adim adim ihracat 2014 ilanli kitap3

7/22/2019 Adim Adim Ihracat 2014 Ilanli Kitap3

1/138

KNHC KNHCLUKMK^

stkjeud 50;>


2/138

KNHC KNHC LUKMK^

Xkyj NhrgitrGjskr Kdtuj

Xkyj IaarnhjktrBdz zikj

GnhtrJdfj Xdckz

Ihtkp kskrcgjnakj Xkzm

rgthc CnrLkynkr Ikrtkd

Xkyjm

^C Kikngc knjkAc Xkyjmdi Ugidkcmdi dgtc Lzcgtdgr]kj. vg ^m. Dtn. t.erklhc Ikrkadkjadu Mkn. Xkyjmdkr ]i.Ja? ;0/K Ikt? 5 ]gyrkjtgpg - stkjeud^gd? +80 (5;5) =5>

Gsgjyurt / stkjeud^gd? +80 (5;5) 255 2=2=

^urihslthcgj mrgtshz gihnhr. Lgr lkii skidnr. Lgrlkjfh ehr edcjj

vgyk tkckcjj hzhj kdcknkj vg ikyjki fstgrhdcgngj iuddkjdcks

ykskitr. Pkrk hdg skt ykpdkckz. ]rgdh ykyj nghdnhr.


3/138

jngidgr

Ekikjnkj ................................................................................................................................................... \HH]ujudkr .......................................................................................................................................................\HR

jsz ............................................................................................................................................................\RH

Ehrhjmh Edc? Eycgjhj di Knc? lrkmkt......................................................................................;Jgngj lrkmkt1 ................................................................................................................................................5

ihjmh Edc? Lgngb Pkzkrdkr Egdhrdgcgi .............................................................................................8Lgngb Pkzkrj Egdhrdg, Pkzkr Krktrcks Xkp ...........................................................................................;0

jm Edc? ]ktyaruc, lrkmkt Xkpyaruc...................................................................................;8

lrkmkt Jgnhr1.................................................................................................................................................50Jksd lrkmkt Adujur1 ]rgmhj dgyhh Jgnhr1 .........................................................................................5;

lrkmkt dgcdgrh Jksd Aiujckd1 ..............................................................................................................55

Nrnjm Edc? lrkmkttk Lkjfh Egdfgdgrh Iuddkjckdyc1........................................................=6Ugsch Egdfgdgr ...............................................................................................................................................=7

^kck Egdfgdgrh.............................................................................................................................................>8 krksjnk hh kdtrkj hdgtcgdgrhj arkj ykidki adkrki yzng 8< vg

570ngj bkzdk ihh kdtrkj hdgtcgdgrhj arkj yzng 5 mhvkrjnk. Nakd adkrki ^rih-ygng IAEdgr, tapdkc hdgtcg arkjjj ai krdid ehr edcj aduturuyar. lrkmk-

tj hsg kjmki yzng 72sj IAEdgr fgrgidgthrhyar. tg eu ihtkej tgcgd kckdkrjnkjehrh ng, IAEdgrhj hlrkmkttkj kdn pky krtrcki, ajdkr n thmkrgt khdgshjhj ehr ygsh

lkdhjg fgthrcgi. Eu IAEdgrg eycgdgrh, hsthlnkck, rgthc vg jhlkygthjng ^rih-

ygjhj fgjgd rgbkljk nklk bkzdk ikti skdkckdkr ksjnkj nk eyi jgc tkyar.ji krti igjnh sjrdkrjnkj ikckykjdkr hhj fgdgmgi ai bkzdk gy vkkt gtchyar vgykdjzmk h pkzkr hhj kdcki, jg iknkr lkrgigtdh adsk nk, tc yucurtkdkr kyj sgpgtg

iaycki ngcgi.Pgih, n thmkrgtg ktdcki hstgygj ehr bhrck eu ihtkptk jgdgr eudkmki1 Xkyjczk Knc

Knc lrkmkt knj vgrnhi vg iurfusuju nk eujk frg egdhrdgnhi. Iajuyk hlrkmkt jgnhr

hdg ekdkni vg bhrckjzj hlrkmktk uyfuj adup adcknjk nkhr rjtfgjh gicgjhzg adk-jki tkjykmki edcdgrdg ngvkc gtthi? Ehr IAE jgngj n thmkrgt ykpkr1 Eu edcng

n thmkrgthj bhrckdkr hhj bkynkdkr vg rhsidgrhjg nkhr tc jaitkdkr eudkehdgmgi, bhrckj-

zj eu iauddkrnkj lkjfhdgrhjh skdknj jgt adkrki frgehdgmgishjhz.ihjmh edcng hsg lgngb pkzkrdkr ckskyk yktrni, eu ikpskcnk n pkzkr ehdfhdgrhjh vg

pkzkr krktrckdkrj jgrgngj eudkmkjz, lgngb pkzkrdkrjz jksd egdhrdgygmghjhzh,

lgngb pkzkr nggrdgjnhrcgshjh jksd ykpkmkjz hjmgdgnhi. jm edcng hsg hlrkmkthdgcdgrhjh, jksd hlrkmkt adujkmkj vg srgmhj jksd hdgnhhjh fzdgcdgygehdcgjhzh tg-

jsz


17/138

\RHH

chj gtcgyg kdti. Eu ikpskcnk sktdkj ckdj hlrkmkt skydcks hhj jgdgr fgrgihyar,hlrkmkt ykpdkmki digyg frg hdgcdgr, hlrkmkt gidhjg frg hdgcdgr, hlrk gnhdgmgi rjg

frg hdgcdgr fheh kdt ekdidkrk nghjgrgi ikbkjznkih saru hkrgtdgrhjg mgvkp krkckykkdti.

Nrnjm edc, hlrkmkttk iuddkjdcks fgrgigj egdfgdgrg yaujdkyar. Eurknk, n thmk-rgttg iuddkjdkj egdfgdgrh lkjfh iurucdkrj nzgjdgnhhjh, lkjfh egdfgdgrhj jg hg ykrkn-

j, krkdkrjnkih bkridkr vg fgrgidhdhidgrhjh frgehdhrshjhz. Eurknk egdfgdgrh rgsch, thmkrh,tkck vg shfartk egdfgdgrh adkrki nrt ekditk hjmgdgnhi. Wcuyaruz ih hhj ikrcki eu

iscj, shzdgr hhj ehr jgezg nklk iadky kjdkdr lkdg fgthrchhznhr.Xhjg ehr ekik ikrcki iaju ekd nklk? Fcri dgcdgrh. Ehdnhhchz fheh fcridgr,

ehr thmkrh hdgchj h ch n thmkrgt ch skydkmkjj tgcgd dt vg fcri uyfudkckdkriajujuj egdigchhjh aduturuyar. Eu edcng fcri hdgcdgrhjhj kjdkcj, ekdkym

tkrhbg vg cgjg uyfudkckdkrj, tkrhbg, iycgt, cgjg vg fcrig ajkydkjc hdgcdg-rhj ngtkydkr hdg fcri rgohcdgrhjh, adkehdnhhjng kjdkdr ikdckyk kek skrb gngrgi tgi

tgi hjmgdgnhi. Ekz ikvrkcdkrk ykekjm adujkehdgmghjh vkrskykrki pkrkjtgz hhjng sz-di kjdkcdkrj nk pkydkti.

N thmkrgttg ngcg vg tgsdhc gihddgrhjh hjmgdgnhhchz kdtjm edcng hsg, ehrai ihh hhjadnuik ikrcki fheh fzigj iajudkr kidk ikvuturckyk kdti. HJMA^GUC]

krti a iknkr nk kjdkdckz fzicgygmgi. ]aj edcng hsg sgrhjhj nklk jmgih hih ihtk-

ejnk nk hjmgdgnhhchz n thmkrgttg ngvdgt ykrncdkrjj isk ehr zgthjh eudkmkisjz.Ehdcgjhzh hstgnhi ih, itjz eu yadnk ykdjz nghdshjhz vg ngvdgt ykrncdkr zgddhidg hl-rkmktk lgjz ekdkykjdkr hhj f ikzkjnrm vg tgvhi gnhmh ehr jhtgdhg sklhp. Xhjg eu

edcng, gvrg Ckdhygtdgrhjhj Ngstgidgjcgsh, Xurtnjnk Fgrgidgthrhdgj Bukr Ikt-dcdkrjj Ngstgidgjcgsh, Pkzkr Krktrcks vg Pkzkrk Fhrh Ngstgh, Xurtn Ehrhc,Ckrik vg kjtc Bkkdhygtdgrhjhj Ngstgidgjcgsh, Ckrikdkck, ^ri Ckd ckojj Xgrdg-

thrhdcgsh vg ^urqukdhtyjhj Ngstgidgjcgsh hdg Wdusdkrkrks Ugikegthdhhj Fgdhthrhdcgsh-jhj Ngstgidgjcgsh ekdidkrj eudkmkisjz.

Eu ihtkej fgjgdhjng eudkmkjz idkvuz jhtgdhhjngih ehdfh vg kidkckdkrj, IAEdgr

ektk adcki zgrg tc hdgtcgdgrhj n pkzkrdkrk kdkrki fgdhcgsh vg eycgshjg pazh-thb ehr ikti skdkcksj kckdkni. Gdegttg ih n thmkrgt ai nklk fgjh ehr gvrgj vgekcekik iajudkr nk cgvmut. Kjmki ekdkjf hhj ykrkrd ehr rglegr lkzrdkc adnuu-

cuzu ucuyaruz. Muclurhygthchzhj ;00. ydjnk njykjj hdi ;0 giajachsh krksjk fhrcg-chz lgngbh jnk, eu ikyjkj lgr aiuyumujuj yaduju kynjdktcks nhdghydg


18/138


19/138


20/138

5

;. EDC Eycgjhj di Knc? lrkmkt

JGNGJLUKMK^1

NJXKJHJshyksh sjrdkrydk ehrdhitg giajachi sjrdkr, cangddgrh ng nghhyar. Wdus-dkrkrks thmkrgt rftdgrhjhj iurudcks (Njyk ^hmkrgt rft), edfgsgd thmkrh bkkdhygtdgrh

fgdhthrgmgi ykpdkrj aduturudcks (KE-JKB^K-GB^K), tkvhzdh yk nk tgrmhldh thmkrh hehr-

dhidgrhjhj iurudcks fheh fgdhcgdgr (F]P-]^K Kjdkckdkr), n thmkrgt vg hlrkmkt hhj ygjhbrsktdkr ykrktyar. Eu trgjn kyj zkckjnk, nklk umuz, nklk lzd, nklk ikdhtgdh rgthc yk-pkj tgijadaohdgrg udkc iadkydktryar vg njyk giajachshjh irgsgddgthrhyar.

Njyk eu yadnk hdgrdgrigj, ykkykj ehrgr arfkjhzck adnuuju njncz hrigtdgrhjeujuj fgrhshjng ikdckcks fgrgihyar. Bhrckdkrj eu vhzyajdk fgdhgrgi irgsgd srgmg gj-

tgfrg adcks krt. Eujk hcij skdkykmki gj jgcdh ujsurdkrnkj ehrh ng hlrkmkt. lrkmkt,bhrckdkrj strktgohi ikrkrdkrjnkj ehrh. Euju bhrck eki ikpskcjnk chira nzgyng vgyk

digjhj hlthykdkr ikpskcjnk ckira nzgyng kidkcki ccij? lrkmkt dig hhj fgrgi-dh, ji giajachi ikdijckjj tgcgd krkdkrjnkj ehrh. Bhrck hhj ng fgrgidh, ji ngj

tkdgptg, ykkjkj h irhzdgrng, rgikegthj yauj vg yrtm adnuu h kdkjdkrjnk vkr adcki,igjnhjh iarucki vg hsthirkrd eycgyh srnrgehdcgi hhj n pkzkrdkrk kdcki zarujdu.

Krti sjrdkr ai ykij, rgikegt ai igsihj, ctgrhdgrhj rjg ekcdd kzkdyar,ygjh ctgrhdgr ygjh kdikjdidkr vg ygjh tigthc nkvrkjdkr fgdhthrhyar, ygjh h cangd-

dgrh aduturuduyar. Eu jaitknk hdgtcgdgr hhj rgtcgi, sktcki, fgdhthrcgi, eycgi

;. EDC Eycgjhj di Knc? lrkmkt


21/138

=

vg ykkcki zarujduduu artkyk iyar. Eu jgngjdg ng bhrckdkrj igjnhdgrhjh tkjckdkr,

jgrgng adnuidkrj, jg ykpkehdgmgidgrhjh, n thmkrgtg jg iknkr lkzr adnuidkrj ehdcgdg-rh, njc eu nhjkchidgrdg skdkckdkr eyi jgc tkyar.

K) EU IAE JGNGJ LUKMK XKPKU1

Eycgjhj tgcgd nhjkcasunur hlrkmkt9 digjhj vg bhrckdkrjj eycgsh, rgikegtfmj krtrcks ekicjnkj fgrgitgj jgcdh. Bhrckdkr fgjgdng u kckdkrdk hlrkmktk

yjgdhr?]kt vg ir krtrcki? Bhrckjj gj tgcgd kckdkrjnkj ehrh, skt vg irj krtr-

cki aduyar. Ggr bhrck h pkzkrnk hyh ehr pgrbarckjs fstgrhyarsk, ykekjm pkzkrdkrkfhrcgshydg irdd krtyar.

Njyk pkzkrdkrjnkj pky kdcki?Wdusdkrkrks pkzkrdkrk kdkj bhrck, rkihpdgrhjhjn pkzkrdkrnk pky kdcki hhj jgdgr ykptidkrj vg pkzkrdkck strktgohdgrhjh rgjhyar.

N thmkrgt vhzyajgr ehr tgmreg9 bhrckjj ekijk ikti skdyar, pkzkrdkck kdfsj fg-dhthrhyar.

pkzkrk ekcdd kzkdtcki? Bhrck n pkzkrdkrk kdkrki, pkzkrdkck fmjkrtryar vg h pkzkrnkih ctgrhdgrg adkj ekcddj kzkdtyar. zgddhidg irhz njgcdg-

rhjng n pkzkrdkr, bhrckjj srnrdgehdhr rgthchjhj ngstgidgjcgsh ksjnkj jgctkyar.

Pkzkr nkdfkdkjckdkrj ngjfgng tutcki?Bhrck njyk pkzkrdkrjk kdkrki, h ph-yksknkih fgjgd vg cgvshcsgd nkdfkdkjckdkrnkj vg nghgj tigthmh tkdgpdgrhjhj ykrktt

eksinkj iurtudkehdhyar.Bkzdk rgthc ikpkshtgshjh sktcki? lrkmkt ykpkrki, ikpkshtg iuddkjc arkj vg

rgthc vkrnhykdkrjj srgsh krtrdkehdhyar. Eydgmg artkdkck ehrhc ckdhygtdgr kzkdyarvg dgi giajachshjg udkdc aduyar.

Ugikegt fmj krtrcki?lrkmkt bhrckjj vg digjhj rgikegt fmj krtryar.Bhrck ygjh tgijadaohdgrg, cgtatdkrk vg yjtgcdgrg uyuc skdkykrki ykrkr skdkrigj,

dig ng n thmkrgt ngjfgshjhj hyhdgcgshjngj bkynk gdng gnhyar.

sthlnkc ykrktcki? Ckd vg lhzcgt hlrkmkt, ygjh h adkjkidkr ykrktyar, hshzdhh kzkd-tyar. Eu nuruc bhrckdkrj rgthc srgmhjg adnuu iknkr, dig giajachshjg ng iktiskdyar.

gijadaohi fgdhhch skdkcki? Njyk pkzkrdkrjk udkcki, ygjh tgijadaohdgrh tkihpgtcgyh vg ajdkr iuddkjcky skdkykmki vg zardkykmki ehr hvcg ikzkjnryar.

rjj ckrik kdfsj fgdhthrcgi? rjj hlrkmkt, lgc uduskd lgc ng udusdkrk-rks pkzkrdkrnk ckrik ehdhjhrdhhjh ngstgidhyar.

Xgjhdhih rj kdfsj fgdhthrcgi?Pkzkrk fhrh strktgohdgrh ikpskcjnk, lgr pkzkrknji rj bkriddkcks ykrktcki, rjj rgikegt iauddkrj vg ykrktm srgmhjh fg-

dhthrhyar.Wdusdkrkrks h idtrj fgdhthrcgi? lrkmkt, igjnh ekjk njyk idtrdgrhjh

tkjck, kjdkck ksjnkj jgcdh ehr knc. Bhrck eki ygrgd adckitkj, udusdkrkrksadckyk naru gvrhdhyar. Eu nuruc rgthcngj pkzkrdkckyk bhrckjj etjsgd ekij

gtihdgygj ehr ujsur.


22/138


23/138

7

lrkmkt, zgddhidg htlkd lkccknng fhrnhsh iuddkjkj bhrckdkr hhj iur rhsihjh kzkdtkmki

ehr hcij skdyar. Bhrckdkr njyk pkzkrdkrjk kdkrki, h phyksknkih fgjgd vg cgvshcsgd nkdfkdkjck-

dkrnkj vg nghgj tigthmh tkdgpdgrhjhj ykrktt eksinkj iurtuduyar. Njyk pkzkrdkrjnkih rgikegtg pkrkdgd adkrki rjj hlrk pkzkrdkrjk frg uykr-

dkjcksjk adkjki skdkykj hlrkmkt, tgijadaohi yktrc vg fgdhcgyh ngstgidgygmgiygjh yjtgc vg tgijhidgrhj iuddkjcjk adkjki ykrktyar.

lrkmkt ykpcki, n pkzkrdkrnk eycg adkjk skdkrigj, h pkzkrk hdhihj rgikeg-th ykyck hdgvhjh ng ygrhjg fgthrhyar. Eu jhlkh adkrki, tigthmh hhj rj nklk umuz

bhyktdk tigtcg kvkjtko ngcgi. Bhrck n pkzkrdkrk kdkrki, pkzkrdkck fmj krtryar vg h pkzkrnkih ctgrhdg-

rg adkj ekcdd kzkdtyar.

lrkmkt bhrckdkrk bkzdk rgthc ikpkshtgshjh sktck hcij vgrhyar. Eu nuruc bhrckdk-rj ikpkshtg iuddkjc arkj vg rgthc srgdgrhjh krtryar, sajutk, rgthc srgmhj-ngih artkdkck ehrhc ckdhygtdgrh kzkdtkrki dgi giajachshjg udkckdkrjk adkjki

vgrhyar. lrkmkt, bhrckdkrk udusdkrkrks pkzkrdkrnk rgikegt kvkjtko ykrktyar.

N pkzkrdkrk kdkj bhrckdkr, rkihpdgrhjhj n pkzkrdkrnk pky kdcki hhj jgdgr ykp-tidkrj vg pkzkrdkck strktgohdgrhjh rgjhyar. Eu bhrckdkrk udusdkrkrks ehr vhzyaj

ikzkjnryar, ygrgd h yjgthchjngj udusdkrkrks h idtrdgrhjg uzkjkj ehr h hdgyhhehhch aduuyar.

lrkmktj rhsidgrh ^hmkrgthj tc rhsidgrh hlrkmkt hhj ng fggrdh. Wdusdkrkrks phykskdkrnk sktdkr tkl-

chj gnhdgj sgvhygjhj kdtjnk ikdkehdhr, yk nk rgikegt egidgjgjngj bkzdk adkehdhr. Eutc thmkrh egidgjthyh tglnht gngj ehr nuruc adkrki artkyk ikehdhr.

lrkmktj gj eyi rhsih pkrkjj tklshd gnhdgcgcgsh. Eu nuruc, n pkzkrdkrk ekd-di arkjjnk, bhrck hhj fgrh nj rhsidh ehr nuruc ykrktkehdhyar. Lkttk n tgi pk-

zkr ekcddj yisgi adnuu nurucdkrnk, rgthc, hsthlnkc fheh srgdgrhj ykvk-

dkcksjk yk nk nurcksjk yad kkehdhyar. Nvhz iurdkrjnk ykkjkj nkdfkdkjckdkr, lgc rgthcng, lgc ng hlrkmkttk irddkzkdtp ikypdkrk yad kkehdhyar.

lrkmkt ykpdkj digdgrhj shyksh vg giajachi nurucujk ekddi, ehr nhgr rhsi ujsu-ru. tlkdkt digjhj hsthirkrszd sktdkr gtihdgygj jgcdh ehr nuruc. _hrk skvk

lkdh, h skvk, digngih yjgthc ykps yk nk nkvrkj fheh ujsurdkr, hlrkmkt fgdhrdg-rhjng ikypdkrk yad kkehdhyar.

lrkmkt vg htlkdkt, udusdkrkrks thmkrgt iurkddkr ikpskcjnk ykpdn hhj, thmkrgtzf tc lususdkrj rhsih artknkj ikdnrkehdgmgi nzgyng yrtdcgsh fgrgidh.

lrk rj udusdkrkrks pkzkrdkrnk ikeud frcgygehdhr, rjj pkzkrk uykrdkjcksckdhygtdh vgyk adkjkisz adkehdhr.

Wdusdkrkrks thmkrgttg kjdkckzdidkrj zc iajusu, tkrkbdkr zardkym ehr ujsuradkehdhyar. Eu iaju ckdhygtdh, kck tc rhsidgrh artknkj ikdnrkehdcgi ksjnkj tgr-

mhl gnhdcgsh fgrgi.


24/138


25/138

6

lrkmkt pdkj hsg bhrckjj fgjgd vhzyaj vg chsyajujnkj kyr adkckz. Bhrck, yad lkrhtk-

sjnk hlrkmktk nji egidgjthdgrhjh egdhrdgr vg eujk frg ehr uyfudkck kdkj hzgr. lrkmktpdkj zgdhjng jksd ehr yjtgc hzdgjgmghjh fstgrgj ehr rglegr jhtgdhhjngnhr. Pdkj sghdgj

pkzkrj bhrckyk skdkykmk bkynkdkr vg rhsidgrh ikpskr9 fgrgidh ikyjkidkr nklk fgrgihfrcgyg ykrncm adur. hcnh hlrkmkt pdkjjj tgcgd ujsurdkrj hjmgdgygdhc.

5) lrkmkt pdkjjj tgcgd ujsurdkrBhrck nggrdgjnhrcgsh? lrkmkt pdkjjk jmgdhidg bhrckjj nggrdgjnhrcgshjh ykpk-

rki ekdkcki fgrgi. Eurknk tgcgd saru, hlrkmkt ykpdcyarsk eu srgmg ekdkyp ekdkj-

ckykmkjk vgyk hlrkmkttk lgngbdgrhjhzh jg iknkr krtrkmkjzk ikrkr vgrcgi adckd.Pdkjdk ehrdhitg, hlrkmkt hdgcdgrhjg ekdkcki yk nk hlrkmkt arkjj krtrcki hhj fgrgidh

adkj kdtykpyk sklhp adup adujcknj frcg kjsjk sklhp adursujuz. Eujujdk bhrck-

jzj kckdkrj, artkidkrj frdgrhjh, hlrkmkt lgngbdgrhjhzh, hlrkmkttk ir egidgjthjhzh,bhrckjzj arfkjhzksyajgd vg hjskj ikyjkidkr ykpsj, ckdh nurucujuzu vg rgthc ik-

pkshtgjhzh jgt vg ehdhjhr idcki nurucujnksjz. _hrk eurknk sarnuujuz vg tkjcdkn-jz lgr nurucuj, hlrkmkt srgmhjng ehr kdtgrjkthb pdkj adcki vg fgrgithhjng uyfudkj-

cki zarujduduu vkr.]gitrgd nggrdgjnhrcg? lrkmkt pdkjjnk cutdkik sgitrgd nggrdgjnhrcg ykpd-

ckd. ]gitrgd nggrdgjnhrcg ykpkrki, bkkdhygt fstgrnhhchz kdkjnkih yk nk sgitrngihghdhcdgrh nklk hyh tkihp gngehdhr, rgikegth, jgcdh pkzkrdkr vg rjjzj sklhp adnuu

zgddhidgrh, ygjh trgjndgrh fzngj fghrgehdhrshjhz. ]gitrgd nggrdgjnhrcgdgrhj ykpdck-s, fjmgddgjcgsh vg tkihp gnhdcgsh, hlrkmkt pdkjjj srnrdgehdhrdhh ksjnkj jgcdh.

Lgngb pkzkr sghch?lrkmkt yad pdkjjnk lgngb pkzkrdkr egdhrdgcgi vg eurkdkrk n-ji skt strktgohjhzh aduturcki nk jgcdh ehr kkck. Aduturnuujuz hlrkmkt strktgoh-

shjh srnrcgi kckmydk pkzkrnkih bhykt, pkzkrdkck yjtgchjh, patkjshygd ctgrh ehd-fhdgrhjh, rj jkidhyg iauddkrj vg cgvmut ykskd iauddkr hyh nggrdgjnhrcgi, pkzkrk

fhrgrigj iuddkjdkj yjtgcdgr lkiijnk fgrgidh ehdfh vg najkjck sklhp adcki fgrgi.Bhjkjskd nggrdgjnhrcg vg rhsi kjkdhzh? lrkmkt pdkjj bhrckjzj bhjkjskd nggr-

dgjnhrcgshjh ykpkrki srnrdgehdhr idkehdhrshjhz. Eydgmg rhsidgrh dp ikrdkkehdg-

mghjhz gjfgddgr lkiijnk ehdfh sklheh adkehdhrshjhz. Bhjkjskd nggrdgjnhrcg shzg, pgrsa-jgd, ckihjg, ckdzgcg hlthykm, sktdkmki rj chitkr, bhykt vg ehrhc, tapdkc skt tutkr,rj ckdhygt tutkrdkr, pdkjdkjkj jgt fgdhr lgskpdkr, jkiht ki vg fgrgidh bhjkjskd hlth-

ykdkrk hdhihj ikrdktrdkehdhr ehdfh skdkykehdhr. lrkmkt pdkjj, bhrckjzj bhjkjskdnggrdgjnhrcgshjh ykpkrki vg rhsihjhzh dgrgi tkckcdkcki, hlrkmkt ykpkrigj ikrdk-

kehdgmghchz gjfgddgr lkiijnk tgnehrdh adckjz skdkykmkitr.Xkpdkj bhzhehdhtg kjkdhzh sajumujnk hlrkmkt hhj, n pkzkrk fhrhhj pdkjdkjcks vg uy-

fudkck srgmhjg ekdkykehdhrshjhz.


26/138


27/138

LGNGBPK_KUDKUHEGDUDGCGI

I J M E D C


28/138


29/138


30/138

;5

5. EDC Lgngb Pkzkrdkr Egdhrdgcgi

hcnh eu ehdfh ikyjkidkrj hjmgdgygdhc.

;) rj sjbdkjnrcks (F^P)

Pkzkr nasyksjj hdi knc rj sjbdkjnrcki. rjj sjbdkjnrdcks, ihcdhi ju-ckrksjj egdhrdgjcgsh kjdkcjk fgdhyar. Eujdkr Krcajhzg Ckd kjc vg Iandkck ]hs-

tgch (L] Mang), Fcri ^krhbg stkthsthi Pazhsyaju (F^P), Wdusdkrkrks ]tkjnkrt hmk-rgt ]jbdkcks (]H^M), Kvrupk ^apduduu Iacehjg Jackjidktr (MJ) adkrki

krktrkehdhrshjhz. rjj sjbdkjnrdcks, rjj jgrgyg hlrk gnhdnhh, jgrgngj htlkdgnhdnhh, pkzkrj eayutdkrjj jg adnuu vg rjj thmkrh trgjnh lkiijnk ehdfh vgrhyar.

Eujk hdhihj vgrh, Fcri vg ^hmkrgt Ekikjd (fte.fav.tr) hdgEhrdgch Chddgtdgr stk-thsthi Edc(ujstkts.uj.arf) vgrh tkekjdkrjnkj skdkjkehdhyar.

5) N thmkrgt hstkthsthidgrhjhj aduturudcksPkzkrj n thmkrgt lkmch, ykjh htlkdkt vg hlrkmkt nggrdgrh ksjnkj eyid, rg-

thc vg tigthc hstkthsthidgrh, tapdkc tigthc hhjngih htlkdktj pky fheh rkikcdkr pkzkrkfhrh kkcksjnk jfr skdkykmki gj jgcdh rkikcdkr krksjnk ygr kdyar. Eujk hdh-

ihj ehdfhdgrh skdkykehdgmghjhz ikyjkidkr u gihdng?

hjtrkmgj.arf9 trkngckp.arf?Wdusdkrkrks ^hmkrgt Cgrigzh (H^M) mactrkng.uj.arf/ne/?MAC^UKNG fths.mac/ftk?Fdaekd ^rkng Ktdks stkts.agmn.arf?AGMN gpp.gurastkt.gm.gurapk.gu?KE stkthsthi Abhsh tsg.gxpart.fav?KEN ^hmkrgt Ekikjd / rkng]tkts Gxprgss

=) ]gitr vg pkzkr ehdfhdgrh]gitrgd ehdfhdgrhj aduturudcks, rjj dig vg njyknkih fgdhhchjhj tkihp gnhdcg-

sh ksjnkj jgcdh. ]gitr vg pkzkr krktrcksydk, hdfhdh sgitrj lgngbdgjgj digdgr-

ngih nurucu nggrdgjnhrhdgehdhyar. Eurknk lgngb, pkzkrdkrj fgjgd giajachi nurucu,

ngcafrkbhi ykps, padhthi vg luiuih nurucu, nktc ikjkddkr, pkzkr edcdgrh, idt-rgd ykp, tigthmh ghdhcdgrh vg thmkrgthj ykpsydk hdfhdh tc ujsurdkrj ccij adkj gjfgjh ikpskcnk gdng gnhdcgsh. Eu ehdfhdgr pkzkr nasyksjj aduturudcks kkcksjnk

saj ngrgmg jgcdh. Eu ekdidk hdfhdh ekvurudkehdgmgi ikyjkidkr nk u gihdng?

hep.fav.tr? Giajach Ekikjd lrkmkt Ehdfh Pdktbarcu, dig Ckskdkr, sgitr krk-trckdkr

cuskvhrdhidgr.fav.tr? Giajach Ekikjd hmkrgt Ckvhrdhidgrhwge partkd www.hjtrkmgj.arf/ckrigtkjkdyshs? Wdusdkrkrks ^hmkrgt Cgrigzhjhj (H^M) Ckr-

igt Kmmgss Ckp, ^rkng Ckp, Pranumt Ckp, Hjvgstcgjt Ckp vg ^rkng Macpgththvg-jgss Ckp vgrh ikyjkidkr

www.ghu.mac? ^lg Gmajachst Hjtgddhfgjmg Wjht guracajhtar.mac? Fdaekd Ckrigt Hjbarckthaj Nktkeksg FCHN www.meh.gu? Laddkjnkjj fgdhgj digdgrngj htlkdkt fgdhthrcg iuruduu MEH


31/138

;=

trkng.fav? KEN ^hmkrgt Ehdfh Cgrigzh (H^K) nahjfeushjgss.arf? Njyk Ekjiks (Vardn Ekji) nghi.arf.tr? N Giajachi dhihdgr Iurudu (NGI)

mhk.fav? MHK-Vardn Bkmt Eaai trkngpkrtjgrs.fav.ui ? jfhdtgrg ^hmkrgth Fgdhthrcg Iuruduu hjbagxpart.fm.mk/ strktgfhs.hm.fm.mk? Ikjknk krktrckdkr ogtra.fa.op? Okpajyk krktrckdkr htkhgp.nam.fav/ehsjhs / ehsjhs.nam.fav? EN^ digdgrh vg Uusyk krktrckdkr stkts.fav.mj? Mlhjk ]tkthsthmkd, hjdg hdfhdh giajach vg jbus hstkthsthidgrh kustrkng.fav.ku? Kustrkdhkj ^rkng Macchsshaj

Gi adkrki, hdfhdh digdgrhj n thmkrgth fgdhthrcg iurududkr (^PA) vg nhgr udusdkrkrk-

s iurududkrj (AGMN, KPGM, MACG]K fheh) knrgsdgrh ng iuddkjdkehdhr. dig vg sgitrehdfhdgrh tapdkjrigj, hdfhdh digjhj shyksh vg giajachi nurucu, markbh iajucu, sgitrgdykps, ctgrh tutuc vg ghdhcdgrh, nktc ikjkddkr, tkjtc yaddkr, h ykpck idtr,thmkrh kdikjdidkr, pkigtdgcg vg gthigtdgcg idtrdgrh hdg digngih ykrkrd knrgsdgrhj

krktrdcks nk ujutudckckd.

>) Pkzkrk fhrh hhj fgrgidh stkjnkrtdkrEhr hlrk rjjj lgngb pkzkrk fhrgehdcgsh hhj lkjfh stkjnkrtdkrk sklhp adcks

fgrgithh, pkzkrk fhrh hhj ehr nhgr jgcdh ujsur. Eu stkjnkrtdkr gvrg, hjskj vgyk ckdfvgjdhh fheh fgjh ehr kdkjk gtih gngehdhyar. Krktrck ykpkrigj, digjhj zarujdu

stkjnkrtdkr vgyk kjdkckdkrnkj ikyjkid tkdgp gtthh zarujdu egdfgdgrhjhj krktrdcksfgrgihyar eu yzngj. Eu iajunkih kdckdkr hhj iuddkjdkmki ehdfh ikyjkidkr u g-

ihdng?

cikmmne.gu.hjt? KE Pkzkrk Fhrh Rgrh ^kekj (Hcpart Barckdhthgs ekdjnkj,krktrck iajusu rj hhj lgngb pkzkrk fhrhtg hstgjhdgj egdfgdgrg udkdkehdhr.)

hsa.arf? Wdusdkrkrks ]tkjnkrnhzksyaj rft

gm.gurapk.gu/gjtgrprhsg?Kvrupk Iachsyaju mgj.gu?Kvrupk ]tkjnkrnhzksyaj Iachtgsh gtsh.arf?Kvrupk gdgiacjhiksyaj ]tkjnkrtdkr Gjsthts mgjgdgm.gu?Kvrupk Gdgitratgijhi ]tkjnkrtdkr Iachtgsh gmlk.gurapk.gu?Kvrupk Ihcykskddkr Kokjs fast.ru? Uusyk Bgngrkd ^gijhi Ugfdksyaj vg Cgtradaoh Kokjs kjsh.arf?Kcgrhikj Wduskd ]tkjnkrtdkr Gjsthts (KJ]H)

7) Fcri vgrfhdgrh

Cksk ek krktrcks hhj fgrgidh ehdfhdgrngj ehr nhgrh hsg lgngb dig fcri vgrfharkjdkr. Lgngb pkzkrk fhrhtg, krktrck iajusu hlrk rj hhj uyfudkjkj fcri

vgrfhdgrhjhj pkzkr nasyksjnk ygr kdcks saj ngrgmg jgcdh. Rgrfh arkjdkr, pkzkrnk adu-

kmki bhykt vgyk bhykt ckroj egdhrdhyar. tg ikyjkidkr?


32/138

;>


cikmmne.gu.hjt?KE Pkzkrk Fhrh Rgrh ^kekj/Kppdhgn krhbbs Nktkeksg gm.gurapk.gu/tkxkthajQmustacs? Kvrupk Ehrdhh ^KUHM Rgrh ^kekj / ^kxkthaj

kjn Mustacs Wjhaj

nktkwge.ushtm.fav?KEN Wdusdkrkrks ^hmkrgt Iachsyaju (W]H^M) ckmckp.arf? Wdusdkrkrks ^hmkrgt Cgrigzh (H^M) / CKMCKP cuskvhrdhidgr.fav.tr? ^hmkrgt ckvhrdhidgrh tkrhbbnktk.wta.arf? Njyk ^hmkrgt rft (V^A) ehtn.arf? Wdusdkrkrks Fcri ^krhbgdgrh Erasu(EH^N) wmaacn.arf? Njyk Fcri rft

2) Wdusdkrkrks bukrdkrj krktrdcksWdusdkrkrks pkzkrdkckjj gj gtihdh yjtgcdgrhjhj ehrh ng, lgngb digng fgrgidgthrh-

dgj udusdkrkrks bukrdkrk iktdc. Bukrdkr pkzkrnkih rkihpdgr, ygrgd skjkyhjhj ykps, c-

tgrh tgrmhldgrh vg rj hdg hdfhdh saj fgdhcgdgr lkiijnk ehdfh kdjkehdgmgi jgcdh kdkjdkr.Bukrdkr lgc ehr tutujnurck krkm lgc ng krktrck kdkj9 ji eurkdkrnk patkjshygd

ctgrhdgrh, patkjshygd rkihpdgrh vg ygrgd tgrmhldgrh kjdkcki vg eujk frg skt padhthiksfgdhthrcgi ccij. Xkjh eu ehdfhdgr, cksk ek kdcksjj jgcdh ikyjkidkrjnkj?

kuck.ng?Kdckj ^hmkrgt Bukrdkr Ehrdhh (KWCK) gxpanktkeksg.mac? C+K GxpaNktkeksg

6) Wdusdkrkrks bhykt ehdfhshrjj udusdkrkrks bhykt ehdfhsh krktrckjj kyrdckz pkrkdkrjnkj ehrh. Lgngb

pkzkrnk bhyktdkr vg krktrck iajusu rjj udusdkrkrks phykskdkrnkih bhykt, pkzkr nas-yks hhj jgcdh ehr vgrh, ji bhykt tgidhbhj ehr pkrks vgbhykt strktgohsh, rjj rgik-egth zgddhh iajusujnk fr skdyar. Bhykt padhthiks pkzkrk fhrh ikrkrj gtihdgygj,egdhrdgygj, grtgdgygj, nghthrgj ehr ujsur9 fgjgddhidg rgbgrkjs bhyktdkrk grhhc mrgtdh

ygdhi fgrgithrgj vgrh tkekjdkr hdg ccij aduyar.


33/138

;7

p-ckps.arf? Wdusdkrkrks ^hmkrgt Cgrigzh (H^M) /Pranumt Ckp ujmtkn.arf? WJM^KN/ Maccanhty Prhmg ]tkthsthms hjnchj.mac? Hjnustrhkd Chjgrkds

cgtkdeuddgthj.mac? Cgtkd Euddgthj tankyckrigt.mac? ^ankys Ckrigt Prhmg kfrk-jgt.mac? ^lg Puedhm Dgnfgr (^krc rjdgrh)


34/138

;2


rh kdikjdidkr, lgngb ihtdgjhj ghdhcdgrh) vg pkzkrk fhrh iauddkrj (cgvzukt, digdgr krks

thmkrh kjdkckdkr, tkrhbgdgr vg tkrhbg n gjfgddgr, stkjnkrtdkr, nktc ikjkddkr, jkidhyg, rgi-dkc vg tkjtc) ksjnkj hjmgdgcgi vg nggrdgjnhrcgi fgrgihyar. Eu nggrdgjnhrcgdgrhj

sajujnk, pkzkrj ygrhjng zhykrgt gnhdcgshjg ikrkr vgrhdhyar. Xkjh pkzkrj nggrdgjnhrhdcgsh,pkzkrj zhykrgth kjdkcjk fgdhyar. Kdkjnk ykpdkj narunkj frcg vg zhykrgtdgr, lgngbdg-

jgj pkzkrnkih patkjshygd ctgrhdgrhj, bhrckjj tgidhbhjg adkj tkdgehjh egdhrdhyar.Kdkj krktrcks gtihj ehr yjtgc9 pkzkrnk ehrgehr frcg ykpcky, pkzkr vg ctgrh-

yh tkjcky, zhykrgt gnhdgj dig lkiijnk nggrdgjnhrcg ykpcky, patkjshygd ctgrhdgrgudkcky skdyar. Pkzkrnk, hdfhdh iurucdkr, ctgrhdgr, ckrigt zhjmhrdgrh, pgrkigjngmhdgr,

nktc ikjkddkr, bukrdkr, sgrfh ygrdgrh, slawraacdkr, rgthmh vg htlkdkt ngrjgidgrh, hlthsksckkzkdkr, hjnhrhcdh skt ckkzkdkr fheh ygrdgrhj zhykrgt gnhdcgsh fgrgihyar. Kdkj krktr-

cksj hih kkcknk fgrgidgthrcgi ccij? Eujdkr pdkjdkck vg uyfudkck.

;) Pdkjdkck kkcksPdkjdkck kkcks, vgrhdgrhj nggrdgjnhrhdcgshjngj sajrk, pkzkr zhykrgt gtcg srgmhy-

dg ekdyar. Eu kkcknkj sajrk ktdkmki kncdkr hsg ydg?

Fgzhjhj pdkjdkjcks

Wyfuj tkrhldgrhj egdhrdgjcgsh Patkjshygd ctgrh, iuruc, iurududkrj egdhrdgjcgsh

Patkjshygd htlkdktdkr vgyk hdfhdh ehrhcdgrngj rkjngvu kdjcks Wdkc iauddkrjj egdhrdgjcgsh, rgzgrvksyajdkrj ykpdcks

Lgngb digngih udkc hcijdkrjj vg rkjngvudkrj gdgthrhdcgsh Bhrck tkjtc nasyksjj jfhdhzmg vg hcij vkrsk ygrgd nhdng lkzrdkjcks

]ktk hdhihj dhtgrktrj lkzrdkjcks Bhykt dhstgshjhj aduturudcks

cij vkrsk jucujgdgrhj kdjcks, ftrdcgsh Frcgdgr hhj sarudkrj lkzrdkjcks

Bukrdkrj krktrdcks, vkrsk fhtcgi zgrg pdkj ykpdcks

_hykrgtg ngji fgdgmgi sgchjgr, iajbgrkjs fheh tapdkjtdkrj krktrdcks ^apdkc ckdhygthj ikrdcks

5) Pkzkr zhykrgt (Wyfudkck kkcks)Wyfudkck, kdkj krktrcksjj fgrgidgthrhdcgsh srgmhjg ngjhyar. Pkzkr tkjcki,

ygrhjng kdmdkrdk frcgi, hdfhdh sgitrng pkzkrj nurucuju frcgi vg nggrdgjnhr-cgi, ctgrh tutuc vg kdfdkrj fzdgcdgygrgi hjmgdgcgi, saj adkrki nk yz yzg hdh-

ihyh fgdhthrcgi kdkj krktrcksydk ccij aduyar. ]rgmh ydg zgtdgcgi ccij?

digyg vkr Egdhrdgjgj rkjngvudkrj fgrgidgthrhdcgsh (zhykrgtdgrhj ykpdcks) _hykrgtdgr srksjnkih ctgrh frcgdgrhj ngrdgcgsh, fgdgj tkdgpdgrhj yk nk jgrh-

dgrhj nggrdgjnhrhdcgsh gnkrhi zhjmhrh hhjng ygr kdkj tc ehrhcdgrhj zhykrgt gnhdcgsh


35/138

;6

Pkzkr ygrdgrh, ckkzkdkr vg rgthc kdkjdkrjj zhykrgt gnhdcgsh Rkrsk pdkjdkjkj bukrdkrj zhykrgt gnhdcgsh

rjj patkjshygd rkihpdgrhjhj krktrdcks Kcekdko, nktc ikjkddkr, tkjtc cktgrykddgrh vg tutujnurck krkdkrjj nggr-

dgjnhrhdcgsh ^kjtc krkdkrjj hjmgdgjcgsh, cgnyk sktj kdck bhyktdkr vg hdgthhc ehdfhdgrhjhj

rgjhdcgsh

Frdn fheh kdkj krktrcks ctgrhyh vg digyh tkjck brskt vgrhyar, ykpdkjkrktrcknk sktj kdkj vg iuddkjkjj ihcdhh, sktj kdcknkih sghc irhtgrdgrh, rjjiuddkjc gihddgrh, sktj kdck zkckj, ygrh, jgngjh, cgvzuktdkrj vg uyfudkckdkrj jksd

yrtdn, h idtrjj jksd gtihj adnuu vg pkzkrj hsthirkrd adup adkckykmk fhehsarudkrk mgvkp vgrhdhyar. Eu mgvkpdkr isk yk nk uzuj vkngng bhrckjj pkzkrdkck strktg-

ohshjh aduturuyar.Cksk ek krktrcks vg kdkj krktrcks, lgngb pkzkr lkiijnk ehrai egdfg vg ehdfh-

jhj tapdkjcksjk, pkzkrj tkjjcksjk, patkjshygd ctgrhdgrhj krktrdcksjk vg pkzk-rk fhrhp fhrcgcg ikrkrjj vgrhdcgshjg adkjki skdyar.

Eu ikpskcnk bhrck,

Lgngb pkzkrk hlrkmktk ekdkykehdhr, Lgngb pkzkrk hlrkmkt ykpcki hhj rj vgyk tgidhbtg nghhidhi ykpkehdhr,

Xklut lgngb pkzkr uzuj vkngdh pdkjjk kdkehdhr.


36/138


37/138

]K^HXAUWC,LUKMK^XKPHXAUWC

J M E D C


38/138

50

=. EDC ]ktyaruc, lrkmkt Xkpyaruc

LUKMK^JGNU1

BUCKDKUhhj eycgjhj tgcgd tkdkrjnkj ehrhnhr hlrkmkt. _hrk, ckdj sjrdkr tg-sh/krks lkrgigth, rgthcngj pkzkrdkckyk, skttkj, nktck iknkr ygjhdhidh rj ykrkt-ck srgmhjh nhjkchi idkrigj, bhrckdkrj udusdkrkrksdkck vhzyajujk lhzcgt gnhyar.Iskmk ckdj hlrk gnhdcgsh, bhrckyk ir, digyg nvhz ikzkjnrcks ksjnkj jgcdh

vg iktck nggrdh ehr h.Gdegttg srg, ckdj Eursknk rgthdhp, Ikysgrhng sktdcksjnkj bkrid ehr hdgyhg sk-

lhp. _hrk ckdj sjr tgsh/sjrdkr krks nadkc, rjj udusdkrkrks pkzkrdkcks, nthmkrgt rgohch, fcri srgmh, ckdj tgsdhch, ngcg iauddkr fheh lususdkr nk h thmkrgt-

tgj bkrid9 udusdkrkrks artki ehr nhd iuddkjcj zarujdu idyar.Ehz ng eu edcng hlrkmkt rgohchjg fgjgd adkrki ekip, uyfudkck gihddgrhjh hjmgdgyg-

mghz. jmgdhidh adkrki hlrkmkt tkjcjk ekikdc.

Jgnhr hlrkmkt1

Gj fgjh kjdkcnk hlrkmkt, ehr dig sjrdkr hgrhshjng sgregst nadkcnk eudujkj (eu

digng ygthgj, rgthdgj, vgyk ekik digdgrngj htlkd gnhdch) ckddkrj vg lhzcgtdgrhjekik digdgrg sktdcks vgyk fjngrhdcgsh kjdkcjk fgdhyar. Nkr kjdkcnk hsg, ykekjm-

dkrk yk nk ^rihyg njnk ygrdghi ^ridgrg ykpdkj ckd sktdkrj vg eu ckddkrj eukckdk yurtnjk fjngrhdcgshjh hbkng gnhyar. Nhgr ehr tkjcdk, lgc uduskrks cgvzu-

kt, lgc ng digjhj h cgvzuktjk uyudkrki ykpdkj ckd sktcjk hlrkmkt ngjhyar. Eurknkhlrkmkty ekdkykj tgcgd hih ujsur vkr? cgvzukt vg ckdj yurtn gnhdcgsh hhj fgr-

gidh adkj udusdkrkr cgvzukt iurkddkr. Ckdj bhhdh adkrki hlrkm hsg, gykjj rihyg Fc-ri Edfgshjh tgri gtthh tkrhl adkrki hbkng gnhdhyar.

]ktdkj ckdj hlrkmkt skydcks hhj,

]ktdkrj ykekjm ehr digyg ykpdcks, udusdkrkrks rgohcdgrg uyfujduu (hih tkrkbdvg ai tkrkbd thmkrgt kjdkckdkr hdg fgthrhdgj iauddkrk uyuc yicdd),

]kttk ehr ykekjm pkrkjj adcks, Ckddkrj udusdkrkrks rgohc ikpskcjnk tkjcks,

N thmkrgt rgohcdgrh ikpskcjnk egdhrdgjgj tc vgrfhdgrhjhj (fcri vgrfhsh, iktcknggr vgrfhsh vg vkrsk ekik trd vgrfhdgr vg nhgr barckdhtgdgr) ngjcgsh,

ngcg vg tgsdhc gihddgrhjhj udusdkrkrks uyfudkckdkr ikpskcjnk fgrgidgthrhd-cgsh,

Ckdj i ygrhjngj vkr ygrhjg iknkr ckruz ikdkehdgmgh rhsidgrg ikr shfartk

gnhdcgsh, ]aj adkrki nk, ngcgdgrng vgyk egngddgrhj tklshdhjng ekjikmdi shstgchjhj ngvrgyg

fhrcgsh fheh iauddkr krkjyar.


39/138

5;

JK]HDLUKMK^HADWJWU1 ]UGMJ

DGXJGNU1

lrkmkt ihcnhr1

LUKMK^Htkjc, fgrgi vgyk tzgd ihh tkmhrdgr hdg gsjkb vg skjktikrdkr fgrgi usudngvgrfh cigddgbdgrh adckdkr vg igjnh sgitrdgrhjng hdfhdh hlrkmktdkr ehrdhhjg yg adkj ihhdgrhhbkng gnhyar. lrkmkt adcki hhj lgrlkjfh ehr egdfg vgyk hzhj sgrthbhiks sklheh adcki fgrgi-

chyar. Kjmki n thmkrgt hdgcdgrhjhj yrtdgehdcgsh hhj thmkrgt vg skjkyh ankdkrjk, gsjkbvg skjktikr ankdkrjk vg rjdg hdfhdh hlrkmkt erdhhjg yg adujcks krt.

Jksd hlrkmkt adujur1 lrkmkt srgmhjhj hdgyhh jgnhr1

lrk gngmgh ckdk frg hdfhdh hlrkmkt ehrdhidgrhjg yg adkj, vgrfh juckrksjk sklhpfgrgi vgyk tzgd ihhdgr hlrkmkt adkrki bkkdhygt fstgrgehdhyar. lrkmkt srgmh hsg tkeda-

nk fstgrhdnhh fheh hdhyar?

lrkmkt (Rgrfh Cigddgbh vg lrkmkt Ehrdhhjg yg)

FcriEgykjjkcgsjj

Lkzrdkjcks / KdjcksFgrgigj zj vg

Egdfgdgrj Lkzrdkjcks

lrkmkt ErdidgrAjky / zj

Fcri nkrgs (FcriEgykjjkcgs dg Kdjc

zj vg Egdfgdgrj Fcrinkrgsjg ]ujudcks)

Bd lrkmktjFgrgidgcgs (Fcri

i dgcdgr)


40/138

55


LUKMK^DGCDGUJK]HDAIWJCKDH1

LUKMK^hdgcgdgrhjng hzdgjgmgi prasgnrdgr, hlrkmkt ykpdkmki digyg, hlrkmkt gidh-jg vg hlrk gnhdgmgi rjg frg nghhidhi fstgrhyar. lrkmkt hhj lkzrdkjkmki tc egdfg-

dgr lgr nurucnk, fcri hdgcdgrhjng egykj gtcgi zgrg kdjkmki hzhj vgyk lkzrdkjk-

mki egdfgdgr ikpskcjnk nghhyar. Xkpdkmki hlrkmktk frg prasgnrj egdhrdgjcgsh vgtc nurucdkrj fzngj fghrhdcgsh lkykth jgcg sklhp. hcnh eu gihddgrh hjmgdgygdhc.

K) LUKMK XKPHDKMKI DIGXG FUG DGCDGU

lrkmkt, ^rihygjhj hczkdkn kjdkckdkr ikpskcjnk lkjfh digyg ykpdkmkjk

frg nghdhi krz gnhyar. Eujdkrk iskmk ekitcznk, Kvrupk Ehrdhhjg (KE) yg digdgrg ykpdkmki hlrkmkttk,

GB^K digdgrhjg (svhrg, zdkjnk, Jarvg, Dhltgjtkyj) vg sgregst thmkrgt kjdkck-

dkr (]^K) ikpskcjnk ykpdkmki hlrkmkttk, ih vg ai tkrkbd irgnh kjdkckdkrczj eudujnuu digdgrg eu ikpskcnk ykpdk-

mki hlrkmkttk,

Fgjgd Prgbgrkjsdkr ]hstgch (F]P) ikpskcjnk ^rihygyg tkvhzdh fcri arkjdkruyfudkykj digdgrg ykpdkmki hlrkmkttk,


41/138

5=

gi tkrkbd adkrki kcekrfa uyfudkjkj digdgrg (Grcgjhstkj, Fjgy Iers Uuc X-

jgthch) ykpdkmki hlrkmkttk vg sjr thmkrgth ikpskcjnk ykpdkmki hlrkmkt hhj nzgjdgjcgsh fgrgigj egdfgdgr,

crkmkkt gnhdgmgi iuruc vg iurududkrdk, hdgcdgrng hzdgjcgsh fgrgigj prasgnr-dgr nghgehdhyar.

;) Kvrupk Ehrdhhjg yg digdgrg ykpdkmki hlrkmkt^rihyg hdg Kvrupk Ehrdhh krksjnkih Fcri Ehrdhh, ehr giajachi gjtgfrksyaj ghnh

adkrki tkjcdkjyar. Wyfudkck kdkj adkrki ekidnjnk Fcri Ehrdhh, n thmkrgttg

cgvmut fcri vgrfhdgrh, g gtihdh vgrfhdgr vg chitkr istdkckdkrydk, lgr trd g gtihdhtgnehrhj ikdnrdn, kyrmk jm digdgrg yjgdhi fcri tkrhbgshjhj uyfudkjn ehr

giajachi ykpdkjck. ^rihyg hdg Kvrupk Ehrdhh krksjnk hczkdkjkj Fcri Ehrdhh Kj-

dkcks kknkih lususdkr nzgjdhyar? Fcri Ehrdhh hdg skjkyh rjdgrhjhj tkrkbdkr krksjnk sgregst nadkc KE ikyjkid skjkyh rjdgrhjhj htlkdktjnk uyfudkjkj fcri vgrfhdgrh, g gtihdh

vgrfhdgr vg apdu Iajut Baju ikdnrdcks

jm digdgrngj skjkyh rjdgrh htlkdktjnk tapdudui tkrkbjnkj Artki Fcri^krhbgsh (AF^) uyfudkjcks.


42/138

5>


Eu ikpskcnk,

^rihyg hdg KE krksjnkih thmkrgttg, ckddkrj ikrdid adkrki tkjjkj tkvhzdgrngjykrkrdkjckdkr hhj K.^U Nadkc Egdfgsh nzgjdgjcgsh fgrgihyar.

dgjch tkrc rjdgrhjng Fcri Rgrfhsh uyfudkjckzigj, tapdu iajut baju hhj(tkrc pky) uyfudkjyar, Fcri Rgrfhsh arkj hsg (skjkyh pky) KE hhj

uyfudkjcyar. Kyrmk, Kvrupk Ehrdhhjg yjgdhi tkrc rjdgrh hlrkmktjnk GWU.;Egdfgsh nzgjdgjhyar.

Kvrupk Icr vg gdhi apduduu (KI^) rjdgrhjng, GWU.; egdfgsh nzgjdgjhyar.

5) ]gregst hmkrgt Kjdkckdkr (]^K) ikpskcjnk ykpdkmki hlrkmkt]gregst ^hmkrgt Kjdkckdkr, zgddhidg KEjhj artki thmkrgt padhthiksjk uyuc skdk-

cki, hlrkmktj dig vg cknng ekzjnk ghtdgjnhrhdcgsh skdkcki, kjdkck hczkdkjkj

dig pkzkrjnk nhgr tgrmhldh digdgr hdg ght iauddkrk sklhp adcki, fhrnh ckdhygtdgrhjhjncgshjhj ykrktkmk rgikegt kvkjtkoj iuddkjcki vg Kvrupk cgjg icdksyajujknklhd adkrki vg eu ikpskcnk artkyk ikmki ygjh thmkrgt adkjkidkrjnkj ykrkrdkjckikckmydk, jmg Kvrupk Ehrdhh digdgrhjhj hczkdkn, sajrksjnk digchzhj hdfhdh digydg

hczkdkck kkcksjk fgdnhh vgyk hczkdkn kjdkckdkr. Eurknkih tgcgd kck, tkrkb d-igdgr krksjnk thmkrgtg yjgdhi gjfgddgrhj ikdnrdcks, iadkydktrdcks vg thmkrgtg gj-

fgd fgthrhdcgcgsh.

^rihyg hdg ]^K hczkdkykj digdgrGB^K ygsh digdgr (svhrg Iajbgngrksyaju, Jarvg Irkdd, zdkjnk Muclurhygth, Dh-

mltgjstghj Prgjsdhh), srkhd, Ckignajyk, Easjk Lgrsgi, ^ujus, ]urhyg Krkp Muclurhygth,Bks Irkdd, Csr, Frmhstkj, Krjkvutdui, Ikrknk, ]rehstkj, hdh, rnj, Fjgy Iarg,

Carhtyus, Dejkj vg Iasavk hdg ykpdkj sgregst thmkrgt kjdkckdkr h ajky srgmhjng.

]gregst thmkrgt kjdkckdkr ikpskcjnk, KE hdg fgrgidgthrhdgj Fcri Ehrdhh grgvgshjng, tkrkbdkr krksjnk artki thmkrgt

padhthiks uyfudkjcks zarujdu idjn. Eu nuruc KEjhj tgrmhldh kjdkckdkrjnkj

ekdkykrki jm digdgrdg sgregst thmkrgt kjdkcks czkigrgdgrhjhj gdgkdjcksj fgrgithrnh. ^rihyg-KE Fcri Ehrdhhjng ckddkrj sgregst nadkc hdigsh eudujnuujnkj,

fcri vgrfhdgrh tklshd gnhdgrgi htlkd hdgcdgrh tkckcdkjkj tc skjkyh rjdgrh,tkrkbdkr krksjnk sgregst thmkrgtg iaju adkehdhyar.

]gregst thmkrgt kjdkckdkr ikpskcjnk tkrkb digdgr cgjgdh rjdgrhj tkvhzdgrngjykrkrdkjcki hhj GWU.; Egdfgsh iuddkjdckd.

GWU.; Nadkc Egdfgsh nzgjdgjch ehr gyk hhj kyrmk Cgjg klkngtjkcgshnzgjdgjcgsh fgrgichyar.

=) Giajachi ehrdhh ^gihdkt (GMA) ygsh digdgrg ykpdkmki hlrkmktG , rihyg, rkj vg Pkihstkj krksjnk edfgsgd giajachi hehrdhhjh fgdhthrcgi kck-

mydk ;82> ydjnk iurudcu adkj Ikdijck hj Edfgsgd ehrdhh (UMN) ^gihdktjjngvkc adkrki ;8


43/138

57

rkj, Ikzkihstkj, Irfzhstkj, Pkihstkj, ^kmhihstkj, ^rihyg, ^ricgjhstkj vg zegihs-

tkj. Iuzgy Iers ^ri Muclurhygth hsg Iers ^ri Ngvdgth sbktydk bkkdhygtdgrg iktd-yar.

ehrdhh ikpskcjnk tgcgd adkrki, giajachi sgregstdgcg yaduydk yg digdgrhj sr-nrdgehdhr ikdijckdkrj skdkcki, thmkrgttgih gjfgddgrhj kkckd adkrki ikdnrdcks,

edfg hh thmkrgthj vg edfgjhj njyk thmkrgthjngj kdn pkyj krtrdcks vg yg digdg-rhj njyk giajachshydg etjdgcgshjhj skdkjcks lgngbdgjhyar. Eydgdhidg, tkrhbgdg-

rhj ikngcgdh adkrki hjnhrhdcgsh vg tkrhbg n thmkrh gjfgddgrhj artknkj ikdnrdcks yaduy-dk thmkrgthj sgregstdgthrhdcgsh rftj tgcgd kckdkrjnkj.

Giajachi ehrdhh ^gihdkt ygsh digdgrg hlrkmkt ykpdrigj GMA Cgjgklkngtjkcgsh nzgjdgjhyar. Eu egdfgyg iaju adkj hlrkmkt ykpdkj rjj bk-turks nk hdfhdh ankdkr tkrkbjnkj ajkydkjyar.

>) Fgjgd Prgbgrkjsdkr ]hstgch (F]P) ikpskcjnk ^rihygyg tkvhz tkjykjdigdgrg hlrkmkt

Fgdhcgitg adkj digdgrhj ekz hlrk ckddkrjk fgdhch digdgr tkrkbjnkj ikrdisz

vg kyrc fzgtcgishzhj hcthykz tkjjcksjk adkjki skdkykj ehr nzgjdgcg eu. ^kvhz-dgrngj ykrkrdkjdkehdcgsh hhj hlrkmktj hdfhdh digdgrngj ehrhjg ykpdcks vg rjj a

digjhj tkvhz tkjn F]P dhstgshjng ygr kdcks fgrgihyar. ^rihyg eu shstgc nklhdhjng,Kcgrhik Ehrdghi Ngvdgtdgrh, Uusyk, Okpajyk, Ikjknk, Kvustrkdyk, Xgjh _gdkjnkjj prg-

bgrkjsdkrjnkj ykrkrdkjyar.F]Pjhj kckdkrjk ekitcznk hsg ujdkr fryaruz? Xkrkrdkjm fgdhgj digdgr

hhj, hlrkmkt fgdhrdgrhjh krtrcki, skjkyhdgcgdgrhjh tgvhi gtcgi, giajachi eycgdg-rhjh lzdkjnrcki kckdkjyar. Wyfudkykj fgdhch digjhj kvkjtko hsg, rgthmh vg tig-

thmhdgrhj hlthyk nuynuu rjdgrh ni ckdhygtdgrdg tgchj gtcgdgrhjh ccij idcki.


44/138

52


digchz ;862 ydjnkj eu ykjk KEN F^] prafrkcjnkj ykrkrdkjyar. 50;; ydjnk

KENjhj F^] ikpskcjnk fgrgidgthrnhh htlkdkttk ^rihyg9 Lhjnhstkj, kydkjn, Ergzhd-yk, Gjnajgzyk, Fjgy Kbrhik vg Bhdhphjdgrhj krnjnkj ygnhjmh srknk ygr kdn.

Fgjgddgthrhdch Prgbgrkjsdkr ]hstgchjhj skdkn tkvhzdh fcri arkjdkrjnkj yk-rkrdkjdcks hhj prgbgrkjs tkjykj digdgrg ykpdkmki hlrkmkttkzgd Cgjg k-lkngtjkcgsh / Barc K Egdfgsh nzgjdgjcgsh fgrgi.

Egdfgjhj tkjcjnk krkjkmki gj jgcdh iaju cgjg irhtgrh.

lrkmktdkr Barc K egdfgshjh ekd eudujnuu thmkrgt, skjkyh vgyk thmkrgt vg skjkyhankdkrjnkj tgchj gngehdhr.

E) LUKMK^ GIDJG FUG DGCDGU

;) j zjg Ekd lrkmktlrkm udusdkrkrks kjdkck, ikjuj, ikrkrjkcg vg hdfhdh skhr cgvzukt uykrjmk egddh ehr

cgrmhhj j hzjhjg ekd ckddkrj hlrkmktjnk, hdfhdh cgrmhdgrngj j hzhj kdjcks fgrgih-yar. Eujk hdhihj dhstgdgr hhj Giajach Ekikjdjj wge shtgshjng ygr kdkj lrkm Xkski

vg j zjg Ekd Ckddkrk dhihj gedhg ekidkehdhr.

5) Iajshjyg lrkmktEu, igshj skt nklk sajrk ykpdcki zgrg n kdmdkrk, iachsyajmudkrk, hlrkmktjj

yurtnjnkih ueg vg tgcshdmhdhidgrhjg ckd fjngrhdcgsh gidhjng ykpdkj hlrkmkt ehh-

ch. Bhrckdkr yurtnjk iajshjyg hlrkmkt ykptidkrjnk u jaitkdkr nhiiktg kdckd? Iajshjyg hlrkmkt ekvurudkr hdfhdh hlrkmkt ehrdhh fgjgd sgirgtgrdhhjg ykpdyar.

EF] iajshjyg hlrkmkt adkrki ajkydkjc fcri egykjjkcgdgrhjhj =0 fj hhj-ng fcri hnkrgdgrhjg sujudcks fgrgi.

lrkmktdkr, iajshjyg adkrki fjngrhdgj ckddkrj igshj sktjj ykpdcksjnkjsajrkih=0 fj hhjng nurucu, igjnhdgrh tkrkbjnkj nzgjdgjch igshj skt bktu-rks vgyk rjgh vg fgrgidh nhgr egdfgdgrdg ehrdhitg, hzjh vgrgj ehrdhg ehdnhrhyar.

Iajshjyg adkrki fjngrhdgj ckdjhlrk tkrhlhjngj hthekrgj ehr yd hhjngigshj

sktjj ykpdcks krt sz iajusu. Eu srg, lkid vg zarujdu jgngjdgrg nkykrkjkiekvurudcks lkdhjng, ehrdhi tkrkbjnkj hih yd nklk uzktdkehdhyar.

Iajshjyg adkrki fjngrhdgj ckdj, iajshjyg hlrk hzhj srgsh hhjng sktdkckckslkdhjng, ckdj fcri cgvzukt grgvgshjng yurnk fgthrhdcgsh fgrgi.

=) Ikynk Ekd lrkmktjmg tkjcdkykdc? Fcri egykjjkcgshjhj, hlrkmkttkj jmg hlrkmkt ehrdhh fgjgd

sgirgtgrdhhjmg ikynk kdjn hlrkmkt gidhjg ngjhyar. Iajuydk hdfhdh dhstgdgr hhj Giaja-

ch Ekikjdjj wge shtgshjng ygr kdkj lrkm Ikynk Ekd Ckddkrk dhihj ^gedhg eki-

dkehdhr. Eu ikpskcnk ykpdkmki hlrkmkttk, lrkm Ikynk Ekd Ckddkrk dhihj ^gedh ikpskcjnkih ckddkrj hlrkmjnkj jmg

FEdgrhj ehrdhi fgjgd sgirgtgrdhhjmg ikynk kdjcks fgrgi.

Ikynk kdjc fcri egykjjkcgshjhj fcri hnkrgdgrhjg sujudck srgsh, ehrdhhjajky tkrhlhjngj hthekrgj, uzktdckcki zgrg =0 fj.


45/138

56

Kjmki, hlrk rjdgrhjg chitkr istdkcks uyfudkykj digdgrg ykpdkj, istdkck

ikpskcjnkih cknngdgrhj hlrkmjk kht ikytdkrj srgsh, ekikjdik egdhrdgjhyar.

>) Egngdshz lrkmktEu tkjcnkj, ikrdjnk ngcg ykpdckiszj yurtnjk ckd ikrdcksj kjdya-

ruz. Egngdshz adkrki hlrk gnhdgehdgmgi ckddkr9 Fgrgi vgyk tzgd ihhdgr tkrkbjnkj ftrdgj vgyk fjngrhdgj lgnhygdgr, chitkr

thmkrh tgkcddgrg uyfuj jucujgdgrdg, rgidkc vg tkjtc ckddkr, ygjhngj iuddkjckvgyk fgrh njcg iaju htlkd gnhdch ckd vg kcekdko ckdzgcgdgrh,

Nklk jmg usudjg uyfuj adkrki hlrk gnhdch ckddkrj egngdshz fjngrhdcgsh thmkrhrb vg kngtdgrg uyfuj pkrkdkr, bhrgdgrh hdg fkrkjthdh adkrki hlrk gnhdgj ckddkrj fk-

rkjth srgsh hhjng ygjhdgjcgsh fgrgigj pkrkdkr, Xkekjm chsyaj cgjsupdkrjj, ^rihygng kdkj ykekjmdkrj, yurtnjk lkjg

jkidh surgthydg fhngmgi ^ri vktkjnkdkrjj, nkhch vgyk fghmh frgvdg yurtnjk

fhngj ikcu frgvdhdgrhjhj, ftrgmgidgrh, fjngrgmgidgrh vgyk kndkrjk fjngrhdg-mgi ckd vg tktdkr,

Xurtnjnk ygrdghi tzgd ihhdgr, ykekjm turhstdgr vg yurtnjnk hikcgt gngj ^rivktkjnkdkrjj ftrgmgidgrh, fjngrgmgidgrh vgyk kndkrjk fjngrhdgmgi ckd vg

tktdkr, Ikcu iuruc vg iurududkr, egdgnhygdgr vg jhvgrshtgdgrhj, frgvdgrh vgyk kjdkck-

dkr fgrgh fjngrgmgidgrh ckd vg tktdkr, Ikcu iuruc vg iurududkr, egdgnhygdgr, jhvgrshtgdgr, Izdky hdg ikcu ykrkrjk kdkj

ngrjgi vg vkibdkrj fjngrgmgidgrh hjskjh ykrnc ckdzgcgdgrh adkrki srkdkjkehdhr.


46/138

5.;.;82; tkrhldh vg 5;= skyd Rgrfh Wsud Ikjujujuj licdgrhjg ekcdadckiszj nzgjdgcg ykpckyk Ckdhyg Ekikjd ygtihdh.

dgthmhdgr vg iuddkjmdkr yktrc vg rgthc skblkdkrjnk Ekikjdkr Iurudujmk egdhr-

dgjgmgi vgrfh n tgvhidgrngj ykrkrdkjnrdkehdhyar. ]gregst edfg hdg ^rihygjhj nhgr ygrdgrh krksjnk ykpdkmki thmkrgt, n thmkrgt rg-ohchjg tkeh sgregst edfg hdg nhgr digdgr vg sgregst edfgdgr krksjnk hsg n thmkrgt

rgohch uyfudkjcyar. Egngdh 7.000 nadkr vgyk ikrd ^ri Dhrksj fgcgygj ^rihyg cklrgdh ckddkr,

hstgg ekd adkrki hlrkmkt hdgchjg tkeh tutudckykehdhyar.

]gregst edfgdgrng skdkjkj tgvhidgr vg kvkjtkodkrk ekitcznk hsg ujdkr fryaruz? Bhykt, ikdhtg vg stkjnkrtdkrdk hdfhdh adkrki ikcu iuruc vg iurududkrjk vgrhdgj ygt-

ihdgr sgregst edfgdgrng uyfudkjcyar. ]gregst edfgdgr fcri edfgsh njnk skydnjnkj, sgregst edfgdgr hdg rihyg

krksjnk ykpdkj thmkrgttg n thmkrgt rgohch licdgrh uyfudkjyar. ]gregst edfgiuddkjmdkr ^rihygngj INRshz ckd vg lhzcgt sktj kdkehdhyar. Kjmki nhgr ykj-

nkj, sgregst edfg hdg nhgr digdgr vg nhgr sgregst edfgdgr krksjnk n thmkrgt


47/138

58

rgohch licdgrh uyfudkjcyar.

Ckddkr sgregst edfgng srg sjrdkcks adckiszj ikdkehdhyar. ]gregst edfgng skdkjkj tgvhi vg kvkjtkodkrnkj ygrdh vg ykekjm bhrckdkr ght adk-

rki ykrkrdkjyar. ]gregst edfgdgr ^rihyg KE Fcri Edfgshjhj ehr pkrks skydnjnkj, sgregst

edfgdgrngj ^rihyg vgyk KE cgjgdh rjdgrdg, ^rihygng sgregst nadkc nuru-cujnk eudujkj fcri ehrdhh ikpskcjnkih rjdgr,K.^U Egdfgshnzgjdgjgrgi

KEyg fjngrhdgehdhyar. jm dig cgjgdh rjdgrsg, artki fcri tkrhbgshydguyucdktrdc ^ri Fcri ^krhbg Mgtvgdhjng egdhrthdgj arkj zgrhjngj sgregst

edfg fcri cnrdjg fcri vgrfhsh ngjgrgi sgregst nadkck fghrhdnhi-tgj sajrkK.^U Egdfgsh nzgjdgjgrgi KEyg fjngrhdgehdhyar.

2) Abbsgt Kjdkckdkr grgvgshjng Xkpdkmki lrkmktjmg abbsgt jgnhr ajk ekikdc? Ikcu iurududkr tkrkbjnkj kdkj udusdkrkrks hlkdg-

dgr grgvgshjng, hlkdgyh ikzkjkj bhrck vgyk iurudu tkrkbjnkj, ^rihygng rgthdgj ckd-dkrj, fgdhr vg fhngrdgrh ^rihygng ikyngnhdgj yurtn ctgkllhtdhi lhzcgtdgrhjhj vg nhgr

lhzcgtdgrhj ygjh kdmdkrk udkcks ikpskcjnk, egngdh gj kz 7 chdyaj nadkr adkj udusdk-rkrks hlkdgdgrng, hlkdgyg iktdkj ykekjm bhrckdkrj hlkdgyh kkj ^ri ikcu iuruc vg

iurududkr hdg ikcu artkididkrjk yjgdhi narunkj vg nadkyd abbsgt tkklltdgrhjh ikps-yar. dfhdh uyfudkck Abbsgt Wyfudkckdkrjk dhihj gedh ikpskcjnk yrtdyar.

Abbsgt ikvrkc, ikcu iuruc vg iurududkr hdg ikcu artkididkrjj kkmkidkrudusdkrkrks hlkdg grgvgshjng ykpkmkidkr htlkdkt sajumujnk fgrgidgthrgmgidgrh

nvhz ngcgdgrhjh tgdkbh gtcgi kckmydk, kjdkck fgrghjmg ^rihygngj ykpdkjhlrkmkt hbkng gnhyar.

Narunkj abbsgt, hlkdg iajusuydk narunkj vg ykijnkj hdfhdh kdkjdkrnk fgrgidgth-rhdgj vg yurthhjng rgthdgj shstgc, kdt shstgc vg pkrkdkrjj ^rihygngj hlrkmjj

fgrgidgthrhdcgsh adkrki tkjcdkjyar. Krdi adkrki ^ri hlrk rjdgrhjhj yurtnjnk pkzkrdkjcksj kckdkykj Nadky-

d Abbsgt Kjdkckdkr hsg, Giajach Ekikjd tkrkbjnkj yrtdyar.

6) ]jr thmkrgth]jr hmkrgth Ikrkr hdg egdhrdgjch adkj hddgrhj hlthykdkrjj ehr iscjj sjr iacu-

su digdgrngj htlkdkt yaduydk nklk ni ckdhygtdg ikrdkjcks vg eu hddgrhchzngj hlrk-mktj krtrdcks eurknk tgcgd kck. ]jr hddgrhjg giajachi vg thmkrh mkjddi ikzkjnrd-

cks kckmydk ykpdkj eu thmkrh hdgcdgrg sjr thmkrgth ngjhyar. Krtvhj, Krnklkj, Hnr,Kr, Rkj, Lkiikrh, rjki, Ckrnhj, kjdurbk, Fkzhkjtgp, Ihdhs vg Lktky hddgrhjng ykpdkj

htlkdkt vg hlrkmktk hdhihj nzgjdgcg, ]jr ^hmkrgthjhj Wyfudkjcksjk dhihj ^gedh hdgnzgjdgjch nurucnk.

]jr hmkrgth Egdfgsh? Ikrkr ikpskcjnkih hddgrng gj kz hih ydnkj egrh ygrdghi adk-rki bkkdhygt fstgrgj tkmhr vg gsjkbk hdfhdh sjr thmkrgt cgrigzhjng ckkzk ihrkdkck, sjr

thmkrgth ikpskcjnk hlrkmkt vg htlkdkt ykpck ygtihsh vgrgj, hdfhdh vkdhdhi tkrkbjnkj n-zgjdgjgj egdfg.

]jr thmkrgth ikpskcjnk hlrkmkt?Ikrkr ikpskcjnkih hddgrng gj kz hih ydnr ygr-


48/138

=0


dghi adkrki bkkdhygt fstgrgj gsjkb vg tkmhr tkrkbjnkj hdfhdh fcri ikps vg sjr thmk-

rgt cgrigzhjngj, ]jr ^hmkrgth Egdfgsh hdg ykpdkmki ^ri cgjgdh rj hlrkmkt.]jr thmkrgth ikpskcjnk htlkdkt? Ikrkr ikpskcjnkih hddgrng ]jr ^hmkrgth Egdfg-

shjg lkhz gsjkb vg tkmhr tkrkbjnkj hdfhdh fcri ikps vg sjr thmkrgt cgrigzhjngj htlkdktiatkdkr vgyk htlkdkt nggr dhchtdgrh nklhdhjng tlkdkt Wyfujdui Egdfgsh hdg ykpdkj htlkdkt.

]jr thmkrgthjg fgjgd ikpskc hdg ekitcznk u jaitkdkr fryaruz?

rj fhrh vg i ygtihdh fcri ikpsjnkj vgyk sjr thmkrgt cgrigzhjngj ykp-dyar.

tlkdkt vg hlrkmkt hdgcdgrh hhj fcri egykjjkcgsh nzgjdgjhyar. tlkdkttk tgi vg ckitu vgrfh uyfudkjyar. ^gi vg ckitu vgrfh, Fcri Rgrfhsh arkj

sbr, INR hdg ^R arkjdkr tkc adkrki nhiiktg kdjkrki lgskpdkjyar.

tlkdkttk, Giajach Ekikjdjj hdfhdh sjr hdh hhj ehdnhrhdgmgi htlkdkt iatkdkr yk nkhtlkdkt nggr dhchtdgrh gsks.

Ehr gsjkb vgyk tkmhr, 70 ehj nadkr ikrd ^ri Dhrksjk iknkr nggrng gyk htlkdgngehdhyar.

tlkdkt hdgcdgrhjng, gykjj hdfhdh iacu digng rgthdnhhjg vgyk hckd gnhdnhhjgnkhr cgjg klkngtjkcgsh fcri hnkrgshjmg krkjyar.

jm dig cgjgdh rjdgrhj sjr thmkrgth ikpskcjnk htlkdktjk hzhj vgrhdchyar. ]jr thmkrgth ikpskcjnk htlkd gnhdgj rjdgr, ygtihdh sjr hddgrhjng ygrdghi gsjkb vg

tkmhrg skt ykpdkehdhyar. lrkmkt hdgcdgrhjng, ]jr ^hmkrgth Egdfgsh hdg hlrk gnhdgj gyk bkturksjj vg hlrk-

mkt ehrdhhjmg ajkydkjc fcri egykjjkcgshjhj ygtihdh fcri hnkrgshjg su-judcks zarujdu.


49/138

=;

dkrmk, thmkrgt padhthiks jdgcdgrhjg tkeh tutudckiszj, vgrfhsh tgchjktk ekdkjcki

surgthydg htlkd gnhdcgsh vg hlrkmkt tkkllnjj fgrgidgcgshjh ctgkihp, kdjkj tg-chjktj hkng gnhdcgsh kjdkcjk fgdhyar. Fgrh ngcg ]hstgch hsg, nklhdng hdgcg hzhj

egdfgsh/nklhdng hdgcg hzjh ikpskcjnk sgregst nadkck fhrgj lkccknng, ykrncmcknng, ykr ckcud, ckcud hdg nghcgch gyk, kcekdko vg hdgtcg ckdzgcgshjngj

gdng gnhdgj hdgc frc rjj hlrkm lkdhjng, htlkdkt gsjksjnk kdjkj vgrfhjhj (h-dgtcg ckdzgcgshjg hdhihj iktck nggr vgrfhsh vg zgd tigthc vgrfhsh lkrh) fgrh

ngjcgsh ngcgi.

Wyfudkck iajudkr Nklhdng hdgcg kckmydk fgthrhdgj gykjj vgrfhdgrh tgchjkt kdtjk kdjyar vg thmkrgt

padhthiks jdgcdgrhjg tkeh tutudcuyar.

dgc frc gykjj rihyg Fcri Edfgshjngj ikrdcksjnkj sajrk tgchjktadkrki kdjkj vgrfhdgr hkng gnhdhyar. NU ikpskcjnk fcri cukbhygtdh htlkdktjykj srk vgrfh, rgshc vg lkr hsthsjks nk uyfudkjcyar.

NUngj ykrkrdkjcki hstgygj gdgitrajhi hczk sgrthbhiks sklheh iuddkjmdkrj,

^rihyg Fcri Edfgshjng (sgregst edfgdgr lkrh) ygrdghi hckdkt hlrkmktvgyk hlrkmktdkr knjk, NUg hdhihj hdgcdgrh fgrgidgthrgehdcgi hhj wge skybks

vkstksydk Giajach Ekikjdjk crkmkkt gtcgdgrh fgrgi. Nklhdng hdgcg hzhjdgrhjhj srgsh gj bkzdk ;5 ky. Nklhdng hdgjgj rjdgr, hzhj lki

sklhpdgrh tkrkbjnkj hlrk gnhdgehdgmgh fheh hzhj kdcknkj ekik ehr hlrkmkt gdhydgng ykpdkehdhyar. Nklhdng hdgcg ikpskcjnkih gyk, tgcshdmh krkmd hdg htlkd

gnhdgehdhr. lrkmktj Kvrupk ^apduduujk, sgregst thmkrgt kjdkcks hczkdkc vgyk Pkj-

Kvrupk Cgjg Icdksyajujk tkrkb digdgrg ykpdcks lkdhjng tgdkbh gnhmh vgrfhtklshd gnhdhyar.

8) Lkrhtg dgcg UgohchLkrhtg dgcg Ugohch, NUhj tgrshjg hdgygj ehr ykp. LU, sgregst nadkcnk eudujkj

gykjj nklk hdgrh skblknk hdgjcgi, tkchr gnhdcgi vgyk ygjhdgjcgi zgrg fghmh adkrki^rihyg Fcri Edfgsh njk vgyk sgregst edfgdgrg hlrk gnhdcgsh vg eu bkkdhygtdgrsajumujnk gdng gnhdgj rjdgrhj, fcri vgrfhdgrhjngj tkc vgyk isch cukbhygt

uyfudkjcki surgthydg ygjhngj sgregst nadkck fhrcgsh vg htlkdh hdg hdfhdh bkkdhygtdgrhikpsyar. Wyfudkck ehr n thmkrgt rgohch adkrki ikrczk iyarr. Nzgjdgcg

;;/5006 ]kyd Lkrhtg dgcg Ugohch Ikrkr hdg uyfudkjyar.

Ekvuru Nklk hdgrh nzgyng hhdhi frgmgi gyk hhj Giajach Ekikjdjk,

Ckngj mgvlgrh vg iajskjtrgdgrhjhj hhj ckngj hlrkmkt ehrdhidgrhjhj ekd eudujnu-u hlrkmkt ehrdhh fgjgd sgirgtgrdhhjg, (CCE)

^kchrkt kckd, fkrkjth licdgrh uykrjmk vgyk ehr hckdkt lktks jgngjhydg ^rih-yg Fcri Edfgsh njk vgyk sgregst edfgdgrg fjngrhdgj gyk hhj Fcri vg

^hmkrgt Ekikjdjk ekvuruduyar.


50/138

=5


Wyfudkck Kdkjdkr Lkrhtg hdgcg hzjhjhj srgsh kzkch;5 ky. tlkdktj fgrgidgthrhdcgsh, LU grgvgshjng htlkdh tkkllt gnhdgj hdgc frc

rjj, htlkdkt rgohch hdg fcri cgvzuktjk uyfuj gihdng fcri lkttjnkj ^r-ihyg Fcri Edfgshjg fhrhhjh (sgregst edfgdgr lkrh) hbkng gnhyar.

LU grgvgshjng fgrgidgthrhdgmgi htlkdkt, lkrhtg hdgcg hzhj egdfgsh/hzjh sklhehbhrck njnk ekik ehr bhrck tkrkbjnkj nk fgrgidgthrhdgehdhr9 eu nurucnk htlkdk-

t fgrgidgthrgmgi ihhyg kht ehdfhdgr, egdfgjhj/hzjhj zgd krtdkr edcjg ikyngnh-dhyar.

;0) Ekvud hmkrgth^urhstdgr digdgrhjg njdgrhjng lgrlkjfh ehr chitkr vg nggr istdkcks adckiszj

digchzngj sktj kdnidkr ckddkr egrkegrdgrhjng ftrgehdhyar. Eu tr sktdkrk ekvudthmkrgth ngjhyar. Eu ikpskcnk,

^urhstdgrg vg yurtnjnk hikcgt gngj ^ri vktkjnkdkrjk bkturk ikrdjnk ykp-dkj sktdkrnk, ckdj yurtnjk ijj fcri hnkrgdgrhjmg tgsphth ikynydk, hlrk-

mkttk adnuu fheh INR Ikjujujuj ;;/;-E cknngshjng nzgjdgjgj INR hsthsjksj-nkj ykrkrdkjckdkr ccij.

Ekvud thmkrgthjhj egdfgdh ckd thmkrgthjg njtrdgrgi hlrkmkt skydcks hhj, Ckdh-yg Ekikjdjnkj ^rihygng ikcgt Gtcgygjdgrg Nvhz Ikrd ]ktdkrnk Ikt-

ck Nggr Rgrfhsh lrkmkt sthsjks zhj Egdfgsh kdkjdkrj, zgd bkturk nzgjdgcgisurgthydg ykpkmkidkr sktdkr, ckddkrj yurtn gnhdcgsh kckmydk zgd bkturkjj hd-

fhdh i fcridgrhjng ajkydktdcks, vgyk ckd egngdh nvhzdgrhj, krkm ekjik vgykzgd bhjkjs iurucdkrjk sktdkrki nvhz kdc egdfgsh nzgjdgthdcgsh ikynydk, lrk-

mkt Xjgtcgdhh grgvgshjng hlrkmkt adkrki ikeud gnhdhyar. zgd bkturkdkr, hdfhdh fcri hnkrgshjg vgrhdcgshjngj jmg vgyk fcri hnkrgshjg

ajkydktdcksjj krnjnkj hlrkmkt ehrdhh fgjgd sgirgtgrdhidgrhjg ng ajkydktdckslkdhjng, Egdfgshz lrkmkt Irgnhsh, Nklhdng dgcg zjh, Nklhdng dgcg zhj Egdfgsh

vg Rgrfh Ugshc Lkr sthsjks Egdfgsh hdg hdfhdh hdgcdgrng fcri egykjjkcgsh ygrh-

jg ikeud gnhdhyar. zgd bkturk hgrhh hlrkmkt, zgd bkturky nzgjdgygj bhrckyk kht hlrkmkt tkklltdgrh-jg skydkmk fheh, zgd bkturk zgrhjng ujvkj ikytd adcks lkdhjng, hckdkt bhrck-

yk kht hlrkmkt tkklltdgrhjg ng skydyar. Kjmki, ngrh vg ngrh ckcuddgrh njnkih tgisthd vg iajbgishyaj rjdgrh sktjk hdh-

ihj zgd bkturkdkr, Nklhdng dgcg zjh hdg Nklhdng dgcg zhj Egdfgsh hlrkmkt tkkl-lnjg skydcyar.

M) LUK GNDGMGI UJG FUG DGCDGU

lrk rj ng ykpdkmki hlrkmkt gidhjh egdhrdhyar. digchzhj hczkdkn udusdkrkrkskjdkckdkr ikpskcjnk hzjg vgyk ikynk kdn rjdgr, digng ygthgj ehtih vg lkyvkj

trjj iarujcks vg iaddkjcks ikpskcjnk hdfhdh iurucdkrj egdhrdgnhh pdkjdkck,egddh rjdgrhj hlrkmj gidg ekdyar. Euju eg ekditk hjmgdgcgi ccij?


51/138

==

Ikjuj vg ikrkrjkcgdgrdg hlrkm ykskidkjc lrkm Xkski Ckddkr Dhstgsh

Ikjuj vg ikrkrjkcgdgrdg hlrkm egdhrdh ehr iuruc vgyk iuruduuj hzjhjg ekdkjcrjdgrhj hlrkmkt, ykjh lrkm j zjg Ekd Ckddkr Dhstgsh

lrkm Ikynk Ekd rjdgrhj hlrkmkt, Ihcykskd ]hdkl ]zdgcgsh Gihjng Xgr Kdkj Ihcykskd Cknngdgrhj lrkmktjk dhihj

gedhhj gihjng ygr kdkj H, HH, HHH skyd dhstgdgrng ygr kdkj cknngdgrhj hlrkmkt, saj adkrki nk hbt iuddkjcd vg lkssks cknngdgrhj hlrkmkt.

;) lrkm Xkski Ckddkrlrkm ykski adkj eu rjdgr ydg? Idtr vg tkehkt vkrdidkr (gsih gsgrdgr), lhjt igjg-

vhrh, ttj talucu vg bhngsh, kv vg ykekj lkyvkjdkr (hlrkm hzjg ekd ckddkr trdgr lk-

rh), ekz kk trdgrhjhj iti, tacrui, igrgstg, ikdks vg tksdkidkr (mgvhz, nut, ihrkz,

krcut, grhi, parsui, neunki, ikrkkk vg ldkcur, hlrkmkt ykski adkj nakd hgi sa-kjdkr, anuj, sdk, ykdkjiaz, nktklurcks, zgythj (tgsmhdh ykpdc vg Chddh ght Dhstg-shjng ykycdkjc adkj ghtdgrhj yurthhjng sgrthbhikdkjnrdc adkjdkr lkrh), hjmhr,bjni, kjtgpbst, ksck (sudtkjh gihrngishz) bhnkjdkr hdg skdgp.

5) lrkm j zjg Ekd Ckddkr

CKNNG _J RGUGJ IWUWC

Iajtradg ke utudkmki Lkrp Krk vg Fgrgdgr dg ]dkl, Clcckt vg Eujdk-rk Kt Xgngi Pkrkdkr, Ksigr Pktdkym Cknngdgr, Eujdkrk Kt ^gijadaodgr

Cdd ]kvujck Ekikjd

Kbyaj vg lklk igddgs ]kdi Ekikjd

Wyuturumu cknngdgr ]kdi Ekikjd

^gldigd Ktidkrj gvrg vg glhrmhdhi Ekikjd

Xkekj nacuzu, iurt, kikd, tdi, skjskr, parsui dg ydkjdkr, ikpducekk vgigrtgjigdgdgrj mkjd vg mkjsz lkdng vg eujdkrj tkjjkedr pkrkdkr dg euj-dkrnkj ckcud iajbgisyaj

gvrg vg glhrmhdhi Ekikjd

(Fergdgr (Icygv fergdgr lkr Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

^alucduidkr Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Kjikrk (^bti) igs Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

]u rjdgrjngj su rjdgr kvmdj nzgjdgygj gsksdkr grgvgsjng kv-dkjcks tkckcgj ykski adkj mjs vg jtgditgi su rjdgr

Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Xkr ktdkr Fnk, ^krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Xgc Ikjuju ikpskcjk frgj ygcdgr Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Rgtgrjgr dkdkr Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Nakd gi sakjdkr Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Nkczdi eyi vg ii ek lkyvkj Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

(Nak Ckjtkr(]kngmg KE ygs digdgrg yjgdi lrkmkt j Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Ckv yzfgd arijas Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Jidggr vg Jidggr bt Iuddkjcd Gykdkrj lrkmktjnk zjg Gsks Adkmki Egd-fgdgrj Rgrdcgsjg dij Xjgtcgdi ikpskcjnki ckddkr

^riyg Ktac Gjgros Iurucu

Bzg gijadaos Iajtrad Ugoc Gipckj, Xkzdc vg gijadao Gi NkldjngiCkdzgcgdgr

Cdd ]kvujck Ekikjd

gigr .M. gigr Iurucu


52/138

=>


Arckj kkm talucdkr vg ngr ygttrcg cktgrykddgr Arckj vg ]u dgrh Ekikjd

^gigd N Erkidkj Pktdkym Cknngdgrdg Kv Ckdzgcgs vg Egjzgrdgrjj rg- tc, tlkd, ^kjcks, ]kidkjcks, Ngpadkjcks, ]kt, Iuddkjdcks, XaiGndcgs, Ngjgtdgjcgs Wsud vg Gsksdkrjk dij zi ikpskcjk frgj pkt-(dkym cknngdgr (lkrp sdkl vg clcckt lkr

hdgrh Ekikjd (Gcjhygt Fgjgd(Cnrd

_gytj bnkj Fnk, krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd

Vkssgjkkr Nzgjdgcgs Clcckt Dstgs Ikpskcjnki Ckdzgcgdgr Cdd ]kvujck Ekikjd

Xkprki ttj, ttj nijtdgr ^tj vg Kdiad Pyksks NzgjdgcgIurucu

=) lrkm Ikynk Ekd rjdgrlrkm ikynk ekd rjdgrg hdhihj nzgjdgcg,2/2/5002 tkrhldh vg 52;80 skyd Ugsc

Fkzgtgng ykycdkjkj tgedhhj gihjngsrkdkjc nurucnk. Eu ikpskcnk ykpdkj ckd-

dkrj hlrkmktj yuikrnk ikynk ekd ckddkrj hlrkmkt edcjng hjmgdgchthi.

Eu ikpskcnkih rjdgr ydg? Ngstgidgcg vg Bhykt sthirkr Baju prhch igshjthshjg tkeh cknngdgrhj hlrkm,

Ngstgidgcg vg Bhykt sthirkr Bajujnkj ngcg ykpdkj cknngdgrhj hlrkm, digchzng irgnh ikrd iurudkj tgshsdgrhj egngdhjhj ckddk fgrh ngjcgshjg hdhihj

zgd lgskpdkr grgvgshjng hlrkmkt, ^rihyg hdg Uusyk krksjnkih nakdfkz kjdkcks grgvgshjng hlrkmkt,

lrk rjdgrhjg chitkr istdkcks uyfudkykj digdgrg ykpdkj istdkck ikpskcj-nkih cknngdgrhj hlrkm,

EC ikrkrdkr uykrjmk giajachi ykptrc uyfudkjkj digdgrg hlrkmkt, Ehtihsgd vg Lkyvkjskd rjdgrhj Giadaohi Cgtatdkrdk rgthdcgshjg dhihj Xjgtcg-

dhi ikpskcjnk sgrthbhiky lkhz ckddkr, dgc frcgch zgythjyk vg hdgc frc nicg vgyk vkrhddh zgythjyk,

Cgykj ii, Lkc ddgtk vg tksdki phpa, Azaj tkekiksjj iarujcksjk nkhr Rhykjk ]zdgcgsh hdg eu szdgcgyg kht Prata-

iaddgr vg nghhidhidgr ikpskcjnkih ckddkrj skngmg eu nzgjdgcgdgrg tkrkb dig-dgrg yjgdhi hlrkmkt,

^arek, uvkd vg iutudu lkdng hdgc frcgch zgythj, Arhohjkd ekrski, mkjd iayuj, id ighsh, eyiek lkyvkj,

Nicg lkdng ikpyk mhjsh ircz ehegr (iajhi ehegr), Lkc zgythj (bgrckjtksyaju tkckcdkjckc),

Ekir vg hjia lurnk vg nijtdgrh, Egykz cgrcgr, rgjidh vg nkckrd Cgrcgr, ajhis, trkvgrtgj (lkc vg ikekmk yajtudcu)

hcgjta,

Iarjhajdkr, kcbst ( kcbst lkrh), Eunky vg ckldut, ikrk eunky, eunky vg kvnkr cgdgzh,

Cgrmhcgidgr, krpk, csr, Fgrh ikzkjdc ikt vgyk ikrtaj nijt, irpjt vg lurnkdkr,


53/138

=7

Kdchjyuc nijt vg lurnkdkr hdg

Iracdu ngrhdgr.

>) Ihcykskd ]hdkl ]zdgcgsh Gihjng Xgr Kdkj Ihcykskd Cknngdgrhj lrkmkt-jk dhihj ^gedhhj gihjng ygr kdkj H., HH. vg HHH. skyd dhstgdgrng ygr kdkj ckn-ngdgrhj hlrkmkt

Ihcykskd ]hdkldkrj Fgdhthrhdcgshjhj, rgthchjhj, ]taidkjcksjj vg Iuddkjcjj Xk-

skidkjcks vg Eujdkrj clks hdg dfhdh ]zdgcg licdgrh uykrjmk, Ihcykskd ]hdkl-dkr ]zdgcgshjng ygr kdkj dhstg frupdkrjj hlrkmkt Ihcykskd ]hdkldkr ]zdgcgsh Gihj-

ng ygr kdkj Ihcykskd Cknngdgrhj lrkmktjk dhihj ^gedh (^gedh Ja? 5005/;5)ikpskcjnk fgrgidgthrhdhyar.

Eu grgvgng, Ihcykskd cknngdgrhj szdgcgyg tkrkb adkj digdgrg hlrkm Giajach Ekikjdjj

hzjhjg tkeh. Ekvurudkr, stkjeud Ckngj Cgtkd lrkmktdkr Ehrdhhjg ykpdyar,ekikjdi vgyk CCE tkrkbjnkj sajudkjnrdyar.

Ihcykskd cknngdgrg hdhihj fcri egykjjkcgdgrhjhj, fcri tgsdhc srgsh, hzhjtkrhlhjngj hthekrgj 80 fj.

7) hbt iuddkjcd vg lkssks cknngdgrhj hlrkmktIhtdg hclk shdkldkrjj fgdhthrhdcgshjng iuddkjdkehdgmgi ckdzgcg vg tgijadaohjhj hl-

rkmktjj ngjgtdgjcgsh kckmydk aduturudcu vg digchzhj tkrkb adnuu udusdkrkrks

nzgjdgcg vg rgohcdgr ikpskcjnk iajtradg tkeh adkj, lgc shvhd lgc ng ksigrh kckdkiuddkjdck zgddhhjg sklhp hbt iuddkjcd vg lkssks cknngdgrhj hlrkmkt, hbt Iuddkjcd

vg Lkssks Cknngdgrhj lrkmktjj Iajtradjg dhihj gedh hdg nzgjdgjhyar. Eu ikp-skcnk9 Vkssgjgkr Nzgjdgjcgsh hbt Iuddkjcd Ckdzgcg vg ^gijadaoh Dhstgsh hdg

Kvustrkdyk Frueu Ihcykskd Prgirsrdgr Dhstgsh ikpskcjnkih ckdzgcg vg tgijadaoh-dgrhj hlrkmkt Giajach Ekikjdjj hzjhjg tkeh.

Eujk hdhihj ekvurudkr, htlkdkt bhrcknkj kdjkj Jhlkh Iuddkjc ]grthbhiks hdgehrdhitg stkjeud Ckngj vg Cgtkddgr lrkmkt Ehrdhh Fgjgd ]girgtgrdhhjg ykpdyar. lrkmktjk hzhj vgrhdgj tkdgpdgrg hdhihj fcri egykjjkcgdgrhjhj hdfhdh egdfgdgrdg

ehrdhitg fcri hnkrgdgrhjg 80 fj hhjng tgsdhc gnhdhyar. lrkmkt sajrksjnk, hlrkmkt bhrck tkrkbjnkj, ;7 fj hgrhshjng hdfhdh fcri eg-

ykjjkcgshjhj ehr rjghjhj CCEg fjngrhdcgsh fgrgi.


54/138


55/138

LUKMK^^K

LKJFEGDFGDGUIWDDKJCKDHXHC1

N U N J M E D C


56/138

=. EDC N ^hmkrgttg Iuddkjdkj Egdfgdgr

UG]CEGDFGDGULUKMK^HJ gj kyrdckz ujsurdkrjnkj ehrh ng egdfgdgr. Ckdjz fjngrcgi hhj, fg-

rgi udusdkrkrkrks, fgrgisg uduskd nzgjdgcgdgr ikpskcjnk ghtdh egdfgdgrhj, hzhjdgrhj,

sgrthbhikdkrj lkzrdkjcks, nzgjdgjcgsh vg hdfhdh iurucdkrk egykj gnhdcgsh zarujdu. Euj-dkr, rgsch egdfgdgr, thmkrh egdfgdgr, tkck egdfgdgrh vg shfartk egdfgdgrh adkrki nrt fruptk

hjmgdgcgi ccij. Eu edcng zgddhidg n thmkrgttg lkjfh egdfgdgrhj iuddkjdnj, hzhjsgrthbhik vg egdfgdgrhj jg adnuu vg jgrgngj tgchj gnhdgehdgmghjh hjmgdgygmghz.

Eu hdi kjk ekdi kdtjnk, n thmkrgttg iuddkjdkj rgsch egdfgdgrh, nadkc egdfgdgrh vgrj vgyk digyg fhrh ikpskcjnk hstgjgj egdfgdgr adkrki hjmgdgygmghz.

;) Fcri Egykjjkcgsh (Mustacs Ngmdkrkthaj Barc)

Ckdj yurtnjk ikrdcks srgmhjngih hdi knc fcri egykjjkcgsh. Egykjjkcg, hl-rkmkttk fcri cgvzukt uykrjmk nadnurudkrki hdfhdh hlrkmkt ehrdhh tkrkbjnkj ajkydkjck-

sjnkj sajrk fcri hnkrgshjg sujuduyar. Fcri egykjjkcgsh ckd sklhpdgrh yk nk ikjujhtgcshdmhdgrh tkrkbjnkj nzgjdgjgehdhyar. Egykjjkcg nzgjdgjnhitgj sajrk zgrhjng lgr-

lkjfh ehr nghhidhi, shdcg, ygjhngj ykzck, ikzjt fheh ehr hdgc ykpdckcks fgrgi. Egykj-jkcg herkz gnhdnhitgj sajrk gykyk hdhihj (bhykt, ehrhch, mhjsh fheh) lgr lkjfh ehr nghhidhi

ykpcki nk ccij nghd.


57/138

=8

Egykjjkcgjhj tgsmhdhEgykjjkcgjhj fcri ngbtgrdgrhjg ikyt gnhdcgsh, zgrhjg ikyt srk juckrks kdj-

cks, tkrhlhjhj vg rgsch clrjj iajudcks hdgchjg ngjhyar. ^gsmhd hdgch eu kkck-

dkrnkj sajrk fgrgidgch aduyar. Ggr tgsmhdngj sajrk egykjjkcgjhj hptkd gnhdcgshfgrgihrsg, fcri hnkrgsh eu lususu, hdfhdh hlrkmkt ehrdhhjg, bhrckjj vgrfh nkhrgshjg vg

Îg ehdnhrhyar. Egykjjkcgdgrng, yicddidgr vg mgzkh sarucdudui hczkdkykj ihh-dgrg kht. Egykjj ekdkym adcks jgngjhydg, egykjjkcg ekiksjk ngvrgnhdgchyar. ]g-

ihz jslk adkrki nzgjdgjgj lgr egykjjkcg barcu, ehr ikdgc gyk hhj iuddkjdyar,gykjj bkzdk ikdgcng adcks nurucujnk, lgr ikdgc gyk hhj ehr ngvkc barcu gidg-

jhyar. Gyk skyjj nklk bkzdk adnuu nurucnk gykyk hdhihj tc ehdfhdgrhj ygr kdn(mhjs, F^P, vgrfh cktrkl, arkj fheh) dhstg, egykjjkcgyg gidgjgehdhyar.

5) K.Û Nadkc Egdfgsh (K.Û Cavgcgjt Mgrthbhmktg)

digyg frg hlrkmkt gidhjng hjmgdgnhhchz fheh, Kvrupk Ehrdhh digdgrhydg ykptcz

hlrkmkttk K.Û egdfgsh iuddkjdyar. Egdfg, digchzngj Kvrupk Ehrdhhjg yg digdgrghlrk gnhdgj skjkyh rjdgrhjhj fcri cukbhygthjngj ykrkrdkjdcks hhj nzgjdgjhyar.

K.Û Nadkc Egdfgshjhj, hlrkmkt dig tkrkbjnkj nzgjdgjgrgi fcri hnkrgdgrhjgvhzg gtthrhdcgsh sajumujnk hdfhdh cukbhygtdgr skdkjyar.

KE digdgrhjg skjkyh rjdgrh hlrk gnhdcgi hstgjnhhjng,

Ekd eudujudkj anknkj kdjkj K.Û Nadkc Egdfgsh (eg kngt) nadnurudckd Ankyk ehr nhdgig vg bkturk surgthydg ehrdhitg ekvurudkrki tksnhi fgrgidgthrhdcgdh.

K.Û Nadkc Egdfgsh, rjj hdfhdh kjdkckdkr ikpskcjnk sgregst nadkck fhrnhhjhj

egykjj skdyar. Kvrupk Ehrdhh hdg fgrgidgthrhdgj Fcri Ehrdhh skjkyh rjdgrhjh hg-rhyar. Egdfg fgrgidh adnuu nurucdkrnk ckdj hlrk gnhdcgshjngj sajrk nk nzgjdgjgehdh-

yar. Eu hdgc hhj gvrkidkr, nhdgig gihjng ankyk vgrhdhr vg tksnhi fgrgidgthrhdhyar.

=) GWU.; Nadkc ]grthbhiks (GWU.; Cavgcgjt Mgrthbhmktg)GB^K digdgrh, ]gregst hmkrgt Kjdkcks hczkdkncz digdgr, Kvrupk Ehrdhh hdg ng-

chr gdhi rjdgrhjng (Kvrupk Icr gdhi âpduduu rjdgrh) vg Kvrupk Ehrdhhjgyjgdhi fnk vg tkrc rjdgrhjhj hlrkmjnk nzgjdgjgj egdfgyg, GWU.; Nadkc Egdfgsh

ngjhyar. Egdfg, ykpdkj hlrkmkttk egdhrdgjgj rjdgrhj hdfhdh kjdkckdkr ikpskcjnk fc-ri hjnhrhcdgrhjngj ykrkrdkjcksj skdyar. GWU.;. Egdfgsh, ekd adujkj anknkj kdjp

yhjg ank tkrkbjnkj ajkydkjnitkj sajrk fcri cnrdjg herkz gnhdhyar. ]rgydg hdhyar?

Ekd eudujudkj anknkj kdjkj GWU.; Nadkc egdfgsh (eg kngt) nadnurudckd. Ankyk ehr nhdgig vg bkturk surgthydg ehrdhitg ekvurudkrki tksnhi fgrgidgthrhdcgdh.

GWU.; Nadkc ]grthbhiks ekz nurucdkrnk hsthsjkh adkrki kht adnuu rjdgrhj hlrk-mjnkj sajrknk nzgjdgjgehdhyar. Egdfg, cgjg hspkt egdfgsh.


58/138

>0

>. EDC N ^hmkrgttg Iuddkjdkj Egdfgdgr

>) GWU-CGN Nadkc ]grthbhiks (GWU-CGN Cavgcgjt Mgrthbhmktg)

GWU-CGN Nadkc ]grthbhiks, Pkj-Kvrupk Kingjhz Icdsyajujk (PKKCI) tk-

rkb digdgrg fjngrhdgmgi rjdgrhj hlrkmktjnk iuddkjdkj cgjg hspkt egdfgsh. ]hs-tgc, Kvrupk Ehrdhh vg GB^K ^rihyg vg ekz Kingjhz digdgrhjhj nlhd adnuu ehr shs-

tgc. Eu shstgcg nlhd digdgr krksjnk sgregst thmkrgt kjdkckdkr hczkdkjckd vg kyjcgjg iurkddkr uyfudkjckdnr. Pkj-Kvrupk Kingjhz Icdsyaju shstgchjhj yrt-

dgehdcgsh hhj gj kz dig krksjnk sgregst thmkrgt kjdkcksjj tkckcdkjc adck-s fgrgidh.

GWU-CGN Nadkc Egdfgsh, kknkih kjdkckdkrj u cknngdgrhjng egdhrthdgj cgj-gdh rjdgr ikpskcjnk uyfudkjyar?

^ujushdg hczkdkjkj ]^Kjj 55. cknngsh Bkshdg hczkdkjkjj 5=. cknngsh srkhdhdg hczkdkjkj ]^Kjj ;;. cknngsh ]urhyghdg hczkdkjkj ]^Kjj 50. cknngshK^ (^krc rjdgrh thmkrgt rgohch ikpskcjnkih tkrcskd rjdgr) Csrhdg hczkdkjkj ]^Kjj 50. cknngsh GB^Khdg hczkdkjkjj jm cknngsh, KI^ rjdgrhjhj ^rihyg hdg Kvrupk ^ap-

duduu krksjnkih thmkrgth hdg hdfhdh kjdkckjj 2. cknngsh

rnj hdg ykpdkj ]^Kjj 55. cknngsh

PKKCI ]hstgchjg tkrkb ehr digyg hlrk gnhdgmgi gykjj icdksyaj grgvgshjngcgjg ikzkjcks hhj rgthcng iuddkjdkj vg shstgcg tkrkb nhgr digdgrngj tgchj gnh-

dgj cktgrykddgr zgrhjng ygtgrshz hhdhi vg hdgcdgrhj tgshjng ehr hhdhi vg hdgc ykpd-cks fgrgihyar. Ekvuru hhj nhdgig, rig bkturk, tkklltjkcg vg hlrk gnhdgmgi gyk

ykekjm cgjgdh hsg hlrkmkt egykj gidgjcgsh zarujdu. GWU.CGNg ikytd gykjjykekjm cgjgdh adcks lkdhjng cutdkik tgnkrhih egykj nk gidgjhyar.

^rihygng, hlrk iajusu ehr gykjj rgthchjng Kingjhz digdgrhjhj ehrh vgyk nklk

bkzdksjnkj ]^K ikpskcjnk htlkd gnhdch cgjgdh fhrnh iuddkjdyarsk, GWU-CGN Nadk-c Egdfgsh iuddkjcki zarujdu.

7) knkrhih Egykj (]uppdhgrs Ngmdkrkthaj)

gnkrhih egykj, gykjj hdfhdh tgrmhldh cgjg iurkddkrj skdknj vg egykj sklheh-

jhj eu egykj ngstgidgyhmh lgr trd ikjt herkz gtcgyg lkzr adnuuju fstgrhyar. ^r-ihyg vg Kvrupk tapduduu krksjnk thmkrgtg iaju adkmki gykjj hlrkmkts, kdmjj tk-

dgeh zgrhjg, tgnkrhi gtthh, hdgnhh vgyk rgtthh gykjj tgrmhldh cgjg stktsj

ikjtdkcki zgrg, hlrkmkt srksjnk vgyk sajrksjnk ehr tgnkrhih egykj nzgjdhyar vgkdmyk fjngrhyar. Lgr tgnkrhih, thmkrgtg iaju adkj gyksjj tgrmhldh cgjg stktsjegykj gngrigj, igjnh tgnkrhihdgrhjngj kdn egykjdkrk nkykjkehdhyar. Ehr tgnkrhih eg-

ykj, GWU.; Nadkc ]grthbhiks, bkturk egykj vgyk nhgr cgjg ikjtdkym egdfg vgehdfhdgrg ng nkykjnrdkehdhyar.


59/138

>;

2) K=-HJB-5 Egdfgsh

^rihygng sgregst nadkcnk eudujkj fhrnhdgrhj jmg ehr jm digyg fjngrhdhp

eurknk hhdhg tkeh tutudcks, hdgjch rjdgrhj KE digdgrhjg hlrk gnhdcgsh hdgcdg-rhjng jhlkh hlrk rj ejygshjng ygr kdkj sgregst nadkc lkiijk sklhp ^ri fhrnhsh-

jhj fcri vgrfhshjngj cukb tutudcksj skdkykj ehr egdfg. Egdfg, fgj trkbhhj adnu-u nurucdkrnk iuddkjdyar. Egdfgdgr rihygng fcri hnkrgdgrh tkrkbjnkj nzgjdgjhp

vhzg gtthrhdhyar.

6) Cgjg klkngtjkcgsh

Cgjg klkngtjkcgsh, hlrk iajusu gykjj lkjfh dig cgjgdh adnuuju vgyk fr-

n nghhidhi vg hdgcdgr nadkysydk a dig cgjgdh skydcks fgrgithhjh ehdnhrhr egd-fgyg ngjhyar. Fcri hdgcdgrh, digdgr krksjnk cgvmut thmkrgt kjdkcks licdgrhjg

frg ykpdnjnkj, rjghj ckdj fjngrhdnhh digng ^grmhldh Fcri Ugohchjngjykrkrdkjcks vgyk iajudkj iatk sjrdkcksjj nadup nadcknjj egdhrdgjcgsh hhj

fcrg fgdgj ckddkrj cgjgdgrhjhj egdhrdgjcgsh fgrgihyar.

Eu egdfgdgr,

lrkmkt tkrkbjnkj lkzrdkjyar, ankdkr tkrkbjnkj tksnhi gnhdhyar. dig cgjghjh egdhrdgnhh hhj fcri vgrfhdgrhjhj egdhrdgjcgshjng vgyk lgskpdkj-

cksjnk iuddkjdyar. Fcri egykjjkcgdgrh gihjng fcri hnkrgdgrhjg herkz gnhdhyar.

tlkdkt bhrckjj tkdgeh zgrhjg lkzrdkjyar. lrkmkttkj sajrk lkzrdkjkehdhyar.

K, E vg M adkrki jslk lkdhjng nzgjdgjnhh hhj KEM barcu nk ngjhyar.^rihygng cgjg klkngtjkcgsh (KEM barcu) hdfhdh thmkrgt vg skjkyh ankdkrjnkj tg-

chj gnhdhyar. Ajky srksjnk ank tkrkbjnkj ckddkrj ^ri cgjgdh adnuuju ikjtdkymegdfgdgrhj herkz nk hstgjgehdhyar.

Cgjg klkngtjkcgdgrhjng, gyky fjngrgjhj kn, saykn vg knrgsh, gykyk hdhihj(ikp, ckrik, mhjs) ehdfhdgrh, iycgth, yaddkck gidh, ank vhzgsh (hczk, clr, ikg), ckd

^ri cgjgdh skydyarsk eu zgddhidgrhj egdhrthdcgsh fgrgi. Cgjg klkngtjkcgsh, K.^U,GWU.; vg Barc K nzgjdgjgj digdgr njnk ikdkj vg krkcznk thmkrgt vg ngcg kjdk-

cks eudujkj digdgrg sgvi gnhdgmgi gyk hhj zarujdu.


60/138

>5


egdfgdgr ng gidgjhyar. ]ajrksjnk egdfgjhj yhjg ekd eudujudkj thmkrgt vg skjkyh

ankdkrjk ajkydktdcks fgrgi.

8) K^K Ikrjgsh (K^K Mkrjgt)

stkjeud ]zdgcgsh (K^K Ikrjgdgrh Fghmh tlkdkt ]zdgcgsh) ikpskcjnk, tkrkb

digdgr krksjnk, ekik lgrlkjfh ehr egdfgyg fgrgi nuyudckiszj, gykjj fghmh adkrkihtlkdkt vg hlrkmktj skdkykj fcri egdfgdgrhjg ngjhyar. zgddhidg udusdkrkrks

bkkdhygtdgrhj fgdhthrhdcgsh hhj ckddkrj vgrfhngj cukb ehr ehhcng sjrdkr krks nadk-cj skdyar. tlkdkt K^K Ikrjgsh hdg fcridgrng lhehr hdgc ykpckiszj fgdgj g-

ykjj fgrgi htlkdktjnk, fgrgisg ygjhngj hlrkmjnk fcridgrngj fgh srgshjhj iskd-tdcks skdkjyar. K^K Ikrjgsh egdhrdgjgj (ygtihdh) ankdkrnkj kdjyar9 ikrjgyh

iuddkjkmki ihh vgyk iurucdkrj gih dhstgshjh gidgnhh nhdgigydg ygtihdh ankdkrk ekvur-cks fgrgihyar. ^kjkmki gyk hhj fgrgigj tgchjktj ankyk vgrcgsh nurucujnk K^K


61/138

>=

ikrjgshjh kdjkehdhyar. K^K Ikrjgsh ehr yddi srg hhj vgrhdhyar. Ikrjg sklhpdgrh ehr K^K

Ikrjgsh hdg ehrngj bkzdk fghmh htlkdkt ykpck adkjkjk nk sklhp.

;0) Wdusdkrkrks Arhohj vg Ehtih ]kdi ]grthbhiks (Plytaskjhtkry Mgrthbhmktg)

Ehtih vgyk ehtihsgd rjdgrhj, tgldhigdh lkstkdi, zkrkrd cknngdgr, hdk ikdjtdkr vg lk-

grgngj iarujcu adnuuju fstgrgj egdfg. Ehtih vg ehtihsgd rj hlrkmktsjj, hlrkgngmgh rjdgrhj lkstkdi vg zkrkrd cknngdgrngj krjc adnuuju fstgrgjEhtih ]k-di ]grthbhiks egdfgshjh tgchj gtcgsh fgrgihyar. Egdfg, Fnk ^krc Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd-jnkj tgchj gnhdhyar vg hlrkmkt srksjnk fcri hnkrgdgrhjg herkz zarujdu.

;;) Lkyvkj lrkmjk dhihj ]kdi Ukparu (Lgkdtl MgrthbhmktgBar Kjhckd Gxpart)

Mkjd lkyvkj, lkyvkjskd cknngdgr vg ngjhz rjdgrh hlrkmktjnk iuddkjdkj egdfg. Eurjdgrhj hlrkmjnk, hjskj vg lkyvkjdkrk fggehdgj lkstkdidkrnkj tgchz adnuuju

fstgrcgi hhj ]kdi ]grthbhikdkrj egykj gtcgdgrh fgrgi. Xgtihdh iuruc Fnk ^krc vgLkyvkjmdi Ekikjd.

;5) Iajtrad Egdfgsh (Majbarchty Mgrthbmktg)Ekz tkrc rjdgrh, hlrkmkttk zarujdu ikdhtg ngjgthchjg tkeh. Eujdkr, N ^hmkrgttg

^gijhi Nzgjdgcgdgr vg ]tkjnkrnhzksyaj Xjgtcgdhh gihjng ygr kdkj tkrc rjdgrh.(Xjgtcgdhg Giajach Ekikjdjj hjtgrjgt shtgshjngj grhhdgehdhr) Wyfudkckjj

kckm, fgdgjgisgd tkrc rjdgrhjhj n digdgrngih hthekrj iarucki vg hsthirkrd pk-zkrdkr ykrktcki. Xgtihdh iuruc hsg Giajach Ekikjd edfg cnrdidgrhjg ekd

adkj rj Ngjgtcgjdgrh Frup Ekikjd. lrk rj, ykpdkj iajtraddgr sajumujnk,ckd stkjnkrnjk uyfuj eudujnuu tkinhrng, fcridgrg herkz gnhdcgi zgrg, frup

ekikjd tkrkbjnkj, hlrkmktyk iajtrad egdfgsh vgrhdhyar. Iajtrad egdfgshjg sklhptkzg cgyvg vg sgezg hlrkmkt ykpkj bhrckdkr, egdfgdgrhjh KE ygsh digdgrhj fcridg-

rhjg vgrnhidgrhjng, rjdgrh KEyg ngjgtdgjcgngj fhrcgshjh skdkykehdhyar.

;=) gihrngishz Iuru zc Kjkdhz Egdfgsh

gihrngishz iuru zc hlrk gngmgi bhrckdkrj kdcks fgrgigj ehr egdfg9 Ikjknk, KENvg Kvustrkdykyk ykpdkmki hlrkmkt hhj hstgjhyar. lrkmkt bhrckjj, zchr Lbzssllk Gjs-

thts, zchr ^krc d Cnrd hdg Gfg jhvgrshtgsh dk Fgdhthrcg vg Bkrckiaihjgthi

Krktrck vg Wyfudkck Cgrigzh Dkearktuvkrjj (KUFGBKU) ehrhjngj, rjjng iur-uj ikdjts vg pgsthshtg yjgdhi kjkdhz rkparuju kdcks zarujduduu vkr.


62/138

>>


;>) Nakd Kr Ekd Kjkdhz Egdfgsh

Ekd hlrkmkt vg htlkdktjnk hstgjgj ehr egdfg9 fcritg egykj gnhdcgsh fgrgigj zarujdu

egdfgdgr krksjnk. Eurknk kck, skltg vg tkhdh ekddkrj hlrk vg htlkd gnhdcgshjhjgjfgddgjcgsh. Jucujg kdjcks hdgcdgrh Giajach Ekikjd Edfg Cnrdidgrhjg

ekd rj Fvgjdhh Ngjgtcgjdgrh Frup Ekikjdidkrjmk ykpdyar.

;7) Earsk ^gsmhd Egykjjkcgsh

_hrkh rjdgrhj ikyt kdtjk kdjcks kckmydk vgrfh ikyp vg ikkidkrjj jdgjcgshjh

skdkcki zgrg hstgjgj egdfg. Kckm erairkshjhj kzkdtdkrki, hdfhdh rj earskdkrjjfgdhhchjh skdkcki. dfhdh thmkrgt earsksjnkj, hlrk gnhdgmgi ckdj bkturks, kdc bkturk-

s vgyk cstklshd ckieuzdkr, stapko vgrfhshjhj yktrdnjk nkhr ckieuzu hdg ekvurkrkikdjyar. Earsk tgsmhd egykjjkcgsh, hlrkmkt tkrkbjnkj jslk adkrki nadnurudup

earskyk ajkydktdyar.

;2) MH^G] Egdfgsh

Jgsdh tgldhig kdtjnk adkj ykekjh lkyvkj vg ehtih trdgrhjhj hlrkmktjnk MH^G] egdfgsh-

jhj fcri egykjjkcgdgrhjhj tgsmhdh kkcksjnk egykjjkcgdgrg gidgjcgsh fgrgihyar.Egdfg Fnk ^krc vg Lkyvkjmdi Ekikjd tkrkbjnkj vgrhdhyar.

;6) Uknyksyaj Kjkdhz Egdfgsh / ]kr Egdfgsh (Uknhkthaj Mgrthbhmktg)

^kdgp gtcgsh lkdhjng, hlrkmkt ykpdkj digjhj cgvzukt jgngjhydg, hlrkmkt bhrckdkrjtkdgeh zgrhjg nzgjdgjgj egdfg. Uknyksyajnkj Krh Egdfgsh (]kr Egdfgsh) hlrkmktdkr

tkrkbjnkj rihyg Ktac Gjgrohsh Iurucujuj hdfhdh ehrhcdgrhjngj htlkdkt dig ckikc-dkrjk sujudcki zgrg tgchj gnhdhyar.

;


63/138

>7

^MKUEGDFGDGU

;) Bkturk(hjvahmg) / hmkrh bkturk (Maccgrmhkd hjvahmg)^MKUtkjc adkrki bkturk, sktdkj ckd vgyk ykpdkj h ikrdjnk ctgrhjhj ear-

dkjn cgedk fstgrcgi zgrg ckd yk nk lhzcgth sktkj vgyk hh ykpkj tmmkr tkrkbj-

nkj ctgrhyg vgrhdgj thmkrh egdfg. Wdusdkrkrks sktdkrnk, sktdkj ckdj mhjsh, hsch, chi-tkr, ehrhc skt bhykt, tgsdhc gidh vg tapdkc egngdh fheh ehdfhdgrhj ygr kdn, sktm

tkrkbjnkj kdmyk fjngrhdgj lgskp ehdnhrhc egdfgshjg ngjhyar. Bkturk sktkjj ckd fj-ngrcg, kdmj eujuj ikrdjnkih cgedk ngcg yicddj egdhrdhyar.

Bkturknk egddh hbkngdgrhj ygr kdcks zarujdu. Eujdkr, bkturkjj nzgjdgcg tkrhlh, sgrhvg srk juckrks, bkturky nzgjdgygjhj vg kdmjj kn, thmkrgt ujvkj, knrgsh, vgrfh nkh-rgsh vg lgskp juckrkdkr, ckdj vgyk hhj jgvh chitkr, bhykt vg tutkr, sktdkj ckddkrj

tgsdhc tkrhlh, ckdj tgsdhc vg ngcg gidh adkrki srkdkjkehdhr.Wdusdkrkrks ckd lkrgigtdgrhjng nzgjdgjgj bkturkdkrnk kknkih jaitkdkrk nhiikt

gnhdcgdh, ji hlrk gnhdgmgi ckddkr lkzrdkjnitkj sajrk nzgjdgjgj hdi egdfgnhr bktu-rk. Eu ikpskcnk sgvihykt jmgsh tc jaitkdkrj bkturknk ygr kdcks fgrgi?

lrkmkt tkrkbjnkj lkzrdkjkj thmkrh bkturk htlkdkt digjhj cgvzuktjk uyfuj adckd. Fgjgddhidg ehr jfhdhzmg vg ehr ^rig adcki zgrg hih jslk adkrki nzgjdgjhyar.

Jslk kngnh tkrkbdkr krksjnkih kjdkckyk frg nghgehdhyar. Ckdhyg Ekikjdjj ikgsh vgyk jatgr tksnhih ygr kdckd.

Bkturk htlkdkt digjhj hstghjg ekd adkrki, thmkrgt anksjmk ajkydkjkehdhyar.lrkmktk hdhihj fcri egykjjkcgdgrh hdg ehrdhitg herkz gnhdcgsh fgrgigj yurtnjnkih

kdmdkr knjk nzgjdgjch bkturkdkrnk, skt egngdh ykekjm pkrk mhjshjngj fstgrhdgehdhyar.


64/138

>2


5) Prabarck bkturk (Prabarck hjvahmg)

^hmkrgthj ekdkjfm eu9 sktmjj kdmyk fjngrnhh, sktkmk ckdj hsch, zgddhh,chitkr, bhykt, tgsdhc gidh, ngcg gidh, sgvihyktj nurucuju hgrgj tgidhbg ngjh-

yar. zgrhjng cutdkik prabarck bkturk adnuujuj egdhrthdcgsh fgrgihyar. Kdm tgidhbzgrhjngj shpkrhhjh vgrhr vg ngcg gidhjg frg lkrgigtg fggrsg, a zkckj skt

igshjdgch, bkturk igshj skt bkturks igshdcgsh fgrgidh nuruck fgdch aduyar. gi-dhb egdhrtgj bkturkyk prabarck, igshj adkjjk hsg arhohjkd bkturk ngjhyar. ^gcgd

adkrki thmkrh hdhihjhj ekdkjfm adkrki ehdhjhyar. Prabarck bkturkjj ckdh yicd- yai. Lgr hih tkrkb tgcgd jaitkdkrnk kjdktitkj sajrk, kdm eu krtdkr zgrhjg sh-

pkrhh vgrhyar vg ckdj fjngrhch yk nk ngcgsh fgrgidgthh kjnk, skt igshjdg-ch aduyar. Eu jaitknk bkturk nk thmkrh bkturkyk njyar. Eu bkturknk prabarck

bkturk hbkngshjhj cutdkik ygr kdcks fgrgidh.

=) Jkvduj bkturks (Brghflt hjvahmg)

Jkvduj, ngjhz vgyk h suyadu tkckmdjnk iuddkjdkj vg ckdj tkck mrgthjhj egdhr-

dgygj bkturk. Ckd hdg hdfhdh skt bkturksjnk, jkvduj tutkr ckd egngdhjg nlhd adkrki vgykkyr adkrki fstgrhdgehdhyar. Eu bkturk jkvduj bkturks adkrki kndkjnrdyar. Ngjhz tkck-

mdjnk, hlrkmktjj jkvduj ngcgshjh stdgjnhh nurucdkrnk (MBU-MHB tgsdhcdgr), n-zgjdgjgj iajhcgjtayk jkvduj ngjchthr / brghflt prgpkhn ykzdcks vgyk iajhcgjta-

yk (eijz, ehr sajrkih ekdi) eu grlhj ndcgsh hhj igshdhyar vg iajhcgjtayk gidgjhyar.Jkvduj bkturks htlkdktjj ekjiks tkrkbjnkj tkdgp gnhdnhhjngj, eu tgsdhc gihddgrh hhjnzgjdgjcgsh zarujdu ehr egdfg. Kyrmk hlrkmkt bkturks fheh kdmyk iajhcgjta gihjng

fjngrhdcgi zarujnk. Jkvduj bkturks ckdj htlkd gnhdnhh digng vgrfhyg tkeh iycgthjhjtgsphthjng nhiiktg kdjkmki iycgt bkitrdgrhjngj ehrhjh aduturuyar.


65/138

>6

>) Iajsadasdui bkturks (Majsudkr hjvahmg)

zgd uyfudkckdkrnk ikrczk ikj ehr ajky bkturks. zgddhidg htlkdkt digjhj n-

i bkturkdkrdk ckd egngddgrhjhj ni fstgrhdcgi surgthydg vgrfh ikkidkrj jdgcgshyk nk htlkdktjj hlrkmkt hdg kjdkkrki digsh njk nvhz ikrckcksj gjfgddgcgi

kckmydk ckdj fhngmgh digjhj iajsadasduu tkrkbjnkj ckd cgjgh, ehrhc bhykt vgckd nggrhjhj ajkydkjn bkturkyk ngjhyar. Iajsadasduidkrmk ckteu adkrki ekstrdyar.

Eurknk kckdkjkj htlkd gnhdgj ckdj bhyktjj kdm dig tkrkbjnkj iajtrad gnhdcgshjhjhstgjhdcgsh. dfhdh iajsadasdui tkrkbjnkj ajkydkjyar.

Ekz digdgr eu uyfudkcky igjnh rgohcdgrh ikpskcjnk fcri hdgcdgrhjg gsks tg-ihd gtcgi zgrg hsthyar. Nakd adkrki bkturk tksnhih kdm dig cgvzuktjk frg nghhyar.

Eu nurucnk hdfhdh dig fcridgrhjg iajsadasdui bkturksjj herkz zarujdu lkdg fgdhyar.

7) ksnhidh bkturk (Dgfkdhzgn / Mgrthbhgn hjvahmg)

lrkmktjj, htlkdktyk igsch adnuu bkturky hdfhdh digjhj iajsadasduujk ajkydkt-cks sajumujnk kdjkj bkturkyk tksnhidh bkturk ngjhyar. Bkturky igsgj sktm tkrkb

jmgdhidg kjdkck ikpskcjnk arhohjkd bkturky nzgjdhyar, ekd adnuu anknkj ajky-dktt cgjg klkngtjkcgshjh vg nzgjdgnhh bkturky htlkdkt digjhj iajsadasduujk

ftrgrgi herkz gnhyar vg bkturksj ajkydktyar.Ekz Artknau digdgrhjg yjgdhi hlrkmkttk hdfhdh dig tkrkbjnkj hstgjhyar. Wyfudkck-

nk tgcgd kck, ckdj hlrk digsh cgjgdh adnuujuj egdhrdgjcgsh.

2) zgd bkturk (sthsjk egdfgsh)

zgd bkturk, Ckdhyg Ekikjd tkrkbjnkj nzgjdgjgj vg ykekjmdkrk ykpdkj sktdkrnk

INR hsthsjksjj uyfudkjkehdcgsh hhj tkjzhc gnhdgj egdfgyg ngjhyar. Bkturk igsgmgiadkj sktm, ekd eudujnuu vgrfh nkhrgshjg ekvurkrki ^rihygng ikcgt Gtcgygjdgrg

Nvhz Ikrd ]ktdkrnk INR lrkmkt sthsjks zhj Egdfgsh (sthsjk Egdfgsh) kdyar.

zgd bkturkjj gykjj yurtn gnhdnhhjhj tgsphth kckmydk hdfhdh i fcrjngajkydktdcks fgrgi. Eu bkturkdkr ajkydkcki hhj hdgch ygtihdh fcri hnkrgdgrh fgr-gidgthrhyar, eujdkrj njnkih lgrlkjfh ehr fcri tksnhidh bkturk hdgcg ykpcyar.

zgd bkturkdkr, hdfhdh i fcrjg herkzjnkj vg hlrkmkt ehrdhidgrhjg ajkydktdcksikynydk, hlrkmkt adkrki ikeud gnhdhyar.

6) Kyrjtd bkturk

Kyrjtd bkturk, ehrngj ai ikp hhjng fgdgj ghtdh mhjs vg nggrng adkj gykdkrj lgr

ikptk jg iknkr iycgttg vg mhjstgj gyk eudujnuujk hdhihj ngtkydkr fstgrgj vg bktu-rkyk uyfuj ehhcng, sktmjj ckdj yidgjcgshjng nzgjdgnhh egdfg. Kyrjtd bkturk-jj egykjjkcg hdg ehrdhitg hnkrgyg vgrhdcgsh fgrgihyar.


66/138


^KHCKEGDFGDGU

NHthmkrgtg iaju adkj ckddkrj jkidhyg hdgcdgrh ikpskcjnk, yadk ij, tkck

krt vg iauddkrj, tgsdhc tkrhl vg ygrhjh egdhrtgj vg tkcky ykpkj bhrck tkrkbjnkjnzgjdgjgj egdfgdgrhj fgjgd knjk ngjhyar. kck hdgch ikrkyadu, lkvkyadu, ngjhzyaduvg ikrkyadu hdg ykpdkehdhr, lgr tkck ehhchjhj eu ikpskcnk nzgjdgjgj egdfgdgrh cgv-

mut. Eu edcng hdfhdh tkck egdfgdgrhjh hjmgdgygmghz.

;) Iajhcgjta (Ngjhz / Jglhr Xadu ^kck Egdfgsh) (Ehdd ab Dknhjf,^rkjspart Namucgjts)

Ngjhzyadu tkckmdjnk iuddkjdkj ehr egdfg9 ckddkrj sgvihjh ykpkj jkidhykt bhrckstkrkbjnkj nzgjdgjhyar. ]gvihj ykpdnj fstgrgj jgcdh egdfg9 ckddkrj hlrkmktjjdigshjngih egddh ehr ygrngj kdjp htlkdktyk tgsdhchjh tkkllt gtthh hhj, ckddkrj tgs-

dhc kdjcksj fstgrhr ehr tgsdhc ckieuzu jhtgdhhjng.Ngjhz vg jglhr tkckmdjnk iuddkjdkj iajhcgjtadkr iycgtdh gvrki skydyar. Euj-


67/138

>8

nkj nadky nk mhra gnhdgehdhyar. Nhgr iajhcgjtadkr hsg mhra gnhdgchyar. Iajhcgjtadkr

arhohjkd, ng iapyk adkrki nzgjdgjhyar.^ri ^hmkrgt Ikjuju vg udusdkrkrks kjdkckdkr, iajhcgjtank eudujcks fgrgidh

adkj ujsurdkr u gihdng egdhrdgch nurucnk?

Nzgjdgygj ihcsgjhj hczks ( kykj vgyk ajuj ygtihdh idn ihh) ^kykjj kn vg saykn vgyk thmkrgt ujvkj

^kjkj ckdj mhjsh, ds, ckriks, sky, krd vs. Nzgjdgjnhh tkrhl vg ygr

Ik jslk adkrki nzgjdgjnhh Ikptkjj kn

Xidgtgjhj kn

Fjngrhdgjhj kn Fgchjhj kn vg uyruu Xidgcg dhckj Eakdtck dhckj

Jkvdujk kht krtdkr

]tkjnkrt adkrki nhgr jkidhyg egdfgdgrhjng ng egjzgr ujsurdkr cgvmut. ^kck szdg-cgdgrhjg frg iajhcgjtajuj ekz ghtdgrh vkr?

Iajtgyjr tkck iajhcgjtadkr? Nzgjdh sgbgrdgrhj ykpdn iajtgyjr tkckm-djnk iuddkjdkj Amgkj Ckrhjg Ehdd ab Dknhjf vg ehrngj bkzdk jkihd vkstksydk tkck-

jj fgrgidgthh st stg tkck iajhcgjtasujk, iajtgyjr tkck iajhcgjtadkr ng-jhyar.

Jkvduj szdgcgshjg nkykd iajhcgjtadkr? ^kym bhrckydk ykpdkj szdgcgygfrg egdhrdgjgj ehr iajhcgjta tr. Mlkrtgr Jkvduj ]zdgcgsh vg Irikcekr Jkvduj

]zdgcgsh adkrki hih edcng ykpdyar. Mlkrtgr Jkvduj ]zdgcgsh, fgchjhj ehr iscvg yk tkckcjj tktkjj gcrhjg kyrdn ygr, zkckj vg lgr hihshjhj ikri gidhydg

uyfudkjn szdgcg tr. Irikcekr ]zdgcgsh hsg, tkck szdgcgsh lgrigsg ki

adnuu szdgcgdgrg ngjhyar. Eurknk, tkykj jkvduj ikrdjnk egdhrdh gyky tkckytkkllt gnhyar. Fgchjhj ikdi vg vkr skktdgrh hdg gyk tkck hhj kyrdkj ygrdgr egddhaduyar. ^kck szdgcgsh lgrigsg ki. Gyksj tktcki hstgygj fgjgd lgrigsg kyj

jhtgdhitg adkj iauddkr ikeud gngrsg ckdj tktyar. Eurknk tkykj eu ckddkr fgchnghstgnhh ygrg iayck lkiijk sklhp. Kjmki szdgcgng kik egdhrthdcgnhig ckddkr f-

vgrtgng tkjkcyar.Nzgjdgcg gidh ksjnkj iajhcgjtadkr? Eujdkr thmkrgt luiuiu vg udusdkrkrks

szdgcgdgr ikpskcjnk egdhrdgjch jkck, lkchdhjg vgyk jm ehr kls gcrhjg ykzdkjiajhcgjtadkr.

Luiuiskd jhtgdhidgrh ikpskcjnk iajhcgjtadkr? Luiuiskd zgddhidgrhydg hshc-dgjnhrhdgj iajhcgjtadkrk ngjhyar. Eujdkr tgchz, ihrdh, fgihj vg isk iajhcgjtadkr

adkrki kndkjnrdyar. gchz iajhcgjta, egdfgjhj zgrhjng ckddkrj gishi, iusurdu lkskr-d eudujnuujk hdhihj ehr hekrgjhj adckn nurucdkrnk iuddkjdyar. Ihrdh iajhcgjta,

tgsdhc kdjkj ckddkrdk hdfhdh ehr gishidhi, lktk, iusur adnuu nurucdkrnk iajhcgjtayk n-


68/138

70


dgj jat hdg egdhrthdgj iajhcgjtadkr. Fgihj iajhcgjta, kirgnhthbtg egdhrdgjgj yidgcg

tkrhlhjngj sajrk ykpdc fg yidgcgdgrhj frjnj hbkng gngrigj, isk iajhcgjtahsg, jarckd iajhcgjtajuj krik skybksjnk eudujcks fgrgigj ehdfhdgrhj tcjj ygr

kdckn, eujuj ygrhjg jkvduj szdgcgshjg vgyk ekik ehr kjk iajhcgjtayk ktb ykpdkjiajhcgjtadkrk ngjhyar. Eujdkrk kriks egykz iajhcgjta kn nk vgrhdhyar.

5) Ikrkyadu ^kck Egdfgsh (Uakn Vkyehdd/Mcr Majshfjcgjt Jatg)

Ikcyaj iajhcgjtasu (^rumi Ehdd ab Dknhjf) nk ngjhdgj eu egdfg, ikcyaj vgyk tr hdgykpdkj udusdkrkrks tkckmditk, MCU / Majvgjthaj Cgrmlkjnhsgs Uauthgr (^hmkrh Ckd-

dkr Fzgrfl Kjdkcks) fgrghjmg nzgjdgjgj ehr tkck egdfgsh. MCU ]zdgcgsh,ckddkrj tkck hrigth tkrkbjnkj vkr ygrhjg iknkr ikcyajdk ftrdcgi zgrg tgsdhc

kdjnj fstgrhyar. Cdihygth tgcshd gtchyar, iycgtdh gvrki stktsjng adckn hhjmhra ikehdhygth ng yai. jslk adkrki nzgjdgjhyar. Ehrhjmh jslk fjngrhmhyg vgrhdhr-

igj, hihjmh jslk yidg ehrdhitg fhnhyar, jm jslk hsg tkym tkrkbjnkj skidkjyar.ihjmh jslks adcknkj kdm ckddkrj zgrhjng hdgc ykpck lkiijk sklhp nghd.

Xidgyhmh vg tkym tkrkbjnkj ehrdhitg hczkdkjyardkr.


69/138

7;

=) Lkvkyadu ^kck ]gjgnh (Dgttgr Ab Khr ^rkjspart)

Lkvkyadu tkckmdjnk, fjngrhmhjhj nzgjdgnhh vg tkjkj ckddk hdfhdh ehdfhdgrh

(fjngrgjhj hsch, knrgsh, ckddkrj cgjgh, tgsdhc ygrh, pkigt kngnh, krd, chitkr, jkv-duj mrgth vg nggrh) hgrgj egdfgyg ngjhyar. Lkvkyadu tkck hrigthjhj ckddkr tgsdhc

kdp, vkr ygrhjg uki hdg jkidhjh fgrgidgthrcgyh tkkllt gnhyar. arhohjkd, naiuziapyk adcki zgrg ;5 jslk nzgjdgjhyar. di jslk lkvkyadu hrigthjng ikdrigj, hihj-

mh kdmnk, jm jslk nk hlrkmktnk ikdyar. Lkvkyadu tkck egdfgsh, fgrgi kjdk-cydk iajhcgjta skydcyar, kck ckddkrj ukidk tkjcki zgrg tgsdhc kdjnj fs-

tgrhyar, ykjh ckdj cdihygthjh tgcshd gtchyar, mhra ikehdhygth yai. Irgnhdh hdgcdgrngekjik knjk nzgjdgjcgsh tkdgp gnhdhyar.

>) Ngchryadu Lkcudg ]gjgnh (Mc Ukhd Majshfjcgjt Jatg)

Ckddkrj ngchryadu hdg tkjkmkj fstgrgj, fjngrgj hdg tkym ngchryadu hnkrgsh

krksjnk ykpdkj tkck szdgcgshjh hbkng gnhyar. Lkcudg sgjgnh jkck nzgjdgjhyar,gcrg ykzd lkcudg sgjgtdgrh nzgjdgjgchyar. ]gjgt ngchryadu hnkrgshjmg ehr vkfajuj

nadcks hdg nzgjdgjhp fjngrgjg vgrhdhyar9 kdt jslk adkrki nzgjdgjhyar. Nrnjmjslks lkcudg sgjgnh nupdhiktks knj kdyar. Eu egdfg ckddkrj ngchryadu hnkrgshjg

tgsdhc gnhdnhhjh fstgrgj ehr kdjn zgddhhjng. Cdihygthj ngvrh tgcdhijkcg hdg adu-yar. Mhra gnhdgcgygj ehr tkck egdfgsh.

7) BHK^K ^gsgddc Egdfgdgrh (Bmr/Bmt/Bed)

Ehr jgvh jkidhygmh ckieuzu9 kjmki eu egdfgdgr, BHK^K (Hjtgrjkthajkd Bgngrkthaj abBrghflt Barwkrngrs Kssamhkthaj / Wdusdkrkrks ^kck Kmgjtgdgrh Ehrdhidgrh Bgngrksya-

ju) tkrkbjnkj igjnhshjg yg adkj tkck kmgjtgdgrh hhj stkjnkrt lkdg fgthrhdch vg sk-ngmg ikrkyadu tkckmdjnk iuddkjdkj egdfgdgr lkdhjg fgdch nurucnk. Ckddkrj sgvi

gnhdcgi vgyk kdmjj gcrhjg lkzr tutudcki zgrg tgsdhc kdjnj fstgrgj ehr egdfg.

Jkck ykzd gihdng nzgjdgjhyar vg ckdj cdihygth mhra yaduydk ngvrgnhdgchyar. ghnh cgvmut?BHK^K BMU (Barwkrngrs Mgrthbhmktg ab Ugmghpt)? Ckddkrj htlkdktjj gcrhjg

fgrh njdcgishzhj tgsdhc kdjnjj fstgrhdnhh egdfg9 mhra gnhdgchyar.BHK^K BM^ (Barwkrngrs Mgrthbhmktg ab ^rkjspart)? Jkidhygmhjhj, kdmyk ckddk-

rj tgsdhc gnhdcgshjg iknkr sarucduduu adnuuju fstgrhr tkck egdfgsh. kic lkdhj-ng vg gcrg ykzd adkrki nzgjdgjhyar. ^kck iachsyajmusujuj sarucduduu, ckddkr

kdmyk tgsdhc gnhdhjmgyg iknkr ngvkc gnhyar. Mhra gnhdgehdhyar.BHK^K BED (BHK^K/BED Macehjgn ^rkjspart E/D)? Ikrck egdfg. Ehrdghi ^k-

ck Iajhcgjtasu nk ngjhyar. Luiuiskd jhtgdhh ngjhz iajhcgjtasuydk kyj. Egdfgjhjhgrhh BHK^K tkrkbjnkj egdhrdgjch nurucnk. Ngjhz iajhcgjtasu fheh ckd cdihygth-

jh tgcshd gnhyar. Mhra ikehdhygth vkr, iycgtdh gvrki jhtgdhhjng. Ehrngj bkzdk arhohjkd js-lkd tkic lkdhjng nzgjdgjhyar.


70/138

75


2) Pkigt Pastks Ckieuzu (Pkrmgd Past Ugmghpt)

Pastk ckieuzu vgyk iuryg tgsdhc egdfgsh pastk vg zgd iuryg iurududkr tkrkbjnkj

nzgjdgjgj ckddkrj fjngrhdcgi zgrg tgsdhc kdjnj fstgrgj egdfg. tlkdktykpastkydk fjngrhdgmgi ckdj eudujnuu iadhjhj narunkj htlkdkt vgyk htlkdktjj

ekjiksjk sgvi gnhdcgi zgrg pastk hnkrgshjg vgrhdcgsh ikrdjnk kdjyar. Ckdjcdihygthjh tgcshd gtchyar9 mhra yadu hdg ngvrgnhdcgsh ccij nghd.

6) ^HU Ikrjgsh

;8


71/138

7=

]FAU^KEGDFGDGUNHthmkrgt hdgcdgrhjng ckddkrj tkjcks srksjnk ykpdkj vg ikrdkkmkidkr rhsi-

dgrg ikr ehr fvgjmg aduturkj egdfgdgr eu ikpskcnk ygr kdyar. ]hfartk ykptrck y-icdd kjdkcknk tgsdhc gidh ikpskcjnk hlrkmkt vgyk htlkdktyk kht. Ehr shfartk

padhgshjng hih kjk tkrkb vkr? Eujdkr, shfartk gngj (shfartk hrigth) hdg shfartk gnhdgj (sh-

fartky ykptrkj) tkrkbdkr. Ehr sh

adim adim ihracat 2014 ilanli kitap3

Documents