UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL CARMENCAMPUS I

AMINTA AVILES CRUZLENGUA INGLESA

Computer Assisted Language Learning

ICT is more than computer and internet or even telephony. Applications of ICT can be divided under two broad categories.

Traditional communications networks

That enable on-demand communications provide information tailored to the users convenience and needs. It is used at all , and whether it is transformed into knowledge is left to the human user who asked for that information.

Human independent

Where the information is processed and decisions are arrived on the basis of present criteria without human intervention at the time of decision making.

ICT AND DEVELOPED It is viewed as both a means

and an end for development. With roughly two-third of the world economy based on services, and the rise of India, Philippines and other nations as global IT players, many developing countries have accepted ICT as a national mission.

WSISThe world Summit on the information society,

phase i brought to the Forefront the role of ICT for development.

ICT AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIESData from the cooperative aassociation for

internet Data Analysis show that the internet is overwhelmingly concentrated in a few

locations.

MEASURING ICT

Most popular metrics are based on weighted sub-metrics spanning various facets of ICT

CONTINUAL MARCH OF ICT This was based not in theory but in

empirical extrapolation and “moore´s Lwas” has essentially been validated for decades since.

All these improvement in technology have resulted not only in enhanced capabilities, but alsa in dramatically bringing down the costs.

TECHNOLOGY MAPPING TO DEVELOPMENT

There are a number of hypotheses as to why ICT is not yet integrally relevant for development.. This is the problematic for a number of reason; the products are expensive as the intended markest are in the west and these also assume non-trivial user capabilities, and almost all require support networks,

ICT CHALLENGES The simplified model of ICT

masks the challenges that require extensive research, both in technology and in the social sciences. Some of these are common to the needs of developed countries as well. But they often have institutions and mechanisms to address some of issues.Digital divides• Awareness• Availability• Accessibility• affordability

Hardware and software costUntil hardware and software costs decrease, ICT may remain beyond the reach of many user.Connectivity cost

This implies that a shared access model becomes de riguer for ICT to be affordable.

ROBUSTNESS

In developing countries, the reliability of ICT is typically much lower. Often, the component reliability is trumped by failures in electricity, software, or other complementary systems, including limited availability of spares..CONTENT

Content and applications drive demand for ICT. Today, virtually all applications and most of the content are produced by or geared towars Westem users or uurban elites.In addition. Most content is not locally relevant or actionable.

USABILLITY AND INTERFACE The primary means of

interfacing with data has been the computer, which assumes a certain level of literacy, both lingual and technical.

Though much has been said about used interface for those across the digital divide, greater attention needs to be paid to making hardware and software easier to use for even more sophisticated user.

SECURITYFrom end-user perspectives, issues, trust and verifiability are key concerns. Email was the first “killer application” of the internet. Spam is now the bulk of transmitted email, and. Coupled with viruses, makes going online an ordeal.Information security, and its aspects encompassing integrity, confidentiality, privacy, and assurance, is a major concern for all countries, including the developed ones.

INTERNET CONTROL, ARCHITECTURE AND ADDRESSING

The current system might have shortcomings, but handing over internet management to the UN/ITU was not widely recommended. One issue that was raised was the limited funding available, for such activities, including traveling to the regular standards and oversight meetings.REGULATION AND POLICYCompetition has overwhelmingly helped consumers in the telecom world, but many developing countries regulate ICT restrictively.Convergence is an accepted evolution of telecom systems, bridging voice and data, fixed and mobile.When considering policy issues, legislation is an important factor when companies consider investing in ICT. Issues that require governmental clarity include those or jurisdiction, taxation and culpability/liability.

WIRELESS

It has grown dramatically in the last decade. Wireless technologies offer a compelling solution for access requirements in the developing world, especially in light of the lower density of user. The very success of wireless telephony in developing countries poses a paradox for broadband data services.ENERGY AND POWER

For truly remote locations, electricity is a greater challenge than ICT, and standalone solutions such as solar power may cost more than a computer and telecommunications equipment. Until technology improves to reduces power consumption, the zise and cost of these devices will remain high.

DIGITAL INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING

Over the air broadcasting is an extremely cost-effective method of unidirectional imparting of information. Digital information can be broadcast easily, and there is already widespread usage of digital TV and, now, digital radio.

ECONOMIC MODELS, MARKETS, AND ROLE OF ICTBalancing technology push with market pull is a fundamental requirement for hamessing ICT for sustainable development. When choosing technologies, people often worry about backwards compatibility and cite that as a reason not to deploy greenfield designs.

Three phases of CALL

Three phases of CALL

Behavioristic CALLIt was based on the then-dominant

behaviorist theories of learning. Programs of this phase entailed

repetitive language drills and can be referred to as "drill and practice" (or, more pejoratively, as "drill and kill").

Communicative CALLIt was based on the

communicative approach to teaching which became

prominent in the 1970s and 80s. Proponents of this

approach felt that the drill and practice programs of

the previous decade did not allow enough authentic communication to be of

much value.

Steps toward integrative CALL: multimediaIT is based on two

important technological developments of the last

decade - multimedia computers and the Internet.

Multimedia technology - exemplified today by the

CD-ROM - allows a variety of media (text, graphics, sound, animation, and

video) to be accessed on a single machine.

REFERENCES

Athelstan (1995) Technology and Language Learning Yearbook Vol 6, Houston, TX: Athelstan.

Dunkel P. (ed.) (1991) Computer-assisted language learning and testing: research issues and practice, New York, NY: Newbury House.

Hardisty D. & Windeatt S. (1989) CALL, Oxford: Oxford University Press