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Acumen Publishing Central Works of Philosophy Vol. 1, Ancient and Medieval (2005)

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  • Central Works of Philosophy

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  • Central Works of Philosophy

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  • Central Works of Philosophy Volume 1Ancient and Medieval

    Edited by John Shand

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  • Ancient and Medieval Philosophy: Introduction &"

    1 Plato: Republic &7#$%

    2 Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics .8&

    3 Lucretius: On the Nature of the Universe 8>'

    4 Sextus Empiricus: Outlines of Pyrrhonism >$"$

    5 Plotinus: The Enneads &&>$'$

    6 Augustine: City of God &.()

    7 Anselm: Proslogion &8>"

  • CO N T E N TS

    8 Aquinas: Summa Theologiae &>. *&

    9 Duns Scotus: Ordinatio &?

    10 William of Ockham: Summa Logicae .(#

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