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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

In the trend of global economic integration, the Vietnamese banking system

has changed and achieved certain success. Achievement of banking

operations will provide great conditions for economic development, is one of

the economic sectors contributing to repelling and economic restructuring

towards industrialization and modernization of the country.

Credit is the basic business activity accounting for large proportion in all

activities of commercial banks. The activity has been growing and expanding

with the participation of many economic sectors; inevitably credit relations

also extend in terms of both the subject and scale affecting the credit quality

of the commercial banks. It creates greatest income, but it also is the most

high-risk activity. Losses due to risks in the area will reduce the projected

income, losses, even leading to bankruptcy of banks. Therefore, the safety

and effectiveness - quality of credit is both a goal and an important factor

for competition and development of each commercial bank. Therefore, in

recent years, the issue of improving the quality and efficiency of the credit

operation is the top concern of the bank.

As a state-owned commercial bank playing a key role in the currency

market, agricultural and rural credit, as well as role of the leading

commercial bank in Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

(Agribank) has paid attention to focus all resources to maintain and developtheir credit activities.

In recent years, the bank's credit activity has achieved the positive results,

outstanding has increased over the years, the delinquency rate has

decreased. However, the credit performance still has focused on short-term


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credit; medium and long term credit has not achieved the expected results.

With annual expanding credit scale to meet a large amount of capital for the

development of the national economy, credit quality is also concern of the

bank. Accordingly, the annual short-term targets are within safe levels

prescribed by the State Bank during the operation and the medium-and

long-term credit quality is low; sources for medium and long-term credit of

the bank is not relevant with the short-term credit.

Stemming from the fact, the researcher chooses the topic: "Improving the

quality of medium-and long-term credit at the Bank for Agriculture

and Rural Development" to provide science-based and practical solutions,

contributing to solving the problems of improving the quality of medium-andlong-term credit based on the evaluation research of the actual quality of

bank credit.

1.2. Significance of the study

V mt l thuyt, lun n k tha c chn lc v pht trin b sung cc vn

l lun v tn dng trung v di hn v tng cht lng tn dng trung v

di hn ca h thng ngn hng thng mi ni chung.

V mt thc tin, lun n tip tc nghin cu thc tin hot ng tn dng

trung v di hn ti Ngn hng NN&PTNT thng qua phn tch v nh gi

thc tin hot ng tn dng trung v di hn ti NH NN&PTNT qua mt s

nm gn y ch ra nhng thnh tu cng nh nguyn nhn ca nhng

im yu cn tn ti. Thc tin hot ng ti cc NHTM ti Vit Nam cho

thy tn dng trung v di hn l ngun to ra li nhun ch yu cho cc

NHTM bi y l nhng khon tn dng c quy m ln, li sut cao, thi gian

di nn nu hot ng c hiu qu chng s mang li li nhun n nh v

lu di cho ngn hng. Do , cht lng ca tn dng trung v di hn c

ngha rt quan trng i vi hot ng ca ngn hng. Chnh v vy, nhng

gii php v khuyn ngh mang tnh h thng c a ra s c tc dng


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khc phc v nng cao cht lng tn dng trung v di hn m Agribank

ang cung cp.

1.3. Research aim and objectives

The objective of the study is to clarify the nature and importance of credit

quality as well as credit operation of banks through in-depth analysis and

accurate assessment to determine the quality of credit at Bank for

Agriculture and Rural Development; thus helping the bank get the

appropriate measures to improve the credit quality and appropriate

management measures in order to survive in the market economy.

More specifically, the study will clarify the following issues:

(1) Th no l tn dng trung v di hn v ngha ca cht lng tn dng

trung v di hn i vi ngn hng thng mi.

(2) To establish the trend of medium and long-term credit at Agribank

during the period 2007-2012.

(3) To establish the role and the impact of medium and long-term credit on

performance of Agribank, xc nh nguyn nhn ca nhng thnh cng v

im yu m NH thc hin.

(4) To indentify the factors affecting quality of medium and long-term credit.

(5) To come out with recommendations that can improve the quality of

medium and long-term credit at Agribank.

1.4. Boundary of the study

Nghin cu c thc hin nh gi v cht lng tn dng ti Agribank,

mt trong nhng ngn hng ln nht v hot ng ti hu khp cc khu vc

ca VIt Nam. iu gip cho nghin cu c th a ra c ci nhn ton


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cnh v cc vn lin quan ti cht lng tn dng trung v di hn khng

ch ca Agribank m cn c ca cc NHTM khc ca VN.

Nghin cu c thc hin tp trung vo tn dng trung v di hn ti

Agribank: vai tr v tc ng ca n i vi s pht trin ca h thng ngnhng v s pht trin ca ton b nn kinh t.

Nghin cu c da trn hot ng thc tin v tn dng trung v di hn

ca Agribank trong giai on 2007-2012

1.5. Structure of the study

Research on the credit quality of the Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development is divided into six parts:

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter introduces an overview of the necessary information, objects

and methods used in the research.

Chapter 2: Overview of issues related to credit and medium and long term

bank credit quality

This chapter discusses the theories, the concepts of bank credit; from which

having in-depth analysis of the credit quality in Vietnamese and international

perspective by giving the credit quality assessment criteria in commercial

banks.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Introduce and indicate the research methods used to study quantitative and

qualitative, based on the collection and handling of primary and secondary

information obtained through the surveys.


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Chapter 4: Status of medium and long-term credit quality at the Bank for

Agriculture and Rural Development (Agribank)

Based on these data, the researcher analyzes the actual quality of the

medium-and long-term bank credit of Agribank to make the achievementsand shortcomings in the operation of the bank's credit.

Chapter 5: Solutions to improve the quality of medium-and long-term credit

bank at Agribank

The chapter introduces the practical solutions to solve the limitations and

issues of medium and long term bank credit found in the previous chapter in

order to increase quality of medium and long term bank credit at Agribank.

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. The concept of credit

Bank credit is the credit activity of bank with stakeholders in the economy.

Thus, the bank credit includes bank operation as credit receiver and credit

provider. (Giesecke, 2004). But because of its complexity and importance,

bank credit refers to as bank as credit provider.

Therefore, standing on the perspective of credit as the basic function of a

bank, a credit is a transaction on assets (money or goods) between the

lender (a bank or other financial institution) and borrowers (firms,

individuals or other entities); in which the lender transfers property to the

borrower to use in a certain period of time by agreement of both parties and


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the borrower is responsible for the unconditional return of principal and

interest to the lender upon maturity. (Gilbert, 2004).

In perspective of credit as distribution of capital, according to the Law on

Credit Institutions, credit is a system of distribution according to theprinciple of refund between people who have temporarily excess capital and

people who have the temporary lack of funds, and vice versa". Or credit

could be understood a trading relationship between the two entities,

including the transfer of money or property to the other party to use in a

given time, and at the same time the receiver of money or property commit

to repay the borrowed property plus a return on the agreed time limit.

(Kadlcakova and Keplinger, 2004)

Thus, it can be seen that the nature of credit is the transaction of property

on the basis of refund with the following features: (1) transaction property in

credit relations may be money, property or real estate, (2) time limit for

reimbursement must be determined to ensure that the borrower will return

the property to the lender on agreed time, (3) The normal return value must

be greater than the value at the loan, means that the borrower must pay

interest to the lender. (4) Credit relationship is governed by the order of

payment (credit contract, contract debts, orders to pay wage .....) to

execute responsibilities of the parties.

2.2. Medium and long term credit

2.2.1. Khi nim

There are many ways to classify credit such as classification of credit basedon loan purpose, refund approachBased on the loan term, credit is

classified into the following categories:


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- Short-term credit has the loan term to 12 months and is used to

compensate the lack of enterprise mobility and short-term spending needs of

the individuals.

- Medium term credit: According to the current regulations of the State Bankof Vietnam, these loans have a term of 12 months to 05 years. Medium-term

loans are mainly used to purchase fixed assets investment, improve

equipment innovation, technology, expand business, build small scale

projects with the quick payback time. In agriculture, mainly for medium to

invest in the following subjects: tractors, water pumps, construction of

garden crops such as coffee, .... In addition to investment in fixed assets,

medium-term loans also frequent sources of working capital of the business,especially new established businesses.

- Long-term loans has loan term over 05 years and a maximum term of up

to 20-30 years, a number of individual cases can be up to 40 years. Long-

term loans are types of credit offered to meet long-term needs such as

housing, equipment, large-scale transport, building new factories.

2.2.2. c im ca tn dng trung v di hn

Vn u t ln, thi hn di, thu hi vn chm: i tng ti tr ca tn

dng trung v di hn l ti sn c nh v cc cng trnh xy dng. c

im ca i tng ny l c gi tr ln, thi gian s dng lu di. Do ,

khon cho vay ti tr cho cc i tng ny i hi mt s vn u t

ln. Mt khc, ngun tr n l cc qu khu hao c bn v li nhun thu

c t d n. V vy, thi hn tr n thng ko di n khi d n kt

thc.

Ri ro cao: Do lng vn u t ln, thi gian thu hi vn chm nn ri

ro ca cc khon tn dng trung v di hn l cao.


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Li nhun t cc khon tn dng trung v di hn ln: do li nhun cng

cao th ri ro cng ln, nn cc khon cho vay trung v di hn thng c

mc li sut cao. Thm vo , do khon cho vay thng c s vn ln nn

thu nhp m khon tn dng ny em li cho ngn hng l ln.

2.2.3. Vai tr ca tn dng trung v di hn

i vi doanh nghip: l mt ch th trong nn kinh t th trng, doanh

nghip lun phi i mt vi s cnh tranh t pha cc i th. tn ti,

phi trin v thng th trong cnh tranh, iu cn thit l cc doanh nghip

phi ch trng n vic m rng sn xut, mua sm trang thit b hin i,

i mi cng ngh nhm nng cao sn lng, cht lng sn phm v gim

chi ph n mc thp nht c th. Mun thc hin c iu ny i hi

doanh nghip phi c mt lng vn u t rt ln. So vi cc ngun ti tr

vn khc ca doanh nghip nh cc ngun t qu li nhun khng chia (y

l ngun quan trng, pht hnh c phiu, tri , tn dng trung v di hn

ca ngn hng, c u th hn so vi cc ngun trn, th hin ch: Th

nht, n gip doanh nghip chp ly thi c kinh doanh nh rt ngn thi

gian tm kim vn. Th tc vay ngn hng tuy cht ch nhng nu tun th

ng th thi gian doanh nghip nhn c khon tn dng ny ca ngn

hng l ngn hn nhiu so vi t tch ly hay pht hnh tri phiu, c phiu.

Th hai, khng dn n s phn chia quyn kim sot cng ty vi bn ngoi

so vi vic pht hnh c phiu. Th ba, tn dng trung v di hn ngn hng

to ra s linh hot v k hn: doanh nghip c th vay vn ngn hng theo

k hn ph hp vi yu cu kinh doanh v chu k thu nhp. Vic iu chnh

k hn n ca cc khon tn dng trung v di hn ca ngn hng l d

dng: khi doanh nghip lm n thun li, nhanh chng thu hi vn u t v

lm n c li, c th tr n ngn hng trc hn. Ngc li, khi doanh

nghip gp kh khn trong sn xut kinh doanh, c th xin ngn hng gia

hn n. Mt khc, vic tr n trung v di hn c chia thnh cc k hn


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hp l v n nh, gip cho doanh nghip ch ng trong vic tm kim

ngun tr n.

i vi ngn hng: Tn dng trung v di hn vi c im l vn u t

ln, thi gian cho vay di, ri ro cao nn c li sut cao, l ngun mang lili nhun ch yu cho ngn hng. Thng qua hot ng tn dng trung v

di hn, ngn hng khng ngng m rng quy m khch hng, bng vic:

thu ht thm cc khch hng mi, to ra mi lin h cht ch v lu bn vi

cc khch hng truyn thng. Nh , ngn hng khng ngng nng cao

nng lc cnh tranh, ngy cng khng nh v th v vai tr ca mnh trong

nn kinh t. Tn dng trung v di hn gp phn vo vic lm cho vn huy

ng khng b nhn ri, m c s dng hiu qu em li li nhun cho

ngn hng. Do ngn hng khng th ngng nhn tin gi t dn c, v vn

phi tr li cho tin gi nn nu khon tin nhn ri trong ket, lm tng

chi ph ngn hng v gim li nhun. Tn dng trung v di hn l mt trong

cc c s ngn hng m rng huy ng vn, s dng vn mt cch kh

thi, tng sc cnh tranh ca bn thn ngn hng.

i vi nn kinh t: mi quc gia, nhu cu vn trung v di hn l

rt ln u t pht trin c s hn tng. Nhu cu ny c th c p

ng bng nhiu ngun nh: Ngn sch Nh nc, vin tr pht trin, vay n

nc ngoi nhng ngun quan trng nht vn l tn dng trung v di hn

ca cc ngn hng thng mi. Do , tn dng trung v di hn rt quan

trng trong s pht trin kinh t - x hi.

Hypothesis 1: Tn dng trung v di hn c tc ng tch cc i vi c cc

doanh nghip, ngn hng v nn kinh t.

2.3. Credit quality

Credit quality is a common concept, which is used to reflect the level of risk

in the loan summary of a credit institution as commercial banks. (Saunders,


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and L. Allen, 2002) In Vietnam, the State Bank of Vietnam makes a credit

quality indicators in the group of indicators on the quality of the credit rating

organizations in 2006. Credit quality of the State Bank of Vietnam on the

basis of these criteria:

(i) D n tn dng trung v di hn

Tng d n ca ngn hng bao gm: d n vn ngn hn, d n vn trung

di hn, vn gp ng ti tr. Ch tiu d n phn nh s cn cho vay ca

ngn hng trong mt thi k nht nh thng l mt nm. Ch tiu ny

phn nh mt phn uy tn, kh nng thu ht khch hng ca ngn hng.

Tng d n cao, chng t ngn hng cho vay c nhiu, c ht c nhiu

khch hng, uy tn ca ngn hng tng ti tt. Ngc li, tng d n thp

cho thy ngn hng kh nng thu ht khch hng l thp, uy tn cha cao,

kh nng m rng khch hng cn hn ch.

D n tn dng trung v di hn

T l d n tn dng trung v di hn =

Tng d n tn dng

Ch tiu ny ch l mt phn nh gi cht lng tn dng trung v di hn

ca ngn hng. Thng qua ch tiu ny, cha th nh gi cht lng tn

dng trung v di hn ca ngn hng tt hay xu. nh gi ton din v

tng i chnh xc, phi xem xt ng thi cc ch tiu.

(ii) Vng quay vn tn dng trung v di hn:

Doanh s thu n TDH BQ trong k

Vng quay vn tn dng TDH =


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D n tn dng TDH BQ trong k

Vng quay vn trung v di hn phn nh s vng chu chuyn vn tn dng

trung v di hn trong chu k (thng l mt nm). Vng quay vn tn dng

cho bit hiu qu trong vic s dng vn ngn hng. Vng quay cng ln

chng t ngn hng s dng vn c hiu qu, kh nng thu n ca ngn

hng tt. Vng quay vn tn dng trung v di hn nh chng t, khch

hng khng th hon tr n ng hn, lm pht sinh n qu hn hoc ngn

hng phi tin hnh gia hn n cho khch hng.

(iii) N qu hn v n kh i

N qu hn trung v di hn

T l n qu hn TDH =


Khi n k hn tr n, nu khch hng khng th hon tr y v ng

hn, khng c ngn hng gia hn n th khon n chuyn thnh n

qu hn. Cc ngn hng u c gng sao cho h t l ny xung cng thp

cng tt, bi l t l ny cao th chng t ngn hng ang gp nhiu ri ro.

Tuy nhin, trn thc t, do nhng ri ro trong kinh doanh l khng th trnh

khi nn cc ngn hng thng chp nhn mt t l n qu hn nht nh

coi nh gii hn an ton. Theo kin ca mt chuyn gia th t l n qu hn

trn tng d n mc di 3% l c th chp nhn c.

Cc ch tiu v n qu hn v n kh i vn l nhng ch tiu phn nh r

nt nht cht lng tn dng ca ngn hng. Ch tiu ny cho thy khng


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phi lc no d n tn dng cao cng tt v nu ngn hng khng c chin

lc qun l n tt th s dn n pht sinh nhiu n qu hn, n kh i.

(iv) H s s dng vn trung v di hn


Hiu sut s dng vn trung v di hn =

Tng ngun vn trung, di hn

Ch tiu ny phn nh mc s dng vn trung v di hn u t cho

tn dng trung v di hn. Nu t l ny nh hn hoc bng mt, chng t,

ngun vn trung v di hn ti tr cho tn dng trung v di hn, tn

dng trung v di hn c s ph hp v k hn nn an ton s c m

bo. Ngc li, nu t l ny ln hn mt, chng t ngun vn huy ng

trung v di hn khng ti tr cho tn dng trung v di hn ngn

hng. Tuy nhin, phi so snh mt cch tng i. Chng hn nh nu t l

ny nh hn nhiu so vi mt, chng t ngn hng s dng qu nhiu

ngun vn ngn hn ti tr cho tn dng trung v di hn. iu ny l

khng an ton cho ngn hng, tim n ri ro cao, nu khch hng t n

rt tin. Nhng nu t l ny gn bng mt, c ngha rng ch c mt phn

ngun vn ngn hn dng ti tr cho tn dng trung v di hn, iu ny

lm gim ri ro, va lm gim chi ph li ca khon tin nhn ri ca cc

khon tin gi ngn hn khng ti tr ht cho tn dng ngn hn.

(v) Ch tiu li nhun

Li nhun t tn dng trung v di hn

Ch tiu li nhun 1 =



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Ch tiu ny phn nh kh nng sinh li ca tn dng trung v di hn,

cho bit mt trong mt trm phn trm d n tn dng trung v di hn th

li nhun t tn dng trung v di hn l bao nhiu. Ch tiu ny cng caochng t tn dng trung v di hn l mt nghip v sinh li cao.

Li nhun t tn dng trung v di hn

Ch tiu li nhun 2 =

Tng li nhun ca ngn hng

Ch tiu ny cho bit li nhun t tn dng trung v di hn chim bao

nhiu phn trm trong tng thu nhp ca ngn hng. N phn nh tm quan

trng ca tn dng trung v di hn trong hot ng ngn hng.

There are also other interpretations: the quality of bank credit is the best

meeting the requirements of customers (depositors and borrowers) in

relation to credit in order to ensure safety and reduce capital risks. Itindicates that medium and long term credit quality is specific in their ability

to attract long-term borrowers, reflecting the impact of credit to the

economy, contributing to economic growth of the country, creating jobs for

workers, giving prestigious to the bank as well as promoting the growth and

development of the Bank ...

Bank credit quality is seen from three sides: the banks, businesses and the

economy. From the perspective of the bank, for bank, medium-and long-

term credit quality is reflected in profitability, the recovery of principal and

interest upon maturity; since then the scope, extent, and limit of credit must

be accordance with the power of the banks themselves and ensure

competitiveness in the market with the principle of refund on time and with


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interest. From the perspective of the customers interests, the credit quality

is consistent with the intended use of the customer with reasonable interest

rates and terms, simple and easy credit procedures and does not violate the

credit policy. (Stephanou and Mendoza, 2005). Looking from the perspective

of the economy, credit quality will support business and consumers;

contributing to enhancing the production and circulation of goods;

addressing infrastructure issues, employment in economy.

Hypothesis 2: Tn dng trung v di hn c nh gi mt cch h thng

v tng hp bng c cc yu t nh tnh v yu t nh lng.

2.4. Factors affecting the credit quality

To make appropriate assessments and in-depth analysis on the credit quality

of the Bank, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the credit quality:

external factors and internal factors. (Le Van Te, 2009)External factors are

objective factors and the banks need to catch up these issues to be able to

take advantage of opportunities to improve the quality of their credit or

remove the risks issued by the external agents. In addition, it should

consider exactly the internal elements to be able to continue to promote the

efficient operation and improve limitations in its banking system; aimed to

improve the quality of credit as desired.

2.4.1. External factors

The external factors often include the economic environment, legal and

political environment, cultural environment, industry environment ...

However, with research on the credit quality, the researcher go in-depth

analysis of economic, legal factors and customer elements (in the

environment sector) to specify the factors affecting the credit quality


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Economic factors

When the economy is stable, inflation is low and maintain stable, businesses

will concentrate and there are more business opportunities and business

development activities in order to profit. Therefore, the activity of liquidity,loan repayment is taken place rapidly; credit quality is improved.However, in

the current situation, when the economy is in recession, the production of

the businesses is shrunk; many businesses fail, the portfolio will also be

reduced, thus demand for credit is also reduced; many debts are not paid on

time or become bad loans. Banks will face challenge that medium-and long-

term credit will be reduced in size and quality. The volatility of the economy

such as changes in interest rates and market exchange rate market willdirectly affect controlling quality of bank credit

Legal factors

Currently, Vietnam has also written law relating to banking activities in

general and credit activities in particular such as: the Law on Credit

Institutions ... The unified sync of legal system is a mechanism to ensure

compliance with the assurance mechanism of bank credit quality. The lawson credit must conform with conditions and socio-economic development

level; thereby ensuring and encouraging credit activities more efficient.

However, the system of document is not synchronized today, businesses

have difficulty in making credit activities. Changes in the policies of the state

in economic structure, export and import policy have caused serious impact

on the repayment capacity of the business. Along with loose banking legal

system, they have made it difficult for the management of the bank's credit

quality.

Client factor


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Financial strength of the customer is expressed through indicators such as

equity, debt, solvency, profitability every year ... With the financial strength,

borrowing businesses are easier to agree with the bank on the loan and take

advantage of the reputation of the business in the bank debt repayment.

Situation and prospects of the business is usually expressed through

business data in 3 consecutive years, the most recent month and business

goals set by the business and the ability to implement that goal. A business

with good business situation; promising development of business in the

future will be also easily accepted for adoption of credit due to available

basis of assessment of the quality of credit.

Credit security level: for medium-and long-term loans, banks pay special

attention to the issue of collateral. If businesses have sufficient assets to

secure the loan, the loan quality is also assessed better. In addition,

businesses can rely reputable partners guarantees for their loans; to

improve the security level of their credit.

2.4.2. Internal factors

Credit policy: is the condition set for the businesses, organizations wishing

to participate in bank credit activities to ensure activities in the right

direction of the organization and the state. Proper and appropriate credit

policies attract more customers plus the process of lending implementation,

approval and secured debt, will certainly have good credit quality.

Credit process: is the sequence, complete the implementation phase of a

credit. It consists of three phases: review borrowing request of customersand lending; inspect and monitor process of use of loans and monitor risk;

collecting debts and liquidation. If the process is done in a scientific and

thorough way, credit quality will be significantly improved. Therefore, the


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bank should focus on the development of a process in accordance with the

conditions.

Human resources quality at bank: the human element has always been the

core of the success of any business. Bank staff with professional skills will bea prerequisite to implement the common tasks of the Bank; specifically

project appraisal, asset valuation, debt collection to help the bank

significantly reduce the risk of damage in the credit activities. Therefore, the

bank periodically always focuses on improving ethics and professional

qualifications for their staff through short-term training courses.

Information and capability of processing credit information: credit

information is an important basis to consider and decide whether to lend or

not; at the same time it is useful in the process of monitoring and

management of loans with the purpose of safety and effectiveness. The

more accurate collecting information through multiple sources (from the

customer base, profile, etc.) is, the less risks are reduced, contributing to

improving the quality of bank credit.

Hypothesis 3: C rt nhiu cc yu t ch quan v khch quan nh hngn cht lng tn dng trung v di hn.

2.5. Chapter summary

Chng ny a ra cc khi nim v tn dng, tn dng trung v di hn v

cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng tn dng trung v di hn ca ngn

hng thng mi ni chung. Da trn l thuyt, tc gi a ra cc gi thuyt

nhm phn tch v nh gi v xu hng ca tn dng trung v di hn

trong hot ng ca h thng ngn hng cng nh nh gi mc nh

hng ca cc


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Hypothesis 1: Tn dng trung v di hn c tc ng tch cc i vi c cc

doanh nghip, ngn hng v nn kinh t.

Hypothesis 2: Tn dng trung v di hn c nh gi mt cch h thng

v tng hp bng c cc yu t nh tnh v yu t nh lng.

Hypothesis 3: C rt nhiu cc yu t ch quan v khch quan nh hng

n cht lng tn dng trung v di hn.

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

Chng II a ra cc khi nim v tn dng, tn dng trung v di hn, cc

yu t nh hng ti cht lng tn dng trung v di hn cng nh cc yu

t nh hng ti cht lng tn dng trung v di hn ti ngn hng thng

mi ni chung. Chng III tip tc a ra phng php nghin cu, chin

lc nghin cu, designs v phng php thu thp, phn tch d liu nhm

gip ngi c tip cn c mc tiu nghin cu v gii thch c cc gi

thuyt a ra trong chng II.

3.2. Research philosophy

Theo Galliers (1991), a research philosophy bao gm hai trit l nghin cu

chnh l positivism and interpretivism, is a belief about the way in which

data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analysed and used. Trong khi

positivism c cho l c tnh thc tin, c th c quan st v miu t t

i tng quan st (Levin, 1988) m khng cn interfering hin tng cnghin cu th interpretivism ch c th c fully understood khi c thc

hin trc tip trn ch th nghin cu. Positivism c th d on hin tng,

s vic trn c s ca nhng quan st v nghin cu trc v do vy

potivisism c mc ch tm kim nhng qui lut tng qut, nhng s tht


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hin nhin v nhng l thuyt khch quan (value excluded theories). Cn i

vi Interpretivism li a ra cc l thuyt khoa hc bi nhiu nh khoa hc

khc nhau, do vi cng mt hin tng, c th c nhng cch hiu khc

nhau. Trong nghin cu ny, tc gi la chn hai phng php lun nghin

cu c bt ngun t potivism l Observation Reseach v Survey Research

v y l hai phng php m tc gi c th c iu kin tin hnh

nghin cu m vn m bo c tnh ng n v khch quan ca nghin

cu.

3.3. Research paradign and design

Research design c thit lp nhm gip ngi nghin cu xc nh r

mnh cn tm g v lm th no thc hin c vic . Mouton (1996)

miu t a research design as a set the researcher has set for himself/herself.

C ba dng research design c bn l: exploratory, descriptive, and

causal research. Ci u tin c s dng discover ideas and in-sight,

ci th hai l miu t s vt vi thng qua cc bin s quan trng v mc

tiu ca ci cui cng l thit lp mi quan h nguyn nhn h qu

gia cc bin s. Trong nghin cu ny, tc gi s dng explratory research

nhm c c nhng hiu bit tt hn v tnh hnh. Cc gi nh m tc gi

a ra chng II l cn thit nhm gip tc gi hiu r hn iu g ang

xy ra v ti sao n xy ra. Trong nghin cu ny, tc gi s dng phng

php ph bin ca exploratory research l literature searches Literature

search chnh l cch nhanh nht v tit kim chi ph nht nhm gii quyt

cc gi thit a ra da vo cc ti liu c thu thp t cc th vin, c

s d liu trc tuyn, cc n phm, and so on.

3.4. Research Strategy

Galliers (1991) ch ra 14 loi research methodologies v c phn loi

theo Positivis v interpretivist paradigms.


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Positivist Interpretivist

Laboratory Experiments Subjective/Argumentative

Field Experiments Reviews

Surveys Action Research

Case Studies Case Studies

Theorem Proof Descriptive

Forecasting Futures Research

Simulation Role/Game Playing

Da trn c im ca mi chin lc v da vo iu kin thc hin nghin

cu cng nh cc gi thuyt a ra, tc gi la chn phng php iu

tra thc hin nghin cu. Phng php iu tra cho php tc gi thu thp

d liu s cp thng qua thc tin, quan st tnh hnh ti mt im thi gian

thng qua bng hi hoc phng vn. C th, tc gi thc hin bng hi i

vi 100 khch hng n giao dch ti Agribank. Kt qu tc gi thu c t

iu tra ny s kt hp cng d liu thu c t literature search hon

thin hn cc nh gi ca tc gi v tnh hnh tn dng trung v di hn ti

Agribank.

3.5. Data Collection

3.5.1. Sources of data

Trong nghin cu ny, tc gi da vo c hai loi l d liu s cp v d liu

th cp. Nu nh d liu th cp l d liu c thu thp t nhng nghincu ca ngi khc v c th c s dng nhm phc v mc ch khc

nhau ca ngi nghin cu (Ghauri & Gronhaug, 2010) th d liu s cp li

do chnh ngi nghin cu thu thp v nhm phc v trc tip cho mc ch

nghin cu. Nh vy, d liu s cp c u im l phc v trc tip cho ch


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v i tng nghin cu ca ngi nghin cu. Tuy nhin ngun d liu

ny i hi tc gi phi tn nhiu thi gian, chi ph v c th b chi phi bi

cc yu t khch quan khin cho kt qu d liu thu c c chnh xc

khng cao. Ngc li, d liu th cp li rt c li, c bit l trong giai on

u ca nghin cu, khi tc gi cn xa l vi vn cn nghin cu, th d

liu th cp c thu thp t nhiu ngun khc nhau v c tin cy tng

i n nh. Trong nghin cu ny, d liu th cp c thu thp t cc bo

co thng nin ca NHNN, cc bo co ni b ca Agribank v cc t chc

nh gi c uy tn khc s gip tc gi nm bt c tnh hnh hot ng

kinh doanh ni chung v hot ng tn dng trung v di hn ca Agribank

ni ring so vi cc hot ng khc ca ngn hng cng nh cc ngn hng

thng mi khc ti Vit Nam. C th, ngun thu thp d liu ca tc gi

bao gm: the Annual Report, Journal of Agribank, the State Bank, the

specialized books about bank credit, etc.

Cn i vi d liu s cp, tc gi thc hin iu tra vi khong 100 khch

hng ti mt s chi nhnh ca Agribank ti Hanoi. Kho st ny c thc

hin bng cch tc gi trc tip n quan st ti cc quy tip tn ti cc chi

nhnh, trao i trc tip vi cc khch hng n giao dch la chn ranhng khch hng c nh vay vn trung v di hn phc v cho sn

xut kinh doanh. Sauk hi trao i, tc gi s a ra bng hi cc khch

hng in vo hoc tc gi t ghi li, ly c s lm d liu s cp, phc v

cho vic nh gi cht lng dch v ti Agribank.

3.5.2. Data collection method

Hai cch tip cn c s dng hiu c vic thu thp thng tin cho mcch nghin cu l phng php nh tnh v phng php nh lng. Trong

khi phng php u tin c tin hnh bng cch quan st v o lng

trn nhng i tng nht nh v c lp li bi nhng nh nghin cu

khc nhau th phng php sau li c s dng tng mc hiu bit


22/28

ca chng ta v bn cht ca s vt, sc vic. Theo Burns & Grove (1987),

quantitative research approach is an objective, formal systematic process in

which numerical data findings. It describes, tests, and examines cause and

effect relalationships. Trong khi , phn tch nh lng c thc hin

from the perspective of the subject, khng phi t nh nghin cu. Mc ch

ca vic s dng phng php nh lng is to describe certain aspects of a

phenomenon, with a view to explaining the subject if study (Cormack,

1991). Chnh v vy, u im ca phng php nh lng l kh nng cung

cp nhng miu t phc tp thng qua cc nghin cu c th. Phng php

ny khng ch hiu qu trong vic cung cp cc thng tin lin quan ti hnh

vi, nim tin, tng, cm xc ca con ngi m cn gip xc nh cc yu

t v hnh khc socioeconomics status, ethnicity, etc.

3.5.3. Questionaires

Mc ch ca vic dng bng hi l tm hiu mi quan h

Bng hi iu tra gm 5 ni dung chnh:

Cu 1 hi v thng tin ca khch hng bao gm: tui tc, ngh nghip, ni

c tr.

Cu 2 l cc cu hi lin quan ti mi quan h ca khch hng vi Agribank

bao gm: s ln n giao dch, tn sut n giao dch v cc dch v thng

dng.

Cu 3 l cc cu hi lin quan n mc ch vay vn, thi gian vay, chnh

sch h tr mong mun

Cu 4 l nh gi cht lng ca hot ng tn dng ca Agribank, so snh

vi cc ngn hng khc nu c th


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Cu 5 l ngh khch hng xut nhng mong mun v gii php t pha

khch hng Agribank c th nng cao cht lng dch v tn dng ca

mnh.

3.6. Ethics/ethical issues

Nh cp trn, trong nghin cu ny, tc gi la chn phng php

potivisim do vy, c th ni tc gi s dng phng php khoa hc tin

hnh nghin cu. C th, tc gi s dng nhng nghin cu c trc kt hp

cng bng hi iu tra a ra kt qu. Trong qu trnh thu thp, phn

tch d liu, tiu chun o c cn thit phi c xem xt n. u tin,

vn o c nhm m bo ngi nghin cu s phi tn trng cc qui

lut, khng phn bit i x hoc thay i c s d liu. Hai l, bo v cc

vn lin quan n quyn ring t. phc v nghin cu, tc gi c thc

hin iu tra i vi khch hng ca Agribank. Nhng thng tin, c bit l

thng tin c nhn ca khch hng l rt quan trng v cn c bo mt.

Indentities, locations of individuals and places are concealed in published

results, data collected are held in anonymize form, and all data kept securely

confidential (Bulmer, 1994). Ngoi ra, tc gi cng phi bo m ton b

kt qu nghin cu a ra l t kt qu nghin cu ca mnh. Nu c trch

dn t cc ti liu, nghin cu khc u c trch dn r rng.

3.7. Limitations of the study

Trn thc t, cho d tc gi c gng tm kim cc ngun d liu ng tin

cy v thc hin kho st i vi khch hng, tuy nhin cng gp phi

mt s vn nh sau:

Mt l, ngun ti liu lin quan n Agribank, c bit l cc bo co kt qu

kinh doanh u rt kh tm kim, nguyn nhn c th y l NHTMCP Nh

nc. Chnh v vy, lng d liu chnh thng tc gi tm kim c cn hn


24/28

ch m thng phi thng qua cc bo co, nh gi ca cc t chc quc

t ng tin cy nh IMF, World Bank, ADB

Hai l, nghin cu c thc hin da trn d liu i vi ton b h thng

Ngn hng Agribank nhng khi thc hin kho st, tc gi ch c th thchin i vi cc khch hng giao dch ti mt s chi nhnh giao dch ca

Agribank ti H Ni. iu ny c th dn ti nhng sai st trong vic nh

gi cht lng dch v t pha khch hng do nhng c tnh lin quan n

vn ha, hnh vi ng x khc nhau ti mi khu vc. Hn na, do iu kin

khng cho php, tc gi khng th thc hin phng vn i vi cc cn b

tn dng ang cng tc ti Agribank c thm nhng thng tin lin quan

n dch v do ngn hng cung cp.

3.8. Chapter summary

Trong chng ny, tc gi a ra cc phng php nghin cu c s dng

nhm phn tch r i tng nghin cu v gii quyt cc gi thuyt nghin

cu a ra trong chng trc . C th, tc gi s dng potivism

philosophy nh hnh cho vic nghin cu. Sau da vo cc d liu th

cp l cc bo co, nghin cu trc v d liu s cp l cuc iu tra vikhch hng giao dch ti Agribank c thu thp thng qua phng php

nh lng v phng php nh tnh. Trong chng tip theo, da vo

nhng d liu thu thp c chng III, tc gi tin hnh phn tch,

nh gi tnh hnh hin ti v xut nhng gii php nhm nng cao cht

lng dch v tn dng trung v di hn ti Agribank.


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CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS

4.1. Khi qut v Ngn hng nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

4.2. Hot ng tn dng

Song song vi vic to ra mt chnh sch huy ng vn hiu qu, kh nng

hot ng tn dng v thu hi vn cng lun l mi quan tm ca ngn

hng. Cng nh nhiu NHTM ni chung khc, hot ng tn dng ca

Agribank c thc hin trn nguyn tc i vay cho vay, t thu c

li nhun. Do , cht lng tn dng lun c Agribank t ln hng u.

Hin nay, Agribank tin hnh nhng hot ng tn dng sau: cho vay, bo

lnh, chit khu trong hot ng cho vay ng vai tr ch yu. Agribank

p ng nhu cu vay vn ca mi thnh phn kinh t v c nhn, h gia

nh.

Tri qua 25 nm xy dng v pht trin, Agribank l NHTM NN ln nht VN

vi tng ti sn trn 560 nghn t ng, tng ngun vn t trn 523 nghn

t ng, tng d n nn kinh t t trn 477 nghn t ng, vi hn 2.200

chi nhnh v phng giao dch, hn 4 vn cn b, cung cp dch v ti hn 10

triu h sn xut, hng chc ngn doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc.

Agribank lun dnh 70% tng d n u t cho lnh vc nng nghip, nng

dn, nng thn, khng nh vai tr ch lc i vi pht trin kinh t t

nc.

I. Thc trng hot ng tn dng v cung cp sn phm dch v caAgribank

1. Mng li


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Hin nay Agribank c im giao dch cc loi v cn b nhn vin. V

mng li cc t chc tn dng, Agribank chim khong % th phn.

Vi h thng chi nhnh v phng giao dch rng khp, Agribank l ngn

hng duy nht c kh nng tip cn n hu ht cc a bn huyn x, cbit l cc a bn vng su, vng xa. Ti nhiu a bn, Agribank gn nh

l ngn hng duy nht cung cp tn dng v dch v ngn hng cho b con

nng dn v dn c trn a bn.

=> Biu th phn mng li ca Agribank

2. Huy ng vn

Ngun vn huy ng ca Agribank t

Trong nhng nm tr li y, Agribank tp trung nng cao cht lng v n

nh ngun vn nhm phc v tt hn cho nhu cu tn dng ti a phng,

c bit l i tng nng nghip, nng thn. Trong huy ng vn ch trng

ngun vn n nh t dn c, t cc t chc kinh t, cc ngun vn n nh,

hn ch ngun vn t cc t chc ti chnh, tn dng.

3. u t tn dung

Vi th phn chim khong %vn tn dng ca c nc, lng vn Agribank

cung ng hng nm tp trung vo cc lnh vc: thu mua, ch bin, kinh

doanh, xut khu thy sn, lng thc, u t c s h tng pht trin kinh

t nng nghip, nng thn. Hin ti, d n cho vay nng nghip, nng thn

t t ng, chim % tng d n.

4.3. Khi qut v tn dng trung v di hn ti Agribank

4.3.1. Mt s qui nh v tn dng trung v di hn ti Agribank


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Quy nh v cho vay i vi khch hng trong h thng Agribank ni chung

v cho vay tn dng trung v di hn ni ring c ban hnh km theo

Quyt nh s 666/Q-HQT-TDHo ca Hi ng qun tr Agribank nh sau:

- Mc ch cho vay: Mc ch cho vay trung v di hn nhm p ng nhucu vn tm thi cho cc d n c thi gian thu hi chm thi gian t 1

nm tr ln. Nhn chung, mc ch cho vay trung v di hn ca ngn hng

l nhm mc tiu em li li nhun cho ngn hng, duy tr s hot ng ca

ngn hng. Ngoi ra, mt s khon cho vay trung v di hn ca Agribank

khng nhm mc tiu li nhun m cho vay theo s y thc ca Chnh ph,

ca Ngn hng th gii v cc t chc quc t khc.

- Nguyn tc cho vay: Khch hng vay vn ti Agribank phi m bo hai

nguyn tc sau: (i) S dng vn vay ng mc ch tha thun trong hp

ng tn dng; (ii) Hon tr n gc v li tin vay ng hn tha thun

trong hp ng tn dng.

- i tng cho vay: i tng cho vay trung v di hn ca Agribank gm

nhiu loi khch hng khc nhau: cc t chc trong nc v nc ngoi, h

gia nh, c nhn, t hp tc Vit Nam. Cc i tng trn phi m bo cciu kin ca Agribank, l: c nng lc php lut dn s, nng lc hnh

vi dn s, v t chu trch nhim dn s theo qui nh ca php lut. Mc

ch s dng vn vay hp php: C kh nng ti chnh m bo tr n trong

thi gian cam kt; c d n u t, phng n sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v

kh thi v c hiu qu; thc hin cc qui nh v m bo tin vay theo qui

nh ca Chnh ph, NHNN Vit Nam v hng dn ca Hi ng qun tr

Agribank, etc.

- Thi hn cho vay trung v di hn: Theo qui nh hin nay ca NHNN VN

v cng l qui nh chung ca Agribank: Cho vay trung hn l cc khon vay

c thi hn t trn 12 thng n 60 thng; Cho vay di hn l cc khon

vay c thi hn trn 60 thng. Thi hn cho vay c th do Agribank v


28/28

khch hng tha thun v thi hn cho vay, cn c vo mt s tiu chun

nh: chu ky sn xut kinh doanh, thi hn thu hi vn ca d n u t,

kh nng tr n ca ngn hng, ngun vn cho vay ca Agribank Vit Nam.

- Li sut cho vay trung v di hn: Ch tch HDQT hoc TGD qui nh mcli sut cho vay, ph v l ph ph hp vi qui nh ca NHNN Vit Nam, li

sut th trng, th loi vay v thng l quc t. Cc chi nhnh ca Agribank

s tha thun vi khch hng v tng khon vay, thi hn iu chnh ph

hp vi s bin ng ca li sut th trowngf tng thi k v qui nh ca

Agribank.

- Mc tn dng: Agribank cn c vo nhu cu vay vn ca khch hng, t l

(%) c cho vay so vi gi tr ti sn bo m tin vay (nu khon vay p

dng bo m bng ti sn), kh nng hon tr n ca khch hng,kh

nng ngun vn ca Agribank quyt nh mc cho vay. Theo qui nh ca

Agribank, i vi cho vay trung v di hn, khch hng phi c vn t c ti

thiu 20% trong tng nhu cu vn.

- Ti sn m bo: Theo qui nh hin nay ca Agribank, ti sn dng

m bo tin vay cho cc khon vay trung v di hn l ti sn do cc bntha thun v thuc s hu ca bn c ngha v hoc thuc quyn s hu

ca bn th ba. Ti sn bo m c th l ti sn hin c, ti sn hnh thnh

trong tng lai v c php giao dch.

- Qui trnh thm nh d n u t: Xc nh c thm nh d n l yu t

quan trong trong hot ng cho vay, nht l cho vay trung v di hn,

Agribank qui nh r rng cc bc trong thm nh d n u t, l:

+

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