air pollution and health in latin america and the … @cleanairinst air pollution and health in...
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Air Pollution and Health in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview
SergioSanchez,JuanCastillo,JoanneGreen&JulianaKlakampCleanAirInstitute
GoddardSpaceCenter,November17th 2016
Air Quality &
Health Showcase
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MAJORDRIVINGFORCES
• Around643millioninhabitants(2016)intheLACregion• 8.6%ofWorldPopulation
• LACisthemosturbanizedregionintheworld• 8/10peoplelivingincities• ~35%ofurbanpopulation
concentratedin30majormetropolitanareas
• Theregiongenerates7%ofGrossWorldProduct(PPP)
• Anunequalregion:therichest1%owns41%oftheregion’stotalwealth
• Energyconsumptionisexpectedtogrowintheregionaround50%by2040comparedto2012
• Highrateofruralpopulationexposedtoemissionsfromwoodcookstoves
• Publictransporthasstilladominantmodeshareintransportsupply
• However,LAChasthelargestmotorizationrateintheworld• Ithasfivetimesasmanycarsassub-
SaharanAfricaorAsia,andabouttwiceasmanyastheMiddleEastorNorthAfrica.
• Majorforcesdrivingmotorizationintheregion:• Risingincomes• Expandingmiddleclasses• Anexpandinglocalautomobileindustry,• Availabilityoflow-costvehicles• Poorlanduseandtransportplanningand
orientedtocaruse• Insufficientsustainablemobilityoptions.
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PRESSURE:BLACK CARBON,HIGHLIGHTING AIRPOLLUTION URBAN AND RURAL CHALLENGES
Source:IntegratedAssessmentofShort-LivedClimatePollutantsinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.2016
AgricultureWasteTransportResidentialCoal,oilandgasIndustryPowerplants
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STATE OF AIR QUALITY IN LAC:AREGIONAL OVERVIEW
AnnualaverageconcentrationsforPM10.2011. AnnualaverageconcentrationsforPM2.52011.
Source:CleanAirInstitute(2013)
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~100thousand
TotalDeathsperyearfromAmbientPM2.5
inLAC
21thousandperyear
TotalDeathsinMCMX,SaoPaulo,RíodeJaneiro,Bogotá,Lima-Callao
RespiratoryIllness,COPDandLungCancer
+2.0%Averagewelfarelossesasa
percentageoftheGDPinLACCitiesduetoambientPM2.5
PlusotherExternalities
OtherExternalities
CardiovascularDiseases
TrafficCongestion
IncreasedCosts
ProductivityLosses
IncreasedLogisticCosts
150millionPeoplelivinginLACcitiesexceedingWHOPM2.5Guidelines
10%OfthetotaldeathsarefromAmbient
PM2.5
IMPACTS:OVERVIEW OF AMBIENT AIRPOLLUTION EFFECTS IN LAC
Deathsperyear
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RESPONSES FROM LACTO LOCAL,REGIONAL AND GLOBAL AIR POILLUTION
• SuccessfulAirQualityManagementPlansimplementedintheregionsofar(MexicoCity,Santiago,SaoPaulo andBogotá,amongothers).
• MajormetropolitanregionsarecurrentlyreinforcingtheirairqualitymanagementprogramsinMexico,ColombiaandPeru,amongothers.
• RegionalActionPlanonAirPollutionadoptedbytheForumofMinistersofEnvironmentofLatinAmericanandtheCaribbeanin2014andratifiedin2016
• Regionwideresearch(SLCPLACAssessment,ESCALAstudy,AirQualityOverview,etc.)
• SomeNationalDeterminedCommitmentsexplicitlyincludeSLCP(forexampleMexico)
• LatinAmericanCitiesarejoiningtheWHO-CCAC’sBreatheLifeInitiative.
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NASA IS PLAYING A ROLE TO UNDERSTAND LOCAL,REGIONAL AND GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTHPHENOMENA AND ABATEMENT ACTIONS
StrengthenofAirQualityManagementSystems
ComprehensionofRegionalPhenomena
FiresinMéxico´sYucatanProvince(NASA)
NASASaharanDustTransportSimulations
SupportingEducationandAwarenessPrograms
NightView.MetropolitanAreaoftheAburra´s Valley(Colombia),Google
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OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES TO LINK SATELLITEMONITORING WITH ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING (LAC)• Investmentinrobustreal-timeonthegroundmonitoringneedstobemadealongside
investmentindevelopingsatellitedatacapabilities.
• ShorttermopportunitiesexistinmajorLACcapitals(MexicoCity,SaoPaulo,Santiago,Medellin)withmoreadvancedmonitoringnetworks.FocusinthosecitieswouldallowtodemonstrateapplicationinLAC.
KeyopportunitiesforLAC
•ExtendspatialcoverageofexistingPM2.5monitoring.
• Protectpublichealthinareaswithoutmonitors.
• Improvedforecastingcapabilities.
• Bettercharacterizationofairqualitynationallyandregionally
Requirementsforrobustsatellite-baseddataandusage•Groundtruthing withreal-timemonitors.
•Understandingofregionalrelationshipbetweenthereal-timemonitoringandsatellitedatatoadapttheUSmodel.
• Toolsandskillsfordatapresentationandcorrectusage/interpretation.
FundamentalChallenges
•Real-timedatamonitoringofquestionablequalityacrosstheregionmakinggroundtruthing difficult.
• FundingrequiredforadaptionoftheUSEPAmodelbut$$scarceforimplementingandmaintainingreal-timemonitoring.
• Potentialskillsgapforutilizingtheoutputsofsuchadataresource.
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CONCLUSIONS• SinceLACisthemosturbanizedregionoftheworld,itspopulationishighlyvulnerabletoair
pollutionimpacts.However,italsoframestheopportunitytoimplementhighlyefficientactions.
• Transportandresidentialcombustionofsolidfuelsareresponsibleof75%oftheBCemissionsintheregion. Thoseemissionsrepresentanincreasedriskinpopulationexposuretoairpollution.
• SomeimmediateopportunitiesforcollaborationwithNASAtoimproveunderstandingofairpollutionandhealthimpactsthereexistinmajorLACcapitalcitieswheremoreadvancedmonitoringnetworksareinoperation.FocusinthosecitieswouldallowtovalidateanddemonstrateapplicationinLACandexploreopportunitiesandneedtocoverlargerareasand/orsupportairqualitymodelingsystems.
• Suggestedcollaborationopportunities:• Developpilot/demonstrationprojectsfocusedonselectedcitieswithrobustmonitoringanddemonstrated
commitmenttoairqualityimprovement(e.g.MexicoCityandMedellin)• AssesstheabilityfortheexistingAIRNow SatelliteDataProcessortoprovideaccurateestimatesofground
levelconcentrationsintheselectedareasandestimaterequirementsforamendingtheDataProcessortofitLACconditions.
• Undertakeanalysistoassessthevaluetostakeholders,aswellaspotentialusesofsatelliteenhanceddataacrosstheregion,includingairqualityforecastsandepisodeidentificationandfollow.
• IdentifymonitoringnetworksacrossLACthataresufficientlyrobusttosupporttheuseoftheSatelliteDataprocessor.
Sergio Sanchez Executive Director
1100HStreetNWSuite800WashingtonDC,20005USA
+1(202)4645450ext.1
ssanchez-xxi
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