alberto fujimori guilty as charged

7/28/2019 Alberto Fujimori Guilty as Charged

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Alberto Fujimori's

arrest and trial


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Human rights abuses, murder,kidnapping, embezzlement, abuse ofpower, briberyand corruption

Alberto Fujimori

Born July 28, 1938 (age 74)

Lima, Peru

Charge(s) Human rights abuses, murder,

kidnapping, embezzlement, abuse of

power, bribery and corruption

Penalty in prison (Abuse of power charges)

Seven and one-half years in prison (25 years in

prison (Human rights abuses, murder and

kidnapping charges)

Six years Embezzlement charges)

Six years in prison (Corruption and bribery

charges)

Conviction

status

Convicted

Occupation Former President of Peru

Spouse Susana Higuchi (divorced)

Satomi Kataoka

FormerPeruvian PresidentAlberto Fujimori was arrested and tried for a number of crimes

related to corruption and human rights abuses that occurred during his government.

Fujimoris BackgroundAfter Fujimori fled to Japan, the government of Peru requested his extradition. BecauseJapan recognizes Fujimori as a Japanese citizen rather than a Peruvian citizen due totheMaster Nationality Rule, and because Japan refuses to extradite its citizens to othercountries, Fujimori was not extradited from Japan.
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Arrest in Chile

On November 6, 2005, Alberto Fujimori unexpectedly arrived in Santiago, Chile, on aprivate aircraft, having flown via Tijuana from Tokyo. His flight had passed throughPeruvian airspace on its path from Mexico to Chile. There were numerous firings overalleged negligence in the handling of the Fujimori flight to Chile.[1]As investigationscontinued, two Chilean and four Mexican immigration officers were dismissed forfailing to notify superiors of Fujimori's stop at the time of his arrival. Colonel CarlosMedel, head of Interpol in Lima, was also fired for negligence, apparently havingordered his staff to switch off the 24-hour Interpol warning system at the time of theoverflight.[1]

Mexican officials suggested Fujimori was not arrested in Mexico because there was nojudicial order for his arrest. Chilean officials issued similar statements, reiterating thatChilean courts must process international arrest warrants to make them valid.[citation needed]

Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo, after learning of the arrival of Fujimori in Chile,

called for an "urgent meeting" in the governmental palace. Toledo called Chile's foreignminister, Ignacio Walker, and requested the detention of Fujimori. A few hours later,Fujimori was detained on an arrest warrant issued by a Chilean judge, who was told byChile's Supreme Court to consider Lima's request for Fujimori's pre-trial detention, aspart of the extradition process.[2]

Fujimori was then transferred to the School of Investigations, Chile's InvestigativePolice academy, where he spent the night. Notified of the reasons for his arrest,Fujimori petitioned for provisional freedom during the extradition proceedings, but hispetition was denied. Later in the day, he was transferred to the School of Gendarmerie,a training academy for corrections officers, where he was detained until May 2006.

Extradition proceedingst

The decision whether or not to extradite Fujimori was delegated by the Chileangovernment to the Supreme Court, following precedent dating to a 1932 extraditiontreaty between the two nations. Chilean law suggests that in addition to the terms of thetreaty, extradition requests must also be based on whether there is sufficient evidenceagainst the accused not necessarily enough to convict him of the charges, butsufficient to justify (from a Chilean legal point of view) the indictments the accusedfaces. This meant that Peruvian prosecutors had to demonstrate that the crimes forwhich Fujimori has been charged in Peru were just as severe in Chile.[3]

Peru, which had sixty days to issue an extradition request, sent a high-level delegationled by Interior Minister Rmulo Pizarro and a top prosecutor; this action, together withthe fact that president Toledo said, on television, that "he personally will welcomeFujimori at the airport and conduct him to the jail," defined the situation as a 'politicalprosecution', according to many analysts. The government of Japan asked for "fairtreatment" for Fujimori.
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On May 18, 2006 Fujimori was granted bail (set at US $2,830) by the Chilean SupremeCourt and was released from detention and whisked away to a house rented for him byhis family in the Las Condes neighborhood of Santiago. According to Fujii Takahiko,one of the Japanese financiers who had been covering some of Fujimori's expenses,"Fujimori [calmly waited] for the decision of the Chilean Supreme Court because he

[had] the assurance that he [would] not be extradited." It was reported that Fujiicovered the cost of renting the house, while a cadre of businessmen and Japanesefriends covered his living expenses. Fujii, a car exporter by trade, reported that Fujimorihad largely forgotten his knowledge of the Japanese language.,[4][5]Because he wasgranted provisional freedom, Fujimori was not allowed to leave Chile. There were fearsamong some Peruvians that he could have escaped from the country.

Fujimori arrived at a time of tense relations between Chile and Peru, after Peru'sCongress passed a law the previous week in an attempt to reclaim sea territory fromChile. Chilean foreign minister, Ignacio Walker, said Fujimori's action demonstrated "avery imprudent, very irresponsible attitude, considering this is the most difficult weekwe have had with Peru in the last decade". In a media statement, Fujimori said that hewould stay in Chile temporarily while launching his candidacy for Peruvian presidentin the April 2006 elections.

Cesar Nakasaki, Fujimori's lawyer, in a television interview said Chile, because of itsJudiciary reputation, was chosen as a preliminary step before travelling on to Peru;other analysts speculated that Fujimori chose Chile for its proximity to Peru and for thefact that extraditions from Chile to Peru had proved difficult in recent years.[citation needed]

The government of Peru sent a number of extradition requests to Chile concerningFujimori. It requested his extradition to stand trial for murder in the cases of the Barrios

Altos massacre and the La Cantuta massacre, both carried out by Grupo Colina. It alsorequested his extradition for kidnapping Samuel Dyer and Gustavo Gorriti, both ofwhom were abducted by Peruvian Army personnel during Fujimori's self-coup andbrought to the basements of the Intelligence Service.

Additionally, he was charged with usurpation of powers and abuse of authority forordering the illegal search and seizure of a house owned by Vladimiro Montesinos'wife; illicit association to commit a crime, embezzlement, and inserting false statementsin a public document for paying Montesinos US$ 15 million; illicit association to commita crime and active corruption of authorities for paying congressmen to switch partiesand inform on the opposition parties; telephonic interference or eavesdropping, illicit

association to commit a crime, and embezzlement for authorizing the illegalwiretapping of opposition figure's phones; and illicit association to commit a crime,embezzlement, and usurpation of powers for engaging in a fraudulent purchase oftractors from China and bribing newspapers and television stations with state money inorder to obtain favorable news coverage.

Subsequently, the Chilean judge overseeing the extradition proceedings refused toaccept new evidence regarding the 10 corruption and two human rights charges, which,
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according to the BBC News' Dan Collyns, "would have prolonged the case by severalmonths".[6]On November 22, 2006, the Peruvian government issued a new arrestwarrant for Fujimori, alleging that he ordered the death of 20 members of SenderoLuminoso in 1992. Fujimori denied the charge.[7]

On January 11, 2007 Chile's Supreme Court rejected a motion for an additionalinvestigation filed by lawyers representing Fujimori. The new ruling coincided with thePeruvian government's anger over a recent Inter-American Court of HumanRights (IACHR) ruling that found Peru guilty of crimes committed during formerpresidents regime.[8]The Peruvian government expressed fresh concern that Fujimorimight try to escape from Chile.[9]Although Fujimori was on parole, with stipulationsbanning him from leaving Chile, at the end of January 2007 he traveled to a beach resortaboard a private airplane.

On February 1, 2007 Reuters reported that the Peruvian government's final report onFujimori's extradition included additional evidence supporting the former president's

links to human rights abuses. In the words of Carlos Briceno, Peru'sspecial corruption prosecutor, "We've practically finished the report, in which there isirrefutable proof [against Fujimori]". For his part, Fujimori denied the human rightsand embezzlement charges.

Pedro Fujimori

On February 8, 2007 the Peruvian government filed a formal request with the UnitedStates for the extradition of Fujimori's younger brother, Pedro Fujimori. According tothe head of the Peruvian Justice Ministry's Unit for Extraditions, Omar Chehade,PedroFujimori was charged with corruption associated with reception of illegal donationsfor an NGO, Apenkai, founded at the outset of Fujimoris first term in office.

Chehade reported to Reuters that Pedro Fujimori oversaw Japanese donations to thePeruvian government, and that he allegedly siphoned off as much as US $30 millioninto his own personal bank accounts in the United States. A spokesperson for theFujimorista party, Congressman Carlos Raffo, denied the charges calling themunsubstantiated, and noted that there are no signs of corruption on the part of PedroFujimori.[10]

Chilean judge rejects Fujimori extradition

On July 20, 2007 the Chilean Supreme Court judge Orlando lvarez, ruled that he hadnot found any evidence linking former president Alberto Fujimori with all the

corruption cases and alleged human rights violations of which the Toledo congress hadaccused him.[11](The judge's ruling can be found here). Judge lvarez declared to theChilean newspaperEl Mercuriothat all the accusations were based on gossip andinnuendo; "he [Fujimori] was supposed to know those criminal acts".[citation needed]

The opinion was immediately appealed to the Supreme Court.[citation needed] The SupremeCourt announced that it would reach a decision on September 5, 2007.[citation needed] Thisprovoked a strong reaction from Omar Chehade, one of the chief prosecutors, who
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declared that he had information that the decision would be "cooked" and that therewas no way that the Supreme Court could possibly read and analyze all the petitionssubmitted to it in such a short time.[citation needed] This opinion was immediately repudiatedby many.[citation needed]

Chilean Supreme Court grants Fujimori extraditionThe Chilean Supreme Court granted Fujimori's extradition to Peru on September 21,2007, on 7 of 13 charges. The Barrios Altos massacre and La Cantuta massacre relatedcharges were accepted unanimously, while four other corruption-related charges werepassed by a majority of votes. One corruption charge was passed unanimously.[12]

On the same day, Peruvian police sent an airplane to receive Fujimori. The plane (withPeru's General Director of National Police, David Rodriguez, four Interpol officers andphysicians) arrived in Santiago on the morning of September 22. The following day, theplane returned to Lima's Las Palmas air force base with Fujimori on board. He wasflown by helicopter to a police base, to be held in detention until a permanent facility

was prepared.[13]First conviction

Fujimori confessed that he had ordered a warrantless search of Vladimiro Montesinos'swife's apartment,[14]and on December 11, 2007, the Peruvian court sentenced him to sixyears in prison and fined him 400,000 soles (135,000 U.S. dollars) for abuse of powers inordering this search, which took place shortly before he left office.[14][15]

On April 10, 2008, the Supreme Court of Peru upheld Fujimori's sentence of six years inthe case.[16]

Peruvian General Elections

Martha Chvez wasS Cumple's presidential candidate in the April 9, 2006 generalelection (under theAlianza por el Futuro banner). Fujimori's daughter, KeikoFujimori was a congressional candidate representing the same alliance. WhileChvez got 7.43% of the first-round vote (placed 4th) for presidency and waseliminated, Keiko Fujimori received the highest vote for any single candidate (with602,869 votes) and took one of S Cumple's 13 seats in the new Congress .[17]

Some of S Cumple's members occupy powerful positions in the resulting congress, suchas Luisa Maria Cuculiza, who is the Vice-President of Congress, Rolando Souza, whowas formerly Alberto Fujimori's lawyer and now president of the International Affairs

Committee, and Santiago Fujimori, who is now president of the Energy Committee.Keiko Fujimori, is president of the Peruvian-Chilean Friendship Commission.

Japanese politics

In June 2007, Fujimori announced his candidacy for the House of Councillors, the upperhouse of the Diet of Japan, under the banner of the People's New Party, a minor partywith only eight lawmakers. Still under house arrest in Chile at the time, Fujimori'sinitial campaign statements were conveyed by party head Shizuka Kamei. Japan's
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government had determined in 2000 that Fujimori holds Japanese citizenship. TheJapanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications issued a statement inresponse, pointing out that there is no law banning participation in an election bysomeone under house arrest in a foreign country.[18]

The announcement sparked speculation that Fujimori's candidacy was a maneuver towin diplomatic immunity as an elected official and avoid trial in Peru. ChileanPresident Michelle Bachelet said her country's Supreme Court would not be influencedby the move and would soon decide whether to grant an extradition request to returnFujimori to Peru.[19]

On July 11, 2007, Chile's Supreme Court turned down the Peruvian government'srequest that Fujimori be extradited there to face charges of human rights violations;however he remained under house arrest in Chile and it was unclear whether he wouldbe permitted to depart for Japan. Though much of the Japanese public have a favorableview of Fujimori due to his role in the resolution of the 1997Japanese embassy hostage

crisis, members of the Democratic Party of Japan and the Japanese CommunistParty questioned his commitment to Japan and accused him of using the election toavoid justice in Peru.[20]

Japan indicated on July 5, 2007 that it had no plans to ask Chile to allow AlbertoFujimori to return for that month's upper house elections. The leader of the People'sNew Party had urged Japan's Foreign Minister to take up the issue with thegovernment of Chile.[21]Fujimori ultimately lost the election.

Conviction for human rights abuses

On April 7, 2009, a three-judge panel of Peru's Supreme Court convicted Fujimori on

charges of human rights abuses, declaring that the "charges against him have beenproven beyond all reasonable doubt".[22][23]The panel found him guilty of orderingthe Grupo Colinadeath squad to execute the November 1991 Barrios Altos massacre andthe July 1992 La Cantuta Massacre, which resulted in the deaths of 25 people, and fortaking part in the kidnappings of Peruvian journalist Gustavo Gorriti and businessmanSamuel Dyer.[14][24]Fujimori's conviction marked the first time in history that ademocratically elected president had been tried and found guilty of human rightsabuses in his own country.[25]Fujimori was already serving a six-year prison sentencefor his December 2007 conviction on abuse of power charges. The trial for Fujimori'shuman rights abuses lasted 15 months, and was postponed on multiple occasions dueto his ill health.[24][26]Later on April 7, the court sentenced Fujimori to 25 years inprison.[27]

Ronald Gamarra Herrera, Executive Secretary of National Coordinator for HumanRights of Peru and one of the lawyers representing the civil parties -the families of theBarrios Altos and La Cantuta victims-, said to the press that "there has not been hate, orrevenge, or cruelty in Fujimoris trial. What there has been is justice. We are not happyfor the pain of a man, nor of what tragedy his family is going through. But yes it is
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comforting to know that justice has been served and that the victims, after so manyyears, can rest in peace".[28]

TheFinancial Timesclaimed that international observers had "hailed the trial as a modelof due process even before the verdict was read out". Michael Reed of the International

Center for Transitional Justice stated that, "Throughout 15 months the whole Peruvianpeople have been actively living this process. This social engagement is important the decision will in fact demonstrate polarisation. The issue is how the Peruvian stateand Peruvian society deal with that polarization towards the future." Maria McFarland,a Senior Researcher for Human Rights Watch, noted that the verdict was "absolutely theright decision...[and] well grounded in all the evidence" and that the special courtwould "go down in history as a model of what we want to see in terms of rule of lawand justice and progress in Latin America. So much has always been focused on thepower of the executive and the president and the strong man; now suddenly thejudiciary is having a say."[24][29]

After Fujimori's conviction had been announced, riots broke out in the streets. Inthe Ate District, approximately twenty police officers had to break up a fight betweenmembers of Fujimori's political party and a group from the local Peru's WorkersConfederation (CTP). It was believed that the riot broke out when about fifty CTPmembers went to the police station and provoked a fight with some 300 Fujimorisupporters.[30]Outside the court, relatives of victims clashed with Fujimori supporters;the fights were broken up by riot police.[31]

Correo, a right-wing newspaper in Lima, published a poll on April 9 claiming that59.4% was against Fujimori's conviction, with rejection to the sentence reaching 68.3%among the lower classes. Nevertheless the poll doesn't clarify if those interviewed

considered Fujimori innocent or if they considered him guilty but did't approve thesentence itself.[32]

Guilty as Charged

Fujimori's trial for human rights violations began fittingly on 10 December 2007, theanniversary of the signing of the UN Declaration on Human Rights. It is not possible tooffer here a detailed analysis of the 16 months of public hearings; the thousands of

pages of documentary evidence offered by the prosecution, the civil parties and thedefense; and the thousands of pages of trial transcript. Instead, the remainder of thisarticle briefly examines the verdict, and then explores the process itself to determinewhether it avoided the shortcomings scholars have pointed out often plague criminaltrials for grave human rights violations. It closes with a brief analysis of the impact ofFujimori's conviction for efforts to achieve accountability in Peru, and its implicationsfor the theory and practice of transitional justice.
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The verdict in the Fujimori case was widely hailed as exceptionally thorough andanalytically sound.51The judges unanimously ruled to convict Fujimori of aggravatedhomicide, assault and kidnapping in the Barrios Altos, Cantuta and Gorriti/Dyercases.52The judges noted that they applied the maximum sentence allowable byPeruvian law at the time the crimes were committed 25 years in prison due to the

gravity and extent of the crimes and the nature and condition of the accused as formerhead of state.53The Court also ordered Fujimori to pay reparations of $60,000 to thefamilies of the victims in the Barrios Altos and La Cantuta cases and $15,000 each toGorriti and Dyer. Finally, the Court determined that the victims in both cases were notmembers of any terrorist organization a request by the civil parties meant as areparative measure to survivors and relatives of victims who have sufferedstigmatization, threats and intimidation due to unsubstantiated accusations that theirfamily members were terrorists.54

The judges used the concept of autora mediata to determine Fujimori's culpability in

these crimes. In Peruvian law, autora mediata is attributed to those who have dominionover an organized power apparatus and thus have the power to order and direct theindividual members of that apparatus to commit crimes or, in this case, human rightsviolations.55In the Fujimori case, the Court considered that the prosecution had fullyproven that the former president, as commander in chief of the armed forces, had directcontrol over the Colina Group, a military unit that operated from within the armyintelligence services and that engaged in a number of extralegal killings, forceddisappearances and torture.56

The sentence outlines the institutional framework in which Fujimori rose to power and,

after 1991, redefined the nation's counterinsurgency strategy. The Court confirmed theprosecutor's argument that this new strategy, which Fujimori personally directed,consisted of a formal public strategy that claimed to respect human rights and aparallel, secret strategy designed to eliminate suspected subversives. Fujimori directedthe National Intelligence Service (SIN) to oversee the newly created National DefenseSystem, charged with coordinating counterinsurgency efforts, and gave Montesinoscontrol over all SIN operations. Fujimori also made Montesinos his representative andintermediary vis--vis the armed forces.

Under the rubric of the SIN, Montesinos designated the army intelligence services toimplement the new counterinsurgency strategy. This resulted in the creation of the

Colina Group. Through his control over the army and the intelligence services, theCourt argued, Fujimori had direct control over and responsibility for the acts of theColina Group. The Court also established that when aspects of the Colina Group'sactivities came into public light, Fujimori and his allies engaged in a series of actionsdesigned to cover up these crimes, which were never duly punished and whose authorswere ultimately protected by the amnesty laws passed by congress and promulgated byFujimori in 1995.
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The Court specifically addressed the nature of evidentiary proof required in such cases.It argued that in criminal enterprises of this kind, there is unlikely to be direct proof ofculpability, such as a written order or legislation; often, whatever documentaryevidence that may have existed has been destroyed.57It is precisely the clandestinenature and the illicit practice of an organization, the judges argued, that makes

impossible, for obvious reasons, the prospect of demonstrating its existence and the actsit commits via normative measures or other types of direct proof.58This requires thecareful reconstruction and contrasting of facts and events through circumstantial andother probatory evidence. The judges thus directly refuted a key argument of Fujimori'sdefense: that without an order signed by Fujimori ordering the killings or kidnappings,he could not be found guilty.

The judges drew on the Inter-American Court's 2006 ruling on the Cantuta case, as wellas a 2005 ruling by Peru's Constitutional Tribunal and the Final Report of the CVR, toargue that the crimes for which they found Fujimori guilty formed part of a broader

pattern of state crimes that could not have been committed without the prior knowledge of high-ranking government and military authorities, including Fujimorihimself.59The judges determined that the Colina Group was active during a 15-monthperiod between 1991 and 1992, and that it committed at least 50 assassinations,including those of Barrios Altos and La Cantuta.60The Court found evidence of apattern of systematic violations of human rights and, drawing widely on internationaljurisprudence, defined these as crimes against humanity:The assassinations andaggravated assaults committed in Barrios Altos and Cantuta are also crimes againsthumanity [f]undamentally because they were committed in the framework of a statepolicy of selective but systematic elimination of presumed members of subversive

groups.61

The judges note that their findings coincide with those of the Inter-American Court, aswell as Peru's Constitutional Tribunal, which previously categorized the Barrios Altosand Cantuta massacres as crimes against humanity.62But, they argued, the Inter-American Court can determine only the culpability of the state, not of individuals, andit is exclusively the task of the domestic tribunal to determine individual criminalresponsibility and impose corresponding sanctions. This careful delineation of the roleof international tribunals such as the Inter-American Court and their relationship toPeru's domestic legal system highlights the principle of complementarity at its best, andreveals how international tribunals can contribute to the efforts of domestic courts toadminister justice in complex cases of grave human rights violations.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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References

1. âb"Peruvian Interpol chief fired for negligence over Fujimori case". 2005-11-23.Archivedfrom the

original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-10.

2. ^Fujimori arrested on visit to Chile

3. ^Benjamin Witte, Fujimori Nearly Chokes to Death in His Chile Home, The Santiago Times 10

February 2007.

4. Âseguran que grupo de empresarios financia gastos de Fujimori en Chile (Spanish)

5. ^Summary at the "Living in Peru" website

6. ^Fujimori judge rejects case delay

7. ^Peru issues new warrant for Fujimori

8. ^Fujimori pulls Lima in opposite directions

9. ^Chile-Peru, Old and New Tensions, Prensa Latina

10. ^Peru files extradition request for brother of ex-President Fujimori

11. Êxcerpts from Judge Orlando lvarez Hernndezs decision regarding the extradition of Alberto

Fujimori from Chile to Peru. Translated by Michael Baney.

12. ^Chile's Supreme Court grants Fujimori's extradition to Peru

13. ^Peruvian police to take Fujimori back from Chile

14. âbc"Peru's Fujimori sentenced to six years for abuse of power" . AFP. 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2010-

04-20.

15. ^http://www.aprodeh.org.pe/fujimori2007/documentos/Sentencia_allanamiento_fujimori.pdfSentence

in the case

16. ^Corte Suprema de la Repblica. December 10, 2008.Resolution 17-2008.

17. ^2006 Peru Election Results (Spanish)

18. ^Prisoner Fujimori to run in Japanese elections

19. ^Fujimori's Japanese intentions

20. Ôdd Man Out

21. ^Japan withdraws request to Chile re Alberto Fujimori

22. ^The Judgment Against Fujimori for Human Rights Violations.American University International Law

Review.[1].

23. ^"Peru's Fujimori convicted of human rights crimes".Reuters. 2009-04-07.Archivedfrom the original

on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-07.

24. âbcMapstone, Naomi (2009-04-07)."Fujimori convicted of human rights crimes".TheFinancial

Times.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
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rto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-21http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200707130086.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-20http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070628/ap_on_re_as/japan_fujimori_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-19http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070629a2.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-18http://200.48.60.75/resultados2006/1ravuelta/index.onpehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-17http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/spe/Documentos/exp_AV-13-2003_2da_SPE_150408.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-15http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jevvOxthPS9xWVObkNOZ5o3shK1ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-AFP_14-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-AFP_14-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-AFP_14-0http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/6268873.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-13http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070921/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/chile_fujimori;_ylt=AmklDZsPHqE5XvCwb7dkYfys0NUEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-12http://www.juicioysancionafujimori.org/ingles/documentos/Alvarez.dochttp://www.juicioysancionafujimori.org/ingles/documentos/Alvarez.dochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-11http://www.livinginperu.com/news/3164http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-10http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B245E3B0C-F384-4204-8208-FC55E7BE1B4B%7D&language=ENhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-9http://www.justicetribune.com/?page=v2_article&id=3658http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-8http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20061122-083601-2121rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-7http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6160434.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-6http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2774http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-5http://images.rpp.com.pe/portada/politica/56171_1.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-3http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4413176.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-2http://web.archive.org/web/20090411193431/http:/www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/23/content_497281.htmhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/23/content_497281.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-China_daily_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori's_arrest_and_trial#cite_ref-China_daily_1-0


12/12

12

25. ^"Peru's Fujimori guilty of murder".Associated Press. 2009-04-07.Archivedfrom the original on 11

April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-07.

26. ^"Peru court rules Fujimori guilty".BBC News. 2009-04-07.Archivedfrom the original on 8 April 2009.

Retrieved 2009-04-07.

27. ^"Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison".Reuters. 2009-04-07.Archivedfrom the original on

12 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-07.

28. ^"Interview with Ronald Gamarra: Fujimori appeal could resolve itself in a more political rather than

judicial context".Fujimori on Trial. 2009-07-13. Retrieved 2011-04-15.

29. ^Partlow, Joshua (2009-04-07)."Former Peruvian President Fujimori Convicted in Murder,

Kidnapping Trial".The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-04-07.

30. ^Ruiz, Israel (2009-04-07)."Riots break out after Peru's Alberto Fujimori found guilty" .Living in

Peru.Archivedfrom the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-07.

31. ^"Ex-Peruvian leader convicted in death squad trial" .Associated Press. 2009-04-07.Archivedfrom

the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-07.

32.^http://www.correoperu.com.pe/correo/nota.php?txtEdi_id=4&txtSecci_id=101&txtSecci_parent=&txt

Nota_id=34893

33.Guilty as Charged: The Trial of Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori for Human Rights

Violations. Jo-Marie Burt.
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alberto fujimori guilty as charged

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