african nationalism pan-african movements pan-africanism started in the 1920’s wanted unity for...

African NationalismAfrican Nationalism

Pan-African MovementsPan-African Movements

Pan-AfricanismPan-Africanism

Started in the Started in the 1920’s1920’s

Wanted unity for all Wanted unity for all Africans Africans

Wanted unity of all Wanted unity of all people in the world people in the world of African descentof African descent

Pan-AfricanismPan-Africanism

By the beginning of World War One onlyBy the beginning of World War One only

Liberia and Ethiopia were not under imperialistic Liberia and Ethiopia were not under imperialistic control.control.

Few African countries obtained independence until Few African countries obtained independence until after World War Two.after World War Two.

Many Africans fought in WWII.Many Africans fought in WWII. Africans resented being treated like 2Africans resented being treated like 2ndnd class class

citizens.citizens. Africans moved to cities and began to become Africans moved to cities and began to become

exposed to nationalistic movements.exposed to nationalistic movements. Africans wanted their own self-determination.Africans wanted their own self-determination.

GhanaGhana

Known as the Gold Known as the Gold CoastCoast

Was a British Was a British ColonyColony

Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah

Leader was Kwame Leader was Kwame Nkrumah who was Nkrumah who was educated in America educated in America and inspired by Gandhi.and inspired by Gandhi.

Nkrumah used non Nkrumah used non violent protest such as violent protest such as boycotts and strikes to boycotts and strikes to drive the British out.drive the British out.

In 1957 Britain gave In 1957 Britain gave Ghana it’s Ghana it’s independence.independence.

Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah Nkrumah becomes prime Nkrumah becomes prime

Minister and renames the Minister and renames the Gold Coast to Ghana.Gold Coast to Ghana.

The name linked the new The name linked the new nation to it’s African past.nation to it’s African past.

In 1963 Nkrumah creates In 1963 Nkrumah creates the Organization of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)African Unity (OAU)

This organization This organization promotes African unity promotes African unity and self-determination and self-determination across Africa. across Africa.

KenyaKenya Leader for independence was Leader for independence was

Jomo Kenyatta.Jomo Kenyatta. Came from the Kibuyu Came from the Kibuyu

nation which had been nation which had been driven off their land.driven off their land.

Mau Mau Rebellion was a Mau Mau Rebellion was a secret society of Kikuyu secret society of Kikuyu farmers that used violence farmers that used violence to scare the British off their to scare the British off their landslands

Kenyatta was jailed by the Kenyatta was jailed by the British for not denouncing British for not denouncing the Mau Mau Rebellion.the Mau Mau Rebellion.

In 1963 Kenya gained it’s In 1963 Kenya gained it’s independence and Kenyatta independence and Kenyatta was freed and became Prime was freed and became Prime Minister.Minister.

AlgeriaAlgeria A French colony that had a A French colony that had a

million European settlers.million European settlers. In the 1950’s a strong In the 1950’s a strong

Muslim national Muslim national movement began.movement began.

Fighting between the Fighting between the French and Algerian French and Algerian nationalist lasted from nationalist lasted from 1954 to 1962. (This was 1954 to 1962. (This was France’s Vietnam)France’s Vietnam)

Public opinion in France Public opinion in France was that Algeria should be was that Algeria should be free and in 1962 Algeria free and in 1962 Algeria became a free nation.became a free nation.

Problems with IndependenceProblems with Independence

During imperialism European nations During imperialism European nations set up export type economies.set up export type economies.– Economies depended on the export of raw Economies depended on the export of raw

materials.materials.

Cash CropsCash Crops Raw Raw materialsmaterials


Many African nations still relied on Many African nations still relied on these export goods.these export goods.– ProblemProblem

When no demand/prices fall/countries become When no demand/prices fall/countries become poor.poor.


African nations relied on buying African nations relied on buying manufactured goods and had no manufactured goods and had no industrial base.industrial base.


African nations have to import African nations have to import manufactured goods and incurred a manufactured goods and incurred a large debt.large debt.

Tribalism and NationalismTribalism and Nationalism

African boundaries had been set by African boundaries had been set by imperialistic nations not African imperialistic nations not African nationsnations– Berlin Conference 1885.Berlin Conference 1885.

Tribalism and NationalismTribalism and Nationalism

Many tribes and nations were split by Many tribes and nations were split by these European boundaries.these European boundaries.

Because of these splits there is more Because of these splits there is more loyalty to one’s tribe then the country loyalty to one’s tribe then the country they live in.they live in.

NigeriaNigeria

In Nigeria this In Nigeria this tribalism lead to a tribalism lead to a civil war.civil war.

More than 200 More than 200 ethnic groups live ethnic groups live within Nigeria.within Nigeria.

During independence During independence many of these tribes many of these tribes fought for control of fought for control of the country.the country.

NigeriaNigeria

The two main groups fighting for control The two main groups fighting for control were thewere the– Muslim Hausa and Fulani people of the northMuslim Hausa and Fulani people of the north

Vs.Vs.

– Christian Ibo and Yoruba of the southChristian Ibo and Yoruba of the south– In 1966 20,000 Ibo were massacred by the In 1966 20,000 Ibo were massacred by the

Hausa controlled government.Hausa controlled government.– In a several year period about 1 million people In a several year period about 1 million people

had been killed or starved to death.had been killed or starved to death.– Military leaders took control in the 70’s and 80’sMilitary leaders took control in the 70’s and 80’s– In 1999 Nigeria elected a civilian government.In 1999 Nigeria elected a civilian government.

Obstacles to Progress in Obstacles to Progress in AfricaAfrica

Population and Population and PovertyPoverty– Population explosionPopulation explosion– Widespread hungerWidespread hunger


Political ProblemsPolitical Problems– Power hungry and Power hungry and

greedy leadersgreedy leaders– Military takeoversMilitary takeovers– Harsh dictatorsHarsh dictators– Ethnic and regional Ethnic and regional

conflict.conflict.


Economic Economic DependenceDependence– Need for foreign aidNeed for foreign aid– Need for imported Need for imported

goodsgoods– High debtHigh debt


Land and ClimateLand and Climate– Too much or too Too much or too

little rainlittle rain– Poor soilPoor soil– Tropical diseasesTropical diseases– Desert climateDesert climate


Economic PoliciesEconomic Policies– Failed socialist Failed socialist

economyeconomy– Cash crops instead Cash crops instead

of food cropsof food crops– Lack of funding for Lack of funding for

rural areas.rural areas.

Africa’s FutureAfrica’s Future

Africa shows great potentialAfrica shows great potential– Many African nations have moved from a Many African nations have moved from a

socialist economy to a mixed economysocialist economy to a mixed economy– Mining for resources such a gold and Mining for resources such a gold and

diamondsdiamonds– Countries have built factories to process Countries have built factories to process

both manufactured and agricultural goods.both manufactured and agricultural goods.– Improvements in transportation and Improvements in transportation and

communications.communications.

South AfricaSouth Africa

End to ApartheidEnd to Apartheid

ApartheidApartheid

Apartheid was a Apartheid was a policy created by policy created by the white South the white South African government African government in 1948, stated that in 1948, stated that the races (black and the races (black and white) had to be white) had to be separated.separated.

ApartheidApartheid

The lawsThe laws– Black Africans and Black Africans and

other non-whites had other non-whites had to live in certain to live in certain zones of the country.zones of the country.

– There were separate There were separate trains, beaches, trains, beaches, schools, restrooms schools, restrooms and other areas for and other areas for whites and non-whites and non-whites.whites.

– Interracial marriages Interracial marriages were banned.were banned.

ApartheidApartheid

Apartheid was Apartheid was similar to Jim Crow similar to Jim Crow Laws of segregation Laws of segregation in the United in the United States.States.

ApartheidApartheid

Reasons for Reasons for ApartheidApartheid– The government The government

wanted to maintain wanted to maintain control of both the control of both the government and government and economy.economy.

– Non-whites were not Non-whites were not allowed to run for allowed to run for office or vote.office or vote.


For 350 years South For 350 years South Africa had been ruled Africa had been ruled by either the Dutch or by either the Dutch or the British.the British.

In 1910 Britain gave In 1910 Britain gave South Africa it’s South Africa it’s independence.independence.

At that time the whites At that time the whites held all the political held all the political and economic power in and economic power in South Africa.South Africa.


In 1912 the African In 1912 the African National Congress National Congress (ANC) a black (ANC) a black political party was political party was formed.formed.

The ANC was The ANC was outlawed by the all outlawed by the all white government.white government.

The ANC stood out The ANC stood out against apartheid. against apartheid.


The ANC used The ANC used boycotts and boycotts and nonviolent protest nonviolent protest against the policies against the policies of South Africa.of South Africa.

The ANC tried to The ANC tried to use legal means to use legal means to bring about change, bring about change, without success.without success.

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela Mandela became one of the Mandela became one of the

leaders of the ANC.leaders of the ANC. In 1960 during a peaceful In 1960 during a peaceful

protest and the protestors protest and the protestors were fired on and 60 were were fired on and 60 were killed. This was known as the killed. This was known as the Sharpeville Massacres.Sharpeville Massacres.

Mandela then formed the Mandela then formed the “Spear of the Nation” “Spear of the Nation” movement. A violent movement. A violent movement against the South movement against the South African governmentAfrican government

The movement an The movement an underground military group underground military group that campaigned against that campaigned against apartheid.apartheid.

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

In 1964 Mandela was In 1964 Mandela was sentenced to life in prison sentenced to life in prison when the ANC was when the ANC was banned and it’s leaders banned and it’s leaders imprisoned.imprisoned.

Mandela became a Mandela became a symbol of freedom.symbol of freedom.

In 1990 Mandela was In 1990 Mandela was finally released from finally released from prisonprison

In 1994 Mandela was In 1994 Mandela was elected President of elected President of South Africa.South Africa.

South AfricaSouth Africa Another leader who played a Another leader who played a

role in ending apartheid in South role in ending apartheid in South Africa were Archbishop Africa were Archbishop Desmond Tutu.Desmond Tutu.

Tutu along with other leaders Tutu along with other leaders were able to convince foreign were able to convince foreign nations to limit trade with South nations to limit trade with South Africa.Africa.

The United Nations placed an The United Nations placed an arms embargo on South Africa.arms embargo on South Africa.

The Olympic Committee banned The Olympic Committee banned athletes from participationathletes from participation

International businesses left International businesses left South AfricaSouth Africa

Musicians refused to play in Sun Musicians refused to play in Sun City and did benefit concerts for City and did benefit concerts for the blacks in South Africa.the blacks in South Africa.

ChangesChanges

The nonviolent protest began to have an The nonviolent protest began to have an effect on the economy of South Africa.effect on the economy of South Africa.

In 1989 F.W. de Klerk was elected In 1989 F.W. de Klerk was elected President of South Africa and determined President of South Africa and determined that reform was long past due.that reform was long past due.

de Klerk de Klerk – legalized the ANClegalized the ANC– Released MandelaReleased Mandela– Created a new constitution ending segregation Created a new constitution ending segregation

lawslaws– Opened up free elections in 1994Opened up free elections in 1994


In 1993 both In 1993 both Mandela and de Mandela and de Klerk won the Klerk won the Nobel Peace Prize.Nobel Peace Prize.

In 1994 Mandela In 1994 Mandela was elected was elected President while de President while de Klerk was elected Klerk was elected Deputy.Deputy.


Today there are still tensions in South Today there are still tensions in South Africa not only between blacks and Africa not only between blacks and whites but other ethnic groups.whites but other ethnic groups.


In your small groups you must read the civil protest In your small groups you must read the civil protest assignment and answer the questions that go along assignment and answer the questions that go along with the scenarios-First answer the question on with the scenarios-First answer the question on your own and then discuss with the groupyour own and then discuss with the group– You need to be honest and realistic with your answers. It You need to be honest and realistic with your answers. It

is safe to say that you would do or not do something in the is safe to say that you would do or not do something in the safety of a classroom but you must take yourself out of the safety of a classroom but you must take yourself out of the context of the classroom and into the world around youcontext of the classroom and into the world around you

On a piece of poster paper write out the answer On a piece of poster paper write out the answer that your group has come up with for each questionthat your group has come up with for each question

Finally you will pick one person to be a group Finally you will pick one person to be a group spokesperson as to what your group would do with spokesperson as to what your group would do with each question/scenario each question/scenario

Truth and Reconciliation Truth and Reconciliation CommissionCommission

The The Truth and Reconciliation CommissionTruth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in (TRC) was a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end of apartheid.South Africa after the end of apartheid.

Anybody who felt they had been a victim of Anybody who felt they had been a victim of violence could come forward and be heard violence could come forward and be heard

Those who committed violence could also Those who committed violence could also give testimony and request amnesty give testimony and request amnesty (freedom) from prosecution.(freedom) from prosecution.

The TRC was a crucial component of the The TRC was a crucial component of the transition to full and free democracy in South transition to full and free democracy in South Africa was generally regarded as very Africa was generally regarded as very successful. successful.

african nationalism pan-african movements pan-africanism started in the 1920’s wanted unity for...

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