e/ ;kok youk nkg eoe/ ftnkj eoe/ nkfJnk.

T[; ~ nkgD/ gfotko dh rohph dk f]nkb ;h. jo ;kb e'Jh Bk e'Jh wdd eodk ofjzdk. tZv/

Gok d/ efjD s/ T[; B/ g?;/ G/i e/ 10 J/eV }whB th Bkb brdh b? bJh. wekB th gZek gk

fbnk. fgzv ftZu fijVk eko]kB/ ezw eodk j[zdk ;h Gok, T[;~ gfjb/ eZu/ wekB ftZu jh SZv,

tZvk Gok tZv/ s/ gZe/ wekB ftZu ofjD bZrk. d't/A id'A i[dk j'J/ sK MrVk j' frnk. tZvk Gok

S'N/ ~ efjD bZrk fe 12 J/eV }whB j? nkgK fszB Gok s/ u"Eh wK (pkg{ ftukok wo frnk

;h) dk fjZ;k fszB J/eV }whB s/ eZuk wekB T[; ~ fdZsk. T[; ftuko/ B/ nwohek tkb/ S'N/ Gok



~ fuZmh fbyh s/ ;kok jkb fbfynk. T[; ~ pVk d[Zy j'fJnk s/ T[j nkgD/ fgzv frnk. tZv/ Gok

d/ xo p?m e/ ukj gkDh ghsk s/ T[; B/ rZb ehsh fe Gkn nkgD/ ihs/ ~ E'VQh j'o }whB d/ d/

T[j th nkgDk Gok j?. go tZv/ Gok B/ ;kc BKj eo fdZsh-wK dk fjZ;k w/ok fjZ;k. pZ; rZb fe;/

gk;/ s[oB jh Bk d/t/. jko e/ efjD bZrk Gkn fco J/dK eo w/ok fjZ;k jh nkgD/ ihs/ ~ d/ d/

s/ s{z wK tkbk oZy b?, d'tK e'b S/ S/ feZb/ j' ikT{. tZv/ Gok B/ nZyK bkb eoe/ nkgD/ bkr/ p?m/

nkgD/ itkB g[Zs tZb t/fynk s/ fejk, @s/ok ukuk fjZ;k wzrdk.# g[Zs B/ bkr/ gJh sbtko s/ jZE

oZyfdnK fejk, @e'Jh BjhA w?A uku/ dk ezw eo fdzdk, uZb i/bQ j' rJh sK s/ok fJZe g[Zso j'o

j?rk.# nwohek s'A frnk ukuk ;[D e/ jek pek ofj frnk. e[M Bk p'fbnk s/ nkgDk p;sk i'

jkb/ y'fbQnk th BjhA ;h u[Zfenk s/ tkfg; nwohek nk frnk. f;nkDg ehsh. i/ T[E/ wkfonK

iKdk sK e"D fiZsdk s/ e"D jkodk. MrV/ j' ikD s/ fet/A fBp/VB/ ukjhd/ jB, fJ; pko/ e[M rZbK

eohJ/ . fpqsKs s/ s[jk~ ;[Dk fdZsk, ub' pksK th eohJ/. id'A n;hA gfotko ftu jK iK fe;/

tgko ftZu jK sK n;hA Gkt/A fi; wo}h gdth s/ jK fco th ;k~ fJe d{;o/ Bkb skbw/b sK

oZyDk gt/rk. e'Jh gqXkB j?, e'Jh w?B/io j?, e'Jh eboe j? iK e'Jh ugVk;h, ;ko/ jh T[; ezgBh

d/ efozd/ jB. ;k~ fJZe d{i/ s/ fBoGosk dh f;nk;s, fbnkes BjhA j? sK n;hA fet/A rZvh ubk

;ed/ jK. fJeZfmnK uZbDk fe; soK ;k~ gsk j'Dk ukjhdk j?, ;k~ f;nkDg j'Dh ukjhdh j?

fe fet/A ezw ubkT[D/ jB. id'A fJeZm/ jK, fJZe ezw j? sK fco T[; ftZu i/ fiZs j? sK ;kfonK

dh jh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. n?;k e[M BjhA eoBk ukjhdk fe fJe nkdwh bkG b? ikt/ s/ d{;o/ fe;/

dk B[e;kB j' ikt/. nkgDk B[e;kB eoe/ th j'o fe;/ dk \kfJdk feT[A ehsk ikt/. i' nkgDk

B[e;kB eok e/ p?m j' ikt/ sK T[j i/s{ s/ Bk j'fJnk. eJh tkoh fJ; soQK th j[zdk j? fe n;hA

r[Z;/ ftZu nk e/ ;koh y/v jh yokp eo b?Ad/ jK. ub' w/ok sK B[e;kB j' jh ikDk, j'o th e'Jh

feT[A fiZs/. fJj pj[s jh rbs ;'u j?. w"s ed/ fiZs ~ BjhA efjzd/. wo jh frnk s/ fco efjzd/

@nkg w'J/ iZr gob'. # ;G dk B[e;kB eoBk mhe BjhA. e'Jh n?;h y/v y/ vDh ukjhdh j? fi;

ftu ;G dk jh Gbk j't/. i/ ;G dk Gbk BjhA j' ;edk sK fco n?;k ezw jh Bk eo'. BjhA sK

i/ fe;/ fJe dk bkG d{i/ dk B[e;kB eo d/t/ sK T[j y/v f}nkdk d/o BjhA uZb ;edh. i/ gotko

j?, fJZe Nhw j?, fJZe' ftUgko j? sK ;G dh ;KMh fis Bk j'Jh sK :ehBB jko j?. iK sK ;ko/

jh fiZs ;ed/ jB, Nhw jh fiZs ;edh j? s/ iK fco Nhw dh jko ;G dh jko j't/rh Gkt/A e'Jh

pkeh ;kfonK s'A fizBk wo}h tXhnk y/vdk j't/. Nhw dh jko sK fco ;G dh jh jko j?. d[Bhnk

dh jo y/v ftZu i/ n;hA ;G dk Gbk wzrd/ jK sK jh ;kvk Gbk j' ;edk j?. fe;/ fJZe dh fiZs

d{;o/ ~ wko e/ jh j'Dh j? sK T[j ekjdh fiZs. i/ fJZe jZ;/ d{ik o't/ sK mhe BjhA. ;ko/ o'D

sK th rZb pDdh BjhA. go i/ n?;k ;'uhJ/ fe ;ko/ jh y[F j'D sK n?;h jkbs ftZu fiZs jko

dk ;tkb ysw j' iKdk j?. ;G dk Gbk wzrfdnK i' j'Dk T[j j' ikt/ sK T[; dh e'Jh fuzsk BjhA

j[zdh. jko e/ th fiZs wfj;{; j[zdh j?. sK s[;hA fe;/ wkV/ ~ bskV e/ bzx sK ;ed/ j' go Gbk

s[jkvh }who s[jk~ i/s{ ej/rh<



;kv/ tknd/;kv/ tknd/;kv/ tknd/;kv/ tknd/;kv/ tknd/fJeZbk sK efjzd/ o[Zy th Bk j't/. fJeZbk jh j't/ i/ e'Jh sK tknd/ fe; Bkb eo/rk< jK

nkgD/ nkg Bkb th tkndk eo ;ed/ jK fe w?A nZi s'A fJj uh} BjhA ykDh ghDh iK fJj ezw

BjhA eoBk. i/ ;k~ e'Jh d/ydk jh BjhA, sK tkndk s'VfdnK dk i/ fe;/ ~ gsk jh Bk bZr/ sK

fco tkndk eoB dk iK s'VB dk e'Jh coe BjhA g?Adk. tkndk fe;/ Bkb eoe/ s/ T[; ~ fBGkT[D

ftZu i' y[Fh fwbdh j?, T[j y[Fh gqkgs eoB bJh n;hA tknd/ fBGkT[Ad/ jK. tkndk f]bk\h #u'A

i' d[yKs g?dk j[zdk j?. T[; d/ dod s'A, tkndk f]bk\h dh ghVK s'A i' vo brdk j?, T[; vo

eoe/ jh n;hA tknd/ fBGkT[Ad/ jK. @pKfj fiBQK dh geVhJ/ Xo gJhJ/ Xow Bk SZvhJ/# tkndk fJe

Xow j[zdk j?. ;koh d[Bhnk ftZu tknd/ fBGkT[D iK tknd/ s'VB dk fj;kp feskp ;kvk ;wki,

fi; ftZu n;hA fBs fdB ftuod/ jK, bkT[Adk ofjzdk j?. eJh tko s[;hA ;[fDnk j'Dk-fJj pzdk

i' nkydk T[j eo ftykT[Adk j?. fJj pzdk tknd/ dk pVk gZek j? -fJj pzdk wo sK ikT{ go

nkgD/ p'b }o{o g[rkT{ s/ d{i/ gk;/ eJh b'e nkgDk fJspko rtk p?md/ jB. b'eK dhnk feskpK

ftZu fco fJ; soQK d/ b'eK bJh b'e fJ; soQK rZbK eod/ jB-fJj e'Jh pzdk MZN w[Zeo iKdk

J/-J/jdh rZb dk eh fJspko, g?o g?o s/ M{m p'bdk, fJj iKdk fe;/ gk;/ nkT[Adk j'o fes'A.

fJ;dk eh fJspko, efjzd/ tzM uVQh s/ fgZgb bZEh. efjzd/ tknd/ eoB/ pV/ ;"y/ go fBGkT[D/

n"y/ j[z[d/ jB. go fJj pj[s g[okDh ejkts j?. nZi eZb b'e J/B/ G'b/ BjhA, ibdh fes/ fe;/

s/ fJspko BjhA eod/. ;'u ;wM e/ fJspko eod/ jB. go i/ fJ; soQK bZr/ fe tkndk eoB

tkbk ;jh BjhA uZb fojk sK d]bnzdk}h th eod/. nZi eZb b'eK s'A i/ rZb fe;/ gk;/ Bk jh brdh

fd;/ sK fJ; s'A gfjbK fe e'Jh tZvk d[yKs yVQk j' ikt/, T[; dk e'Jh jZb bZGD dh e'fFF eod/

jB. ;' tknd/ eoB tkb/ ~ th ;'u ;wM e/ tkndk eoBk ukjhdk j?. i/ tkndk ehsk j? sK

fBGkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. BjhA sK tknfdnK s'A fes/ tXhnk foFsk pbh uVQ ikD dk ysok g?dk j'

;edk j?. tknd/ ezXK Bkb BjhA fJB;kBK Bkb, foFfsnK Bkb, nkgfDnK Bkb jh tknd/ ehs/ iKd/

jB. i/ nkgD/ jh rtk bJ/ sK fco @GZm fgnk ;'Bk fijVk ezBK ~ ykt/.#

tkndk fJZe fJeokoBkwk j[zdk j?. fdwkr Bkb ;'u e/ tkndk eoe/ id'A n;hA fe;/ dk fdb

fiZs b?Ad/ jK. tkndk g{ok ehsk sK jh fdb fiZs j'T{. i/ o' o' e/ tkndk fBGkfJnk sK fco

w/ACDK gk e/ d[ZX fdZsk sK eh fdZsk< y[Fh y[Fh tkndk fBGkT[D Bkb fdb fiZs ;edk j?. fe;/

~ nk; dtk e/, T[; dh nk; w[okd g{oh eoB Bkb jh rZb pDdh j?. i/ bkJhJ/ sK s'V fBGkJhJ/

. s'V BjhA fBGk ;ed/, fe;/ dk X[o sZe ;kE BjhA d/ ;ed/ sK nZX ftukb/ SZv ikDk tkndk

f]bk\h j?. T[; dk Bk s[jk~ ;[y, Bk j'o fe;/ ~. ;[DB frDB tkb/ th efjDr/, @b'ehA nkyd/

wbzr Bkb :koh fwjD' fwjDh j' e/ N[ZN rJh.# pZ; s'V fBGk ;eD dh s[jkvh fezBh e[ ;woZEk

j?. fezBh e[ ;'u j?, fezBk e[ :sB eod/ j' s/ fe; jZd sZe iKd/ j'. fJ; ftu'A jh b'e s[jkv/

Bzpo bkT[Ad/ jB. eJh tko n;hA tkndk fBGkT[D bJh nkgDk g{ok }'o bk fdzd/ jK. b/feB BjhA

fBGk ;ed/, fJ; jkbs ftu s[jkvk BjhA e;{o, fe;/ j'o tiQk Bkb tkndk N[ZNk j?. tkndk N[ZND



dk ekoB s[;hA BjhA sK fco d'Fh th s[;hA BjhA. fJ; jkbs ftZu e'Jh foFsk BjhA yokp j[zdk.

wip{oh ftZu ehs/ tknd/ dh wip{oh j[zdh j? tkndk BjhA jz[dk. w?A id y/sh efonk eodk ;h sk

pVh ;"yh jkbs ;h s/ pj[s uzrk fJspko pfDnk j'fJnk ;h uko u[c/o/. n;hA phi tkb/ nkb{

fJZe e'bv ;N'o ftZu oZy fdZs/ . ;" e[ y/s tk;s/ ;k~ phi ukjhdk ;h. pkeh ;'funk t/u d/

tKr/. gzqs{ wkoehN yokp j' rJh. ;kv/ pkeh nkb{ th Bk fte/, Y/oK d/ Y/o ;kv/ y/sK ftZu gJ/

ofj rJ/. eJh J/eV nkb{ n;hA ftZu/ jh tkj fdZs/ fe g[NkJh dk youk th g{ok BjhA j'Dk.

y/sh ekoB w/o/ ;ko/ o;s/ pzd j' rJ/. y/sh eoB tkb/ ;ko/ No?eNo NokbhnK fte rJ/ s/ w/o/

f;o jkb/ th eo}k ;h. fe;/ ~ d/D tk;s/ e'Jh g?;k BjhA ;h. tknd/ w[skpe e'bv ;N'o dk

wkbe fgzv nkgDk feokfJnk b?D bJh nkfJnk. id'A gsk bZr frnk fe g?;/ sK ;[fozdo e'b BjhA,

fJ; tes wip{o j?, g?;/ BjhA d/ ;edk. jkbks d/y e/ ;wM frnk fe fJ; dk e;{o e'Jh BjhA.

fJ; tes e[M th eoK, g?;/ fwbB/ sK BjhA, nkgDk foFsk, gq/w, d';sh jh yokp Bk eoK. fe;/

fdB nkg/ d/ d/ T{. d' fszB ;kb pknd w?A ftd/FK ftZu w}d{oh eoe/ fco fes/ ik e/ T[; d/ g?;/

w'V/.

e[M tknd/ }pkBh ebkwh j[zd/ ;B s/ e[M fJeokoBkw/ fbysh j[zd/ ;B. fdbK d/ w;b/,

gfotkoe w;b/ nkw s"o s/ fbysh BjhA j'fJnk eod/ . fdbK d/ ;"d/ fwD frD e/ BjhA ehs/

iKd/. fwZso j? sK fwZsosk fBGkT[AfdnK jh gsk brdk j? fe fezBk tXhnK fwZso j?. ;wkfie

ek~B i' j[zd/ jB, T[j ;oekoh ftXkB Bkb'A, ;oekoh ekfJd/ ek~B Bkb'A pj[s tZX nfjwhns

oZyd/ jB. b/feB T[j fbysh o{g ftZu ;jh j[zd/. ftXkB sK fbfynk iKdk j? s/ bkr{ ehsk iKdk

j?. Gkt/A ;wkfie ekfJdk ek~B ;kv/ y{B ftZu j[zdk j?. ;kv/ fdb ftZu j[zdk j?, ;kvh }who ftZu

j[zdk j?. }who s/ ;G ~ gsk j? r}K Bkb BjhA fwDh ik ;edh. ;wkfie tknd/ tgkoe tknfdnK

s'A tZyo/ j[zd/ jB. g[okD/ }wkfBnK ftZu ftUgko th }pkBh ebkwh j' ikfJnk eod/ ;h. jZE fwbk

fbnk sK pZ; fwbk fbnk. gZr tNk e/ ;koh T[wo Bkb yVB tkb/ }wkB/ j[D sK iKd/ oj/. nZi

eZb pj[s xZN fw;kbK fwbdhnK. yk; eoe/ tgkoe fJeokoBkw/ sK j[D fbysh jh j[zd/ jB.

i/ feXo/ fbysh BjhA j? sK rZb ftrV ikt/, fco ;p{s e'Jh BjhA j[zd/. p'b g[rkT[D tkb/ }wkB/

sK fuo'eD/ bZd rJ/. tgkoe tknd/ th ;KM fBGkT[D tkb/ tknd/ j[zd/, jB. fBoGosk j[zdh j?,

fJZe d{i/ d/ nk;o/ Bkb fe;/ ;KM/ w[\kd bJh fwb p?m e/ ezw eoB dhnK i' FosK j[zdhnK jB,

fJBQK FosK ~ fe;/ }wkB/ e;wK fejk iKdk ;h. FosK nZi eZb fbysh o{g ftu eoe/ nkgDk

nkgDk fjZ;k gk e/ T[BQK FosK s/ g{ok T[skoB bJh fJeokoBkw/ ehs/ iKd/ jB. e'Jh uh} T[Xko

b? e/ T[; ~ tkfg; fet/A eoBk j?, T[; d/ th fJeokoBkw/ fby/ iKd/, nkg; ftZu ehs/

fJeokoBkfwnK ftZu ezw B/go/ ukVD d/ sohe/ BjhA, ]kjF j[zdh j?. ohM j[zdh j?. tknd/ fBGkT[D

d/ ;kXB ftUgko ftZu jZEhA fwjBs, g?;/ dk :'rdkB iK e'Jh seBhe ekpbhns j' ;ed/ jB.

fe; ;kXB s/ fezBk fBoGo eoBk j?, fe;dk tkndk j[zdk j?. :'rdkB nB[;ko jh fco B\/ B[e;kB

dk fjZ;k j[zdk j?. s[;hA ;[fDnK j'Dk b'eK ~ efjzfdnK fe w/ok cbkDh ezgBh ftZu utkBh fjZ;k



j?. Gkt T[j u"E/ fjZ;/ d/ :'rdkB eoe/ u"E/ fjZ;/ d/ B\/ B[e;kB dk jZedko j?. B\/ tkb/ ezwK

ftZu f;nkD/ pzd/ d]b-nzdk}h BjhA eod/. i/ w?A fe;/ fp}B; ftZu d' bZy vkbo bkfJnk j? s/

jo wjhB/ w?~ nZm j}ko vkbo fjZ;k fwb fojk j?, wsbp 48% ftnki fwb fojk j?. fco

j'o s[jk~ eh ukjhdk. gk;/ j' e/ pfj ikU, eoB fdU eh eod/ pkeh. e'Jh d]b-nzdk}h eoB

dh b'V BjhA. jo wjhB/ rZck fwb fojk j? s[jk~ s/ i/ e'Jh j'o s[jkvk fjZ;/dko i' ezw ubk fojk

j?, i/ tZX th pDk fojk j? sK th u[Zg ofjD ftZu jh s[jkvk Gbk j?. j'o e'Jh tZX b? fojk j?

sK e'Jh rZb BjhA fizBk fuo 48% s[jk~ fwbdk j?, u[Zg eoe/ x{zJ/A fij/ pD e/ bJh iktT[.

j'o fe;/ dk fj;kp feskp BjhA bkT[Dk ukjhdk. nkgDk fj;kp mhe j? sK ;G mhe j?. e'Jh

tkndk f]bk\h eo th fojk j? s/ s[jk~ g[Zrdh j?. ;r'A gsk jh Bk bZrD fdU fe s[jk~ gsk

j?. fJ;/ ftZu i/ ;G dk Gbk j? sK fJj jh ;jh j?.

****



;kvh ;wM;kvh ;wM;kvh ;wM;kvh ;wM;kvh ;wMnkw s"o s/ n;hA d/yd/ jK fe fpBK ;'u/ ;wM/ jh efj fdzd/ jK w?~ gsk. feT[Afe n;hA

nzdk}k brk b?Ad/ jK fe fJt/A j'Dk. go nzdk}k sK nzdk}k j? Bk. g{oh ;wM sK g{oh ikDekoh s'A

pknd jh bZr ;edh j?. ihtB d/ fe;/ th y/so ftZu c/bQ j'D dk fJj jh ekoB j[zdk j? fe

n;hA ;tkb ~ g{oh soQK ;wMd/ jh BjhA pbfe ;[DB Fesh jh BjhA j[zdh ;kvh, fe;/ dh rZb

;[DB dh ;wMD dh fe eh efjDk ukj[zdk j?, T[; dk ftjb jh BjhA j[zdk ;kv/ e'b. efjzd/ B/

, e'Jh s[fonk iKdk ;h, fsnko fpnko j' e/ bkfrUA dh bzxdk e'Jh g[ZSD bZrk, @Ffjo ~

uZfbnK<# fpBK ;tkb ;[BD d/ jh T[; T[Zso fdZsk, @BjhA w?A sK Ffjo ~ uZfbnk.# ;tkb eoB

tkb/ e'b th feE/ ftjb ;[DB dk T[j p'b fgnk, @nZSk nZSk w?A ;wfMnk s{z Ffjo ~ uZfbnk.

# efjzd/ nepo B/ phopb ~ g[ZfSnk fe nkgD/ oki ftu nzBQ/ fezB/ jB. phopb efjD bZrk-

seohpB ;ko/ jh nzBQ/ jB. okik jkb/ ;'u jh fojk ;h fe t}ho d/ efjD s'A eh Gkt, J/B/ ~

o;s/ ftZu d/fynk fe e'Jh gF{nK bJh gZm/ e[so fojk ;h. bkfrUA dh T[; dk e'Jh tke\ bzfxnk

s/ efjD bZrk, gZm/ e[sodk pJh itkBK< t}ho oki/ ~ efjD bZrk nkj gfjbk jh pzdk fwfbnk

s/ fJ; ~ nzfBQnK ftZu frD bU. ;wMD dh n;hA e'fFF jh BjhA eod/, pZ; nzdk}k jh brkT[Ad/

jK fe ;wM bZr rJh w?~. nzdk}k sK jehes BjhA j[zdk. eJh tko n;hA nzdk}/ Bkb ;jh fNekD/

gj[zu th iKd/ jK. go i/ ;Zuh w[uh ;wM j't/ fe feE/ ikDk sK fezBk ;"yk j't/ gjz[uDk. ;[D ;[D

e/ iK fe;/ j'o tiQk fe;/ pko/ nzdk}k brk b?Dk s/ nkgD/ nzdk}/ Bkb jh vKv/ whAv/ s[o g?Dk sK

pj[sh ;wMdkoh dh rZb BjhA j?.

;kvh ihtBh dk ;G s'A tZvk d[yKs fejk ik ;edk j? ;kvh fJj nkds fe n;hA ;wMD s'A

fpBK jh ;tkb eZYD bZr iKd/ jK. i/ fco fJwfsjkB ftu'A c/bQ j' iKd/ jK s/ n;hA c/bQ j'D dk

th ekoB bZGD d/ nzdk}/ jh bkT[Ad/ fcod/ jK. fpBQK ;'u/ ;wM/ i' th ;tkb n;hA f}zdrh d/ eZYd/

jK, T[j rbs j' ;ed/ jB. b/feB g{oh soQK ;wM e/ itkp fbyhJ/ sK fco fet/A rbs j' ;edk.

e'Jh phwko id'A fe;/ f;nkD/ vkeNo e'b'A dtkJh b?D bJh iKdk j? sK f;nkDk vkeNo fizBK fuo

T[; ~ gsk Bk bZr/ fe s[jk~ fpwkoh eh j?< UBk fuo dtkJh BjhA fdzdk. T[j ed/ s[jkvk e[M

u?Ze eodk j?, ed/ e[M, ed/ N{Nh fijh bk e/ ;kj t/ydk j?, fdb dh XVeD d/ydk j?, eJh jkbsK

ftZu wb-w{so th u?Ze eodk j? sK ik e/ dtkJh fdzdk j?. g{ok gsk brk fe eh phwkoh j? sK

dtkJh fdzdk j?. phwkoh dh ;wM Bk bZr/ sK fco j'o fe;/ ;g?Ffb;N e'b iK tZv/ j;gskb

ftZu xZb fdzdk j?. w?~ :kd j? fJe nkoH n?wH ghH ;h. gsk BjhA fet/A T[;B/ nkgDk doi BK

eotkfJnk j'fJnk ;h. T[;d/ e'b id'A fe;/ fpwko B/ ikDk sK T[j uko r'bhnK d/ fdzdk. w/o/ Bkb

;e{b/ gVQdk fojk ;h. BbkfJe fijk ;h. d;thA s'A fpBK FkfJd T[; e'b j'o e'Jh fvroh j?

jh BjhA ;h. go b'e T[; ~ vkeNo ;kfjp nkyd/ s/ T[;dh dtkJhnK dh d[ekB th pVh tXhnk

uZbdh. T[j seohpB ;ko/ woh}K ~ Gkt/A fe;/ dk fYZv d[ydk j't/, f;o d[ydk j't/, p[yko j't/



, iK }[ekw, T[j ;kfonK ~ T[j jh dtkJh d/ fdzdk. fgzvK d/ b'eK ~ ftukfonK ~ eh gsk eh

fdZsk. w?A fJe tko T[; ~ g[ZfSnk :ko nkj w/o/ p?fmnK p?fmnK uko gzi woh} nkJ/. tZy tZy

o'r dZ;/ ;G B/ go s{z dtkJh ;kfonK ~ fJe jh fdZsh. T[j pDk ;tko e/ efjzdk, @fJj i'

nBgVQ g/Av{ b'e nk Bk, fJBQK ~ nkgDh fpwkoh dZ;Dh BjhA nkT[Adh. go w?~ gsk w?A fJe r'bh

fYZv ghV dh, fJe r'bh f;o ghV dh, fJe p[yko dh s/ fJe Bkb n?ANhpkfJUfNe d/ fdzdk jK.

fJjBK ukoK ftu'A fJZe jh j[zdh fJjBK ;GBK dh fpwkoh. #

i/ fe;/ fpwkoh dh iK fe;/ ;tkb dh ;wM jh Bk j't/ sK T[j ;tkb nukBe sK Gkt/A jZb

j' ikt/ go nkw s"o s/ s[;hA n;cb jh ofjzd/ j'. fJe tko r[od[nko/ w/o/ e'b fJZe gq/wh nk

frnk s/ efjD bZrk fe ;?eNoh ih w/ok ih eodk w?A fJZe eftsk gVQK. w?A fbyh j?. r[og[op

s/ fbyh j?. w?A fejk ;fs puB }o{o gVQ'. id'A n;hA NkJhw fdZsk s/ ek^} eZY e/ gVQB bZrk

go T[; s'A gVQ Bk j't/. w?~ efjD bZrk fe ;?eNoh ih nkgDh n?Be fdU }ok. w?A n?Be bkj

e/ fdZsh go T[; s'A fco th Bk gVQ j't/ s/ efjzdk e'Jh j'o fdU :ko n?Be, ;?eNoh dh n?Be

sK yokp nk, ;ko/ jZ; gJ/. i/ ;jh Bzpo dh n?Be Bk j't/ sK n;hA fet/A d/y ;ed/ jK. gfjbK

;k~ ;wMD dh e'fFF eoBh ukjhdh j? sK jh ;wM bZr{ fe n;hA ;jh jK fe rbs. ;wMD

dh e'fFF jh i/ BjhA eod/ sK fco ;k~ ;wM bZr fet/A ;edh j?. fe;/ th uh} ~ ;wMD iK

;wMkT[D bJh iK sK n;hA rZb eod/ jK s/ ;[Dd/ jK, iK fbyd/ jK, gVQd/ jK s/ eJh tko e'Jh

r{zrk p'bk fJFkfonK Bkb th ;wMk fdzdk j?. fby e/ ;wMkfJnk ikt/ iK gVQ e/ ;wMkfJnk ikt/

. iK e'Jh p'b e/ ;wMkt/ s/ e'Jh ;[D e/ ;wM ikt/ s/ iK fco e'Jh fJFkfonK Bkb ;wMk d/t/

s/ e'Jh ;wM ikt/. fizBK wo}h e'Jh p'b p'b e/ ;wMkJh ikt/ go i/ ;[DB tkb/ ~ ;[DBk jh BjhA

nkT[Adk, T[j nkgD/ jh ftZu nNeb gZu{ wko fojk j? sK fet/A ;wM bZr ;edh j?. Gkt/A fe;/

B/ ;koh f}zdrh bk e/ r[D frnkB dh e'Jh feskp fbyh j't/ go i/ e'Jh T[; ~ gVQdk jh BjhA

sK fco r[D frnkB dh ;wM fet/A bZr/. eJh tko rZb eoB tkbk jh i/ tb Sb Bkb rZb eo/

s/ ;k~ FZe g? ikt/ fe fJj sK pzdk mhe BjhA, sK th n;hA :ehB BjhA eod/ s/ i/ :ehB jh

Bk j't/ fe;/ s/ sK T[; dh rZb dh ;wM fet/A bZr/. ;wMD s/ ;wMkT[D bJh ;k~ fdb y'jb

e/ ;kc fdb Bkb ;gFN rZb eoBh ukjhdh j? s/ ;[DB tkb/ ~ fXnkB Bkb, ;[DkT[D tkb/ s/ :ehB

eoe/ ;[DBh ukjhdh j?. sK jh ;wM bZr ;edh j?. i/ ;k~ gsk BjhA fe;/ uh} Bkb fet/A BfiZmDk

j? sK ;wMD tkbk th s/ ;wMkT[D tkbk th fe;/ s"D s"Vh ftZu BjhA j' ;ed/. e'Jh nKfvnK dk

M'bk b? e/ pZ; ftZu ufVnk s/ p?mD bZr/ B/ M'bk EZb/ oZy fdZsk. ezveNo B/ m[Zv wko e/ g[ZfSnk

nk eh nk < nKfvnK tkbk efjD bZrk pZ; fJZe j'o m[Zv wkod/ s/ fco fJj e[M th BjhA. ;wMD

s'A gfjbK jh ezw eo fdZsk s/ fco ;wMD bJh pu{ eh<

****



;kvk ;[DBk;kvk ;[DBk;kvk ;[DBk;kvk ;[DBk;kvk ;[DBkid'A e'Jh rZb eo fojk j[zdk j?, i/ n;hA T[; dh rZb ~ fXnkB Bkb ;[DhJ/ sK jh T[;d/

Gkt ~ ;wM ;ed/ jK fe efjD tkbk eh efjDk ukj[zdk j?< i/ e'Jh nkgDk dod ;[Dk fojk j?,

nkgDk d[Zy c'b fojk j? sK T[; dh rZb ~ i/eo n;hA fXnkB Bkb s/ g{oh jwdodh Bkb BjhA

;[Dd/ sK ;k~ rZb ;wM jh BjhA bZr ;edh. nkw s"o s/ n;hA efj fdzd/ jK fe w?~ bZr frnk

gsk s{z eh efjDk ukj[zdk j?. go T[; dh rZb dk nkgD/ fdwkr Bkb jh nzdk}k brk b?Ad/ jK s/

id'A n;hA nkgD/ jh noE eZYD bZr iKd/ jK sK fco rZb eoB tkb/ dh GktBk BjhA ;wM ;ed/

. nkw s"o s/ ;kv/ ihtB ftZu fJt/A jh j[zdk j? fe id'A e'Jh rZb eodk j? sK n;hA T[; rZb dk

T[Zso d/D dh ;'ud/ j[zd/ jK. e'Jh nkgDh rZb fit/A wo}h eo fojk j't/. i/ n;hA fXnkB Bkb ;[Dh

jh Bk, pZ; nzdk}k brk e/ T[; dh rZb dk T[Zso bZGDk F[o{ eo d/JhJ/, ;[DB dh EK T[; dh rZb

dk itkp d/D pko/ jh i/ n;hA ;'u F[o{ eo btKr/ sK fco rZb eoB tkbk sK Gkt/A g;hB' g;hBk

j'Jh ikt/, jZ;/ iK o'Jh ikt/, n;hA sK ;[s/ jh T[; dk jz[rkok Goh iKd/ jK. n;hA fJZe gk;/ rZb

;[D oj/ j[zd/ jK s/ d{;o/ gk;/ nkgD/ wB ftZu T[; dh rZb dk itkp xV oj/ j[zd/ jK. i/ ;kv/

fdwkr ftZu nkgDh rZb uZbdh j? sK j'o fe;/ d/ i' jz[rko/ d/ oj/ j[zd/ jK, eJh tko ;k~ nkg

BjhA gsk j[zdk eh jz[rkok fdzd/ jK. pZu/ id'A N?bhft}B s/ e'Jh yk; y/v d/y oj/ j[zd/ jB iK yk;

ejkDh d/y oj/ j[zd/ jB sK wK u"Ae/ u'A Gkt/A d; ezw dZ;h ikt/, pZu/ nky fdzd/ jK, nkT[Adk wK.

nZSk w?A eodK go T[BQK ~ gsk jh BjhA j[zdk fe wK eotkT[Dk eh ukj[zdh j?< T[BQK dk fdwkr sK

eo fojk j[zdk, i' eo ;edk. wK eJh tko rZb eo ojh j[zdh j? go pZu/ d/y oj/ j[zd/ nk fe

e'ph pqkfJN fszB g[nkfJNo gk d/T[ fe BjhA. s/ i' g? ikt/ sK eJh tko yVQ/ j' e/ T[; dh y[Fh

ftZu o"bk gkT[D bZr iKd/. wK eZuh fijh j'Jh tkg; nkgD/ ezw ik brdh j?. ;wM iKdh fe

w/oh rZb j[D feE/ ;[DBh y/v d/yd/ B/ pZu/. pZ; i/ y/v ;kv/ fdwkr ftZu th ub ojh j't/ sK

fco ;k~ j'o fe;/ dh rZb dk nfj;k; BjhA j[zdk.

fJ; s'A th f}nkdk wjZstg{oD fJj j? fe ;[D e/ n;hA nkg BjhA ;wMd/. nkgDh ;'u

w[skpe n;hA itkp th fdzd/ jK s/ i/ itkp ;jh Bk j't/ sK nkgD/ nkg ~ d'Fh BjhA ;wMd/.

fJj BjhA ;'ud/ fe n;hA ;[fDnk jh BjhA fXnkB Bkb ;wM fet/A bZrDh ;h. fJj jh ;'ud/ jK

fe n;hA ;jh jK, nrbk ;kvh rZb BjhA ;wM fojk. J/Bh rZb sK gZeh j? fe rZb j't/ iK rokoh,

fizBk fuo p[VhJ/ BjhA obd/ fizBK fuo rokoh d/ dzfdnK Bkb dzd/ obd/ BjhA, UBk fuo d't/A

rokohnK fJeZmhnK x[zwdhnK jh BjhA. pj[sh tko fJt/A jh j[zdk j? fe e'Jh rZb eodk j[zdk go

n;hA nD;[Dh, nDr"bh eoe/ jh B}o-nzdk} eo fdzd/ jK. nD;[Dh jh eo fdZsh sK ;wM bZr

ikD dk sK fco ;tkb jh BjhA g?dk j[zdk. fdykt/ ti'A j{z jK eoh ikD Bkb fet/A rZb pD ;edh

j?. i/ n;hA fdb bk e/ ;koh rZb ;[Dh jh BjhA. eJh tko n;hA rZb ;[Dd/ ;[Dd/ nkgDh ;'u ftZu

rtku iKd/ jK go fco fXnkB eoB dh e'fFF eod/ jK. E'VQk pj[s fco ;[D e/, fJe d' ezw



dhnK ;[D e/ fco nkgD/ ;[gfBnK dh d[Bhnk ftZu ub/ iKd/ jK. b/feB fes'A fes'A ;[DB Bkb th

rZb BjhA pDdh @nkfd gfVQnk nzs gfVQnk ftZu'A ftZu'A doFB efonk.# fJ; soQK th rZb BjhA pD

;edh. fdb bk e/ ;[DB Bkb jh rZb pD ;edh j?. id'A fdb bk e/ ;[Dd/ jK sK ;k~ th gsk

bZr iKdk j?, ;[DB tkb/ ~ th s/ ;[DkT[D tkb/ ~ th gsk bZr iKdk j? fe w/oh rZb fXnkB Bkb

;[Dh j?.

d;zpo dk wjhBk ;h. ;kfjp}kfdnK dh Fjhdh ~ w[Zy oZy e/ dhtkB uZb fojk ;h. w?~

jkow'Bhnw sK mhe soQK tikT[Dk BjhA nkT[Adk. frnkBh j[oK B/ ;kE d/Dk. spb/ tkb/ B/ th ;kE

d/Dk s/ eJh tko w?A nkgDh rZb eoB s'A gfjbK Fpd th gVQ b?Dk. epho ih dk Fpd @;{ok

;' gfjukBhn? i[ bo? dhB e/ j/sI g[oik g[oik efN wo? epj{ B Skvfj y/s[I#

Fpd dh ;wkgsh s/ w?A ;kfjp}kfdnK dh Fjhdh ;ke/ dk toBB eoB bZrk. nihs f;zx

s/ i[Mko f;zx dh ;jhdh dh rZb id'A ehsh Bk fe ;kfjp ;qh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih d/ ;g[Zso

;kfjp}kdk nihs f;zx ns/ ;kfjp}kdk i[Mko f;zx bVd/ bVd/ uwe"o ftZu Fjhd j' rJ/. d'jK

;kfjp}kfdnK, fiBQK d/ f;oK s/ ebrhnK ;ikJhnK iKdhnK j[zdhnK ;h, Fkjh t;so gkJ/ j[zd/ ;h,

T[j ;kfjp}kd/ id Fjhd j' rJ/ sK ;w/A B/ d'jK dhnK bkFK s/ e\B gkT[D dh fJik}s th BjhA

fdZsh. fe;/ B/ u[Zfenk BjhA, fe;/ B/ u[zfwnk BjhA, fe;/ B/ ;;eko BjhA ehsk. id'A w?A fJj ;kek

;[Dk fojk ;h sK w?A ;zrs tZb B}o wko e/ d/fynk. fdtkB jkb yuk yu Gfonk j'fJnk ;h.

w?A d/fynk fe seohpB ;koh ;zrs nkgD/ nZEo{ g{zM ojh ;h. ;[osh fposh fJekro eoe/ id

n;hA rZb ;[Dd/ jK sK rZb dh rzGhosk dk gsk bZr iKdk j?. pZ; rZb dh rzGhosk dk gsk bZr

frnk sK ;wM' fe n;hA jwdodh Bkb fdb bk e/ rZb ;[Dh j?. rZb rzGho j't/, fJekro fuZs

j' e/ ;[Dh j't/ sK n;hA n?;h rZb ;[Dd/ ;[Dd/ nkgD/ ;[gfBnK dh d[Bhnk u'A pkjo fBeb e/ pZ;

rZb ;[Dd/ jK. rZb dk itkp d/D pko/ th BjhA ;'ud/. ;kek ;[DkT[D tkb/ d/ Bkb id'A fdwkrh s"o

s/ n;hA ;[Dd/ ;[Dd/ uwe"o dh rVQh ftZu gj[zu iKd/ jK sK fpBK doFB ehfsnK th n;hA uwe"o

;kfjp gj[zu iKd/ jK. fXnkB Xo ;[DB Bkb }o{oh BjhA fe n;hA rZb eoB tkb/ Bkb jo soQK

;fjws j' iKd/ jK. fpbe[b BjhA, rZb eoB tkb/ Bkb BjhA, rZb Bkb ;fjwsh j' iKdh j?. rZb

Bkb ;fjwsh j' ikt/ sK pZ; rZb pD iKdh j?. rZb eoB t/b/ i' FpdK dk gq:'r eod/ jK, T[BQK

FpdK dk th pj[s xZN n;o j[zdk j?. nZm d; gqshFs jh FpdK dk n;o j[zdk j?. pkeh ;kok

sK rZb eoB tkb/ d/ sohe/ s/ fBoGo eodk j?. b\} sK T[j jh j[zd/ jB b/ feB jo fe;/ dk

fJ}jko nkgDk nkgDk j[zdk j?. pZ; i/ n;hA p/-wfjBh ebkw dh irQk rZb eoB dk sehnk f;Zy

ikJhJ/, t;hbk f;Zy ikJhJ/, sohek f;Zy ikJhJ/ sK ;kvh rZb ftZu rzGhosk j' ikt/. i/ rzGho

rZb ~ ;o's/ rzGhosk Bkb ;[D b?D sK fco tksktoD jh rzGho j' iKdk j?. rZb ftubk dod

nkgw[jko/ jh ;kv/ fdb ftZu ik tVdk j?. id dod fdb dk dotk}k yVekT[Adk, fdb dod ~

fdb Bkb bkT[Adk sK T[j dod ;kvk nkgDk j' iKdk j? s/ i/ dod ;kvk nkgDk j' ikt/ sK ;kvhnK

nZyK Go nkT[DhnK ;[Gkte jh jB.



;kvh ;fjekosk;kvh ;fjekosk;kvh ;fjekosk;kvh ;fjekosk;kvh ;fjekosk;fj:'r eoe/, ;G dk Gbk fdb ftZu oZy e/ ns/ g{oh rZb ~ ;wM e/ id'A n;hA uZbd/ jK

sK ;opZs d/ Gb/ ftZu jh i' ;kvk th Gbk j' iKdk j?, T[; Gb/ dk w}k jh e[M j'o j[zdk j?.

nfrnkBsk sK ;kvh ew}'oh j[zdh j?. frnkB ;kvh Fesh j[zdh j?. frnkB j'Dk sK bk}wh j?.

i/ fe;/ ezw dk frnkB jh BjhA sK T[; ezw ~ s[;hA fizBk wo}h wB fuZs ;kc eoe/ eod/ oj',

T[;d/ Bshi/ ;jh BjhA fBeb ;ed/. ;' gfjbh rZb fe ;k~ g{oh ;wM j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe eh

eoB bZr/ jK s/ i/ ;wM bZr ikt/ sK ;kc Bhs Bkb ;opZs dk Gbk fdb ftu oZy e/ ;kEhnK

Bkb s[o e/ ;fj:'r Bkb i' ;\o sfj j[zdk j?, T[; dk B}kok jh tZyok j[zdk j?. ;Zu/, ;[Zu/,

;wMdko b'eK dk ;fj:'r fwb ikt/, o;s/ dk frnkB j' ikt/. wzf}b fd; ojh j't/, wzf}b s/

gj[zuD dh s[jkvh ;woZEk j't/ sK fJ; s'A T[uh nt;Ek sK ;kvh j' jh BjhA ;edh. NeokU d[yKs

g?dk eodk j?. ;fj:'r ;[y fdzdk j?. ;fji dk ;kE j't/. ;kE dk ;[y j't/, ;zr uZbD dh ;'Mh

j't/ sK fco pZ; efj bU uwseko jh j' iKdk j?. uwseko fJe n?;h nt;Ek d/ gorN j'

ikD ~ nkyd/ jB i' ed/ gfjbK j'Jh jh Bk j't/. fJj' fijh nt;Ek g?dk sK jh j' ;edh j?

id'A n;hA nrtkJh sK eod/ jK go n;{b BjhA s'Vd/. ojZ; ftZu ofj e/ :EkofEe B}ohJ/ Bkb

nkdoFe ;fj:'r fwb ikt/ sK oZp s'A j'o e[M wzrD dh }o{os jh BjhA ofj iKdh. ;Zu/ wkor

uZbfdnK ijkB th T[;ss eodk j?, b/feB i' s[jk~ nzdo{Bh y[Fh fwbdh j?, i' T[;ss s[;hA y[d

eoB bZr iKd/ j' nkgDh, T[j nt;Ek sK Bk bZyhA Bk j}koh. fJj nt;Ek ;k~ gq/oBk fdzdh j?.

gqGkts eodh j?. ;k~ fJeZm/ eodh j?. ;kvh fJe;ko j' e/ fJe o{g j' e/ ;wo{gsk dh Fesh

fd;D brdh j?. n;hA nkgD/ fBZih x[ND g[D/ s'A, nkgDh e?d #u'A nk}kd j' iKd/ jK. ;KMh Fesh

;k~ ihtB dh ;G s'A tZvh Fesh bZrD brdh j? go fJj nt;Ek sK jh g?dk j' ;edh j? i/

n;hA fJB;kBhns d/ ;ko/ r[D XkoD eo ;eD d/ :'r j'JhJ/ sK. T[uh s'A T[uh nt;Ek ftZu

fJB;kB id gj[zudk j? sK fco T[j s[jkv/ o;s/ s/ jh Gkt/A ubdk j't/, s[jkv/ ;fj:'r Bkb jh

Gkt/A s[o fojk j't/, T[j nkgD/ o;s/ s/ uZb fojk j[zdk j?. T[j jo j\s/ nkgDh wzf}b tZb tX

fojk j[zdk j?.

fJB;kB fJeZbk sK fJB;kB ejkT[D dk jZe th BjhA oZydk. d[Bhnk ftZu ftuofdnK jh

n;hA fJB;kB ejkT[Ad/ jK. i/ d[Bhnk ftu ;jh sohe/ Bkb ftuoBk nk ikt/, i/ ;k~ frnkB j'

ikt/ fe fet/A ftuoBk j?< Bkb dh Bkb ;kv/ fdb ftu e'Jh egN Bk j't/. ;G dk Gbk wzrd/

j'JhJ/ sK fJ; nt;Ek ~ sK ;op FeshtkB nt;Ek efjD ~ fdb eodk j?. d[Bhnk s'A fpBK

n;hA nX{o/ jK. nX{o/ Bkb'A g{ok jw/FK f}nkdk skesto j[zdk j?. n;hA ftZu sK w?A th Fkwb j?.

w?A Bkb'A @ n;hA # sK pj[s skesto j[zdh j?. fBoGo eodk j? fe s[;hA fezB/ e[ @n;hA# j' s/ fezB/

e[ ;kc fdb Bkb @ n;hA # j'. fJ; nt;Ek ftZu nkgK fJeZb/ BjhA j[zd/. ;zg{oD dk fjZ;k j'D

eoe/ n;hA th ;zg{oD pD iKd/ jK. n;hA gq/oBk d/ ;ed/ jK. n;hA ;zg{oDsk d/ gq/oe pD iKd/



jK. ;k~ nyfsnko j' iKdk j?. nfXeko fwb iKdk j?. n;hA ;woZE pD iKd/ jK. ;k~

w[yskoBkwk fwb iKdk j? fe n;hA nkgDh ;op-;KMh Fesh dh rZb eo ;ehJ/. ;kv/ ;fj:'r

Bkb i' J/eheoD j'fJnk s/ i' ;kv/ fwb e/ uZbD d/ cb fwb/, n;hA T[BQK cbK dk ;tkd dZ;D

d/ ;woZE j' iKd/ jK. fJeZb/ n;hA T[j gqkgshnK eo jh BjhA ;ed/ fijVhnK fwb e/ j' ;edhnK

jB. efjzd/ jB @fJe fJeZbk s/ d' frnkoK. # go frnkoK i/ pDB, pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jK sK ;k~

vN e/ fJZe d{i/ d/ pokpo yVBk gt/rk. nrKj fBeb ikD Bkb iK fgZS/ ofj ikD Bkb rZb BjhA

pDBh. fJeZm s/ ;fj:'r ftZu jh Fesh j[zdh j?. fJe d{i/ dk g{oB ;fj:'r j't/ sK jh e[dos

d/ pDkJ/ fB:w th bkr{ j' ;ed/ jB. n"os s/ nkdwh dk i/ ;fj:'r BjhA sK d[Bhnk nZr/ s[o

jh BjhA ;edh. fJB;kBh ;oho n"os s/ wod d/ ;ohoe ;fj:'r d/ Bkb Bkb i/ ;wkfie ;fj:'r

th j't/, fdwkrh ;fj:'r th j't/ ns/ Gktesk dk th ;fj:'r j' ikt/ sK fco nBzdwJh nt;Ek

pDdh j?. fJe d{;o/ s/ fBoGo j[zfdnK th s[;hA nk}kd j', y[F j' ;zs[FN j'.

id'A ;k~ :ehB j' ikt/ fe ;fj:'r Bkb dh j'o e'Jh uh} j' jh BjhA ;edh, ;fj:'r

nBzdwJh j' ikt/, ;fj:'r s/ g{oB ftFtk; j' ikt/ sK fco s[;hA nkgDh ;'u ~ nkgDhnK ;hwktK

#u'A fojk eo fdzd/ j'. fdb y'bQ e/ rZb eoB ~ fdb eoB bZr ikt/ . id'A ;k~ ;fj:'r ftu'A

BthnK ;zGktBktK B}o nkT[D bZrD. id'A BthnK fdFktK fd;D bZr g?D sK nkgD/ o;s/ s[o/

iKfdnK th d{;o/ o;fsnK dk ;[y gqkgs j' iKdk j?. ;kE dk ;[y fwb ikt/ sK fco fJeZbsk

pVh ew}'o brdh j?. fwbkg dh, ;fj:'r dh, Fesh fco ;k~ nkgDh Fesh bZrD bZr g?Adh

j?. pj[s b'e n?;/ th j[zd/ jB fe ;kE ubfdnK th T[j ;kEh BjhA j[zd/. fJe ;z;Ek ftZu ofj

e/ fJe' gfotko ftZu ofj e/ foFfsnK d/ pzXBK ftZu pZM/ j'D d/ pkti{d th T[j fe;/ d/ ;fj:'rh

BjhA j[zd/. eJh b'e sK ;wMd/ jB fe w/o/ s'A f;nkDk sK e'Jh j' BjhA ;edk. fJ; bJh T[j fe;/

dh ;bkj b?D dh }o{os jh BjhA ;wMdk. B\k j't/, B[e;kB j't/, T[j nkgDh jh wo}h eodk

j?. fe;/ Bkb jZE fwbk e/ fi; ~ ed/ e'Jh y[Fh BjhA j[zdh, T[; d/ Gkt/A fizB/ wo}h d[fBnkth

foFs/ j'D, T[j fJeZbk jh j[zdk j?. nkgD/ nkg ~ Gkt/A pj[s skesto ;wMdk j't/. go fizBk

skesto T[j ;fj:'rh pD e/ j' ;edk j?, UBk fJeZbk fe;/ ehws s/ th BjhA j' ;edk. s[;hA

nkgD/ d[nkb/ fizBh wo}h d[Bhnk fJeZmh eo bU go i/ s[jk~ ;[y jh BjhA fe;/ s'A sK eh

ckfJdk. i/ uko u[c/o/ d[Bhnk dh GhV ftZu s[;hA fJeZb/ jh j' sK fJj s[jkvh u'D j?. s[;hA ukj[zd/

jh BjhA sK n?t/A sK e'Jh fco s[fonk th BjhA fcodk. n?;/ ftnesh fco ihtB d/ T[BQK ;Z[yK s'A

tKM/ jh ofj iKd/ jB i' f;o\ s/ f;o\ ;fj:'r Bkb jh fwb ;ed/ jB. n?;/ b'e pj[s jB

i' pZ; nkgD/ nkg sZe jh ;hws jB. ;fj:'r d/ noE th BjhA ikDd/, ikBDk ukj[zd/ th BjhA.

n?;/ b'e i' T[ikV jh Gkbd/ jB, T[j T[ikV ftZu jh ofjzd/ jB. fiBQK foFfsnK d/ ;fj:'r dk

T[j nBzd wkD ;ed/ ;h, T[; ;[y s'A tKfMnK jh ofj iKd/ jB. i' foFs/, i' ;kEh fJj' fij/

T[ikV GkbD tkfbnK d/ j' ;ed/ ;h, T[j foFs/, T[j ;kEh nkgDh wkBf;e G[Zy fe;/ j'o Bkb

fGnkbh gk e/ g{oh eo b?Ad/ jB. ;fj:'r i/ ;k~ d/Dk BjhA nkT[Adk sK th s/ ;fj:'r b?Dk BjhA



nkT[Adk, sK th n;hA ;fj:'rh BjhA pD ;ed/. fJ; soQK i' fe;/ dk Bk j' ;e/ T[j fcodk oj/

fJeZbk, fe;/ ~ eh< wo/ G[Zyk, nkdwh ~ f;o\ o'Nh dh jh BjhA, j'o th pj[s G[ZyK brdhnK

jB. eJh G[ZyK n?;hnK j[zdhnK jB fi; ftu ;fj:'r }o{oh j[zdk j?, nfsqgsh ~ jh i/ nkgDh

e'Jh f;\s ;wMdk j? sK fco T[; dk e'Jh eh ;kE d/t/.

****

id'A BthnK fdFktK fd;D bZr g?D sK nkgD/id'A BthnK fdFktK fd;D bZr g?D sK nkgD/id'A BthnK fdFktK fd;D bZr g?D sK nkgD/id'A BthnK fdFktK fd;D bZr g?D sK nkgD/id'A BthnK fdFktK fd;D bZr g?D sK nkgD/

o;s/ s[o/ iKfdnK th d{;o/ o;fsnK dk ;[yo;s/ s[o/ iKfdnK th d{;o/ o;fsnK dk ;[yo;s/ s[o/ iKfdnK th d{;o/ o;fsnK dk ;[yo;s/ s[o/ iKfdnK th d{;o/ o;fsnK dk ;[yo;s/ s[o/ iKfdnK th d{;o/ o;fsnK dk ;[y

gqkgs j' iKdk j?.gqkgs j' iKdk j?.gqkgs j' iKdk j?.gqkgs j' iKdk j?.gqkgs j' iKdk j?.



;kvh szdo[;sh;kvh szdo[;sh;kvh szdo[;sh;kvh szdo[;sh;kvh szdo[;shszdo[;s fJB;kB jh d[Bhnk ~ szdo[;s pDk ;ed/ jB. ;kv/ fi;w, ;oho dh szdo[;sh

th pj[s }o{oh j?. i/ ;ohoe s"o s/ n;hA o'rh jK sK fJe f;jswzd ;z;ko pDkT[D tk;s/ e'Jh

nkgDk :'rdkB BjhA gk ;ed/. ;oho ~ i' e[dos B/ FeshnK p]FhnK jB. d/y ;ed/ jK, s[o

fco ;ed/ jK, ;[D ;ed/ jK, ;wM ;ed/ jK nkfd. fJj ;G FeshnK sK ;k~ gqwkswk B/ jh

p]FhnK jB. go fJBQK FeshnK dh d/y-GkO eoBh sK ;kvk f}zwk j?. nkgD/ ;oho ~ ekfJw

BjhA oZyKr/ sK FeshnK dk gq:'r th fezBk e[ fuo eo ;ed/ jK. ;ohoe szdo[;sh bJh e;os

eoBh pj[s }o{oh j?. ;ohoe e;os eoB Bkb ;kvh wkBf;e szdo[;sh th j' iKdh j?. f;nkD/

fejk eod/ ;h @gfjbK nkswk s/ fco gowkswk. # i/ s[;hA uZb jh BjhA ;ed/, n?vk Gkok j' frnk

fi;w fe s[fonk jh BjhA ik ;edk sK Xow n;EkB s/ fet/A gjz[u ;ed/ j'. ;' e;os eoBh

pj[s }o{oh j?. e;os eoB Bkb s[jkvk ;oho jzYD;ko j' iKdk j?. i' e;os BjhA eod/ pj[sk

fuo ihn th BjhA ;ed/. toiF eoB Bkb ;kvh :'rsk tXdh j?, ;kvh bue tXdh j?. bue

j'Dh pj[s }o{oh j?. fizBk f}nkdk buehbk ;oho j't/rk UBh jh c[osh j't/rh. ;]s s/

nkefVnk j'fJnk fi;w jzYD;ko j' jh BjhA ;edk. fizBK f}nkdk nkeV j't/ UBk jh T[;

fJB;kB ~ w[odk frDd/ jB. g{ok nkeV frnk sK pZ; fco frnk, ysw j' frnk. e;os eoB

Bkb ;oho ftZu skes nkT[Adh j?. i/ ;kv/ ;oho ftZu skes BjhA sK G[b/y/ Bkb sK Gkt/A e'Jh ;kv/

bkr/ p?m ikt/. i/ nkgDk nkg u[Zeh fcoB dh skes th Bk j't/ sK fco e'Jh fezBk e[ fuo e[ZSV

u[Zeh fco{. ;' d[Bhnk ftu i/ nkgDh e'Jh gfjukD pDkT[Dh j? sK ;G s'A gfjbK ;k~ nkgDk ;oho

szdo[;s eoBk gt/rk.

fi;w d/ Bkb Bkb ;k~ nkgD/ nzdo tZ;d/ fJB;kB ~ th szdo[;s oZyD dh b'V j?. fJj

th gZeh rZb j? fe i/ s[jkvk ;oho szdo[;s BjhA sK e[M th szdo[;s BjhA j' ;edk go ;oho

;KGD d/ Bkb Bkb fJ; ;oho ftZu i' feokJ/dko ofj fojk j? Bk, T[; dh szdo[;sh th }o{oh

j?. fJj i' gzi sZsK dk pfDnk j'fJnk fJB;kB dk fi;w j? fJj sK ;k~ fJ; soQK fit/A d[Bhnk

ftZu ofjD bJh fit/A ewok fwfbnk j't/. jK ewok ;kc ;[Eok j't/. c[Zb th oZy/ j'D uzr/ ;'jD/

god/ tr?ok bZr/ j'D sK y[Fp{dko xo d/yDh gkyDh th ;'jDk bZrdk j?. n?;/ ;oho o{gh ewo/

ftZu t;dk feokJ/ dko jh d[Bhnk ftu ;oho dk foFsk i'Vdk j?. i/ e'Jh g[ZS/ fe fJ; wekB

ftZu e"D ofjzdk j? sK ftZu tZ;D tkb/ dk jh BK tZidk j?. ekdo dh e[dos dk XzBtkd eoB

tkb/ F[eo eoB tkb/ ns/ T[; ngo ngko ~ :kd oZyD tkb/ b'e pkeh d[Bhnk ~ th uzr/ brd/

jB ns/ T[j nkgD/ nkg th szdo[;s wfj;{; eod/ jB. szdo[;s feokJ/dko ewo/ ~ th mhe

oZyD d/ :'r j[zdk j?. ;r'A eJh ;ohoe phwkohnK dtkJhnK Bkb mhe BjhA j' ;edhnK. w?~ fe;/

B/ ejkDh ;[DkJh fe fJZe itkB bVeh dk jk}wk yokp j' frnk. nDrfjbh Bkb jkbs f}nkdk

jh ftrV rJh. e[M th Bk gu/ gkDh th Bk gu/. BkVK EkDhA wkVh w'Nh y[oke d/ f;o s/ e[M



fdB eZY rJh. nkfyo ;G vkeNoK B/ itkp d/ fdZsk s/ nk; bkj e/ e[Vh ~ xo b? nkJ/ . fe;/

B/ dZ; gkJh fe e'Jh ;zs j?, T[j Bkw fdzdk j?. eJh o'rh T[; B/ mhe ehs/ jB. e[Vh ~ u[Ze

e/ ;zsK e'b b? rJ/. ;zsK B/ w{b wzso fby e/ d/ fdZsk s/ e[Vh ~ fejk fe tZX s'A tZX fizBK ;wK

th bk ;e/, jZE ftu ek^} cVQ e/ s/ nZyK Bkb gVQ e/ T[uh T[uh p'b e/ nkgD/ ezBK Bkb ;[D

;wM e/ w{b wzso dk ikg eo/, mhe j' ikJ/rh. xo nk e/ gfjb/ fdB d' fszB xzN/, d{i/ fdB

uko, gzi shi/ fdB nZm B"A s/ u"E/ fdB pkoK s/oK xzN/ e[Vh w{b wzso dk ikg eoB bZrh. j"bh

j"bh 18-20 xzN/ o'} T[uh T[uh gkm eoB Bkb p'bD Bkb e[Vh ~ wkVh wkVh G[Zy bZrD bZr

gJh s/ seohpB ukbh fdBK ftZu e[Vh B"po B"A j' rJh. nkswk dh szdo[;sh bJh ;wK sK brdk

j? go i/ n;hA fJj ;wK BjhA bktKr/ sK nkswk phwko j' ikt/rh, wo ikt/rh. i/ nkswk wo

ikt/rh sK nkswk d/ ewo/ ftZu e"D oj/rk. ;kvhnK ;G s'A tZvhnK tZvhnK phwkohnK dk fJbki

;kvh }who d/ j;gskb ftZu o'} j[zdk j?.

;ohoe szdo[;sh s/ nkswe szdo[;sh d/ Bkb Bkb ;k~ fdwkrh szdo[;sh dh th UBh jh

b'V j?. fdwkrh szdo[;sh bJh jh n;hA ;e{bK, ekbiK ftZu gVQd/ jK, fvgb'w/ eod/ jK. b/feB

nkw s"o s/ n;hA ;e{b ftZu f;b/p; dhnK feskpK gVQB s/ fvroh eoB s'A pknd fJj ;'u b?Ad/

jK fe pZ; j[D w?A pj[s gVQ fbnk. uzrhnK feskpK gVQ e/ jo o'} n;hA e[M BtK f;Zyd/ jK. i'

BjhA gVQd/ T[BQK B/ sK ;wM' nkgDh neb ~ skbk bk fdZsk fe pZ; j'o BjhA neb ukjhdh. jo

e'Jh nkgD/ nkg ~ ;G s'A tX nebwzd ;wMdk j?. i' nkgD/ nkg ~ ;G s'A tZX nebwzd ;wMdk

j?. T[j jh sK p/neb j[zdk j?. j'o w{oyK d/ f;oK s/ f;zr sK BjhA T[Zrd/. fijVk e[M BjhA f;ZyDk

ukj[zdk, e[M BjhA gVQdk, T[; d/ ftZu s/ fijVk gVQ ;edk jh BjhA, T[;d/ ftZu Gbk eh nzso

j'fJnk. ;koh d[Bhnk dh ;KMh rZb eohJ/ sK ;G s'A tZX ;wK n;hA ;"Ad/ jK. d{;o/ Bzpo s/

N?bhft}B d/yd/ jK, sh;ok n;EkB ezw eko dk nkT[Adk j?. i/ e'Jh ;e{b iKdk j? T[j th fizBK

;wK ;kb ftZu ;e{b fpskT[Adk j?, T[; s'A tZX ;wK NhH thH d/ydk j?. ;G s'A f}nkdk phwkohnK

;wki ftu NhH thH dhnK bkJhnK j'JhnK jh jB. NhH thH d/ ;w/A #u'A fJZe xzNk iK nZXk xzNk

o'} xNk e/ i/ n;hA e'Jh uzrh feskp gVQ bJhJ/ sK Bkb dh Bkb ;kvhnK NhH thH s'A bZrhnK

phwkohnK dk th fJbki j' ;edk j?. ;kvk fdwkrh s"o s/ th szdo[;s j'Dk pj[s }o{oh j?. fJj

;'uDk ;jh BjhA j? fe nktk jh T{s frnk, w?A fJeZbk eh eoK. go p{zd pz{d Bkb jh sbk Go

iKd/ jB. ;ko/ Bk ;jh e[M b'e jh e'fFF eoB sK th ub' rZb pD ikt/. eZbhnK feskpK jh

BjhA frnkB jk;b eoB d/ j'o th pj[s Yzr jB. frnkBtkB j'Dk sK pj[s tXhnk j?. b/feB

noX frnkBh B[e;kB eod/ jB. frnkB sK szdo[;sh pyFdk j? fdwkrh szdo[;sh. fdwkrh s"o

s/ phwko b'e Bkb dhnK ;kohnK wZMK ~ fbp/V fdzd/ jB.

Gkte szdo[;sh th pj[s }o{os j?. ;oho szdo[;s j?, s[jkvh nkswk szdo[;s j?, fdwkrh

s"o s/ th s[;hA szdo[;s j' go i/ n;hA Gkte BjhA sK ;wki Bkb fet/A foFs/ pDk ;ed/ jK.

d[fBnkth foFs/ ;kvh Gktesk eoe/ jh pDd/ jB. i/ e'Jh fpbe[b Gkte BjhA. fe;/ Bkb T[;



dk e'Jh foFsk jh BjhA sK fco T[j ekjdk fJB;kB. fdb dk szdo[;s j'Dk UBk jh }o{oh j?

fizBk fdwkr dk szdo[;s j'Dk. fdb Gkt/A ;oho dk jh fJe fjZ;k j[zdk j?, fJe w;b j[zdk j?.

;oho dh e;os eoB Bkb fdb dh e;os th j' iKdh j?. ;ohoe e;os Bkb fdb th szdo[;s

j' iKdk j?. fdb ftu i' Gktesk j?, T[j fdb dh fdwkr torh Fesh j?. Gkt[esk BjhA j? sK

fco pkeh ;wM' e[M th BjhA. ngDZs, ;KM, fgnko, ;fseko, fJj ;G fdb d/ w;b/ jB, fJ;

bJh fdb dk szdo[;s j'Dk th }o{oh j?. i/ ;kvk e'Jh BjhA j? sK n;hA fco fe; d/ jK, rZb

]sw. fe;/ d/ ezw nk ;eDk jh sK ;kvh ehws j?. i/ n;hA fe;/ ~ ;[y d/ ;ed/ jK sK jh ;[y

gqkgs eoB ~ T[whd th oZy ;ed/ jK. fdb dh szdo[;sh sK eJh tko fdwkr ~ th wBk b?Adh

j? s/ fdwkr fdb ~ eJh tko wB nkJhnK eoB dh fJik}s th d/ fdzdk j?. wB fwb/ dk

w/bk, fgnko eoBk nk ikt/ ;k~ sK n;hA fJB;kB jK, BjhA sK ;ohoe G[ZyK sK ;ko/ gF{ th w/

Nd/ jB. tXhnk szdo[;s fdb j'Dk th szdo[;s fdwkr fizBk jh }o{oh j? pbfe f}nkdk }o{oh

j?. Gktesk f;o\ gfotkoK sZe jh ;hws BjhA j[zdh. jo foFs/ ftZu Gktesk }o{oh j?. Gktesk

s'A fpBK tgkoe ;KM th BjhA j' ;edh. id'A e'Jh fpwkoh g? ikt/ sK jh ;KM N[ZNdh j?. ftUgko

ftZu iK gfotko ftZu ;KM oj/rh sK foFfsnK dh szdo[;sh j?. szdo[;s foFs/ ed/ N[ZfNnk BjhA

eod/. ;KM sK foFfsnK dh jh j[zdh j?, ;KM p[ZsK dh, ;ohoK dh BjhA j[zdh.

i' ;ohoe szdo[;sh tk;s/ ;k~ fJZe brB j'Dh ukjhdh j?. e;os }o{oh j?. w?A th fby

fojk jK fe e;os }o{oh j? go fBZs B/w Bkb w?A nkgDh e;os BjhA eodk, sK jh jogqhs eJh

tko w?~ w'N{ efj fdzdh j?. nkswe szdo[;sh bJh ;k~ fe;/ Bk fe;/ oZp s'A voBk ukjhdk j?.

nkswe s"o s/ szdo[;s b'eK dh }who th szdo[;s j' iKdh j?. }who dk szdo[;s j'Dk th pj[s

bk}wh j?. fdwkrh szdo[;sh tk;s/ ;k~ r[D frnkB gqkgs eoBk ukjhdk j?. wB ftZu t;k e/

id n;hA e[M gVQd/ ;[Dd/ jK sK szdo[;s j' iKd/ jK. fdb ~ ekp{ ftZu oZyD bJh fdwkr dh

tos'A eoBh gt/rh. fdb s'VBk BjhA, pZ; rbs gk;/ ikD s'A w'VBk jh j?. Gktesk poeoko oZyD

bJh fdb s/ fdwkr d't/A ezw eod/ jB. oZp B/ ;k~ pDkfJnk go foFs/ n;hA nkg pDkT[Ad/ jK.

foFs/ Gktesk s'A fpBK BjhA pD ;ed/. foFfsnK dk eoe/ jh sK ihD ~ fdb eodk j?. e'Jh

nky fojk ;h fe ish ;sh ;kXK ;zsK dh T[wo pj[s j[zdh j?. go w?~ sK fJ; soQK dh bzwh

T[wo BjhA uzrh brdh. uko fdB xZN ihD dk e'Jh vo BjhA . ihtB szdo[;sh dk j'Dk ukjhdk

j?L

@d' g?o xZN s[oBk go s[oBk wVe d/ Bkb. #



fJZe g/qw ejkDhfJZe g/qw ejkDhfJZe g/qw ejkDhfJZe g/qw ejkDhfJZe g/qw ejkDh@fJZe g/qw ejkDh# gqtk;h gzikph b/ye ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV dh ouBkswe ebk-e"Fbsk dk

;[zdo gqwkD j?. ;[fozdo f;zx ;[ZBV fJe pj[-gZyh b/ye j? fi;B/ eEk ;fjs, tkose, Szd pX

ekft s/ Szd w[es ekft nkfde nB/e ;kfjse o{g-ftXktK ftZu nkgDh ouBkswe :'rsk dk

gqrNktk ehsk j?. @fJZe g/qw ejkDh# fJe nfijh fposKse ekft ouBk j?, fi;dh ;zouBk

p/FZe wZXekbh d"o d/ Szd gqpzX dk nB[;oD eodh j? gqzs{ fJ;dk ;w[Zuk t;s{ nB[Gt nkX[fBe

:[r u/sBk dh soiwkBh eodk j?. don;b gq/w-ekft fJe ;opekbh wkBth ;zt/dBk s/ nkXkfos

j'D ekoB fJ;dh wekBeh Yzr Bkb ekb-tzv eoBh pDdh th BjhA j?. nkfd-i[rkd s'A wB[Zy dhnK

fszB gqftoshnK gqw[Zy o{g ftu gqrN j[zdhnK ojhnK jB. gfjbh gqG{ Grsh i' wB[Zy ~ G?n w[es

eoB ns/ o{jkBh ;e{B gqdkB eoB dk w[Zy ;'wk j?, d{ih :Z[X eoB dk T[sFkj i' T[; bJh nkgDh

j'Ad pukT[D ns/ fiZs dk o'wKu jkf;b eoB dk ;'wk j? ns/ shih w'j-w[jZps ftF/F eoe/

fto'Xh fbzr gqsh nkeoFD i' wB[Zy dh ;ohoe ns/ wkBf;e G[Zy dh fsqgsh dk t;hbk j?- jB.

fJjBK fszBK gqftoshnK B/ fszB FeshFkbh ekft gqftoshnK ~ iBw fdZsk. Grsh ekft gzikph

;kfjs ftu r[owfs ns/ ;{ch ekft d/ o{g ftu ftrf;nk. tho ekft d/ nzsors :'X/ BkfJeK

d/ ekoBkfwnK s/ nkXkos tko ekft ns/ izrBkfwnK dh ouBk j'Jh ns/ gq/w ekft wZXekbh gzikph

;kfjs dh nwho feZ;k ekft th gozgok d/ o{g ftu ftrf;nk. gzikph feZ;k ekft ftu ;Z:d

tkfo; Fkj dh Fkjeko ouBk jho B/ gzikph wkBf;esk ~ J/Bk gqGkfts ehsk fe tkfo; s'A pknd

nB/e ethnK d/ ;kfjs T[go jho d/ w?Nkco dk gqsZy n;o d/yD ftu nkT[Adk j?.

@fJZe g/qw ejkDh# nfij/ jh FeshFkbh gq/oBkdkfJe gqGkt dh w{zj p'bdh s;tho j?.

fJZe g/qw ejkDh fJe gVQ/ fby/ s/ ;od/ g[id/ gfotko d/ rZGo{ ns/ w[fNnko dh gq/w eEk

#s/ nkXkfos ekft ouBk j? i' gzikph iB-;kXkoB tKr fgnko ~ fJe T[bko dh EK fJe T[Zusw

fJB;kBh i}pks wzBd/ jB. bVeh dk pkg fJe ubdk g[o}k s/ wzfBnk gowzfBnk tgkoh j? i'

;G T[Zu/ Bht/A EktK dh ;ko ikDdk j?. T[j nkgDh gsBh s/ bVfenK dh xpokjN ~ nkgD/ ;t?

ftFtk; Bkb fiZsD ftu th ;cb j' iKdk j?. J/E/ id T[j gfotko ~ s;Zbh fdzdk j'fJnk oKM/

d/ fJbke/ d/ fgzvK ftu nkgDh g?Am dh rZb eodk j? sK fgzvK d/ Bkw fbyfdnK ;[ZBV ;fji/ jh

;Z:d tkfo; Fkj dk nB[;oD eo iKdk j? i' gkme ~ ouBk Bkb tX/o/ i'VB dk ;pZp pDdk

j?L-

T[Zrh fuZNh o;{bg[o w?A ikT{A,

ekbQ/ m"b/ etQkb/ uZeo wko ikBk.

e/;og[o wzv/o s/ ;[ZBVK ftZu,

eZ;' ukjb f;XtK s/ e[bko ikBk.

BZE{ ukjb pbQ/o G/NK ftZu j' e/,



fJZpD nkjwg[o ns/ gtko ikBk.

fBZMoK r'Ad g[o frZbK s/ rkybK ~,

;ykDh n"ifbUA b? e/ :ko ikBk.

@fJZe g/qw ejkDh# ;:d tkfo; Fkj d/ b/ye d/ ;[gB/ ftu nk e/ nzfwqsk gqhsw dh no}'Jh

w[skfpe feskp/-fJFe d/ nkd/F dh gkbDk dk gfoDkw j?. fJ; ouBk ftu p/FZe pkg Xh ~

us[okJh Bkb ftd/F fbik e/ gVQB bkT[D s/ T[E/ wzrD ftnkj[D d/ jhb/ eodk ns/ jho oKM/ d/

gq/w ~ n;cb eoB dk :sB eodk fdqFNhr'uo j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; T[d/F bJh T[j t?Bu[ok,

:{Hn?;HJ/H ofjzd/ nkgD/ Gok e?d'A dh th wdd b?Adk j?, go b/ye T[jBK d/ feodko ~ ybBkfJe

d/ o{g ftu BjhA fusodk. ;[ZBV dk ;?dk @ekDk# BjhA ;r'A nZyK dk vkeNo j?. ;fjsh oKM/ Bkb

oksK ozrhB eodh j? s/ T[;d/ rohB ekov dk ;pZp pDdh j?, go fJj d'B'A G?D Gok jho oKM/

dh w[jZps d/ okj ftu o'Vk BjhA pDd/ ;r'A ;fjsh ;?d/ ~ jho dk rohB ekov d/ d/D ns/ T[;dh

w[jZps ~ gqtkB eo b?D bJh th wBk b?Adh j?. fJ; soQK ;[ZBV d/ BkfJe BkfJek nkgDh gqhs

ftu wzf}b jk;b eo b?Ad/ jB. ;[ZBV dk oKMk i' jho bJh BkikfJ} sohe/ Bkb :{H n?;H J/H iKdk

j?, nt;o fwbD s/ nkgDhnK ;kEDK dk ;kE pVh fBo;zrsk Bkb wkDdk j?. fJ; soQK ;[ZBV dk

oKMk nkdoFe BkfJe j'D dh EK jZv wk; dk fiT[Adk ikrdk gkso fdqFNhr'uo j[zdk j?. don;b

;[ZBV dh ouBk Bk sK fwZE j? fi; ftZu n;zGt, n;kXkoB s/ nuzfGs eoB tkb/ d/ts/ gkso

j[zd/, Bk n?;k wjKekft j? fi; ftu ftF/F d/t g[oFK dk fusoD j[zdk ns/ Bk jh o[wK; j? fi;

ftu jo fbjk} Bkb nkdoFe BkfJe j[zdk. fJj sK nkX[fBe b'eK d/ gq/w dh rkEk j? fi; ftu

jZv wk; d/ ftnesh jh gqtkB jB.

fJ; wjKekft ouBk ftu otkfJsh p?As Szd ~ nkX[fBe Gkt-p'X d/ gqrNkn bJh eth

B/ fi; fBg[zBsk ;fjs gq:'r ftu fbnKdk j? T[j ;[ZBV dh ouBkswe w[jkos dk jkf;b j?.

fJ; ouBk d/ gkm T[gozs fJj nfj;k; ;fji/ jh j' iKdk j? fe gq/w ekft d/ ;ko/ gksoK ~

eth B/ pVh ngDZs ns/ ;[fjodsk Bkb fuskfonk j?. eJh t/o sK fJ; soQK th wfj;{; j'D

bZrdk j? fe eth fJjBK ;ko/ gksoK ftu y[d fiT[A fojk j't/. T[; dh ouBk ftu gksoK d/

fto'Xh ftjko ftZu'A T[sgB j'D tkbh NZeo dh BkNehnsk dh EK ;fj:'rh ;[fjodsk jh gkmeK

d/ GktK dk eEkof;; eodh gqshs j[zdh j?. fJZE/ eth dh nkdoFe gj[zu T[; d/ gq/w gqsh F[ZG-

fJZSk dh bykfJe j?. e[Zb fwbk e/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe @fJZe g/qw ejkDh# ;kfjs d/

;fsnzw f;tzw ;[zdow tkb/ gq:'iB d/ nk; gk; ftuodh j'Jh gq/w dh ;fji ;cbsk dh nkdoFe

ekwBk dk ftbZyD gq:'r j?. ftFtk; j? gzikph ;kfjs gq/wh fJ; ekft ouBk ~ w[jZpsh gqtkBrh

fdzfdnK j'fJnK fJ;dk ;tkrs eoBr/.

gq'H r'gkb f;zx p[ZNo

bkfJbg[o ]kb;k ekbi, ibzXo.bkfJbg[o ]kb;k ekbi, ibzXo.bkfJbg[o ]kb;k ekbi, ibzXo.bkfJbg[o ]kb;k ekbi, ibzXo.bkfJbg[o ]kb;k ekbi, ibzXo.



nkwZ[ynkwZ[ynkwZ[ynkwZ[ynkwZ[ygzikph dh feZ;k eftsk fJZe ;w/A gzikph ;kfjs s/ nkgDh g{oh Xke iwk e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh.

jho tkfo; dk b'eK B/ Xow rqzEK tKr ;fseko ehsk. tkfo; d/ fby/ p?As b'eK B/ oZi oZi e/ rkJ/

. nZi th i/ e'Jh tXhnk rkfJe jho rk fojk j't/ sK fdb eodk fe rkJh jh ikt/ s/ n;hA ;[Dh

jh ikJhJ/. feZ;k eftsk ftZu gfjbh tko (Xkofwe wjKg[oyK Bz{ SZv e/ ) fe;/ B/ fJZe n"os

d/ fgnko eo ;eD d/ jZe dh tekbs ehsh ;h. feZ;k eftsk Bz{ gzikph ;kfjs dhnK w[YbhnK

g/qw ejkDhnK th fejk ik ;edk j?. b/feB eh fJZe jh ;dh ftZu ;kohnK jhoK, ;Z;hnK, ;'jDhnK,

FhohnK, ;kfjpK, b?bK g?dk j'JhnK< nZi dh fe;/ e[Vh dh fgnko ejkDh, nZi d/ jkbksK, nZi

d/ ihtB d/ okj yfjfVnK s/ s[o e/ fbyD tk;s/ i/ w/o/ tor/ dk fdb eo/ sK fJ; ftZu j?okBh

tkbh sK e'Jh rZb BjhA brdh.

fJZe g/qw ejkDh fJZe g/qw ejkDh j?. fi; ftZu eftsk Bz{ p?AsK dh wfo:kdk d/ ftZu ftZu

fBGkT[D dk :sB ehsk frnk j?. eftsk d/ g{o/ r[D bZSD pDkJh oZyD dk :sB ehsk j?.

;kfjse GkFk dh tos'A eoB dk :sB ehsk frnk j?. ni dh jho }kfjo j? fe p/fbnK ftZu

wZMK ukod/ oKM/ tk;s/ u{ohnK e[ZN e/ BjhA fbnKdh. w/oh jho ekbi gVQdh j?. ekbi ftZu

gVQfdnK fgnko j' iKdk j?. jho dh wK Bz{ jho dk fgnko eoBk pj[s rbs brdk j?. jho Bz{

gfsnk e/ T[;dk ftUgkoh fgsk e?b/c'oBhnK b? iKdk j?. oKMk fe; soK eJhnK d/FK ftZu MZy

wkodk j'fJnk ikfJ} BkikfJ} sohe/ Bkb nwohek gj[zu e/ jho Bz{ bZG b?Adk j?. nwohek ftZu

tZ;d/ b'eK dhnK wip{ohnK s/ b'eK d/ ihD d/ s"o sohe/ ejkDh dk fjZ;k pDd/ jB.

nkw s"o s/ fgnko ejkDhnK Bz{ d[yKse jh pDkfJnk iKdk fojk b/feB fJZe g/qw ejkDh

d[yKse BjhA j?. e'Jh gkso d{;o/ gkso s/ jkth BjhA j[zdk. ;ko/ gkso nkgDh nkgDh G{fwek

fBGkT[Ad/ nkgDh irQk s/ ;jh jB. fe;/ gkso Bz{ th fBzfdnk BjhA ik ;edk. jK, nwohek tor/

d/F ftZu ofjzd/ gzikphnK d/ eJh s"o sohe/ ;kv/ fe;/ skJ/ uku/ Bz{ tXhnk Bk bZrD sK fJ; ftZu

w/ok e;{o BjhA j?. yk; eo ;fjsh dk gkso fusoD j' ;edk eJhnK gkmeK Bz{ nZs eEBh tork

bZr/. w/ok :ehB efoU w?A seohpB nZXh T[wo UE/ fojk jK. ;kvhnK eJh e[VhnK, J/E'A sZe fe

w/ohnK eJh yk; gfjukD tkbhnK e[VhnK Fokp ghAdhnK s/ n?Fgq;sh eodhnK w?A nkgDhnK nZyK

Bkb d/yhnK jB.

jho sK j[;B dk BkweoB j?. tkfo; dh ejkDh th o{j ebp{s dh ejkDh j?. fJZe g/qw

ejkDh th nZi dh jho Bz{ s/ nZi d/ oKM/ Bz{ o{j ebp{s d/ foFs/ fBGkT[AfdnK jh g/F eodh j?.

fJZe g/qw ejkDh ftZu tkgoh jo xNBk iK sK w?A y[d nkgD/ fgzv/ s/ jzYkJh j? s/ iK fco nkgDhnK

nZyK Bkb d/yh j?. nZyhA fvZmk dw'do tKr w/ok sehnk ebkw BjhA j?. gzikph wK fgU i' jkbK

sZe nkgDhnK gzikph edoK ehwsK Bz{ fjZe Bkb bkJh fcod/ jB. T[BQK d/ pZfunK Bz{ w?A nzrq/iK d/

pZfunK Bkb'A th tZX nk}kdh Bkb fiT{AfdnK nkgDhnK nZyK Bkb d/fynk j?. nzdo tV e/ sK fe;/



B/ Gkt/A o' fbnk j'T{ go fe;/ d/ ;kjwD/ wkg/ o' th BjhA ;ed/.

bU fJZe BthA ejkDh ;[DktK. w?A ftFtk; eoh p?mk jK fe fJ; ejkDh Bz{ gVQB s'A pknd

eJh ebwK ni'ehnK jhoK dh ejkDh eoBrhnK. T[;dk Bkw Gkt/A jho oZyD, ;Z;h iK ;'jDh oZyD

b/feB ejkDh ftZu ni'e/ ;w/A dh s;tho B}o nkt/ sK w/ok we;d g{ok j' ikt/, w/oh ohM g{oh

j' ikt/. w?A nkgD/ nkg Bz{ s[jkvk nkgDk efjD dh r[;sk]h eoBh ukjz[dk jK. i/ e'Jh w/oh fJ;

feos ewkJh @fJZe g/qw ejkDh# Bkb ;fjws Bk th j't/ sK th w/ok @nkgDk# efjD dk jZe

pfDnk oj/ sK y[FB;hp ;wMKrk.

s[jkvk nkgDks [jkvk nkgDks [jkvk nkgDks [jkvk nkgDks [jkvk nkgDk

;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV;[fozdo f;zx ;[ ZBV



;[ZBV ~ ;[gBk nkT[Dk;[ZBV ~ ;[gBk nkT[Dk;[ZBV ~ ;[gBk nkT[Dk;[ZBV ~ ;[gBk nkT[Dk;[ZBV ~ ;[gBk nkT[Dk;[Zsk fgnk ;h fJZe fdB x{e ;[ZBV, sVe;ko ;[gBk T[;~ nkfJnk ih.

pV/ fgnko d/ Bkb nktk} d/ e/, tkfo; Fkj B/ nkfD irkfJnk ih.

T[ Zm ;[ ZBVk s?~ fJZe ezw dZ;K, J/;/ ezw B/ s?~ fwbkfJnk ih.

rZb ;[Dh fXnkB d/ Bkb w/oh, tkfo; Fkj B/ nky c[owkfJnk ih.

11111

bzwhnK skD e/ ;[ Zsk gzikp ;kok, b'eK e[M dk e[M pDkfJnk ih.

fiZE'A s[o/ ;K UE/ jh yVQ/ nkgK, b'eK pj[s jh ;\o w[ekfJnk ih.

pD/ u"Xoh ;kv/ s' A pknd izw/, b'eK nkgDk Mzvk M[bkfJnk ih.

n;hA nb\ s'A nZr/ Bk e[M f;Zfynk, tkfo; Fkj sK nb\ gVQkfJnk ih.

22222

rkJh fgnko ejkDh w? A j/e bk e/, J/;/ tk;s/ p? As pDkfJnk B/.

Bkw jho oKMk w?~ yo/ bZr/, ;'jD/ BrK ~ w[zdh ftZu bkfJnk B/.

;'jDh fgnko ejkDh j? fet/A fbyDh, jho fby e/ okj fdykfJnk B/.

s[;hA UE/ jh i[V e/ pfj ikDk, fJZe tko th w?A Bk ukfjnk B/.

33333

;[ZBV ;[gB/ ftZu tkfo; Bk rZb eodk, efjzdk p[Zbk th fJZe fdB nkfJnk ;h.

;oxh t/b/ tkfo; d/ tKroK jh, p[ Zb/ Fkj B/ nkD irkfJnk ;h.

p[ZbQ/ Fkj B/ ;kok jh }'o bk e/, f;o\ nb\ jh w?~ gVkfJnk ;h.

pkp/ p[ZbQ/ dh rZb w? bV pzBh, sKjhUA nb\ d/ Bkb fuZs bkfJnk ;h.

44444

tkfo; Fkj nky/ nb\ nb\ jh j?, B[esk nb\ dk pj[s jh fBnkok j?.

iw iw gVQ' s/ rktU nb\ ~ th, nb\ fpBk sK BjhA S[Nekok j?.

g?Ash, r[oK B/ p?m pDkJh ;'jDh, ;ko/ FpdK dk t}B fJZe;kok j?.

pkeh bc} th f;ZyD/ g?Dr/ ih, FpdK fpBk th BjhA r[}kok j?.

55555

tkfo; yh;/ #u wkfonk jZE nkgD/, ;[ZBV ~ fJZe fuZmh fdyk fdZsh.

phph nzfwæsk B/ i' fby G/ih, bZyK jhoK dh uhe ;[Dk fdZsh.

tkfo; Fkj whnK fJZe jho o'Jh, t/ s{ z dod ejkDh pDk fdZsh.

GkrGoh dh rZb jh eoh ikB', pkeh ybes s{z ekjs'A G[bk fdZsh.

66666

;[ZBVk ;[D pZu{ w?~ gsk ;kok, d{o d{o d/FK ftZu s{z ikJh fcodK.

nwohek, e?B/vk tb?s iKJ/, ;koh d[Bhnk #u bZs x[wkJh fcodK.



g?;k X/bk ewkT[D ~ b'e iKd/, T[j th G[Zy s{z nkgDh fwNkJh fcodK.

jhoK o[bdhnK d/F gæd/F i' th, ;GBK dh s{z fb;N pDkJh fcodK.

77777

w/ok j[ew j? wzBDk gT{ s?~, BthA jho fJZe nkg pDkJhA ;[ZBVk.

fbyhA BthA ejkDh i' s{z fvZmh, x;h fgZNh ~ jZE Bk gkJhA ;[ZBVk.

xo xo eoB ejkDhnK b'e ;[D e/, fJj' fij/ e[M p?As pDkJhA ;[ZBVk.

jho fbyD s'A gfjbK go :kd oZyhA, gotdrko ~ fdb'A fXnkJhA ;[ZBVk.

88888

fJe d' j'o rZbK th w?A eoBhnK B/, ;[Ddk ;[Ddk s{z ;"A Bk ikJh ;[ZBVk.

ebw w/oh f;nkjh T[; ftZu s/oh, ;'u ;wM e/ ebw ubkJhA ;[ZBVk.

fes'A b? Bk N[ ZNdh fd;/ s/oh, pV/ fXnkB Bk p? As pDkJhA ;[ ZBVk.

M{m p'bD dh b'V Bk e'Jh s?~, ;G ~ ;Zu dk ;Zu ;[DkJhA ;[ZBVk.

99999

rZb j't/ eokoh sK b'e ;[Dd/, go s{z pj[sk w;kbk Bk bkJhA ;[ZBVk.

bwb/N Bk eohA ejkDhnK ~, E'V/ bc}K d/ ftZu w[ekJhA ;[ ZBVk.

Fpd bZuo nFbhb Bk fes/ toshA, B/e bc}K ftZu B/eh ewkJhA ;[ZBVk.

s/oh ;"Aj s?~ y'bQhA fdb nkgDk, fe;/ j'o dh ;"Aj Bk ykJhA ;[ZBVk.

1 010101010

fJZe j'o dZ;K s?~ rZb pZu{, MrVk fes/ Bk e'Jh eokJhA ;[ ZBVk.

MrVk eofdnK eJh e[M fejk iKdk, s{z e'Jh fJj' fijk gzrk Bk gkJhA ;[ZBVk.

;kfjseko j?A s{z ;kfjse bc} toshA, w/oh jho dh edo tXkJhA ;[ZBVk.

fi; gkso dh rZb s{z eoB bZr/A, gfjbK nkg T[j gkso pD ikJhA ;[ZBVk.

1 11 11 11 11 1

nkj b? ebw s/ T[Zm e/ fbyD br ik, Ekgh fdnK s?~ pD s{z F/o ;[ZBVk.

n?t/A vo vo e/ T[wo fpskJh ;koh, u"E/ gfjo j[D j' ik db/o ;[ZBVk.

SZv d[Bhnk d/ MrV/ Mw/fbnK ~, SZv e/ d/y j[D s{z w/o s/o ;[ZBVk.

Sksh m'e e/ eohA fJZe rZb tZyoh, s{z s/ gfVQnk feskpK dk Y/o ;[ZBVkI

1 212121212

fJZe g/qw ejkDh fJZe g/qw ejkDh fJZe g/qw ejkDh fJZe g/qw ejkDh fJZe g/qw ejkDh wzrbkuoDwzrbkuoDwzrbkuoDwzrbkuoDwzrbkuoD

tkjtk tkj/r[o{ tkj/r[o{ eo ;[ZBVk, tkfo; Fkj dh oh; BjhA eoh ikDhA.

fijVh Bp} ;h tkfo; B/ N'j t/yh, s?E'A T[Arbh BjhA U; s/ Xoh ikDh.

fiZdK tkfo; B/ m'e e/ rZb ehsh, s/o/ e'b'A BjhA T[; soQK eoh ikDhA.

tkfo; Fkj dh jho sK nwo j' rJh, s/o/ e'b'A d[pkok BjhA eoh ikDhA.

11111



tkfo; torhnK rZbK i' eo/ nk e/, e'Jh izfwnK BjhA ijkB nzdo.

SZsh s[o/ fcod/ n?E/ jho fbyd/, rZb pDdh BjhA pZu{ fpnkB nzdo.

nzdo'A rZb sK c/o jh eoh iKdh, eo/ e'Jh i/ nzsofXnkB nzdo.

wkjh f;o/ dk eZY e/ gko eodk, p/Vh c;dh iK fe;/ s{\kB nzdo.

22222

fJj i' o{j ebp{s dh rZb ehsh, w/oh ;wM d/ ftZu rZb gk whnK.

s/o / g{oB/ gkJ/ w? A fet/ A g {oK, w?~ nkg/ jh }ok ;wMk whnK.

jkoh ;koh dh eh wikb j? ih, i/jVk ikD ikt/ s/o/ dkn whnK.

n?;/ j[;B itkBh Bk fes/ t/y/, i?;h w{os s{ z frUA pDk whnK.

33333

pV / b 'eK B / o zr brk t /y / , s /o / o zrK dk o {g nEkj whnK.

b'ehA gkT[D pksK go Bk pks pDdh, frUA rZb s{z f;o/ uVQk whnK.

s/oh oh; eod/ jhoK fbyD tkb/, s/o/ SkD/ ~ iKd/ SkDh ik whnK.

w/ok fuZs eodk s?~ fwbK feXo/, j' ;e/ sK c/ok fJZe gk whnK.

44444

FkfJo d/ fdb dk dodFkfJo d/ fdb dk dodFkfJo d/ fdb dk dodFkfJo d/ fdb dk dodFkfJo d/ fdb dk dod

fJZe dod w?A fdb Bkb bkJh fcodK, nk e/ w/ok fJj dod tzvk whnK.

w/oh jho ftd/FK d/ ftZu o[b rJh, T[;~ vkboK fbnk Gowk whnK.

skoK NZg e/ oKMk th ik ofbnk, fojk oksK ~ MkV{ brk whnK.

fJZe BthA ejkDh w?A eoB bZrk, w/o/ f;o T[Zs/ jZE fNekn whnK.

55555

tkfo; so frnk jho ~ sko eoe/tkfo; so frnk jho ~ sko eoe/tkfo; so frnk jho ~ sko eoe/tkfo; so frnk jho ~ sko eoe/tkfo; so frnk jho ~ sko eoe/

s/oh jho sK jhok ;h tkfo;k t/, jho fbyh s{z ;'u ftuko eoe/.

jVQ j[;B dk ebw dh B'e ftZu'A, MoBk tfj s[fonk tZNK gko eoe/.

s/ok fJFe jeheh fw}ki pfDnK, ftZu x[b frnk T[;d/ ;h fgnko eoe/.

s/oh o{j ;h jho o[jkBhns ;h, rZb ehsh s{z :koK dk :ko eoe/.

66666

s/oh jho u'A jho gosZy fd;dh, w?A s/ nkg t/yh nZyK uko eoe/.

FpdK ftZu j? ;{os ;keko fd;dh, XzB j' frnk w?A sK dhdko eoe/.

o{j fyV iKdh s/oh jho gVQ e/, w?A fdb d/fynk r[b' r[b}ko eoe/.

s{z th XzB s/ jho th XzB s/oh, s{z th so frUA jho ~ sko eoe/.

77777



jho dk Bkw T[Xko b?Dkjho dk Bkw T[Xko b?Dkjho dk Bkw T[Xko b?Dkjho dk Bkw T[Xko b?Dkjho dk Bkw T[Xko b?Dk

fi; e[Vh dh rZb w?A eoB bZfrnK, jho nkyd/ jK T[;~ fgnko d/ BK.

tkfo; jho dk oj/Ark s{z tkfo;, s[bBk e'Jh BjhA Bko dh Bko d/ BK.

oKMk Bkw th s/o/ s'A btK wzrtK, obdk s]s j}ko/ d/ :ko d/ BK.

u{ue Bkw th oZy fbnk wk\ eoBk, obdk Bkw ;h jho gotko d/ BK.

88888

e?d'A Bkw ufoZso d/ noE eodk, obdk fwbdk ;h e?d'A feodko d/ BK.

;fjsh BK ;'jDk T[j th oZy fbnk w?A, y/Vk nkfynk fdb'A cNeko d/ BK.

w/oh jho d/ fJFe dh rZb tZyoh, gfjbK dZ; d/tK w?A ft;Eko d/ BK.

w/o/ oKM/ B/ ukohnK BjhA wZMK, Bk jh Gkph Bkb bVdk jzeko d/ BK.

99999

BthA ejkDh, BthnK w[FebKBthA ejkDh, BthnK w[FebKBthA ejkDh, BthnK w[FebKBthA ejkDh, BthnK w[FebKBthA ejkDh, BthnK w[FebK

BthnK w[FebK Bt/A jh okj yfjV/, fby fojk w?A pV/ ;fseko d/ BK.

tkfo; Fkj pkpk w?~ pb p]FhA, rZb fgnko dh eo btK fgnko d/ BK.

w/oh jho s/ oKMk wip{o BjhA j[D, e"b g[Zrd/ ehs/ fJeoko d/ BK.

tZyoh rZb j? w[FebK pj[s nkJhnK, bVBk g?Adk j? ;ko/ ;z;ko d/ BK.

1 010101010

rZb gzikp dhrZb gzikp dhrZb gzikp dhrZb gzikp dhrZb gzikp dh

j? gzikp dh Xos }oy/} ;[ZBVk, frZXh gziK dfonktK B/ gkJh fiZE/.

xNk ekbhnK uVQdhnK g[o/ tZb'A, T[Zso tZb'A j? po\ Yb nkJh fiZE/.

gfjbk Xow ræzE ;z;ko d/ ftZu, foZr t/d dh pDso pDkJh fiZE/.

;koh d[Bhnk d/ tZv/ dfonk @f;zX{#, nko gko sZe g?b j? gkJh fiZE/.

1 11 11 11 11 1

;kfjpK, ;Z;hnK, ;'jDhnK, FhohnK B/, ;[ZBVk fJFe dh y/v oukJh fiZE/.

Mhb wkB;o'to th wkD eodh, jz;K, w'shnK dh nktkikJh fiZE/.

j? e?bkF gjkV th fco/ fsfVnk, uzp/ dhnK ebhnK wfje bkJh fiZE/.

jho oKM/ dh ;[ZBVk nwo rkEk, tkfo; Fkj B/ i'V ;[DkJh fiZE/.

1 212121212

pkJh nZyo fuo'eD/ bZGd/ B /, g? Ash nZyoh r[oK B/ xVh fiZE /.

d{o'A B/fVUA SZsh ftdtkB ob e/, pkDh r[ow[yh d/ ftZu iVh fiZE/.

pV/ gho ceho th j'J/ J/E/, Xosh pbd d/ f;zrK s/ yVhQ fiZE/.

X"b Xow dh rZb ;z;ko d/ ftZu, j/eK T[ ZuhnK bk e/ gVhQ fiE/.

1 31 31 31 31 3



fezBh f;\s gzikp dh eoh iktK, fJj sK d[Bhnk dk fJZe nBw'b rfjDk.

i/eo j[;B itkBh dh rZb uZb/, fco sK g[ZS' Bk J/; dk eh efjDk.

ikB tko e/ ukn uVQ ikD fiZE/, J/E'A f;Zy/ e'Jh ghV ~ fet/A ;fjDk.

w[ ZSK e[ zYhnK w'Y/ s/ vKr XoBh, szp/ yVed/ F"e d/ Bkb ofjDk.

1 41 41 41 41 4

rZb fJFe dhrZb fJFe dhrZb fJFe dhrZb fJFe dhrZb fJFe dh

;wMD fJFe ~ nZi r[Bkj b'ehA, Bkb/ nkg nkFe fdb bJh fcod/.

eoB sZshnK nZyK i/ dkn bZr/, pkeh b'eK ~ wZsK go dJh fcod/.

fJFe wkJh s/ pkg i/ Bk eod/, ;ko/ ;p}hnK dh i{B/ gJh fcod/.

dkd/ dkdhnK nkFeh y{p ehsh, sKjhUA g'so/ BZso/ bJh fcod/.

1 51 51 51 51 5

nkFe fdb sK eknpk j? ek}hnK dk, nZbk gke dh Bdo fBjkb j'fJnk.

fi; fdb ftZu fe;/ bJh fyZu jh BjhA, G{s pzrbk jkb'A p/jkb j'fJnk.

wkD' A fwZso' oZi itkBhnK ~, ;kEh yok Gkb' fizBk Gkb j'fJnk.

fdb dh rZb wzB' ih fdwkr bk e/, d/yh ikT{rh fi; soK jkb j'fJnk.

1 616161616

BtK feZ;k g[okDh F?bhBtK feZ;k g[okDh F?bhBtK feZ;k g[okDh F?bhBtK feZ;k g[okDh F?bhBtK feZ;k g[okDh F?bh

tkfo; Fkj dh jho s'A wZs b? e/, feZ;k jho dk BtK pBktDK w?A.

pkr pVk ;'jDk, ;'jD/ :ko bkfJnk, fJZe BtK p{Nk ftZu bktDk w?A.

fe;/ ;w/ A ;h v'bh ejko u[ Zed/, nZi T[vD yN'bk fbnktDk w? A.

tkfo; Fkj B/ p?As ;h fby/ tXhnk, U;/ okr d/ ftZu jh rktDk w?A.

1 71 71 71 71 7

jZv phsh, iZr phshjZv phsh, iZr phshjZv phsh, iZr phshjZv phsh, iZr phshjZv phsh, iZr phsh

E'Vh jZv phsh E'Vh iZr phsh, J/; soK ejkDh ~ i'fVnk w? A.

nkgD/ c[ZbK ~ ;[zfxnk ihn Go e/, e'Jh Ugok c[Zb Bk s'fVnk w?A.

;u' ;Zu ejkDh w? A fby fdZsh, iok M{m Bk fes/ x;'fVnk w? A.

;ko/ nkgD/ G/d w? A y'bQ fdZs/, fe;/ j'o dk GKvk Bk c'fVnk w? A.

1 818181818

d'B/ d/F dh rZbd'B/ d/F dh rZbd'B/ d/F dh rZbd'B/ d/F dh rZbd'B/ d/F dh rZb

d'Bk d/F dnkp/ d/ ftZu :ko', fiZE/ p?m e/ feZ;k pDkfJnk Jh.

gVQ/ fby/ b'ehA pVh ;wM tkb/, Bkw fiBQK dk feZ;/ ftZu nkfJnk Jh.

Xosh o/sbh c;b ;h xZN j[ zdh, d'Bk B"eoh ukeoh bkfJnk Jh.

e'Jh uZi dh B"eoh bZG ikt/, J/;/ tk;s/ ;G ~ gVQkfJnk Jh.

1 919191919



oKM/ dk gotkooKM/ dk gotkooKM/ dk gotkooKM/ dk gotkooKM/ dk gotko

w/o/ oKM/ d/ uko Gok j? ;B, fszB G?DK ;h tZvk gotko j? ;h.

pkg{ u"Xoh ~ ;ko/ ikDd/ ;h, eJhnK fgzvK #u'A tZvk ;odko j? ;h.

;ko/ fgzv dh roi T[j ;kodk ;h, pkg dkd/ s'A b? Fkj{eko j? ;h.

e'Jh fejk Bk T[;dk w'Vdk ;h, ;ko/ b'eK d/ Bkb fgnko j? ;h.

2020202020

oKM/ dk ykb;k ekbi gVDkoKM/ dk ykb;k ekbi gVDkoKM/ dk ykb;k ekbi gVDkoKM/ dk ykb;k ekbi gVDkoKM/ dk ykb;k ekbi gVDk

;ko/ G?D GkJh gVQ/ ekbiK ftZu, tZv/ GkJhnK ~ B"eoh fwbh uzrh

ofjzd/ ekbiK ftZu jh gVQB t/b/, fe;/ uhi dh ed/ Bk e'Jh szrh.

oKMk ykb;k ekbi ftZu ik bZrk, T[;d/ Bkb gVQd/ eJh pD/ ;zrh.

fco th u[Zg u[ghsk jh oj/ oKMk, fit/A fe;/ B/ U; dh o{j vzrh.

2 12 12 12 12 1

g{o/ tes s/ ikJ/ iwks d/ ftZu, ysw j[zfdnK ;ko jh w[V iKdk.

rZb ;[Ddk iwks d/ ftZu pfj e/, fco fe;/ tjk ftZu o[V iKdk.

Y/;h, pkitk, fYZb'A s/ i"jb ;h id, GkFD d/Ad/ sK GkFD Bkb i[V iKdk.

f;ZXk BZe dh ;/X Bk pknd ftZu T[j, o'} tKroK ewo/ ~ w[V iKdk.

2222222222

wzv/ e[VhnK eZmh iwkswzv/ e[VhnK eZmh iwkswzv/ e[VhnK eZmh iwkswzv/ e[VhnK eZmh iwkswzv/ e[VhnK eZmh iwks

w[zv/ e[VhnK dh eZmh iwks j? ;h, jZ;d/ y/bd/ eoB gVQkJhnK ih.

eZm/ p?m e/ gVQd/ s/ F[rb eod/, d/y' oZp B/ o"DeK bkJhnK ih.

rZGo{ nkb/ fdtkb/ d/ gVQB nkJ/, eJh e[VhnK d[okfvUA nkJhnK ih.

ftjb/ ;w/A T[j p?m e/ ukj ghAd/, yKd/ uNDhnK ns/ wfmnkJhnK ih.

2 32 32 32 32 3

oKMkoKMkoKMkoKMkoKMk

pVk n ZEok r ZGo { ;h oKMk, sk}h s "D tKr { z v "O / cVed/ ;h.

fiZXo'A bzx iKdk d[Bhnk d/ydh ;h, eJhnK BZYhnK d/ fdb XVed/ ;h.

w/bk b[ZN b?Adk id th rZb eodk, jkt Gkt ;ko/ T[; ftZu wVe d/ ;h.

j[D e'Jh rZb fSgk e/ p?fmnk ;h, e'Jh }yw ;hB/ ftZu oVed/ ;h.

2 42 42 42 42 4

jhojhojhojhojho

fFt d/ Ffjo dh e[Vh fJe pVh ;'jDh, ;ZuhA j[;B dh e'Jh ;oeko bZr/.

T[j ;h e[Vh pNkb/ d/ u{ue/ dh, yKdk ghAdk T[;dk xo pkjo bZr/.

eZgVk bZsk ;tko e/ T[j gkt/, Sksh U; dh T[ Zs / nzpko bZr/.



skp MZbh Bk iKtdh j[;B tkbh, ;ZuhA w[ZuhA T[j B"A osBk jko bZr/.

2525252525

oKM/ dk jho ~ d/yDkoKM/ dk jho ~ d/yDkoKM/ dk jho ~ d/yDkoKM/ dk jho ~ d/yDkoKM/ dk jho ~ d/yDk

gfjb/ fdB jh id'A ebk; bZrh, jho oKM/ dhnK nZyK ;h uko j'JhnK.

fuZN/ fdB jh b[ZfNnk frnk oKMk, fdb b[ZN frnk s/ nebK wko j'JhnK.

i' s;thoK T[j ;[gB/ ftZu t/ydk ;h, nZyK ;kjwD/ nZi ;keko j'JhnK.

fe;/ t;b dh xVh ~ :kd eoe/, ohMK BZm BZm e/ S/sh fsnko j'JhnK.

2626262626

jho nkJh pjko nkJhjho nkJh pjko nkJhjho nkJh pjko nkJhjho nkJh pjko nkJhjho nkJh pjko nkJh

gfjb/ fdB jh jho id gVQB nkJh, fJt/A bZfrnk fit/A pjko nk rJh.

e[VhnK j'o th eJh ;h gVQB nkJhnK, fJZe tZyoh fe;w dh Bko nk rJh.

BkoK tZX s'A tZX ;[BZyhnK ;h, jho f;o/ dh fJZe w[fNnko nk rJh.

fBzwhA fBzwhA ;[jktDh jtk uZbh, ;ko/ c[ZbK d/ ftZu fByko nk rJh.

2 72 72 72 72 7

oKMk gZfNnk frnkoKMk gZfNnk frnkoKMk gZfNnk frnkoKMk gZfNnk frnkoKMk gZfNnk frnk

oKMk ed/ Bk fe;/ s/ ekfJb j'fJnk, nk e/ jho B/ rZb pDkJh whnK.

tZv/ u"Xoh dk g[ Zs F?b pKek, bZrk fJFe dh d/D d[jkJh whnK.

bZyK e[VhnK d[nkp/ d/ ftZu :ko', jho tZyoh wkM/ ftZu'A nkJh whnK.

nkT[Ad/ ;ko jh u"Xoh gZN ;[ZfNnk, n?;h o{g dh f;zrh ;[zxkJh whnK.

2828282828

jV j[;B dk rZb Bk efjD tkbh, ftjb/ p?m e/ oZp pDkJh whnK.

wkMk SZv ibzXo ;h gVQB nk rJh, brdk oKM/ dh Fkws ;h nkJh whnK.

fgSb/ iBw ftZu ehs/ e'Jh eow uzr/, fe;/ wK eowK tkbh ikJh whnK.

BjhA sK oKM/ ~ e"D ;h gZN ;edk, j{oK goh fJj oZp xbkJh whnK.

2929292929

Ffjo ibzXo rZb j't/Ffjo ibzXo rZb j't/Ffjo ibzXo rZb j't/Ffjo ibzXo rZb j't/Ffjo ibzXo rZb j't/

g{o/ Ffjo ibzXo ftZu rZb j't/, ;[Dd/ ;ko/ ejkDh itke pD e/.

e'Jh ej/ w?A u{ue ~ ikDdk jK, rZb eo/ e'Jh jho dk ;ke pD e/.

;ko/ b'ud/ jho d/ nzr bZrDk, Gkt/A X{V pD e/ ukj/ yke pD e/.

e'Jh ;'udk pDK r[bkw T[;dk, Gkt/A uke d/ uke dk uke pD e/.

3 03 03 03 03 0

u{ue tZvk tgkohu{ue tZvk tgkohu{ue tZvk tgkohu{ue tZvk tgkohu{ue tZvk tgkoh

u{ue tZvk tgkoh ;h Ffjo ftZu'A, pV/ b'e nk e/ xo yVQ/ ofjzd/.

d/F ns/ ftd/FK d/ ftZu X[ zwK, pzd/ ftZu ftd/FK d/ pV/ ofjzd/.



nktk ikJh ftd/FK d/ ftZu n?Bh, T[j sK fBZs ijk}K s/ uVQ/ ofjzd/.

pkvo gko eoe/ fBZs ikD rZvhnK, uko S[ZN iKd/ uko cV/ ofjzd/.

3 13 13 13 13 1

oKM/ ~ fJFe dk o'r bZrDkoKM/ ~ fJFe dk o'r bZrDkoKM/ ~ fJFe dk o'r bZrDkoKM/ ~ fJFe dk o'r bZrDkoKM/ ~ fJFe dk o'r bZrDk

G {s fJFe dk id' A ;tko j'fJnk, oKMk j'F jtk; rtk p?mk.

F "e Bkb ;h u 'poK ft Zu pfj zdk, ;ko / F "e ;tkd G [bk p ?mk.

fe;/ Bkb Bk y[ Zb e/ rZb eodk, g[ Zmh fijh G;{Vh jh gk p?mk.

i/jVk BZYhnK d/ F"e g{odk ;h, nkgD/ nkg ~ o'rh pDk p?mk.

3 23 23 23 23 2

rZb mDe jh rJh ;h jho ~ th, g[Zs u"Xoh dk ukN/ bk fbnk ih.

u'po f;o/ dk wzfBnK ;h i/jVk, T[;~ o{g dh ow} B/ Ykj fbnk ih.

BjhA fe;/ d/ ezw dk fojk j[D sK, g{ok iZNh B/ n;o iwk fbnk ih.

n?;k j[;B B/ vZf;nk ;h oKMk, nzr nzr ~ }fjo uVQk fbnk ih.

3 33 33 33 33 3

jho s/ oKM/ dh f;csjho s/ oKM/ dh f;csjho s/ oKM/ dh f;csjho s/ oKM/ dh f;csjho s/ oKM/ dh f;cs

jho wro tjho ;h u'poK dh, ;G ~ jN jN euhuhnK nkT[AdhnK ;h.

UXo u"Xoh d/ g[ Zs oKMD/ s/, v'o/ uzrhnK uzrhnK gkT[ AdhnK ;h.

tZv/ tZv/ xoK dhnK S?b iZNhnK, fdb'A bk e/ oKM/ ~ ukj[zdhnK ;h.

oKMk ed/ Bk fe;/ ~ fNZu ikD/, b?D sob/ s/ fwzBsK th gkT[AdhnK ;h.

3 43 43 43 43 4

jho oKM/ dh gfjbh fwbDhjho oKM/ dh gfjbh fwbDhjho oKM/ dh gfjbh fwbDhjho oKM/ dh gfjbh fwbDhjho oKM/ dh gfjbh fwbDh

fJe fdB nkjwD/ ;kjwD/ j'J/ d't/A, jho nkfynk e[M sK p'b whnK.

e[M BjhA e[M BjhA iK oKM/ nkfynk ;{, BZYh nkydh e[\o Bk s'b whnK.

nzdo'A nzdo Bk;{o i' pDh iKdk, w/o/ Bkb T[j dod co'b whnK.

n?Xo ;kvk th fdb rtkfunk Jh, feXo/ j? sK BjhA s/o/ e'b whnK.

3 53 53 53 53 5

oKM/ nkfynk gsk BjhA fet/A dZ;K, ;kvk e[M th Bk fojk ;kv/ e'b iZNhJ/.

;ko/ ;[gB/, ;ehwK s/ neb wzdhnK, b[N e/ b? rJ/ s/o/ eb'b iZNhJ/.

fu Zs eo / fe e 'b fpmk s ?~, ; [DK fwmV / fwmV / p 'b i ZNhJ /.

uzrh oj/Arh g[ZS Bkj'o e[M th, BjhA sK ;G e[M jh d/tK w?A c'b iZNhJ/.

3 63 63 63 63 6

row row ukj d/ d'jK x[N Go e/, nzdo'A sgF ~ E'Vk fijk mkfonk ;{.

fdb dhnK x[zvhnK y'bQhnK d'jK fwb e/, G?Vh neb skJhA izdok wkfonk ;{.



nZi rZb fByko e/ d/y b?Dh, jho oKM/ B/ fdbK ftZu Xkfonk ;{.

u[Zg eoe/ d/y s{z nZi ;[ZBVk, fe; i[rs Bk BQ/ok T[finkfonk ;{.

3 73 73 73 73 7

oKM/ nkfynk eohA :ehB iZNhJ/, s?~ tkfunK fpBk BjhA ihn j'Dk.

fe;/ ekoD i/ s{z Bk pDh ;kvh, ;kv/ Bkb fco gsk BjhA eh j'Dk.

fdb d/y ;kvk bho' bho j'fJnk, gZe/ XkfrnK fpBK BjhA ;hn j'Dk.

j[D sK y[Zb e/ rZb i/ eo/A e/oK, sKjhUA ;po dk x[ZN j? gh j'Dk.

3 83 83 83 83 8

;'u ;wM e/ ns/ fBMZe j' e/, fdb y'bQ e/ nZi ;[DkJh A jho/.

s{ z eo/ A ejkDh w? A ;[DhA iktK, ekjbh ftZu Bk rZb w[ekJhA jho/.

d[ ZX, yzv ftZu u"b fwbk eoe/, nZi fwZmVh yho pDkJh A jho/.

o'w o'w ftZu Go fwmk; ikt/, ;koh T[wo fco p?m e/ ykJhA jho/.

3 93 93 93 93 9

wB wzdo ~ fbg e/ g{zM e/ s/, fJso fSVe e/ X{c irkJhA jho/.

rZb eoB s'A gfjbK go :kd oZyhA, ;Zu/ oZp dk Bkw fXnkJhA jho/.

yzv, fxU ~ nkN/ d/ ftZu r[zB e/, FZeogkfonK skJhA pDkJhA jho/.

fcZeh p{zdh Bk }ok ;tkd brdh, ftZu b{D w;kbk th gkJhA jho/.

4 04 04 04 04 0

M{m p'bK ijzBw ~ ikD jZvhnK, ;u' ;Zu w? A eoK fpnkB whnK.

;kvk gVQB gVQkT[D dk ezw e'Jh Bk, s?~ Gkbdh w?A gj[zuh nkD whnK.

rZbK s/ohnK b'eK s'A id'A ;[DhnK, y[Z;dh iKdh ;h w/oh sK ikB whnK.

woh so; e/ s/fonK doFBK ~, bZGdh fcoh }whB n;wkB whnK.

4 14 14 14 14 1

wkM/, wkbt/ ns/ dtkfpnK ftZu, irQk irQk uou/ s/o/ jkDhnK u/.

fJt/A ikgdk oKfMnk x[b frnk j?A, gzi dfonktK d/ gziK jh gkDhnK u/.

oKM/ u"Xoh dhnK xo xo j'D rZbK, ;ko/ fgzvK, FfjoK ;ZEK YkDhnK u/.

wkD w?~ th ;h nkgD/ nkg T[Zs/, fcoh Gkbdh ;GBK fBFkBhnK u/.

4 24 24 24 24 2

ekbi wkM/ d/ ftZu th pV/ :kok, nkgD/ xo'A w?A gVQB o'} ik ;edh.

n?go oKfMnk s?~ fco fet/A fwbdh, s/ w?A fgnko ghAxK eheD gk ;edh.

o{g nkyoK dk fdZsk oZp w?~, nkgD/ j[;B dk feZdK w[Zb gk ;edh.

pVk nkgD/ nkg s/ wkD w?~, nkgD/ nkg ~ fet/A n}wk ;edh.

4 34 34 34 34 3



tko/ tko/ iktK s/ohnK ofjwsK d/, F[eo oZp dk oKMk tko tko eodk.

;idk eo/ iwhB s/ ;h; bk e/, gziK ghoK d/ ;Zio/ dhdko eodk.

d/y o{j ebp{s d/ ftZu g? Adh, tko tko oKMk Bw;eko eodk.

y?o wzr/ ][dk s' A jZE nZv e/, eodk i' th j? gotdrko eodk.

4 44 44 44 44 4

;[Dh rJh dorkj d/ ftZu :ko', oZi oZi e/ d't/ A dhdko eod/.

fJZe gbe th Bk MweD d/D T[j sK, fNefNeh bk e/ nZyK uko eod/.

t;b-J/ o{j dh id'A c[jko bZrh, fGZi fGZi e/ t;b-J/ :ko eod/.

d/JhA ;w/A dhnK ;{JhnK o'e w"bk, u[Zg ftZu'A e[M n?;k fJ}jko eod/.

4 54 54 54 54 5

wK pkg GkJh foFs/dko G[Zb e/, fuZs eo/ j[D w?A s/o/ Bkb tZ;K.

o'Dk gt/ sK w?A s/o/ Bkb o'tK, s/o/ jkf;nK ftZu s/o/ Bkb jZ;K.

s/o/ ;kj d/ Bkb w? A ;kj b? e/, o; o; e/ w? A s/o/ Bkb o;K.

w[Ze frnk Jh dod fcoke w/ok, fuZs eo/ w/ok ;G ~ e{e dZ;K.

4 64 64 64 64 6

i'Vh dhnK rZbK j'D bZrhnKi'Vh dhnK rZbK j'D bZrhnKi'Vh dhnK rZbK j'D bZrhnKi'Vh dhnK rZbK j'D bZrhnKi'Vh dhnK rZbK j'D bZrhnK

bZrhnK ftZu gzikp d/ j'D rZbK, jho oKM/ dh i'Vh ewkb dh ih.

j[;B goh jho dh rZb uZbdh, oKM/ iZN d/ i'pB ibkb dh ih.

i'Vh d/y n;wkB th Go/ j"ek, @Xosh fezB/ ;'jD/ ihn gkbdh ih#.

;[ZBVk ;kok ijkB jh eo/ rZbK, i'Vh ed/ Bk pDh fJ; d/ Bkb dh ih.

4 74 74 74 74 7

;kb wro'A S[ZNhnK;kb wro'A S[ZNhnK;kb wro'A S[ZNhnK;kb wro'A S[ZNhnK;kb wro'A S[ZNhnK

gVQd/, jZ;d/, y/vd/ ;kb bzfxnk, bzx frnk fiT[A ;[gBk nkfJnk ih.

S[ZNhnK ftZu ;G xoK ~ gos ikDk, J/; rZb B/ pVk ;skfJnk ih.

d' YkJh wjhB/ dh rZb ;koh, fe; rZb dk o"bk J/Bk gkfJnk ih.

oKMk ikD bZrk id'A xo nkgD/, efjzdk pZ; w?A frnk s/ nkfJnk ih.

4 84 84 84 84 8

jho dk pNkb/ ikDkjho dk pNkb/ ikDkjho dk pNkb/ ikDkjho dk pNkb/ ikDkjho dk pNkb/ ikDk

jho id' A pNkb/ xo ik gj[ zuh, Xh d/y u{ue w[;eokfJnk ih.

wZEk u[zfwnK f;o s/ fgnko fdZsk, Bkb/ x[ZN eb/i/ Bk bkfJnk ih.

G?DK GkJhnK p?m e/ rZb ehsh, ;yhnK ;j/bhnK B/ M[owN gkfJnk ih.

wK B/ d/fynk fit/A e'Jh uh} bZGh, tkg; d/y e/ ;"yk ;kj nkfJnk ih.

4 94 94 94 94 9



jho dhnK ;j/bhnK dh g[ZS frZSjho dhnK ;j/bhnK dh g[ZS frZSjho dhnK ;j/bhnK dh g[ZS frZSjho dhnK ;j/bhnK dh g[ZS frZSjho dhnK ;j/bhnK dh g[ZS frZS

e[VhnK g[ZSdhnK dZ; yK jhohJ/ Bh, efjzd/ d'B/ dk iZN g[NkfJnk Jh.

n?vk eh ;h U; ftZu dZ; yK Bh, i/jVk jho d/ fdb skJhA GkfJnk Jh.

rZb MZb dh nZr d/ tKr c?bh, oKM/ jho s/ jZE fNekfJnk Jh.

;kfjpK, ;Z;h, ;hoh, ;'jDh tKr s{z th, e'Jh BtK fJfsjk; oukfJnk Jh.

5050505050

jho dk xofdnK ~ nkg dZ;Dkjho dk xofdnK ~ nkg dZ;Dkjho dk xofdnK ~ nkg dZ;Dkjho dk xofdnK ~ nkg dZ;Dkjho dk xofdnK ~ nkg dZ;Dk

p?m/ y"ghJ/ skJhA ;ko/ eoB rZbK, ;kb wro'A ;wK jZE nkfJnk Jh.

nZXh oks j'Jh sko/ uzd uweD, nZXk frZNhnK B/ r/Vk bkfJnk Jh.

e'Jh bt/ rbQkN s/ BhAd nkt/, b? tk;hnK feB/ Y" Aek bkfJnk Jh.

wK d/ e'b pfj e/ ;ko/ xofdnK ~, feZ;k jho B/ y'bQ ;[DkfJnk Jh.

5 15 15 15 15 1

jho dh wK dk dodjho dh wK dk dodjho dh wK dk dodjho dh wK dk dodjho dh wK dk dod

;koh oks jh frDdh w?A ojh sko/, wK B/ wZE/ s/ jZE fNekfJnk Jh.

b'ehA tZyhnK EkDh ;h feT[A jZ;d/, w?~ nZi j[D ;wM ftZu nkfJnk Jh.

Bh ebi'rD/ fJj s{z eh ehsk, ;[D e/ ekbik pkjo ~ nkfJnk Jh.

wK wo sK BjhA ;h rJh s/oh, nkg/ nkgDk ;ke oukfJnk Jh.

5252525252

jho dh tekbsjho dh tekbsjho dh tekbsjho dh tekbsjho dh tekbs

Bh s{z fdb ~ rZb Bkbk wkJ/, ed/ rbs f]nkb Bk nkfJnk Jh.

; 'u ;wM e/ c ?;bk w ? A ehsk, nzB Q /tkj Bk x'Vk d [VkfJnk Jh.

;koh d[Bhnk d/ fdbK ftZu tZ;dk T[j, fi; ~ nkgDk fJFN pDkfJnk Jh.

eowK tkfbnK d/ fjZ;/ nzwhJ/ Bh, oKM/ tork jhok e'Jh nkfJnk Jh.

5 35 35 35 35 3

wK dk dodwK dk dodwK dk dodwK dk dodwK dk dod

yok y'Nk sK w?A BjhA fejk T[;~, go s{z uzrh BjhA rZb fJj eoh e[VhJ/.

d;K d/FK #u x[zwdk pkg s/ok, T[;dh gZr s{z dkrh eo Xoh e[VhJ/.

w?~ Xosh BjhA d/ ojh ftjb feXo/, fpB w"s w?A oks dh woh e[VhJ/.

uktK Bkb n;K s?~ gkfbnk ;h, eh gsk ;h x'b/ Arh eVQh e[VhJ/.

5 45 45 45 45 4



jho dh tekbsjho dh tekbsjho dh tekbsjho dh tekbsjho dh tekbs

fJ Ze tko iK oKM / ~ d/y b? Arh, j ' ikt /rh s { z th X zB wkJ /.

wo ikT{ Arh b/feB Bk T[ ZXOKrh, s/o / p{j/ s/ nkT{ Arh izB wkJ/.

fe;/ X[o/ fNekD/ dh e[Vh jK w?A, e'm/ T[Zgo Bk p?mh e'Jh ozB wkJ/.

n?t/A Xkr/ sths Bk eoh ik s{z, ckjh rbs Bk rb/ ftZu pzBQ wkJ/.

5 55 55 55 55 5

wK dk dodwK dk dodwK dk dodwK dk dodwK dk dod

fuZs eo/ eu{ zpo w? A eoK s/ok, fJ Ze tko sK pzdh pDk d/tK.

e[M yk e/ wo iK w?A iK sK, iK fco s/ok jh G'r w?A gk d/tK.

ihD i'rh Bk SZfvnk s{ z w ?~, nkgDk w{ zj w? A feZE / S [gk d/tK.

nk b?D d/ xo/ nZi pkg s/ok, nZi / oks ~ MrVk u[ek d/tK.

5656565656

eh ;'funk s[;K pdeko pko/, u{ue Bkb ;h wK ;tkb eodh.

fJt/A ikgdk w?~ e[M j' ikDK, fdb dh ghV j? w?~ p/jkb eodh.

nky' w[ zfvnK ~ e[M eoB fJ;dk, w/o/ Bkb itkp ;tkb eodh.

fJ;~ ihAdh iwhB ftZu XZ; d/t', e[ Zb e'Vwk feZdK ezrkb eodh.

5 75 75 75 75 7

u{ue dh dbhbu{ue dh dbhbu{ue dh dbhbu{ue dh dbhbu{ue dh dbhb

u{ue nkydk ezB Xo ;[Dh iZNhJ/, jho ikB dh ikB dh ikB w/oh.

Xh w/oh s' A ed/ w? A ;'funk Bk, j'T{ ehwsh ed/ th FkB w/oh.

rbsh j' rJh e[Vh s'A eh eohJ/, n?t/A o' Bk s{z th sK ikB w/oh.

d'B/ ftZu th tke\h pVh w/oh, eJhnK fgzvK d/ ftZu gSkD w/oh.

5858585858

T[ Zrh fuZNh o;{bg[o w? A ikT{ A, ekbQ / m"b/ etQkb/ uZeo wko ikBk.

e/;og[o wzv/o s/ ;[ ZBVK ftZu, eZ;' ukjb f;XtK s/ e[bko ikBk.

BZE{ ukjb pbQ/o G/NK ftZu j' e/, fJZpD nkjwg[o ns/ gtko ikBk.

fBZMoK r'Ad g[o frZbK s/ rkybK ~, ;ykDh UifbnK s'A b? e/ :ko ikBk.

5959595959

g{oh g[ZS gVskb w?A eo{z gfjbK, tZvk u"Xoh fco btK ;Zd iZNhJ/.

wzfBnK dZfBnK dnkp/ dk iZN ;[fDnK, w/o/ Bkb'A th T[Zuk j? eZd iZNhJ/.

u[Zg eoe/ eo' ezw eko xo dk, fJ; soK Bk ewb s{z tZY iZNhJ/.

SZsh gZsD so e/ w?A th t/y jfNnK, n?t/A ;wMhA Bk w?~ T[iZv iZNhJ/.

6060606060



jho dk XzBtkd eoBkjho dk XzBtkd eoBkjho dk XzBtkd eoBkjho dk XzBtkd eoBkjho dk XzBtkd eoBk

XzBtkd s/ok pkpb w/fonk t/, g?D bZrh ;h w?~ s/ nZi dzdb.

fJN f;N GZyV/ jh pkeh ofj iKd/, ;[Ze ikDh ;h s/oh eztko rzdb.

g{oh gke gftZso w?A pkpbk t/, wfje ni/ th w/oh ;zd{e ;zdb.

w/o/ ewo/ #u e[Vh i' Bkb ofjzdh, g[ZS fbU T[; s'A T[;dk fgzv Xzdb.

6 16 16 16 16 1

jho F[eo ehsk fgsk Bkb T[;d/, gziK ghoK ~ pfj e/ fXnkT[D bZrh.

ohMK ikr gJhnK ;[gB/ nkT[D bZr/, c/o ]kpK d/ wfjb pBQkT[D bZrh.

g[o/ tZb' A xNk id' A uVQh t/yh, w'o y[F j? ih g?bK gkT[D bZrh.

gfjo oks rJh E'Vk fijk whAj tfoQnk, sVe/ ;hsb jtk fco nkT[D bZrh.

6262626262

jho d/ GoktK dh rZbjho d/ GoktK dh rZbjho d/ GoktK dh rZbjho d/ GoktK dh rZbjho d/ GoktK dh rZb

pfj e/ jho d/ GkJhnK B/ rZb ehsh, fJj eh j' frnk ;kvV/ pkg ~ ih.

fezBk ]\k ;h jho d/ fJFe eoe/, ehjB/ bkfjnk ;{ pkg{ d/ skg ~ ih.

;kvh e[b ~ bhe j? bk fdZsh, ehsk p[oehnK ;kvh Ueks ~ ih.

fjZe skD e/ ed/ BjhA s[o ;ed/, fwjDk j' frnk u{ue dh iks ~ ih.

6 36 36 36 36 3

pkg{ w/fonk w?~ fJZe rZb dZ;hA, fJj s{z BtK eh y/b oukfJnk Jh.

jkwh jho dh nZi s{z GoB bZrk, fejV/ gho B/ s?~ GowkfJnk Jh.

jkb/ oVedk w/oh sK fjZe nzdo, i/jVk jho B/ }]w brkfJnk Jh.

;k~ dZ; sK y'bQ e/ fJZe tkoh, g[Zmk gzrk s{z fJj eh gkfJnk Jh.

6 46 46 46 46 4

u{ue dk wK Xh d'jK dk ;'uDku{ue dk wK Xh d'jK dk ;'uDku{ue dk wK Xh d'jK dk ;'uDku{ue dk wK Xh d'jK dk ;'uDku{ue dk wK Xh d'jK dk ;'uDk

u{ue nkydk rZb ;[D ezB Xo e/, w?A sK y/v ~ iok S[gkfJnk ;{.

cf;nk w?A efVZeh d/ ftZu g[Zsok, fJZe BtK jh dkT[ ubkfJnk ;{.

iK s/ wK wodh iK s/oh G?D wodh, w?A s/ d'jK ~ nZi pukfJnk ;{.

w/ok fdb jh g[ ZfSnk ikDdk j?, fet/ A r[ Z; / ~ w? A SgkfJnk ;{.

6565656565

j[D jho ~ j? ftFtk; g{ok, T[;dk pkg j? Xh d/ Bkb g[ Zsok.

fit/A nky{z j[D w?A T[;B/ wzB b?Dk, w/oh ;'u dk t/yhA ewkb g[Zsok.

u{ue neb d/ Bkb e'Jh y/v y/v{, jo gk;/ dk oZy f]nkb g[Zsok.

id' A ftzBQ e/ sho ~ wkohJ/ ih, eo d/Jhdk jkb' A p/jkb g[ Zsok.

6666666666



u{ue dk ftd/F ikDku{ue dk ftd/F ikDku{ue dk ftd/F ikDku{ue dk ftd/F ikDku{ue dk ftd/F ikDk

e?b/c'oBhnK nwohek ikD d/ bJh, u{ue nkgDK wB pDkfJnk ih.

gziK ;ZsK fdBK dh rZb eoe/, u{ue nkg god/; f;XkfJnk ih.

wK g[ZsK ~ d/ e/ Xotk; u{ue, mzY/ gkDh dk x[ZN fgbkfJnk ih.

fe;/ ~ Bk rZb dh ;wM bZrh, SS'gzi ftZu ;G ~ jh gkfJnk ih.

6 76 76 76 76 7

feZ;/ ~ BtK w'V d/DkfeZ;/ ~ BtK w'V d/DkfeZ;/ ~ BtK w'V d/DkfeZ;/ ~ BtK w'V d/DkfeZ;/ ~ BtK w'V d/Dk

u{ue j\s/ d/ ftZu jh gos nkfJnk, ;ko/ NZpo ~ e'b pmk fbnk ih.

;{M Bkb fJZe BkNeh w'V d/ e/, feZ;k BftnK okjK T[Zs/ gk fbnk ih.

w[Vh ;koh ejkDh jh Bt/A gk;/, u{ue BtK jh y/O ouk fbnk ih.

pVh i[rs d/ Bkb ftUAs xV e/, ;kok NZpo nkgD/ fgZS/ bk fbnk ih.

6868686868

ej/ XkohtkbK tork eko]kBk, nkgK nwohek ftZu j? bk d/Dk.

row ;od w";w ftZu gkT[D tkbk, jo soK dk eZgVk pDk d/Dk.

bZm/, ykF/, wbwb, eo/g pD ;h, FhNK, gkgbhBK ~ NKek bk d/Dk.

B"tK d/FK d/ ftZu nkgD/ ezw uZbd/, d;t/A d/F th g?o fNek d/Dk.

6969696969

ukso eo/ usokJhukso eo/ usokJhukso eo/ usokJhukso eo/ usokJhukso eo/ usokJh

d/yD c'b e/ ;kok ;wkB xo d/, pkg{ pj[s uh}K b? e/ nkfJnk ;{.

eZb/ eZb/ ~ wko e/ tki T[;B/, ;G d/ jZE ;wkB cVkfJnk ;{.

o'Nh t/bD tkbh th wFhB nKdh, fi;~ u"Ae/ d/ ftZu fNekfJnk ;{.

ukso eo/ usokJh sK e"D ikD/, ;G ~ u{ue B/ T[Zb{ pDkfJnk ;{.

7 07 07 07 07 0

foFs/dko ;ko/ eZm/ eo/ fJZe fdB, ;kok e'Vwk ;Zd p[bkfJnk ih.

Bt/A eko]kB/ dh j? y[Fh eoBh, ;kok nKY rtKY th nkfJnk ih.

b[ Zd /jkD/ s' A ;h jbtkJh ;Zd /, w[ork, whN epkp pDkfJnk ih.

BZuD tkb/ th ;h uzvhrVQ ' A nkJ/, BZu BZu e/ iFB wBkfJnk ih.

7 17 17 17 17 1

w'shu{o d/ bZv { ytkJ/ ;G ~, row row ib/phnK yKtd/ ih.

ebke zd, o;r[ Zb / , r [bkpikwB, wB ukj / b { zY / ;ko / bKtd / ih.

gbzx s'V ;h pVk ;tkd pfDnK, wkT{A wkT{A eoe/ ;ko/ yKtd/ ih.

r[Ebh pzB ;G ~ fJZe fJZe fdZsh, Gkih b? b'ehA xohA iKtd/ ih.

7 27 27 27 27 2



v'b/ jho dk Bk ftFtk; feXo/, sK jh u{ue B/ uZeo ubkfJnk ;{.

jho c; ikt/ uzrh soK fi; ftZu, n?;k i[rsh B/ ikb ftSkfJnk ;{.

Xh wko e/ ihAdk jh w?A wo ;K, r{VQ/ foFs/ B/ ozr ftykfJnk ;{.

T[Zv ikJ/ Bk feXo/ c[oB eoe/, u'rk pVk tXhnk sK jh gkfJnk ;{.

7 37 37 37 37 3

jho ~ gZSwh d[Bhnk fdykT[Dhjho ~ gZSwh d[Bhnk fdykT[Dhjho ~ gZSwh d[Bhnk fdykT[Dhjho ~ gZSwh d[Bhnk fdykT[Dhjho ~ gZSwh d[Bhnk fdykT[Dh

ni/ ezw B/ pj[s jh eoB tkb/, fJZe tko w?A ibdh fco iktDk ih.

Bkb / eko]kBk j ? F [o { eoBk, d ' Aj j 'o d /Fh A c /ok gktDk ih.

jkb/ S[ZNhnK sK ekch ofjzdhnK B/, Bkb jho ~ th b? iktDk ih.

d[Bhnk gZSwh d/FK ftZu fet/A ofjzdh, nkgDh Xh ~ ik fdykT[Dk ih.

7 47 47 47 47 4

jho ukJhA ukJhA fgU d/ Bkb s[o gJh, fuZs u/s/ Bk feZXo ~ T[V uZbh.

fdb d'B/ d/ d/F ftZu XVedk ;h, sedho nZi feZXo ~ w[V uZbh.

sB' wB'A sK i[Vh ;h oKMD/ Bk, fe;ws jho dh fjio Bk i[V uZbh.

edh u[ Ze ejko b? iKtd/ ;h, jho T[vD yN'b/ ftZu T[V uZbh.

7 57 57 57 57 5

n?b J/ Ffjon?b J/ Ffjon?b J/ Ffjon?b J/ Ffjon?b J/ Ffjo

Ybh Skw ~ n?bH J/H cbkJhN gj[zuh, u{ue jho ~ nZvk fdyKtdk ih.

jo fwzN d/ pknd ijk} T[Zso/, n?Bk w[be J/E/ nkT[Adk iKtdk ih.

FKs wjK;kro d / e zY / T [go, e ?b /c 'oBhnK oki ejkT [ Ad k ih.

fv}Bhb?Av s/ j"bht[v t/yD/ ~, jo fe;/ dk fdb jh uKjtdk ih.

7 67 67 67 67 6

n?b J/ Ffjo ~ d/y jho y[F j'Jh, ;kok Ffjo nZi jh x[zwDk ukj[zdh ih.

u{ue nkfynk Ffjo j? pVk tZvk, fJZe Bzpo ;Ve nZr/ nKtdh ih.

;Zso whb ;w[zdo d/ Bkb uZbdk, n?b J/ Ffjo dh ;wM Bk nKtdh ih.

fezB/ ikfJ} s/ fezB/ BikfJi ofjzd/, frDsh fe;/ ~ mhe Bk nKtdh ih.

7 77 77 77 77 7

nZr/ uko ;" gzi ;h ;Ve nk rJh, T[;~ d/y e/ jho xpokT[D bZrh.

S/ bkJhBK ftZu fJZe gk;/ ikD rZvhnK, ekoK frD/ fj;kp brkT[D bZrh.

bZyK w'NoK ;Ve s/ iKdhnK ;h, frDdh frDdh fco frDsh GbkTD bZrh.

FhFk y'fbQnk eko dk pNB BZg e/, ;hsb jtk ;w[zdo dh nkT[D bZrh.

7 87 87 87 87 8

fJZe ;" fJZe Bzpo ;Ve nkJh nZfrUA, GhV ekoK dh j'o th tZX j' rJh.

jho g[ZSdh feZXo ~ ikD b'ehA, fJj sK jZd s'A th fes/ tZX j' rJh.



tZYh izr sK BjhA fes/ fSV rJh ;{, Ffjo SZvD dh ;'u j? nZi j' rJh.

fes/ o"vBh fezr sK BjhA e[ZfNnk, ;ko/ Ffjo ftZu GVedh nZr j' rJh.

7 97 97 97 97 9

t?bh bzxfdnK ;ko gjkV nk rJ/, T[Zu/ Bht/A ;Ve g?bK gKtdh ih.

ekoK dhnK bkJhNK fd;D d{o sheo, fit/A c"i e'Jh izr ~ iKtdh ih.

J/B / fuo ~ ;Ve gjkV T[ Zs ' A , fJ Ze v{ zxh SbKr brKtdh ih.

fit/A oks dhtkOh ~ irD pZshnK, J/dK uwedh Broh B}o nKtdh ih.

8080808080

t?Bu[ok Ffjot?Bu[ok Ffjot?Bu[ok Ffjot?Bu[ok Ffjot?Bu[ok Ffjo

nZXh oks brGr T[d'A j' rJh ;h, id'A Ffjo t?Bu[ok nkfJnk ;{.

skeh y'jb u[pko/ u'A B}o wkoh, ;kyFks ;tor B}ohA nkfJnk ;{.

;kok Ffjo gjkV dh oQ /V T[Zs/, ftjb/ p?m e/ fe;/ pDkfJnk ;{.

fszB gk;/ gjkV u"E/ gk;/ ;kro, Yke/ pkb w[fNnko B/ bkfJnk ;{.

8 18 18 18 18 1

ukuk jho dk J/B/ ~ pko ftZu'A, wfje wkodk dko{ dh nkfJnk ;{.

jho T[ Zm e/ ns/ nrKj j' e/, M [e d[nk ;bkw p[bkfJnk ;{.

;kj x[ZN e/ w[ZSK ~ g{zM eoe/, e?d'A u{ue d/ r'vhA jZE bkfJnk ;{.

y[Fh ftZu ;h fcodk x[wkUA GhVk, u{ue Bkb rbk; NeokfJnk ;{.

8282828282

nrb/ fdB ;t/o/ fco ;?o ykso, u{ue jho ~ ;kro s/ fbnkfJnk ih.

c[ ZN gkE ;w[zdo d/ ezY/ ezY/, d{o she fJZe uZeo btkfJnk ih.

d{o ftZu ;w[zdo d/ iKtdk i', fJe bZeV dk g[b fdykfJnk ih.

o?;N'o?AN ;w[zdo d/ ftZu pfDnK, fiZE/ jho ~ G'iB SekfJnk ih.

8 38 38 38 38 3

fco wkohBK phu s/ b? frnk ih, p/V/ feFshnK eJh j}ko fiZE/.

eNk bhB Nkg{ s/ ikD d/ bJh, eJh p/VhnK j? ;h fsnko fiZE/.

e'Jh s[o/ feFsh e'Jh gos nkt/, uZeo bkT[AdhnK ;h tko' tko fiZE/.

d{o'A d/fynK feFshnK fJT[A bZrD, fco/ s?odh pseK dh vko fiZE/.

8 48 48 48 48 4

jho ;zrso/ wkbN/ d/ydh j?, Bh Ap { feZ~nK tKr w'N/ bZrd/ B/.

Go / gJ / cOK d / Bkb p {N / , g Zs / x ZN s / cO t ZX b Zrd / B /.

jo soK dhnK ;p}hnK phihnK ;{, y/s fpbe[b gzikp d/ bZrd/ B/.

pV/ c[Zb gjkVK s/ fyV/ fd;d/, nktk rkT[D T[Zr/ th T[j cpd/ B/.

8585858585



nZXh nwohek dk uZeonZXh nwohek dk uZeonZXh nwohek dk uZeonZXh nwohek dk uZeonZXh nwohek dk uZeo

e[M fdBK d/ ftZu jh u{ue/ B/, nZXh nwohek ftZu r/Vk bk fdZsk.

ro?Av e?BhnB, o"eh gjkV x[zw/, r'bvB r/N g[b ik e/ fdyk fdZsk.

b/e Nkj', ohB', bkcbhB x[ zfwnK, bk;t/r; th uZeo btk fdZsk.

i {nk y /vdk ;kok ijkB fi ZE / , i ?eg "N th y /bD f;yk fd Zsk.

8686868686

jho dk t?Bu[ok ekbi bZrDkjho dk t?Bu[ok ekbi bZrDkjho dk t?Bu[ok ekbi bZrDkjho dk t?Bu[ok ekbi bZrDkjho dk t?Bu[ok ekbi bZrDk

xo nk u {ue B / r Zb ehsh, gV QB jho ~ t ?Bu [ok gk d /Dk.

eko]kB/ dk ;kok fj;kp oZy{, ftZu jho dk d\so pDtk d/Dk.

jho nkydh gVQ { z ibzXo jh w? A, w? A Bk oKMD/ skJh A G[bk d/Dk.

u{ue nkydk fceo Bk eohA e[VhJ/, s/ok oKMk w?A J/Xo wzrtk d/Dk.

8 78 78 78 78 7

eo jho Go';k nkgD/ pkg T[Zgo, j[D t?Bu[ok ekbi ftZu ikD bZrh.

ed'A fwb{rk nkD e/ fgnko w/ok, fdB/ oks ;h n"A;hnK gkD bZrh.

;'jDk bZrdk ed/ wkj"b J/E/, ed/ ;'u e/ jho xpokT[D bZrh.

ed' A fwb{rk oKMDk :ko nk e/, wB' wB fenk\/ brkT[D bZrh.

8888888888

e?d'A o'i Gshih ~ SZv nkT[Adk, S[ZNh j'D s/ tkfg; b? iKtdk ih.

fe;/ ezw i/ UXo' A dh bzx /, fJ Ze j'o r/Vk ekbi bKtdk ih.

r'o/, ekb/, w;he/, j?b' j?b' eod/, ;kok ekbi jh jho ~ uKjtdk ih.

jho fizBh ;[BZyh Bk e[Vh e'Jh, o{g wB w'jDk ;G ~ GKtdk ih.

8989898989

;fjsh J/;/ jh ekbi d/ ftZu gVQdh, efjzd/ uzr/ nwho dh Xh :ko'.

y/V/ iZN gzikph dh e[Vh j? ;h, nkgD/ pkg dh bkvbh ;h :ko'.

j? ;h oZi e/ e[Vh db/o T[j sK, Bkb/ g[Zi e/ ;[zdo th ;h :ko'.

e?b/c'oBhnK e{bo s/ tkJhB phno, pV/ F"e Bk b?Adh ;h gh :ko'.

9090909090

jho dk ;?d/ ~ fwbDkjho dk ;?d/ ~ fwbDkjho dk ;?d/ ~ fwbDkjho dk ;?d/ ~ fwbDkjho dk ;?d/ ~ fwbDk

pV/ fuoK dk t?Bu[ok ftZu ofjzdk, ;kok Ffjo jh e?d'A ~ ikDdk ;h.

UXo y/Vk th pVk wFj{o pzdk, ;kok w[be T[;~ gfjukDdk ;h.

SVk SKN e?d'A fco/ w"i eodk, fceo ;h sK nkgDh ikB dk ;h.

;?dk nZyK dk vkeNo BtK pfDnK, ezw ;?d/ dk n?BeK bkD dk ;h.

9 19 19 19 19 1



oVe nZy ftZu jho d/ gJh fJZe fdB, e?d'A jho dh nZy fdykT[D b? frnk.

nzdo xZfbnk nZy fdykT[D ykso, jho rJh nzdo e?d'A pkjo pfj frnk.

n?Bh ;'jDh e[Vh feZdK j' ;edh, ;?dk d/y e/ d/ydk jh ofj frnk.

vkeNo pkjo sZe jho d/ Bkb nkfJnk, Bkb/ uku/ ~ dtk ;bkw efj frnk.

9292929292

xo ik e/ ;?d/ B/ rZb ehsh, e?d'A ukuk efbBe ftZu nkfJnk ;{.

Bkb gohnK s'A ;'jDh ;h e[Vh T[;d/, jho nky e/ uku/ pbkfJnk ;{.

nZyK ftZu ;w[zdo dh jtk g? rJh, e'Jh yk; Bk B[e; fEnkfJnk ;{.

b/feB w/ohnK nZyK ~ d/yd/ jh, jho pj[s tZvk o'r bkfJnk ;{.

9 39 39 39 39 3

e?d'A s'A y/fVnK dk foFsk wzrDke?d'A s'A y/fVnK dk foFsk wzrDke?d'A s'A y/fVnK dk foFsk wzrDke?d'A s'A y/fVnK dk foFsk wzrDke?d'A s'A y/fVnK dk foFsk wzrDk

e?d'A uku/ ~ fJZe fdB y/fVnK B/, ykDk ykD bJh xo/ p[bkfJnk ih.

ykD ghD dk pVk F"ehB ukuk, x[ZN bk e/ N?e;h ftZu nkfJnk ih.

w[ork, wZSh, whN pDkJ/ sk}/, y/V / e?d ' A ~ g? Zr btkfJnk ih.

j' ;e/ sK nkgK foFs/dko pDhJ/A, y/V/ e?d'A ~ nky ;[DkfJnk ih.

9 49 49 49 49 4

e?d'A u{ue d/ Bkb ik rZb ehsh, foFsk pVk tXhnk fJZe nkfJnk B/.

w[zvk vkeNo pkg dk ezw tXhnk, ;koh T[wo gzikph ejkfJnk B/.

u{ue nkydk ;fji d/ Bkb rZb eo, UXo jho B/ th ezB bkfJnk B/.

g?Dh ;'u e/ eoBh j? rZb w?~, B/j' A jho B/ oKM/ Bk bkfJnk B/.

9595959595

jho d/ ek^} pDkT[D/jho d/ ek^} pDkT[D/jho d/ ek^} pDkT[D/jho d/ ek^} pDkT[D/jho d/ ek^} pDkT[D/

u{ue nkfynk jho ~ ;[Dh p/Nk, ek^} gZe/ j[D s/o/ pDkT[D/ B/.

Bebh Fkdh dk Y"Ar ouk e/ s/, fe;/ e'b'A j[D d;]s eotktD/ B/.

s/o/ oKM/ d/ ek^} pDkJ/ ;ko/, eZb ~ vke d/ ftZu xbktD/ B/.

Bebh ftnkj oKM/ dk th eoBk, J/;/ soK jh ezw ;{s nktD/ B/.

9696969696

jho ed/ Bk ;'funk fJZe tkoh, pkg T[;dk n?Bk ubke j? ih.

FZe eo/ s/ eo/ th fe; soK ih, fJ; s'A B/V dk j'o Bk ;ke j? ih.

M{m/ ed/ Bk J/E'A sZe gj[zu ;ed/, fizBh u{ue dh d[Bhnk ftZu Xke j? ih.

jho ;'funk fceowzd pkg w/ok, T[;dh Bhns gftZso s/ gke j? ih.

9 79 79 79 79 7

;ko/ b'VhAd/ ek^} fsnko eoe/, jho ;kjwD/ fuZmh ftZu gk fdZsk.

jho ;'udh oKM/ B / nk ikDk, i'o g{ok sK pkg{ B / bk fdZsk.



fJZe fbyh fuZmh oKM/ :ko skJhA, fdb y'bQ e/ ek^} s/ bk fdZsk.

fuZmh u[ zw e/ fdb d/ Bkb bk e/, d'B/ d/F d/ tZb xbk fdZsk.

9898989898

ubkeh Bkb jho dk ;ke eoBkubkeh Bkb jho dk ;ke eoBkubkeh Bkb jho dk ;ke eoBkubkeh Bkb jho dk ;ke eoBkubkeh Bkb jho dk ;ke eoBk

;ke y/fVnK dk u{ue B/ wzfBnK, e?d'A Bkb ik e/ FrB gk nkfJnk.

nkgK jho ~ jkb/ Bk dZ;Dk ih, uzrh soK ;G e[M ;wMk nkfJnk.

u?B, w[zdoh, eVk s/ xVh gkJh, ;ko/ e'Vw/ ~ eJh e[M gk nkfJnk.

d; gzdoK N'eo/ \bK d/ th, u{ue y/fVnK d/ xo bkj nkfJnk.

9999999999

ftnkj ofi;No eokT[D d/ tk;s/ ih, d\so jho s/ ;?dk d't/A nkJ/ B/ ih.

bkb c[ Zb tNk e/, jK efj e/, ;ko/ ekr}h ezw w[ekJ/ B/ ih.

w[zv/ e[Vh d/ pkg rtkj pD rJ/, d'jK ;kjwD/ d;]s eotkJ/ B/ ih.

fJj sK oZp dhnK oZp jh ikDdk j?, fejV/ fdB fJj oZp fdykJ/ B/ ih.

100100100100100

oKM/ ~ jho dk ]s fwbDkoKM/ ~ jho dk ]s fwbDkoKM/ ~ jho dk ]s fwbDkoKM/ ~ jho dk ]s fwbDkoKM/ ~ jho dk ]s fwbDk

fuZmh u[zw e/ fjZe d/ Bkb bkJh, oKMk jho dh fbys gSkDdk ih.

fuZmh y'bQdk jho ~ :kd eodk, jZE fbys #u'A jho ~ wkDdk ih.

T[;d/ bc}K ~ g'fNnK Bkb N'Ajdk, jo bc} jh jho d/ jkD dk ih.

jho fuZmh d/ ftZu'A gosZy fd;dh, bk fNefNeh jho f;nkDdk ih.

101101101101101

fbfynk jho B/ oKfMnk w[nk\ eoBk, s?~ fpBK dZf;nK uVQ nkJh J/Xo.

rZbK pksK ftZu b? fbnk fgsk ih B/, ekbi t?Bu[ok gVQB ~ gkJh J/Xo.

ed/ ;'funk BjhA ;h j'T{ J/dK, w/oh fe;ws jh fyZu fbnkJh J/Xo.

ikB s/o/ #u tZ;dh j? w/oh, n?t/ A fi;w ~ u[ Ze fbnkJh J/Xo.

102102102102102

okjdkoh xbkJh j? n;K s?~, th}k b? e/ S/sh s{ z nkJh A J/Xo.

ikB ;[ Zedh w[ Zedh ikJ/ w/oh, t/ s{ z nkD Xotk; fdtkJhA J/Xo.

T[ZiVh fco/ d[Bhnk w/oh oKMDk t/, doFB d/ e/ c/o t;kJhA J/Xo.

okj d/ydh jK s/ok fdB/ okshA, w/o/ B?Dk ~ fsægs eokJhA J/Xo.

103103103103103

x[Zr tZ;dk Ffjo j? fJj oKMk, s/o/ fpBk b/feB phnkpkB j? ih.

id'A ;kro dhnK SZbK dh F{e ;[Ddh, fJT[A bZr/ fiT[A nkfJnk s{\kB j? ih.

id'A e'Jh th edw w?A u[Zedh jK, w?~ ikgdk w/ok fJwfsjkB j? ih.

s/oh jho sK s/oh jh oj{ oKMk, w/ok oKMk jh dhB fJwkB j? ih.



104104104104104

oKM/ dk itkp fbyDkoKM/ dk itkp fbyDkoKM/ dk itkp fbyDkoKM/ dk itkp fbyDkoKM/ dk itkp fbyDk

oKM/ fby itkp ;h s[os xZfbnk, f;o\ jho jh oKM/ dk ;kj; j? ih.

jho oKM/ ftukb/ pZ; j'o e[M Bk, fJZe ftFtk;, ftFtk;, ftFtk; j? ih.

fuzsk Bk eohA fwbKr/ s[os nkgK, fJZe' ohM w/oh fJZe' nk; j? ih.

bZG jho ~ bT{ io{o oKMk, fes/ feZvk e[ Xos nkekF j? ih.

105105105105105

id'A wo}h wfj;{; eo bJhA jho/, s/ok oKMk jo dw s/o/ gk; j? ih.

w/oh ikB sK Bkb jh b? rJh s{z, nkj i' s[fonk fcodk f;o\ wk; j? ih.

nZbk skbk fwbkfJnk j? w/b oZy{, w/ok oZp s/ g{oB ftFtk; j? ih.

X"O Xow d/ f;zrK s/ yVh Xosh, fJZe' fJFN ;kvk fJZe' nk; j? ih.

106106106106106

nkgD/ nkg dk g{ok f]nkb oZyhA, tes Bkb ;G ghthA s/ ykJhA jho/.

i/ e'Jh Xow n;EkB j? nk; gk;/, wZEk N/eD }o{o s{z ikJhA jho/.

w/o/ tZb'A th eohA nodk; ik e/, ;Zu/ wB' fJj tk;sk gkJhA jho/.

fwjo Bkb jh j'fJnk j? w/b nkgDk, fwjoK tkb/ dh fwjo eokJhA jho/.

107107107107107

oKM/ ~ th}/ s'A fJBekooKM/ ~ th}/ s'A fJBekooKM/ ~ th}/ s'A fJBekooKM/ ~ th}/ s'A fJBekooKM/ ~ th}/ s'A fJBeko

th}k b?D bJh fdZbh ~ frnk oKMk, fJZe wzsoh th T[;B/ Bkb yfVnk.

n?;k ezw e'Jh ed/ th BjhA j'fJnk, i/jVk oKM/ d/ ;kjwD/ ed/ nfVnk.

tZv/ ;kfjp d/ d\so dh fuZe u[Zeh, f;ZXk d\so d/ ftZu jh ik tfVnk.

fgU dkd/ dh ikD gSkD J/Bh, sK jh ezw s/ oKMk ;h fco/ ufVnk.

108108108108108

th}k oKM/ ~ d/D d/ tk;s/ ih, tZvk ;kfjp Bk j'fJnk fsnko j? ih.

s[oB fcoB iKd/ s[;hA BjhA w[Vd/, eoB bZr iKd/ ezw eko j? ih.

ik e/ d/yDk s[;K B/ e[M th Bk, ;ko/ eod/ gzikph ftUgko j? ih.

fet/A j'o Go';k j[D eoh ikJhJ/, ;ko/ gzikph eod/ ytko j? ih.

109109109109109

g[Zs u"Xoh dk oKMk Bkw w/ok, S/sh u{ue dk pDK itkJh j?A ih.

u{ue d/F ftd/FK ftZu eo/ fp}B;, n?j d/y T[; okj dkoh gkJh j? ih.

jZEhA fby e/ jho B/ nkg w?~, d/y' ;kfjp fJj fuZmh xbkJh j? ih.

p? AeK ftZu j? eJh eo'V ;kvk, ekjs'A eo{ z w? A j'o ewkJh j? ih.

110110110110110



n;hA ;[fDnK j? d'B/ d/ u"Xoh dk, tZv/ tZv/ B/ b'e ;fseko eod/.

s/o/ pko/ th ;[fDnK j? oKMDk pJh, pj[s b'e B/ s?~ th fgnko eod/.

uzrh soK u{ue ~ th ikDd/ jK, u{ue d/F ftd/FhA ftUgko eod/.

Xh u{ue dh th BjhA w[Vh ik e/, J/;/ tk;s/ BjhA fJspko eod/.

111111111111111

god/;K d / wkwb / eh j [ zd / , f;o g ?D s / oKM / ~ ;wM nkJh.

ibdh ik fwbDk nkgDh jho sKJh, p?mk ;h oKMk gZeh nk; bkJh.

bZrh M[DM[Dh oKM/ d/ fi;w ~ ih, gfjbh tko ;h eZuh sæ/b nkJh.

b{zJh ezv/ yVQ/ ;h U; fdB s'A, fuZmh jho dh fi; fdB dh ;h nkJh.

112112112112112

jZE i'V oKMk nodk; eodk, oZpk o{j ebp{s ftZu gkfJU ih.

fwb/ fpBK Bk wB ~ u?B fwbDh, S/sh fwbD dh ftX pDkfJU ih.

gziK ghoK ~ th oKMk :kd eodk, c; rJh rZvh XZek bkfJU ih.

;fsr[o ;kjwD/ yVk nodk; eodk, fwjoK tkb/ dh fwjo eokfJU ih.

113113113113113

fJZe gb th ihDk jokw j'fJnk, j[D sK jho d/ Bkb t;b/ :ko pkM'A.

fuZs e[M th eoB ~ BjhA eodk, e[M Bk UjVdk :ko fddko pkM'A.

oKM/ x/o e/ oZfynk pVk fdb ~, pD{ rZb ih yZib y[nko pkM'A.

e'Jh ihD dk noE jh BjhA pDdk, ;[gfBnK dh wbek ;'jDh Bko pkM'A.

114114114114114

gziK ;ZsK J/izNK Bkb rZb ehsh, fe;/ ehws s/ th}k btk fdU ih.

jo jkbs jh gj[zuDk jho skJhA, e'Jh uzrk fijk uZeo ubk fdU ih.

rK r 'oh bt /oh rtkuh w /oh, Bkb j ' e / w ?~ bGk fdU ih.

fizBK you nkt/ w?A j[D/ d/tK, fJZe tko pZ; ;zrb cVk fdU ih.

115115115115115

d' bZy o[gfJnk J/izN wzfrnk, Brd T[d' A jh oKM/ cVkfJnk ih.

efjzdk xzN/ ftZu fe;/ Bk rZb eoe/, pZ; J/dK jh frnk s/ nkfJnk ih.

gJhnK FkwK J/izN go Bkw[fVnk, ;kok fdB T[vhe rtkfJnk ih.

fe;/ nkD dZf;nk T[j sK c[oB j'fJnk, s?~ oKfMnk T[Zb{ pDkfJnk ih.

116116116116116



gfjbK ed/ Bk d/JhJ/ J/izN ~ e[M, fco/ s[o/ b'eK ;wMkfJnk ;{.

n;K o'w s'A ik e/ fSZg cVBk, th}k fJNbh dk n;hA btkfJnk ;{.

fS Zg o 'w s ' A t ?okeo {; iKdk, rbc w?e;he ' o {N pDkfJnk ; {.

nZr'A b? d/ e/ b'ehA gj[zu iKd/, ihjBk n?b J/ gj[zuDk ukfjnk ;{.

117117117117117

fJNbh ikD ~ j'fJnk fsnko oKMk, ek^} gZso fsnko eotk fbnk ih.

fJZe bZy d/ ftZu jh rZb pD rJh, th}k fJNbh dk oKM/ btk fbnk ih.

yVQ/ g?o fco n/o'cb'N cV e/, oKMk fdZbh s'A wk;e' nkfJnk ih.

o'w ikD tkbh ;h cbkJhN bzxh, okshA wk;e' jh v/ok bkfJnk ih.

118118118118118

ykD ghD dk ofjD dk you ;kok, ijk} tkfbnK B/ nkg/ jh ehsk.

uzrk ;kE fwfbnk o'Nh ykD bZfrnK, ;wK wk;e' ftZu tXhnk ;h phsk.

e[Vh Bkot/ dh uZbh fJzvhnk ~, oks wk;e' ofjD ~ ih ehsk.

jZ; y/v e/ oks bzxkJh d'jK, ikD bZrh B/ pkJ/ pkJ/ th ehsk.

119119119119119

thj o{pb ;toB/ B/ ;h fdZs /, oKM/ ;'funk wk;e' you iktK.

p'sb tkJhB dh b? bJh wk;e' s'A, ;'u/ okj d/ ftZu fes/ g?Zr bktK.

iKd/ o'w ~ o;s/ d/ ftZu y'bQh, oKM/ ;'funk gh e/ ;" A iktK.

Bkb pzrbkd/Fh ;h fJZe p?mk, efjzdk fbnk :kok w?A th x[ZN bktK.

120120120120120

d' j\fsnK sKJh ;h fFZg w[VBk, fi; fFZg s/ oKM/ B/ iktDk ih.

fbnk j'Nb #u ewok feokJ/ T[Zs/, G'iB fwb/ UE/ wB GktDk ih.

;{N p{N gk e/ NkJh FkJh bk e/, id'A oKMD/ B/ r/Vk bktDk ih.

BkoK ;kohnK B/ fdb s/ jZE XoB/, fiZXo'A dh oKM/ bzx iktDk ih.

121121121121121

nkJh f;vBh s'A e[Vh fJZe ;?o ykso, ;ko/ b'e T[;~ efjzd/ goh :ko'.

gfjbh tko jh oKM/ ~ U; fvZmk, t/AjfdnK ;ko jh oKM/ s/ woh :ko'.

ykDk ykD d/ gZi Bk Bkb b? rJh, ykDk yKfdnK g/FeF eoh :ko'.

efjzd/ n"os dh g/FeF e"D w'V/, oKM/ oks ;[jktDh eoh :ko'.

122122122122122

goh nkydh oKfMnk uZb f;vBh, UE/ pj[s tZvk xo pkjo ;kvk.

bZyK G/vK B/ v?v d/ ckowK ftZu, T[B bkj[D dk tZvk tgko ;kvk.



j? gBho ;kvk d{o d{o iKdk, f;o/ ;ko j? ih eko'pko ;kvk.

;koh okiXkBh ;k~ ikDdh j?, efjDk w'Vdh BjhA ;oeko ;kvk.

123123123123123

oKM / nkfynk t ? Au {o k w ? A ikDk, w /o k fdb UE / fdbdko UE /.

w/oh o{j UE/ w/oh ikB UE/, w/ok gæ /w UE/ w/ok fgnko UE/.

fJt/ A ikgdk w/ok ;G e[M UE/, fiZE/ jho w/oh xo pkjo UE/.

fJZe nkFe dk fdb, fdb ftZu w/o/, w/ok fJFe jh j? tgko UE/.

124124124124124

oKMk gj[zfunk t?okeo{; fi; fdB, U;/ fdB jh fSg SZv nkfJnk ih.

Ffjo ;'jDk ;w[zdo d/ Bkb pfDnK, N?e;h ftZu pfj e/ r/Vk bkfJnk ih.

;" vkbo d/ ftZu jh Ffjo ;kok, N?e;h tkb/ B/ y{p x[wkfJnk ih.

p'bh fe;/ dh ;wM Bk nkJ/ b/feB, s[e/ Bkb jh ezw ubkfJnk ih.

125125125125125

nrb/ fdB fco b'eb cbkJhN b? e/, oKMk Ffjo w?e;he' nkfJnk ih.

d' fdZbhnK Bkb' A th Ffjo tZvk, oKM/ ik UE/ v/ok bkfJnk ih.

okiXkBh fJwkos j? pVh tZvh, w'jo/ rKXh dk p[Zs th bkfJnk ih.

ozr o{g ;G dk j? gzikp tork, oKM/ @skJ/ e/# nky p[bkfJnk ih.

126126126126126

fJZe dw gzikp d/ b'e brd/, tksktoD jh ;kok gzikp tork.

B?D fwor tor/ ekb/ tkb ;pd/, ozr ozBK dk fBok r[bkp tork.

yKd/ soh soekoh eokoh b'ehA, ykDk wkbt/, wkM/ dnkp tork.

Gfonk x[ZN sehb/ dk fJT[A bZrk, gfjb/ s'V dh d/;h Fokp tork.

127127127127127

e;os eoB tkb/ ewo/ ftZu ik e/, FkwhA oKM/ B/ f;js pDkJh B/ ih.

wod n"osK g{b ftZu BjkT[D eZm/, ftZu oKM/ th N[ZGh ik bkJh B/ ih.

p'b/ BksK fBoh gzikph bZr/, fgzvk r[ zdtK e[Vh fJZe nkJh B/ ih.

oKM / ; " vkbo T[;~ th fd Zsk, d ' xzN / w;ki eotkJh B / ih.

128128128128128

n?;h oKM/ B/ o/y ftZu w/y rZvh, eJh BthnK behoK pDk bJhnK.

nzpoK ftZu ;h Gkbdk jho nkgDh, eJh BthnK jh XoshnK rkj bJhnK.

xo'A T[Zfvnk ;h nkgD/ fgnko fgZS/, eJh BthnK T[vkohnK bk bJhnK.

B[Ze-BthnK eJh e[VshnK gk fvZmhnK, fizBk jzYhnK UBk jzYk bJhnK.



129129129129129

oKM/ i[rs soehp ubkJh ;koh, nkfyo b"; J/Aib; Ffjo nkfJnk ih.

fcodk Gkbdk nkgDh jho skJhA, j'o e[M Bk oKM/ ~ GkfJnk ih.

bZGdk bZGdk t?ABu{ok ik gj[zuk, gj[zu t?ABu{ok ;"yk ;kj nkfJnk ih.

bZfGnk gsk i' fuZmh s/ ;h fbfynk, oKM/ ik e[zvk yVekfJnk ih.

130130130130130

jho ;'udh e"D j? nZi nkfJnk, fe;B/ fJ; soK pko yVekfJnk ih.

e'Jh ikgdk pVk db/o pzdk, fe;/ yk; jh wko s/ nkfJnk ih.

p{jk y'fbQnk e?d'A B/ id'A ik e/, nzdo nkgD/ nkg tV nkfJnk ih.

g?ohA g?Bk fgsk ih nky e/ s/, ik u{ue d/ g?ohA jZE bkfJnk ih.

131131131131131

u{ue fbnk gSkD ;h oKMD/ ~, pKj' A cV Sksh Bkb bkfJnk ih.

ukuk jho dk jK e?d' A Bkw w/ok, e?d' A oKM/ BkjZE fwbkfJnk ih.

g[ZSh fgnko d/ Bkb rZb pks ;koh, s/ ;fseko d/ Bkb fpmkfJnk ih.

oKMk nkydk pVh jh fgnk; bZrh, jZEhA u{ue B/ i{; fgbkfJnk ih.

132132132132132

jho ;[Dh nktk} iK oKMD/ dh, GZih GZih u[pko/ u' A nkJh B/ ih.

oKMk T[Zm e/ }ok nrKj j'fJnk, d'jK Xkn rbtZeVh gkJh B/ ih.

XkjK wkohnK w'Y/ s/ f;o oZy e/, uhe nzpoK she ;[DkJh B/ ih.

gziK ghoK dh X[o'A nktk} nkJh, jho oKM/ ~ ;kvh tXkJh B/ ih.

133133133133133

u{ue e?d ' A d / Bkb ;bkj eodk, ;'u ;wM e/ c?;bk b? j'Dk.

jho oKM/ dk fgnko j? pVk r{Vk, Bk fJj fwN ;eDk Bk fJj ;fj j'Dk.

w[VBk w{b Bk jho B/ oKMD/ s'A, Bk ;kE'A MZb j'Dk Bk e[M efj j'Dk.

v{zx/ gkDh ftZu fvZr gJh Xh ;kvh, Bk T[;~ eZY j'Dk Bk ;kE'A ofj j'Dk.

134134134134134

fco u{ue s/ e?d'A d/ Bkb pfj e/, oKM/ phno pZsk wk;k bkfJnk ih.

ghik jZN s'A xo'A jh ekb eoe/, u{ue nkg ghik wzrtkfJnk ih.

pfj e/ wkM/ dnkp/ dhnK eoB rZbK, Bkb/ wZmk wZmk g?Zr bkfJnk ih.

oks ofjD d/ tk;s/ oKMD/ bJh, ewok j'Nb ftZu p[Ze eotkfJnk ih.

135135135135135

nrb/ fdB fco d\so d/ ftZu pfj e/, jho oKM/ ~ u{ue ;wMKtdk ih.

j'Nb gj[zu e/ oKM/ ~ Bkb b? e/, e?d'A u{ue d/ d\so fbnKtdk ih.



i[r i[r ihU s/ wkD' itkBhnK ~, p/Nk nky e/ u{ue p[bKtdk ih.

fgnko eoBk sK jZe j? jo fe;/ dk, b/feB ftobk e'Jh f;o/ uVKtdk ih.

136136136136136

u{ue nkydk oKfMnk ;[D g[Zsok, w?~ gsk s{z jho ~ fgnko eodK.

fgsk nky id g?ohA s{z jZE bkfJnk, fJ; s'A gsk brdk s{z ;fseko eodK.

brBK oZp dh o}k ftZu ofjD tkbk, fieo oZp dk s{z tko tko eodK.

fgnko gotdrko B/ th ehsk, e'Jh joi BjhA i/eo s{z fgnko eodK.

137137137137137

fgnko eoB s'A w?A Bk ed/ o'eK, fJZe pkg dk pZfunK Bk tkdk ih.

jo eow d/ b/feB n;{b j[zd/, fgnko eoB dk th j? ekfJdk ih.

j{VQwZsh #u fgnko pdBkw eoBk, Bk e'Jh rZb pDdh Bk e'Jh ckfJdk ih.

i/ eo ;kfonK d/ fdb d[yh j' rJ/, eh ckfJdk n?;k fdb bkJ/ dk ih.

138138138138138

u{ue nkfynk oKfMnk dZ; e/oK, jho bJh e[opkBh e'Jh eo ;ed?A<

w?~ gsk j? ioBk sK pj[s n"yk, eh s{z ;kb d' ;kb bJh io ;ed?A<

so nkfJnk s{z d[Bhnk d/ gkDhnK ~, eh E'Vk fijk j'o th so ;ed?A<

s/o/ tk;s/ s?~ fJZe ezw dZ;K, w/o/ wro bZr e/ eh s{z eo ;ed?A<

139139139139139

oKM/ nkfynk goy e/ d/y e/oK, w?A sK jho bJh e[M th eo ;edK.

;wK p /t\kJh Bk eo / i /eo, ; " ;kb th ;w / A ~ io ;edK.

y/vK soB dhnK woB dhnK w?A ikDk, Gt ;kro th jho bJh so ;edK.

ihAdk ojK w?A jho bJh T[wo ;koh, b'V gJh sK jho bJh wo ;edK.

140140140140140

ek^} jho d/ pDBr/ ;kb yzv ftZu, UBk fuo Bk rZb e'Jh eohA oKMk.

d;]s fe;/ d/ n;K eotkJ/ B/ ih, seVk fdb eoe/ rZb ~ iohA oKMk.

godk oZyD d/ ftZu jh fiZs s/oh, pkih fiZsh iskJh Bk johA oKMk.

g/go jho d/ id'A th pD/ gZe/, pV/ F"e d/ Bkb Fkdh eohA oKMk.

141141141141141

s{z th ;[D jho/ rZb ~ bV pzfB bk, w?A y[d ikDdk oKMk fdbdko s/ok.

pD ikD ek^} sK fco y[Fh eo bJhA, fes/ GZik BjhA iKdk fJj fgnko s/ok.

T[x ;[x Bk fBeb/ fe;/ skJhA, fe s{z oKM/ dh j?A oKMk :ko s/ok.

dV tZN e/ ;kb d' ;kb eZY bk, w?A ][d nkg t;kT{A xo pkjo s/ok.

142142142142142



U;/ ekbi s/ U;/ ebk; d/ ftZu, fiZE/ jho gVQdh oKMk ikD bZrk.

fJZe ewok feokJ/ s/ fbnk T[;B/, nkg/ ykD s/ nkg/ gekT[D bZrk.

oth n"ib/ Bkb ik rZb ehsh, ;?tB nb?tB s/ oksK brkB bZrk.

fgZS'A xofdnK e'b'A j? eh wzrDk, you tou i'rk ;h ewkD bZrk.

143143143143143

ekbi ftZu ;h fJZe fdB fwbh ;fjsh, g[ZSD oKM/ dk ;kok jkb ukb bZrh.

e[o;h fyZu e/ oKM/ d/ e'b eo bJh, T[bN g[bN fij/ g[ZSD ;tkb bZrh.

efjzdh T[Zm e/ iok e[ yVk j'thA, iZck wko e/ Sksh d/ Bkb bZrh.

s/o/ tork Bk rZGo{ e'Jh fvZmk, ;koh T[wo ;h w?~ sK Gkb bZrh.

144144144144144

oKMk nkydk iZNK dh e[Vh bZr/ A, uzrh Gbh gzikph s{ z p'bBh J/ A.

goQK j' e/ iok e[ p?m e[VhJ/, fJj e;{sh fijh eVQh eh x'OBh J/A.

bkOK f;ZN dh J/A BtK d/y pzdk, Fpd bZuo, nFbhb feT[A p'bBh J/A.

w/o/ nzdo j? ;[brdh nZr fijVh, X[yd/ e'b/ s{z ekjs'A co'bBh J/A.

145145145145145

nZXh rZb dh s/oh Bk ;wM bZrh, r{VQ frnkB s/ pj[sk Bk ikDdh w?A.

ykD ghD dk F"e w?A oZydh jK, oZi oZi ozr obhnK jh wkDdh w?A.

n?Bk gsk s{z w/oh jh T[wo dk j?A, fwD e/ d/y bk s{z s/o/ jkD dh w?A.

w"i fizdrh dh w?A sK fBZs b?Adh, pj[sh r[Dk xNkU Bk ikDdh w?A.

146146146146146

fJZe fdB oks ~ oKMk ;h ezw eodk, X'Adk gkofezr MkV{ brKtdk ih.

vZp/ phno d/, ]kbh rbk; u[Ze/, u[Ze e{V/ d/ vZp/ ftZu gKtdk ih.

;fjsh phno yohdD ~ nkJh UE/, T[;~ t/y :ehB Bk nKtdk ih.

brdk BjhA fe ed/ fJ; ezw ehsk, eh ekoD j? fJj g'u/ bKtdk ih.

147147147147147

J/Bh d/o ~ nkgDk ezw eoe/, oKMk s[fonk ewo/ tZb iKtdk ih.

;fjsh o'e e/ eko fpmk fbnk ;{, efjzdh s/o/ s/ so; j? nKtdk ih.

;fjsh nkydh s/o/ w?A xo/ ikDk, oKMk ;fjsh s'A yfjVk SvKtdk ih.

ewo/ ftZu sK e[M th j? Bk ;h, ;zrdk ;zrdk nzdo ~ iKtdk ih.

148148148148148

e[o;h w/} Bk e'Jh Bk wzik ghjVh, ekog?N s/ ezpb ftSkJ/ oKMk.

ewo/ ftZu sK j'o e[M th Bk ;h, ;'u/ ;fjsh ~ eh fdykJ/ oKMk.



;fjsh nZy d/ Bkb iK nZy w/bh, fBZek fijk fco w{zj pDkJ/ oKMk.

oKMk g[ Zs i' d/F d/ u"Xoh dk, d{i/ d/F ftZu B}o u[okJ/ oKMk.

149149149149149

nkj sK pj[s tXhnk ;fjsh nkydh ;{, pV/ b'e J/;/ soK ofjD oKMk.

s/o/ e'b sK ezpb j? pVk tXhnk, b'ehA ekog?N T[Zs/ jh g?D oKMk.

nkj b? cV vZpk, nkgK phno ghJ/, w?A s/ ezpb s/ bZrh jK pfjD oKMk.

fszB uko vZp/ phno d/ gh e/, ;fjsh nkydh bZrh w?A g?D oKMk.

150150150150150

oKMk nkydk nkgD/ xo w[V ik, xo tkb/ T[vhed/ j 'Dr/ Bh.

fi;dh Xh itkB Bk w[Vh okshA, ;koh oks T[j fe; soK ;"ADr/ Bh.

nuBu/s i/ dkr bZr ikJ/ e'Jh, ;koh T[wo fco fe; soK X'Dr/ Bh.

i/eo nKY rtKY ~ gsk bZr{, xo d/ wko d[j ZEV/ o 'Dr/ Bh.

151151151151151

;fjsh nkydh ;wM Bk bZrdh ;{, fejVk fj;kp feskp brktBk J/A.

T [o / nk s / x [ ZN fgbk w ?~, n ?t / A g Zi gb Zi eh bktDk J / A .

nkj s{z vZp/ ~ eh u[zxh iktBk J/A, xzN/ ftZu fJe vZpk w[ektBk J/A.

T[o/ nkJ/Ark iK fyZu btK s?~, oZp s'A j'o s{z nZi eh ukjtBk J/A.

152152152152152

fwjDk wodK ~ SZv w?dkB GZiDk, oKM/ Go rbk;h fJZe bkJh B/ ih.

oKM/ nkfynk d/y j[D fet/A ghtK, fJZe' ;kjV/ rbk;h w[ekJh B/ ih.

;fjsh oKM/ d/ w'Y/ s/ f;o oZfynk, Bkb/ x[ZN efozxVh gkJh B/ ih.

;[ZBVk rZb ~ ;[Dh fsnko j' e/, XZe/ Bkb jh ;/i jzYkJh B/ ih.

153153153153153

oKM/ nrb/ fdB e?d'A ~ ekb ehsh, eh e[M eoB e[VhnK d[jkJh B/ ih.

;koh ]'b e/ oks dh rZb dZ;h, efjzdk oks fJZe G{sBh nkJh B/ ih.

w?A sK vodk ;h T[;d/ bZSDK s'A, XZe/ Bkb T[; ;/tk eotkJh B/ ih.

uzrh Gbh ;h phno id ghD bZrh, phno gh e/ j'F rtkJh B/ ih.

154154154154154

e?d'A nkydk rZb ;[D s{z oKMk, s/ok pVk jh ezw ;{s nkfJnk B/.

d/yhA ;kb d' ;kb d/ ftZu oKMk, s/ok jok gZsk xo nkfJnk B/.

d;]s eoB ~ s{z wBkJhA T[;~, s/ok ezw sK ezY/ s/ nkfJnk B/.

rZb eohA s{ z oKfMnk U; t/b/, id'A U; B/ g? Zr fJZe bkfJnk B/.

155155155155155



jkb/ w{zj'A u'A oKM/ B/ rZb eZYh, ;fjsh U;/ t/b/ GZih nkJh B/ ih.

U;/ fdB jh d;]s ik ehs/, rZvh oKM/ dh bhjK s/ gkJh B/ ih.

x[zwd/ oj/ d't/A T[; fdB phu T[Zs/, nZi oKM/ B/ o'Nh yOkJh B/ ih.

N/pb tkJhB d/ d' fszB g?Zr bk e/, ;fjsh gZeh rbk;h th bkJh B/ ih.

156156156156156

bzfxnk ;wK s/ gsk jh Bk bZrk, fJZe fdB ;w/A B/ ozr fdykfJnk ih.

vZpk ]'b id oKM/ B/ w/b d/yh, jok gZsk nZi vke ftZu nkfJnk ih.

oKM/ :ko p/bh ;ko/ eo/ eZm/, pko ph feT{ nZi pDkfJnk ih.

d/o y"ghJ/ skJh A ;h oj/ gh Ad /, g{ok izw e/ y[Fk wBkfJnk ih.

157157157157157

N[zB j' e/ e?d' A th frnk UE/, fJZe j'o ik e/ g? Zr bkfJnk ih.

fuZmk ]'b e/ oZfynk nkgDk th, gZsk e?d' A th fJt/A pDkfJnk ih.

e'Jh rZb dZ;/ nkgD/ Bkb phsh, fedK iZNK B/ tes bzxkfJnk ih.

fe;/ dZf;nk e/ pkoK ;kb wro'A, u/jok pZfunK dk B}ohA nkfJnk ih.

158158158158158

u{ue e'b fco nrb/ fdB frnk oKMk, nky/ w?A sK p'b g[rkfJnk ih.

eo' fwjo s/ jho j[D fdU w?~, nkgDh jho ~ b?D w?A nkfJnk ih.

u{ue nkydk y/V/ sK BjhA wzBd/, fgSb/ wjhB/ w?A pVk ;wMkfJnk ih.

ekov jho dk nkfJnk j? eJh fuo dk, go Bk y/fVnK ;k~ fdykfJnk ih.

159159159159159

U;/ t/b/ jh ;fjsh ~ ekb eoe/, oKM/ ewo/ d/ ftZu p[bkfJU B/.

ekov fwbD dh y[Fh fco eoh d'jK, eZm/ p?m e/ g?Zr F?r bkfJU B/.

eJhnK fdBK d/ pknd nZi fwb/ d't/A, oZi oZi e/ wB goukfJU B/.

shthA Bk pDh Bk ;jh c/o eh j?, nkgD/ fgnko ~ B/go/ bkfJU B/.

160160160160160

;fjsh nkydh oKfMnk :kd oZyhA, w?A sK nkgDk co} fBGk fdZsk.

w/ok e[M th Bk b[fenk t/ s/o/ e'b'A, nzr nzr w?A ]'b ftyk fdZsk.

s/o / w /o / ftukb/ j? e"D BZYh, fi;B/ s/o / s / ikd { ubk fdZsk.

dZ;h fdb dh rZb Bk ed/ w?~, rZbhA pkshA s{ z w?~ Noek fdZsk.

161161161161161

oKMk nkydk u{ue B/ e;w gkJh, sKjhUA s/o/ s'A rZb b[ekJh Bko/.

fi;~ ;fjshJ/ Gkph s{z nkydh j?A, fJj ;G jho dh eoh eokJh Bko/.



w?A nwohek i/ nkfJnk sK jho ykso, jho fyZu e/ w?~ fbnkJh Bko/.

w/o/ nkT[D s'A gfjbK jh jho d/ bJh, jo/ gZs/ dh rZb ubkJh Bko/.

162162162162162

fpBk Fos w?A s?~ fgnko ehsk, i[r i[r ihn s{z s/ w/ok :ko whnK.

eodk fuZs i/ oZp fXnktD/ ~, w?A sK eodh ;K s/ok dhdko whnK.

nrb/ iBw ftZu fwbKr/ c/o nkgK, s/o/ f;o j? w/ok T[Xko whnK.

s/oh jho w?A s?~ fdtk fdnKrh, iKdh tko dk w/ok fJeoko whnK.

163163163163163

;fjsh ik e/ y/V/ Bkb rZb eodh, efjzdh rZb ;[D bk e/ ezB thok.

jho s/oh sK ed/ Bk j' ;edh, oKM/ :ko dh T[j sK j? ozB thok.

jho oKMk sK o{j ebp{s gZe/, ;e/ e'Jh Bk U; ~ GzB thok.

i/eo wk;k th rZb ;h pD ;edh, ;kv/ nkT[Adh fco oKM/ dh izB thok.

164164164164164

w?A s/ oKM/ d/ Bkb fgnko ehsk, s{z sK f;o\ pZ; jho ~ ukfjnk B/.

jo/ gZs/ dk wkD Bk eohA thok, w?A th oKM/ dk gZsk pDkfJnk B/.

fdb oKM/ dk ed/ Bk fiZs ;eh, Gkt/A fi;w ~ g{ok jzYkfJnk B/.

s{z s/ wB' wB jho ~ fgnko ehsk, w?A sK ;G e[M jh nZr/ vkfjnk B/.

165165165165165

d' fi;w fJZe ikB B/ jho oKMk, oZp B/ i'Vh fJj nkg pDkJh thok.

fe;/ dh Bk skes i' pdb d/t/, s/oh G?D fJj d/t/ d[jkJh thok.

oKMk wk;k th Bk w/ok j' ;fenk, w?A tkj ijkB dh bkJh thok.

s{z T[vhedk fgnko d/ szrVK ~, :kd oZyhA fJZe fwbDh Bk okJh thok.

166166166166166

gZsk jho dk d/j, nkgDk eZN gZsk, J/;/ ftZu jh s/oh GbkJh thok.

pDdh rZb sK w?A ik e/ fwzs eodh, sobk gk fbnkT[Adh GoikJh thok.

s/ohnK nZyK dk BjhA fJbki j'Dk, gkJhA fijVh s{z wo}h dtkJh thok.

fbnk gZsok jho ~ d/ nktK, n?t/A bJh fcodK fdb ~ bkJh thok.

167167167167167

;fjsh jho ~ fwbD fco iKtdh j?, efjzdh ik e/ s?~ tXkJh jho/.

oKMk s/ok sK ;dk s/oh i/p ftZu ;h, jok gZsk w?A s/ok fbnkJh jho/.

wk\h nZi w?A s/o/ s'A wzrDh nK, uzrk j[zdk i/ nkT[Adk Bkb GkJh jho/.

i [r i[r itkBhnK wkfDU ih, i'Vh s[;K dh oZp pDkJh jho /.

168168168168168



oKMk nkydk jho ~ uZb uZbhJ/, Ffjo t?ABu{ok nkgK SZv iktDk ih.

fes/ d{o d[okv/ j? ub/ ikDk, fe;/ Bt/ A EK nQkbDk gktDk ih.

gziK ghoK ~ o'} fXnKtdk ;K, nZi s'A pZ; j[D s?~ fXnktDk ih.

;[ZBV nkydk ;h oKMk fwbhA nk e/, nkgK ;[ZBV ~ fwbD th iktDk ih.

169169169169169

;[ZBV nkydk oKM/ ~ p?m e/ j[D, w/oh rZb dk eohA fynkb g[Zsokl

fizB/ w'V w[fVnk s{z nkgDh ihtBh d/, w/oh ebw ;h s/o/ Bkb Bkb g[Zsok.

i' th ihtB d/ ftZu s?~ fgnk eoBk, Uj jh fbfynk Jh w?A jkb ukb g[Zsok.

jho ;[ZBV w?A nZi s?~ d/D bZrK, fJZe rhs j? fJj p/ fw;kb g[Zsok.

170170170170170

fJ; ~ ik e/ fes/ Bk oZy d/JhA, ;koh d[Bhnk ~ rk e/ ;[DkJhA p/Nk.

p?AsK tkfo; d/ tKr pDkJhnK B/, j/eK bk e/ J/; ~ rkJhA p/Nk.

fuzsk eohA Bk nZi s'A e'Jh oKMk, jho rkJhA s/ jho jzYkJhA p/Nk.

bZyK jho oKM/ d[Bhnk ftZu fcod/, ;G ~ w/ok g?^kw gVQkJhA p/Nk.

171171171171171

tkfo; Fkj whnK s/ok j[ew wzfBnK, BthA eEk fJe i'V ;[DkJh B/ ih.

pb p[ZXh ;h fizBh th fwbh w?~, i'o bkfJnk ejkDh pDkJh B/ ih.

gkso fusoD w?A ehsk fdwkr bk e/, fe;/ gkso s/ T{i Bk bkJh B/ ih.

feZ;k ekt ;h fgzio/ ftZu pzd j'fJnk, nZi T[;dh fojkJh eokJh B/ ih.

tkfo; Fkj whnK w?~ wk\ eoBk, fJj sK wk\h dh jh no}h gkJh B/ ihI

172172172172172

-


376 wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2wzf}b Bk fwbh -2Academy of the Punjab in North America: http://www.apnaorg.com

academy of the punjab in north america: · 2017-03-31 · 2 wzf}b bk fwbh -2 manzil na milee part...

Documents