al rowaish 2012 3 body

7/24/2019 Al Rowaish 2012 3 Body

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 3

Background....................................................................................................................... 3Research Questions and Hypotheses............................................................................... 6Purpose of the Study......................................................................................................... 8CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 12Overview of the Concept of Code Switching................................................................ 12

Theory of Code Switching: Matrix Language Frame and Markedness Theory....... 17CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 26

Methodology Overview................................................................................................... 26Population and Sampling............................................................................................... 27

Data Collection Methods................................................................................................ 28Ethical Considerations.................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ................................................................................................ 32!"#$%##"&'....................................................................................................................... 40

Manifestation of the 4-m Model in the Use of ML and EL......................................... 42

Congruence Influencing Morphology Formation and Language Choice.................. 46CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 48

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 51


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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PBFAHACD QOM KFKMCMGG JS TABACDEFBAGH U,KJGVMFC1 >?@?W; -ABACDEFBG UFCL

HEBQABACDEFBG SJK QOFQ HFQQMKW1 EGM QOMAK BFCDEFDMG AC LASSMKMCQ IFRG QJ PJCXMR QOMAK

ALMFG IOMC PJCXMKGACD IAQO JQOMK TABACDEFBG SJK HEBQANBM KMFGJCG; )OM GQKFQMDAMG

QOMR MHNBJR QOKJEDO QOMAK BFCDEFDM EGM OFXM TMMC FQ QOM PMCQMK JS BACDEAGQAP1

NGRPOJBACDEAGQAP1 GJPAJBACDEAGQAP1 FCL CMEKJBACDEAGQAP GQELAMG U.EMK1 @YYZ1 -OFQAF1

>??[1 ,KJGVMFC1 >?@?1 2MR1 >??Y1 2ABKJR1 @YY>W; ,KJGVMFC U>?@?W PBFGGASAML GEPO

GQKFQMDAMG ECLMK BFCDEFDM SECPQAJCG EQABA\ML TR TABACDEFBG; *M SEKQOMK M]NBFACML QOFQ

QOJGM SECPQAJCG FKM GETVMPQ QJ XFKAJEG BFCDEFDM HJLMG JS TABACDEFBG FCL QOMAK

BFCDEFDM POJAPM; . DJJL M]FHNBM JS TABACDEFB BFCDEFDM SECPQAJCG AG PJLM GIAQPOACD;

Background

"JLM GIAQPOACD U"&W AG GOASQACD SKJH JCM BFCDEFDM QJ FCJQOMK IAQOAC QOM GFHM

EQQMKFCPM FCL^JK GNMMPO MXMCQ; )OAG LMSACAQAJC LAGQACDEAGOMG "& SKJH TJKKJIACD_

FPPJKLACD QJ ,EHNMK\ U@YZ>W1 `aTbJKKJIACD PFC TM LMSACML FG QOM ACQKJLEPQAJC JS

GACDBM IJKLG JK GOJKQ1 SKJ\MC1 ALAJHFQAP NOKFGMG SKJH JCM XFKAMQR ACQJ QOM JQOMK;c


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,EHNMK\ PJCQACEMG QJ LMSACM TJKKJIACD QJ TM `ACPJKNJKFQML ACQJ QOM DKFHHFQAPFB

GRGQMH JS QOM TJKKJIACD BFCDEFDM; )OMR FKM QKMFQML FG NFKQ JS AQG BM]APJC1 QFdM JC AQG

HJKNOJBJDAPFB POFKFPQMKAGQAPG1 FCL MCQMK ACQJ QOM GRCQFPQAP GQKEPQEKMG;c 'OABM "&

LMFBG IAQO QOM FBQMKCFQAJC JS BFCDEFDMG AC F GNMMPO MXMCQ1 QOM FBQMKCFQML IJKLG FKM

CJQ `ACPJKNJKFQMLc ACQJ MAQOMK JS BFCDEFDMG JK TMPJHM F NFKQ JS QOM GMPJCL

BFCDEFDMeG BM]APFB ACXMCQJKR QOMKMSJKM1 PJLM GIAQPOMG LASSMK SKJH TJKKJIACDG AC QOFQ

QOMAK JPPEKKMCPMG FKM ECNKMLAPQFTBM; &MXMKFB KMGMFKPOMKG LAXALM "& ACQJ QIJ QRNMGf

ACQKF:GMCQMCQAFB FCL ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB U5JNBFPd1 @YZ?1 ,EHNMK\1 @YZ>W; )OM SAKGQ LMFBG

IAQO "& IAQOAC F PBFEGM JK F GMCQMCPM M;D; PJLM GIAQPOACD SKJH .KFTAP QJ %CDBAGOf

@; 0F QKJJO JEQGALM

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KMGMFKPOMKG TMDFC QJ XMCQEKM FKJECL QOM IJKBL JS TABACDEFBAGH FCL ACXMGQADFQM

NOMCJHMCF BAdM PJLM GIAQPOACD U-MBF\A1 @YY[_ -BJJH FCL ,EHNMK\4 @YZi 0A1 >???_

2ERGdMC1 @YYj_ 2RMKG:&PJQQJC1 @YZY1 @YYk1 >??Y_ 5JNBFPd1 >??[_ 'MACMQAPO1 @Yjh_

@Yh>W; /MGMFKPOMKG JS LASSMKMCQ BACDEAGQAP SAMBLG GQFKQML LMXMBJNACD QOMJKAMG FCL

HJLMBG QJ M]NBFAC FCL ACXMGQADFQM "&; .NNKJFPOMG QJ "& FKM LAXALML ACQJ QIJ HFAC

PFQMDJKAMGf GJPAFBBR JKAMCQML GQELAMG FCL DKFHHFQAPFB GQKEPQEKM FCFBRGMG; 2FCR

KMGMFKPO GQELAMG QOFQ OFXM TMMC PFKKAML JEQ OFXM JSSMKML QOM M]AGQMCPM JS PJCGQKFACQG


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AC PJLM GIAQPOACD SJK TABACDEFB ACLAXALEFBG U-MBF\A1 @YY[_ -BJJH FCL ,EHNMK\1 @YZi1

0A1 >???_ 2ERGdMC1 @YYj_ 2RMKG:&PJQQJC1 @YZY1 @YYk1 >??Y_ 5JNBFPd1 >??[_

'MACMQAPO1 @Yjh_ @Yh>W; )OM PJCGQKFACQG FKM TFGML JC GJPAFB1 DKFHHFQAPFB FCL

NKFDHFQAP SJECLFQAJC;

"JLM GIAQPOACD AG F PJHHJC NFQQMKC QOFQ AG EGML TR TABACDEFBG; 2MHTMKG JS F

PJHHECAQR QOFQ MCDFDM AC PJLM GIAQPOACD NFGG JC F GJPAFB HMGGFDM TR QOM HMKM FPQ

JS PJLM GIAQPOACD; (Q AG MGNMPAFBBR NJNEBFK AC GJPAFB FCL ACSJKHFB GMQQACDG1 FCL HADOQ

FBGJ TM EQABA\ML IOMKM GQKEPQEKFB LASSAPEBQAMG MHMKDM1 MGNMPAFBBR AC KMBFQAJC QJ

PJCXMRFCPM JS F HMGGFDM QJ QOM ACQMCLML NFKQR FCL AC QOM ACQMCLML HFCCMK;

$ASSMKMCQ M]NBFCFQAJCG JS OJI TABACDEFBG HA] BFCDEFDMG OFXM TMMC GEDDMGQML TR

XFKAJEG KMGMFKPOMKG1 TEQ SMI JS QOMH FDKMM U2MR1 >??YW; )OMKMSJKM1 LMGNAQM FC

M]QFCQ TJLR JS PJLM GIAQPOACD KMGMFKPO1 OEHFC ECLMKGQFCLACD JS QOAG NOMCJHMCJC

AG CJQ IMBB LMXMBJNML FCL HJKM GQELAMG JC PJLM GIAQPOACD FKM CMMLML QJ AHNKJXM

QOM PBFGGASAPFQAJC JS PJLM GIAQPOACD FCL HFdACD QOMJKMQAPFB FGGEHNQAJCG FTJEQ AQG

NKMXFBMCPM ECLMK PMKQFAC BACDEAGQAP PJCLAQAJC;


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Research Questions and Hypotheses

)OM SJPEGJS QOM NKMGMCQ GQELR AG QJ M]FHACM FCL FCFBR\M QOM GQKEPQEKM JS PJLM

GIAQPOACD NFQQMKCG FCL QOM GJPAFB HJQAXFQAJCG TMOACL AQ1 QOM ORNJQOMGMG POJGMC SJK

QOAG NFNMK ACPBELM QOM SJBBJIACD ORNJQOMGMGf

@; "JLM GIAQPOACD SKJH .KFTAP QJ %CDBAGO GMKXMG FG FC ECHFKdML POJAPM SJK

NFKQAPANFCQG;

>; /MGJKQACD QJ F HJCJBACDEFB PJLM GMKXMG FG F HFKdML POJAPM1 A;M;1 F

CMDJQAFQAJC GQKFQMDR SJK GNMPASAP GJPAFB NEKNJGMG;

k; .BB MFKBR GRGQMH FCL PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG TMBJCD QJ QOM %HTMLLML 0FCDEFDM;

[; .BB BFQM GRGQMH FCL PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG TMBJCD QJ QOM 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM;

j; $JETBM HJKNOJBJDR IABB TM EGML FG F PJHNKJHAGM GQKFQMDR QJ HFACQFAC

PJCDKEMCPR;

i; (CGESSAPAMCQ PJCDKEMCPR IABB QKADDMK %HTMLLML 0FCDEFDM (GBFCLG;


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"JLM GIAQPOACD AG F XMKR ACQKADEACD BACDEAGQAP NOMCJHMCJC_ QOJEDO HEPO JS QOM

NKMXAJEG PMCQEKReG KMGMFKPO ACLAPFQML QOFQ AQ JPPEKKML POFJQAPFBBR1 QOM HJLMKC

JNACAJCG JS BACDEAGQG FCL MQOCJDKFNOMKG FKDEM SJK QOM GRGQMHFQAP CFQEKM JS PJLM

GIAQPOACD AC CFQEKFB PJCQM]QG U5JNBFPd1 @YZ?W; "EKKMCQBR1 QOMKM AG HEPO KMGMFKPO JC

QOM GETVMPQ JS PJLM GIAQPOACD FG F BACDEAGQAP NMPEBAFKAQR QRNAPFB JS TABACDEFBG FCL

HEBQABACDEFBG_ OJIMXMK1 QOM QKEM CFQEKM1 SECPQAJCG1 FCL NEKNJGMG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD

FKM GQABB JCBR XFDEMBR LMSACML; *MBBMK U@YZZW LMGPKATML PJLM GIAQPOACD FG F

PJCXMKGFQAJCFB GQKFQMDR EGML SJK QOM FDDKFXFQAJC JK HAQADFQAJC JS KMlEMGQG1 LMCAFBG1

QJNAP GOASQG1 MBFTJKFQAJCG1 PJHHMCQG1 XFBALFQAJCG1 FCL PBFKASAPFQAJCG; $M 6ACF U>??hW

MHNOFGA\ML QOM FTABAQR JS PJLM GIAQPOACD QJ FGGAGQ GNMFdMKG AC QOM PJCGQKEPQAJC JS

QOMAK ALMCQAQAMG AC GJPAJ:BACDEAGQAP PJCQM]Q; &ABXF:"JKXFBFC U@YZkW FGGEHML QOFQ

TABACDEFBG ACPJKNJKFQM PJLM GIAQPOMG ACQJ QOMAK GNMMPO IOMC QOMR OFXM ACGESSAPAMCQ

dCJIBMLDM JS JCM JS QOM BFCDEFDMG FCL QKR QJ PJCXMR F HMGGFDM HJKM M]NBAPAQBR AC

QOMAK HJQOMK QJCDEM; )OEG1 FG JCM PFC GMM1 QOM SECPQAJCG FCL NEKNJGMG JS PJLM

GIAQPOACD FKM CJQ FDKMML ENJC1 FCL QOM ACXMGQADFQAJC JS IOAPOAG F CEHTMK JCM

NKAJKAQR AC QOM BACDEAGQAP KMGMFKPO QJLFR; -MQQMK ECLMKGQFCLACD JS PJLM GIAQPOACD

NFQQMKCG1 ACQMCQAJCG AHNBAML TR ACXJBXMHMCQ AC PJLM GIAQPOACD NKFPQAPMG1 FCL QOM

PFQMDJKA\FQAJC JS PJLM GIAQPOMG EGML FQ LASSMKMCQ JPPFGAJCG FCL IAQO LASSMKMCQ

PJCXMKGFQAJCFB NFKQCMKG IABB ACPKMFGM QOM TJLR JS dCJIBMLDM JC QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD

AGGEM;


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Purpose of the Study

)OM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO AG HJGQBR SJPEGML JC QOM ALMCQASAPFQAJC JS QOM 2FQKA]

0FCDEFDM 6KFHM AC QOM JTGMKXFQAJCG JS QOM %CDBAGO:.KFTAP PJLM GIAQPOACD NFQQMKCG1

FCL QOM JXMKXAMI JS QOM 2FKdMLCMGG 2JLMB )OMJKR JSSMKML TR 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YZYW

AC KMFB:BASM PJLM GIAQPOACD GMQQACDG; )OM 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM 6KFHM U206W AG QOM

LJHACFCQ BFCDEFDM QOFQ `GMQG QOM HJKNOJGRCQFPQAP SKFHM SJK 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM U20W

FCL %HTMLLML 0FCDEFDM U%0W PJCGQAQEMCQGc U$MATMKQ1 >??Z1 N; iW; .PPJKLACD QJ QOM

KMGMFKPO JS 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YYkW1 QOM BACDEAGQAP POJAPMG HFLM TR PJCXMKGFQAJC

NFKQAPANFCQG PFC TM MAQOMK ECHFKdML1 IOAPO HMFCG FC M]NMPQML POJAPM JS F BFCDEFDM

PJLM1 JK HFKdML1 ACXJBXACD QOM ECM]NMPQML POJAPM JS F PJLM; )OM NMKSJKHFCPM JS

%CDBAGO:.KFTAP TABACDEFBG IABB TM GQELAML FDFACGQ QOM NKACPANBMG JS QOM 2FKdMLCMGG

2JLMB QJ ALMCQASR QOM GQKFQMDAMG QOMR MHNBJR SJK PJLM GIAQPOACD; )OM QOMJKMQAPFB

FNNKJFPOMG QJ PJLM GIAQPOACD UGEPO FG QOM GJPAFB FCL DKFHHFQAPFB JCMGW FKM QJ TM

KMXAMIML1 FCL QOM 206 HJLMB IAQO AQG [:H GETHJLMBG FKM EGML FG QOM QOMJKMQAPFB

SKFHMIJKd JS QOM NKMGMCQ GQELR U2RMKG:&PJQQJC g 0FdM1 >???W; 2JKMJXMK1 PKAQAPFB

KMXAMI JS GQELAMG M]AGQACD AC QOM SAMBL JS %CDBAGO:.KFTAP PJLM GIAQPOACD AG NKMGMCQML

AC QOAG IJKd SJK QOM GFdM JS BACdACD QOMJKR FCL NKFPQAPM JS PJLM GIAQPOACD AC QOM

HJLMKC PJCQM]Q; )OM AGGEM JS PJCDKEMCPM IABB FBGJ TM FCFBR\ML1 GACPM QOM %CDBAGO

FCL .KFTAP BFCDEFDMG FKM SECLFHMCQFBBR LASSMKMCQ AC GRCQF] FCL DKFHHFK1 FCL QOM

EGM JS PJLM GIAQPOACD NFQQMKCG AG JSQMC NKMLMQMKHACML TR QOM ACQMCQAJC QJ HAQADFQM

QOAG ACPJCDKEMCPM U.BMCM\A1 >??iW; )OM NEKNJGM NEKGEML TR QOM NKMGMCQ GQELR AG QJ


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ALMCQASR QOM SKMlEMCPR JS PJLM GIAQPOACD EGML TR QOM NFKQAPANFCQG1 AQG GJPAFB

HJQAXFQAJCG1 FCL QOM GQKEPQEKFB NFQQMKCG JS GNMMPO;

8"*'"9"$-'$/ &9 20/ 82%1:

)OM NKMGMCQ GQELR NKJXALMG F LMQFABML FCFBRGAG JS .KFTAP:%CDBAGO PJLM:

GIAQPOACD IOAPO JSSMKG ACGADOQG ACQJ QOM PJCPMNQ JS PJLM GIAQPOACD FG F XMKR

OMQMKJDMCMJEG FQQKATEQM JS HEBQABACDEFBG JK TABACDEFBG M]AGQACD AC PJHNBM] GJPAFB FCL

BFCDEFDM GEKKJECLACDG; .G $M 6ACF U>??hW CJQML1 ALMCQAQR FCL AQG PJCGQKEPQAJC AC

GJPAFB GPAMCPMG OFXM PJHM QJ QOM SJKMSKJCQ JS GPOJBFKBR FQQMCQAJC IAQOAC QOM NFGQ

PJENBM JS LMPFLMG; 5FKQAPANFCQG JS GJPAFB FPQAXAQAMG FKM CJI GMMC FG CJQ TMACD NBFACBR

FGGADCML QJ PMKQFAC GJPAJBACDEAGQAP FCL ALMCQAQR POFKFPQMKAGQAPG_ QOMR FKM NMKPMAXML FG

FPQAXMBR PJCGQKEPQACD QOMAK ALMCQAQAMG QOKJEDO QOM PJCQACEEH JS QOMAK FPQAXAQAMG FCL

ACQMKFPQAJCG1 IOAPO ACPBELM BACDEAGQAP MCPJECQMKG IAQO JQOMK NMJNBM U$M 6ACF1 >??hW;

*MBBMK U@YZZW FBGJ MHNOFGA\ML QOM PJCCMPQAJC TMQIMMC BFCDEFDM FCL GJPAFB

KMBFQAJCGOAN_ TR HMFCG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD1 GNMFdMKG PFC MAQOMK KMGJKQ QJ PBFAHACD QOM

KADOQG JS AC:DKJEN HMHTMKGOAN1 JK FXJAL JTBADFQAJCG AC QOMAK JIC DKJEN; /MPMCQ

KMGMFKPO OFG FBGJ NKJXALML GJECL MXALMCPM JS QOM SFPQ QOFQ PJLM GIAQPOACD

KMNKMGMCQG F GMKAMG JS BACDEAGQAP FCL M]QKF:BACDEAGQAP SFPQJKG1 IOAPO AHNBAMG AQG

TMBJCDACD QJ F IALMK GNMPQKEH JS QOMJKMQAPFB FCL NKFPQAPFB PJCGALMKFQAJCG U$M 6ACF1

>??h_ 5OABBANGJC1 @YY>W; 4CLMKGQFCLACD QOM KEBMG DJXMKCACD TABACDEFBG AC QOM HJLMG

JS PJLM GIAQPOACD QOMR EGM AG BAdMBR QJ JNMC CMI NJGGATABAQAMG AC QOM SAMBL JS

PJCXMKGFQAJCFB BACDEAGQAPG1 FCL AG PMKQFAC QJ PBFKASR QOM AGGEMG JS ALMCQAQR PJCGQKEPQAJC1


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ACQMK:DKJEN FCL ACQKF:DKJEN FQQAQELMG1 QOM PJCPMNQG JS BACDEAGQAP LJHACFCPM; *MCPM1

MHNAKAPFB LFQF AC QOM SAMBL JS PJLM GIAQPOACD ACGQFCPMG FCL NFQQMKCG FKM FBIFRG F

XFBEFTBM PJCQKATEQAJC QJ ECLMKGQFCLACD QOM CFQEKM1 PFEGMG1 FCL PJCGMlEMCPMG JS

PJLM GIAQPOACD;

;","2-2"&'#

)OMKM FKM F CEHTMK JS BAHAQFQAJCG QOFQ OFXM QJ TM PJCGALMKML IAQOAC QOM SKFHMIJKd

JS QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO; )OM SAKGQ BAHAQFQAJC AHNMLACD JC QOM DMCMKFBA\FTABAQR JS

SACLACDG AG QOM SFPQ QOFQ JCBR QOKMM NFKQAPANFCQG IMKM POJGMC SJK QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO1

FCL FBB JS QOMH FKM GATBACDG; )OMKMSJKM1 AQ AG JTXAJEG QOFQ FBB QOKMM KMGNJCLMCQG

TMBJCD QJ F GAHABFK GJPAFB FCL MLEPFQAJCFB TFPdDKJECL1 OFXM F GAHABFK SFHABR PEBQEKM1

FCL KMNKMGMCQ F OJHJDMCMJEG GMDHMCQ JS F BACDEAGQAP PJHHECAQR; )OM KMGEBQG

JTQFACML QOKJEDO KMPJKLACD QOMAK PJLM GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJKG IABB TM OADOBR

POFKFPQMKAGQAP JS QOMAK LAGQACPQ SFHABR1 TEQ QOMR IABB OFKLBR TM FTBM QJ ABBEGQKFQM HJKM

DMCMKFB PJLM GIAQPOACD NFQQMKCG FCL HMFCACDG JS QOM BFKDMK %CDBAGO:.KFTAP

PJHHECAQR; )OM GMPJCL BAHAQFQAJC JS QOM NKMGMCQ GQELR AG QOM CFKKJI SJPEG JS QOM

PJLM GIAQPOACD PJCQM]QG POJGMC SJK QOM KMGMFKPO; )OM NFKQAPANFCQG IMKM ACGQKEPQML

QJ QEKC JC QOM KMPJKLMKG LEKACD QOMAK SFHABR HMFBG JK GJPAFB DFQOMKACDG_ OJIMXMK1

QOMKM AG F NKJCJECPML BFPd JS LFQF JC QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJKG AC SECLFHMCQFBBR

LASSMKMCQ PJCQM]QG GEPO FG PJCXMKGFQAJCG IAQO F HJCJBACDEFB %CDBAGO GNMFdMK UCJQ

dCJIACD .KFTAPW1 PJCXMKGFQAJCG FQ IJKd1 PJCXMKGFQAJCG IAQO TABACDEFBG IOJ IMKM

TJKC FCL KFAGML JEQGALM QOMAK CFQAXM PJECQKR1 FCL QOJGM IOJ OFXM TMMC BMFKCACD


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.KFTAP AC CFQEKFB GEKKJECLACDG FCL OFXM JCBR KMPMCQBR HADKFQML QJ QOM %CDBAGO:

GNMFdACD IJKBL; &ACPM PJLM GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJK AG dCJIC QJ LMNMCL OMFXABR JC QOM

GJPAFB PJCQM]Q FCL QOM NMKGJCFBAQR JS FC ACQMKBJPEQJK1 GEPO JTGMKXFQAJCG IJEBL OFXM

GADCASAPFCQBR M]NFCLML QOM KMGMFKPO XFBEM;


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

)OM NKMGMCQ POFNQMK NKMGMCQG F LMQFABML PKAQAPFB BAQMKFQEKM KMXAMI PJCLEPQML

IAQO QOM NEKNJGM JS ALMCQASRACD QOM QOMJKMQAPFB FCL MHNAKAPFB TJLR JS dCJIBMLDM JC

LASSMKMCQ FGNMPQG JS ACQMKMGQ KMBFQML QJ PJLM GIAQPOACD; )OM PJCPMNQ JS PJLM

GIAQPOACD FCL NAJCMMKACD KMGMFKPO AG LAGPEGGML AC LMQFAB; )OM QOMJKMQAPFB HJLMBG JS

ACQMKMGQ1 GEPO FG QOM 206 FCL QOM 2FKdMLCMGG )OMJKR JS PJLM GIAQPOACD FKM FBGJ

FCFBR\ML AC QOM NKMGMCQ GMPQAJC; 6ACFBBR1 GACPM QOM GETVMPQ JS QOM NKMGMCQ GQELR AG F

SFHABR JS %CDBAGO:.KFTAP KMGNJCLMCQG1 QOM NMPEBAFKAQAMG JS %CDBAGO:.KFTAP PJLM

GIAQPOACD FKM LMGPKATML AC QOM PJKKMGNJCLACD GMPQAJC JS QOM NKMGMCQ KMXAMI; )OAG

POFNQMK AG FAHML FQ NKJXALACD F GJECL TFGAG SJK SEKQOMK FCFBRGAG JS MHNAKAPFB LFQF

MBAPAQML SKJH KMGNJCLMCQG1 IAQO QOM SEKQOMK FNNBAPFQAJC JS QOMJKAMG FCL KEBMG QJ QOM

SEKQOMK FCFBRGAG JS SACLACDG;

Overview of the Concept ofCode Switching

5JNBFPd U@YZ?W FCL ,EHNMK\ U@YhhW FKM PJCGALMKML QOM NAJCMMKG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD

KMGMFKPO1 GACPM QOMR IMKM QOM SAKGQ QJ KMGMFKPO QOM BACDEAGQAP FCL M]QKF:BACDEAGQAP


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SFPQJKG FGGJPAFQML IAQO PJLM GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJK; )OMKM FKM HFCR LMSACAQAJCG DAXMC

QJ PJLM GIAQPOACD_ SJK ACGQFCPM1 5JNBFPd U>???W QMKHML AQ FG QOM `FBQMKCFQAJC

TMQIMMC QIJ BACDEAGQAP GRGQMHG AC QOM PJEKGM JS GNMFdACDc UN; >i[W; .EMK U@YYYW

FDKMML IAQO 5JNBFPd U>???W1 FCL LMSACML PJLM GIAQPOACD FG QOM `BFCDEFDM

FBQMKCFQAJC NOMCJHMCJCc UN; k?YW; *JIMXMK1 QOM SAKGQ LMSACAQAJC IFG DAXMC TR

,EHNMK\ U@YhhW IOJ GQFQML QOFQ PJLM GIAQPOACD AG `QOM VE]QFNJGAQAJC JS NFGGFDMG JS

GNMMPO TMBJCDACD QJ QIJ LASSMKMCQ DKFHHFQAPFB GRGQMHG JK GETGRGQMHG1 IAQOAC QOM

GFHM M]POFCDMc UN; @W;

"JLM GIAQPOACD HADOQ TM EGML SJK M]NBJKFQJKR NEKNJGMG SJK QIJ ACQMKBJPEQJKG

PJHHECAPFQACD SJK QOM SAKGQ QAHM QJ M]NKMGG QOMAK ALMCQAQAMG PBMFKMK; (C GEPO F

PJCXMKGFQAJC1 PJLM GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJKG HADOQ GMKXM SJK QOM NEKNJGMG JS M]NBJKACD

FCL QKRACD QJ VELDM QOM JQOMK NMKGJC U)JKATAJ1 >??@W; 'OMC GEPO NEKNJGMG FKM

MXALMCQ1 PJLM GIAQPOACD AG PJHHJCBR KMSMKKML QJ FG TMACD EQABA\ML SJK HEBQANBM

ALMCQAQAMG AC JKLMK QJ SACL F GEAQFTBM JCM SJK ACLAXALEFBG M]NKMGG AC PJHHECAPFQAJC;

*JIMXMK1 AQ AG AHNJKQFCQ QJ CJQM QOFQ FCR TABACDEFB OFG XFKRACD PJHNMQMCPAMG AC FBB

BFCDEFDMG OM JK GOM GNMFdG1 FCL AC IOAPO OM JK GOM PJLM GIAQPOMG_ QOMKMSJKM1 AQ IFG

BJDAPFB SJK ,KJGVMFC U@YZYW QJ FGGEHM QOFQ QOM TABACDEFB IABB FBIFRG OFXM F BJIMK

PJHNMQMCPM AC QOM GMPJCL BFCDEFDM QOFC F CFQAXM GNMFdMK JS QOAG BFCDEFDM OFG;

'OMC JCM ACLAXALEFB ACAQAFQMG QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD1 AQ AG M]NMPQML QOFQ QOM JQOMK

ACLAXALEFB KMGNJCLG TR FBGJ GIAQPOACD QJ QOM BFCDEFDM PJLM EGML TR QOM SAKGQ GNMFdMK;

)J ABBEGQKFQM QOAG AGGEM1 JCM PFC KMSMK QJ QOM FKQAPBM JS .BSJC\MQQA U@YYZW IOJ

ACXMGQADFQML GEPO PJLM GIAQPOACD GQKFQMDAMG FG FPPJHHJLFQAJC FCL LAXMKDACD


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NKMSMKMCPM UACXJBXACD QIJ GIAQPOMG m QOM SAKGQ JCM QJ FPPJHHJLFQM QJ QOM

ACQMKBJPEQJK1 FCL QOM GMPJCL JCM QJ KMQEKC QJ JCMeG NKMSMKKML BFCDEFDM PJLMW1

KMSJKHEBFQAJCG UPJCXMKGFQAJCFB KMNFAK HMPOFCAGHG QOFQ PJKKMPQ QOM ACAQAFB POJAPM JS

QOM `IKJCDc PJLMW1 MQP; U.BSJC\MQQA1 @YYZ1 NN; @Zk:@ZjW; &EPO GQKFQMDAMG FKM MCFPQML

IOMC GNMFdMKG FKM ECFTBM QJ ALMCQASR QOM BACDEAGQAP NKMSMKMCPMG JS QOMAK ACQMKBJPEQJKG

JK AC QOM GAQEFQAJCG IOMC PJCSBAPQ FKAGMG TMQIMMC QOMAK GNJCQFCMJEG BACDEAGQAP

NKMSMKMCPM FCL QOM PEBQEKFBBR FCL GJPAFBBR FPPMNQML CJKH JS GMBS:M]NKMGGAJC

U.BSJC\MQQA1 @YYZW; (C GEPO PFGMG1 ACLAXALEFBG QKR JEQ LASSMKMCQ GIAQPOMG FCL QKR FCL

JTGMKXM QOM KADOQG FCL JTBADFQAJCG QOFQ QOMR FKM TJECL IAQO1 FCL SFXJK QOM JCM IAQO

QOM HJGQ TMCMSAQG U2RMKG:&PJQQJC1 @YYkW;

)OMKM AG HEPO LMTFQM FTJEQ QOM GADCASAPFCPM JS PJLM GIAQPOACD FG F GQKEPQEKFB

NOMCJHMCJC; )OM KMGMFKPOMKG FGGEHML QOFQ TJECL HJKNOMHMG UHJKNOMHMG CJQ

JPPEKKACD ACLMNMCLMCQBR AC F GMCQMCPM FCL LMNMCLACD JC JQOMK GQKEPQEKFB MBMHMCQGW

GOJEBL TM M]PBELML AC PJCXMKGFQAJCG QOFQ PJHTACM F HFQKA] FCL FC MHTMLLML

BFCDEFDM1 FCL QOFQ PJLM GIAQPOMG FKM MGQFTBAGOML TJKKJIACDG U5JNBFPd MQ FB;1 @YZhW;

*JIMXMK1 TJQO PJLM GIAQPOACD FCL TJKKJIACD FKM F KMGEBQ FCL ACLAPFQAJC JS

BACDEAGQAP PJCQFPQ TMQIMMC ACLAXALEFBG; -JKKJIACDG HJKM JSQMC JPPEK AC KMNMFQML

SJKHG1 FCL QOMR ACXJBXM NFKQAPEBFK BM]APFB KMSMKMCPMG U2ESIMCM g 2JGOA1 @YYkW; (C

PJCQKFGQ QJ GEPO EGM1 PJLM GIAQPOACD ACGQFCPMG EGEFBBR JPPEK SJK QOM GFdM JS

FPOAMXACD PMKQFAC MSSMPQG AC GNMMPO U&ABXF:"JKXFBFC1 @YZkW; "JLM GIAQPOMG HADOQ TM

EQABA\ML TR ACLAXALEFBG TMPFEGM QOMR IJEBL IFCQ QJ M]NKMGG F NOKFGM MSSMPQAXMBR1 SJK


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IOAPO QOMR HADOQ CJQ TM FIFKM JS QOM GNMPASAP DBJGGFKR QJ EQABA\M AC F GACDBM BFCDEFDM

U/FRHJCL g %LJEFKL1 @YY@W;

#CM HJKM LASSMKMCPM TMQIMMC PJLM GIAQPOACD FCL TJKKJIACD GQMHG SKJH QOM

M]PMNQAJCFB EQABAQR JS PJLM GIAQPOACD AC QOM PJCGQKEPQAJC JS QOM GNMFdMKeG ALMCQAQR1

IOAPO TJKKJIACD PFCCJQ FPPJHNBAGO; 6JK M]FHNBM1 PJLM GIAQPOACD AG NJNEBFK FHJCD

GNMPASAP PJHHECAQR DKJENG TMPFEGM AQ PFC MCFTBM QOM NKJNMK FCFBRGAG JS QOM

TMOFXAJKG1 QKMCLG1 FCL GJPAFB ALMCQAQAMG QOFQ FKM NJNEBFK AC QOFQ NFKQAPEBFK

PJHHECAQR U+APJB1 >??@W; "JLM GIAQPOACD FCL TJKKJIACDG PFC TM EQABA\ML FG GJPAFB

DKJENACD HFKdMKG AC QOM FCFBRGAG JS DMCMKFB1 A;M;1 GJPAFB MBMHMCQG JS ALMCQAQR FG IMBB

U0FTJX1 @Yh>W;

"MKQFAC PJCGQKFACQG BAHAQ FCL POFKFPQMKA\M QOM LASSMKMCPMG AC PJLM GIAQPOACD

EGM1 FCL QOM HFVJK PJCGQKFACQ m MQOCAPAQR U*MBBMK1 @YZZW; 4CHFKdML POJAPMG JS PJLM

GIAQPOACD HADOQ JCBR JPPEK AC NFKQAPEBFK GJPAFB DKJENG1 SJK M]FHNBM FHJCD NMMKG FCL

AC ACSJKHFB GMQQACDG; 5JGAQAXM MXFBEFQAJC1 GEPO FG NKFAGM JK ACQMKMGQ1 AG F DKMFQ SFPQJK

AC QOM ACPBEGAJC JS ACLAXALEFBG ACQJ PJCXMKGFQAJCG QOFQ HADOQ OFXM PJLM GIAQPOACD FG

FC ECHFKdML POJAPM; )OM PJCQM]Q AC IOAPO QOM PJCXMKGFQAJCG JS TABACDEFBG JPPEK FBGJ

HFQQMKG AC QOM LMPAGAJCG KMBFQML QJ MHNBJRACD PJLM GIAQPOACD_ AQ AG NJNEBFK AC NBFPMG

FCL PJHHECAQAMG IOMKM F SJKHMK PJBJCAFB BFCDEFDM OFG TMMC HFLM QJ TM QOM JSSAPAFB

BFCDEFDM AC QOM PJECQKR_ SJK M]FHNBM1 AC GJHM .SKAPFC PJECQKAMG1 M;D;1 6KMCPO1 JK

%CDBAGO U*MBBMK1 @YZZW;

.BJCDGALM GQELRACD QOM CFQEKM JS PJLM GIAQPOACD1 QOM HJLMKC KMGMFKPO

PJHHECAQR OFG QFdMC FC FPQAXM ACQMKMGQ AC ALMCQASRACD QOM GJEKPMG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD


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JPPEKKMCPM FCL AQG GJPAJBACDEAGQAP SFPABAQFQJKG; 0ACDEAGQAP AHNMKAFBAGH AG JCM JS

QOMJKAMG SEBBR PJHNBAFCQ IAQO QOM CJQAJC JS PJLM GIAQPOACD1 FCL M]NBFACG QOM KJJQG JS

PJLM GIAQPOACD FG QOM LEFBAQR JS ALMCQAQAMG FCL QOM PJCSBAPQ JS NJIMK KMBFQAJCG

KMSBMPQML AC BFCDEFDM EGM AC NFKQAPEBFK PJECQKAMG U5OABBANGJC1 @YY>W; . CEHTMK JS

PJECQKAMG QOFQ IMKM PJBJCA\ML TR %CDBFCL EGEFBBR OFXM %CDBAGO FG QOM JSSAPAFB

BFCDEFDM; (C QEKC1 PJECQKAMG QOFQ IMKM PJBJCA\ML TR 6KFCPM OFXM 6KMCPO FG QOM

JSSAPAFB BFCDEFDM; )OEG AC GEPO PJECQKAMG1 AQ AG PJHHJC QJ SACL QOFQ NMJNBM TMBJCDACD

QJ NFKQAPEBFK GJPAFB DKJENG HADOQ SKMlEMCQBR EGM PJLM GIAQPOACD QJ QOMAK CFQAXM

BFCDEFDM QJ PJHHECAPFQM AC XFKAJEG BASM GAQEFQAJCG;

)OM EGM PJLM GIAQPOACD1 AC FLLAQAJC1 OFG TMMC SJECL JEQ QJ KMXMFB QOM GJPAJ:

MPJCJHAP ALMCQAQR JS GNMFdMK; 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YYZW PJCPBELML QOFQ PJLM GIAQPOACD

FG FC ECHFKdML POJAPM AG NKMXFBMCQ FHJCD NMJNBM TMBJCDACD QJ GAHABFK GJPAFB

PBFGGMG1 GEPO FG NMJNBM IOJ HADOQ TM JS QOM GFHM FDM1 TMBJCD QJ QOM GFHM IJKdACD

JKDFCA\FQAJC1 JK PJHM SKJH QOM GFHM PJHHECAQR; )OM LEFB ALMCQAQAMG QOFQ QOM

HMHTMKG JS QOM XMKTFB PJHHECAPFQAJC GOFKM ACSBEMCPM QOM BFCDEFDM POJAPMG QOMR

HFdM; 6JK QOAG KMFGJC1 GMXMKFB PJLM GIAQPOACD PJCGQKFACQG FKM EGEFBBR GEDDMGQML

TFGML JC QOM PJECQKR FCL BFCDEFDM QOFQ FKM GNMPASAP SJK QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD; &EPO

PJCGQKFACQG HADOQ TM NJGML TR QOM M]AGQMCPM JS LASSMKMCQ MQOCAP PJHHECAQAMG FCL

LAFBMPQG AC LASSMKMCQ PJECQKAMG_ QOM GQELR JS -BJH FCL ,EHNMK\ U@Yh>W NKJXML QOFQ FQ

F NFKQAPEBFK &IMLAGO GAQM1 LEM QJ PMKQFAC PEBQEKFB POFCDMG1 QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD

TMOFXAJK IFG ACGQKEHMCQFB AC QOM HFACQMCFCPM JS LAGQACPQAJCG TMQIMMC QOM JBL:

QKFLAQAJC GMQQBMHMCQ FCL QOM HJLMKCA\ML &IMLAGO GMQQBMKG SKJH QOM CMADOTJKOJJL;


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)OEG1 QOM EGM JS PJLM GIAQPOACD AG CFQAJCFBBR1 GJPAFBBR1 PEBQEKFBBR1 DMJDKFNOAPFBBR1 FCL

BACDEAGQAPFBBR NKMLMQMKHACML1 IOAPO AHNBAMG QOM PJHNBM]AQR JS QOM AGGEM AC QOM

HJLMKC1 HEBQABACDEFB1 FCL DBJTFBA\ML PJCQM]Q;

Theory of Code Switching: Matrix Language Frame and Markedness Theory

)OMKM FKM GMXMKFB LJHACFCQ QOMJKAMG DEALACD HJLMKC KMGMFKPO JC QOM QJNAP JS

PJLM GIAQPOACD_ QOM 206 AG F NKJLEPQAJC:TFGML QOMJKR EGML QJ M]NBFAC QOM

HJKNOJBJDAPFB1 DKFHHFQAPFB1 FCL GRCQFPQAP PJJKLACFQAJC JS XFKAJEG BFCDEFDM ECAQG AC

PJLM GIAQPOACD GNMMPO; 206 IFG LMXMBJNML TR 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YYkW FCL SJECL

HFCR GENNJKQMKG FCL SJBBJIMKG; )OM NKMHAGM JS QOAG QOMJKMQAPFB SKFHM GQFQMG QOFQ

QOM HFQKA] BFCDEFDM UTFGM BFCDEFDMW M]AGQG FG F LJHACFCQ BFCDEFDM SKFHM ACQJ IOAPO

QOM PJLM GIAQPOMG FKM ACGMKQML FG QOM MHTMLLML BFCDEFDM UDEMGQ BFCDEFDMW AQMHG;

2RMKG:&PJQQJC U>??>W PJCLEPQML ACQMCGM IJKd AC QOM SAMBL JS ALMCQASRACD QOM KJBMG JS

NFKQAPANFCQGe BFCDEFDMG AC QOM SJKHFQAJC JS `MHTMLLMLc FCL `HFQKA]c BFCDEFDMG AC

QOM TABACDEFB PJHHECAPFQAJC FPQG;

.G F KMGEBQ JS OMK KMGMFKPO1 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U>??>W ALMCQASAML QOM CMPMGGFKR

NKMPJCLAQAJCG SJK QOM MHMKDMCPM JS TABACDEFBAGH FCL PJLM GIAQPOACD IAQOAC FCR

PJHHECAQRf GOM JEQBACML QOM NKMGMCPM JS F OAGQJKR JS GETJKLACFQAJC FCL PJClEMGQG

JK PJBJCA\FQAJC1 QOM NKMGMCPM JS NJIMKSEB JK LAGQACPQAXM MQOCAP MCPBFXMG AC F

NFKQAPEBFK PJECQKR1 QOM XAGATBM HADKFQAJC NFQQMKCG FHJCD QOM PJECQKReG NJNEBFQAJC1

QOM GMPJCL BFCDEFDM SBEMCPR KMlEAKMHMCQG SJK MLEPFQML NMJNBM1 QOM NKMGQADAJEG

GQFQEG FGGADCML QJ FC ACQMKCFQAJCFB BFCDEFDM AC F PMKQFAC GQFQM UM;D;1 %CDBAGO1 6KMCPO1


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MQP;W1 FCL MQOCAP FIFKMCMGG SKJH IOAPO QOM LMGAKM QJ dCJI JCMeG HJQOMK QJCDEM

FBJCD IAQO QOM CFQAJCFBBR FPPMNQML BFCDEFDM; )OM FEQOJKeG SACLACDG PJCQKATEQML

MCJKHJEGBR QJ QOM DMCMKFQAJC JS QOM 206_ QOAG HJLMB NKJNJGMG QOFQ QOM LASSMKMCQ

BFCDEFDMG EGML TR TABACDEFBG NBFR LASSMKMCQ KJBMG AC PJCXMKGFQAJCG;

4CLMKGQFCLACD JS QOM 206 NKJNJGML TR 2RMKG:&PJQQJC AG AHNJGGATBM IAQOJEQ

ALMCQASRACD QOM PJCGQKFACQG JS QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJKG1 FCL QOM [:H HJLMB JS

2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YYZW FG F CMPMGGFKR NKMPJCLAQAJC SJK QOM QOMJKMQAPFB SJECLFQAJC;

)OM M]AGQMCPM JS PJCGQKFACQG GQMHG SKJH QOM SFPQ QOFQ PJLM GIAQPOACD OFG NKJXMC QJ

TM KEBM:DJXMKCML U5JNBFPd1 @YZ?W; )OMGM PJCGQKFACQG FKM TFGML JC GJPAFB1

DKFHHFQAPFB1 FCL NKFDHFQAP SECLFHMCQFBG; )OMKM FKM QIJ PJHHJC QRNMG JS

PJCGQKFACQGf QOM SKMM HJKNOMHM FCL QOM BACMFK MlEAXFBMCPM PJCGQKFACQG U5JNBFPd1

@YZ?W; )OM SAKGQ PJCGQKFACQ GQFQML QOFQ QOM SKMM:GQFCLACD HJKNOMHMG UCJQ PJCCMPQML

DKFHHFQAPFBBR JK GRCQFPQAPFBBR IAQO JQOMK HJKNOMHMG AC F GMCQMCPMW IMKM HEPO

HJKM KMFLABR PJLM GIAQPOML QOFC QOM TJECL HJKNOMHMG IMKM; )OM BACMFK

MlEAXFBMCPM PJCGQKFACQ FGGEHML F HEPO MFGAMK FCL NKJTFTBM PJLM GIAQPO AC PFGMG

IOMC QOM GRCQFPQAP GQKEPQEKM JS QOM HFQKA] BFCDEFDM FCL QOM MHTMLLML BFCDEFDM

HJGQBR JXMKBFNNML U5JNBFPd1 @YZ?W;

(Q AG FBGJ MGGMCQAFB QJ CJQM QOFQ QOM EGM JS 206 HJLMB NKMGENNJGMG

LAGQACDEAGOACD PJLM GIAQPOACD ACGQFCPMG FQ QOM ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB UFHJCD GMCQMCPMGW

FCL ACQKF:GMCQMCQAFB UAC F GACDBM GMCQMCPMW BMXMB_ TJQO QRNMG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD M]AGQ FG

NJGGATBM JNQAJCG SJK TABACDEFBG1 TEQ QOM GMPJCL QRNM AG F GETVMPQ JS GJPAJ:BACDEAGQAP

KMGMFKPO1 GACPM AQ AG PJCCMPQML IAQO QOM DKFHHFQAPFB FCL GRCQFPQAP HJKNOMHM EGM


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U2RMKG:&PJQQJC1 @YYkW; (C ACQKF:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD1 QOMKM AG ECMXMC

LAGQKATEQAJC JS QOM BFCDEFDMG QOFQ FKM HA]ML AC XMKTFB PJHHECAPFQAJC; (C GEPO F

PFGM1 QOM HJKM LJHACFCQ BFCDEFDM AC EGM AG KMSMKKML QJ FG QOM HFQKA] BFCDEFDM1 IOABM

QOM JQOMK JCM AG QMKHML FG QOM MHTMLLML BFCDEFDM; "BFGGAPFB PJLM GIAQPOACD AG EGML

QJ KMSMK QJ QOM EGM JS DKFHHFQAPFBBR PJKKMPQ EGM JS JCM BFCDEFDM FG QOM HFQKA]

BFCDEFDM U2RMKG:&PJQQJC1 @YYkW;

(C OMK @YYZ FKQAPBM1 2RMKG:&PJQQJC M]NBFACML QOFQ QOM [:H HJLMB AG F

SECLFHMCQFB HMQOJL JS M]NBFACACD QOM EGM JS LASSMKMCQ HJKNOMHMG AC XMKTFB

PJHHECAPFQAJC; 0FQMK1 2RMKG:&PJQQJC FCL 0FdM U>???W POFKFPQMKA\ML QOM [:H HJLMB

FG QOM JCM JSSMKACD FC M]NBFCFQAJC FTJEQ OJI BFCDEFDM NKJLEPQAJC IJKdG1 FCL OJI

BACDEAGQAP PJHNMQMCPM AG BACdML QJ GNMFdMKGe NMKSJKHFCPM; )OM [:H HJLMB FBGJ

M]NBFACG OJI QOM PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG UJPPEKKACD HJKM SKMMBR1 NFKQAPANFQACD AC QOM

QOMHFQAP DKALW LASSMK AC QOMAK FPPMGG SKJH SECPQAJCFB MBMHMCQG1 GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG

UGAHABFK QJ SECPQAJCFB1 JK PBJGML:PBFGG MBMHMCQGW1 FCL OJI GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG LASSMK

SKJH MFPO JQOMK U$MATMKQ1 >??ZW; 2JKMJXMK1 QOM [:H HJLMB AG FBGJ PJCGALMKML QJ

KMSBMPQ QOM JKDFCA\FQAJC JS HMCQFB BM]APJC1 GACPM BMHHFG UMCQKAMG AC QOM HMCQFB

BM]APJCW FKM `CMAQOMK IJKLG CJK HJKNOMHMG TEQ GMQG JS LAKMPQAJCG SJK EBQAHFQMBR

KMFBA\ACD GAHNBM FCL PJHNBM] IJKLGc U2RMKG:&PJQQJC g 0FdM1 >???1 N; @W;

4GACD QOM [:H HJLMB1 GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG FCL PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG FKM

ACPBELML FCL FCFBR\ML AC LASSMKMCQ PFQMDJKAMG; 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YYZW FCFBR\ML QOM

PJCQMCQ FCL GRGQMH HJKNOMHM ACQJ QOKMM GETLAXAGAJCG; )OM LASSMKMCQ PFQMDJKAMG FKM

LMNMCLMCQ JC QOM GQFDM FQ IOAPO QOM HJKNOMHMG FKM FPQAXFQML AC QOM OEHFC GNMMPO1


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QOM HMCQFB FTABAQR QJ LMPANOMK FCL PJHTACM QOM LASSMKMCQ IJKLG1 FCL QOM HFCCMK AC

IOAPO QOM IJKLG FKM SJKHEBFQML GJ FG QJ HFdM GMCGM; )OM PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG FKM

EGEFBBR PJCXMKQML ACQJ FC FPQAXM KJBM FQ QOM BMHHF BMXMB_ FG F KMGEBQ1 QOMR FBGJ

KMPMAXM^FGGADC QOMHFQAP KJBMG; )OM GNMFdMK FPPJKLACD QJ OAG JK OMK JTVMPQAXMG AC

XMKTFB PJHHECAPFQAJC POJJGMG QOM PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG;

)OM MFKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG FKM EGEFBBR FPQAXFQML FQ QOM BMHHF BMXMB1 IOAPO

HMFCG QOFQ QOMR FKM TFGAP PJHNJCMCQG JS QOM HMCQFB BM]APJC1 QOM SECLFHMCQFB

dCJIBMLDM JS FC ACLAXALEFB; *JIMXMK1 ECBAdM PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG1 MFKBR GRGQMH

HJKNOMHMG LJ CJQ KMPMAXM JK FGGADC QOMHFQAP KJBMG_ QOMR FKM FPQAXFQML FQ QOM BMHHF

BMXMB TMPFEGM BMHHFG ECLMKBRACD QOM PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG NJACQ QJ QOMH U=FPJTGJC1

>??@W; %FKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG PJCQKATEQM QJ QOM SJKHFQAJC JS QOM PJCPMNQEFB

GQKEPQEKM PJCCMPQML QJ QOM BMHHF1 IOAPO HMFCG QOFQ QOMR FKM PJCPMNQEFBBR

FPQAXFQML1 GAHABFKBR QJ PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG U=FPJTGJC1 >??@W; &JHM JS QOM

NKMNJGAQAJCG QOFQ FKM EGML AC QOM %CDBAGO BFCDEFDM FKM PBFGGASAML FG MFKBR GRGQMH

HJKNOMHMG U0MJCJKM1 @YYZW;

0FQM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG LJ CJQ KMPMAXM^FGGADC QOMHFQAP KJBMG QJ NKJLEPML

NKJVMPQAJCG; )OMGM HJKNOMHMG FKM CJQ FPQAXFQML FQ QOM BMHHF BMXMB1 AC PJCQKFGQ QJ

PJCQMCQ FCL MFKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG; 0FQM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG FKM EGEFBBR

`GQKEPQEKFBBR FGGADCML IOMC ACSJKHFQAJC FTJEQ QOM PJCGQAQEMCQ GQKEPQEKM JS

HJKNOMHMG FCL QOMAK FGGMHTBRc AG FXFABFTBM FQ QOM BMXMB JS SJKHEBFQJK U=FPJTGJC1

>??@1 N; [kW; )OMR FKM HJKM BAdM GADCFBG ACLAPFQACD QOFQ MFKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG


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OFXM FPPJHNBAGOML QOMAK KJBM AC KMCLMKACD HMFCACD QOKJEDO BFCDEFDM1 FCL QOFQ AQ AG

QAHM SJK JQOMK HJKNOMHMG QJ QFdM PJCQKJB U*ELGJC1 @YYiW;

0FQM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG FKM EGEFBBR LAXALML ACQJ QIJ PJHNJCMCQGf BFQM TKALDM

HJKNOMHMG FCL BFQM JEQGALMK GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG; )OM BFQM TKALDM GRGQMH

HJKNOMHMG FKM EGEFBBR LMNMCLMCQ JC QOM ACSJKHFQAJC AC QOM IOJBM GMCQMCPM

GQKEPQEKM AC JKLMK SJK QOMAK MSSMPQ QJ OFXM HF]AHEH NKJVMPQAJC; *JIMXMK1 QOM BFQM

TKALDM HJKNOMHMG FKM CJQ LMNMCLMCQ JC ALMJBJDAPFB GQKEPQEKMG; (C %CDBAGO1 HJGQ

BFQM TKALDM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG EGEFBBR PJCCMPQ CJECG AC GMCQMCPMG U*ELGJC1 @YYiW;

)OM BFQM JEQGALMK GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG FKM NFKQ JS QOM BFQM TKALDM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG;

)OMGM HJKNOMHMG FKM EGEFBBR LMNMCLMCQ JC PJCQMCQ QOFQ AG CJQ IAQOAC QOMAK BAHAQG1

M;D;1 NKMNJGAQAJCFB NOKFGMG FCL PBFEGMG;

)OM [:H HJLMB AG PJHHJCBR EGML AC QOM FCFBRGAG FCL PFQMDJKA\FQAJC JS QOM

LJETBM PBFGGAP PJLM GIAQPOACD; )OM HJLMB AG1 OJIMXMK1 GNMPASAP AC QOFQ JCBR BFQM

GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG GOJEBL TM LMKAXML SKJH QOM HFQKA] BFCDEFDM EQABA\ML AC QOM PJLM

GIAQPOACD U-BJJHHFMKQ g 2MMEIAG1 @YYZW; #CM HJKM LAGQACPQ HJLMB LJHACFQACD QOM

HJLMKC PJLM GIAQPOACD KMGMFKPO AG QOM 2FKdMLCMGG 2JLMB1 IOAPO IFG FBGJ NKJNJGML

TR 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YZYW; )OAG HJLMB PBFAHG QOFQ POJJGACD QOM PJLM SJK F

PJCXMKGFQAJC AG TFGML JC QOM ALMCQAQAMG JS QOM NMJNBM IOJ PJHHECAPFQM IAQO MFPO

JQOMK; 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YZYW PBFAHML QOFQ NMJNBM EGM PJLM GIAQPOACD FG F HMFCG JS

CMDJQAFQACD F GJPAFB FLXFCQFDM AC F PJCXMKGFQAJC_ QOM CMDJQAFQAJC FQ QOM GJPAFB GMQQACD

AG1 OJIMXMK1 PJCGALMKML GETPJCGPAJEG1 LMNMCLACD JC QOM GETVMPQAXM POJAPM SJK F


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PMKQFAC IFR JS KMCLMKACD F QOJEDOQ JK FC JNACAJC TR GNMFdMKG U)OJHGJC:

+MLMKDFFKL1 >??iW;

.PPJKLACD QJ QOM 2FKdMLCMGG QOMJKR1 QOM EGM JS GNMPASAP PJLM GIAQPOMG AC

PJCXMKGFQAJCG FPPJHNFCAML TR QOM KJBMG JS QOM LASSMKMCQ ACLAXALEFBG AC QOM

PJHHECAQR IJEBL PJCSMK F NFKQAPEBFK HMFCACD; "MKQFAC PJLMG ACXJBXML AC QOM

BFCDEFDM GIAQPOACD HADOQ TM M]NMPQML QJ DAXM PMKQFAC NKAXABMDMG LMNMCLACD JC QOM

GJPAFB KMBFQAJCGOAN JS GNMFdMKG; 4GM JS NFKQAPEBFK PJLM GIAQPOACD NFQQMKCG HADOQ

KMGEBQ AC KM:MXFBEFQAJC JS QOM KMBFQAJCGOAN TMQIMMC GNMFdMKG; )OM DKFLAMCQ JS

EQABA\ML HFKdMLCMGG AG GMMC AC POJAPMG JS PJLMG AC PJCXMKGFQAJCG; 2JGQ HMHTMKG JS F

PJHHECAQR HFdM EGM JS PJLMG AC QOM GFHM IFR U0MJCJKM1 @YYZW; )OEG1 AC

PJHNBAFCPM IAQO QOAG QOMJKR1 QOM POJAPM JS PMKQFAC BACDEAGQAP PJLMG QOFQ

PJCXMCQAJCFBBR M]OATAQ PMKQFAC GJPAFB KMBFQAJCGOANG AG QOM ECHFKdML BACDEAGQAP POJAPM;

(C PFGM JQOMK PJLMG FKM POJGMC QJ PJCXMR F CMDJQAFQAJC SJK GJHMQOACD JQOMK QOFC QOM

ECHFKdML TFBFCPM JS KADOQG FCL JTBADFQAJCG PJCXMCQAJCFBBR NKMGENNJGML TR F PMKQFAC

BACDEAGQAP ACGQKEHMCQ1 QOMGM POJAPMG FKM PJCGALMKML HJKM JK BMGG HFKdML U2RMKG:

&PJQQJC1 @YZYW;


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FCL (CLJ:%EKJNMFC BFCDEFDMG1 GEPO FG %CDBAGO1 IOAPO ACLAPFQMG QOM BFPd JS F

QOMJKMQAPFB SJECLFQAJC SJK LAGPEGGACD PJLM GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJKG JS %CDBAGO:.KFTAP

TABACDEFBG U.TFBOFGGFC g .BGOFBFIA1 >???W;

(C F GQELR QOFQ IFG PFKKAML JEQ AC =JKLFC1 AQ IFG SJECL QOFQ HJGQ JS QOM PJLM

GIAQPOACD PMCQMKML JC DKMMQACDG U2RMKG: &PJQQJC1 >??>W; )OM GFHM JTGMKXFQAJC PFC

TM HFLM AC JQOMK GQELAMG1 GACPM QKFLAQAJCFBBR1 QOM EGM JS PJLM GIAQPOACD AC .KFTAP FCL

%CDBAGO TR TABACDEFBG PJEBL TM BACdML QJ QOM KMBADAJEG TFGMG QOFQ FPPJHNFCR QOM

DKMMQACDG; #CM JS QOM PJHNJCMCQG JS HJGQ .KFTAP GNMFdMKG AG34/25+(4*442/IOAPO

HMFCG `NKFAGM TM QJ ,JLc; )OAG FBHJGQ GADCASAMG F DKMFQMK CEHTMK JS PJLM GIAQPOACD

ACGQFCPMG QOFQ IJEBL JPPEK TMQIMMC .KFTAP GNMFdMKG1 AC F PJCXMKGFQAJC1 KMDFKLBMGG

JS QOMAK DMJDKFNOAPFB BJPFQAJC U'JJBFKL1 >??[W; )OAG SJKH JS PJLM GIAQPOACD AG

M]NMPQML QJ OFXM F GJPAFB SECPQAJC1 FCL AQ HADOQ CJQ CMPMGGFKABR FTALM TR QOM

DKFHHFK KEBMG QOFQ FKM FNNBAPFTBM IOABM EGACD MAQOMK JS QOM BFCDEFDMG GMNFKFQMBR;

(C FCJQOMK GQELR QOFQ IFG PFKKAML JEQ AC QOM 4CAQML &QFQMG JS .HMKAPF1 &FELA

.KFTAFC PAQA\MCG IMKM ACXJBXML AC F PJLM GIAQPOACD GEKXMR U-OFQAF1 >??[W; &JHM JS

QOM ACQMKXAMIML GQELMCQG KMNJKQML QOFQ QOM KMFGJC QOMR OFL GIAQPOML SKJH .KFTAP QJ

%CDBAGO IFG FG F IFR JS TMACD NJBAQM TMPFEGM QOM IJKLG QOMR IFCQML QJ GFR AC .KFTAP

IMKM QFTJJ_ QOMR LAL CJQ IFCQ QJ TM JSSMCGAXM1 GJ QOMR GIAQPOML QOMAK BFCDEFDM1 M;D;1 F

PEKGM1 JK F QFTJJ IJKL; (C FCJQOMK PFGM1 F GQELMCQ GFAL QOFQ QOM KMFGJC QOFQ OM

GIAQPOML SKJH .KFTAP QJ %CDBAGO IFG QJ TJFGQ_ OM IFG MCDACMMKACD HFVJK FCL OM

IFCQML QJ GOJI QOFQ OM dCMI QOM %CDBAGO QMKHG JS QOM QMPOCAPFB PJCQMCQ QOFQ OM IFG

LAGPEGGACD IAQO OAG PJBBMFDEMG U-OFQAF1 >??[W; 6JK GJHM ACLAXALEFBG1 GIAQPOACD SKJH


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.KFTAP QJ %CDBAGO JK XAPM XMKGF JPPEKKML TMPFEGM QOMR PJEBL CJQ KMPFBB QOM QMPOCAPFB

QMKH JS QOM IJKL QOFQ QOMR IFCQML QJ EGM AC JCM BFCDEFDM GJ QOMR EGML QOM IJKL JS

QOM JQOMK BFCDEFDM1 KMGEBQACD AC F BFCDEFDM GIAQPO U)OJHGJC:+MLMKDFFKL1 >??iW;

0FC\F U@YYhW FBGJ PJCLEPQML F GQELR NMKQFACACD QJ QOM EGM JS PJLM GIAQPOACD TR

%CDBAGO:.KFTAP TABACDEFBG1 FCL SJECL JEQ QOFQ QOM NFKMCQG JS RJECD .KFTG NFAL HJKM

FQQMCQAJC QJ QMFPOACD QOMH SBEMCPR AC %CDBAGO SJK QOM GFdM JS GJPAFB FCL FPFLMHAP

GEPPMGG; *MCPM1 QOM SBEMCPR AC %CDBAGO IFG OADOMK SJK QOMH QOFC AC .KFTAP1 QOMAK

HJQOMK QJCDEM; 4NJC PFKMSEB FCFBRGAG JS QOM PJCXMKGFQAJCG IOMKM QOM GQELMCQG OFL

TMMC ACXJBXML AC PJLM GIAQPOACD1 AQ IFG SJECL QOFQ GJHM JS QOMH OFL GIAQPOML

BFCDEFDMG AC JKLMK QJ MHNOFGA\M PMKQFAC JNACAJCG JK NJACQG1 JK QJ M]PBELM JQOMK

GNMFdMKG SKJH QOM PJCXMKGFQAJC U0FC\F1 @YYhW;

)OM GQELR JS .BMCM\A U>??iW AG KMBMXFCQ SJK QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO1 GACPM QOM

FEQOJK KMGMFKPOML QOM SJKHFB PJCGQKFACQG JC .KFTAP:%CDBAGO PJLM GIAQPOACD AC QOM

BADOQ JS QOM 206 FCL QOM [:H HJLMB; )OM FEQOJK ACLAPFQML QOFQ QOM HFVJKAQR JS FLEBQG

AC OAG GQELR GFHNBM EGM .KFTAP FG QOM 201 IOABM POABLKMC FKM ACPKMFGACDBR EGACD

%CDBAGO FG QOM 20_ QOM 20 IFG SJECL QJ DJXMKC IJKL JKLMK POJAPM1 FCL %0 EGM IFG

KMGQKAPQML QJ PJCQMCQ FCL MFKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG U.BMCM\A1 >??iW; &OM FBGJ

NKJXALML SMFGATBM SACLACDG JC QOM GETVMPQ JS .KFTAP:%CDBAGO ACPJCDKEMCPM1 GQFQACD

QOFQ AQ KMGEBQG AC QOM POJAPM JS GQKFQMDAMG QJ ACPJKNJKFQM %CDBAGO XMKTG ACQJ QOM

TABACDEFB PJCGQAQEMCQG1 FCL %CDBAGO %0 AGBFCLG FKM BFKDMBR EGML TR TABACDEFBG QJ FXJAL

ACPJCDKEMCPM TMQIMMC QOMGM QIJ BFCDEFDMG; $JETBM HJKNOJBJDR1 A;M;1 EGACD

HJKNOMHMG JS GAHABFK GRCQFPQAP SECPQAJCG SKJH TJQO BFCDEFDMG1 ALMCQASAML TR .BMCM\A


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U>??iW1 HFCASMGQML AC NKJCJEC LJETBACD1 IOMKMFG QOM SAKGQ NKJCJEC IFG SKJH 201

FCL QOM GMPJCL JCM SKJH %0; )OM JXMKFBB SACLACD JS .BMCM\A U>??iW PJCPBELML QOFQ

PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG GEPO FG CJECG1 XMKTG1 FCL FLVMPQAXMG KMNKMGMCQ QOM BFKDMGQ

PFQMDJKR JS BFCDEFDM ECAQG KMDFKLACD QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD QJ %0;


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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

)OM NKMGMCQ POFNQMK NKMGMCQG QOM dMR HMQOJLJBJDAPFB NKACPANBMG ECLMKBRACD QOM

SKFHMIJKd JS QOAG KMGMFKPO NKJVMPQ; . LMQFABML JXMKXAMI JS QOM KMGMFKPO1 FG IMBB FG

QOM NJNEBFQAJC GFHNBM POJGMC SJK LFQF PJBBMPQAJC1 AG NKMGMCQML OMKM; ( FBGJ JEQBACM

QOM LFQF PJBBMPQAJC FCL LFQF FCFBRGAG HMQOJLG POJGMC QJ SAQ QOM NEKNJGMG JS QOM

KMGMFKPO; 6ACFBBR1 QOM MQOAPFB PJCGALMKFQAJCG ECLMKBRACD QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO

SKFHMIJKd IABB TM FCFBR\ML;

Methodology Overview

)OM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO EQABA\MG F HMQOJLJBJDR GNMPASAP SJK PJLM GIAQPOACD; )OEG1 QOM

GQELR IABB MCPJHNFGG TJQO lEFBAQFQAXM FCL lEFCQAQFQAXM FCFBRGAG HMQOJLG; )OM

lEFBAQFQAXM FCFBRGAG (ECLMKQFdM AG PJCQMCQ FCFBRGAG1 FCL ALMCQASAMG QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD

NFQQMKCG FPPJKLACD QJ GRCQFPQAP PFQMDJKAMG; )OM lEFCQAQFQAXM NFKQ JS QOM KMGMFKPO AG

ECLMKQFdMC IAQO QOM FNNBAPFQAJC JS SKMlEMCPR LAGQKATEQAJC FCL PKJGG:KMSMKMCPACD

QMPOCAlEMG; 6KMlEMCPR LAGQKATEQAJC AG QOM `JKDFCA\ML QFTEBFQAJC JS QOM CEHTMK JS

ACLAXALEFBG BJPFQML AC MFPO PFQMDJKR JC QOM GPFBM JS HMFGEKMHMCQc U,KFXMQQMK g

'FBBCFE1 >??Z1 N; khW;


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>h

)OEG1 QOM SKMlEMCPR LAGQKATEQAJC HMQOJL AG lEAQM OMBNSEB AC QKFCGSJKHACD F

LAGJKDFCA\ML GMQ JS GPJKMG ACQJ F GMQ JS PFQMDJKA\ML FCL GRGQMHFQA\ML LFQF MBADATBM SJK

lEFCQAQFQAXM FCFBRGAG; 2JKMJXMK1 -KABBJEAC U>??[W CJQML QOFQ PKJGG:KMSMKMCPACD AG

OADOBR MSSAPAMCQ SJK JKDFCA\ACD LFQF MBMHMCQG QOFQ TMBJCD QJ LASSMKMCQ LFQF PFQMDJKAMG1

IOAPO AG JTXAJEGBR QOM PFGM SJK QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO m HFCR GMQG JS XFKAML LFQF OFXM

QJ TM PKJGG:KMSMKMCPML AC JKLMK QJ ALMCQASR F PJKKMBFQAJC SJK LASSMKMCQ GRCQFPQAP

PFQMDJKAMG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD1 FCL NFQQMKCG JS LASSMKMCQ NFKQAPANFCQG;

Population and Sampling

)OM NFKQAPANFCQG JS QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO FKM QOKMM GATBACDG1 QIJ GAGQMKG FCL F

TKJQOMK1 IOJ KMNKMGMCQ F SFHABR JS .KFTAP:%CDBAGO TABACDEFBG BAXACD AC QOM 4CAQML

&QFQMG; )OMAK NFKMCQG FKM SKJH LASSMKMCQ PJECQKAMG_ QOMR OFXM FC .HMKAPFC HJQOMK

FCL F &FELA .KFTAFC SFQOMK IOJ IMKM TJQO KFAGML AC &FELA .KFTAF FCL BFQMK HJXML QJ

QOM 4&.; )OM NFKQAPANFCQG FKM FDML TMQIMMC >@ FCL k@1 FCL QOMAK SAKGQ BFCDEFDM AG

%CDBAGO1 TEQ QOMR BMFKCML .KFTAP AC NKMGPOJJB TMQIMMC SJEK FCL SAXM RMFKG JS FDM1

NKFPQAPACD QOMAK .KFTAP BFCDEFDM GdABBG IOMC GNMFdACD QJ QOMAK SFQOMK1 FCL QOMAK

SFQOMKeG NFKMCQG; )OM KMGNJCLMCQGe BMXMB JS NKJSAPAMCPR AC %CDBAGO M]PMMLG QOMAK

NKJSAPAMCPR AC .KFTAP1 IOAPO AHNBAMG QOFQ QOMAK NKJSAPAMCPR AC .KFTAP AG BJIMK QOFC

QOFQ JS FXMKFDM CFQAXM .KFTAP GNMFdMKG;


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Data Collection Methods

&ACPM QOM M]FHACFQAJC JS ACGQFCPMG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD KMlEAKMG QOM PJBBMPQAJC JS

LFQF AC GNJCQFCMJEG FCL CFQEKFB GEKKJECLACDG U-BJH g ,EHNMK\1 @Yh>W1 QOM LFQF

PJBBMPQAJC NKJPMGG IFG TFGML JC QOM KMPJKLACDG JS NFKQAPANFCQGe GNJCQFCMJEG GNMMPO_

QOM KMPJKLACD GMGGAJCG QJJd NBFPM FQ QOM NFKQAPANFCQGe OJHM LEKACD GJPAFB XAGAQG TR

QOM KMGMFKPOMK1 FCL LEKACD QOMAK PJHHJCNBFPM DFQOMKACDG FQ HMFBG; )OM NFKQAPANFCQG

IMKM NKJXALML IAQO PBAN:JC HAPKJNOJCMG FQQFPOML QJ GHFBB KMPJKLMKG QOFQ QOMR PJEBL

PFKKR AC QOMAK NJPdMQG SJK QOMAK PJCXMCAMCPM; )OM FDKMML NKJPMGG JS LFQF PJBBMPQAJC

IFG QOFQ QOM NFKQAPANFCQG dMNQ QOM KMPJKLMKG IAQO QOMH SJK QIJ PJCGMPEQAXM IMMdG

FCL IMKM FGdML QJ KMPJKL QOMAK LFABR PJCXMKGFQAJCG JXMK LACCMK1 PJSSMM1 MQP;1 FCL FQ

GJPAFB HMMQACDG IAQO QOMAK SKAMCLG FCL JQOMK TABACDEFBG; )OM KMGMFKPOMK QJJd NFKQ AC

QOM HFVJKAQR JS KMPJKLML HMMQACDG1 FCL GJHMQAHMG KMLAKMPQML QOM QJNAPG LAGPEGGML

TR KMGNJCLMCQG QJ MBAPAQ CFQEKFB FCL GNJCQFCMJEG PJLM GIAQPOACD FHJCD QOJGM

NKMGMCQ; )OM KMPJKLACDG ACPBELML BJCD HACEQMG JS GABMCPM1 FG IMBB FG ACFELATBM

GNMMPO_ OJIMXMK1 QOM HFVJK NJKQAJC JS KMPJKLML ACSJKHFQAJC FNNMFKML CFQEKFB1 FCL

QOM GIAQPOMG IMKM FGGMGGML FG JPPEKKACD IAQOJEQ NFEGMG FCL OMGAQFQAJC; )IJ

NFKQAPANFCQG NKJXALML >h OJEKG JS KMPJKLML PJCXMKGFQAJCG MFPO1 IOABM QOM QOAKL

NFKQAPANFCQ NKJXALML KMPJKLACDG SJK SAXM OJEKG JS LEKFQAJC; *MCPM1 TFGML JC QOMGM

LFQF1 QOM JXMKFBB BMCDQO JS @>? HACEQMG IFG QFdMC FG QOM KMGMFKPO HFQMKAFB SJK MFPO

NFKQAPANFCQ; )OMGM PJCXMKGFQAJCG KMNKMGMCQML NFKQG JS GMXMKFB PJCXMKGFQAJCG AC

IOAPO NFKQAPANFCQG NKMGMCQML QOM HJGQ CFQEKFB TMOFXAJK;


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!-2- ='-.:#"# A/20&1#

)OM LFQF FCFBRGAG NKJPMGG ACXJBXML F QOJKJEDO ACXMGQADFQAJC JS QOM GRCQF] JS

PJLML NOKFGMG1 GMCQMCPMG1 JK GACDBM IJKLG QJ LMQMKHACM QOM QRNM JS HJKNOMHMG EGML

AC MFPO JS QOM KMGNJCLMCQGn EQQMKFCPMG; )OM LFQF SJK MFPO NFKQAPANFCQ IMKM

PFQMDJKA\ML TR QOM 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM EGML AC QOM GNMMPO1 MAQOMK .KFTAP JK %CDBAGO1

LMNMCLACD JC IOMQOMK QOMR KMNKMGMCQML F HFKdML JK ECHFKdML POJAPM JS PJLM

GIAQPOACD; 6ACFBBR1 QOM FCFBRGAG JS HFKdMLCMGG JS BFCDEFDM POJAPMG IFG PJCLEPQML

FPPJKLACD QJ QOM SECPQAJCG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD dCJIC AC QOM NKMGMCQ:LFR TJLR JS

QOMJKMQAPFB dCJIBMLDM;

%ADOQ OJEKG JS QOM KMPJKLML PJCXMKGFQAJCG IMKM QKFCGPKATML EGACD QOM

QKFCGPKANQAJC GJSQIFKM; )OM SKFDHMCQG POJGMC SJK QOM KMGMFKPO IMKM POJGMC

FPPJKLACD QJ QOM NJKQAJC JS PJLM GIAQPOACD ACGQFCPMG; )OM .KFTAP IJKLG FCL NOKFGMG

IMKM QKFCGPKATML AC /JHFC BMQQMKG IAQO QOM FLJNQAJC JS NOJCMQAP KMNKMGMCQFQAJCG FG

CMMLML IAQO LAKMPQ JK BAQMKFB QKFCGBFQAJC1 FCL DKFHHFQAPFB SMFQEKMG FGGJPAFQML IAQO

MXMKR HJKNOMHM; 6EKQOMK JC1 QOM KMPJKLML PJCXMKGFQAJCG IMKM QKFCGBFQML AC GEPO F

IFR QOFQ QOMR IJEBL SAQ QOM %CDBAGO BFCDEFDM QKFCGBFQAJC; (Q IFG MGGMCQAFB QJ ALMCQASR

QOM FBQMKCFQAJCG TMQIMMC QIJ SECLFHMCQFBBR LASSMKMCQ BFCDEFDMG IOMC LMFBACD IAQO

PJLM GIAQPOACD_ QOMKMSJKM1 SJK QOM NEKNJGMG JS QOM NKMGMCQ GQELR1 TJKKJIML IJKLG

IMKM M]PBELML SKJH QOM KMGMFKPO; )OM IJKLG PBFGGASAML FG TJKKJIML IMKM QOJGM

NOJCJBJDAPFBBR1 HJKNOJBJDAPFBBR1 FCL GRCQFPQAPFBBR ACQMDKFQML AC QOM BFCDEFDM `TFGMc

JS QOM 20; 5KJNMK CJECG1 QOM CFHMG JS SJJL LAGOMG1 CFHMG JS )3 GOJIG1 FCL QOM


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CFHMG JS )3 POFCCMBG IMKM FBGJ M]PBELML SKJH QOM FCFBRGAG SJK QOM GFdM JS KMGMFKPO

LFQF JTVMPQAXAQR;

.SQMK QOFQ1 QOM GIAQPOML AQMHG IMKM PFQMDJKA\ML ECLMK QOM NKACPANBM JS ACQMK:

GMCQMCQAFB FCL ACQKF:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD_ GETGMlEMCQ PFQMDJKA\FQAJC IFG

PJCLEPQML FPPJKLACD QJ QOM GRCQFPQAP PFQMDJKR JS PJLM GIAQPOMG SJK MFPO NFKQAPANFCQ;

6JK QOM GFdM JS MGQAHFQACD QOM M]QMCQ JS BFCDEFDM LJHACFCPM1 QOM KMGMFKPOMK

ECLMKQJJd QOM SKMlEMCPR LAGQKATEQAJC FCFBRGAG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD AC MFPO BFCDEFDM

FCL SJK MFPO NFKQAPANFCQ; )OM PKJGG:KMSMKMCPM FCFBRGAG IFG SEKQOMK ECLMKQFdMC SJK

.KFTAP PJLML EQQMKFCPMG FCL QOM %CDBAGO PJLML AQMHG QJ ALMCQASR QOM NKMGMCPM JS FCR

NKMSMKMCPM SJK F PMKQFAC GRCQFPQAP SJKH AC TJQO BFCDEFDMG;

Ethical Considerations

&MXMKFB MQOAPFB PJCGALMKFQAJCG FCL BAHAQFQAJCG OFXM QJ TM PJCGALMKML SJK QOM

NEKNJGM JS QOM NKMGMCQ GQELR; )OM SAKGQ MQOAPFB PJCGALMKFQAJC AG QOM EGM JS OEHFC

GETVMPQG FPlEFACQML IAQO QOM KMGMFKPOMK AC QOM NKJPMGG JS LFQF PJBBMPQAJC; ( IFG

NKMGMCQ FQ QOM HFVJKAQR JS KMPJKLML DFQOMKACDG1 FCL LAKMPQML GJHM JS QOM

PJCXMKGFQAJCG AC QOM LAKMPQAJC CMMLML QJ SFPABAQFQM PJLM GIAQPOACD; )OJEDO JCBR

GJHM NJKQAJCG JS QOM KMPJKLML PJCXMKGFQAJCG IMKM QFdMC FG QOM KMGMFKPO HFQMKAFB1

QOMKM AG GQABB FC MQOAPFB AGGEM PJCPMKCACD QOM KMGMFKPOMKeG TAFG1 FCL AC PKMFQACD QOM

FKQASAPAFB GEKKJECLACDG AC QOM PJCXMKGFQAJCG;

)OM GMPJCL AGGEM FKAGACD SKJH QOM POJAPM JS NFKQAPANFCQG AG QOM SFPQ QOFQ QOMR FKM

GATBACDG1 FCL QOMAK PEBQEKFB FCL GJPAFB TFPdDKJECL AG OADOBR GAHABFK; )OMKMSJKM1 QOM


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FCFBRGAG IABB BFPd DMCMKFBA\FTABAQR1 IOAPO OFG QJ TM CJQML SJK QOM GFdM JS KMGMFKPO

SACLACDGe XFBALAQR; )OM FDM JS QOM NFKQAPANFCQG AG MlEFB1 GJ QOMKM FKM CJ PJCGALMKFTBM

FDM LASSMKMCPMG QOFQ PFC OMBN LAGQACDEAGO PMKQFAC QMCLMCPAMG NMKQFACACD QJ QOM FDM JS

KMGNJCLMCQG; *JIMXMK1 FBB KMGNJCLMCQG OFXM TMMC DKJIACD EN AC QOM TABACDEFB

GEKKJECLACDG1 TEQ AC QOM 4&.1 GJ QOMAK EGM JS .KFTAP AG lEAQM KMGQKAPQML LEM QJ QOM

GJPAFB PJCQM]Q AC IOAPO QOMR SECPQAJC; )OMKMSJKM1 F HEPO IALMK NMKGNMPQAXM AG

CMMLML SJK QOM GFdM JS HFdACD HJKM M]NBAPAQ PJCPBEGAJCG JC QOM AGGEM JS ACQMKMGQ;


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.G SJK QOM ACQKF:GMCQMCQAFB FCL ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD LAGQKATEQAJC1 6ADEKM

[;k GOJIG QOFQ QOM SJKHMK PFQMDJKR NKMXFABG XMKR GADCASAPFCQBR AC QOM JPPEKKMCPM JS

PJLM GIAQPOMG JTGMKXML AC QOM NFKQAPANFCQGe JTGMKXFQAJCGf

6*'(0, 7-Q C#%,0RO,#%,#%*24 2#+ C#%02RO,#%,#%*24 K"+, OH*%=/,) SB2H :(5.,0)T

)OM M]FHNBM JS ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD AGf

8. Eish b i- k ya Layla? Are you crazy?

K0-2 ?"20+9/,"'"'/ ,-6G/6+:&% L&$-2"D/ B-62"$./

U/2%$) H*%/ E"(1 ?2E42J 30, E"( =02VEJ

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(%,7/6&9"'#2-'/#

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(%,7/6# &9 M'2/6NM'26- 8/'2/'2"-. "'#2-'$/#

9&6 /-$0 B-62"$"B-'2

(CQMK:GMCQMCQAFB

(CQKF:GMCQMCQAFB


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'OABM QOM M]FHNBMG JS ACQKF:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD FKM HEPO HJKM

CEHMKJEGf

UFLXMKT PJLM GIAQPOW

9. My projects are marrah

Adv used to add intensity to a topic, issue, objects etc.

>E F0"W,=%) 20,N)"N

UXMKT PJLM GIAQPOW

10. Layla, you get the results directly when you tekhtibri

Take the exam

Layla, you get the results directly when you take the exam

(noun code switch)

@@; Thats turab

Dust

9/2%$) +()%-

)OM KMGEBQG GOJIC AC 6ADEKM [;[ ACLAPFQM QOFQ QOM BFKDMGQ CEHTMK JS PJLM

GIAQPOMG IFG ECLMKQFdMC TR &FHHR1 IOJ HFLM @@> PJLM GIAQPOMG1 FCL 0FRBF IOJ

HFLM ZY PJLM GIAQPOMG1 IOABM "ACLR HFLM JCBR @[ PJLM GIAQPOMG ULEKACD QOM @>?

HACEQMG JS KMPJKLML PJCXMKGFQAJCGWf


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Figure 4.4 Instances of Code Switching

)OM JXMKFBB LAGQKATEQAJC JS QOM SKMlEMCPR BMXMBG JS PJLM GIAQPOMG FPPJKLACD QJ

NFKQAPEBFK GRCQFPQAP PFQMDJKAMG PFC TM GMMC AC 6ADEKMG [;j m FBB GQFQAGQAPG AG NKMGMCQML

AC KFI CEHTMKG; )OMGM LFQF FKM DMCMKFBA\ML SJK FBB QOKMM NFKQAPANFCQG_ FG JCM PFC

GMM1 CJECG KMNKMGMCQ QOM HJGQ SKMlEMCQ PJLM GIAQPOACD AQMHG1 IAQO ACQMKVMPQAJCG1

FLVMPQAXMG1 FCL FLXMKTG SJBBJIACD CJECG AC QOM SKMlEMCPR JS QOMAK JPPEKKMCPM AC PJLM

GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJK; )OM GHFBBMGQ CEHTMKG JS PJLM GIAQPOMG FKM JTGMKXML AC QOM EGM

JS NKJCJECG1 CJEC NOKFGMG1 FCL ACQMKKJDFQAXMG;

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+EHTMK JS GIAQPOMG


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6*'(0, 7-X 60,I(,#=E "; OE#%2=%*= K2%,'"0E

.BB NFKQAPANFCQG OFL QOMAK JIC LAGQKATEQAJC JS GRCQFPQAP PFQMDJKAMG JS PJLM

GIAQPOMG1 IOAPO AG MXALMCQ SKJH 6ADEKM [;i; 2JKM LMQFABML PFQMDJKA\FQAJC JS PJLM

GIAQPOMG SJK MFPO NFKQAPANFCQ ACLAPFQMG QOFQ QOM BFKDMGQ CEHTMK JS PJLM GIAQPOMG IFG

JTGMKXML AC ACQMKVMPQAJCG1 CJECG1 FCL LAGPJEKGM HFKdMKGf

6*'(0, 7-Y 60,I(,#=E "; K2%,'"0E ;"0 ??

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8:'2-$2"$ $-2/*&6"/#

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GFKMMeM IBBF q

I%"$G &6\/1 )" *%$) 4*G, 2#E"#, =2# '" "# 2#+ )%(;; I(*=G4E "0 N

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SQMK.LVMPQAXMG

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8:'2-$2"$ 5"2"&'# &9 8?"2$0/#


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!"#$%##"&'

)OM KMGEBQG JS QOM NKMGMCQ GQELR NKJXALM GMXMKFB NKFPQAPFB JTGMKXFQAJCG AC

QMKHG JS OJI LASSMKMCQ PJLM GIAQPOACD NKFPQAPMG FKM EGML TR QOM GQELR NFKQAPANFCQG1

FCL IOAPO GJPAFB FCL BACDEAGQAP NEKNJGMG QOMR GMKXM; (C QOM NKJPMGG JS FCFBR\ACD QOM

KMGEBQG1 QOM SJBBJIACD QOMHMG MHMKDMLf %CDBAGO FG QOM 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM1 BFPd JS ACQMK:

GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD1 QOM EGM JS PJCQMCQ FCL MFKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG1 QOM EGM

JS BFQM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG1 FCL PJCDKEMCPM TMQIMMC %CDBAGO FCL .KFTAP; %FPO JS

QOMH IABB TM LAGPEGGML GMNFKFQMBR;

A-6G/1'/## &9 Q"."'*%-. &6 A&'&."'*%-. >&1/#

)OM SAKGQ JTGMKXFQAJC QOFQ CMMLG QJ TM LAGPEGGML AG QOM LAGQACPQAJC TMQIMMC ACQMK:

GMCQMCQAFB FCL ACQKF:GMCQMCQAFB QRNMG JS PJLM GIAQPOACD ; )OM NFKQAPANFCQG EGML F

HJCJBACDEFB PJLM IOMC QOMR GNJdM .KFTAP1 JK %CDBAGO1 IAQOJEQ %0 AGBFCLG;

)OMKMSJKM1 QOM HJCJBACDEFB PJLM PFC TM M]FHACML JCBR AC QMKHG JS SEBB:GMCQMCPM

PJLM GIAQPOMG QJ .KFTAP1 A;M;1 ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOMG; (CQKF:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM

GIAQPOACD JPPEKKML IAQO HJKM SKMlEMCPR QOFC ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD GACPM

JCBR JCM JS QOMH EGML ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD HJKM JK BMGG ACQMCGMBR1 OFXACD

EGML QIJ SEBBR .KFTAP GMCQMCPMG1 OFXACD NKJLEPML JCM M]PBFHFQAJC^ALAJH AC .KFTAP1

FCL OFXACD EGML QOKMM QFDG FCL^JK ACQMKVMPQAJCG AC QOM GNMMPO; .G SJK QOM JQOMK QIJ

NFKQAPANFCQG1 TJQO JS QOMH EGML ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD1 TEQ QJ F HEPO BMGGMK


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M]QMCQ_ "ACLR EGML JCBR JCM QFD^ACQMKVMPQAJC1 FCL &FHHR EGML SAXM QFDG FCL^JK

ACQMKVMPQAJCG;

)OAG JTGMKXFQAJC GENNJKQG $M 6ACF U>??hW FTJEQ QOM PJCGQKEPQAJC JS GJPAFB

ALMCQAQAMG IAQO QOM OMBN JS PJLM GIAQPOMG1 FCL QOM QOMJKR JS 2RMKG:&PJQQJC U@YYkW

FTJEQ QOM HFKdMLCMGG FCL ECHFKdMLCMGG JS QOM PJLM GIAQPOACD POJAPMG; (CQMK:

GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOMG FKM HJGQBR HFKdML1 GACPM QOMR AHNBR M]NMPQFQAJCG JS F

PMKQFAC GJKQ JS F KMFPQAJC SKJH QOM GALM JS QOM ACQMKBJPEQJK; 2JKMJXMK1 F CEHTMK JS

PJLM GIAQPOMG1 HFACBR %0 AGBFCLG FCL ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOMG1 ACLAPFQM QOM

PEBQEKFB ALMCQAQR JS GNMFdMKG; 6JK M]FHNBMf

17. I was like, formerly Lipton meen ya Habib-i?

K0& L&$-2"D/ B-62"$./ .&D/ R ,:H,-#$%."'/3 C-1SE

C H2) 4*G,1 ;"05,04E ?*F%"# U/" 5E 4"D,J

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18.You just keep saying, yaani Tayeb and all of these words?

A/-' P&&1 H,-#$%."'/3 C!"#$&%6#/ A-6G/6E

["( W()% G,,F )2E*#'1 ]!*)="(0), 520G,0)^ 2#+ 244 "; %/,), H"0+)JCM1/'2"2:E

)OM BFPd JS ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD TR QOM NFKQAPANFCQG AHNBAMG QOFQ

QOMKM AG F BFPd JS NKJSAPAMCPR AC QOM .KFTAP BFCDEFDM1 IOAPO NKMPBELMG ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB

PJLM GIAQPOACD UCACM ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM:GIAQPOMG FG PJHNFKML QJ >?Z ACQKF:

GMCQMCQAFB JCMGW; )OM NKMGMCQ SACLACDG FKM PJHNBAFCQ IAQO QOM GEDDMGQAJC JS ,KJGVMFC

U@YZYW FTJEQ QOM BJIMK NKJSAPAMCPR AC QOM GMPJCL BFCDEFDM MXALMCQ AC QOM TABACDEFBGe

BACDEAGQAP PJHNMQMCPR; *JIMXMK1 AC QOM NKMGMCQ GAQEFQAJC1 FBB QOKMM NFKQAPANFCQG FKM


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.KFTAP TR JKADAC1 FCL QOMAK HJQOMK QJCDEM AG .KFTAP; *FXACD BMFKCML .KFTAP BMGG

ACQMCGMBR HFR OFXM BML QJ QOM POJAPM JS QOM %CDBAGO BFCDEFDM FG F 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM

EGML TR FBB JS QOMH; .PPJKLACD QJ $MATMKQ U>??ZW1 GNMFdMKG MCDFDM AC ACQMK:

GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD AC PFGM QOMKM AG F GQKJCD AC:DKJEN ECLMKGQFCLACD TMQIMMC

SFHABR HMHTMKG1 JK QOM ACQMKBJPEQJKG FKM AC F GNMPASAP PJCQM]Q1 AC IOAPO QOM GNMFdMKG

PFC TM GEKM QOFQ QOMR IABB M]NKMGG QOMAK MHJQAJCG HJKM XAXALBR IAQO QOM OMBN JS FC

ALAJH1 FC M]PBFHFQAJC1 JK FC ACQMKVMPQAJC AC QOMAK HJQOMK QJCDEM;

Manifestation of the 4-m Model in the Use of ML and EL

.BB QOKMM NFKQAPANFCQG EGML %CDBAGO FG QOM 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM1 IOAPO AG GQKFCDM

QFdACD ACQJ FPPJECQ QOMAK .KFTAP JKADAC1 QOM JNNJKQECAQR QJ GNMFd FCL NKFPQAPM .KFTAP

IAQO QOMAK SFQOMK FCL QOM SFQOMKeG SFHABR GQABB BAXACD AC &FELA .KFTAF1 FCL BFQMK JC IAQO

PBFGGHFQMG FCL PJBBMFDEMG; *JIMXMK1 QOAG SACLACD FDKMMG IAQO QOM PBFAHG JS $M 6ACF

U>??hW FTJEQ QOM PJCGQKEPQAJC JS GJPAFB ALMCQAQAMG TR GNMFdMKG; (Q FBGJ FDKMMG IAQO

QOM .BMCM\A U>??iW IOJ PBFAHML QOFQ QOM KMNKMGMCQFQAXMG JS JBLMK DMCMKFQAJCG

PJHACD SKJH .KFTAP PJECQKAMG IAQO QOMAK SFHABAMG1 FCL BAXACD AC QOM PJHHECAQAMG

IOMKM NMJNBM GNMFd HJGQBR .KFTAP1 HFACQFAC .KFTAP FG QOMAK 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM MXMC

AC %CDBAGO:GNMFdACD PJECQKAMG1 IOABM QOMAK POABLKMC FKM HJKM NKJCM QJ EGACD %CDBAGO

FG QOM 2FQKA] 0FCDEFDM; .BMCM\AnG SACLACDG FKM GENNJKQML TR QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO

KMGEBQG; .BB QOKMM KMGNJCLMCQG1 MXMC IOABM EGACD .KFTAP IJKLG AC QOMAK

PJCXMKGFQAJCG IAQO SFHABR HMHTMKG1 QOM KMGMFKPOMK1 FCL NMMKG1 LAL CJQ ACQMKFPQ F

PJHNBMQMBR .KFTAP PJCXMKGFQAJC MXMC JCPM LEKACD QOM KMGMFKPO NKJPMGG; )OAG GOJIG


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QOFQ QOM NFKQAPANFCQG LJ CJQ CMML QJ GIAQPO QJ QOMAK HJQOMK QJCDEM QJ PBFAH QOMAK AC:

DKJEN GQFQEG1 JK QJ M]PBELM PMKQFAC NMJNBM SKJH QOMAK PJCXMKGFQAJC1 FG FGGEHML TR

&ABXF:"JKXFBFC U@YZkW;


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PJLM GIAQPOMG QOMR EGM AC QOMAK PJCXMKGFQAJCG; 6JK ACGQFCPM1 QOM PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG

FKM NMKPMAXML FG HJKNOMHMG SECPQAJCACD SJK PJCXMRACD QOM GMHFCQAP PJCQMCQ_ QOMR

FKM HJGQBR SJECL FHJCD CJECG1 FLVMPQAXMG1 XMKTG1 FCL GJHM NKMNJGAQAJCG U(GEKAC MQ

FB;1 >??YW; .G JCM PFC GMM SKJH QOM KMGEBQG JS QOM GQELR1 HJGQ PJLM GIAQPOMG JPPEKKML

IAQO PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMGf >Y PJLM GIAQPOML CJECG1 Y PJLM GIAQPOML XMKTG1 FCL @Z

PJLM GIAQPOML FLVMPQAXMG IMKM LMQMPQML LEKACD QOM PJCXMKGFQAJCGe FCFBRGAG FCL

PJLACD NMKPMCQFDMG; )OM SFPQ GADCFBG QOM PJHSJKQ IAQO IOAPO NFKQAPANFCQG KMGJKQ QJ

PJLM GIAQPOACD AC PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG1 IOAPO PFC JPPEK LEM QJ F CEHTMK JS KMFGJCG;

#CM KMFGJC HFR TMQIMMC JS QOM PEBQEKFB JKADAC1 A;M;1 QOM NFKQAPANFCQG IFCQML QJ

PJCXMR F GNMPASAP HMFCACD FTJEQ F GNMPASAP JTVMPQ ACOMKMCQ AC QOM .KFTAP PEBQEKM;

&MPJCL1 QOM PJLM GIAQPOMG AC PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG FBGJ GADCFB QOM PJCXMCAMCPM AC

EGACD PMKQFAC QMKHG JK IJKLG AC QOM HJQOMK QJCDEM QOFQ HFR TM ECdCJIC AC QOM

GMPJCL BFCDEFDM U&ABXF:"JKXFBFC1 @YZkW; #QOMK KMFGJCG HFR ACPBELM QOM

NFKQAPANFCQGe IAGO QJ FDDKFXFQM JK HAQADFQM PMKQFAC M]NKMGGAJCG GEPO FG KMlEMGQG1

LMCAFBG1 PJHHMCQG1 XFBALFQAJCG1 MQP;1 SJK ACGQFCPMf

12. No, Khalee-ha! Yeah, stuff coming out of the ground. Can you please take yourmail,

;/-D/+9/,"'"'/ ,-6G/6Cindy?!?

:"1 *'#"0, /,0L [,2/1 )%(;; ="5*#' "(% "; %/, '0"(#+- K2# E"( F4,2), %2G, E"(052*41 K*#+EL

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*MCPM1 KMGJKQACD QJ PEBQEKFB FCL PJHHECAQR:GNMPASAP PJMM GIAQPOACD AG AC GJHM

PFGMG JTXAJEGBR F GEPPMGGSEB GQKFQMDR AC FPOAMXACD QOM ACQMCLML MSSMPQ JS F PMKQFAC

M]NKMGGAJC1 JKLMK1 KMlEMGQ1 MQP; .G SJK GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG1 QOM MFKBR GRGQMH


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HJKNOMHMG GMKXM QOM DJFB JS FLLACD HMFCACD QJ QOM PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHM TR FLLACD

GNMPASAPAQR QJ AQ_ SJK ACGQFCPM1 MFKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG PFC TM SJECL FHJCD NBEKFB

FSSA]MG1 LMQMKHACMKG1 XMKTFB NKMNJGAQAJCG1 LMKAXFQAJCFB FSSA]MG1 MQP; U(GEKAC MQ FB;1

>??YW; (Q AG AHNJKQFCQ QJ HMCQAJC QOFQ QOM MFKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG JPPEK JC QOM

PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG1 FCL PFCCJQ FNNMFK IAQOJEQ QOMH AC QOM GNMMPO JS TABACDEFBG;

&ACPM QOMKM IFG JCBR F GHFBB CEHTMK JS PJLM GIAQPOMG LMQMPQML AC FBB QOKMM

KMGNJCLMCQGe PJCXMKGFQAJCG1 AQ AG CJQ GEKNKAGACD QOFQ QOM MFKBR GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG

IMKM CJQ CEHMKJEG mQOMR ACPBELML SJEK NKMNJGAQAJCFB NOKFGMG1 GMXMC PJJKLACFQM

PJCVECPQAJCG1 SAXM FLXMKTAFB NOKFGMG1 MQP; JEQ JS HJKM QOFC @?? M]FHACML PJLM

GIAQPOMG1 SJK ACGQFCPMf

3. Cindy, stop spraying kul Hajah!

Every thing feminine

K*#+E1 )%"F )F02E*#' ,D,0E%/*#'L

C=''&:-'$/E

@i; Oh, so its Kidah ay wahid yetla w kidah

Like any one masculine appear masculine and like

GFKMMeM IBBF qI%"$G &6

\/1 )" 2#E"#, =2# '" "# )%2', I(*=G4E

C


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.G SJK BFQM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG1 QOMR FKM XMKR GPFKPM AC FCR PJLM GIAQPOACD1

MGNMPAFBBR AC PJLM GIAQPOACD TMQIMMC .KFTAP FCL %CDBAGO1 LEM QJ QOM SECLFHMCQFB

LASSMKMCPMG AC QOM BFCDEFDM GQKEPQEKM; (GEKAC MQ FB; U>??YW GQFQML QOFQ BFQM GRGQMH

HJKNOMHMG FKM EGEFBBR GQKEPQEKFB TEABLACD TBJPdG JS PBFEGMG; )OM BFQM GRGQMH TKALDM

HJKNOMHMG VJAC QOM MBMHMCQG JS F BFKDMK PJCGQAQEMCQ1 IOABM QOM JEQGALMK BFQM GRGQMH

HJKNOMHMG LMSACM KMBFQAJCGOANG QJ HFdM QOM FKDEHMCQFQAJC GQKEPQEKM HJKM

QKFCGNFKMCQ U(GEKAC MQ FB;1 >??YW; 5KMNJGAQAJCG FKM JSQMC FHJCD BFQM GRGQMH

HJKNOMHMG1 IOAPO HMFCG QOFQ AC PFGM F NKMNJGAQAJC AG PJLM GIAQPOML1 QOMC QOM

IOJBM PJCGQKEPQAJC SJBBJIACD AQ IABB TM PJLM GIAQPOML SJK PJCDKEMCPM JS QOM GNMMPO

AC QOM 20;

Congruence Influencing Morphology Formation and Language Choice

)OM QOMJKR JS PJCDKEMCPM TMQIMMC 20 FCL %0 AG GENNJKQML TR QOM SACLACDG JS

QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO; &ACPM QOM HJGQ SKMlEMCQBR PJLM GIAQPOML AQMHG AC QOM QOKMM

NFKQAPANFCQGe PJCXMKGFQAJCG FKM CJECG1 FLVMPQAXMG1 FCL FLXMKTG1 JCM PFC CJQM QOFQ QOM

EGEFB EGM JS FLVMPQAXMG AG KMBFQML QJ QOM EGM JS CJECG m F CJEC LMSACMG FC FLVMPQAXM1

FCL F XMKT AG JSQMC NFAKML IAQO FC FLXMKT QJ FPOAMXM QOM SEBB GQKEPQEKM JS F BFCDEFDM

AC IOAPO QOM M]NKMGGAJC AG PJHNJGML; )OM PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG TMFK QOM

SECLFHMCQFB BM]APFB HMFCACD FGPKATML QJ NFKQAPEBFK GNMMPO AQMHG_ QOMKMSJKM1 AQ AG

LASSAPEBQ QJ M]NKMGG FC ALMF AC %CDBAGO IOMC QOM GETVMPQ AG PJLM GIAQPOML QJ .KFTAP;

)OMKM AG F PMKQFAC POFBBMCDM AC M]NKMGGACD QOM FLXMKT AC %CDBAGO IOMC QOM XMKT AG


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PJLM GIAQPOML QJ .KFTAP1 GACPM QOM .KFTAP BFCDEFDM NKMGENNJGMG lEAQM F LASSMKMCQ

GQKEPQEKM JS QOM XMKT:FLXMKT FBADCHMCQ AC F GMCQMCPM; (CGQFCPMG JS QOAG ACPBELMf

16. Oh, so its Kidah ay wahid yetla w kidah

Like any one masculine appear masculine and like

GFKMMeM IBBF q

I%"$G &6\/1 )" 2#E"#, =2# '" "# )%2', I(*=G4E

C


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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

)OAG KMGMFKPO GENNJKQML QOM HFVJKAQR JS QOM ORNJQOMGMG PJCGALMKML; )OM

NFKQAPANFCQG JS QOM NKMGMCQ KMGMFKPO ACXJBXML AC TJQO TABACDEFB FCL HJCJBACDEFB

PJCXMKGFQAJCG; 'OABM QOM POJAPM JS .KFTAP IFG GJHMQAHMG QOM ECHFKdML POJAPM1 QOM

POJAPM JS F HJCJBACDEFB PJLM1 JK QOM POJAPM JS ACQMK:GMCQMCQAFB PJLM GIAQPOACD

JTXAJEGBR OFL GNMPASAP SECPQAJCG AC QMKHG JS MCKAPOACD QOM HMFCACD JK GQKMCDQOMCACD

QOM MSSMPQ JS QOM M]NKMGGAJC; )OM CM]Q QIJ ORNJQOMGMG KMSMKKML QJ QOM EGM JS MFKBR

GRGQMH FCL PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG TMBJCDML QJ %01 IOABM BFQM GRGQMH FCL PJCQMCQ

HJKNOMHMG m QJ 20; )OM [:H HJLMB AG KMSBMPQML AC QOM POJAPM JS 20 FCL %0 TR

NFKQAPANFCQG; .G SJK QOM BFQM FCL MFKBR PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG1 FCL MFKBR FCL BFQM

GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG1 JCM PFC CJQM QOFQ QOM ORNJQOMGMG OFXM FBGJ TMMC XMKASAML AC

QMKHG JS QOMAK EGM TR TABACDEFBGT )OM HFAC PJHNBAPFQAJC AG QOFQ QOM NFKQAPANFCQG FKM

.KFTAP TR JKADAC1 TEQ EGM %CDBAGO FG FC 201 IOAPO PJHNBAPFQMG PJCPBEGAJCG FTJEQ QOM

PEBQEKFB FCL HJQOMK QJCDEM AHNFPQ JC QOM POJAPM JS HJKNOMHMG AC PJLM GIAQPOACD

ACGQFCPMG; *JIMXMK1 AQ AG JTXAJEG QOFQ PJCQMCQ HJKNOMHMG FCL MFKBR GRGQMH

HJKNOMHMG FKM HJGQBR EGML AC QOM %HTMLLML 0FCDEFDM1 IOAPO GAHNBASAMG


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ACQMDKFQACD QOM GQKEPQEKM JS QOM %0 ACQJ 20 EGML1 FCL ACPKMFGMG QOM PJCDKEMCPM

JS %CDBAGO:.KFTAP PJCXMKGFQAJCG;

$JETBM HJKNOJBJDR IFG ORNJQOMGA\ML QJ TM FC MSSAPAMCQ PJHNKJHAGM GQKFQMDR

AC HFACQFACACD PJCDKEMCPM1 IOAPO IFG GENNJKQML TR PJLM GIAQPOACD TMOFXAJKG1 SJK

M]FHNBM1 AC QOM GMCQMCPMf

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(CGESSAPAMCQ PJCDKEMCPR1 FPPJKLACD QJ QOM SACFB ORNJQOMGAG1 IFG NMKPMAXML FG F

QKADDMK SJK %0 AGBFCLG1 IOAPO IFG FBGJ NKJXMC TR SACLACDG; "JCDKEMCPM OFG FBGJ TMMC

SJECL QJ FSSMPQ BFCDEFDM POJAPM FCL GMCQMCPM SJKHFQAJC; 0FQM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG

HFACBR PJHM SKJH QOM 201 GACPM QOM GQKEPQEKMG JS %CDBAGO FCL .KFTAP FKM lEAQM

LASSMKMCQ1 FCL QOM EGM JS BFQM GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG AC QOM %CDBAGO 20 IABB ACMXAQFTBR

KMLEPM QOM PJCDKEMCPM TMQIMMC .KFTAP FCL %CDBAGO; )OMKMSJKM1 QOM EGM JS BFQM

GRGQMH HJKNOMHMG AG GPFKPM AC QOM KMPJKLML PJCXMKGFQAJCG JS NFKQAPANFCQG1 FCL

IOMC QOMKM FKM JPPFGAJCG JS BFQM GRGQMH HJKNOMHM EGM QOFQ NKMPBELM PJCDKEMCPM1

QOM %HTMLLML AGBFCLG MHMKDM AC QOM SJKH JS NKMNJGAQAJCFB NOKFGMG1 FCL PBFEGMG;

)OM SACLACDG JS QOAG KMGMFKPO IMKM FCFBR\ML AC QMKHG JS PJCGAGQMCPR JS 206 IAQO QOM

[:H HJLMB JS HJKNOMHM PBFGGASAPFQAJC; )OM HFKdMLCMGG JS TABACDEFB FCL

HJCJBACDEFB PJLM POJAPM IFG M]FHACML1 FCL QOM AGGEM JS PJCDKEMCPM FG ACSBEMCPACD

QOM POJAPM JS BFCDEFDM FCL GMCQMCPM GQKEPQEKM IFG GETVMPQ QJ FCFBRGAG FG IMBB;

*JIMXMK1 QOMKM FKM GJHM KMPJHHMCLFQAJCG SJK SEKQOMK KMGMFKPO QOFQ PFC M]NFCL QOM

JEQKMFPO JS HJLMKC GJPAJ:BACDEAGQAP QOMJKAMG1 FCL HFR PBFKASR QOM MGGMCPM JS PJLM


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GIAQPOACD1 AQG NEKNJGMG1 SECPQAJCG1 FCL KEBMG SJK QOJGM EGACD AQ; 6AKGQ1 QOMKM AG F CMML

QJ PJCLEPQ F GQELR FPKJGG FDM DKJENG1 A;M;1 QJ ACXMGQADFQM QOM NFQQMKCG JS 206 FCL

PJLM GIAQPOACD FHJCD FLEBQG1 POABLKMC1 FCL MBLMKBR NMJNBM; &ACPM PJLM GIAQPOACD OFG

TMMC SJECL QJ LMNMCL OMFXABR JC QOM M]QKF:BACDEAGQAP SFPQJKG GEPO FG GJPAJ:PEBQEKFB

TFPdDKJECL1 GNMFdMKeG FCL ACQMKBJPEQJKeG ALMCQAQR1 MQP;1 PJLM GIAQPOACD KMGMFKPO HFR

TM MCKAPOML AS QOMGM SFPQJKG FKM PJCGALMKML; &MPJCL1 QOMKM AG F NJGGATABAQR QJ PJCLEPQ

F GQELR IAQO F IALMK GFHNBM JS NFKQAPANFCQG IAQO XFKAJEG TFPdDKJECLG1 MLEPFQAJCFB

TFGMG1 GJPAFB PAKPBMG1 MQP;1 FCL QJ ACXMGQADFQM QOMAK EGM JS PJLM GIAQPOACD AC XFKAJEG

GJPAJBACDEAGQAP PJCQM]QG1 M;D;1 LEKACD F QFBd IAQO JBL SKAMCLG SKJH QOMAK HJQOMKBFCL1 JK

GNMFdACD IAQO KMGALMCQG JS QOMAK PEKKMCQ BJPFQAJC; %]FHACFQAJC JS PJLM GIAQPOACD AC

XFKAJEG PJCQM]QG1 IAQO XFKAJEG ACQMKBJPEQJKG1 ACXJBXACD LASSMKMCQ NJIMK FCL FQQAQELM

KMBFQAJCG AG BAdMBR QJ JSSMK HEPO KAPOMK HFQMKAFB SJK FCFBRGAG;


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REFERENCES

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GNMFdMKG JS %CDBAGO FG F &MPJCL 0FCDEFDM AC QOM 4CAQML &QFQMG; C#%,0=(4%(024

K"55(#*=2%*"# O%(+*,)1 81 NN; @hY:@ZZ;

.BMCM\A1 6; *; U>??@W; 6"0524 ="#)%02*#%) "# 302.*=a


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-BJJHHFMKQ1 =;1 g 2MMEIAG1 2; U@YYZW; K"+, )H*%=/*#' *# K"#D,0)2%*"#b ?2#'(2',1

*#%,02=%*"# 2#+ *+,#%*%E; +MI 8JKd1 +8f /JEQBMLDM;

-KABBJEAC1 0; U>??[W; O=*,#=, 3#+ C#;"052%*"# 9/,"0E; U>CLML;W; 2ACMJBF1 +8f "JEKAMK

$JXMK 5ETBAPFQAJCG;

$M 6ACF1 .; U>??hW; "JLM:GIAQPOACD FCL QOM PJCGQKEPQAJC JS MQOCAP ALMCQAQR AC F

PJHHECAQR JS NKFPQAPM; ?2#'(2', *# O"=*,%E1 QY1 NN; kh@:kY>;

$MATMKQ1 .; U>??ZW; K"+, OH*%=/*#' "; B())*2#RP,052# _*4*#'(24)-&FCQF "KE\1 ".f

,/(+ 3MKBFD;

,KFXMQQMK1 6; =;1 'FBBCFE1 0; -; U>??ZW; O%2%*)%*=) ;"0 %/, _,/2D*"024 O=*,#=,); UZQOML;W;

-MBHJCQ1 ".f "MCDFDM 0MFKCACD;

,KJGVMFC1 6; U@YZYW; &QELRACD TABACDEFBGf HMQOJLJBJDAPFB FCL PJCPMNQEFB AGGEMG; (C

-OFQAF1 );


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0FTJX1 '; U@Yh>W; O"=*24 ?*#'(*)%*= Z2%%,0#); 5OABFLMBNOAF1 5.f 4CAXMKGAQR JS

5MCCGRBXFCAF 5KMGG;

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F,0)F,=%*D,; #]SJKLf "BFKMCLJC 5KMGG;

0MJCJKM .; ,; U@YYZW; ???W;

/MQKAMXML =ECM >k1 >?@>1 SKJH

OQQNf^^SACLFKQAPBMG;PJH^N^FKQAPBMG^HAsOT@Yj^AGsiskZ^FAsC>ZZ?YY??^


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2RMKG: &PJQQJC1 "; U>??>W; K"#%2=% ?*#'(*)%*=) _*4*#'(24 YB:k@[;

5JNBFPd1 &; U>??[W "JLM:&IAQPOACD; (C .HHJC1 4;1 +; $AQQHFK1 CLML;W1 NN; jZY:jYi;

/FRHJCL +;1 g %LJEFKL1 -; U@YY@W; ?*#'(*)%*= K"#),I(,#=,) "; ?2#'(2', K"#%2=% 2#+

B,)%0*=%*"#b 9/, K2), "; 60,#=/ *# \#%20*"1 K2#2+2; #]SJKL g +MI 8JKd; #]SJKL

4CAXMKGAQR 5KMGG;

&ABXF:"JKXFBFC1 "; U@YZkW; "JLM:GOASQACD NFQQMKCG AC "OAPFCJ &NFCAGO; (C %BAF:

#BAXFKMG1 0; OF2#*)/ *# %/, @- O- O,%%*#'b _,E"#+ %/, O"(%/RU,)%1 NN; iY:Zh;

+FQAJCFB "BMFKACDOJEGM SJK -ABACDEFB %LEPFQAJC;

)OJHGJC:+MLMKDFFKL1 #; U>??iW; K"5F,%*#' 5"+,4) "; 4*#'(*)%*= K/2#',b


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)JKATAJ1 =; U>??@W; .PPMGGACD -ABACDEFB "JLM &IAQPOACD "JHNMQMCPM; C#%,0#2%*"#24

e"(0#24 "; _*4*#'(24*)51 XU[W1 NN; [?k:[ki;

'JJBFKL1 ??[W; K"+, )H*%=/*#'b 3 ="5F2#*"# %" 4*#'(*)%*= 2#%/0"F"4"'E- 2FBLMC1

2.f 'ABMR: -BFPdIMBB;

al rowaish 2012 3 body

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