agilent imp

安捷倫科技LTE長期演進技術論壇

Volume 2

Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 51

AgendaAgenda

• LTE Context and Timeline• LTE Major Features• LTE Transmission Schemes• LTE vs. HSPA+ and WiMAX• Multiple Antenna Techniques• System Architecture Evolution• Standards Documents• Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure• Solutions Overview

Page 51Page 51


LTE Physical Layer OverviewLTE Physical Layer Overview((……now on to the Really Cool Stuff!)now on to the Really Cool Stuff!)

• LTE air interface consists of two main components – Signals and Channels

• Physical Signals• Generated in Layer 1

– Used for System Synchronization, Cell Identification and Radio Channel Estimation

• Physical Channels• These Carry Data from higher layers including Control, Scheduling

and User Payload• The following is a simplified high-level description of the

essential Signals and Channels…

Page 52

26


PhysicalPhysical SignalSignal DefinitionsDefinitions

Page 53

DL Signals Full name Purpose

P-SS Primary Synchronization Signal Used for cell search and identification by the UE. Carries part of the cell ID

S-SS Secondary Synchronization Signal Used for cell search and identification by the UE. Carries the remainder of the cell ID

RS Reference Signal (Pilot) Used for DL channel estimation and channel equalization. Exact sequence derived from cell ID,

UL Signals Full name Purpose

DM-RS (Demodulation) Reference Signal Used for synchronization to the UE and UL channel estimationOnly used with active Transport Channel

SRS Sounding Reference Signal Used for channel estimation when there is no transport channel (i.e., No active PUSCH or PUCCH)Used for CQI measurement.

Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 54Page 54

PhysicalPhysical ChannelChannel DefinitionsDefinitions

DL Channels Full name Purpose

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel Carries cell-specific information

PMCH Physical Multicast Channel Carries the MCH transport channel

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel Scheduling, ACK/NACK

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel Payload

PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

Defines number of PDCCH OFDMA symbols per sub-frame (1, 2 or 3)

PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ indicator channel Carries HARQ ACK/NACK

UL Channels Full name Purpose

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Call setup

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel Scheduling, ACK/NACK

PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel Payload

Note: Absence of Dedicated Channels, which is a characteristic of Packet-Only Systems

27

LTE


SignalSignal Modulation and MappingModulation and Mapping

DL Signals Modulation Sequence Physical Mapping Power*1

PrimarySynchronizationSignal (P-SS)

One of 3 Zadoff-Chu sequences

62/72 subcarriers centred around DC at OFDMA symbol #6 of slots #0, #10

[+0.65 dB] *2

SecondarySynchronizationSignal(S-SS)

Two 31-bit M-sequences (binary) – one of 168 Cell IDs plus other info

62/72 subcarriers centred around DC at OFDMA symbol #5 of slots #0, #10

[+0.65 dB] *2

ReferenceSignal (RS)

PS Gold sequence defined by Cell ID (P-SS & S-SS)1 of 3x168 = 504 seq.

Every 6th subcarrier of OFDMA symbols #0 & #4 of every slot

[+2.5 dB]

UL Signals Modulation Sequence Physical Mapping Power

DemodulationReferenceSignal (DM-RS)

uth root Zadoff-Chu or QPSK (<3 RB) SC-FDMA symbol #3 of

every slot [0 dB]

*1: 3GPP has not define power level yet. This information shows the current scale factor in the 89600 VSA and N7624B Signal Studio.*2: Synchronization signal: 72 sub-carriers are reserved, but only 62 sub-carrier are used. [–0.65 dB = 10 x log10(62/72)]

Normal CP is assumed

Additional signals (UL) - Sounding Reference Signal (Z-C)


DMDM--RSRS SignalSignal Modulation (UE)Modulation (UE)

( ) 10, RSZC

)1(RSZC -¢¢=+

-

Nmemx Nmqmj

q

p

Page 56

• The unity circle produced by the DM-RS may look random but is the result of phase modulating each successive subcarrier to create a Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation (CAZAC) Sequence

• There are 30 different sequences defined providing orthogonality between users (similar to Walsh Codes in CDMA)

• The sequence follows a Zadoff-Chu progression

where is the first prime number less than the required number of subcarriers, and m is the subcarrier number of the qth sequence

• For allocations less than 3 Resource Blocks (36 subcarriers) it is not possible to use a Zadoff-Chu sequence so the RS are modulated with asimpler computer-generated QPSK sequence of length 12 or 24

RSZCN

28


ChannelChannel Modulation and MappingModulation and MappingDL Channels Modulation Scheme Physical Mapping

Physical Broadcast Channel(PBCH) QPSK

72 subcarriers centred around DC at OFDMA symbol #0 to #3 of Slot #1. Excludes RS subcarriers.

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) QPSK

OFDMA symbol #0, #1 & #2 of the Slot #0 of the subframe NOT used by PCFICH or PHICH Excludes RS subcarriers

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Any assigned RB

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) QPSK

16 Resource ElementsSymbol #0 of Slot #0

Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

BPSK on I and Qw/SF 2 or 4 Walsh Code

Symbol #0 of Slot #0 (normal duration)Symbols #0, 1, and 2 of Slot #0(extended duration)

Physical Multicast Channel(PMCH)

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Variable Resource Mapping

Normal CP is assumed


UL Channels Modulation Scheme Physical Mapping

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) uth root Zadoff-Chu

FDD = 64 Preambles, 4 FormatsTDD = 552 Preambles, 1 FormatOccupies 6 RB’s (1.08MHz)

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) BPSK & QPSK Any assigned RB but NOT

simultaneous with PUSCH

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Any assigned RB but NOT simultaneous with PUCCHCan be hopped

ChannelChannel Modulation and Mapping (cont.)Modulation and Mapping (cont.)

29

LTE


Slot Structure and Physical Resource ElementSlot Structure and Physical Resource ElementDownlinkDownlink –– OFDMAOFDMA

Condition

Normalcyclic prefix f=15kHz 12 7

Extendedcyclic prefix

f=15kHz 12 6

f=7.5kHz 24 3

RBscN

RBscN

OFDM symbols

One downlink slot, Tslot

:

:

x subcarriers

Resource blockx

Resourceelement(k, l)

l=0 l= – 1

subcarriers

•A Resource Block (RB) is basic scheduling unit.

• A RB contains:• 7 symbols (1 slot) X 12 subcarriers for normal cyclic prefixor;• 6 symbols (1 slot) X 12 subcarriers for extended cyclic prefix

•Minimum allocation is 1 ms (2 slots)and 180 kHz (12 subcarriers).

DLRBN RB

scN

DLsymbN

DLsymbN

DLRBN DL

symbN

DLsymbN RB

scN


Slot Structure and Physical Resource ElementSlot Structure and Physical Resource ElementUplinkUplink –– SCSC--FDMAFDMA

:

:

Resource element(k, l)

l=0 l=NULsymb – 1

Condition NRBsc NUL

symb

Normalcyclic prefix 12 7

Extendedcyclic prefix 12 6

Resource Block = 0.5 ms x 180 kHz

RBscN subcarriers

ULRBN RB

scNx subcarriers

Resource blockxUL

symbN RBscN

SC-FDMA symbolsULsymbN

One uplink slot, Tslot

30


Physical Layer DefinitionsPhysical Layer DefinitionsFrame StructureFrame Structure

Page 61

Frame Structure type 1 (FDD) FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately

#0 #2 #3 #18#1 ………. #19One subframe = 1ms

One slot = 0.5 msOne radio frame = 10 ms

Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 9

Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

DwPTS, T(variable)

One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 msOne half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms

#0 #2 #3 #4 #5

One subframe, 30720 x Ts = 1 ms

Guard period, T(variable)

UpPTS, (variable)

•5ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5 and DwPTS for downlink, Subframe 2, 5 and UpPTS for Uplink

•10ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5,7-9 and DwPTS for downlink, Subframe 2 and UpPTS for Uplink

One slot, Tslot =15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms

#7 #8 #9

For 5ms switch-point periodicity

For 10ms switch-point periodicity


Page 62

OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)

The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending eachsymbol with a copy of the end of the symbol

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

1 frame= 10 sub-frames= 10 ms

1 Sub-Frame= 2 slots= 1 ms

1 slot= 15360 Ts= 0.5 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6etc.

CP CP CP CP CPCPCP

P-SS - Primary Synch Signal [Sym 6 | Slots 0,10 | 62/72]

S-SS - Secondary Synch Signal [Sym 5 | Slots 0,10 | 62/72]

PBCH - Physical Broadcast Channel [Syms 0-3 | Slot 1 | 72/72]

PDCCH -Physical DL Control Channel [Syms 0-2 | Every Subframe]

PDSCH - Physical DL Shared Channel [Available Slots]

Reference Signal – (Pilot) [Sym 0,4 | Every Slot]

DLsymbN

#0 #1 #8#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #9 #10 #11 #12 #19#13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18

Downlink Frame Structure Type 1Downlink Frame Structure Type 1

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.552ns

Note 1: Position of RS varies w/Antenna Port number and CP LengthNote 2: PMCH, PCFICH, and PHICH not shown here for clarity

31

LTE


Downlink Physical MappingDownlink Physical Mapping


Uplink Frame Structure Type 1Uplink Frame Structure Type 1PUSCH MappingPUSCH Mapping

Page 64Page 64

#0 #1 #8#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #9 #10 #11 #12 #19#13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH - Physical Uplink Shared ChannelReference Signal – (Demodulation) [Sym 3 | Every Slot]

OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)

The Cyclic Prefix is created by prepending eachsymbol with a copy of the end of the symbol

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

1 slot= 15360 Ts= 0.5 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6etc.

CP CP CP CP CPCPCP

DLsymbN

1 sub-frame= 2 slots= 1 ms

1 frame= 10 sub-frames= 10 ms

Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.6 ns

32


Uplink Frame Structure Type 1 (FDD)Uplink Frame Structure Type 1 (FDD)PUCCH Mapping (Formats 1, 1a, 1b )PUCCH Mapping (Formats 1, 1a, 1b )

[Syms 2-4 | Every Slot]

[Syms 0,1,5,6 | Every Slot]

1


Unlike DL, UL DM-RS

Is confined only to User

Frame Structure Type 1 (UL) Frame Structure Type 1 (UL) -- Physical MappingPhysical Mapping

Note 1: When no PUCCH or PUSCH is scheduled in the uplink, the eNB can request transmission of the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), which allows the eNB to estimate the uplink channel characteristics

Note 2: PRACH and SRS not shown for clarity

OOK, BPSKRotatedQPSK

33

LTE

Concepts of 3GPP LTE9 Oct 2007Page 67Page 67Page 67

AgendaAgenda

• LTE Context and Timeline• LTE Major Features• LTE Transmission Schemes• LTE vs. HSPA+ and WiMAX• Multiple Antenna Techniques• System Architecture Evolution• Standards Documents• Overview of Physical Layer Frame Structure• Solutions Overview


LTE Design Flow SolutionsLTE Design Flow Solutions

FPGABB L1/PHY

RF Proto

ASIC DevelopmentBB L1/PHY

RF Chip Dev DesignValidation

System Level TestingRF & Protocol

Pre-Conformance

Protocol Development L2/L3 MAC/RLC

BBASIC

RFIC DigitalInterface

DesignIntegration

Conformance

DesignSimulation

34


LTELTE Agilent Solutions in the Design LifecycleAgilent Solutions in the Design Lifecycle

Page 69

FPGABB L1/PHY

RF Proto


RF Chip Dev DesignValidation


Pre-Conformance

LTE VSA SW

Spectrum Analyzers

Signal Studio

EDA Logic Analyzers& Scopes

Protocol Development L2/L3

BBASIC

RFIC DigitalInterface

DesignIntegration

Conformance

DesignSimulation

Signal Generators

Anite Protocol Development System

Battery DrainCharacterization

DC Power Analyzer Systems for RF and Protocol ConformanceE6620A Test Set


Advanced Design SystemAdvanced Design System3GPP LTE Wireless Library3GPP LTE Wireless Library

Page 70

Download

Analyze

RF or Mixed-

Signal DUT

For system and circuit design & verification• Downlink OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA

sources and receivers• Pre-configured examples with EVM and

BER measurements• Connectivity with Agilent test equipment

Combine simulation with sources and analyzers for powerful R&D prototype hardware testing..

http://eesof.tm.agilent.com/products/ads_main.html

Logic Analyser

Spectrum Analyser

Signal generator

35

LTE


User-friendly, parameterized and reconfigurable 3GPP LTE signal generation software for Agilent ESG-C or MXG RF Signal Generators.

• PHY Layer partially coded signals for component test• Transport Layer fully coded signals for Rx Test• Downlink MIMO pre-coding up to 4x4 (Spatial Multiplexing/Tx

Diversity)• Multiple UE setup for UL• Fixed-tap Fading

Page 71Page 71

Signal creation softwareSignal creation softwareN7624B Signal Studio for LTEN7624B Signal Studio for LTE

Page 71

MXG

ESG-C

Download your free demo copy at:www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio


Wireless Physical Layer ValidationWireless Physical Layer Validation

Vector Signal Analysis

RF-IC

Signal Creation Software

N4850AAcquisition Probe

N4860AStimulus Probe

Tx

Rx

Logic Analyzer

Signal Generator

Spectrum Analyser

36


LTE Signal Analysis Using Agilent 89601A Vector LTE Signal Analysis Using Agilent 89601A Vector Signal Analyzer softwareSignal Analyzer software• Works with multiple signal

acquisition front ends including logic analyzers, scopes, simulation tools and spectrum analyzers EVM equalizer amplitude and phase response

• Waterfall displays• Gate (by time and channel type)• Customizable GUI with up to 6

simultaneous colour coded traces• Analysis in multiple domains - slot,

subcarrier, resource block and symbol

• Full coupled marker functionality

Download your free 89601A demo copy at:

www.agilent.com/find/89600


Agilent and Agilent and AniteAnite in partnershipin partnership-- accelerating LTE test solutionsaccelerating LTE test solutions

Combining strengths to bring a full-range of LTE solutions to market faster

• Anite Protocol development system built on Agilent E6620A hardware platform

• Agilent E6620A wireless communications test set with a 3GPP Release 8 LTE protocol stack

Anite SAT LTE Protocol Testerwith Development Toolset built on the Agilent E6620A

NEW!

First to market toolset for UE protocol development

37

LTE


E6620A Integrated Mobile Test PlatformE6620A Integrated Mobile Test Platform

L1 PHYDSP Engine

PDCPRLCMAC

Protocol Processor

UP/DOWN CONV.

20MHz B/W RF

RF I/O

digital I/O

A

P

I

RF I/O

RF I/O*

SISO

MIMO(2x2 DL)

*Optional 2nd Source/Receiver for 2x2 MIMO

Scalable single box base station emulator• 2G/3G/3.9G (LTE) capable• LTE L1-L2 signaling stack + scripting API• 20MHz BW• Data rates up to 100 Mbps DL / 50 Mbps UL• 2x2 MIMO• Support for two independent cells• Built-in Fading• RF Parametric Measurements

Scripted testcases

Introduction: Mid-2008


Agilent's position in LTEAgilent's position in LTE

•Providing the broadest range of solutions for LTE design and test -from simulation to RF and digital design to protocol development to network deployment.

•Representation on 3GPP standards committees•Providing "connected solutions" – systems that combine simulation with real-world signal generation and analysis to permit early module test

• Is the only company that provides all the cross-domain test capability for new-generation radio products which feature direct "digital to RF" architectures (eg. CPRI and OBSAI base stations and DigRF and MIPI D-PHY handsets)

•First-to-market Protocol test solution in partnership with Anite•Providing a common scalable platform across protocol and RF solutions for development, functional, and conformance test

Page 76

38


Learn more atLearn more atwww.agilent.com/find/ltewww.agilent.com/find/lte

LTE Poster (5989-7646EN)

Brochure (5989-7817EN)

Webcasts on LTE• LTE Concepts• LTE Uplink• LTE Design and Simulation

Application Note coming


Thank you for your attention!

Questions?

39

LTE

LTE Uplink and Downlink Signal Generation

Agilent has built a solid reputation in the mobile communications industry with the combination of our signal generators and Signal Studio signal creation software. The versatile and comprehensive software is available for the development and manufacturing of existing and evoling 2G, 3G, 3.5G and 4G communication systems. You can quickly and easily create performance-optimized LTE reference signals for component-level parametric test, baseband subsystem verifi cation, receiver performance verifi cation and advanced functional evaluation.

Speed Signal Simulation with Signal Studio LTE Applications

Signal Studio applications for 3GPP LTE enable the confi guration of standard-based FDD and TDD LTE test signals to verify the performance of components, receivers, and baseband ASICs. Use this software with the Agilent MXG signal

generator for the industry’s best adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) performance making it ideal for the characterization and evaluation of BTS components such as multi-carrier power amplifi ers. For applications that require lower phase noise, the best level accuracy, or digital I/Q inputs and outputs then use Signal Studio software with the

Flexible resource mapping with scalable system bandwidth is available with Agilent’s Signal Studio Software.

Industry-leading performance with the Agilent PXB MIMO receiver tester and the Agilent MXG and ESG vector signal generators.

Agilent ESG signal generator. Additionally Signal Studio software can be used with the Agilent PXB MIMO receiver tester for applications that require MIMO fading, creation of interfering stimulus, digital I/Q inputs and outputs, real-time signal creation or closed loop testing of advanced LTE capabilities like HARQ. Highlights of LTE Signal Studio Software include:

Create FDD and TDD frame structures (type 1/type 2)Physical layer coded signals for component testTransport channel coded signals for receiver testCreate all LTE bandwidths: 1.4 MHz to 20 MHzCreate all modulation types: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAMUp to 4x4 MIMO confi gurations (spatial multiplexing / TX diversity)Real-time fading with the Agilent PXB for up to 4x2 or 2x4 MIMOPredefi ned setups for fi xed reference channels and E-UTRA test modelsMixed-carrier confi guration with W-CDMACo-existence testing using the Agilent PXB with 4 independent baseband generatorsCreate multi-carrier signals for uplink and downlinkReal-time HARQ feedback for perfor-mance requirements testing

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

www.agilent.com/find/lte

3GPP LTE protocol Primer

3GPP LTE Protocol PrimerSandy Fraser 5th March 2008

Agenda

• LTE major features and documents• SAE, S1 and X2 overview• LTE Protocol Stack overviews

• Data flow through the UE LTE stack• PHY function Overview• RRC- focus on Handover

• Summaries/Solutions

1

LTE


LTE major features

Feature CapabilityUE Categories(Provisionally five)

10 Mbps - 300 Mbps on DL5 Mbps to 75 Mbps in UL

Access modes FDD with frame structure 1TDD with frame structure 2

Baseline UE capability 20 MHz UL/DL, 2 Rx, one Tx antennaDownlink transmission OFDMA using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAMUplink transmission SC-FDMA using QPSK,16QAM, 64QAMDL Spatial diversity Open loop TX diversity

Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportableUL Spatial diversity Optional open loop TX diversity, 2x2 MU-

MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO


LTE major features

Feature CapabilityTransmission Time Interval

1 ms

H-ARQ Retransmission Time

8ms (At LTE peak data rates this is a very hard spec to meet at baseband)

Frequency hopping Intra-TTI UL once per .5ms slot - DL once per 66 s symbol

Inter-TTI Across retransmissions

Bearer services Packet only – no circuit switched voice or data services are supported voice must use VoIP

Multicasting Enhanced MBMS with Single Frequency Network and cell-specific content

2


LTE 3GPP Specifications (Rel-8)

• After the LTE study phase in Rel-7, the LTE specifications are defined in the 36-series documents of Rel-8

• There are six major groups of documents• 36.8XX & 36.9XX Technical reports (background information)• 36.1XX Radio specifications (and eNB conformance testing)• 36.2XX Layer 1 baseband• 36.3XX Layer 2/3 air interface signalling• 36.4XX Network signalling• 36.5XX UE Conformance Testing

• The latest versions of these documents can be found atwww.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm


Agenda




3

LTE


High level SAE Architecture

HSS - Home subscriber server IMS - IP multimedia subsystem Inter AS anchor - Inter access system anchorMME - Mobility management entity Op. IP Serv. - Operator IP service PCRF - Policy and charging rule control functionUPE - User plane entity


Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces

3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture

MME = Mobile Managemententity

SAE = SystemArchitectureEvolution

4


LTE 3GPP – S1 and X2

3G PP LTE P ro toco l P rim erSandy Fr ase r 5th Marc h 2008

3GPP TR 23.401 / 25.813

• PLMN – Public Land Mobile Network• EPS – Evolved Packet System• MME – Mobility Management Entity• eNB – E-UTRAN Node B• TAI - Tracking Area ID• E-UTRAN – Evolved Universal Radio

Access Network• C-RNTI – Cell Radio Network

Temporary Identifier• RA-RNTI – Random Access RNTI• UE – User Equipment• IMEI – International Mobile Equipment

Identity• IMSI – International Mobile Subscriber

Identity• S-TMSI – SAE Temporary Mobile

Subscriber Identity

5

LTE


What is Protocol?

An agreed-upon set of rules governing the exchange of information.“An agreed-upon set of rules”: what, how, and when information is communicated must conform to some mutually acceptable set of conventions referred to as ‘the protocol’“Information” : Two types• “Control” -used to setup, maintain, and end the communication link• “Data” -the actual content that is intended to be exchanged packaged

into “messages”The protocol defines and governs the exchange of messages


Terminology

6


Agenda





MMEeNBUE

RRC

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

NAS

RRC

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

NAS

LTE 3GPP Stack overview 3GPP 3.60, Fig 4.3.2Control plane protocol stack

Handovers, mobility

Ciphering, RoHC

Segmentation, Concatenation, ARQ

HARQ, mapping to/from PHY

Modulation, coding

7

LTE


eNBUE

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

LTE 3GPP Stack overview

3GPP 3.60, Fig 4.3.1User plane protocol stack


LTE 3GPP Stack overview – PDCP

• The main services and functions of PDCP for the user plane include:

• Header compression and decompression: ROHC

• Transfer of user data: transmission of user data means that PDCP receives PDCP SDU from the NAS and forwards it to the RLC layer and vice versa

• Ciphering;

• The main services and functions of PDCP for the control plane include:

• Ciphering and Integrity Protection• Transfer of control plane data:

transmission of control plane data means that PDCP receives PDCP SDUs from RRC and forwards it to the RLC layer and vice versa.

PDCP layer, functional view

8


LTE 3GPP Stack overview – PDCP PDU Structure

• Robust Header Compression (RoHC)

• For more info see IETF RFC 4995.

• Reduced overhead, more efficient

• Once RoHC has been applied the whole packet (data AND header) are ciphered as TS35.201

• Header and Message Authentication codes are added

IPHeader Data

Data

PDCPHeader C%^b£$^8Df%^xz(£”$nf$%

Ciphered

RoHC applied

Header and data ciphered

MAC-I

IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force)http://www.ietf.org/


LTE 3GPP Stack overview - RLC

• Concatenation, segmentation, re-segmentation of SDU’s to match transmission (Transport Block –TB) parameters set by MAC or radio condiction

• Three service Mode:Transparent mode (TM)Unacknowledged Mode (UM)Acknowledge Mode (AM)

• In sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs• Error Correction through ARQ (CRC check provided by the physical layer, that is,

no CRC needed at RLC level)• Re-ordering of PDU’s received out of order• Duplicate detection and RLC SDU discard.

In general, the data entity from/to a higher protocol layer is known as a Service Data Unit (SDU) and the corresponding entity to/from a lower protocol layer entity is denoted Protocol Data Unit (PDU).

9

LTE


RLC Segmentation and Concatenation

• Multiple RLC SDU’s are segmented / concatenated into a single RLC PDU

• MAC knows what physical resources are available and RLC providesRLC PDU’s to the size that MAC requests.

• RLC PDU size varies dynamically.• RLC SDU’s can be control information, voice, data etc


LTE 3GPP – RLC, Transparent Mode (TM)

• Transparent mode PDU’s are passed on by RLC as received

• No Headers• No Concatenation• No segmentation

• Associated with the following logical channels

• BCCH• UL CCCH• DL CCCH• PCCH

36.322 Figure 4.2.1.1.1-1: Model of two transparent mode peer entities

TMD PDU (No Header)

10


LTE 3GPP – RLC, Unacknowledged Mode (UM) • RLC conducts:

• No retransmission service (No ARQ)• Segmentation and /or concatenation

of PDU’s depending on Transport Block information provided by MAC

• Adds necessary headers• Re-orders out of sequence PDU’s• Detects lost PDU’s• Discard duplicate PDU’s

• Associated with the following logical channels

• UL &DL DCCH• UL &DL DTCH• MCCH & MTCH 36.322 Figure 4.2.1.2.1-1: Model of two unacknowledged mode peer entities


LTE 3GPP – RLC, Unacknowledged Mode (UM)

• RLC is instructed by RRC to use either 5 or 10 bit Sequence Number

• The construction of the UM RLC PDU differs for each of these

Data DataFI Framing InfoSN Sequence Nunber (5 or 10 bit) E Extension bitR1 ReservedLI Length Indicator

36.322 Figure 6.2.1.3-1: UMD PDU with 5 bit SN (No LI)

36.322 Figure 6.2.1.3-2: UMD PDU with 10 bit SN (No LI)

11

LTE


LTE 3GPP – RLC, Acknowledged Mode (AM)

• For AM RLC conducts:• Retransmission and in-sequence delivery.• Segmentation and /or concatenation

of PDU’s depending on Transport Block information provided by MAC

• Adds necessary headers• Re-orders out of sequence PDU’s• Detects lost PDU’s• Discard duplicate PDU’s• Number of re-segmentation is not

limited• Associated with the following logical

channels• UL &DL DCCH• UL &DL DTCH

Transmissionbuffer

Segmentation &Concatenation

Add RLC header

Retransmission buffer

RLC control

Routing

Receptionbuffer & HARQ

reordering

SDU reassembly

DCCH/DTCH DCCH/DTCH

AM-SAP

Remove RLC header

36.322 Figure 4.2.1.3.1-1: Model of an acknowledged mode enttiy



• Acknowledged Mode PDU frame structure

• Shown here is a PDU with no additional E & LI fields showns

• If there are an add number of LI fields, there is additional 4 bits padding.

• If there is an even number of LI fields then no additional padding is necessary.

36.322 Figure 6.2.1.4-1: AMD PDU (No LI)

D/C Data / Control Indicated either Data or Control PDURF Re-segmentation Flag Indicates either a PDU or a PDU segmentP Polling Bit Status report required / not requiredFI Framing Info Segmentation infoSN Sequence Number (5 or 10 bit) Sequence number of the RLC PDUE Extension bit Data or more E and LI to followLI Length indicator Data field length in bytes

12



• Acknowledged Mode PDU SEGMENT

D/C Data / Control Indicated either Data or Control PDURF Re-segmentation Flag Indicates either a PDU or a PDU segmentP Polling Bit Status report required / not requiredFI Framing Info Segmentation infoSN Sequence Number (5 or 10 bit) Sequence number of the RLC PDUSO Segment Offset Start/end of PDU portion detected as lostLSF Last Segment Flag This is the last segment of the PDU

36.322 Figure 6.2.1.5-1: AMD PDU segment (No LI)



• Acknowledged Mode STATUS PDU

D/C Data / Control Indicated either Data or Control PDUCPT Control PDU Type Status PDU or TBDACK_SN Acknowledged SN Lowest SN not received or lostNACK_SN Neg. Acknowledged SN SN of PDU detected as lostE1 Extension bit 1 Indicates whether NACK_SN & E2 followsE2 Extension bit 2 Indicates whether SO start/end followSOStart Sequence Offset Start 1st byte of portion of lost PDUSOend Sequence Offset End Last byte of portion of lost PDU

36.322 Figure 6.2.1.6-1: STATUS PDU

13

LTE


MAC function location and link direction association

xxx

xx

xx

xxx

xxScheduling information reportingxxLogical Channel prioritisation

xxxPriority handling between logical channels of one UE

xxxPriority handling between UEsxxxTransport Format Selectionxxx

Error correction through HARQxx

Demultiplexingxx

Multiplexingxxx

Mapping between logical channels and transport channels

UplinkDownlinkeNBUEMAC function


LTE 3GPP – MAC PDU structure

• A MAC PDU consists of a MAC header, zero or more MAC Service Data Units (MAC SDU), zero, or more MAC control elements, and optionally padding

14


LTE 3GPP - MAC PDU , DL-SCH, UL-SCH

• Similar to UMTS – Header, MAC SDU’s, MAC control elements, Padding• Header and SDU’s can be variable in size• MAC PDU Header consists of one or more sub-headers, relating to multiple MAC SDU’s,

MAC control elements or padding• Normally the sub-header contains 6 header fields, R/R/E/LCID/F/L• The LAST sub-header and FIXED sized MAC control elements only have 4 header fields –

R/R/E/LCID36.321 Figure 6.1.2-1: R/R/E/LCID/F/L MAC sub-header

Figure 6.1.2-2: R/R/E/LCID MAC sub-header

LCID Logical Channel IDL LengthR ReservedE ExtensionF Format


MAC PDU with several headers/elements

•If there are multiple SDU’s in the MAC PDU, then there will be multiple sub-headers•Each header could be data or control information.

15

LTE


LTE 3GPP - MAC Scheduling

• MAC’s main function will be the distribution and management of common resources in both UL –SCH and DL-SCH to multiple UE’s

• eNB MAC must take account of:• Overall traffic volume• UE QoS needs for each connection type. • Radio conditions through measurement by UE.

• If a UE requests resources via a Scheduling request, the eNB will provide a scheduling grant identified by C-RNTI (unique identifier provided by RRC) Scheduling grant will also include

• Physical Resource Blocks• Modulation Coding Scheme

• A UE could have several streams of control or user data, identified by Logical Control ID (LCID)


LTE 3GPP - MAC ARQ and HARQN-Process Stop and Wait HARQ (LTE support maximum 8 HARQ processes)•Downlink

•Asynchronous Adaptive HARQ•PUSCH or PUCCH used for ACK/NACKS for DL (re-)transmissions•PDCCH signals the HARQ process number and if re-transmission or transmission

•Uplink•Synchronous HARQ•Maximum number of re-transmissions configured per UE•PHICH used to transmit ACK/NACKs for non-adaptive UL (re-)transmissions. Adaptive re-transmissions are scheduled through PDCCH

•MAC HARQ can also interact with RLC to provide information to speed up RLC ARQ re-segmentation and re-transmission.•HARQ re-transmissions could be delayed if they collide with GAP measurements required for certain types of Handovers. The GAP Measurements take priority

16


Function of Physical Layer Service

- Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers- FEC encoding/decoding of the transport channel- Hybrid ARQ soft-combining- Rate matching of the coded transport channel to physical channels- Mapping of the coded transport channel onto physical channels- Power weighting of physical channels- Modulation and demodulation of physical channels- Frequency and time synchronisation- Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers- Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing- Transmit Diversity (TX diversity)- Beamforming- RF processing.


LTE 3GPP Stack overview - Physical

36.211 Physical Channels and

Modulation

36.212 Multiplexing and channel

coding

36.213 Physical layer procedures

36.214 Physical layer – Measurements

To/From Higher Layers

Relation between Physical Layer specifications

17

LTE


LTE 3GPP Stack overview - RRC

• The main services and functions of the RRC subl-ayer include:• Broadcast of System Information • Paging (creation and management);• Establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the

UE and E-UTRAN including:– Allocation of temporary identifiers (C-RNTI) between UE and E-UTRAN;– Configuration of signalling radio bearer(s) for RRC connection:

• Security functions including key management;• Mobility functions including:

– UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting for inter-cell and inter-RAT mobility;

– Inter-cell handover;– UE cell selection and reselection and control of cell selection and

reselection;• Notification for MBMS services;• QoS management functions;

– UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting;– NAS direct message transfer to/from NAS from/to UE.


LTE 3GPP RRCCell (re)selection and handover procedures

• E-UTRAN Handovers will be possible from:• E-UTRAN<>E-UTRAN• E-UTRAN<>UTRAN• E-UTRAN<>GERAN• E-UTRAN<>Non 3GPP RAN’s

• Handovers will follow general GERAN/UTRAN procedures:• MS measures neighbour cells• MS reports RxLev, RxQual to BSE/NodeB• When one of the neighbours looks more favourable, HO or

Cell (re)-selection occurs

• However there are some changes in E-UTRAN

18


LTE 3GPP Stack overviewHandover measurement scenarios

• Intra E-UTRAN Handovers will be affected by differences between the host and targeted neighbour cells:

• Centre Frequency Offset (or lack of)• Bandwidth of target cell is greater or less than host cell

• Gap or no gap decision for cell measurements to assist HO is detailed in 36-300 10.1.3

• RRC controls measurement gaps and patterns• Scheduled gaps• Individual gaps

NGA, No Gap Assistance, GA, Gap Assistance

GANGA NGA GA GANGA



• General concern (36-300, 10.2.3.4) over measurement times for a multi-RAT device

• Full E-UTRAN 20MHz bandwidth• GSM Multi-band access• UTRAN Multi-band access• Non-3GPP (WiMax, CDMA2000 etc) Interworking

• Load Limiting will be controlled by:• E-UTRAN can configure the RATs to be measured by UE• Limiting measurement criteria (TS 25.133)• Awareness of E-UTRAN of UE capabilities• Blind handover support (without measurement reports),

19

LTE



• For Handovers, the network can provide some assistance• E-UTRAN – no cell specific assistance or frequency only• UTRAN – frequency list and scrambling codes• GERAN – frequency list. The UE can also “leave” the E-UTRA cell to

read the target GERAN BCH to assess suitability prior to reselection.• UTRAN to E-UTRAN Measurements - UE performs E-UTRAN

measurements in compressed mode• GERAN to E-UTRAN Measurements performed during idle frame, 36-

300, 10.2.3.2 raises some concern over time constraints• General worry 36-300, 10.2.3.4 over measurement times for a multi-

RAT device• Support for non 3GPP Radio technologies is also being discussed


LTE 3GPP Stack overview - NAS

•The main services and functions of the NAS layer include:•EPS Bearer Management•Authentication•ECM-IDLE mobility handling•Security MMEeNBUE

RRC

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

NAS

RRC

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

NAS

3GPP 3.60, Fig 4.3.2Control plane protocol stack

20


Agenda





Summary/Solutions

• Simplified all IP network, with fewer elements and more autonomy for the eNB• No RNC, NO Soft HO

• Some specifications are almost complete, some are still FFS• UL power control (PHY process defined 36.213, upper layer procedures FFS)• RRC firming up, but still needs much work

• UMTS comparison:• Much more in MAC to reduce higher level processing• Higher layers similar to UMTS• Reduced complexity and channel count• Much simplified categorisation• Some areas more complex because of Diversity, eg CQI, Power control

• Designed to interwork with existing UMTS and CDMA2000 networks

21

LTE


Agilent and Anite

• Providing scalable test solutions to address the complete R&D life cycle for LTE mobile development.

• Anite and Agilent are partnering to deliver industry leading UE LTE R&D test solutions.

• Anite will provide industry leading development, conformance and interoperability protocol test solutions for LTE

• Agilent will be providing an industry leading RF platform, OBT based solutions and RF conformance solutions for LTE.

• These solutions will use a common RF hardware platform and a common protocol stack providing a truly scalable solution to address all phases of UE development – enabling customers to bring LTE UEs to market faster and more efficiently.

Industry Leaders Partnering to Deliver World Class LTE Development Solutions


AgilentE6620A

LTE UE Test Across the R&D

lifecycle

A Portfolio of scalable solutions with ONE common hardware platform and protocol stack

Bench top InteractiveFunctional test

Conformancetest RF and Protocol

Early Protocol Development

RF DesignVerification

Interoperability andvalidation

•Improve efficiency & consistency with all developers using the same platform•Ensure the best utilization of valuable test assets

22


First to Market toolset for LTE UE protocol developer

Anite SAT LTE Protocol Testerwith Development Toolset built on the Agilent E6620A

Agilent and Anitein partnership - to accelerate LTE test solutions

Combining strengths to bring a full-range of LTE solutions to market faster

• Anite Protocol development & conformance systems built on Agilent E6620A hardware platform

• Agilent bench top one box test set and RF conformance test leveraging common Anite/Agilent protocol stack

NEW!

23

LTE

LTE Baseband Analysis

Logic Analysis

In next-generation architectures the physical link between the RF front-end and baseband processing evolves from an ana-log to parallel, or high-speed, serial digital bus. New interface standards require test equipment to provide appropriate serial digital inputs and outputs.

The combination of an Agilent RDX tester or logic analyzer and Agilent’s Vector Signal Analysis (VSA) software provides the only digital VSA (DVSA) package for digital baseband, IF and RF signal analysis. This combination enables digital signal processing (DSP) designers to effectively design and debug interfaces that were once analog and are now digital. The VSA software performs signal analysis functions such as I/Q analysis, EVM, Fourier spectrum, etc., using the digital signal captured by the logic analyzer as the input.

To validate RFIC operation, engineers can also leverage the combination of signal generation software and the RDX tester connected to the system-under-test through a DigRF v3 or v4 digital connection to test the transmit signal path.

For R&D engineers designing or integrating MIPI (Mobile Industry Processor Alliance) D-PHY devices within a mobile handset, the same logic analysis solution can be used as a MIPI D-PHY protocol test solu-tion, with support for display (DSI) and camera (CSI-2) interfaces. The solution includes a confi gurable stimulus platform which offers bit-to-video level test capa-bilities for embedded displays, real-time analysis and protocol viewing capabili-ties. Engineers can gain valuable insight into the exchanges between MIPI D-PHY enabled devices.

Characterize behavior of devices, from baseband to antenna, with access throughout the block diagram.

LTE Baseband Analysis

Access DigRF v3 and v4 interfaces, as well as Digital IQ data, with the RDX test platform.

DigRF Digital Interface

If you are using the DigRF (v3 or v4) base-band IC to RFIC interface, the Agilent RDX platform provides a comprehensive test solution that brings insight into both the digital and RF domains. The RDX platform allows engineers to work in either the


LTE Digital Real-Time Decode & Debug

Combine Agilent’s vector signal analysis software with Agilent’s Infi niium 90000A series oscilloscope to analyze wide-bandwidth signals. The 90000A oscilloscope provides up to 13 GHz of analysis bandwidth and is well suited to digitizing down-converted satellite, LMDS, and MMDS

signals, as well as WiMedia-based UWB or other extremely

broadband

Troubleshoot digital glitches with the Agilent DSO90000A high performance, real-time oscilloscope.

signals. Two-channel Infi niium scopes can also make the coherent two-channel MIMO measurements needed for IEEE 802.11n and WiMAX™. The digitized signals are transferred via GPIB, USB, or LAN to the PC running the 89600 VSA software where the frequency, time, and modulation analysis tools of the 89600 VSA can be used to evaluate and troubleshoot the signal.

Agilent Infi niium 90000A series high performance real-time oscilloscopes deliver superior signal integrity, deep application analysis, and excellent insight. They offer the industry’s lowest noise fl oor, deepest memory (1 Gpts), only three-level sequence triggering, and widest selection of applications.

digital or RF domain for digital protocol test as well as RF (digital IQ) physical layer stimulus and analysis. The integration of the RDX platform with the Agilent RF portfolio provides cross-domain solutions that will help you rapidly deploy your DigRF designs, aiding both baseband and RF IC development, debug and characterization.

By Dr. Michael Leung

Concept of TD-LTE

TD-LTE MIMO test (PHY)

TD-LTE wireless library& connected solution TD-LTE signaling test

TD-LTE RF conformance test

TDD-LTE

Agenda

•Understanding TD-LTE technology

•TD-LTE market opportunity

•Technical challenges of TD-LTE

• RF measurement

• Agilent TD-LTE solution

Agilent, PicoChip & ASTRI Hong Kong TD-LTE UE & Femtocell Demo (MWC 2009)

TDD-LTE

Agenda




• RF measurement


What is TD-LTE?

• LTE TDD (Long Term Evolution Time Division Duplex) or also known as TD-LTEis part of the 3GPP specifications for the next generation cellular technology.

• In China, TD-LTE will be an evolution from TD-SCDMA and will provide for asymmetric needs of mobile data usage and allow use of unpaired spectrum.

• China Mobile will use the TDD version of LTE that will be compatible with TD-SCDMA and the rest of the world's LTE. LTE, or Long Term Evolution, is a fourth generation (4G) mobile broadband standard and is aimed to be the successor to the 3G technologies GSM.

Page 4

China Mobile, Verizon Wireless and Vodafone have conducted joint laboratory trials of the Time Division Duplex (TDD) version of LTE (TD-LTE), showing that the technology is capable of operating effectively in unpaired as well as paired spectrum. The LTE testing alliance, which has also conducted field tests of LTE Frequency Division Duplex (LTE FDD), aims to develop a converged LTE FDD and TD-LTE system to enable an effective solution for both FDD (paired) and TDD (unpaired) spectrum.

Wednesday, 18 February 2009

China Mobile, Verizon Wireless and Vodafone Trials Confirm LTE as a Next Generation Candidate

Multimode LTE network:TD-LTE & LTE-FDD

http://www.umts-forum.org/content/view/2708/109/

High level ArchitectureHSS - Home subscriber server IMS - IP multimedia subsystem Inter AS anchor - Inter access system anchorMME - Mobility management entity Op. IP Serv. - Operator IP service PCRF - Policy and charging rule control functionUPE - User plane entity

TDD-LTE

Operating bands – FDD / TDD

TD-LTE & TD-SCDMA

The single TDD FS5ms half Frame

0.5 ms

5ms half Frame

0.675 ms

TDD FS2TDD FS1

#0 #1 #18 #19

10ms Frame

0.5 ms

Integration of TD-LTE frame structure

Integration frame structures (TD-SCDMA& TD-LTE)

Agenda




• RF measurement

• Agilent TD-LTE solution TDD-LTE

Who participate in TD-LTE?

China Spectrum Allocation

Page 12

TD-SCDMA

W-CDMA

Air interface

TDD

FDD

Mode

40 + 15 + 100 MHz

60 MHz

Frequency Band

1.6 MHz

5 MHz

RF Bandwidth Availability

60MHz

1920 1980 2010 2025

60 MHz60 MHz40 MHz 15

MHz

FDD (uplink) FDD (downlink)TDDTDD Satellite Void

30MHz

2110 21701880

85 MHz

155MHz

Duplex Spacing 190 MHz

2400

100 MHz

TDD

2300

Page 12

China Telecom Operators

3G Network (China)

Over 40 Billion USD investment in developing the 3G network infrastructure, mobile devices, and services

• China Mobile

– RMB 58.8 billion yuan ($8.6 billion) investment to build 60,000 base stations infrastructure in 238 cities during 2009

– To build TD-LTE trial network in 2010

• China Unicom

– RMB 30 billion yuan ($4.4 billion) for construction of the WCDMA network in 1H 2009, and the overall expenditure on network building would exceed 60 billion yuan in 282 cities during 2009

– WCDMA trial networks: Shanghai, Shenzhen, Foshan, Liuzhou, Zhenzhou, Baoding, Wuxi, Wuhan

– Estimated that start network construction in February and formally open the network on May 2009

• China Telecom

– RMB 50 billion yuan ($7.4 billion) investment into CDMA2000

– Complete 340 cities CDMA upgrade program in 1H 09

Page 14

TDD-LTE

China TD-SCDMA (TD-LTE) Food ChainServiceProviders

Agenda




• RF measurement


RAN1

2007 2008 2009Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar

Coding

Phy ch, Modulation

ProcedureMeasurement

UE Idle modeUE capability

MAC

PDCP

Layer 1Sig. transport

ProtocolData transport

UE Tx/Rx

RRM

F

F

F

FRLC

F

F

FFF

AAA

A/FA

A

AA

AA

A/F

A

RAN2

RAN3

RAN4

F

RRC

F

Jun

eNB Tx/Rx

F

F

A/F

Common env.SignalingRAN5

RFA

A

F

Protocol &Tabular ASN.1

FProtocol &Tabular ASN.1

A

eNB Test A/F

F

A: Approved

F: Frozen

LTE (FDD/TDD) Standard update

LTE (FDD/TDD) standard update

TDD-LTE

TD-LTE in 4G roadmap…

Page 19

3GPP Reference Standard

Some incorrect information are included in Dec-08 spec, so it will be updated in Mar-09 spec (as BUG FIX)

3GPP Release 8 Standard Transition

Customer interest is changing from L1 PHY spec to RF conformance test spec nowUL MU-MIMO isn’t defined yet in release 8 standard

Physical Layer definitions – TS36.211Frame Structure Ts = 1 / (15000x2048)=32.552nsec

Ts: Time clock unit for definitionsFrame Structure type 1 (FDD) FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately

#0 #2 #3 #18#1 ………. #19One subframe

One slot, Tslot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5 msOne radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms

Subframe 0 Subframe 1 Subframe 9

Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

DwPTS,

One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 msOne half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6

One subframe, 20736 x Tx = 0.675 ms

Guard interval

Guard period,

UpPTS

Subframe 0 and DwPTS for downlink, Subframe 1 and UpPTS for Uplink

TDD-LTE

Configuration Switch-point

periodicity

Subframe number

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D

5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

•5ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5 and DwPTS for downlink, Subframe 2, 7 and UpPTS for uplink

•10ms switch-point periodicity: Subframe 0, 5,7-9 and DwPTS for downlink, Subframe 2 and UpPTS for Uplink

TDD Downlink and Uplink Allocation

Agilent T&M Forum

Agilent Confidential

Page 24

Downlink FDD Resource Mapping

NsymbDL OFDM symbols (=7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)

Cyclic Prefix

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

1slot = 15360 Ts

P-SCH

1 frame

13 Aug 2007

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Subframe 0

10 2 3 4 5 61 0 2 3 4 5 6

PCFICH/PHICH/PDCCH

S-SCH

PBCH

Reference Signal – (Pilot)No TransmissionSubframe 1

Agilent T&M Forum

#0 #1 #8#2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #9

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 610 2 3 4 5 61 0 2 3 4 5 6

NsymbDL OFDM symbols (=7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)

Cyclic Prefix

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 (x Ts)

1slot = 15360

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ts = 1 / (15000x2048)=32.552nsec1 slot

Subframe 0

DownlinkP-SCHS-SCHPBCHPDCCHPDSCHReference Signal

UplinkReference Signal(Demodulation)PUSCHUpPTS

Downlink TDD Resource Mapping

10 2 3 4 5 6 10 2 3 4 5 6

Subframe 1(Special Field)

Subframe 2 Subframe 3

LTE TDD Configuration

Normal cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix Special subframe configurationDwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

0 s6592 TÖ s21936 TÖ s7680 TÖ s20480 TÖ1 s19760 TÖ s8768 TÖ s20480 TÖ s7680 TÖ2 s21952 TÖ s6576 TÖ s23040 TÖ s5120 TÖ3 s24144 TÖ s4384 TÖ s25600 TÖ s2560 TÖ

s2560 TÖ

4 s26336 TÖ s2192 TÖ

s2192 TÖ

s7680 TÖ s17920 TÖ5 s6592 TÖ s19744 TÖ s20480 TÖ s5120 TÖ6 s19760 TÖ s6576 TÖ s23040 TÖ s2560 TÖ

s5120 TÖ

7 s21952 TÖ s4384 TÖ - - -

8 s24144 TÖ s2192 TÖ

s4384 TÖ

- - -

Uplink-downlink configuration

Downlink-to-Uplink Switch-point periodicity

Subframe number0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

Configuration of special subframe

Uplink-downlink configuration TDD-LTE

Agenda




• RF measurement (eNB / UE)


eNB (DL) Transmitter Characteristics (FDD /TDD)

6. Transmitter Characteristics Test Requirement6.2 Base station output power E-TM1.16.3.1 Power Control Dynamic Range E-TM2,3.1,3.2,3.36.3.2 Total Power Dynamic Range E-TM2,3.16.4 Transmit ON/OFF Power Special for TDD6.5 Transmitted Signal Quality apply to the transmitter ON period6.5.1 Frequency Error E-TM2,3.1,3.2,3.36.5.2 Error Vector Magnitude E-TM2,3.1,3.2,3.36.5.3 Time Alignment Between Transmitter Branches E-TM2,3.1,3.2,3.3 (for MIMO case, specified the delay between

the signals from two antennas, less than 65ns)6.5.4 DL RS power E-TM1.1 (deviation between indicated power on BCH and

measured power)6.6.1 Occupied Bandwidth E-TM1.16.6.2 Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio E-TM1.1,1.26.6.3.5.1 Operating Band Unwanted Emissions

Category AE-TM1.1,1.2

6.6.3.5.2 Operating Band Unwanted Emissions Category B

E-TM1.1,1.2

6.6.4.5.1 Spurious Emissions Category A E-TM1.16.6.4.5.2 Spurious Emissions Category B E-TM1.16.6.4.5.3 Protection of the BS receiver of own or

different BSE-TM1.1

6.6.4.5.4 Co-existence with other systems in the same geographical area

E-TM1.1

6.6.4.5.5 Co-existence with co-located base stations E-TM1.16.7 Transmitter Intermodulation E-TM1.1 with 5MHz

TS36.141 V8.1.0 (2008-12)

eNB Transmitter

EUTRA Test Model is used for…

E-TM3.x:– E-TM3.1 (all PRBs 64QAM, no PRB boosting/deboosting)– E-TM3.2 (de-boosted 16QAM PRBs, boosted QPSK PRBs to compensate TX power) – E-TM3.3 (de-boosted QPSK PRBs, boosted 16QAM PRBs to compensate TX power)

• Output power dynamics– E-TM3.1, Total power dynamic range (upper OFDM symbol power limit at max power with all 64QAM PRBs allocated)

• Transmitted signal quality– Frequency error (at max power) – EVM for all modulation schemes (at max power)

E-TM2:• Total power dynamic range (lower OFDM

symbol power limit at min power), – EVM of single 64QAM PRB allocation (at

min power)– Frequency error (at min power)

E-TM1.x:– E-TM1.1 (all PRBs QPSK, no PRB boosting/deboosting)– E-TM1.2 (all PRBs QPSK, with PRB boosting/deboosting)• BS output power• Unwanted emissions– Occupied bandwidth– ACLR (additionally E-TM 1.2)– Operating band unwanted emissions (SEM), (additionally E-TM 1.2)– Transmitter spurious emissions• Transmitter intermodulation• RS absolute accuracy

eNB Transmitter

E-UTRA Test Models--TDD

Downlink-to-UplinkSwitch-

pointperiodicity

Number of UL/DL sub-frames per half frame

(10 ms) DwPTS GP UpPTS

DL UL

10ms 6 3 s4384 TÖ

For E-UTRA TDD, test models are derived based on theuplink/downlink configuration 3 and special subframe configuration 8. Number of frames for the test models is 2.

s24144 TÖ s2192 TÖ

eNB Transmitter

TDD-LTE

Transmit ON/OFF power

Transmitter Output Power

Time

Transmitter ON period

(DL Subframe and DwPTS)

Transmitter OFF period 70usTransmitter OFF period 70us

Transmitter transient

period 17us

OFF power level-85dBm/MHz

ON power level(Informative)

•Transmitter OFF power is defined as the mean power measured over 70 us filtered with a square filter of bandwidth equal to the transmission bandwidth configuration of the BS (BWConfig) centred on the assigned channel frequency during the transmitter OFF period.•The transmitter transient period is the time period during which the transmitter is changing from the OFF period to the ON period or vice versa.

eNB Transmitter

Error Vector Magnitude MeasurementeNB – Downlink (OFDM)

Measurement Block: EVM is measured after the FFT and a zero-forcing (ZF) equalizer in the receiver

BS TX Remove CP

FFT Per-subcarrier Amplitude/phase correction

Symbol detection /decoding

Reference point for EVM measurement

Pre-/post FFT time / frequency synchronization

Current working assumptions for downlink EVM limits are:

Parameter Unit Level

QPSK % [17.5]

16QAM % [12.5]

64QAM % [8]

The basic unit of EVM measurement is defined over one subframe (1ms) in the time domain and12 subcarriers(180kHz) in the frequency domain

=2 RBs

= 168 resource elements

eNB Transmitter

Downlink EVM Equalizer Definition

• For the downlink, the EVM equalizer has been constrained

• Rather than use all the RS data to correct the received signal a moving average is performed in the frequency domain across the channel which limits the rate of change of correction

• For uplink, it has not yet been fully defined. The current proposal is to use a similar approach to WiMAX, which is to use an unconstrainedequalizer

The subsequent 7 subcarriers are averaged over 5, 7 .. 17 subcarriers

From the 10th

subcarrier onwards the window size is 19 until the upper edge of the channel is reached and the window size reduces back to 1

The first reference subcarrier is not averaged

The second reference subcarrier is the average of the first three subcarriers

Reference subcarriers

TR 36.804 v1.0.0 Figure 6.8.1.1-1: Reference subcarriersmoothing in the frequency domain

eNB Transmitter

Averaged EVM (TDD)

• For TDD the averaging in the time domain can be calculated from subframes of different frames and should have a minimum of 10 subframes averaging length.

• TDD special fields (DwPTS and GP) are not included in the averaging.

eNB Transmitter

TDD-LTE

eNB Receiver Characteristics (FDD /TDD)7. Receiver Characteristics Test Requirement (No retransmission)7.2 Reference Sensitivity Level FRC A1-1,1-2,1-3 (QPSK not over 25RB, 5MHz)7.3 Dynamic Range FRC A2-1,2-2,2-3 (16QAM not over 25RB, 5MHz)7.4 In-channel Selectivity FRC A1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5 (QPSK not over 25RB, 5MHz)7.5 Adjacent Channel Selectivity and Narrow-band Blocking FRC A1-1,1-2,1-3 (QPSK not over 25RB, 5MHz)7.6 Blocking FRC A1-1,1-2,1-3 (QPSK not over 25RB, 5MHz)7.8 Receiver Intermodulation FRC A1-1,1-2,1-3 (QPSK not over 25RB, 5MHz)

Test channel Throughput Wanted Signal Power (dBm)

InterferenceSignal Power (dBm)

InterferenceSignal ACLR (dBc)

AWGN,CW

Sensitivity FRCA1-1,1-2,1-3

More than 95% of max throughput

-107.3 ~ -101.6 -

Dynamic Range FRCA2-1,2-2,2-3

same as the above -76.8 ~ -70.8 - AWGN: -88.7 ~ -76.4

ICS FRCA1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5

same as the above -106.7 ~ -98.6 -87 ~ -77

ACS FRCA1-1,1-2,1-3

same as the above Narrow: -101.3 ~ -95.6

Wide: -96.3 ~ -95.6

Narrow: -49

Wide: -52

Narrow: -71

Wide: -63

Blocking FRCA1-1,1-2,1-3

same as the above -101.3 ~ -95.6 -43 or -15 CW or interferencesignal is necessary

IM FRCA1-1,1-2,1-3

same as the above -101.3 ~ -95.6 -52 same as the above

eNB Receiver

eNB Receiver Characteristics

ICS

interference Wanted

DC

SubcarrierFrequency# of RB

(6,15,25)# of RB(3,6,10,25)

ACS: wide

interference Wanted

CarrierFrequencyBW (MHz)

1.4,3,5,1015,20

BW (MHz)1.4, 3, 5

CenterFrequency

interference Wanted

CarrierFrequencyBW (MHz)

1.4,3,5,1015,20

BW (kHz)180

CenterFrequencyACS: narrow

Frequencyoffset

Frequencyoffset

CW is also used in addition to interferencesignal at Blocking and IM test

AWGN is added as impairment at Dynamic Range test

eNB Receiver

Receiver Test Configuration

eNB

ThroughputThroughput

RF

Framesync pulse

10MHz

10MHz IN

Pattern Trigger In

OR

DATA CONN#(FBI port)ACK/NACK

10MHz IN

10MHz OUT

FBI port20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

987654321Wanted (with Fading)/Unwanted (Mod) signalAWGN

CW interferer for receiver characteristics

Test channel Operation BW/MCS Test requirement Configuration7. Receiver Characteristics

FRC A1-x, A2-x Less than equal to 5MHz, Up to16QAM

No retransmissionBLER test

Wanted,Unwanted (Mod),

CW, AWGN

eNB Receiver

eNB Receiver Test Requirement - HARQ BLER/Throughput Test -

100bits

UEUEeNBeNB

100bits

No ErrorBLER count=0Throughput=100bit/s

NACK

ACK

No ErrorBLER count=1Throughput=50bit/s

100bits

ACK

ErrorBLER count=1(0bit/s)

P1

P2

P2”

T=1sec

eNB Receiver

TDD-LTE


• Why is Real Time LTE necessary?

• Quickly changing channel coding is necessary according to HARQ ACK/NACK response

• REAL-TIME signal generation is necessary to do that• Standard requires the physical HARQ Feedback signal to verify Radio characteristic

(signal spec is undefined: matter of vender)

eNB Receiver


TS36.141-7Receiver Characteristics

TS36.141-8Performance Requirement

Metrics BLERNum of HARQ transmission=1

ThroughputNum of HARQ transmission=4

MeasurementInstrument

E4438C or N5182A with N7624B LTE Advanced

N5106A+E4438C or N5182A with N7624B-SW4

Measurement Item •Reference sensitivity•Dynamic range (+AWGN)•In-channel selectivity•Adjacent channel selectivity(+interferer: modulated)•Blocking(+interferer: modulated + CW)•Intermodulation(+interferer: modulated)•Performance requirement for PUCCH, PRACH

•Performance Requirement for PUSCHPUSCH in multipath fadingUL timing adjustmentHARQ-ACK multiplexed on PUSCHHigh Speed Train conditionsMulti user PUCCH - BLER test is required?

Another SG is necessary to configure CW as interferer from DAC dynamic range point of viewPXB will be available when we configure the interferer signal in TS36.141-7

eNB Receiver

eNB Receiver Test Requirement - HARQ BLER/Throughput Test Configuration -

2x2 Configuration for Timing Adjustment(RT)

Throughput under multipath fading conditions(RT) Wanted and Interferer signal configuration(Arb)

4x2 Configuration for Multi UE PUCCH(Arb)

eNB Receiver

eNB Receiver Test Requirement - Test Configuration (TS36.141-7) -

LTE Wanted LTE Wanted

LTE InterfererLTE Interferer

CWCW

LTE Wanted LTE Wanted

LTE InterfererLTE Interferer

w/o PXBReference Sensitivity

ACS, ICS, Blocking, IM

Blocking, IM

CWCW

Digital/analog IQ

Reference SensitivityACS, ICS, Blocking, IM

Blocking, IM

with PXB

eNB Receiver

TDD-LTE

eNB Receiver Test Requirement - Test Configuration (TS36.141-8) -

HARQ Feedback, TA Feedback

•8.2.1 Multipath Fading conditions•8.2.2 Timing Adjustment(Moving, Stationary UE signal)•8.2.3 HARQ-ACK Multiplexed •8.2.4 High Speed Train conditions•Annex A.9 Multiple UE PUCCH

HARQ Feedback, TA Feedback

•8.2.1 Multipath Fading conditions•8.2.2 Timing Adjustment(Moving UE signal)•8.2.3 HARQ-ACK Multiplexed •8.2.4 High Speed Train condition

ExternalFader

•8.2.2 Stationary UE signal

4RF input /2RF output fader is necessary in Annex A.9 Multiple UE PUCCH test

eNB Receiver

Uplink Feature -FRC-

Reference channel A1-1 A1-2 A1-3 A1-4 A1-5 Allocated resource blocks 6 15 25 3 9 DFT-OFDM Symbols per subframe 12 12 12 12 12 Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK Code rate 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 Payload size (bits) 568 1416 2344 288 856 Transport block CRC (bits) 24 24 24 24 24 Code block CRC size (bits) 0 0 0 0 0 Number of code blocks - C 1 1 1 1 1 Coded block size including 12bits trellis termination (bits)

1788 4332 7116 948 2652

Total number of bits per sub-frame 1728 4320 7200 864 2592 Total symbols per sub-frame 864 2160 3600 432 1296

Reference channel A2-1 A2-2 A2-3 Allocated resource blocks 6 15 25 DFT-OFDM Symbols per subframe 12 12 12 Modulation 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM Code rate 2/3 2/3 2/3 Payload size (bits) 2280 5736 9528 Transport block CRC (bits) 24 24 24 Code block CRC size (bits) 0 0 24 Number of code blocks - C 1 1 2 Coded block size including 12bits trellis termination (bits)

6924 17292 14412

Total number of bits per sub-frame 3456 8640 14400 Total symbols per sub-frame 864 2160 3600

Reference channel A3-1 A3-2 A3-3 A3-4 A3-5 A3-6 A3-7Allocated resource blocks 1 6 15 25 50 75 100 DFT-OFDM Symbols per subframe 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSKCode rate 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 Payload size (bits) 96 568 1416 2344 4776 7096 9528Transport block CRC (bits) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Code block CRC size (bits) 0 0 0 0 0 24 24 Number of code blocks - C 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Coded block size including 12bits trellis termination (bits)

372 1788 4332 7116 14412 10764 14412

Total number of bits per sub-frame 288 1728 4320 7200 14400 21600 28800Total symbols per sub-frame 144 864 2160 3600 7200 10800 14400

Reference channel A5-1 A5-2 A5-3 A5-4 A5-5 A5-6 A5-7 Allocated resource blocks 1 6 15 25 50 75 100 DFT-OFDM Symbols per subframe 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Modulation 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM Code rate 5/6 5/6 5/6 5/6 5/6 5/6 5/6 Payload size (bits) 712 4264 10680 17952 35928 53904 71880 Transport block CRC (bits) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Code block CRC size (bits) 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 Number of code blocks - C 1 1 2 3 6 9 12 Coded block size including 12bits trellis termination (bits)

2220 12876 16140 18060 18060 18060 18060

Total number of bits per sub-frame 864 5184 12960 21600 43200 64800 86400 Total symbols per sub-frame 144 864 2160 3600 7200 10800 14400

Reference channel A4-1 A4-2 A4-3 A4-4 A4-5 A4-6 A4-7 A4-8 Allocated resource blocks 1 1 6 15 25 50 75 100 DFT-OFDM Symbols per subframe 12 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 Modulation 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAMCode rate 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 Payload size (bits) 432 360 2536 6456 10680 21384 32088 42816Transport block CRC (bits) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Code block CRC size (bits) 0 0 0 24 24 24 24 24 Number of code blocks - C 1 1 1 2 2 4 6 7 Coded block size including 12bits trellis termination (bits)

1380 1164 7692 9804 16140 16140 16140 18444

Total number of bits per sub-frame 576 480 3456 8640 14400 28800 43200 57600Total symbols per sub-frame 144 120 864 2160 3600 7200 10800 14400

FRC parameters for reference sensitivity and in-channel selectivity

FRC parameters for dynamic range FRC parameters for performance requirements (QPSK 1/3)

FRC parameters for performance requirements (16QAM 3/4)

FRC parameters for performance requirements (64QAM 5/6)

UE Test

Uplink Feature -FRC for UL timing adjustment -

Reference channel A7-1 A7-2 A7-3 A7-4 A7-5 A7-6Allocated resource blocks 3 6 12 25 25 25DFT-OFDM Symbols per subframe 12 12 12 12 12 12Modulation 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAMCode rate 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4Payload size (bits) 1288 2600 5160 10680 10680 10680Transport block CRC (bits) 24 24 24 24 24 24Code block CRC size (bits) 0 0 0 24 24 24Number of code blocks - C 1 1 1 2 2 2Coded block size including 12bits trellis termination (bits) 3948 7884 15564 16140 16140 16140Total number of bits per sub-frame 1728 3456 6912 14400 14400 14400Total symbols per sub-frame 432 864 1728 3600 3600 3600SRS bandwidth configuration (See TS 36.211, 5.5.3) (Note 1) 7 5 3 2 5 2SRS-Bandwidth b (See TS 36.211, 5.5.3) (Note 1, 2) 0 0 0 0 0 1Note 1. The configuration of SRS is optionalNote 2. PUSCH resource blocks shall be included in SRS resource blocks

Reference channel A8-1 A8-2 A8-3 A8-4 A8-5 A8-6Allocated resource blocks 3 6 12 25 25 25DFT-OFDM Symbols per subframe 12 12 12 12 12 12Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSKCode rate 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3Payload size (bits) 288 600 1224 2216 2216 2216Transport block CRC (bits) 24 24 24 24 24 24Code block CRC size (bits) 0 0 0 0 0 0Number of code blocks - C 1 1 1 1 1 1Coded block size including 12bits trellis termination (bits) 948 1884 3756 6732 6732 6732Total number of bits per sub-frame 864 1728 3456 7200 7200 7200Total symbols per sub-frame 432 864 1728 3600 3600 3600SRS bandwidth configuration (See TS 36.211, 5.5.3) (Note 1) 7 5 3 2 5 2SRS-Bandwidth b (See TS 36.211, 5.5.3) (Note 1, 2) 0 0 0 0 0 1Note 1. The configuration of SRS is optionalNote 2. PUSCH resource blocks shall be included in SRS resource blocks

FRC parameters for UL timing adjustment (Scenario 1)

FRC parameters for UL timing adjustment (Scenario 2)

UE Test

UE Transmission Test Requirement

• UE Maximum Output Power (TS36.521-1 Dec-08)• FDD aspects missing or not yet determined:

– The fixed power allocation for the RB(s) is undefined– Reference Measurement Channel is undefined– The UE call setup details are undefined (parameter, procedure, message contents)– Test case is not complete for FDD

• TDD aspects missing or not yet determined:

– Test case is not complete for TDD – The maximum output power test case description has been verified to apply for both FDD and TDD exactly as it is.

• Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio (TS36.521-1 Dec-08)• FDD aspects missing or not yet determined:

– The Core requirements for ACLR are undefined for channel bandwidth 1.4MHz, 3.0MHz– It is not yet clear how the "Rectangular Filter" is to be implemented in detail.– The absolute ACLR power limit is not confirmed yet.– Test points to apply MPR for ACLR case needed to be investigated– Test case is not complete for FDD

• TDD aspects missing or not yet determined:

– Test case is not complete for TDD– Test description section needs to be verified or modified (if necessary) for TDD applicability

UE Test

TDD-LTE

UE Transmission Test Requirement

• PAPR is one of customer interest

• Test channel like the following in W-CDMA/HSPA is undefined yet• Customer is looking for the alternative test setup (severest setup) • Agilent can offer,

• Full filled QPSK/16QAM/64QAM• Modify DMRS parameter (it is more flexible than the competitor)

Sub-test

bc bd bd(SF)

bc/bd bHS(Note1)

bec bed(Note 5)(Note 6)

bed(SF)

bed(Codes)

CM(dB)

(Note 2)

MPR(dB)

(Note 2)

AGIndex

(Note 6)

E-TFCI

1 11/15(Note 3)

15/15(Note 3)

64 11/15(Note 3)

22/15 209/225 1309/225 4 1 1.0 0.0 20 75

2 6/15 15/15 64 6/15 12/15 12/15 94/75 4 1 3.0 2.0 12 673 15/15 9/15 64 15/9 30/15 30/15 bed1: 47/15

bed2: 47/1544

2 2.0 1.0 15 92

4 2/15 15/15 64 2/15 4/15 2/15 56/75 4 1 3.0 2.0 17 715 15/15

(Note 4)15/15

(Note 4)64 15/15

(Note 4)30/15 24/15 134/15 4 1 1.0 0.0 21 81

Note 1: ACK, NACK and CQI = 30/15 with = 30/15 * .Note 2: CM = 1 for bc/bd =12/15, bhs/bc=24/15. For all other combinations of DPDCH, DPCCH, HS- DPCCH, E-DPDCH and E-DPCCH the

MPR is based on the relative CM difference.Note 3: For subtest 1 the bc/bd ratio of 11/15 for the TFC during the measurement period (TF1, TF0) is achieved by setting the signalled

gain factors for the reference TFC (TF1, TF1) to bc = 10/15 and bd = 15/15.Note 4: For subtest 5 the bc/bd ratio of 15/15 for the TFC during the measurement period (TF1, TF0) is achieved by setting the signalled

gain factors for the reference TFC (TF1, TF1) to bc = 14/15 and bd = 15/15.Note 5: In case of testing by UE using E-DPDCH Physical Layer category 1, Sub-test 3 is omitted according to TS25.306 Table 5.1g.Note 6: bed can not be set directly, it is set by Absolute Grant Value.

hsb cb

UE Test

Agenda




• RF measurement


Agilent TD-LTE solution (Available Today!)

• Agilent 3GPP LTE TDD Wireless Library

• Agilent N7625B Signal Studio for LTE TDD

• Agilent 89600 VSA software

Page 49

Page 50

Works directly with Agilent's MXA Signal Analyzer to help wireless-systems designers and verification engineers speed development of the evolving LTE TDD designs.

It is the world's first fully coded bit error ratio (BER) solution for the time division duplex (TDD) version of 3GPP's long-term evolution (LTE) standard using 2x2 and 4x4 multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) technology.

The solution allows fully coded BER measurements of a device under test, including simulation of channel impairments for multipath fading. It complements Agilent's same capability for the frequency division duplexing (FDD) version of LTE and is expected to accelerate the development of mobile devices and base stations for the China market.

Also recently announced is an LTE Baseband Exploration Library (W1912) for Agilent SystemVue that offers baseband algorithmic source code models, in industry standard .m-file format, for deeper algorithm verification of LTE-TDD systems. Agilent 3GPP LTE TDD Wireless Library (W1910/E8895) is available now.

Agilent 3GPP LTE TDD Wireless Library (W1910/E8895)

TDD-LTE

The Agilent N7625B Signal Studio for LTE TDD is a powerful, PC-based software application for creating standards-based TD-LTE signals using Agilent's N5182A/62A MXG and E4438C ESG vector signal generators, and N5106A PXB MIMO receiver tester.

The Signal Studio solution supports the 3GPP LTE TDD September 08 standard, offers multichannel capability for PDSCH, PHICH, PCFICH, PBCH, PDCCH, PUSCH, PUCCH, and has the ability to transmit DL and UL signals.

The software provides basic capabilities well suited for testing components used in base stations and mobile handsets, such as power amplifiers and filters, and advanced receiver test capabilities that support transport layer coding, 4x4 MIMO pre-coding and static fading.

This extensive feature set makes Signal Studio for LTE TDD the best choice for eNB and UE test from the component to the system level. The Agilent Signal Studio (N7625B) is available to order today.

Agilent N7625B Signal Studio for TD-LTE

Page 52

Agilent 89600 VSA software provides RF and baseband engineers with a comprehensive set of LTE TDD signal analysis tools, physical layer testing and troubleshooting of LTE transceivers and components.

LTE TDD downlink (OFDMA), uplink (SC-FDMA) and MIMO analysis is a single option. The VSA software offers industry-leading performance with EVM of < -50 dB (hardware dependent) and bandwidths of 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz. Modulation formats included are BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM 64 QAM, CAZAC, OSxPRBS, TDD DL/UL allocation (0-6) and special subframe length (0-8), and 2x2 MIMO.

This VSA software can be used with more than 30 Agilent products, including spectrum and signal analyzers, oscilloscopes and logic analyzers to make LTE measurements anywhere in the block diagram -- from baseband to antenna, on digitized or analog signals.

It supports 2x2 MIMO analysis in conjunction with Agilent's EXA and MXA Signal Analyzers, VXI based VSA analyzer and several scopes. It also has connectivity with Agilent's Advance Design System (ADS) TD-LTE wireless library. Agilent's 89600 VSA software for LTE-TDD pre-release will be available in the second quarter of 2009, with commercial release in the fourth quarter of 2009.

Agilent 89600 VSA software

Agilent T&M ForumAgilent Restricted

TDD-LTE

LTE Uplink and Downlink Signal Analysis

Agilent PSA High-Performance Signal Analyzer with LTE software running on a PC.

Agilent MXA Signal Analyzer with LTE softwarerunning internally.

The ever-increasing complexity of emerg-ing broadband communication systems demands fl exible signal analysis with in-depth modulation analysis, as well as RF power measurements. The Agilent signal and spectrum analyzers ease measure-ments of complex signals by providing world-class accuracy, fl exibility and stan-dards-compliant measurement applica-tions. In addition, the Agilent 89600 VSA software, in combination with Agilent’s signal and spectrum analyzers, offer the industry’s most sophisticated general-purpose and standards-compliant signal evaluation and troubleshooting tools for R&D engineers.

An uplink LTE analysis made on the demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) and payload data. The DM-RS uses a CAZAC sequence as shown by the constant amplitude on trace A.

Trace A shows a spectrogram of a downlink allocation. Putting a spectrogram marker on the reference signal (RS) shows the RS occupying every 6th subcarrier as shown on trace B.

Reach Deeper into LTE Signals with the 89600 VSA Software

Gain greater insight into the performance of your LTE devices using the 89600 VSA software with LTE analysis capability. This high-performance VSA software provides RF and baseband engineers with the industry’s most comprehensive LTE physical layer signal analysis. Highlights of the 89600 VSA software include:

Downlink (OFDMA) and uplink (SC-FDMA) in a single option FDD mode, frame structure type 1 All LTE bandwidths: 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz 2X2 DL MIMO single input analysisAll modulation formats: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM All modulation sequences: CAZAC and OSxPRS Auto detection and demodulation of downlink user bursts Industry-leading EVM of < -50 dB (<0.35%) (dependent on choice of measurement platform) A rich selection of in-channel measure-ments and traces — overall/data/RS EVM, EVM per channel, carrier, symbol, resource block and slot.

•

••••

•

•

•

•

Perfecting Wireless Communications

Test solution for LTE protocol stack

Richard Chen

7 April 2009

Perfecting Wireless CommunicationsChina Mobile 1 April 2009

Confidential – Provided under NDA

Topics

• Anite Product Overview

• Roadmap alignment

• Anite/Agilent Partnership

1



Anite Applications and Platforms

Applications

Conformance Toolset

Development Toolset

Applic

atio

nTes

t Cas

es

TTCN

Tes

t Cas

es

C/C

++

Test

Cas

es

L1/L

2 G

UIs

L1/L

2/L

3

API

s

C/C

++

Test

Applic

atio

ns

Dev

elopm

ent

Tools

SASNetwork Simulator

Dia

gnost

ic

Mobile

In

terf

ace

Model

N

etw

ork

Sce

nar

ios

Acc

epta

nce

/ Cust

om

Scr

ipts

Platform Options

Protocol Host – SAT(H)

8960 – SAT(A)

E6620 – SAT(E)



What is DT?• DT comprises a complete set of protocol development tools from

protocol stack and pre-ASIC design testing, to system integration, verification and performance testing

• DT enables the simulation of a GERAN / UTRAN / E-UTRAN Mobile Network and its constituent protocol layers so that chipset and UE manufacturers can easily create new functional tests and regression test existing ones of desired complexity and focus

• DT includes the capability to test a wide range of radio technologies from GSM and EDGE to UMTS and LTE, and the latest features such as PS Handover, HSPA+, and LTE MIMO

• DT facilitates an integrated, consistent test process from pre-silicon early R&D, to development, systems integration and IOT

GSM GPRS EDGE W-CDMA HSPA HSPA+ LTE

2



What is DT?

Developer’s APIs• E-UTRAN • UTRAN• GERAN

API’sFor more complex and refined testing

Log Viewer

PDU Manager

Sample ApplicationsL1 Decode Tools

Tools

To help make test and debug simpler

PDU Constraint Builder

For ‘out of the box’ testing

L1 Simulator

GUI’s

Network Configuration Interface

Campaign Manager

E2E “IP Pipe”…VoIP, FTP, HTTP,

IMS, MBMS etc.

Above IP Services

For UE application testing



How is DT used?PHY Baseband & RF teamsL1 SIM to dynamically interact with / debug PHY channels, parameters and Developer’s API to for complex L1 scenarios / regression test.

PHY Baseband & RF teamsL1 SIM to dynamically interact with / debug PHY channels, parameters and Developer’s API to for complex L1 scenarios / regression test.

Protocol stack teamsDeveloper’s API for L2 only or L2/L3 complex scenarios / regression test prior to hardware integration to validate protocol stack implementation. DT IDE to dynamically interact with / debug protocol implementations.

Protocol stack teamsDeveloper’s API for L2 only or L2/L3 complex scenarios / regression test prior to hardware integration to validate protocol stack implementation. DT IDE to dynamically interact with / debug protocol implementations.

Integration teamsExtensive regression test capabilities, reuse of tests from earlier phases, consistency maintained, supportive of a range of skillsets

Integration teamsExtensive regression test capabilities, reuse of tests from earlier phases, consistency maintained, supportive of a range of skillsets

3



Development Toolset LTE• A single software development

environment from which UE tests for L1, L2, L3 can be developed, executed and results-analysed

E-UTRAN

MAC

L1/PHY

RRC

RLC

PDCP

NAS

Developer’s API

L1 Simulator

• Development of UE tests in C++ (e.g. Developer’s API E-UTRAN + Microsoft Visual Studio)

• Multi-RAT UE testing (via Developer’s APIs UTRAN and GERAN)

• Interactive test scenario execution

• UE test parameterisation

• Analysis of UE test execution

• Automation and test sequencing for UE regression tests

• L3 PDU manipulation

• L1 interactive interface



How Does DT Benefit Users?Chipset Manufacturers• Flexibility to create tests for individual layer, and complete protocol stack testing

• More efficient information exchange between L1 developers, L2/L3 protocol stack developers and integration test engineers

• Identifies defects early in development process to derisk issues occurring later

Chipset Manufacturers• Flexibility to create tests for individual layer, and complete protocol stack testing

• More efficient information exchange between L1 developers, L2/L3 protocol stack developers and integration test engineers

• Identifies defects early in development process to derisk issues occurring later

UE / Device Manufacturers• Extensive functional testing and intricate test scenario creation and reuse

• MultiRAT support

• Accommodates varying degrees of API / IDE interaction, offering developers the facility to interact with the GUIs or APIs to the desired level or skillset

UE / Device Manufacturers• Extensive functional testing and intricate test scenario creation and reuse

• MultiRAT support

• Accommodates varying degrees of API / IDE interaction, offering developers the facility to interact with the GUIs or APIs to the desired level or skillset

4



DT Key Features

• Flexibility for user to interact as much or as little with the API / IDE depending on user’s skillset

– Ability to tweak any of L1/L2/L3 parameter without needing to provide a complete configuration

– Modular code framework and Test creation wizard allows user to quickly pull together a standard test framework which can be customised / extended

– DT allows users to test negative scenarios and create alternate paths of execution based on some event or UE response

• Provides the user with full control over L1/L2/L3 tests that the user wishes to write– User has complete control over L1/L2/L3 channels, protocols– User is able to create L1 tests for PHY testing without upper layers– User is able to create L2 tests for MAC or RLC testing without upper layers– User is able to create tests for RRC without NAS– User has the flexibility to alter only the procedure he is interested in and leave the rest of the

action before and after the point of interest to the DT L3 state machine

• Automation, and regression testing support for L1/L2/L3 tests– Campaign Manager additionally allows easy copying, saving, creation of test plans and test

campaigns– XML parameter framework allows many variants of a single test to be rapidly created via the

Campaign Manager



What is SAS?

• SAS enables the simulation of a GERAN / UTRAN / E-UTRAN Mobile Network so that operators and manufacturers can run repeatable and reproducible tests for any global network; but in their lab!

• SAS provides a simulated network for testing UE operations and functionality via the ‘air’ interface and can be configured GSM, GPRS, EGPRS, W-CDMA, HSPA and in 2009 HSPA+ and LTE

• SAS tests a terminal’s capabilities and performance that conformance tests don’t reach

GSM GPRS EDGE W-CDMA HSPA HSPA+ LTE

5



How is SAS used?

DMI = Diagnostic Mobile Interface

InteractiveUse of GUI to set up network configurations and control terminal testing in real time

InteractiveUse of GUI to set up network configurations and control terminal testing in real time

Playback scriptsExecute pre-written scripts or test scenarios created through Interactive use

Playback scriptsExecute pre-written scripts or test scenarios created through Interactive use

Record

DMIImport of network parameters from Nemo Outdoor™ or Intermediate File Format compatible UE

DMIImport of network parameters from Nemo Outdoor™ or Intermediate File Format compatible UE



How Does SAS Benefit Users?Network Operators• Improved terminal acceptance testing (benchmarking, less network testing)• Testing for roaming agreements• Support field testing activities• New feature testing before implementing on a live network

Network Operators• Improved terminal acceptance testing (benchmarking, less network testing)• Testing for roaming agreements• Support field testing activities• New feature testing before implementing on a live network

Terminal Manufacturers• Testing beyond conformance testing (complete end-to-end)

•More efficient Interoperability testing

• Faster terminal approval by Network Operators using SAS

Terminal Manufacturers• Testing beyond conformance testing (complete end-to-end)

•More efficient Interoperability testing

• Faster terminal approval by Network Operators using SAS

6



Anite and Agilent

• Providing scalable test solutions to address the complete R&D life cycle for LTE mobile development.

– Anite and Agilent have entered a new strategic partnership– This partnership is founded on the principle that together we can better service

customer requirements– The industry leading solution set will be based on a common platform and

protocol stack, providing a truly scalable solution to address all phases of UE development – enabling customers to bring LTE UEs to market faster and more efficiently

– The solutions will be implemented by integrated marketing and development teams – to accelerate customer deliverables

– Anite will provide industry leading development, conformance and interoperability protocol test solutions

– Agilent will provide industry leading RF platform, OBT based solutions and RF conformance solutions

Industry Leaders Partnering to Deliver World Class LTE Development Solutions



Partnership benefits

• The Anite/Agilent partnership developed over several years, is enhanced by the new generation E6620A HW platform.

• The E6620A is co-developed by Agilent and Anite and supports a variety of interfaces and applications designed to cover the breadth of testing needs from early development through to manufacturing.

• The key to the Anite/Agilent approach is the re-use of common HW (including Baseband) and SW (including protocol stack) throughout the product range.

• As an example, this means the same protocol stack is used in Simulation, Development, OBT, L1 functional, Scenario Testing, Signalling & RF Conformance, Performance Testing and IOT.

• The consistency of implementation throughout our toolsets will reduce test delays at critical phases of our customers’ development programmes.

7


Confidential – Provided under NDA October 2008Page 15

Solutions in the LTE UE Design LifecycleLTE VSA SW

Spectrum Analyzers

Signal Studio

EDA

Logic Analyzers& Scopes

Signal Generators

Anite Protocol Development System

Battery DrainCharacterization

DC Power Analyzer

Systems for RF and Protocol Conformance

E6620A UE Test Set Network Emulator

DigRF v4

BB ASIC

RFIC Digital Interface

DesignIntegration

DesignSimulation

RF Proto

FPGABB L1/PHY


RF Chip Dev

Protocol Development L2/L3

Design Validation


Pre-Conformance

Conformance

Interoperability



2008

RF & Digital I/Q

LTE Protocol Conformance Test

System

RF Pre-conformance Test System

Anite & Agilent LTE Portfolio Solution RoadmapAnite & Agilent LTE Portfolio Solution Roadmap

E6620A & Integrated LTE

Application

2009 2010

Most comprehensive and integrated portfolio on the market.Most comprehensive and integrated portfolio on the market.

LTE Development Toolset

Host

E6620Follow-on

Applications

Agilent SolutionsAgilent Solutions

Anite SolutionsAnite Solutions

Available today!Available today!

E6620A in Anite systems only

E6620A in Agilent and Anite Solutions

SAS LTE IOT Test System

8

E6620A Wireless Communications Test Set

The Agilent E6620A Wireless Communi-cations Test Set is designed to provide leading-edge solutions for the LTE UE development lifecycle from early protocol development through RF and protocol

LTE UE Development

conformance test and interoperability test. Built on Agilent’s next generation 4G-ready platform, the E6620A Wireless Communications Test Set uses the same 3GPP-compliant LTE protocol stack across all solutions to shorten design cycles and ensure consistent testing leading to the highest quality UE designs. Highlights of the Agilent E6620A include:

Scripting interface for protocol development and conformance testingReal-time, bench top network emula-tion for easy-to-use, real-world design integration and validation testingIntegrated LTE fading channel modelsLTE TX and RX measurements SuiteL1/L2/L3 uplink and downlink via RF or digital basebandMIMO 2x2, (4x2 future) 2.7 GHz frequency range and internal PC controller with Windows XP®

•

•

•••

••


The E6620A Wireless Communications Test Set — from early protocol development through RF and protocol conformance test.

The Agilent GS-8800 is a series of scalable test systems covering cellular device design verifi cation, conformance, and manufacturing test needs.

GS-8800 Series: RF Design and Conformance Test Systems

The Agilent GS-8860, GS-8870 and GS-8890 are a series of scalable test systems built around the E6620A wireless communications test Set, covering LTE device,

RF design verifi cation and RF conformance test. The systems are compliant to 3GPP TS 36.521-1 requirements, with support to section 6 TX test, section 7 RX test, and section 8 performance test. The systems leverage the measurements, speed, accuracy and repeatability of the E6620A and Agilent sources and analyzers to create reliable high-performance test systems ideal for

wireless test laboratories, device manufacturers, reference designers and chipset vendors. The use of common software and hardware across the lifecycle enhances development effi ciency and time-to-market.

www.agilent.com.tw

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©2006台灣安捷倫科技股份有限公司Issued date : 04/20095990-3957ZHAPrinted in Taiwan 04/2009