adi hidayat. critical thinking (berpikir secara kritis) 2-9-09
TRANSCRIPT
Mengapa berpikir secara kritis sangat penting?
Setiap orang berpikir : alamiah. Kualitas hidup, produksi dan perbuatan kitatergantung kualitas berpikir.Pikiran salah : mahal baik aspek uang &kualitas hidup.
Apakah Anda mendapat nilai lebih baik?
•Ya, studi 110 mhs terbukti berpikir kritis berkorelasi bermakna dengan IPK
• IPK dapat diperbaiki
• Berpikir kritis dapat dipelajari
•Berkorelasi bermakna kemampuan membaca
You are what you think. Whatever you do, feel--- all determined by
the quality of your thinking Problem not aware of your thinking you
have no chance of “correcting” it. It’s time to discover the power of thinking
in your life. You are capable of achieving more
significant goals You can live more happy & secure. The
choice is yours.
3 definisi CT : refleksi, better & proses “Reflective thinking focused on deciding
what to believe or do “Better Thinking”: memperbaiki
kemampuan interpertasi, evaluasi, memilih informasi
Menekankan proses bukan produk keputusan
What is Critical Thinking (CT)? (1)
Manfaat berpikir kritis Mampu mengajukan pertanyaan dan
masalah dengan jelas. Mampu mengumpulkan dan mengakses
informasi, interpretasi efektif Mampu menyimpulkan dan memecahkan
masalah Open-minded Mampu komunikasi idea dan keputusan
Prinsip berpikir kritis Pengetahuan adalah prestasi Mahasiswa aktif berperan serta dalam
proses belajar Berbagai perspektif penting untuk
memecahkan masalah Mahasiswa belajar menilai kualitas
berpikir sendiri
Novice (pemula) Vs. Expert (ahli)
Thinker Expert thinkersSecara cepat identifikasi informasi relevan Memformulasikan keputusan dari
informasi yang “sketchy” (informasi tidak lengkap)
Novice thinkersSemua informasi sama pentingtnya
CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS (2)
ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
SELF-REGULATION
INFERENCE
EXPLANATION
EVALUATION
Critical Thinking skills
Interpretation – riwayat penyakit penderita. Critical thinkers consider their interpretation with new evidence.
Analysis – analisis data : hasil pemeriksaan fisik dan lab, serta hubungannya satu sama lain.
Evaluation – menilai argumen, hubungan antar gejala, pernyataan. Apakah kontradiksi satu sama lain.
Critical thinking skills
Inference – diagnosis banding, kesimpulan.Inference can be accurate or inaccurate
Explanation – menjelaskan berbagai prosedur dan alasan
Self-regulation – self examination, self correction, self critique. How am I doing? The most remarkable skill of all.
Characteristics good critical thinker• Mengajukan pertanyaan dengan jelas
•Rajin mengumpulkan informasi relevant
•Persistence through difficulties
•Honest & resist manipulation
•Base judgments on evidence
•Intellectually independent
Poor critical thinker•Tidak terorganisasi
•Tidak teratur mengumpulkan fakta
•Mengajukan kriteria yang tidak berdasar
•Seringkali bingung
•Mudah menyerah menghadapi kesulitan
Critical thinking must be contrasted with non-critical thinking:
• Habitual thinking• Brainstorming• Creative thinking• Prejudicial thinking• Emotive thinking
Your BrainLeft Right
one thing at a time linear processing sequential operation writing & symbols analysis logic & reason mathematical verbal memory
integrating inputs holistic perception dreams holistic solutions synthesis pattern recognition intuition, insight visualizing
Logic: Truth and Validity "Tylenol is recommended by doctors more than any brand of aspirin." "Four out of five doctors surveyed
recommended Aspirin formula." 1. Apakah pernyataan tsb benar ? 2. Argument relevant ?
Critical thinking(3) Creative thinking
- linear and serial - holistic and parallel
- more structured - more emotional
- more rational - more intuitive
- more analytical - more creative
- more goal-oriented - more visual
Someone with strong critical thinking I hate people just state their opinion but
never give any reasons. I hold off making decisions until I’ve
thought through my options. Even if a problem is tougher (sukar) than I
expected , I’ll keep working on it. Making intelligent decisions is more
important than winning arguments
Someone with weak critical thinking
I prefer jobs where the supervisor says exactly what to do and how to do it.
No matter how complex the problem, you can be there with a simple solution.
I hate when teachers discuss problems instead of just giving the answer.
Selling ideas is like selling cars, you say whatever works.
Strategies for critical thinking in learning(4)
CT mempelajari suatu subyek atau masalah dengan pikiran yang lebih terbuka :
- Mulai pernyataan apa yang ingin dipelajari dan pertimbangkan berbagai kemungkinan dan buat kesimpulan berdasarkan bukti-bukti.
- Bandingkan berbagi informasi mengambil keputusan (judgement)
Mulai dengan pikiran terbuka (open-mind) :
Jelaskan tujuan dan apa ingin dipelajari Pikirkan yang sudah ketahui ttg subjek tsb. Sumber apa yang tersedia dan jadwal anda? Kumpulkan informasi Ajukan pertanyaan Aturlah apa yang sudah dikumpulkan
kedalam pola untuk memudahkan pengertian Ajukan pertanyaan lagi!
Demonstrasikan apa yang sudah Anda pelajari tentang topik tsb
From simple to more complex (1-6)1. List, label, identify2. Define, explain, summarize 3. Solve, apply a new situation4. Compare ad contrast, differentiate between
items5. Create, combine, invent6. Assess, recommend, value
Summary and Conclusions
• Creative thinking and problem solving must also be taught.
• You must PRACTICE good thinking skills—they don’t happen by accident
• If you don’t do it, it won’t get done If not now, when? If not here where?
If not you, who?
Manfaat yang diperoleh para mahasiswa dari cara berpikir kritis adalah : D
A. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan sintesis.B. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan visualisasi.C. Mahasiswa mampu mengajukan idea yang
kreatif.D. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan interpretasi
berbagai informasi.E. Mahasiswa mampu menyampaikan solusi yang
bersifat holistik (menyeluruh).
References 1. Ennis R. Critical thinking : what is it?
Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Philosophy of Education Society Denver, Colorado, March 27-30 1992.
2. Facione PA. Critical Thinking: What it is and why it counts. Available at : http://www.insightassessment.com/t.html Accessed September 1, 2006.
References3. Huitt W (1992). Problem solving and
decision making: consideration of individual differences using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. J Physiol Type 1992;24 : 33-44.
4.Landsberger J. Critical thinking. In : The study Guides and Strategies. Available at http://www.studygs.net/crtthk.htm Accessed August 6, 2006.