Aktuell forskning v/IfiAktuell forskning v/Ifi;;Teknisk programvareTeknisk programvare

• Numerisk simulering - hva er det?Numerisk simulering - hva er det?• Programvare for simulering; Programvare for simulering;

utfordringerutfordringer• Teknisk programvare v/IfiTeknisk programvare v/Ifi• Hva slags jobb kan man få?Hva slags jobb kan man få?• StudieveierStudieveier

Hva er simulering?Hva er simulering?

• Fysiske prosesser i naturen eller Fysiske prosesser i naturen eller tekniske innretningertekniske innretninger

• Matematiske modeller Matematiske modeller (særlig partielle (særlig partielle differensiallikninger)differensiallikninger)

• Numeriske metoder, programmeringNumeriske metoder, programmering• Datamaskin-eksperimenterDatamaskin-eksperimenter• Visualisering og data-analyseVisualisering og data-analyse

Processes

Computations

DATASET UNSTRUCTURED_GRIDPOINTS 201 float2.77828 2.18262 -0.25 0.476 2.4 -0.85 0.85 2.4 -0.476 -0.476 2.4 -0.85 -0.85 2.4 -0.476 -0.85 2.4 0.476 -0.476 2.4 0.85 0.476 2.4 0.85 0.85 2.4 0.476 2.55 0.8625 0.66 CELLS 458 22904 41 29 65 80 4 53 41 65 82 4 35 34 47 71

Results

Mathematical Model

The Simulation PipelineThe Simulation PipelinePrediction & Control

Refinement

Hvorfor simulere?Hvorfor simulere?

• Lavere kostnader enn fysiske Lavere kostnader enn fysiske eksperimenter i felteneksperimenter i felten

• Fysiske eksperimenter kan være Fysiske eksperimenter kan være farlige, dyre eller umuligefarlige, dyre eller umulige

• Gir bedre innsikt og forståelseGir bedre innsikt og forståelse• Gir bedre muligheter for Gir bedre muligheter for

prediksjon, kontroll og optimal prediksjon, kontroll og optimal designdesign

Store teknologiske Store teknologiske utfordringerutfordringer

• ““Grand Challenges”Grand Challenges”strømningsberegninger (vær, fly, bil, ...)strømningsberegninger (vær, fly, bil, ...)simulering av miljøet (jord, hav, simulering av miljøet (jord, hav,

atmosfære)atmosfære)økosystem simuleringøkosystem simuleringbiomekanikk & medisinbiomekanikk & medisinmolekylærbiologimolekylærbiologimolekyl-design og -konstruksjonmolekyl-design og -konstruksjon

• Simulering er et helt sentralt Simulering er et helt sentralt verktøy!verktøy!

New Understanding of New Understanding of Life ProcessesLife Processes

Simulation is important in the exploration oflife processes, ranging from studies of DNAto investigations of blood circulation and inner organs like the heart, brain and lungs.

DNA and Drug DesignDNA and Drug Design

Better insight in thestructure of DNAleads to better understanding and control of life processes. For instance, this can lead to new and improveddrugs, like a vaccine for the flu!

Heartbeats and Flowing Heartbeats and Flowing BloodBlood

Millions of people suffer from atherosclerosis. Fatty blockages of the arteries gradually obstruct blood flow and ultimately causes the heart to stop beating. This remains one of the leading causes of heart attacks around the world.

Simulation of blood and other complex fluid flows may lead to changes in accepted surgical practices that will dramatically extend the life expectancy of those suffering from arterial diseases like atherosclerosis.

Attempts are made to develop arterial grafting techniques that will reduce atherosclerosis build up. Various graft designs can be tested through accurate simulations of the blood flow.

ElectricalElectrical ActivityActivity in in HeartHeart

Simulation of the electrical activity in the human heart based on a model coupling several PDEs and ODEs.

The visualised electrical potential represents a period of 250 ms. This problem is extremely demanding in terms of computational resources and requires advanced solution methods and fast hardware.

Have You Quit Have You Quit Smoking?Smoking?

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques used in the design of cars, airplanes and aerospace vehicles have been converted to use in the complex branching geometry of the lung's small airways.

Results from 3-D lung airflow modeling, depicting flow velocity at selected cross-sectionsin a single bifurcation.

Earth & EnvironmentEarth & Environment

To better understand the evolution of the Earth To better understand the evolution of the Earth and the processes making up our environment, and the processes making up our environment, simulation is an indispensable tool.simulation is an indispensable tool.

What’s the Weather What’s the Weather Like Today?Like Today?

Warm Winters and Cold Warm Winters and Cold SummersSummers

The sea level is roughly four inches higher than it was 100 years ago, and it goes up one to three millimeters a year. Do the rising levels reflect climate change associated with alarms about global warming, as many scientists believe? Or, as others argue, are they part of normal fluctuations in weather cycles that will even out over time? Either way, should we be worried? What are the potential effects for coastal population centers?

The need for answers runs smack up against the vast uncertainties inherent in a system as complex as Earth's climate. The best tool - the only tool - we have for assimilating the multitude of variables and trying to make rational predictions is computer modeling, and it's not yet good enough.

Each frame in this animation of the surface temperature of the Gulf Stream represents a seven day period.

Travels With Buzz Travels With Buzz Lightyear:Lightyear:

- To Infinity and Beyond- To Infinity and Beyond

The understanding of the Universe, let alone man’s journey into Space would have been impossible without simulations.

Evolution and Structure Evolution and Structure of the Universeof the Universe

This is a simulation of a comet fragment one kilometer in diameter plunging into Jupiter's atmosphere at 134,000 miles per hour.

The animation shows a five-second time period, one frame every 0.025 seconds.

Color indicates density, with initial density of the comet core (red) corresponding to solid ice. Pressure rapidly builds in front of the comet from the aerodynamic force of impact with the atmosphere, flattening the sphere and ripping it apart within seconds.

Star Trek, Space Shuttles Star Trek, Space Shuttles andand

Global Communications Global Communications January 28, 1986:Flight 51-L, the Challenger space shuttle exploded. The 7 crew members died.

Professor Richard Feynman of CalTech, Nobel prize winner and world-known eccentric, joined reluctantly the Rogers Commision investigating the Challenger accident. During his personal search for the cause, he learned that NASA officials estimated the chance of failure of the shuttle to be about 1 in 100,000. Feynman found that this number was actually closer to 1 in 100. He proved by experiment that rubber components used to seal the solid rocket booster joints failed to expand when the temperature was at or below 0 degrees C. This caused a leakage that heated the fuel tank and caused the explosion.

See http://feynman.com/online/challenger.htm

Manufacturing Manufacturing ProcessesProcesses

Today, almost any industrial branch use simulationas a tool for evaluating, predicting and optimising themanufacturing processes. This is mainly due to bettercost effectiveness and reduced risks.

Key to Norwegian Key to Norwegian Wealth: Oil & GasWealth: Oil & Gas

Mongstad Refinery

Six rock cavern stores, total capacity of 9.4 million barrelsHandles crude oil carriers up to 380,000 deadweight tons

It serves as the terminal for:

Troll Oil Pipeline I, 250,000 barrels per dayTroll Oil Pipeline II (Q3 1999), 150,000 barrels per dayHeidrun transshipment, about 240,000 barrels per day

Aerospace and Aerospace and Automotive IndustriesAutomotive Industries

Saab crash simulationsSaab crash simulations

SiliconSilicon- What Makes the - What Makes the

Information Society Tick...Information Society Tick...Silicon makes up 27 percent of the Earth’s crust, and provides the raw material for nearly all elelctronic chips, from VCRs to the Space Shuttle.

The Alpha microprocessor, the core silicon "chip" used in the CRAY T3D, can do 150 million calculations a second.

The never-ending struggle for faster circuitry, smaller, more perfect chips, relies heavily on simulation of the physical processes involved in the manufacturing of microelectronic chips.

The Third Paradigm of The Third Paradigm of ScienceScience

“Simulation has become recognized as the third paradigm of science, the first two being experimentation and theory.”

“High Performance Computing and Communications:Foundation for America's Information Future”(Supplement to the President’s FY 1996 Budget)

Ufordring i simulering: Ufordring i simulering: ProgramvareProgramvare

• Simulering krever maskinvare, Simulering krever maskinvare, metoder og programvaremetoder og programvare

• Siden 1950 harSiden 1950 hardatamaskinene blitt 1,000,000 ganger datamaskinene blitt 1,000,000 ganger

raskere.raskere.algoritmene blitt 1,000,000 ganger algoritmene blitt 1,000,000 ganger

raskere.raskere.

• Flaskehalsen pr. i dag er Flaskehalsen pr. i dag er høykvalitets-programvarehøykvalitets-programvare

Hvorfor er Hvorfor er programvareutvikling programvareutvikling

en flaskehals?en flaskehals?• Programvareutvikling er ofte den Programvareutvikling er ofte den

mest ressurskrevende delen av mest ressurskrevende delen av simuleringsprosjektersimuleringsprosjekter

• Store, kompliserte programsystemerStore, kompliserte programsystemer• Ekstreme krav til effektivitetEkstreme krav til effektivitet• Stor algoritmisk kompleksitetStor algoritmisk kompleksitet• Metoder for numerisk Metoder for numerisk

programvareutvikling er programvareutvikling er (tradisjonelt) primitive(tradisjonelt) primitive

Teknisk programvare Teknisk programvare v/Ifiv/Ifi

• Aktivitet: utvikling av moderne Aktivitet: utvikling av moderne metoder og programvare for metoder og programvare for simuleringsimulering

• Spesielt forskningsfokus motSpesielt forskningsfokus motobjekt-orientert numerisk objekt-orientert numerisk

programvare (i C++)programvare (i C++)metoder for parallelle beregningermetoder for parallelle beregningermedisinske anvendelsermedisinske anvendelser

Computing in Computing in ParallelParallel

Computing in Computing in ParallelParallel

Computing in Computing in ParallelParallel

• Forskere og ingeniører vil alltid fylle Forskere og ingeniører vil alltid fylle de raskeste og største de raskeste og største datamaskinene med:datamaskinene med:mer kompliserte matematiske modellermer kompliserte matematiske modellerfinere oppløsning (grid) for bedre finere oppløsning (grid) for bedre

nøyaktighetnøyaktighet

• Split et problem i delproblemer og Split et problem i delproblemer og løs hvert delproblem i parallell løs hvert delproblem i parallell (krever parallelle datamaskiner)(krever parallelle datamaskiner)

Computing in Computing in ParallelParallel

Ingredienser i et typisk Ingredienser i et typisk prosjektprosjekt

fys isk /m atem atiskm od e lle rin g

n u m eriskem etod er

p rog ram m erin g

s im u le rin g s -p rog ram vare

StudieveierStudieveier

• TPV studieretning: informatikk TPV studieretning: informatikk hovedfaghovedfagprogrammering og/eller matematikk/fysikkprogrammering og/eller matematikk/fysikk

• Profesjonsstudiet i informatikkProfesjonsstudiet i informatikkegen studieretning med krav til egen studieretning med krav til

programmering og/eller matematikk/fysikkprogrammering og/eller matematikk/fysikk• Nytt studium: Simulering og anvendt Nytt studium: Simulering og anvendt

matematikk (SAM)matematikk (SAM)matematikk, statistikk, programmering, matematikk, statistikk, programmering,

fysikkfysikk

JobbmarkedetJobbmarkedet

• Stort og økende underskudd på Stort og økende underskudd på kandidater som forstår matematikken, kandidater som forstår matematikken, fysikken og programvare for fysikken og programvare for simuleringsimuleringkonsulentfirmaer innen ulike konsulentfirmaer innen ulike

ingeniørdisipliner (bygg, maskin, marin ingeniørdisipliner (bygg, maskin, marin teknologi)teknologi)

forskningsinstitutter (SINTEF, IFE, …)forskningsinstitutter (SINTEF, IFE, …)industri (Veritas, Kværner, Aker, ABB, …)industri (Veritas, Kværner, Aker, ABB, …)undervisnings-sektorenundervisnings-sektoren

Hva slags kurs skal jeg Hva slags kurs skal jeg velge?velge?

• Svingninger i jobbmarkedet er som Svingninger i jobbmarkedet er som regel raskere enn utdanningens regel raskere enn utdanningens lengde…lengde…

• Ikke velg det “alle andre” velger!Ikke velg det “alle andre” velger!• Velg noe som er krevende og lær det Velg noe som er krevende og lær det

godtgodtgir mer unik/etterspurt kompetanseprofilgir mer unik/etterspurt kompetanseprofil

• TPVs profil: markedsrettet kombinasjon TPVs profil: markedsrettet kombinasjon av tradisjonelt krevende (matematiske) av tradisjonelt krevende (matematiske) emner og mer “mainstream” ITemner og mer “mainstream” IT

KjerneteknologierKjerneteknologier

• Objekt-orientert programmeringObjekt-orientert programmering• C++, Fortran, JavaC++, Fortran, Java• Scripting og GUI-bygging: Perl, Scripting og GUI-bygging: Perl,

PythonPython• Element- og differansemetoderElement- og differansemetoder• Matematiske modeller for Matematiske modeller for

strømning, varmetransport og strømning, varmetransport og materialdeformasjonmaterialdeformasjon

• Mål: klinisk operativ programvare basert Mål: klinisk operativ programvare basert på ultralydundersøkelserpå ultralydundersøkelser

• Modell: lydbølger gjennom kroppenModell: lydbølger gjennom kroppen• Eget C++ program for å simulere Eget C++ program for å simulere

lydbølgenes forplantninglydbølgenes forplantning• Visualisering og data/bilde-analyse via Visualisering og data/bilde-analyse via

kommersielle programsystemerkommersielle programsystemer• Python script for å starte/stoppe Python script for å starte/stoppe

simulering, endre kroppsdata, simulering, endre kroppsdata, visualisere osv.visualisere osv.

Computational SteeringComputational Steering

Computational SteeringComputational Steering

Computational SteeringComputational Steering

• RRelationship between elationship between electrocardiogram and electrocardiogram and different anomaliesdifferent anomalies

• More accurate diagnosisMore accurate diagnosis• Coupled system of Coupled system of

ordinary and partial ordinary and partial different eqs.different eqs.

• High resolution >10High resolution >1088 pointspoints

The Diffpack PhilosophyThe Diffpack PhilosophyStructuralmechanics

Porous mediaflow

Aero-dynamics

Incompressibleflow

Other PDEapplications

Waterwaves

StochasticPDEs

Heattransfer

Field

Grid

MatrixVector

I/O

Ax=b

FEM

FDM

Medicine

MechanicalEngineering

Energy

Diffpack - Selected Diffpack - Selected MarketsMarkets

Aerospace

Automobile

Environment

Oil & Gas

Games

Telecom

ShipbuildingFinance

Diffpack - Selected Diffpack - Selected CustomersCustomers

Value Adding Resellers Geologica Kappa Engineering SA Calcom SA Cadmit, Inc.

Universities Stanford University Yamanashi University Yokohama National University Warsaw University of Technology Norrland University Hospital ETH Zurich Korea University Vanderbilt University

Value Adding Resellers Geologica Kappa Engineering SA Calcom SA Cadmit, Inc.

Universities Stanford University Yamanashi University Yokohama National University Warsaw University of Technology Norrland University Hospital ETH Zurich Korea University Vanderbilt University

Commercial Intel Petrobras Shell DaimlerChrysler Caisse Centrale des Banques Popular Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique Simrad Optronics St. Gobain Industrial Ceramics

Research Institutions Istituto Superiore di Sanita SINTEF Research Foundation, Norway Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab Institut Francais du Petrol Veritas

Commercial Intel Petrobras Shell DaimlerChrysler Caisse Centrale des Banques Popular Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique Simrad Optronics St. Gobain Industrial Ceramics

Research Institutions Istituto Superiore di Sanita SINTEF Research Foundation, Norway Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab Institut Francais du Petrol Veritas

Some ProjectsSome Projects

1.1. Simulation of electrical activity in human Simulation of electrical activity in human heartheart

2.2. Simulation of the flow in the human heartSimulation of the flow in the human heart

3.3. Numerical methods for option pricing Numerical methods for option pricing

4.4. Software for numerical solution of Software for numerical solution of PDE’s: DiffpackPDE’s: Diffpack

5.5. Scientific computing using a Linux-cluster: Diplopodus Scientific computing using a Linux-cluster: Diplopodus

6.6. Finite element modelling of ultrasound wave propagation Finite element modelling of ultrasound wave propagation

7.7. Multi-physics models by domain decomposition methods Multi-physics models by domain decomposition methods

8.8. Scripting techniques for scientific computingScripting techniques for scientific computing

9.9. Numerical modelling of reactive fluid flow in porous mediaNumerical modelling of reactive fluid flow in porous media

StaffStaff

Knut Andreas Knut Andreas Lie Lie (SINTEF)(SINTEF)

Kent Andre Kent Andre MardalMardal

Åsmund Åsmund ØdegårdØdegård

Bjørn Fredrik Bjørn Fredrik Nielsen Nielsen (NR)(NR)

Joakim Joakim SundnesSundnes

Wen ChenWen ChenXing CaiXing Cai

Øyvind Øyvind HjelleHjelle(SINTEF)(SINTEF)

Ola Ola SkavhaugSkavhaug

Aicha Aicha BounaimBounaim

Hans Petter Hans Petter LangtangenLangtangen

Are Magnus Are Magnus Bruaset Bruaset (NO)(NO)

Linda Linda IngebrigtsenIngebrigtsen

Glenn Glenn Terje LinesTerje Lines

Aslak Aslak TveitoTveito

Part-timePart-timePh.D. Ph.D. Students Students

Post DocsPost DocsFacultyFaculty

OppsummeringOppsummering

• Simulering: bruke datamaskin-modeller Simulering: bruke datamaskin-modeller til å studere virkelighetentil å studere virkeligheten

• Anvendelser i industri, økonomi, Anvendelser i industri, økonomi, medisin…medisin…

• Simulering = fysikk/matematikk + Simulering = fysikk/matematikk + programmering/ITprogrammering/IT

• Teknisk programvare v/Ifi har fokus på Teknisk programvare v/Ifi har fokus på hvordan lage programvare for hvordan lage programvare for simuleringsimulering

• Stort kandidatbehovStort kandidatbehov