allophone presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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AllophoneA Phonetic Variant of Phoneme
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PhonologyThe study of the mental organization of a
language’s sound system.Units of organization : – Biggest: syllables, metrical feet, words – Middle: segments (phonemes and
allophones) – Smallest: features
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PHONEME smallest phonological unit that
distinguish meaning Phonemes are abstract mental unit of
sound Example : sip zip fine vine chunk junk
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Phonemes are marked by testing minimal pair Minimal pairs are pairs of words which vary
only by the identity of the segment and there is a difference in meaning
Phonemes are the basic sounds - the significant , non-predictable ones
Phonemes are groups of sound-variants; whenever we actually pronounce a sound we use an allophone, one of the variants in the group. The choice of which variant we use in any context depends on subconscious rules
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Allophone
allophones are the variations within each group of phoneme
The different ways the phonemes are realized in various positions are called Allophones which are predictable, and non-significant.
Allophones are usually relatively similar sounds which are in mutually exclusive or complementary distribution
Occasionally allophone selection is not conditioned but may vary form person to person and occasion to occasion (ie. free variation)
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A non-linguistic metaphor on Allophone
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Difference between phoneme and allophone
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LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY In English, [ph] and [p] are allophones of the same phoneme (/p/), meaning that
a word doesn’t change its meaning if we
substitute one sound for the other.
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Complementary DistributionWhen two phones are mutually
exclusive, i.e.,they appear in different environments
– [spæt] [phæt] *[sphæt] *[pæt]
– [spul] [phul] *[sphul] *[pul][ph] and [p] are in
complementary distribution (which means they
are allophones of the same phoneme)
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When the substitution of two or more sounds in the same position does not result in any change of meaning, they’re said to be in free variation.
Example : [i]ther and I say [ai]ther, [ni:]ther and I say [nai]ther,
There is an old song from the 1930s : You say [i]ther and I say [ai]ther, You say [ni:]ther and I say [nai]ther, [i:]ther [ai]ther [ni:]ther [nai]ther let’s call the whole thing off.
Free variation
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Determination of an Allophone
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Conclusion In any one language or dialect there
are usually rather more sounds than speakers are aware of
in general: allophones = conditioned variants of a phoneme; generated by phonological conditioning(= a matter of language-specific rules of pronunciation')
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