aggressive lipid lowering in acs: early to benefit
TRANSCRIPT
Aggressive Lipid Lowering in ACS:Early to Benefit
Overview
• Epidemiological Transition• Evidence based guidelines: Role of statins for Secondary
prevention of CAD.• Why do we need high dose of statin?• Why to begin early with high dose of statin?• Take home messages.
CAD: Coronary Artery Disease
1. Epidemiological Transition
“Shift in the cause of mortality from communicable diseases to CVD”
(Omran 1971).
CVD: cardiovascular diseases
CVD 30%
17.4 million
Leader in the Causes of Death
WHO; 2005
OTHERS
Total 58 million death worldwide
3.3 times than the total no. of death due to HIV,
Malaria, and Tuberculosis combined
• The problem is even worse in low-income and middle-income countries;
– four-fifths of all cardiovascular-related events occur in these parts of the world.
Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine sanZ and fusTer february 2009 vol 6 no 2Lancet 360;1347-1360
47%43%
10%
14%
7%
26%
IHD
Cerebrovscular disease
Other NCDs
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)Injuries
Communicable, maternal, perinatal, nutritional illnesses
47%43%
10%
Burden of CHD in India
Lopez A et al, 2006
Disease pattern in India
INTERHEART: 9 Modifiable factors
account for 90% of first-MI risk worldwide
Yusuf S et al. Lancet. 2004;364:937-52.
N = 15,152 patients and 14,820 controls in 52 countriesPAR = population attributable risk, adjusted for all risk factors
36
127
10
20
33
0
20
40
60
80
100
Smoking Fruits/veg
Exercise Alcohol Psycho-social
Lipids All 9 risk factors
PAR(%)
1418
90
Diabetes Abdominalobesity
Hyper-tension
Lifestyle factors
50
Conclusion: Most of the CV Risk factors are modifiable, either by lifestyle modifications or by drugs
CAD & risk factors: their association
39
59
31
1813.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Fraction of Patients (with CAD) with various risk factors
LDL-C Abnormal TC/HDL ratio Smoking Hypertension DM
n= 5748 Indian patients with CAD
J Assoc Physicians India. 2004 Feb;52:103-8
2. Guidelines: Role of statin for CAD prevention.
Statin in chronic stable anginaACC/AHA
• LDL-C goal < 70 mg/dL.
• High-dose statin therapy is reasonable.
Circulation. 2007;116:2762-2772
WHO guidelines for secondary prevention of CAD
• Statin: it is recommended for all patients with established CHD. Treatment should be continued in the long-term, probably lifelong.
• Antiplatelet drugs:
• ACE-I:
• Beta-blockers:
http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases; 2007
Statins in post-MI patients
NICE guidelines: Secondary prevention of CAD
• All post-MI patients should be offered combined treatment with the following:– Statin– ACE-I– Aspirin– Beta-blocker
Heart 2007;93:862-864
NICE: national institute for health and clinical excellence
AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention of CAD
• Lipid lowering drug: – Reduction of LDL-C to <70mg/dL is reasonable.– If baseline LDL-C is ≥100mg/dL, initiate LDL-C lowering drug therapy.
• Antiplatelet drugs
• ACE-I
• Beta-blockers
Circulation 2006;113:2363-72
3. Why Do We Need High dose of Statins?
• Strict LDL-C goal• Benefits of high dose statin on:
• LDL-C• Progression of atherosclerosis• Cardiovascular & cerebrovascular outcome • Pleiotropic benefits
“The Lower, the Better”
RelativeRisk
for CHD (Log Scale)
3.7
2.9
2.2
1.7
1.3
1.0
LDL-C
40 70 100 130 160 190
0
1
Grundy SM et al. Circulation 2004;110:227–239.
mg/dL1.05 1.80 2.60 3.35 4.10 4.90 1.05 1.80 2.60 3.35 4.10 4.90 mmol/Lmmol/L
1% decreasein LDL-C reduces
CHD risk by1%
NCEP Report 2004
– For very high risk: • “LDL-C goal” <70 mg/dL (<1.8 mmol/L)
• “very high risk” patients defined as those with:– established CVD in addition to multiple major risk factors,
uncontrolled risk factors, or multiple risk factors of the metabolic syndrome, and patients with ACS
Circulation 2004;110:227-39.
Strict LDL-C goal
Dose of statins and LDL-C reduction
CURVES studyPercent reduction in LDL-C after 8 weeks of treatment
*†
*†
*†
*‡
*‡
*†‡
*†‡
-10
-20
-30
-40
Mea
n %
cha
nge
in L
DL -
C
-50
-6010 mg 20 mg 40 mg
Total Daily Dose (mg)
80 mg
*
*
*
AtorvastatinSimvastatin
PravastatinLovastatin
Fluvastatin
Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 582–587
N=534; 8 wks; baseline LDL-C=192-244 mg/dl; TG<200 mg/dl*p<0.01 vs. atorvastatin at mg equivalent doses†p<0.02 vs. atorvastatin 10 mg‡p<0.01 vs. atorvastatin 20 mg
Aggressive Lipid Lowering and Progression of Atherosclerosis
ScreeningVisit*
ScreeningVisit*
Atorvastatin 80 mg/dayAtorvastatin 80 mg/day
Pravastatin 40 mg/dayPravastatin 40 mg/day
REVERSAL: Study Design
Design – Prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial
Setting – 34 community and tertiary care hospitals in the United States
Double-blind period
18-month follow-up with IVUS*Includes baseline intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
PlaceboRun-inPhase
PlaceboRun-inPhase
Randomization
654 patients
Nissen et al JAMA 2004;291:1071-80
654 patients with symptomatic CAD with angiographic stenosis >20% and LDL-C 125–210 mg/dL; 502 with evaluable follow-up
2.7*
Pravastatin
Significant atheroscleroticprogression from baseline
-0.4†
Atorvastatin
No significant change frombaseline; atheroscleroticprogression was stopped
Primary Endpoint: Percent Change in Total Atheroma Volume
Ch
ang
e in
TA
V (
%)
-1
0
1
2
3
*Progression vs baseline (P=0.001); †No change vs baseline (P=0.98) Nissen et al JAMA 2004;291:1071-80
A, Atheroma area is calculated by subtracting the lumen area from the area of the external elastic membrane (EEM). Patient randomized to 80 mg of atorvastatin. There is substantial reduction in atheroma area (from 13.0 to 7.4 mm2). A lesser increase in lumen area is noted (from 7.7 to 9.8 mm2).
Nissen et al JAMA 2004;291:1071-80
Aggressive lipid lowering and Cardiovascular end points
High-dose better High-dose worse
Odds Reducti
on
Event RatesNo./Total (%)
High Dose
Std Dose
-17%147/2099 (7.0)
172/2063 (8.3)
-15%205/2265 (9.1)
235/2232 (10.5)
-21%334/4995 (6.7)
418/5006 (8.3)
-12%411/4439 (9.3)
463/4449 (10.4)
-16% 1097/13798 (8.0)
1288/13750 (9.4)
0.658451 1 1.51872
OR, 0.8495% CI, 0.77-0.91p=0.00003
Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Meta-Analysis of Intensive Statin Therapy Coronary Death or MI
Cannon CP, et al.
PROVE IT-TIMI 22
A-to-Z
TNT
IDEAL
Total
Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol
Lowering:
MIRACL Study
Patients with UA/NSTEMI, n=2100. Randomized to high dose atorvastatin or
placebo within 1 to 4 days of hospitalization.
MIRACL: Primary Efficacy Measure
Relative risk = 0.84p=0.048
High dose High dose AtorvastatinAtorvastatin
Placebo
0
5
10
15
0 4 8 12 16Time since randomization (weeks)
Cu
mu
lativ
e In
cid
en
ce (
%)
Time to first occurrence of:• Death (any cause)• Nonfatal MI• Resuscitated cardiac arrest• Worsening angina with new objective evidence
requiring urgent rehospitalization
17.4%17.4%
14.8%14.8%
20
Schwartz et al JAMA 2001;285:1711-8
16%
MIRACL: Fatal or Non-Fatal Stroke
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 4 8 12 16
Time since randomization (weeks)
Cu
mu
lativ
e In
cid
en
ce (
%)
Relative risk = 0.50p=0.045
High dose High dose AtorvastatinAtorvastatin
PlaceboPlacebo 1.6%1.6%
0.8%0.8%
Schwartz et al JAMA 2001;285:1711-8
50%
MIRACL: Conclusions & Implications
• Early, intensive lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin, initiated during the acute phase of unstable angina or non–Q-wave MI, reduces early recurrent ischemic events.
• A benefit was observed in a population with low to normal baseline LDL-C levels.
• Results support consideration of treatment in the hospital, irrespective of baseline LDL-C levels.
• Treatment was safe and generally well tolerated.
Schwartz et al JAMA 2001;285:1711-8
4,162 patients with an Acute Coronary Syndrome < 10 days
ASA + Standard Medical Therapy
“Standard Therapy”Pravastatin 40 mg
“Intensive Therapy”With Atorvastatin
Duration: Mean 2 year follow-up (>925 events)
Primary Endpoint: Death, MI, Documented UA requiring hospitalization, revascularization (> 30 days after randomization), or Stroke
PROVE IT - TIMI 22: Study Design
Double-blindDouble-blind
Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-504.
All-Cause Death or Major CV Events in All Randomized Subjects
00 33 1818 2121 2424 2727 303066 99 1212 1515
% with
Event
Months of Follow-up
Pravastatin 40mg(26.3%)
Intensive Atorvastatin(22.4%)
16% RR
(P = 0.005)
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
00
Cannon et al NEJM 2004;350:1495-504
Events Rates RR Atorva 80 Prava 40
17% 1.9% 2.2%
18% 6.3% 7.7%
14% 12.2% 14.1%
16% 22.4%* 26.3%*
30 Days
90 Days
180 Days
End of F/U
Primary Endpoint Over Time
Intensive Atorvastatin Better 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5
Pravastatin 40mg Better *2-year event rates
Cannon et al NEJM 2004;350:1495-504
Aggressive lipid lowering in patients with clinically evident CHD: previous MI, previous or
current angina, and a history of coronary revascularization.
TNT trialTreat to New Target
Atorvastatin 80 mg n=4,995
Atorvastatin 80 mg n=4,995
TNT Trial
Presented at ACC 2005
Atorvastatin 10 mg n=5,006
Atorvastatin 10 mg n=5,006
10,003 patients with stable coronary heart disease Age 35-75 years, LDL between 130 and 250 mg/dL, triglyceride ≤ 600 mg/dL
19% female, mean age 60.3 yearsAll received atorvastatin 10 mg during 8 week open-label run-in period
10,003 patients with stable coronary heart disease Age 35-75 years, LDL between 130 and 250 mg/dL, triglyceride ≤ 600 mg/dL
19% female, mean age 60.3 yearsAll received atorvastatin 10 mg during 8 week open-label run-in period
TNT Trial: Primary endpoint
8.7%
10.9%
0%
4%
8%
12%
High-dose Low-dose
8.7%
10.9%
0%
4%
8%
12%
High-dose Low-dose
• The primary composite endpoint of CHD death, nonfatal MI, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and fatal or nonfatal stroke was lower in the high-dose atorvastatin 80 mg group at a mean follow-up of 4.9 years.
Primary Composite of CHD death, nonfatal MI, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and fatal or nonfatal stroke
Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.78p<0.001
Presented at ACC 2005
TNT: Various subgroup analysis
• Risk of primary end points in high dose atorvastatin vs. small dose atorvastatin. – Previous PCI:
– Previous CABG:
– H/o diabetes:
– H/o of diabetes with CKD:
21% Am J Cardiol. 2008 Nov 15;102(10):1312-7
27% J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 May 20;51(20):1938-43.
25% Diabetes Care 29:1220 –1226, 2006
35% Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:870-879
TNT trial and Heart Failure
Circulation. 2007;115:576-583.)
41%
Patients with stable CAD, ACS, diabetes, mild to moderate CKD,
with h/o PCI and CABG, heart failure experience marked
reduction incardiovascular events with
intensive lipid lowering,
4.8-year follow-up
8888 patients
Patient population Enrolled at 190 sites
throughout Scandinavia and the Netherlands
Diagnosed with CHD Previous hospitalization
with MI, and eligible for statin therapy
Patient population Enrolled at 190 sites
throughout Scandinavia and the Netherlands
Diagnosed with CHD Previous hospitalization
with MI, and eligible for statin therapy
Open-label period with blinded end point evaluations
Atorvastatin 80 mg/dayAtorvastatin 80 mg/day
Simvastatin 20 mg/day(titrated to 40 mg if required)Simvastatin 20 mg/day(titrated to 40 mg if required)
Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) Study
Pedersen et al. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:720-721; Pedersen et al. JAMA. 2005;294:2437-2445.
Secondary Cardiovascular/coronary events
Cerebrovascular events
PAD
Hospitalization with primary diagnosis of CHF
All-cause mortality
Secondary Cardiovascular/coronary events
Cerebrovascular events
PAD
Hospitalization with primary diagnosis of CHF
All-cause mortality
Primary Time to occurrence of a major coronary
event− CHD death− Nonfatal MI− Resuscitated cardiac arrest
Primary Time to occurrence of a major coronary
event− CHD death− Nonfatal MI− Resuscitated cardiac arrest
Mean LDL-C = 104 mg/dL (2.7 mmol/L)
IDEAL: Effect of Treatment On LDL-C
Pedersen et al. JAMA. 2005;294:2437-2445.
0
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Baseline Week 12 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
LDL-
C (
mg/
dL)
AtorvastatinSimvastatin
0
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.4
LDL-C
(mm
ol/L)
Mean LDL-C = 81 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L)
IDEAL: Safety
*Subset of coded myopathy.Adverse events resulting in permanent discontinuation of study drug with incidence 0.5% in either treatment group included myalgia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea.Adapted from Pedersen et al. JAMA. 2005;294:2437-2445.
No. of Patients (%)
Atorvastatin (n=4439)
Simvastatin (n=4449)
Protocol-Defined Clinically Important Lab Abnormalities
AST >3× ULN at 2 consecutive measurementsALT >3× ULN at 2 consecutive measurementsMyopathy defined as CPK >10× ULN at2 consecutive measurements with muscle symptoms
18 (0.41)43 (0.97)
0
2 (0.04)5 (0.11)
0
Investigator-Reported Adverse EventsAny adverse event resulting in permanent discontinuation of study drug
426 (9.6) 186 (4.2)
Investigator-reported myopathy 6 (0.14) 11 (0.25)Investigator-reported rhabdomyolysis* 2 (0.05) 3 (0.07)
IDEAL: Summary• IDEAL found incremental reductions in clinical end points with atorvastatin 80
mg compared to simvastatin 20-40 mg:– 17% reduction in Nonfatal MI (P=.02)– 13% reduction in MCVE (P=.02)– 16% reduction in Any CHD Event (P<.001)– 16% reduction in Any CV Event (P<.001)– 23% reduction in revascularization (P<.001)
• The results of IDEAL indicate that patients with myocardial infarction may benefit from intensive lowering of LDL-C without increase in noncardiovascular mortality or other serious adverse reactions
• IDEAL further supports the safety profile of intensive therapy with atorvastatin 80 mg
Pedersen et al. JAMA. 2005;294:2437-2445.
IDEAL study: Effects of Atorvastatin 80 mg Daily Versus Simvastatin 20 to 40 mg Daily on Any Cardiovascular Event
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:2353–7)
IDEAL results indicate that intensive statin therapy continues to be more effective than
standard statin therapy, even beyond the first event, and suggest that clinicians should not
hesitate to prescribe high-dose statin therapy for patients experiencing multiple recurrent
cardiovascular events.
IDEAL study: patients with recent history of AMI within 2 months of randomization
• 999 patients who had a first acute MI <2 months before randomization.• Atorvastatin 80 mg vs. simvastatin 20 to 40 mg over approximately 5 years of
follow-up.
HR for death, MI, hospitalization for unstable angina, revascularization, and stroke at 2 and 5 years of follow up
In conclusion, our analysis provides support for the strategy of placing
patients with recent MI on intensive statin therapy and maintaining the
high dose over the long term, beyond 2 years.
Am J Cardiol 2010;106:354 –359
4. Why to begin early with high dose of statin?
Pleiotropic benefits
• Anti-inflammatory
• Anti-oxidant
• Improves endothelial function (NO).
• Plaque stabilization
• Anti-platelet
• Fibrinolytic
• Anti-proliferative ….Many more
•Pleiotropic benefits are dose dependent
•Pleiotropic benefits appears much before the lipid lowering effects
• An immediate significant effect of just a single dose of statin has been previously reported
Immediate functions of statins
Ostadal et al. demonstrated that a single dose of cerivastatin at the time of admission of patients
with unstable angina or non-ST elevation MI positively influences the inflammatory parameters
CRP and interleukin-6 at 24 hours
(Mol Cell Biochem 2003;246:45-50)
Romano et al. described that a 24-h treatment with lovastatin and simvastatin induces inhibition
of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) synthesis in mononuclear and endothelial cells in
vitro
(Lab Invest 2000;80:1095-1100)
Statins indeed have beneficial effects on endothelial function by a rapid increase in nitric
oxide bioavailability; this effect has been observed as early as 3 hours following statin
administration
(Laufs et al. Circulation 1998;97:1129-1135)
771 pts with
NSTE-ACS sent to
early coronary
angiography
(<48 hours)
Jan ’05 - Dec ‘06
Ran
dom
izat
ion
(N
=19
1)
Atorvastatin 80 mg 12 hrs pre-angio;
further 40 mg 2 hrs before
N=96
Coronaryangiography
Placebo 12 hrs pre-angio;
further dose 2 hrs
before N=95
Primary combined end point:
30-day death, MI,
TVR
1st blood sample
(pre-PCI)
CK-MB, troponin-I, myoglobin, CRP
ARMYDA-ACS trial:
2nd and 3rd blood samples
(8 and 24 hrs
post-PCI)
30 days
580 pts excluded for: - 451 statin therapy - 41 emergency angiography - 43 LVEF <30% - 30 contraindications to statins - 15 severe renal failure
PCI atorvastatin N=86
PCI placebo N=85
20 pts excluded for indication to: - medical therapy (N=8) - bypass surgery (N=12)
atorvast
Subjects without on-going statin therapy
0
5
10
15
20
AtorvastatinPlacebo
ARMYDA-ACS trialComposite primary end-point (30-day death, MI, TVR)
%5
17
P=0.01
Individual and Combined Outcome Measures of the Primary End Point at 30 days
ARMYDA-ACS
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
Death MI TVR MACE
Atorvastatin Placebo
4/86(5%)
13/85 (15%)
1/85(2%)
14/85(17%)
4/86(5%)
P=0.04 P=0.01
%
CompositePrimary End Point
0
10
20
30
40
Atorvastatin Placebo
Cre
atin
e k
ina s
e-M
B (
%) P=0.002
1-3 times >3 times
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Atorvastatin Placebo
Tro
po n
in- I
(%
)
P=0.028
ARMYDA-ACS:
Incidence (%) of post procedural Cardiac markers elevations
ARMYDA-ACS: Secondary end point
Post-PCI percent increase of CRP levels from baseline
0
40
80
120
160
AtorvastatinPlacebo
%%63
147
P=0.01
Atorvastatin Placebo
Days after PCI
MA
CE
-fre
e su
rviv
al (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 7 14 21 30
P=0.01
ARMYDA-ACS: Actuarial Survival curves
ARMYDA-ACS:
CONCLUSIONS The ARMYDA-ACS trial indicates that even a short-term atorvastatin pretreatment prior to PCI may improve outcome in patients with Unstable Angina and NSTEMI.
This benefit is mostly driven by a reduction of peri-procedural MI (70% risk reduction)
Lipid-independent pleiotropic actions of atorvastatin may explain such effect
These findings may support the indication of “upstream” administration of high dose statins in patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes treated with early invasive strategy
ARMYDA-RECAPTURE trial
793 Patients
with
stable angina
or NSTE-ACS undergoing coronary
angiography
Ra
nd
om
iza
tion
(N
=4
20
)
Atorvastatin reload: 80 mg 12 hrs before angio; further 40 mg 2 hrs before N=210 Coronary
angiography
Placebo 12 hrs before angio; further dose 2 hrs before N=210
Primary end point:30-day occurrence of cardiac death, MI, TVR
1st blood sample (before PCI)
CK-MB, Troponin-I, HS-CRP
2nd and 3rd blood samples(8 and 24 hours
after PCI)
30 days
373 patients excluded for: - 243 no chronic statin therapy (31%) - 38 emergency angiography - 82 ejection fraction <30% - 10 severe renal failure
PCI atorvastatin N=177
PCI placebo N=175
68 patients excluded for indication to: - medical therapy (N=30) - bypass surgery (N=38)
N=352
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:558–65
Subjects with ongoing statin therapy
ARMYDA-RECAPTURE:
PRIMARY ENDPOINT (30-day MACE)
0
3
6
9
12
3.4
9.1
P=0.045
MA
CE
(%
)
PlaceboAtorvastatin
MACE: Major Adverse Cardiac Events
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:558–65
Individual and Combined Outcome Measures of the Primary Endpoint at 30 days
8.69.1
P=0.045
ARMYDA-RECAPTURE
%
CompositePrimary End Point
3.4
0
3
6
9
12
Cardiac death
MI TVR MACE
Atorvastatin
Placebo
0.5 0.5
3.4
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:558–65
Cre
a ti n
e k i
n as e
- MB
(%
)
Tro
p oni
n-I (
%)
ARMYDA-RECAPTURE: Secondary endpoints
Proportion of patients with any post-PCI cardiac markers elevation
P=0.023P=0.032
0
10
20
30
Atorvastatin Placebo
13
23
0
10
20
30
40
50
Atorvastatin Placebo
36
47
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:558–65
0
20
40
60
80
100
Atorvastatin Placebo
1 2 3 7 14 21
Days after PCI
MA
CE
-fre
e s
urv
iva
l (%
)
30
P=0.045
ARMYDA-RECAPTURE trial:
Event-free survival at 30 days in the atorvastatin reload vs placebo arm
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:558–65
ARMYDA-RECAPTUREConclusions
ARMYDA-RECAPTURE suggests that reloading with high dose atorvastatin is associated with improved clinical outcome in patients on chronic statin therapy undergoing PCI
Acute atorvastatin bolus 80 mg + 40 mg 12 hrs pre-PCI gives a 48% relative risk reduction of 30-day MACE.
LDL-independent cardioprotective effects may be responsible of this phenomenon
These findings may support a strategy of routine reload with high dose atorvastatin early before intervention even in the background of chronic therapy
J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:558–65
ARMYDA-CIN trial
1318 Patients
with
NSTE-ACS undergoing coronary
angiography
Ra
nd
om
iza
tion
(N
=2
70
)
Atorvastatin reload: 80 mg 12 hrs before angio; further 40 mg 2 hrs before N=135 Coronary
angiography
Placebo 12 hrs before angio; further dose 2 hrs before N=135
Primary end point:Incidence of contrast induced nephropathy
1st blood sample (before PCI)
Creatinine , HS-CRP
2nd and 3rd blood samples(24 and 48 hours
after PCI)
30 days
PCI atorvastatin N=120
PCI placebo N=121
29 patients excluded for indication to: - medical therapy (N=13) - bypass surgery (N=16)
Giuseppe Patti et al., Am J Cardiol 2011;xx:xxx
CIN: contrast induced nephropathy
Giuseppe Patti et al., Am J Cardiol 2011;xx:xxx
8.4
13.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Atorvastatin Placebo
P= 0.01
Post-intervention peak CRP level (mg/L)
ARMYDA-CIN trial
Incidence of contrast induced nephropathy (%)
5
13.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Atorvastatin Placebo
P= 0.046
Giuseppe Patti et al., Am J Cardiol 2011;xx:xxx
Anti-inflammatory property may be involved
in reno-protection by atorvastatin
ARMYDA-CIN trial
NAPLES II Novel Approaches for Preventing or Limiting
Event StudyImpact of a Single High Loading Dose
of Atorvastatin 80 mg on Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction
Patients undergoing coornary angiography Jan 2005-Jan 2009 assessed for eligibility(n=1385)
Excluded (n=37)
9 withdrew consent28 did not meet the inclusion criteria
1348 patients randomized
676 allocated to Atorvastatin 80 mg group
672 allocated to Control group
338 patients included338 patients included 330 patients included
338 excluded because:155 had coronary angiography alone and not PCI98 had PCI for ISR and/or on a bypass vessel80 were referred for elective CABG5 were lost at follow-up
342 excluded because:174 had coronary angiography alone and not PCI91 had PCI for ISR and/or on a bypass vessel71 were referred for eventual CABG6 were lost at follow-up
• Non-Q wave MI:– CKMB 3X ULN
• Q wave MI:– CKMB 2X ULN with new significant Q waves in 2
contiguous leads
Definitions
Thygesen K et al. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2525-38.8
CKMB >3X ULN
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Atorvastatin group (n= 338)
Control group (n = 330)
p = 0.014(OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.35-0.89)
%
9.5
15.8
cTnI >3X ULN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
26.6
39.1
Atorvastatin group (n= 338)
Control group (n = 330)
p <0.001(OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.40-0.78)
%%
28/252
35/23311.1
15
4/86
16/97
4.6
16.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Atorvastatin group (n= 338)
Control group (n = 330)
p = 0.18 p = 0.016
CKMB 3X ULN & CRP
Normal CRP High CRP
%%
31
39.5
15.1
38.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Normal CRP High CRP
Atorvastatin group (n= 338)
Control group (n = 330)
p = 0.056 p = 0.002
TnI 3X ULN & CRP
%%
78/252
92/233
13/86
37/97
In-hospital outcomeAtorvastatin
Group(N=338)
Control Group(N=330)
P value
Death 1 (0.3%) 0 NS
MI 33 (9.8%) 52 (15.8%) 0.014
Q-wave MI 1 (0.3%) 0 NS
Non Q-wave MI 32 (9.5%) 52 (15.8%) 0.014
Unplanned revasc 0 0 -
Stent thrombosis 2 (0.58%) 1 (0.30%) 0.57
Composite 34 (10%) 52 (15.7%) 0.029
Conclusions
A single, high (80 mg) loading (within 24 hours) dose of atorvastatin reduces the incidence of periprocedural non Q wave MI in elective PCI.
This cardioprotective effect seems to be more pronounced in patients with high CRP level at baseline
Possible mechanisms of the clinical benefit:
Improvement of endothelial function
Wassmann S, et al. Circ Res 2003
N=27 pts with stable angina
randomized to placebo
or
pravastatin (single dose of 40 mg).
At 24 hrs, significant attenuation of
acetylcholine-mediated vasoconstriction
* P<0.05
Circ. Res. 2003;93;e98-e103
Possible mechanisms of the clinical benefit:
Vasodilation of coronary microvessels
N=32 pts without CAD
randomized to placebo
or
atorvastatin (single dose of 40 mg)
transthoracic doppler
evaluation of LAD (baseline and 1 hr)
0
1
2
3
4
Placebo Atorvastatin
Before
After
Coronary flow velocity reserve (hyperemic/basal peak diastolic velocity)
P<0.01
Am J Cardiol 2005;96:89 –91
Possible mechanisms of the clinical benefit:
Antithrombotic effectsN=30 hypercholesterolemic pts randomized to diet or
atorvastatin (10 mg/d) for 3 days
0
1
2
3
Placebo Atorvastatin
Before
After
P<0.01
Sanguigni V, et al. Circulation 2005
0
10
20
30
40
50
Placebo Atorvastatin
Before
After
43+15 45+12 46+15
32+6
Platelet CD40L expression (AU)
2+1 2+1 2+1
1.4+0.4
P<0.05
Prothrombin fragment F1+2 (nM)
Patti G et al. JACC 2006;48:1560
ARMYDA-CAMs study
ARMYDA-CAMs RESULTS
0
20
40
60
80
100
ICAM-1 E-selectin VCAM-1
Atorvastatin Placebo
Po
st-p
roce
du
ral 2
4-h
ou
r %
incr
ease
fro
m b
asel
ine
P=0.0001
P=0.0001
P=0.20
30
59
78
42
Patti G et al. JACC 2006;48:1560
0
15
30
45
60
75
P=0.55
P=0.33
P=0.0008
No Damage Damage No Damage Damage
E-s
ele
cti
n p
ea
k l
ev
els
(n
g/m
L)
Possible mechanisms of the clinical benefit:
Attenuation of endothelial activation
With or without procedural myocardial damage
4. Take home messages….• CVD is the leader amongst the causes of death
worldwide.• Prevalence of CVD including CHD is increasing
rapidly in India.• Increasing burden of risk factors like:
– Hypertension– Smoking – Obesity – Diabetes– Dyslipidemia
• Statins are highly recommended for secondary prevention of CAD by all the guidelines across the globe.
• High dose of statins:– Significantly improves short term and long
term cardiovascular outcome in patients with ACS.
– Safe and well tolerated.
• Early to begin with:– Pleiotropic benefits are beyond lipid lowering effects.– Pleiotropic benefits such as anti-inflammatory property,
are responsible for very early vascular benefits.– Pleiotropic benefits appear as early as within 1 hour of
statin administration.– Evidences suggesting that even a single high dose of
atorvastatin can produce vascular benefits (outcome benefits) as early as 1st day of administration.
A healthy lifestyle strategy
PrecautionsMacrolide antibiotics like erythromycin
Azole antifungal like ketoconazole
HIV protease inhibitors like ritonavir, saquinavir
Grape fruit juice
Atorvastatin dose max. 20 mg/d
Cyclosporin Atorvastatin dose max. 10 mg/d
Statin should not be prescribed to a patients with active liver diseases, pregnancy, lactating mother