Alexis de TocquevilleDemocracy in America

Five Values1. Laissez-Faire- government policy of “hands off” economy

2. Individualism-free to flourish without regard to station in life

3. Populism-participation of common people

4. Egalitarianism- society of equals

5. Liberty-protection from tyranny, rule of law, religious faith

Founding Father’s Line-up1. Benjamin Rush-Father of American Medicine, signer of D of I

2. John Jay - Federalists Papers, first Chief Justice of Supreme Court, neg. US borders

3. John Peter Muhlenberg-clergymen recruited soldiers to fight British

4. Jonathan Trumball, Sr. – colonial governor sided with colonists against the British, helped supply Washington’s army

5. John Hancock-Pres. Second Continental Congress, signer of D of I

6. John Witherspoon-signer of D of I, Pres. Of New Jersey College (Princeton)

7. Charles Carroll- helped to finance the war with his own money, signer of D of I

8. John Locke- theory that governments were to protect natural God given rights

Charters of Freedom1. Dec. of Independence – “We Hold these truths to be self-

evident”

2. Constitution – Preamble-a. form a more perfect unionb. establish justicec. insure domestic tranquilityd. provide for the common defensee. promote the general welfare

3. Bill of Rights – first ten amendments 1. 2. 3.4.5. self-incrimination, double jeopardy, private property

taken without compensation

Principles of the US Constitution

Seven Principles1. Checks and Balances- prevents one branch from becoming too powerful. ie, presidential Veto

2. Federalism - powers divided between national and state governments, working together

3. Sep. of Powers- divide power between 3 branches; legislative, executive, judicial

4. Limited Government- powers of government are limited to those mentioned in the Constitution

5. Republicanism –democratic government of representatives elected by the people

6. Popular Sovereignty- powers of the government come from the consent of the governed

7. Individual Rights – rights guaranteed by the constitution

Bill of Rights1st TEN AMENDMENTS

I. – RAPPS- religion, assembly, petition, press speech

II. Right to bear arms -

III. Quartering of Troops-

IV Search and Seizure- protects against unreasonable searches and seizure

V. Criminal Proceedings;Due Process; Eminent Domain – -grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination;eminent domain

VI. Speedy and Public Trial- impartial jury

VII. Civil Trials – jury trial in civil cases

VIII. Punishment for Crimes- protection against cruel and unusual punshishment

IX Unenumerated Rights- just because rights are not listed doesn’t mean you don’t have that right

X. Reserved Power Amendment- powers not granted to the federal government are reserved to the states

Westward Expansion

Klondike Gold Rush – “gold in ‘em ‘ ar hills” 1896 Alaska settlers poured into area

Manifest Destiny- US was destined to expand from coast to coast

Homestead Act- cheap land for farming, conflict with Indians

Cattle Boom-drive cattle across open plains to RR stations, sent cattle east to big cities

Railroads – transcontinental railroad, completed 1869 Utah –- national market- bring settlers west

Indian Wars-defeat indians, Wounded Knee; placed on reservations throughout the west; Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse

Dawes Act-attempt to assimilate Indians, gave families land to farm, Indian Schools taught trades

Farm Issues- crop failure, inflation, debt, natural disaster, lack of government help, - populist movement – address issues, silver

POLITICAL MACHINES

Who was the famous political boss of Tammany Hall, NYC?

Boss TweedCorruption

Bribery

BUSINESS

Free enterprise, laissez-faire government and abundant resources caused —

large scale economic growth

Led to growth of industry / corporations / trusts / monopolies

EntrepreneursAndrew W. Carnegie - Gospel of

Wealth (philanthropy)John Rockefeller – Standard Oil

List workplace abuses—

long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions

Why was this called the Gilded Age?Thin layer of prosperity

covering abuses by corps.  What was Social Darwinism?

survival of the fittest, no govern.

intervention

IMMIGRATION

Push factors?

war, natural disasterPull factors?

Jobs, education, land, opportunityNew immigrants from southern/eastern

EuropeWhat was nativism?Favoring native born over immigs. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)—What

was the economic impact?

Wages increase, unemployment declinesSocial Gospel – Christian value that

motivated social reform efforts (ex. Salvation Army)

What was Americanization?

adopting American customs

 

URBANIZATION

Rural to urban-Why did people move?

Rapid growth brought problems:

OvercrowdingSanitation problemsTenementsInfrastructureCorruption

 

TECHNOLOGY

ElevatorTelephone/telegraphOil drillingBessemer ProcessElectricityHow did technology impact

business?

Expansion of businesses,

overproduction, need for markets

overseas

Progressive Era Reforms

Instructions: Trace the problems to the reform and then explain the impact.

Problem Muckraker Reform What impact did the reform have?

Economic

1. Monopolies/trusts2. Banks3. Laissez-faire government

Ida Tarbell = Standard OilTheodore Roosevelt

Woodrow Wilson

Business regulation: o Interstate Commerce Acto Sherman Anti-Trust Acto Clayton Anti-Trust

prevent unfair business practices, restore competitive market place

Federal Reserve Act 1913

—Established the Federal Reserve System to help with economic issues, control the flow on money eliminate drastic fluctuation in economy

16th Amendment—o Income Tax

Social

1. Civil Rights

2. Suffrage

3. Working conditions

4. Living conditions5. Consumer safety

Ida B. Wells - lynching W.E.B. DuBois- founded NAACP Elizabeth Cady

Stanton – women’s rights Susan B. Anthony Jane Addams, Jacob Riis

Booker T. Washington- gradual equality Upton Sinclair wrote —The Jungle

NAACP

19th Amendment

Settlement houses Education

Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act

Protects consumers from harmful food and drugs

Labor Unions — AFL, Knights of Labor

Political

1. Government corruption

2. Amendments

Lincoln Steffens Robert LaFollette

Initiative— introduce bills & vote

Recall— remove elected official Referendum— directly on ballot Direct Primary—selection of

cand 17th Amendment—Senators Civil Service Reform—no spoils

system

gives citizens more control of government, more opportunities to

participate

Environment

1. Abuse of natural resources

Teddy Roosevelt John Muir

National Park Service Act National Park System

8

American ImperialismFrom Isolationism to Expansionism

Why? Examples:

Militaryo Alfred T. Mahan argued for a strong navy in his book “Influence of Sea Power Upon History”o Protection of territorieso Refueling ports

Economic/Political

o Need for raw materials and markets.o Open Door Policy— U.S. declares continued

trade with _China_.o Boxer Rebelliono Dollar Diplomacy— Taft’s idea to give

_financial _ support to other countries.o Roosevelt Corollary— justified sending U.S.

troops to intervene in Central America. Social

o Spread of American institutionso Missionary zealo Christian Duty

Annexation of Hawaiio Sandford B. Dole – helped overthrow Queeno Missionarieso Military Port- fueling station

Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt pushed for

expansionism— what is that? social gospel- white man’s burden Christian duty How was this different from previous U.S. foreign policy? -isolationism Panama Canal

o Huge undertaking that Theodore Roosevelt oversaw

o Improved trade and military movemento Malaria/challenges of geography

Think About It: How did these events move the U.S. into the position as a world power?

9

When?1914-1918___

World War I—Why is this a Turning Point?

Technological Innovations?

submarines

machine guns

poison gas

tanks/planes

 

Effects of Technological Innovations

Western Front— hundreds of miles of battle front along eastern France

Trench warfare … led to a

Stalemate led to …

Massive casualties

 

Treaty of Versailles—

Germany reparations and accept war guilt

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points created League of _Nations_ 

Great Migration- African Amer. Move

north

U.S. returns to isolationism

International instabilityEspionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act

restricted freedom of speech_Selective Service Act – Drafted

Who?

President Wilson initially declared neutrality

Alliances:_Allies __ vs. _Central Powers__

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by__John Pershing___

 

Argonne Forest one of the most famous battles (1918)because turning point; _ Allied victory_

Alvin York won the Medal of Honor

 

 

Another Turning Point!

Militarism: strong military

Alliances:linked together

Imperialism:compete for colonies

Nationalism: national pride

  Assassination of Arch Duke

Ferdinand_1914__

 

 

When__1917__

Lusitania is sunk

Germany’s unrestricted

_submarine warfare__ warfare

Ties to Allies

Zimmerman_Telegram

Sussex Pledge- promise to warn passagengers before attack

11

Spanish American WarReview this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks

When?

1898

___USS MAINE______ is sent to Cuba to protect U.S. interests 

Explodes and seen as an attack on the U.S.- sabatage

Where?

Havana, _Cuba_____ 

San Juan Hill Victory of Rough Riders led by

Teddy Roosevelt  

Philippines

How?

Media—Yellow journalism increases support

 

Land—U.S. fought Spain in Cuba and the Phillipines

 

Sea—U.S. defeats _Spain quickly

Significance

U.S. acquired territory from Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines

Platt Amendment— U.S. could intervene in Cuba

Why is this war considered a turning point?

US wins; now a world power

Turning

Point!

Who?

  Yellow journalism—Pulitzer

and Hearst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism

U.S. vs. Spain

Why?

 

 

DéLome letter calls President

McKinley weak. Americans are ___Outraged_ and protest

USS Maine sinks and the U.S.

blames ___Spain_____

10

“Business in the Front”

POLITICAL “Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s reduced role of U.S. government / laissez-faire policiesHarding & Teapot Dome Scandal18TH Amendment—Prohibition of Alcohol19th Amendment— women’s right to vote21st Amendment—repeal prohibition ECONOMIC$Economic Boom—How did these impact the Economy?$Mass Production/Assembly Line- $Henry Ford $Laissez-Faire – “hands off”$Buying-on-Credit SOCIALo Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti— targets of navistso Growth of nativismo Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924o Eugenics- selective breedingo Great Migration influenced cultureo Social Darwinism-survival of the fittest applied to society and business

“Change in the Back”

SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalismAdventure—

o Charles Lindbergh— first to cross Atlantic in planeo Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1st to

design seaplane that could take off and land on water

Changing Role of Women—o Flapperso Frances Willard — Temperance Movemento Women’s Rights Movement

Cultural Values—

o Prohibition Organized Crimeo Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between

traditionalism and modernism over teaching evolution.

Clarence Darrow – defense attorney William Jennings Bryan – prosecutor

Art, Music & Literature

o Jazz Age – birth of new musico Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Marcus Garvey

o Tin Pan Alley—

o Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great

Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis

12

1920’s

Warning Signs— Overproduction Speculation and _buying____on margin Buying on credit Bad banking practices Federal trade policies

1929 What was Black Tuesday? Stock market crash

1930’s

Immediate reactions— People who invested in stock market couldn’t repay loans Bank runs/failures Reduced demand for goods/unemploymentHoover— Rugged __individualism____ Believed government involvement should be limited Reconstruction Finance Corp. Mexican Repatriation Act— Hoover passed act to send Mexican American immigrants to

their home country HoovervillesEffects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time Widespread unemployment Business failures Foreclosures Homelessness – hobos Americans looked to government to solve economic problemsDust Bowl— Where? midwest Why? 10 yr drought Impact? Worst natural disaster in US history; millions left region Dorothea Lange—photographer who captured the difficulties

FDR is elected (1932)— Promised a New Deal- turning point in government involvement in the economy “Fireside Chats” reassured Americans Eleanor Roosevelt —political activist Frances Perkins – 1st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor

New Deal provided— Relief—bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs Recovery —support production Reform—FDIC; Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act

Opposition— A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government

was overstepping its power

FDR’s Court-packing— FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal Viewed as challenge to separation of powers

New Monetary Policy— Moved from gold standard to fiat (paper) money to expand money supply and stimulate economy

13

FDR’s NEW DEALInstructions: What is important about the following—

Relief(Short-term)

Is like — bandaide

Recovery(Stimulus)

Is like — cast

Reform(Systematic)

Is like —new limb

Bank Holiday: closed all banks until they were financially stable Emergency Mortgage Loans: Work Relief Programs: Civilian Conservation CorpsPublic Works ProgramWorks Progress Admin.

National Recovery Administration: set price and production controls and minimum wage Agricultural Adjustment Administration: paid farmers to plant less; gov’t bought farm surplus to control prices

Social Security Administration provides unemployment insurance, retirement pemsions – workers pay in contributions: Securities & Exchange Commission: watches stock market activity and prevent fraud Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.: insure bank deposits up to$ 250,00 Tennessee Valley Authority: created dams along the Tennessee River to provide electricity

14

Decreased spending

Decreased wages

Unemployment

Increased spending

Increased employment

Increased wages

All of these are in effect

today!

Pacific Theatre

Hideki Tojo— emperor of Japan

Flying Tigers — Volunteers pilots help China against Japan

Bataan Death March—60 mile march through jungles of Philippines faced starvation and death

Island-Hopping— US pacific strategy

Navajo Code Talkers— used to send messages

Chester Nimitz—US Navy Admiral defeated Japanese at Battle of Midway

Douglas Macarthur— US Army Command. In Pacific

George Marshall— Chief of Staff “Organizer of Victory

Battle of Midway- US victory/ turning point

Atomic bombs dropped- Truman; Hiroshima/Nagasaki-save lives

American Home Front: Isolationism to

War

Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—keep US out of

war/ allowed US to sell, lease or lend to Britain

Roosevelt— Pres. During most of WWII

Appeasement— giving in to

demands to avoid war

Pearl Harbor— surprise attack by Japan, US

declares war

Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps—

Japanese Americans placed in camps

Office of War Information + Propaganda—

make public aware of how they could help

War bonds, rationing, victory gardens— ways

to support war effort Volunteering/patriotism

— Women- Afric.Amer. Enlist

— brought an end to Depression

Mobilization— prepare for war,

War Prod. Board

Vernon J. Baker— African-Amer. Medal of Honor

U.S. entry—

 

Adolf Hitler— leader of Germany

Benito Mussolini— leader of

Italy Joseph

Stalin— leader of USSR/ Allies

Dictatorship— single leader

total control

Aggression— Hitler’s move through Europe

Winston Churchill—

leader of Britain

Fascism—extreme nationalism

George Patton— US

Commander led army through Africa and

Italy Dwight

Eisenhower- Supreme US Comm. Led

invasion of France at Normandy

Omar Bradley-led first

army through France

D-Day Invasion & Normandy—

Tuskegee Airmen— Afric-Amer. Fighter pilot

unit led to integration of military

Holocaust— Hitler’s genocide

Liberation of

concentration camps— Allies realize the

extent of the Holocaust

 

 

 

 

June 6, 1944 D-Day Invasion

Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor

1942 MidwayAug. 1945 Atomic Bombs

A Battle of Ideology

United

Nations

a

Team Democracy

Team Communism

United States/ Western Europe

U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)

Who was involved?

Political Characteristics:

- Communists party control

- One party leader

Economic characteristics:

- Command economy

- No economic freedoms

- No private property

- State ownership of business

Political Characteristics:

-multi-party system

- Freedom of expression, religion

Economic Characteristics:

-free market

-economic freedom

-private ownership of business

-supply and demand determine price

Truman Doctrine — aid to free countries resisting

communism

Containment Policy —prevent the spread of comm.

Marshall Plan — aid to

European countries to rebuild

NATO/Collective Security — US /Western Allies

Domino Theory — fear of spread

of Comm /Vietnam

Eisenhower Doctrine — Middle East/

Warsaw Pact— Soviet response to NATO

Satellite Nations — eastern European

countries part of USSR/ Poland

Iron Curtain —imaginary line btwn free and

communist/Churchill

Berlin

Wall —wall built to divide city between free & soviet

16

Space Race— sputnik

Education Priorities— math/science

Moon-Landing—1969

Arms Race—atomic weapons

Red-Scare—fear of Comm.

HUAC—house of un-amer. Act. Comm

Joseph McCarthy— McCath

Rosenberg Trials— spys

Venona Papers—confirmed spys

Détente—relax tensions/nixon

Star Wars—Reagan/

Presidents’ Views?

Truman—containment

Eisenhower—domino theory

Kennedy—flexible response

Johnson—domino theory

Nixon—détente/normalization

Ford—détente

Carter—negotiation/human rights

Reagan—Regan Doctrine

Bush—End of the Cold War

Europe Marshall Plan

Berlin

Airlift aid to city

Berlin Wall

 

 

SOVIET UNION

Sputnik—1957 TURNING POINT! Ignites Space Race

Arms Race – a-bombs

Breakup of U.S.S.R.- 1990’s

China

Mao Zedong — What happened in 1949?

Korea

Korean War

Reasons: Outcomes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

China

 Mao Zedong –communists

revolution

Korea- reasons- containment

Outcome- 39th parallel/ same as before the war

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Korean War Reasons: Outcomes:

Vietnam—

Domino Theory— fear that ones goes more will follow

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— blank check to LBJ

Escalation/combat— LBJ sends more soldiers

Roy Benavidez—Mex-Amer. Medal of Honor winner

Tet Offensive— major Vietcong Offensive/throughout VN

Anti-War Movement—protesting war

Vietnamization— Nixon’s plan to end war in VN

Fall of Saigon— communists takeover after US withdraw

War Powers Resolution—limits Pres. Actions in war

 

CUBA

Fidel Castro—Which form of

government? - communists

Bay of Pigs Invasion—Why? –

overthrow Castro/unsuccessful

Cuban Missile Crisis—What happened?

-russia placing missiles in Cuba/ Kennedy forces them out

 

17

Baby Boom — increase in population

What was the impact? Housing, transportation, schools, hospitals

Transportation—

Interstate Highway Act- connected nation, IKE

Migration -suburbs

Business Growth —

Franchises (McDonalds)

Communication (TV) - ads

Science —

Polio & Measles vaccine- Jonas Salk

Advances in surgery

Pop Culture— rock & roll

Increased consumption/spending

Economic prosperity

More leisure time

Non-Conformist Ideas

GI Bill/Servicemen’s Readjustment Act provided—

Low cost mortgages

Money for college

What impact did this have?

need for housing, suburbs,

Religious resurgence—

”E Pluribus Unum” motto meaning—out of many comes one—became official in 1956

“In God We Trust” national motto adopted in 1956

Growth of churches

Fear of Communism

Beat Generation

Jack Kerouac

Rebelled against conformity

1950

Housing Boom

Growth of the

suburbs__

Levittown

Legislation/Landmark Court Cases

Civil War Amendments:

13th —abolish slavery

14th —citizenship

15th —voting for African-American Males

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) —separate is equal

Mendez v. Westminster (1947) —segregation of children of groups illegal

Executive Order 9981, (1948) — Truman integrates

military

Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. (1948) —

segregation of Mex-Amer. Children illegal

Sweatt v. Painter (1950) — UT Law school must admitt African-American

Legislation (cont.)

Hernandez v. Texas (1954) —Mex-Amer entitled to 14th amendment

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) —separate was not equal

Civil Rights Act of 1957 —Civil Rights Comm. –Federal Courts could register Afri-Amer to vote, Civil Rights Division of Justice Dept.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 —prohibited discrimination based on race, gender in public accommadations

24th Amendment — (prohibited poll taxes in federal elections) barriers to voting eliminated

1965 Voting Rights Act —eliminated literacy tests, led to increase in Afri-Amer voting

Affirmative Action (1965) —take positive steps to increase number of minorities in work place, colleges, recruit minority applicants

Edgewood v. Kirby – equal funding for all students in Texas, rich areas and poor areas

Founding of NAACP (1909)—W.E.B. DuBois —

National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)— 15 month long boycott led by MLK, Rosa Parks – successful

Little Rock Nine (1957) —Ike sent National guard to escort students to class

Sit-Ins (1960-61) —student led movement to integrate public facilities

Selma March- march to capital of Alabama for voting rights

Freedom Rides (1961)—intigrate interstate bus terminals, violent, many arrested

James Meredith (`1962)—Univ. of Miss student violence, JFK sent Nat. guard to restore order

Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)-famous MLK letter, explaining to many that the time for waiting was over

March on Washington (1963) —force the Fed. To take a stand at the national level, led to Civil Rights act of 64; famous “I Have a Dream “ speech

Civil Rights Movement

INSTRUCTIONS: Review the different approaches and leadership of various reform efforts by completing the organizer

African Americans Women Hispanic Americans American Indian

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Civil Disobedience — SCLC/SNCC disobey unjust laws Montgomery Bus Boycott March on WashingtonSelma MarchInfluenced by — Gandhi Gathered widespread support by — using non-violence Famous Quotes/Speeches ”I Have A Dream” Letter from Birmingham Turning Point —o Assassinated 1968-

Memphis, Tenn.

Malcolm X

Views — segregation of races, ’any means necessary’ Influenced by — MuslimNation of Islam

Assassinated 1965-Rival Nation of Islam members

Black Panthers Views —Militant

Black Power Community –based political organization— Leaders—Stocky CarmichaelHuey NewtonBobby Seale

Betty Friedan wrote — Feminine Mystique__ National Organization for Women (NOW) – chief voice of Women’s Movement Gloria Steinam —Ms Magazine Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized — abortion__ Equal Pay Act — women same pay as men for same job Title IX (1972) — banned sex discrimination in education

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta led the United — Farm Workers_______(UFW)o Boycotts -target consumers Hector P. Garcia started GI Forum for — Latin-American____ rights. LULAC —League of United Latin American Citizens La Raza Unida — United Race Party MAYO-Mexican American Youth Organization Chicano Mural Movement —pride in Mex. Amer. Heritage, culture

American Indian Movement (AIM) — -temporarily occupied government buildings at; Alcatraz

Wounded Knee

Introduced term Native American and brought attention to discrimination and bias ****RED POWER*****

Domestic

Program

War on poverty

Programs created to

give economic opportunity

—Medicare/Medicaid helped the

elderly and poor access health care

—Head Start/Child Nutrition Act

Programs were costly/expanded role of government

Miranda v. Arizona Immigration Act of 1965

DOVES

H

AWKS

Credibility gap — lost faith in govern. reliability

Pentagon Papers —leaked to media proves

gov. lied about war

Draft —young men sent to fight , many

protested, Canada burn draft cards as protest

26t h Amendment — 18 years old could

vote “old enough to die old enough to vote”

Role of the media —watched war

on TV, including questionalbe things, influenced

opinion of the war

Silent Majority- Nixon claimed

most Americans were in favor of war

Some

adopted

attitude of

rebellion

Challenged materialism

and the “establishment”

Youth Culture

Led to — anti-war movement

New lifestyles — communes,

hippies

New fashion

Use of illegal drugs

Music

Anti-War

Movement

Great

Society

Brought renewed hope

Peace Corps “Ask not what your

_country_ can do for you, but what you can do for your ___country_.”

New FrontierSpace Race —U.S. on Moon

Promoted space program Improved lives as a result

—Advances in technology —Communication

—New products —GPS

Report Card on the 1970s Presidents

President Describe the topic or event Give them a Grade

Example:Nixon-R

Détente

Nixon’s foreign policy to relax Cold War tension with the Soviet Union and China through diplomacy A

Nixon Normalization in Relations with China 1st president to visit china after revolution of 1948;increase trade

Nixon First Amendment RightsTinker v. Des Monies (1968) —students allowed to wear arm bands as a protest of war

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) —freedom of religion, amish children not required to attend public school after 8th grade

Nixon Environmental Protection Act (EPA) & Endangered Species ActProtection of the environment

Nixon Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Phyllis Schlafly – conservative opposed ERA, reduce rights of women; failed to pass, extended, failed

Nixon War Powers ActLimit the power of the President in any conflict without a formal declaration of war

Nixon Fall of Saigon communists took control of South Vietnam, reunifying all of Vietnam under communists control

Nixon Watergate Scandal President Nixon was found to be involved in covering up for members of his staff for criminal activity; led to

impeachment vote, resignation of Nixon

Ford-R Pardon of NixonRaised tremendous controversy when President Ford granted Nixon a full and complete pardon

Carter-D Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – imposed embargo on US, led to energy crisis, prices skyrocketed - stagflation

Department of Energy - Cabinet level position created by Carter in response to the energy crisis

Carter Community Reinvestment ActRequire banks to make credit available in poor communities

Carter Panama Canal TreatyTurn over control of the canal to Panama by the end of the century

Carter Camp David Accords peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, ending 30 yrs of fighting

Carter Iran Hostage CrisisIranian students seized US embassy and held them hostage for over a year

22

Republican (1981-1989)

Supported by social conservatives —Phyllis Schlafly, led opposition to ERA

Won using conservative ideas (remember Goldwater 1964) and optimism

What was Reaganomics?

supply-side economics

cut taxes to business, wealth

What was “Peace through Strength”?

 -Star wars – “Let he who desires peace prepare for war”  How was the U.S. involved in the Iran-Contra Affair?

sold weapons to Iran for release of Hostages. Money sent to rebels in Nicaragua

•  Why were U.S. Marines in Lebanon?

  International peace-keeping force, attacked by suicide bomber 241 American Marines killed

Appointed Sandra Day O’Connor first woman to U.S. Supreme Court (1981)

Ronald Reagan George BushRepublican (1989-1993)

What is significant about the Americans with Disabilities Act?

  prohibited discrimination of people with disabilities in employment 

What signifies the end of the Cold War?

 eastern European countries moved away from Communism, Berlin Wall comes down,

  

o When? 1991

  Why did the U.S. get involved in the Persian Gulf War?

Iraq invaded Kuwait, greatest foreign policy achievement

   

People moving from Rust Belt region to the Sunbelt region

People moved from industrial Mid-west to Southwest for jobs

Moral Majority

Conservative lobby group 

Formed by television evangelist Jerry Falwell

  Opposed ERA

Heritage Foundation

Conservative think tank 

Promoted free enterprise, civil rights, limited government and strong national defense

National Rifle Association

After assassinations in the 1960s the Gun Control Act of 1968

NRA became more active and was a conservative political group supporting 2nd Amendment Rights

mendment rights.

Bill Clinton1993-2001

George W. Bush2001-2009

Barack Obama2009-2017

Economic

Issues

Attempted health care reform with Hillary Clinton leading task force – did not pass Congress

Supported welfare reform, lower taxes, and stricter crime prevention measures

GATT — Changed to World Trade

Organization NAFTA— impacted trade in_N. America_

Financial Crisis of 2008 led to—

Home foreclosures

Fear of financial failures

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008) gave billions of dollars to prevent banks and businesses from failing

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 gave economic stimulus – create new jobs, 700 billion, save auto industry

Banking and credit reform – regulate credit cards, banks

Political

Issues

Ross Perot —3rd party candidates can impact elections

Contract with America was supported by

__Republicans___ proposed by Newt Gengrich, Republican Speaker of the House

Balkan Crisis

2000 Election — what was unique? Gore won pop. Vote – lost election – Supreme Court ruled no recount- Bush wins

2001 Terrorist Attack — Turning Point 9/11 - Homeland Security, TSA

U.S. Patriot Act created to— conduct sweeping searches, monitor activity—Iraq – Remove Saddam Hussein —Afghanistan- search for bin Laden

2008 Election Turning Point – First African American President – social media, grassroots ,

Affordable Care Act – health care for all, attempted by every Democratic Pres. Since 1940’s

Appointed _Sonia Sotomayor_ 1st Hispanic American to U.S. Supreme Court

Social

Issues

Scandal led to impeachment (formal accusation) by the House of

Representatives__________

____Senate__ vote did not remove the president

No Child Left Behind was created to —Make schools accountable for teaching all students

Hurricane Katrina caused by natural disaster and human factors (levee failure, delayed rescue) – Bush criticized for delayed reaction, led to many people deaths

Appointed— Hillary Clinton _as Secretary of State

Influence of Oprah Winfrey – star power, $$$$$$$$,

24

TCB TCBTAKIN’ CARE OF BUSINESS

Technological Innovation

How have these improved business and American’s standard of living?

Satellites— orbit the earth send signals –space junk, pictures

 Cell phones— instant info and connection, issues? ------

 Personal computers— manage info, save info, reduce work load,

 Robotics— aid in manufacturing, reduce employment

 Just-in-time inventory management— parts arrive at the precise time in the manufacturing process

 Information technology— increase in production, high tech jobs

Genetic engineering— thousands of diseases such as cancer may be cured

Time-Study Analysis- how long to perform a task, help manage workers and production

Business Marketplace

How does free enterprise impact the creation of discoveries in the U.S.?

 powerful incentive to meet consumer demands, free to produce and choose products

   What contribution have these entrepreneurs made to the United States?

Bill Gates— Microsoft

Sam Walton— Wal-Mart

Esteé Lauder— cosmetics

Lionel Sosa—Hispanic owned ad

agency

Robert Johnson— BETOprah Winfrey— influence

public opinion, philanthropy

  

25

Globalization

How have these encouraged globalization?

Internet— world wide linking of computers,

 e-commerce, doing business on computer 

Growth of multi-national corporations—

 multi-national corps. Can move production to other places to avoid taxes and regs.

 Energy needs—rising population has led to greater need for energy, nuclear, solar, hydro,

Dangers of explosions, storms, leaks, global warming acid rain, ozone layer

 American culture— energy conservation, environmental issues

Gilded AgeIndustrialization/Child Labor

Urbanization/How the other half lives

Immigration/NativismWestward Expansion/Manifest Destiny Americanization/

Assimilation

Imperialism/Panama Canal/TR 20’s/Flappers Stock Market Crash/ Depression

Spanish American WarWW I Progressive Era

Depression 30’s New Deal/ 3R’s WW II

Arms Race/Cold WarBaby Boom/ Suburbs Rosa Parks/Montgomery

Bus Boycott

Space Race/1969 Sputnik 1957 MLK/Assassinated 1968

Cesar ChavezUnited Farm Workers

Anti-War Movement 70’s Watergate/Lack of Confidence in Gov’t

1991 – Fall of Communism9/11/2001

Election 2008

Practice EOC99 – 1 68-2297-2 66-2396-3 65-2494-4 63-2593-5 62-2691-6 60-2790-7 59-2888-8 57-2987-9 56-3085-1084-1182-1281-1379-1478-1576-1675-1774-1872-1971-2069-21