adjective clause

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:

I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.

Main Clause: I have read the book.Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause

The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.

Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun

Kata Ganti OrangKata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That

Fungsi :

a. Subjek:

- He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work

b. Objek Kata Kerja:

- He paid the man whom/that he had hired.

c. Objek Kata Depan:

- He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.

d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:

- This is the girl whose picture you saw.

Benda, Binatang

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that

Fungsi:

a. Subjek:

- Here is a book which/that describes animals.

b. Objek Kata Kerja:

- The chair which/that he broke is being repaired.

c. Objek Kata Depan:

- She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.

2. Relative Adverbs

Waktu

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when

- This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.

Tempat

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where

- Here is the house where I live.

Alasan

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when

- Give me one good reason why you did that.

_________________________

1. Relative Pronoun

Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.

The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present.o The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau

o The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.

Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:

The boy whose radio was stolen is a student. The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student. The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

2. Relative Adverb

Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:

Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.

- The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.- The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.- The reason I came should be obvious to you.

When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which.

- The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.- The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.

Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.

The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one. Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet

Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause

Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

o Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.

o Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.

o Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.

Perhatikan Contoh berikut:

a. Adjective Clause

* The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent.

b. Adjective Phrase

* The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.

Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

(1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.

* Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.* Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.

* Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.* Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.

* Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.* Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.

* Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.* Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.

(2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

* Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.* Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet  consisting of 26 letters.

* Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.* Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".

* We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.o We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.o We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs

cemented with clay.o We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented

with lay.

Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.

Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.

* There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.--> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.

* He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.--> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses

Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:

o Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.

o Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.

Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday. Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.

Keterangan:

Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya.

Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu.

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause.

o Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.

Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause

Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun

Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.

Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.

Adjective Clause

o I know the house where he lives.

(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know)

Noun Clause

o I know where he lives.

(where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)

Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause.

Adjective Clause

The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.

(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).

Noun Clause

He gives money to whoever needs it.

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conditional sentences(if-clause)

If Clause Type I

if + Simple Present, will-FutureType I indicates what will happen, provided that a certain situation is given.Examples:If you send your order by fax, we will deliver the goods immediately.If you invite me for lunch, I will help you with your presentation.

If Clause Type II

if + Simple Past, would + infinitiveType II indicates what could happen if a present situation were different.Examples:If we had more employees, we would work more efficiently.If we delivered poor quality, we would not be the leading company in our business.

If Clause Type III

if + Past Perfect, would + have + past participleType III indicates what could have happened in the past if a situation had been different then.Examples:If you had read the paper, you would have seen the advertisement.If I had taken the bus, I would have been late. Diposkan oleh viee di 22.37 Tidak ada komentar: Kirimkan Ini lewat Email BlogThis! Berbagi ke Twitter Berbagi ke Facebook

passive voice

PASSIVE VOICEIs the subject of an active sentence the sentence is an act of the perpetrator, while the passive sentence is the sentence that the subject is not the perpetrators of an act. The subject is the recipient of the result of an action.Example:1. Active: Rani was watering the plants yesterdayPassive: This plant is typed by Rani yesterday2. Active: My sister hit a catPassive: A cat was hit by my brotherNote:Use passive voice if the perpetrator acts not so important.Example: This book was created in 1898If we need to mention who the perpetrators of an act, use the word by (by)Example: This book was created by President Yudhoyono in 1898The general formula to form a passive sentenceActive: S + Verb 1 + Object + etc.Passive: Object + to be + Verb 3 + (by) + (subject) + etc.To be used1. Present: is, am, are2. Past: was, were the resource persons3. Perfect: been (in front of have, has, or Had)4. Future: be (after modals)5. Continuous: being (in front of one of the 7 to be on top)Things that need to be known and remembered1. To say a sentence in the passive voice, tenses do not change. Tenses must be the same if we say so in active form. What changed his only verb.2. The verb has no object (intransitive verb) can not be converted into the passive voice, like, crying, boiling, rising, etc.Examples of active and passive sentences1. Bella writes a song (active)2. A song was wrote by Bella (passive)

Forms Passive Sentences1) Passive Sentence imperativeLet + object + be + V3Eat the fried rice (active)Let the fried rice be eaten (passive)2) Passive infinitive: It is / was timeIt is / was time for + object + to be + V 3It is time to send the message (active)It is time for the message to be sent (passive)3) Negative imperative Passive SentenceSubject + be + V 3 + not to + infinitive(Verb / V3 is often used is: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)Do not look at me (active)You are advised not to look at me (passive)4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of PerceptionSubject + be + adjectives + Pls + subject + be + V3(Verb used are: taste, smell, feel)This class feels hot (active)This class is hot Pls it is felt (passive)5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by 'that-clause'Verb used: point out, presume, Prove, regret, reports, say, think, understand accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, Decide, Expect, find out, intend, plan.We said that the doctor Had to get out from hospital (active)It was said that the doctor Had to get out from hospital (passive)6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as ComplementsFlora Consider her very fat (active)Flora is Considered very fat (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objectsRudi Gave me a cat (active)A cat was given to me by Rudi (passive 1)I was given a paint by Rudi (passive 2)8) Sentence Passive Verbs with gerundPupon enjoyed teaching the paint (active)The cat enjoyed being taught by Pupon (passive)9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentenceIn a passive sentence, if the perpetrator of a long expression so that subject should be placed at the end of the sentence after by.We were the resource persons all Surprised by her successed10) Passive Sentence with unique verbsThe verb used is: require, deserve, need