akrilamida

DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

HALAMAN JUDUL ....................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................. ii

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ..................................................................................iii

KATA PENGANTAR .....................................................................................iv

RINGKASAN ..................................................................................................vi

ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................viii

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN.....................................................................................xv

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...............................................................................1

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ...................................................................1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ..............................................................................3

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................3

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................5

2.1 Makanan ............................................................................................5

2.1.1 Makanan Keripik .....................................................................6

2.2 Kontaminasi Kimiawi Makanan .......................................................6

2.3 Akrilamida ........................................................................................8

2.3.1 Sifat Fisikokimia Akrilamida ...................................................8

2.3.2 Kegunaan Umum Akrilamida .................................................9

2.3.3 Farmakokinetika Akrilamida ...................................................10

2.3.4 Toksisitas Akrilamida ..............................................................11

2.3.5 Kadar Akrilamida dalam Berbagai Makanan ..........................12

2.4 Proses Penggorengan ........................................................................13

2.4.1 Mekanisme Terbentuknya Akrilamida dalam Makanan yang

Digoreng ..................................................................................13

2.4.1 Faktor Lain dari Makanan yang Mempengaruhi

Pembentukan Akrilamida .........................................................16

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2.5 Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi ....................................................16

2.5.1 Jenis-jenis KCKT .....................................................................17

2.5.2 Cara Kerja KCKT ....................................................................22

2.5.3 Parameter dalam Metode KCKT ............................................22

2.6 Instrumen KCKT ..............................................................................26

2.6.1 Wadah Fase Gerak ...................................................................26

2.6.2 Pompa ......................................................................................28

2.6.3 Injektor .....................................................................................28

2.6.4 Kolom ......................................................................................29

2.6.5 Detektor ....................................................................................30

2.6.6 Perekam ....................................................................................31

BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL ............................................................32

3.1 Kerangka Konseptual ........................................................................32

3.2 Penjelasan Kerangka Konseptual ......................................................33

BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN ....................................................................34

4.1 Jenis Penelitian dan Sampel .............................................................34

4.1.1 Jenis Penelitian .......................................................................34

4.1.2 Sampel ....................................................................................34

4.1.3 Teknik Sampling ....................................................................34

4.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...........................................................34

4.2.1 Tempat Penelitian ...................................................................34

4.2.2 Waktu Penelitian.....................................................................35

4.3 Alat dan Bahan ..................................................................................35

4.3.1 Alat ...........................................................................................35

4.3.2 Bahan .......................................................................................35

4.4 Prosedur Kerja ..................................................................................35

4.4.1 Pembuatan Pelarut ...................................................................35

4.4.2 Pembuatan Larutan Baku Induk Akrilamida ...........................36

4.4.3 Pembuatan Larutan Baku Kerja Akrilamida ............................36

4.4.4 Ekstraksi dan Pembuatan Sampel ............................................37

4.4.5 Prosedur Analisis......................................................................38

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BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN .........................................................................41

5.1 Jumlah Sampel dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel ...............................41

5.2 Hasil Pembuatan Larutan Baku Akrilamida ....................................41

5.2.1 Hasil Pembuatan Larutan Baku Induk Akrilamida ..................41

5.2.2 Hasil Pembuatan Baku Kerja Akrilamida.................................42

5.2.3 Hasil Ekstraksi dan Pembuatan Sampel ...................................42

5.3 Hasil Optimasi Kondisi KCKT..........................................................43

5.3.1 Hasil Optimasi Panjang Gelombang Maksimum......................43

5.3.2 Hasil Optimasi Fase Gerak ......................................................44

5.4 Hasil Analisis Data............................................................................46

5.4.1 Analisis Data Uji Kualitatif ....................................................46

5.4.2 Analisis Data Uji Kuantitatif....................................................47

BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ..................................................................................51

BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...........................................................57

7.1 Kesimpulan........................................................................................57

7.2 Saran .................................................................................................57

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................58

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

2.1 Kelarutan Akrilamida dalam Pelarut yang Berbeda...................................9

2.2 Laporan Tingkat Akrilamida dalam Makanan............................................12

5.1 Hasil Penimbangan Sampel Keripik Singkong...........................................42

5.2 Optimasi Fase Gerak...................................................................................44

5.3 Analisis Data Uji Kualitatif ........................................................................47

5.4 Konsentrasi dan Area Baku Kerja Akrilamida...........................................48

5.5 Penentuan Batas Deteksi dan Batas Kuantitasi ..........................................49

5.6 Analisis Data Uji Kuantitatif ......................................................................50

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

2.1 Rumus Bangun Senyawa Akrilamida.........................................................8

2.2 Struktur Kimia Akrilamida dan Epoksida Glycidamide dan

Masing-masing Biotransformasi Oksidatif oleh CYP2E1..........................11

2.3 Mekanisme yang Mengikuti Reaksi Mailard, untuk Pembentukan

Akrilamid dari Rute Aspargin dan Gula Pereduksi ...................................15

2.4 Bagan Instrumen KCKT............................................................................26

3.1 Gambar Kerangka Konseptual ...................................................................32

5.1 Hasil Spektrum Baku Kerja Akrilamida Menggunakan

Spektrofometer UV ....................................................................................43

5.2 Hasil Spektrum Baku Kerja Akrilamida Menggunakan KCKT ................43

5.3 Kromatogram Hasil Penyuntikan Baku Pembanding 4 Akrilamida

Menggunakan Fase Gerak Air : Metanol (80:20) dengan Kecepatan

Alir 0,15 ml/menit ......................................................................................44


Menggunakan Fase Gerak Air : Asetonitril (95:5) dengan Kecepatan

Alir 0,30 ml/menit.......................................................................................45



Alir 0,50 ml/menit ......................................................................................45



Alir 0,80 ml/menit.......................................................................................46

5.7 Kurva Regresi Area Akrilamida terhadap Konsentrasi Baku Pembanding

Akrilamida .................................................................................................48

xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

1. Merek Keripik Singkong yang Digunakan untuk Analisis Akrilamida........65

2. Kromatogram Hasil Penyuntikan Sampel Keripik Singkong Merek P........67

3. Kromatogram Hasil Penyuntikan Sampel Keripik Singkong Merek Q........70

4. Kromatogram Hasil Penyuntikan Sampel Keripik Singkong Merek R........73

5. Kromatogram Hasil Penyuntikan Sampel Keripik Singkong Merek S........76

6. Kromatogram Hasil Penyuntikan Sampel Keripik Singkong Merek T........79

7. Kromatogram Penyuntikan Baku Pembanding Akrilamida dalam

Upaya Mencari Fase Gerak yang Optimum untuk Analisis

Menggunakan Air : Metanol (80:20) ...........................................................82


Upaya Mencari Fase Gerak yang Optimum untuk Analisis

Menggunakan Air : Asetonitril (95:5) .........................................................84


Upaya Mencari Laju Alir yang Optimum untuk Aanalisi ...........................86

10.Kromatogram Hasil Penyuntikan Larutan Baku Pembanding Akrilamida

pada Pembuatan Kurva Kalibrasi ...............................................................88

11. Perhitungan Kadar Baku Akrilamida.........................................................94

12. Persamaan Regresi dari Kurva Kalibrasi Baku Pembanding Akrilamida

yang diperoleh dengan KCKT..................................................................96

13. Hasil Penimbangan Masing-masing Sampel Keripik Singkong

dengan 3 Kali Replikasi .............................................................................97

14. Perhitungan Penetapan Batas Deteksi dan Batas Kuantitasi.......................98

15. Spektrum Hasil Penyuntikan Sampel Keripik Singkong Merek P............99

16. Spektrum Hasil Penyuntikan Baku Pembanding Akrilamida....................101

17. Daftar Nilai r Tabel.....................................................................................107

18. Sertifakat Analisis Baku Akrilamida..........................................................108

19. Surat Permohonan Ijin Peminjaman Laboratorium ...................................109

20. Surat Pernyataan Bebas Plagiat .................................................................110

21. Daftar Riwayat Hidup ................................................................................111

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