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TRANSCRIPT
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Lab Activity 15
The Brain
Institut Pendidikan Guru MalaysiaPJM3106
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Brain Meninges: Dura Mater
Continuous with the spinal meninges
Dura mater: An outer and inner fibrous
connective tissue Outer later is fused to the periosteum of the
cranial bones (no epidural space)
Between the layers are tissue fluids, bloodvessels and venous sinuses.
Venous sinuses are large collecting veins.
Venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular
veins
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Dural Folds
The inner layer of dura mater that extends
into the cranial cavity.
Provide additional stabilization and supportfor the brain
Contain the dural sinuses
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Dural Folds
Falx cerebri projects between the cerebral
hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure
Superior sagittal sinus & inferior sagittal sinus Tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebellar
hemisphere from the cerebrum
Transverse sinus
Falx cerebelli divides the cerebellar
hemispheres
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Brain Meninges:
Arachnoid & Pia Mater
Arachnoid materconsists of the arachnoid
membrane and fibers of the arachnoid
trabeculae that attach to the pia mater
Pia mater: attached to the surface of the
brain, anchored by processes of astrocytes
Contains branches of cerebral blood vessels that
penetrate the surface of the brain.
CSF is between these two membranes in the
subarachnoid space
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Ventricles
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3 Structures:
Midbrain(mesencephalon)
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Brainstem
Corpora
quadrigemina
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Pons
Medulla
Midbrain
Corporaquadrigemina
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Brainstem: Medulla Oblongata
Functions:
Center for the coordination of complex
autonomic reflexes (heart rate, respiratory
rhythm, blood pressure)
Control of visceral functions (vomiting,
swallowing)
Decussation of pyramids: a crossover point forthe major motor tracts
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Brainstem: Pons
Functions:
Sensory and motor nuclei of Cranial nerves V,
VI, VII, and VIII
Respiratory control:
Apneustic centerandpneumotaxic centerto
modify the activity of the respiratory
rhythmicity center in the medulla Nuclei and tracts that process and relay
information to and from the cerebellum
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Brainstem: Midbrain
Functions:
Connects pons to cerebellum
Superior colliculi: visual reflex centers Inferior colliculi: auditory reflex centers
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Diencephalon
Structures
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
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Diencephalon: Epithalamus
Superior to the third ventricle, contains the
pineal gland
Pineal gland
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Diencephalon: Thalamus
Relay station for sensory input
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland: Attaches to the hypothalamus viathe infundibulum
Mamillary bodies: Process olfactory sensations.
Pituitary gland
(not in this
picture) would
be hanging here
Mamillarybody
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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus
Major Functions:
1. Controls somatic motor activities at thesubconscious level
2. Controls autonomic function3. Coordinates activities of the nervous and endocrine
systems
4. Secretes hormones
5. Produces emotions and behavioral drives
6. Coordinates voluntary and autonomic functions
7. Regulates body temperature
8. Coordinates circadian cycles of activity
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Cerebellum
Functions:
Coordination of
movements
Adjustment of
postural muscles
Vermis
Arbor Vita (white
matter that looks
like a leaf)
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Cerebral Cortex
The superficiallayer/rim of graymatter in the
cerebralhemispheres
Gray matterconsists of cell
bodies, dendrites,
and unmyelinatedaxons.
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White Matter & Basal Nuclei
White matterconsists primarily of myelinated axons
Is beneath the gray matter cortex
Notice how it is the opposite arrangement from the spinal cord
(Spinal cord: white matter is on the outside and gray matter ison the inside.)
Corpus callosum: Connects the right and left hemispheres
Basal nuclei: Islands of gray matter within the white
matter.
Function: Involved in the subconscious control of skeletal
muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement
patterns
Whit M tt Whi M
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White Matter
& Basal Nuclei
White Matter
Basal Nuclei
Corpus
Callosum
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Sulci & Gyri
Sulci: Shallow depressions of the cerebralcortex
Central sulcus is between the frontal and parietallobes
Lateral sulcus is between the parietal lobes andtemporal lobes.
Fissures: Deep grooves
Longitudinal: separates cerebral hemispheres Transverse: separates cerebrum form the
cerebellum
Gyri: The elevated ridges of the cerebral cortex
Serve to increase the surface area
Sulci
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Lateral
Sulcus
Central
Sulcus
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Transverse
fissure
Longitudinal
Fissure
Transverse
Fissure
C t l S lPrecentral Gyrus:
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Central SulcusPrecentral Gyrus:(frontal lobe)
contains the
primary motor area Postcentral Gyrus:
(parietal lobe)contains the primary
somatosensory area.
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Cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Motor, speech (usually left lobe), personality
Parietal lobe
Sensation (except smell), language
Occipital lobe
Vision
Temporal lobe
Hearing, smell, language
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The End