agricultural (rice) production mechanization technology in...
TRANSCRIPT
Agricultural (Rice) Production
Mechanization Technology in Korea
Sun-Ok Chung
Chungnam National University
농업기계화 필요성 및 목적, 연도별 기계화 노동 생산성 및 복지향상
토지 생산성 및 농산물 품질향상
작업자의 쾌적한 작업환경
50년대: 인력용 농기구(삽, 괭이, 호미, 낫 등)와 축력 농기구(쟁기 등) 사용
60년대: 소농기구 개량, 동력경운기 생산 보급 개시, 쟁기 개량, 병충해 방제용 동력방제기와 가품피해대책용 양수기 보급
70년대: 농업기계화 사업 5개년 계획 착수, 동력경운기 및 소형동력농기계 확대보급, 동력이앙기, 바인더, 콤바인 보급시작
80년대: 트랙터, 콤바인, 이앙기 등 확대보급, 보행형 중소형 농기계 공급감소, 승용형 대형농기계 수요증가
90년대: 벼농사 농작업 완전기계화, 미곡종합처리장 설치, 관리기 확대보급
00년대: 밭농사, 과수, 원예, 축산 기계화 첨단화, 자동화, 정보화 등
발전방향 토지 이용형 농업 시설 및 장치농업
자급형 농업 기업형 농업
농작업공정 기계화, 자동화 첨단기술에 의한 생산시스템 구축
자연품종 인공품종
단순식량 다기능성 식량
농수축산물 이용: 식량 신소재, 의약 분야, 에너지 등에 응용
Contents
Agricultural Mechanization
Changes in Farm Economy & Agricultural Mechanization
Policies for Promoting Agricultural Mechanization
Supply of Agricultural Machinery
Postharvest Technology
Rice Processing Complex
Agricultural Products Processing Center
Changes in Farm Economy &
Agricultural Mechanization
Rural population has been decreased rapidly
Increased farm scale and rural labour wage
Reinforced purchasing power
Developments in farming technology
Increased in off-farm job opportunities
Strong demand for Improved welfare
Government policies supporting the agricultural machinery
industry and distributing farm machines
Situation of Agriculture
Item 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008
Population
(1,000 person)
Total 32,241 38,124 42,869 47,275 48,607
Agriculture 14,422
(44.7%)
10,827
(28.4%)
6,661
(15.5%)
4,032
(8.7%)
3,187
(6.6%)
Employment
(1,000 person)
Total 9,167 13,687 18,085 21,061 23,577
Agriculture 4,846
(52.9%)
4,654
(34.0%)
3,237
(17.9%)
2,288
(10.9%)
1,686
(7.2%)
GDP
(Billion Won)
Total 2,771 36,857 178,262 517,096 1,023,938
Agriculture 645
(22.3%)
5,612
(15.2%)
15,592
(8.7%)
23,867
(4.6%)
23441
(2.3%)
Source : KSAM, Agricultural machinery yearbook 2010
Land utilization
Total and Farm Population
Farm population & over 60 years old
Over 60 years old in rural area
No. of Farm Households by scale
Farm households: full or part-time
Policy of Promoting Agricultural
Mechanization
Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law (1978)
Revision of the Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law
(1994, 2009)
In 2009, machinery for food industry was included as ag. machinery
Rural and Fishery Development Special Treatment Law
(1990)
Agricultural Mechanization Stages
1960s
- Dissemination of disaster prevention agricultural machinery
· Water pump and pest control machinery
1970s
- Power tiller have replaced the animal force
- Mechanization for release the farm labor peak
· For barley harvesting - rice transplanting season
1980s
- Propagation of rice transplanter and harvester
1990s
- Mechanization for improving agricultural structure & productivity
· Propagation of controlled greenhouse and livestock equipment
· Propagation of up-to-dated post-harvest equipment
2000s
- IT-fusion, environment friendly, larger, highly efficient machinery
- R&D: machinery for PA
Establishment of infrastructure for agri. mechanization
○ 1st. Stage(1961∼1970)
- Manufacturing of power tiller in 1963
- Inspection of agricultural machinery : IAEU 1963/ NAMIO 1967
- Supply of machinery by bank loan : NACF
- Establish the central agricultural machinery training center :
RDA 1969
1960s
○ Land preparation
▷ Oxen-plow(BC50 ~ 1970s)
▷ Work eff. : 1.6~3.5 hr/10a
Power tiller plow(1959 ~ resent) ◁ Work eff. : 2 hr/10a ◁
- Local made power tiller showed in 1963
- Wage jumped up 1.8 times for five years since 1965
- Started disseminate of power tiller and pest control machinery
○ Water management
▷ Wheel type water mill pumping
(5 ~6 ton/hr )
Water pump attached to power tillage◁
(30 hr)
▷ Manual transplanting
Work eff. : 12 hr/10a
○ Rice transplanting and pest controlling
Pest controlling by ◁
mist blower - duster
○ Harvesting and transportation
▷ Sickle harvesting(8 hr/10a)
Animal and man power ◁
transportation
○ Harvesting and transportation
▷ Sickle harvesting(8 hr/10a)
Animal and man power ◁
transportation
○ 2nd. Stage(1971∼1980)
- Promotion of farm mechanization
· 5-year farm mechanization plan in 1972
- Promulgation of Agri. Mechanization Promotion Law in 1979
- Provision of agricultural mechanization foundation
· Financial support for manufacture of machinery & marketing
· Repair & maintenance facility and training of agri. machinery
· Inspection and R & D for agricultural machinery
- Development of Joint-use system of agricultural machinery
1970s ○ Land preparation
▷ Power tiller rotary
▷ Work eff. : 2 hr/10a
- Acceleration of the industrialization and urbanization
- Great increase of wage for hiring labor
- Disseminated transplanter and combine harvester
Tractor plow ◁
Work eff. : 20~30 min/10a ◁
○ Rice transplanting and harvesting
▷ Rice transplanting (4-rows)
▷ Work eff. : 30 min/10a
Chemical herbicide application ◁
○ Pest controlling
▷ Power tiller attached-
power sprayer
High performance ◁
sprayer(10 min/10a)
▷ Reaper-binder harvesting
(50 min/10a)
Natural air drying grain-bin ◁
- Dissemination of rice transplanter, harvester and tractor
- Increasing establishment of repair & maintenance of machinery
- Extensive establishment of joint-use system
· Mechanized Farming Group, Mechanized Farming Corp. etc
- Promotion of mechanization for up-land farming
- Adoption of tax exempt system for agricultural machinery & fuel
- Lower the interest of agri. machinery purchasing loan rate 10→ 8%
○ 3rd. Stage(1981∼1990)
○ Land preparation
▷ Tractor plow (Irang Jang-ki)
▷ Work eff. : 10~15 min/10a
Tractor rotavator ◁
Work eff. : 10~15 min/10a ◁
- Accomplished almost total mechanization in rice cultivation
exceeding 90% of mechanization rate
- Required the high efficiency and riding type machinery
1980s
○ Pest controlling and herbicide application
Herbicide spreading by ◁
mist - blower
▷ Helicopter use pest controlling
○ Rice seedling - nursery growing and transplanting
6-rows riding rice transplanter ◁
▷ Rice seedling nursery
▷ Work eff. : 386 box/hr
○ Harvesting and drying
▷ Combine (3-row sacking)
▷ Work eff. : 30 min/10a
Circulation drier ◁
- Promotion of high performance agricultural machinery
· Higher the working speed & wider the working width
· Increase the riding type machinery
- Propagation of greenhouse engineering
· Steel pipe - pvc house → steel frame - PC and glass house
· Development of modern environmental control system
- Introduction of high efficiency livestock equipment
· Automatic feeding, milking, egg collecting, etc.
· Manure treatment and ventilation system
- Development of rice post-harvest system
· Establish the Rice Processing Complex and rice storage-bin
○ 4th. Stage(1991∼2000)
1990s ○ Land preparation and fertilizing
▷ Driven disc plow
Fertilizer applicator ◁
attached to tractor
▷ Dry land direct seeder
▷ Work eff. : 34 min/10a
Wet land direct seeder ◁
Work eff. : 18 min/10a ◁
○ Dry land & wet land direct rice seeder
▷ High speed rice transplanter
▷ Work eff. : 20 min/10a
Rice transplanter mounted herbicider ◁
Work eff. : transplanting4.6+herbi ◁
0.1 hr/ha
- Replaced from four-row walking transplanter to six-row riding transplanter
○ High speed, combined field operation
○ Pest controlling and harvesting
▷ Riding cultivator mounted
boom sprayer(10 min/10a)
Combine & container trailer(4-row) ◁
Work eff. : 15 min/10a ◁
- Replaced from two or three-row combine to four-row combine where traveling speed doubled from 0.6 m/s to 1.2 m/s
◁ Combine harvester attached
straw conditioner
Satellite guided autonomous ▷
tractor
○ New equipment for combine and unmanned tractor
○ Rice drying-storing and rice processing
▷ Rice drying-storing grain-bin
Rice storing and processing ◁
in Rice Processing Complex
○ Drying and processing
1990s Up-land crop
▷ Vegetable transplanter
Riding cultivator ◁ use vinyl mulching
▷ Peanuts combine harvester
Radish harvester ◁ attached to tractor
▷ Lily bulb digger
Chinese cabbage harvester ◁
▷ Electrostatic speed sprayer
Young seedlings nursery pot ◁ automatic soil & plant filling system
▷Greenhouse spraying system
Plug young-seedling ◁ planting machine
▷ Plant factory model
Young seedling growing system ◁ in greenhouse
▷ Nondestructive fruit quality evaluation system
Combine harvester attached ◁ straw conditioner
▷Tomato harvesting robot
Satellite guided autonomous ◁ tractor
Large Tractor > 100 HP
(2000~2010)
8-row rice transplanter
(2000~2010)
Unmanned Helicopter for Spraying
(2000~2010)
7-row Combine Harvester
(2000~2010)
RPC with RFID Application
+ Brand
Brand example: Super O’ning
Traceability Management
RPC with RFID Application
+ Brand
Tractor wheel power test ◁
□ Test & evaluation of agricultural machinery
▷ Tractor PTO performance test
◀ Crush test for tractor
safety frame
Tractor draw bar test ▶
OECD Agricultural tractor test( test codeⅠ~Ⅷ)
Year
Items 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009
Power tiller
Tractor
Rice transplanter
Combine harvester
Power sprayer
Power cultivator
Water pump
Grain dryer
Reaper binder
11,884
614
-
-
45,000
-
54,078
-
-
289,779
2,664
11,061
1,121
330,663
-
193,943
1,616
13,652
751,236
41,203
138,405
43,594
680,034
50,699
341,548
17,749
55,575
939,219
191,631
341,978
86,982
600,061
378,814
384,900
55,573
72,315
714,537
258,662
282,854
79,561
-
406,055
-
75,944
-
Unit :ea
Dissemination of agricultural machinery
Changes of mechanization rate in rice
Year Tillage transplanting Spraying Harvesting Drying
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
70
84
97
100
100
23
78
97
97
100
68
93
98
99
100
17
72
95
94
100
2.1
15
32
39
100
- Mechanization of rice cultivation was totally promoted.
- Mechanization for up-land crops, horticultural and livestock
production have been encouraged
- Year-round glasshouse production system was expanded
Unit: %
Dissemination of agricultural machinery
Postharvest Technology
Rice Processing Complex (RPC)
Agricultural Products Processing Center (APC)
Demand for high quality and safe agricultural products
Increase in export of agricultural products
Competitiveness against the imported products
Rice Processing Complex
Combine harvest Bulk
transferring Drying Storing Husking
Polishing Packaging/Distribution Consumer
Establishment of the RPC and DSC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03
AC Private DSC
Achievement of RPC
One of the successful project of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry
Modernized the postharvest system for rice
Improved the quality of rice
Reduced the labor burden of farmers
Saved the costs for drying and storing
Opened the bulk system for rice
Promoted the technologies for RPC system
Improved the management and distribution
Effect of RPC
(66%)
(100%)
(34%)
Conventional Method Op
era
tin
g C
ost (W
on
/to
n)
RPC
saved cost : 72.7 billion won
Loss rate
(1%)
Loss rate
(6%)
(5%)
Conventional Method
Loss c
ost (W
on/ton)
RPC
reduced loss: 64.9 billion won
Effect of RPC
Effect of RPC
Improvement Directions for RPC
The management improvement plan is necessary.
- high cost due to excessive facility investment
- high price for raw rice
- low supply due to high sales competition
- absence of management expert
The facility should be on a large scale.
- 1,000 billion(6,692 ton) ->4,000 billion (30,000 ton)
The efficiency of the management should be increased
- farming guidance
- harvesting time control
Schematic of the typical unit operations in a
mechanized packinghouse
Supported APC annually
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
'92-
'93
'95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03
Year
No
. o
f A
PC Others
IAPC
AC
ASC
Status of APC facilities
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Farm,
PA
AC ASC Others
Managers
No
. o
f fa
cil
itie
s
Small-scale gatheringhouse
Pre-cooling
Sorting house
Gathering house
Cold storage
APC
Handling ratio of major products by APC
0
5
10
15
20
25
Han
dli
ng
Rati
o(%
)
2000 2001 2002
Year
Carrot
Onion
Apple
Pear
Garlic
Improvement Directions for APC
The efficiency of the facilities should be increased
- Working days are lower than the developed countries
- Farmers do not feel any needs to use the APC
- High burden depreciation of equipment
The growers should convert the recognition for collaborative
sorting and account.
- Farmers are selling the products to broker
The rationalization of scale and operating rate should be
increased.
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