AMATR TERMSZETTUDSOK

HOZZJRULSA A BIOLGIAI

SOKFLESG TANULMNYOZSHOZ

Vgner Lajos

szletsnek 200. vfordulja tiszteletre rendezett

nemzetkzi tudomnyos konferencia

-

,

200-

CONTRIBUTION OF AMATEUR

NATURALISTS INTO BIOLOGICAL

DIVERSITY STUDIES

International Scientific Conference

devoted to the 200th

anniversary

of Lajos Vgners birthday

II. Rkczi Ferenc Krptaljai Magyar Fiskola

AMATR TERMSZETTUDSOK

HOZZJRULSA A BIOLGIAI

SOKFLESG TANULMNYOZSHOZ

Konferenciaktet

Vgner Lajos

szletsnek 200. vfordulja tiszteletre rendezett

nemzetkzi tudomnyos konferencia

(2015. mjus 14-16., Beregszsz, Ukrajna)

Beregszsz

2015

AMATR TERMSZETTUDSOK HOZZJRULSA A BIOLGIAI

SOKFLESG TANULMNYOZSHOZ: Vgner Lajos szletsnek 200.

vfordulja tiszteletre rendezett nemzetkzi tudomnyos konferencia ktete (2015. mjus

14-16., Beregszsz, Ukrajna). Ungvr, 2015. 676 old.

A ktet bemutatja a hivatsos s amatr termszettudsok lettjt, szertegaz

tudomnyos munkssguk aspektusait, a klnbz nvny- s llatcsoportok, valamint

termszetes lhelyeik kutatstrtnett, a termszetvdelmi terletek s parkok

ltrehozsnak trtneti httert, a herbriumok, botanikus kertek, arbortumok s egyb

tudomnyos gyjtemnyek megalapozsnak trtnett.

A kiadvnyt a biolgia, a termszetvdelem, a honismeret s a biolgia

tudomnytrtnete szakembereinek, valamint tanroknak, egyetemi s fiskolai

hallgatknak, iskolsoknak ajnljuk.

Kiadsra javasolta a II. Rkczi Ferenc Krptaljai Magyar Fiskola

Tudomnyos Tancsa (2015.02.23., 1. szm jegyzknyv)

Szervezintzet: II. Rkczi Ferenc Krptaljai Magyar Fiskola

Trsszervezk: UTA M.G. Holodnij Botanikai Intzete

Ungvri Nemzeti Egyetem

Krptaljai Honismereti Mzeum

Magyar Termszettudomnyi Mzeum (Budapest, Magyarorszg)

Tudomnyos bizottsg:

Prof. Borhidi Attila (Magyarorszg), Prof. Szikura Jzsef (Ukrajna),

Dr. Orosz Ildik (Ukrajna), Prof. Komendar Vasyl (Ukrajna)

Szervez bizottsg:

Dr. Buczk Istvn (Ukrajna) a szervezbizottsg trselnke,

Dr. Shevera Myroslav (Ukrajna) a szervezbizottsg trselnke,

Dr. Andrik va (Ukrajna) tudomnyos titkr,

Dr. Kohut Erzsbet (Ukrajna), Dr. Hasynets Yaroslava (Ukrajna),

Kish Roman (Ukrajna), Dr. Sabadosh Vasyl (Ukrajna),

Zselicki Istvn (Ukrajna), Hadnagy Istvn (Ukrajna), Kolozsvri Istvn (Ukrajna),

Dzhahman Ruslana (Ukrajna), Pifk Dniel (Magyarorszg)

A tanulmnyok a szerzk szerkesztsben kerlnek kzlsre

ISBN 978-966-2303-13-1 II. Rkczi Ferenc Krptaljai

Magyar Fiskola

Szerzk

. II

-

,

200-

(14-16 2015 , , )

2015

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ISBN 978-966-2303-13-1

. II

Ferenc Rkczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute

CONTRIBUTION OF AMATEUR

NATURALISTS INTO BIOLOGICAL

DIVERSITY STUDIES

Proceedings

of International Scientific Conference

devoted to the 200th anniversary

of Lajos Vgners birthday

(2015, May 14-16, Beregszsz, Ukraine)

Beregszsz

2015

CONTRIBUTION OF AMATEUR NATURALISTS INTO BIOLOGICAL

DIVERSITY STUDIES: Proceedings of International Scientific Conference devoted to

the 200th anniversary of Lajos Vgners birthday (2015, May 14-16, Beregszsz, Ukraine).

Uzhhorod, 2015. 676 p.

The book presents materials devoted to the life path, scientific heritage and different

aspects of creative work of nature researchers both professional scientists and amateur

naturalists, history of studies of different plant and animal groups, exploration of the

natural complexes, establishing of protected areas, arboreta, as well as history of making

and forming collection funds of herbaria, botanical gardens, forest-parks etc.

For experts in biology, history of biological science and nature protection, school teachers,

higher school students, as well as students of local lore, history and economy.

Recommended to publication by the Scientific Council of Ferenc Rkczi II.

Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute, record 1 from February 23, 2015

Organizator of the Conference: Ferenc Rkczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute

Co-organizators: M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany NAS of Ukraine

Uzhgorod National University

Transcarpathian Museum of Lore, History and Economy

Hungarian Natural History Museum

Scientific Committee of the Conference: Prof. Attila Borhidi (Hungary), Prof. Jzsef Szikura (Ukraine),

Dr. Ildik Orosz (Ukraine), Prof. Vasyl Komendar (Ukraine)

Organising Committee of the Conference: Dr. Istvn Buczk (Ukraine) Co-chair,

Dr. Myroslav Shevera (Ukraine) Co-chair,

Dr. Eva Andrik (Ukraine) Secretary,

Dr. Erzsbet Kohut (Ukraine), Dr. Yaroslava Hasynets (Ukraine),

Roman Kish (Ukraine), Dr. Vasyl Sabadosh (Ukraine), Istvn Zselicki (Ukraine),

Istvn Hadnagy (Ukraine), Istvn Kolozsvri (Ukraine),

Ruslana Dzhahman (Ukraine), Dniel Pifk (Hungary)

The published manuscripts were edited by the authors

ISBN 978-966-2303-13-1 Ferenc Rkczi II Transcarpathian

Hungarian Institute

Authors

9

VGNER LAJOS (18151888) EMLKRE, SZLETSNEK 200. VFORDULJA ALKALMBL

Andrik .1, Karcsonyi K., Shevera M.2, Pifk D.3, Kohut E.1, Kiss R.4

1II. Rkczi Ferenc Krptaljai Magyar Fiskola

2M.H.Kholodny Botanikai Kutatintzet, Ukrn Tudomnyos Akadmia 3Magyar Termszettudomnyi Mzeum

4Ungvri Nemzeti Egyetem

A Krpti rgiban eltr idszakokban egsz sereg amatr termszetbvr dolgozott, akik klnbz megkzeltsben vizsgltk a termszetet. Szmos termszetbvr esetben ez a szenvedly gyakran valsgos tudomnyos kutatss ntt. A ksbbiekben ezek a felfedezsek, tudomnyos gyjtemnyek nemcsak az ltaluk kutatott terlet termszeti vilgrl alkotott ismereteknek kpeztk az alapjt, hanem sszessgben alapjul szolgltak a Krptokrl alkotott ismereteknek is.

Az egyik ilyen tudomnymvel szemly Vgner Lajos (Wagner, Vgner, Vagner Ludvig, Ludwig, Lajos) volt, aki a XIX. szzad kzepn nzetlenl dolgozott a botanikatudomny javra. A Magyar Kirlysg legnagyobb s legkevsb ismert vrmegyjnek, Mramarosnak (9720 km2) a flrjt kutatta. volt az els mramarosi szlets helyi botanikus, aki rszletes kutatsai rvn ismertt tette a vidk nvnyvilgt. A hatrmdostsok miatt szkebb hazja, amely trtnelmileg a jelenlegi Krptalja s Mramaros megykhez kapcsoldik, mostanra Ukrajna s Romnia hatr mentn helyezkedik el. Mramaros vrmegyt szakrl a Keleti-Krptok dlnyugati lejti, szaknyugatrl a Borzsa-havasok, nyugatrl a Nagyszlsi-hegysg, dlnyugatrl a Vihorlt-Gutini vonulat, dlkeleti irnybl pedig a Radnai-havasok hatroltk. Terletn helyezkedett el Huszt vrosa is. A vrmegye adminisztratv kzpontja a XIX. szzadban Mramarossziget volt (jelenleg Sighetu Marmaiei, Romnia). A Magyar Kirlysg vrmegyi kzl Mramaros a hegyvidkekben a leggazdagabb megye, kitnt a kontinens egyik legnagyobb erdsltsgvel. Terletnek dnt rszt hegyvidki terletek tagoljk, csak a nyugati rszn, a vidk f vzi artrijnak szmt Tisza vlgyben tallhatak kisebb kiterjeds sksgi terletek

Vgner Lajos 1815. februr 10-n szletett a Mramaros vrmegyei Tiszabogdny teleplsen, amely jelenleg Krptaljn, a Rahi jrsban tallhat. desapja, Vgner Johannes (Jnos) nemes volt (nobilis), kezdetben erdgazdasgi erdmesterknt (silvarum magister), majd erdszknt (silvarum indagator) dolgozott. Mramarosszigetre trtn kltzsket kveten kamarai sszllt tiszt llst tlttt be.

desanyja, Schffer Josepha 1778-ban szletett. Lajos els gyermeke volt a csaldnak. Nem sokkal szletse utn a csald Dombra kltztt (jelenleg

10

Dubove, Tcsi jrs, Krptalja), ahol harmincas vei elejig ltek. Itt szletett kt fitestvre, Jzsef s Jnos, valamint lenytestvrei, Barbara s Anna.

Az apa j kpzst akart adni gyermekeinek, ezrt a fikat tanulni kldte. 1824 sztl Lajos s Jzsef a Mramarosszigeti Rmai Katolikus Gimnziumban tanulnak, amelyet akkortjt a piarista rend felgyelt. Az els ngy grammatikai osztly befejezse utn Lajos a humn osztlyokban folytatta tanulmnyait, amelyet 17 ves korban be is fejezett. Ebben az idben a mramarosi gimnzium oktatsi tanrendjben a fldrajz s termszetrajz tantrgyak is szerepeltek. A termszetrajz keretn bell klns figyelmet fordtottak a nvnyvilg tanulmnyozsnak. Az ifj rdekldse a nvnyek irnt vlheten ez id tjt kezddtt. Mivel Mramarosszigeten akkoriban mg nem voltak magasabb blcseleti osztlyok, ezrt tanulmnyait az Abaj-Torna vrmegyben lv (jelenleg Szlovkia), a premontrei rend ltal felgyelt Kassai Gimnziumban folytatta (Kanitz, 1890). Vgner Lajos hszves korban fejezte be tanulmnyait, melyet kveten visszatrt Mramarosszigetre, ahol 1835-ben a Kir. Bnya s Jszgigazgatsg elszr sszllt biztosknt, majd kulcsrknt dolgozott. Szlei hamarosan Dombrl Mramarosszigetre kltztek.

1848. janur 15-n Vgner Lajos megnslt, felesge szeptemberben szls kzben meghalt. Nemsokra msodszor is meghzasodott, nl vette Braun Karolint, aki egy kis faluban, jlakon (jelenleg Ukrajna) szletett 1826. mjus 21-n. Szlei Braun D. Jacobus (Jakab) s Gundermann Suzanna (Zsuzsnna) voltak (Karcsonyi 2015). Vgner szavaival lve boldog hzassgukbl (Vgner 1860), hrom gyermek szletett: Emlia Mria, Lajos Jakab s Jzsef Kroly. A kislny vlheten gyermekkorban meghalt, mert egy 1860-ban megjelent levelben csak kt kiskor gyermekrl (Vgner 1860), ksbb pedig csak a kt frl tesz emltst.

1855-ben ellptettk s csaldjval Husztra kltztek, ahol az Erdszeti Kirlyi Gazdasg ellenreknt s pnztrnokaknt dolgozott. Huszton a vrrom lbnl lv erdszlakba kltztek (Gyrffy 1942). 1870-ben a Erdszeti Kirlyi Gazdasg megszntette tevkenysgt a vrosban, ezrt Vgner Lajost thelyeztk a Rahi Erdszeti Igazgatsgra. A kvetkez 10 vben, nyugdjba vonulsig itt dolgozott (Gyrffy 1942). Ksbb csaldjval visszakltztek Husztra, ahol teljesen tadhatta magt szeretett tevkenysgnek, a rgi nvnytani vizsglatnak. Sajnos ez az idszak mr igen rvidlet volt, mivel 1888. jnius 9-n Vgner Lajos elhunyt. Huszton temettk el.

Mramarosszigeten, Huszton s Rahn tlttt vei alatt szmos alkalommal tett botanikai kirndulsokat a trsg legklnbzbb szegletbe. Ilyenkor sok nvnyt gyjttt s gazdag herbriumot ksztett. lnk levelezst s aktv herbriumcsert folytatott nemcsak a Krpti rgi, hanem ms orszgok neves botanikusaival is. Egsz letn keresztl gyjttte a nvnyeket, az els herbriumi gyjtemnye 1837-re datldik, az utols pedig 1886-ra. Vgner Lajos a magyar botanikusok kzl elsk kztt lpett be a Bcsi Botanikai Trsasgba (Wiener Botanischen Tauschvereins), amin keresztl herbriumcsert folytatott ms rgikbl szrmaz kollgkkal. Gyjttt herbriumot a Bcsi Egyetem professzora, A. Kerner von Marilaun ltal sszelltott Flora exsiccata Austro-

11

Hungarica szmra is, ami szintn elsegtette gyjtseinek kiteljesedst. A rendszeres herbriumcsernek ksznheten Vgner Lajos Mramarosban gyjttt lapjai szmos vezet botanikus s gyjt herbriumt gazdagtotta, amelyek idvel a vilg szmos termszettudomnyi intzmnyek gyjtemnyeibe kerltek.

A mramarosi florista herbriuma alapjn Kerner rta le az egyik krpti enedemizmust, amelyet Vgner Lajos emlkre Phyteuma vagnerinek nevezett el (Kerner 1883, 1884). A kutat nevt egy msik fajnvben is megrktettk Gentiana vgneri Janka, valamint a Krptok egyik tavaszi tzike alfajnak Leucojum vernum var. vagneri Stapf (Schedae ad Flor. exs. Austro-Hung. 4: pl. 86, n 1480. 1886) nevben is szerepel, amely jelenleg az elskzls prioritsa miatt alfajknt mint L. vernum subsp. carpathicum (Sims) K.Richt ismert.

A Mramaros nvnyvilga fradhatatlan kutatjnak legrtkesebb tudomnyos hagyatka a herbriuma. A kutat 40 ezer lapot szmll gyjtemnyt a Budapesti Termszettudomnyi Mzeum rzi (Budapest BP). A gyjtemny legrtkesebb rszt a sajt mramarosi gyjtsei teszik ki, tovbb rtkes rszt kpezik a klnbz eurpai orszgokbl szrmaz pldnyok. A gyjtemnyben lv lapok tbbsge, amelyek vagy csere, vagy vsrls tjn kerltek hozz, ltalban msodpldnyok, de olyan klfldi gyjtktl szrmaz herbriumok is vannak kzttk, amelyek csak az szemlyes gyjtemnyben maradtak fenn (Pifk 2015).

Az Ungvri Nemzeti Egyetem Herbriumban (UU) s rszben a Krptaljai Nprajzi Mzeum Herbriumban is vannak pldnyai, kb. 1000 lap. Az amatr botanikus ezen gyjtemnynek az rtkelst nemsokra az Ukrn Botanikai Folyiratban kzljk. Az ilyen gondos herbrium kszts ellenre Vgner Lajosnak csak egy alapvet publikcija jelent meg Mramaros nvnyzetrl (Vgner 1876), ezen munka fakszimile kiadsa is kszl. A jegyzkben Mramaros vrmegye flrjnak kzel ezer faja szerepel, kztk vadonl-, kultr-, dsz- s gygynvnyek. Minden faj mellet megjelli az lhely tpust, kzli kolgiai jellemzst s virgzsi idejt.

Ilyen rtelemben az els krptaljai amatr botanikus, Vgner Lajos munkssgnak tudomnyos jelentsge kiemelked s megbzhat alapjul szolgl a regionlis flrakutatsnak.

Irodalom / Preferences /

1. Gyrffy I., 1942 Krptalja nvnyvilga s gyakorlati haszna // Hajnal, 3, 46: 424458.

2. Kanitz A., 1890 Hallozsok: Vgner Lajos // Magy. Nv. Lap., 13, 136137: 26-30.

3. Kerner A., 1883: Phyteuma Vgneri. Flora Exsiccata Austro-Hungarica No. 964.

12

4. Kerner A., 1884: Schedae ad Floram Exsiccatam Austro-Hungaricam III. Vindobonae: Frick.

5. Vgner L., 1860 Correspondenz, Huszt am 15 November 1860 // ster. Bot. Zeit., 10: 13-14.

6. Vgner L. 1876 A megye nvnyzetnek ismertetse / In SZILGYI I., Mramaros vrmegye egyetemes leirsa. Budapest: 153-210.

IN COMMEMORATION OF LAJOS VGNER (1815-1888):

200 YEARS OF HIS BIRTHDAY

Andrik E.1, Karcsonyi K., Shevera M.2, Pifk D.3, Kohut E.1, Kish R.4

1Ferenc Rkczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute (Berehovo, Ukraine),

2M.G.Kholodny Institute of Botany NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv, Ukraine), 3Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest, Hungary),

4Uzhhorod National University (Uzhhorod, Ukraine)

A galaxy of amateur naturalists who studied various aspects of nature worked in the Carpathian region in different times. A mere passion of many of the first nature researchers often turned into real professional scientific studies. Their amateur surveys and collections later formed the foundation of knowledge on the nature world not only in some localities but in the Carpathians as a whole.

One of these associates of science was Lajos Vgner (Wagner, Vagner - Ludvig, Ludwig, Lajos) who worked devotedly for the welfare of botanical science in the middle of the 19th century, studying the flora of one of the largest though the least studied counties of the Hungarian Kingdom Maramoros (9720 sq.km). He became the first local botanist born in Maramoros whose detailed studies made the plant world of this land known. The borders between the countries have changed, and his native land historically connected with todays territories of the Transcarpathian Region and Maramures County already lies on both sides of the borderline between Ukraine and Romania. In the past the lands of Maramoros County covered the main southern declivity of the Eastern Carpathians in the west of Borzhava polonynas, eastern declivities of Tupyi massif (the Volcanic Carpathians) and the town of Khust up to Rodnyansky massif, including in the south the northern declivities of Avash Mountains of the Vyhorlat-Huta volcanic ridge. In the 19th century the administrative centre of the komitat was the town of Maramorosh-Sziget (now Sighetu-Marmaiei in Romania). Maramoros was the most mountainous county of Austro-Hungary and was distinguished by high woodiness. Almost all its area was occupied by mountains, and only in its western

13

part, in the valley of the main water artery the Tisza River there were small lowland areas.

Lajos Vgner was born on February 10, 1815 in the village of Bogdan (Tiszabogdny) of Maramoros County (now Rakhiv district, Transcarpathia). His father, Vagner Johannes (Jnos) belonged to gentry (nobilis) and worked at the forestry as a forest master (silvarum magister), and later on as a forest ranger (silvarum indagator). Then, when he moved to Sziget, he had the post of salt forwarding agent.

His mother (ne Schffer Josepha) was born in 1778. Ludwig was the first-born in their family. Soon after their son was born the family moved the village of Domb (now Dubove, Tyachiv district, Transcarpathian Region) where they lived up to the 1830s. The younger brothers Josef and Johannes and sisters Barbara and Anna were born in this village.

Their father, wishing to give education to his children, sent the sons to study at high school. Since the autumn of 1824 they were taught at Rome Catholic gymnasium of Sziget that was under the guardianship of the Catholic order of piarists. On completing the primary four classes Lajos continued his studies at the humanity classes and left the gymnasium at the age of 17. At that time the curricula of Maramoros gymnasium included such subjects as geography and nature sciences. Within the latter the special attention was given to studies of the plant kingdom and perhaps that is why the youth took a great interest in plants. Since there were no philosophy classes in Maramoros Sziget, Lajos Vgner continued his education in the gymnasium of Koice, Abauj-Torna County (now Slovakia) (Kanitz, 1890), which was under the guardianship of the Catholic order of Premonstratensians.

At the age of twenty, having completed his education Lajos Vgner came back to Maramoros Sziget where he first works as salt forwarding agent, then as treasurer (kulcsr). Soon his parents moved from Domb to Sziget.

On January 15, 1848 Lajos Vgner got married, but in September of the same year his wife died in labour. In due course he got married again, his second wife was Karolina Braun, born on May 1826 in the small town of Vylok (jlak) (now Ukraine) to the family of Braun D. Jacobus (Jakab) and Suzanna (ne Gundermann) (Karcsonyi, 2015). In this, as he put it, fortunate marriage three children were born Emilia Maria, Lajos Jakab and Josefus Karolus (Jzsef Kroly). Their daughter supposedly died at her early age, for in his letter published in 1860 he mentioned only two his little children (Vgner, 1860) and later only his two sons.

In 1855 Vgner was promoted. So he moved to Khust with his family where he had to work as an inspector and cashier of the Royal forestry management. They lodged in the foresters house located beneath the ruins of the Khust palace (Gyrffy, 1942). Later on, in 1870, Khust Royal forestry management ceased its work, and Vgner was deployed to Rakhiv Forestry management. For ten years and till his retiring in 1880 Lajos Vgner worked in Rakhiv (Gyrffy, 1942). Then he moves with his family to Khust where he surrendered himself wholly to his

14

favourite work studies of the plant cover of the region, but it was not long: on June 9,1888 his heart stopped beating. He was buried in Khust.

Working in Sziget and later in Khust and in Rakhiv Lajos Vgner carried on botanical excursions in different nooks of the land, collected and herbarized plants, corresponds with many botanists both from the Carpathian land and from foreign countries, actively exchanges herbarium materials. The researcher collected plants all his life: the first among his known herbaria dates back in 1937, and the last one 1886. In 1846 Lajos Vgner one of the first Hungarian botanists joined Wiener Botanischen Tauschvereins, due to which he established herbarium exchange with colleagues from other region. He collected a herbarium for Flora exsiccata Austro-Hungarica founded by Professor of Vienna university Anton Kerner von Marilan, and this favoured to spread his herbarium collections. By virtue of the constant herbarium exchange Lajos Vgner from Maramoros had enriched the herbarium collections of the foremost botanists and collectors which in due time were included into the herbaria of natural science institutions of the world.

On the basis of the Maramoros florists herbarium collections A. Kerner described on of the Carpathian endemics named after Lajos Vgner Phyteuma vagneri (Kerner, 1883, 1884). The name of the researcher was memorized in the name of one more species Gentiana vgneri Janka and in the name of the Carpathian variety of spring snowflake Leucojum vernum var. vagneri Stapf (Schedae ad Flor. exs. Austro-Hung. 4: pl. 86, n 1480. 1886). That today, according to the priorities of original description is looked upon as a separate subspecies of L. vernum subsp. carpathicum (Sims) K.Richt.

Of course, the most valuable heritage of the indefatigable toiler researcher of Maramoros vegetation is his herbarium. His own herbarium collection (40 thousand of specimen) is kept in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest, BP). Its most important part is L. Vgners collection from Maramoros, the rest considerable part is herbarium specimens received by exchange from the whole Europe. Though most of the plant species that had come to his collection either by exchange or had been bought usually represented duplicate materials, there are foreign collectors specimens that have remained only in his personal collection.

There is a part of Lajos Vgner herbarium collection at the Herbarium of Uzhgorod National University (UU) and in the exposition of the Transcarpathian Museum of local lore that numbers about 1000 herbarium specimens. Analysis of this part of the collection soon will be published in the Ukrainian Botanical Journal.

Amateur botanist Lajos Vgner had performed the most thorough plant herbarization but he was the author of only one but fundamental publication on the vegetation of Maramoros County (Vgner, 1876), which now is planned to be published as a facsimile. In his synopsis of the Maramoros County flora he gives about one thousand plant species, including wild, cultured, ornamental, medicinal and other plants. Every species is supplied with its site, ecological characteristic and flowering time.

15

Thus, the heritage of the first Transcarpathian amateur botanist Lajos Vgner is of a great scientific value, it is a reliable basis for carrying on floristic studies on the regional level.

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WAGNER LUDWIG (VGNER LAJOS) BOTANIKUS LETTJA

Karcsonyi K.

WAGNER LUDWIG (VGNER LAJOS) LIFE PATH

Karcsonyi K.

e-mail: karl_paul-karacsonyi@t-online.de

Wagner Ludwig (Vgner Lajos), a botanika szerelmese, egy olyan idszakban tevkenykedett, amikor a flrakutats fleg az 1867-es kiegyezs utni vtzedekben igen fellendlt. A mramarosi tj szlttei kzl, idrendi sorrendben volt az els botanikus, aki alapos florisztikai kutatsai nyomn ismertt tette e vidk nvnyvilgt. A Krptmedence egy olyan, alig ismert terlett kutatta, amely szinte ontotta a helyi flra csodlatos kincseit.

Taln fkpp a hatalmas munkabirssal prosul alzat s szernysg az oka annak, hogy szemlyrl alig maradtak fenn feljegyzsek, ami igencsak megnehezti lettjnak kvetst. Mr a korbbi botanikus nemzedkek kpviseli is Knitz gost (1890) s Gyrffy Istvn (1942) igyekeztek minnl tbbet megtudni a mramarosi flra els lerjnak letrl. Ennek ellenre a Wagner lett tbb mozzanatt tovbbra is homly bortotta, st nhny vele kapcsolatos ellentmond dolgot sem sikerlt megnyugtatan tisztzni. A kzben eltelt kzel egy vszzadnyi mozgalmas idszak alatt, a szban forg fldrajzi rgira vonatkoz korabeli dokumentumok szma megcsappant, ami beszktette a kutatsi lehetsgeket. Hrom romniai levltrban nztnk vagy rdekldtnk, az esetleg Wagnerre vonatkoz okiratok utn: a szatmrnmeti (Satu Mare) s mramarosszigeti (Sighetu Marmaiei) egyhzi, valamint nagybnyai (Baia Mare) llami arhivumokban. Tovbb, felhasznlva a korbban publiklt letrajzi adatokat s ms Wagnerrel kapcsolatos kzlemnyeket, az albbiakkal tisztelgnk a ktszz ve szletett mramarosi botanikus emlke eltt.

Neve, amelynek eredetileg Wagner volt, de ksbb leginkbb Vgner, st helyenknt Vagner formban is irtk, arra utal, hogy csaldja nmetlakta

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terletrl szrmazik. A mramarosi sbnyszat s erdgazdasgban foglalkoztatottak kztt mr a kora kzpkortl vannak nmetajk telepesek, de szmottev bevndorls trtnik a XVIII. szzadban, st mg ksbb is. gy Nmetmokrra 1755-ben Fels-Ausztribl szrmaz, majd Vis (Vieu) krnykre 1820 krl szepessgi cipszer telepesek rkeznek (Kaindl 1907). Gyrffy (1942) szerint a szban forg szemly fiait Huszton svboknak tartottk. E npcsoport tmeges beteleptse 1712-tl kezddik a szomszdos Szatmr megye terletn fekv Krolyi birtokokra, akik kzl tlag arnylag kevesen eljutottak Mramarosba is. Tny, hogy kzttk tz klnbz Wagner nev csaldhoz tartoz szemly volt ismert (Vonhz 1937). De ez a nv a fent emltett npcsoportok mindegyiknl elfordul.

A konzultlt szkszav oklevelek tanusga szerint, a ksbbi botanikus rmai katolikus valls csaldja, az 1820-as vekben Dombn (Dubov) lakik. Az desapa Vagner Johannes (Jnos) az erdszetben vezet beosztsban van alkalmazva. Erre utalnak a mramarosszigeti gimnzium matriculusaiban fennmaradt ksbbi bejegyzsek, ahov fiait beiratta. A korabeli iratokban mint magister, majd pedig mint indagator szerepel. Azt nem lehet tudni, hogy az utbbi bejegyzs pontosan milyen kutatsra, vagy esetleg vizsgldsra vonatkozik. Emellett megjegyzed, hogy mint nob. vagy nobilis teht nemesknt van feltntetve. Tny, hogy tehetsebb szemly kellett legyen, hiszen annak ellenre, hogy ekkor mg Dombn lakott, egyszerre hrom fit is tantatta a mramarosszigeti gimnziumban (Informatio..., 1825-1831). A felesg, mint az a Dombn szletett gyermekei bejegyzse alkalmval fel lett tntetve, lenykori nevn Schffer Josepha (Anyaknyv, Domb, 1825-1878).

A fennmaradt okmnyok szerint a Wagner (Vgner) csaldnak t gyermeke volt: hrom idsebb fi Ludwig (Lajos), a valszin 1816-ben szletett Joseph (Jzsef) s Johannes (Jnos) valamint kt fiatalabb leny. A ksbbi botanikus, akinek szletst 1815 februr 10-re teszik, letrajznak nem tisztzott momentuma, hol lett bevezetve a kereszteltek anyaknyvbe? Ez a dilma, pontos szletsi helye megllaptsban, vitra adhat okot. A mramarosszigeti gimnzium 1825-1831 kztt rt nvjegyzkeiben, akrcsak fivre Jzsef, kvetkezetesen Tiszabogdnyban szletettnek van feltntetve. Viszont Gyrffy (1942) szerint nem volt bejegyezve a rahi (Rachiv) rmai katolikus plbnia anyaknyvbe, ahov az emltett fal tartozott (Schematismus..., 1909). Ellenben a 1887-ben killtott halotti bizonyitvny szerint Vgner Lajos Hosszmezn (Cmpulug pe Tisa) ltta meg a napvilgot (Anyaknyv, Huszt, 1881-1890), s ennek alapjn a mramarosszigeti anyaknyvben kne szerepeljen. De ez mr korbban sem nyert igazolst, s a Reszler Mihly szigeti esperes ltal vgzett jabb ellenrzs is azt bizonytja, hogy itt nem ltezik semmilyen erre vonatkoz bejegyzs. Mivel az 1825 eltti dombi egyhzi anyaknyvek ma mr nincsenek meg, a kt Wagner (Vgner) fi szletsnek esetleges itteni bejegyzst nem ellenrizhettk. Tny, hogy mindkt fiatalabb lenytestvrk ebben a helysgben szletett; Barbara 1825-ben majd Anna 1828-ban (Anyaknyv, Domb, 1825-1878), st a szigeti gimnzium matriculusai szerint fiatalabb ccsk Jnos is itt ltta meg valsszin

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1819-ben a napvilgot. (Informatio...,1828). Az idpontot fvrk esetben nem lehet egyrtelmen megllaptani mert az emltett kziratokban nem a dikok szletsi dtumt, hanem az letkort vezettk be, nha nem tkletes precizitssal. A felvzoltakbl arra lehet kvetkeztetni, hogy a Wagner csaldnak 1817-1819 kztt kellett Tiszabogdnyrl Dombba kltznie.

A ksbbi botanikus 1824 sztl a mramarosszigeti rmai katolikus gimnzium tanulja. Az ekkor mr mintegy szz ve, a piaristk vezetse alatt mnkd alma mater-ben, kzel 250 dik tanul (Ktszery, 1915). A Dombrl rkez ifjt, Vagner Ludovicus nven soroljk be, egy vvel fiatalabb ccsvel Josepfus-sal (Jzsef) egytt, az els gramatikai osztlyba.(Informatio...,1825). A gimnzium tanulinak nvsort tartalmat kziratos regisztereket flvenknt jtottak, amelyek az 1825-1830-as idszakban nyomtatvnyok formjban is megjelentek (Juventus Gymnasii... Szighetiensis...,1825-1830). Ezekben, pontosabban az 1824-1831-es idszakban, Vgner Lajos neve mindegyikben megtallhat.

Az 1825-1826-os iskolai vben, 48 osztlytrsuk trsasgban, az ekkor Vagner nven regisztrlt fivrek j eredmnnyel zrjk a msodik gramatikai osztlyt, mint ezt a Horvth Jzsef igazgat ltal alrt jegyzknyv zradka is bizonytja. Aztn a kvetkez, harmadik tanv idejn, a ksbbi botanikus megbetegszik, amit a matriculusban bevezett infirmus sz igazol, s ezrt nem jelentkezhet vizsgra. gy a kt testvr tja sztvlik, s Ludovicus (Lajos) az elmaradt osztlyvizsgt csak az 1827-1828-as tanv vgn teszi le. Ekkor mr a legkissebb Vagner fivr Joannes (Jnos) is a szigeti gimnzium tanulja (Informatio..., 1828). A negyedik gramatikai osztlyt 1828-1829-ben vgzi 37 diktrsval (Vnk, 2005). A ksbbi botanikus az tdik s hatodik, u.n. humanista osztlyokat szintn itt jrja ki, 1831-el lezrlag, 17 vesen (Informatio..., 1829-1830, 1830-1831).

Ekkor a szban forg gimnzium programjban gy a fldrajz mint a temszetrajzi tantrgyak oktatsa is szerepel. Az utbbi keretn bell fontos clkitzs volt a nvnyvilg alapos megismerse, mint ez egy 1828-as keltezs kziratos, itt eladott tantrgyakra vonatkoz programban olvashat: Historia naturalis.; Regnum vegetabile pertractum (Synopses Materiarium...,1828). gy helytllnak tnik az a megllapts, miszerint a ksbbi botanikus mr serdlkorban kapcsolatba kerlt a nvnyvilg tanulmnyozsval. Vgl a magasabb blcseleti osztlyokat, amelyek ekkor mg Szigeten nem lteztek, Vgner a kassai gimnziumban jrta ki (Kanitz, 1890).

Tanulmnyai elvgzse utn visszakerl Mramarosszigetre, ahol 1835-tl a kir. bnya s jszgigazgatsgnl mint sszllt biztos lett alkalmazva. Mr ekkor behatan foglakozik a nvnygyjtssel, ahol e vidki vrosban mellette mg dr. Gyrgynek is jelents herbriuma van, amely ksbb 1859-ben egy tzvsz nyomn teljesen elpusztul (Vgner, 1859). Idkzben szlei is tklkznek Dombrl Szigetre, amit Borbla huga 1842-ben itteni anyaknyvben bejegyzett halla igazol. Ebben a vrosban desapja is mint kamarai sszllt tiszt tevkenykedik (Anyaknyv, Mramarossziget, 1841-1847). Majd 1850-ben szintn

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itt temetik el Vagner Lajos desanyjt Joseft. Ekkor mr apja sincs letben, hiszen az desanyja halotti anyaknyvben val bejegyzsben ez olvashat nhai Vgner Jnos zvegye (Anyaknyv, Mramarossziget, 1850-1858). Kzben az els 1848 janur 15-n Bals Ignatiaval kttt hzassga tragikus vget r; felesge ez v szeptemberben, gyermekszls kzben lett veszti (Gyrffy, 1942). Az ekkor mr kulcsrknt tevkenyked Vgner Lajost a sorozatos sorscsapsok igen megviselik, de gy tnik, hogy a klnbz krptmedencei vrosokban valamint ms orszgokban tevkenyked botanikusokkal folytatott cserekapcsolatok, valamint a krnyken tett gyjtutak hozzsegtik a lelki megnyugvshoz.

A mramarosi botanikus msodjra is csaldot alapt, felesgl vve a Tiszajlakon 1826 mjus 21-n szletett Braun Karolint, Braun D. Jacobus (Jakab) s szl. Gundermann Suzanna (Zsuzsnna) lenyt (Anyaknyv, Tiszajlak, 1825-1859). Ebbl a sajt feljegyzse szerint boldog hzassgbl (Vgner, 1860), az anyaknyvek tanusga alapjn hrom gyermekk szletett. Az els kett Emilia Mria 1853 szeptember 3-n, mg Lajos Jakab 1855 mjus 6-n Mramarosszigeten ltta meg a napvilgot (Anyaknyv, Mramarossziget, 1850-1858). A fiatalabb fik Josephus Carolus (Jzsef Kroly) pedig mr Huszton szletett 1857 prilis18-n (Anyaknyv, Huszt, 1825-1860). Lenygyermekket valszn hamar elevesztik, mert az desapa 1860-ban kzlt levelben csak kt kiskor gyermekrl tesz emlitst (Vgner, 1860), s utlag is csak a fiairl esik sz.

A Mramarosszigeten eltlttt vek alatt a fiatal botanikus tbbek kztt bejrja a Tisza s az Iza folyk vlgyt, s gyjt olyan nvnyfajokban gazdag lelhelyeken is mint a Sug (ugu), Kusztur (Custura), Runk (Runc), Rozsly (Igni) stb. A vadonterm nvnyek kutatsa mellett, itteni tartzkodsa idejn kiemelend munkssgot folytatott a gymlcstermeszts tern is, fontos szerepet vllalva a Pelikn Jzsef helyi lelksz ltal 1838-ban alaptott Pomona nev szvetkezetben, amely clul tzte ki e tevkenysg npszerstst a Mramarosban (Szilgyi, 1876).

A Vgner csald 1855-ben tkltzik Husztra, amit az is bizonyt, hogy egyik olasz cserepartnere, A. Magnaguti, ez v vgn Mramarosszigetre cmzett levelt a posta tirnytja az emltett vrosba. (A. Magnaguti levele, 1855). Itt ellptetik az erdszeti kir. gazdgi hivatal ellenrnek s pnztrnoknak (Kanitz, 1890). Ekkor, az ide jonnan kinevezett hivatalnoknak, az egykori vr romjai alatt plt erdszlak lessz az otthona (Gyrffy, 1942). Huszti tartzkodsa idejn, 1859-ben, trtnik az a klns eset, hogy a bcsi botanikai hetilap, Vgner Ludwig hallhrt kelti. Az ltala rt cfolat s protestci, nhny szemlyre vonatkoz adatot is feltr (Vgner, 1856). gy megtudtudhatjuk azt is, hogy -legalbbis szerinte- ms Vgner Ludwig (Lajos) nev szemly vele egyidben a Mramarosban nem ltezett, ami megersti azt a feltevst, hogy a korabeli anyaknyvekben e nven bejegyzett adatok kizrlag r vonatkoznak.

A hrom vvel ksbb, 1859 november 15-n szintn Husztrl kldtt levele egyrszt arra utal, hogy a Krptaljn elszigetelt krlmnyek kztt dolgoz botanikus milyen nehzsgekbe tkzik azltal is, hogy az alapvet

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florisztikai munkk sem jutnak el hozz, vagy esetleg ezeket ksssel kapja kzbe. Msrszt e sorokbl Vgner korrektsgre is fny vetl, ugyanis az ltala korbban tvesen Ranunculus montanus Willd.-knt kldtt cserepldnyok nevnek korriglst Ranunculus carpaticus Herb.-re maga szorgalmazza (Vgner, 1860). Ekkor a botanikai krkben mr j hrnvnek rvend mramarosi szakemeber tevkenysgrl Kanitz (1865) kiemelten emlkszik meg a krptmedence flrjt kutatk munkjnak mltatsa kapcsn.

Aztn 1870-ben, amikor a huszti kirlyi gazdasgi hivatal besznteti a tevkenysgt, tkerl a rahi (Rahiv) erdszeti hivatalba. Ekkor annak rl, hogy a hegyek lbai alatt fekv telepls krnykn, mg jobban hdolhat szeretett nvnytani tanulmnyainak (Vgner, 1871). Botanikai gyttjai sorn eljut az e rgiban emelked Terentin, Magura, Usztrik cscsaira. De erre az idszakra mr szmos nvnyritksg gazdagtja herbriumt nemcsak a korbban bejrt Radnai-havasokbl, hanem a Mramarosi Alpok kimagasl hegyrisain (Hoverla, Cserna Hora, Pop Ivn) l jellegzetes fajok kzl is. Rahi vei alatt igen kiterjedt levelezst folytat s tetemes herbriuni anyag cserjt bonyoltja le. Majd a pr v mulva megjelen Mramaros megyei flra lersa (Vgner, 1876), mg jobban nveli, az amgy igen szerny s a szaksajtban is csak alkalmilag kzl, Vgner hrnevt. Rahrl vonul nyugdjba 1880-ban, mint a kir. erdhivatal pnztrnoka (Gyrffy, 1942).

Felesgvel rvidesen visszakltznek Husztra, ahol nyugdjasknt tovbb folytatja botanikai munkssgt. Erre az idszakra az Eurpa s a vilg klnbz orszgaiban tevkenyked levelez s cserepartnereinek szma (kzttk e kor szmos kivl botanikusa) elri a ktszzat, akikhez mg a Krpatmedencben tevkenyked mintegy 50 szaktrs is prosul (Filarszky, 1902). Ezen kapcsolatok fenntartsa egyrszt komoly anyagi ldozatot ignyel, msrszt pedig fokozott fizikai s szellemi leterhelst jelent az ids botanikus szmra. letnek utols msfl vben egyre jobban eluralkodik rajta a gyengesg, st szembetegsge miatt egy budapesti opercinak is al kell vetnie magt. Mivel 1888 tavaszn mr sem rni sem pedig olvasni nem kpes, a botanikval pedig egyltaln nem tud foglalkozni, felesge egy nylt levlben arra kri cserepartnereit, hogy tmenetileg fggesszk fel leveleik s kldemnyeik eljuttatst (Vgner Karolin, 1888). De a szakmai kapcsolatok ideiglenesen javasolt beszntetse rvidesen vglegess vlik. Vgner Lajos a mramarosi flra szerelmese, kivl ismerje s els lerja, 1888 jnis 9-n, 74 ves korban visszadja nemes lelkt Teremtjnek. Halla okaknt vgelgyengles van megjellve. Kt nap mulva, jnius 11-n kisrik utols fldi tjra, a huszti temetbe, ahol Orosz Antal rmai katlikus pap bcsztatja. Feltehetleg a gyszol csald valamelyik tagja felesge vagy egyik fia diktlta be a helyi anyaknyvbe, hogy az elhunyt Hosszmezn szletett (Anyaknyv, Huszt, 1881-1890). Tny, hogy ez a helysg mshol nem szerepel szemlyi aktiban.

Halla utn zvegye visszakltzik Mramarosszigetre, ahol a Sajt utca 12 szm hzban lakik. A klns eszttikai rzekkel sszelltott Wagner-herbrium jelents rsze Budapestre kerl (Filarszky, 1902). A frje munkjt

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vtzedekig tmogat Vgner (szl. Braun) Karolin 1894 szeptember 8-n hunyt el, s a kvetkez napon temettk el a mramarosszigeti temetbe (Anyaknyv, Mramarossziget, 1894-1896).

Wagner (Vgner) Lajos botanikai munkssgnak mltatsrl utlag tbb munkban is tallunk adatokat (Filarszky, 1942; Gombcz, 1936; Coman, 1946; Moldovan & Karcsonyi 1967). Viszont halla utn mintegy fl vszzaddal Gyrffy Istvn (1942) professzor eredmny nlkl szorgalmazta a huszti temetben lv srjnak felkutatst. Mivel a felesg a frje temetst kveten innen rvid idn bell elkltztt, majd pr v mulva is meghalt, a srt feltehetleg mint gazdtlant idkzben felszmoltk. De emlkt az utkornak tovbbra is hirdeti a mramarosi nvnyvilg egyik csodja, a rla elnevezett Vgner-varjkrm (Phyteuma vagneri A. Kern.). Ez a minden tavasszal megjl l emlkm.

Bibliogrfia

1. Coman A., 1946 Enumerarea plantelor vasculare din Maramureul romnesc,

I-II. Bul. Grd. Bot. Univ. Cluj, 26, 1-2: 57-89; 3-4: 110-130. /A romn Mramaros felsbbrend nvnyinek felsorolsa/.

2. Filarszky N., 1902 Az osztly herbriuma s szemlltet gyjtemnye. A Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum multja s jelene, Budapest: 277-289.

3. Gombcz E., 1936 A magyar botanika trtnete. A magyar flra kutati. Magyar Tudomnyos Akadmia Kiadja, Budapest.

4. Gyrffy I., 1942 - Krptalja nvnyvilga s gyakorlati haszna. Hajnal, 3, 46: 424-458.

5. Kaindl R. F., 1907 Geschichte der Deutschen in den Karpatenlndern, I-II , Gotha.

6. Kanitz A. , 1865 Versuch einer Geschichte der ungarischen Botanik. Halle. 7. Kanitz A., 1890 Hallozsok: Vgner Lajos. Magy. Nv. Lap., 13, 136-137:

26-30. 8. Ktszery L., 1915. A piaristk Szigeten a XIX. szzad els felben. A

mramaroszigeti kir. kat. fgimnzium rtesitje az 1914-1915 tanvrl, Mramarossziget: 3-16.

9. Moldovan I., Karcsonyi C., 1967 Date privind istoricul cercetrilor botanice n regiunea Maramure. Contrib. Bot., Cluj:223-232 /Adatok Mramaros tartomny botanikai kutatsnak trtnethez/.

10. Szilgyi I., 1876 Mramaros vrmegye egyetemes lersa. Budapest. 11. Vgner Karoline, 1887 Correspondenz, Huszt am 24 Mai 1887. st. Bot.

Zeit., 37: 257. 12. Vgner J., 1857 Correspondenz, Huszt den 24 December 1856. ster. bot.

Wochenb., 7: 22-23. 13. Vgner L., 1859 Correspondenz, Huszt am 15 August 1859. sterr. Bot.

Zeit., 9: 303. 14. Vgner L., 1860 Correspondenz, Huszt am 15 Novenber 1859. ster. Bot.

Zeit., 10: 13-14.

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15. Vgner L., 1871 Correspondenz, Rah, am 12 Mrz 1871. sterr Bot. Zeit., 21: 79.

16. Vnk S., 2005 Mramarosszigeti rmai katolikus egyhzi iskolk. Marinex Print SRL, Nagybnya.

17. Vonhz I., 1937 A szatmrmegyei nmet telepts, Pcs. 18. Wgner L., 1876 A megye nvnyzetnek ismertetse. In SZILGYI I.,

Mramaros vrmegye egyetemes lersa. Budapest: 153-210. 19. Juventus Gymnasii /regii majoris/ Szighetiensis scolarum piarium. Typis

Aloysius Zahoray, Szigeth, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830. 20. Schematismus cleri almae dioecesis Szatmriensis. Szatmr, Pzmny sajt,

1909.

Kziratok 1. Gyrffy I., Ki tud Vgner Lajos arckprl?? Magyar Termszettudomnyi

Mzeum, Budapest, Nvnytr gyjtemnye. 2. Magnaguti A. levele L. Vgnerhez, 1855. Magyar Termszettudomnyi

Mzeum, Budapest, Nvnytr gyjtemnye. 3. Anyaknyv. Keresztelsi, hzassgi s halotti. - Domb, 1825-1878. Szatmri

Pspki s Kptalani Levltr Satu Mare. 4. Anyaknyvek. Keresztelsi, hzassgi s halotti. Huszt, 1825-1860; 1881-

1890. Szatmri Pspki s Kptalani Levltr . 5. Anyaknyvek. Keresztelsi, hzassgi s halotti. Mramarossziget, 1841-

1847; 1850-1858; 1894-1896. Szatmri Pspki s Kptalani Levltr. 6. Anyaknyv. Keresztelsi, hzassgi s halotti. Tiszajlak, 1825-1959.

Szatmri Pspki s Kptalani Levltr. 7. Informatio Utrisque Semestris de Juventute in Regio Gymnasio Szighetiensi...

(Juventus Gymnasii regii majoris Szigethiensis...) - Gimnaziu romano catolic Sighetu Marmaiei. Registre colare. Inventar: 948, Fond: 430. Anii:1824-1825; 1825-1826; 1826-1827; 1827-1928; 1828-1829, 1829-1830, 1830-1831. (A mramarosszigeti rmai katolikus gimnzium nvjegyzkei /matriculusai/... vekre). Arhivele Statului Maramure, Baia Mare (Nagybnya).

8. Synopses Materiarium in R. M. Gymnasio Szigethiensi. Anno Scolastica 1828. pertractatarum Semestri secundo. Arhivele Statului Maramure, Baia Mare (Nagybnya).

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HERBARIUM OF LAJOS VGNER IN THE HUNGARIAN NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

Pifk D.

Department of Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum, H1476

Budapest, Pf. 222, Hungary; pifko@bot.nhmus.hu

Only a small part of the botanical results of Lajos Vgner have been published; however, his herbarium hides a wide range of information. Vgners herbarium is housed in the Hungarian Natural History Museum and owing to his exchange connections specimens of his collection can be found in a number of European herbaria.

Two (indeed three) months after his death a chief forester from village Bushtyno (Bustyahza), named Lanczy, announced Lajos Vgners herbarium in column Sammlungen [=collections] of sterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift (Anon. 1888). Later, in 1890, in more issues of the 40th volume of the same journal, the announcement turned up again. The altogether 40,000 specimens were offered for sale by Jul. Lnczy [=Lnczy Gyula] in column Inserate [=ads] of the journal (Anon. 1890). In a letter addressed to Gyula Istvnffy (18601930), Jnos Vgner, the owner and inheritor of Lajos Vgners herbarium, appointed Lnczy [or Lnczy] as Lajos Vgners brother-in-law, who was responsible for the management of the collection. According to the available documents, more foresters were named Lnczy in Transcarpathia in the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, thus likely this is the correct spelling of the name of Vgners brother-in-law. After 1879 (Anon. 1879) Gyula Lnczy as a forester was listed among the members of the National Forestry Association; he could be the brother of Jnos Vgners wife (cf. Karcsonyi 2015).

According to the evaluation of Gyula Istvnffy, the director of the Botanical Department of the Hungarian National Museum, the most valuable parts of Vgners herbarium are the specimens collected around Maramures, where from only a few gatherings could be found previously in the museum, thus he proposed to the head of the institute, Ferenc Pulszky (18171897), to purchase the collection (Istvnffy 1892a). Istvnffy believed that specimens purchased or exchanged by Vgner, were all duplicates. He was partly right; however, several specimens acquired so are unique and cannot be found in any other herbaria.

The herbarium of Lajos Vgner was purchased by the Hungarian National Museum (the parent institution of the later Hungarian Natural History Museum) for 600 forints in 1892 (Istvnffy 1892b). The herbarium included 77 fascicles of Phanerogams and 7 fascicles of Cryptogams. Immediately after the transport of the collection to the museum on 15 December 1892, it was disinfected by Mercury(II) chloride and incorporated in the collection of the Botanical Department, according to the system of Nymans Conspectus. The arrangement of the material was completed by Gbor Perlaky (1871?) (Istvnffy 1892c).

26

The Department of Botany acquired also the herbarium of Lajos Haynald (18161891) with ca. 300,000 specimens in the first half of 1892 and the herbarium of Mihly Rsely (18131892) in 1893. Despite the huge amount of new material, 3072 of Vgners specimens were mounted in 1893 and this work was continued in 1894 (Perlaky 1894). A stamp with text Ex Herbario L. Vgner was used to mark his specimens. Occasionally Vgn. herb. was handwritten on the sheets, allowing us to count the real number of Vgners specimens. Under the directorate of Gyula Istvnffy, similar stamps were used for the newly incorporated herbaria of Frigyes Hazslinszky (18181896) and Jzsef Mrton (18601895) to indicate the origin of each specimen (Filarszky 1902).

Duplicates of the Vgner herbarium were sent to partner institutes as exchange. 200 specimens were sent to the Imperial Botanical Gardens, St. Petersburg [V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute; LE] (Anon. 1893) with a list of specimens (Anon. 1893). Likewise, 200200 specimens were sent to Riks museum [Swedish Museum of Natural History, SPA] and to Rijks herbarium in Leiden [National Herbarium of the Netherlands, U] (Istvnffy 1894).

According to the 120 handwritten pages of the register of Vgners herbarium, compiled by him and found in the History of Natural Sciences Collection, his collection encompasses ca. 6000 taxa, mostly Phanerogams and just over 100 names of Cryptogams. Around the half of his herbarium was collected by him in Maramures (Filarszky 1902). In the database of Herbarium Carpato-Pannonicum, where gatherings from this area are included, records of 280 specimens of Vgner can be found. Regarding that this database represents about the 10 percent of the whole Herbarium Carpato-Pannonicum collection, Vgners material can be estimated to ca. 3000 specimens in BP. He collected 56 specimens at Khust (Huszt), 42 specimens at Sighetu MarmaAiei (Mramarossziget), 32 at Rakhiv (Rah), 21 at Bushtyno (Bustyahza), 11 at SpnAa (Szaplonca), 9 at Vynohradiv (Nagyszls), 8 at Yasinia (Krsmez) and 4 on Mount Pop Ivan. He collected plants both in the wild and in gardens. According to our present knowledge, he collected plants throughout his life with about the same number of specimens year by year. The first specimen is from 1837, when he was 18 years old, and his last documented gathering is a Cerastium glomeratum specimen from 1886 at Rakhiv. Vgner appended handwritten labels for herbarium specimens; however, pre-printed labels in Hungarian and in German can also be found on sheets. Some of them with only the flowering time of the plant and without the date of collecting.

Additional specimens collected and exchanged by Vgner are in the Hungarian Natural History Museum from the collections of Ferdinand Pax (18581942), Ferdinand Bohatsch (18421880), Lajos Simonkai (18511910), Vince Borbs (18441905) and Frigyes Hazslinszky (18181896). Flora exsiccata Austro-Hungarica, compiled by Anton Kerner, also includes some of his specimens, e.g. Cytisus elongatus and Phyteuma vagneri. Through Viktor Janka (18371890) and Mikls Szontagh (1843 1899), Vgners specimens can be found also in Lajos Kossuths herbarium (Moesz 1915).

27

The second half of Vgners collection is originated from various collectors due to exchange connections being a member of Wiener Botanischen Tauschvereins exchange society. Members of this society were listed by the Jahresbericht des botanischen Tauschverkehrs in Wien, than by sterreichisches botanisches Wochenblatt and later by sterreichische botanische Zeitschrift together with their activities. Vgner was first included in the sixth list in 1851 (Anon. 1851) with 1846 specimens sent to the society. Vgner was listed later as well as an exchange partner in the column Botanischer Tauschverein in Wien (Sendungen sind abgegangen an die Herren: ...Vagner in Sziget...). There were only two members from the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary joined to the society preceding Vgner, Flris Rmer (18151889) in 1846 (Skofitz 1846) and Frigyes Hazslinszky in 1848 (Anon. 1848). Vgner was an active member of the society until his disease in 1887. Consequently, his herbarium includes several specimens collected by contemporary botanists, as Ferenc Divky, Gyula Tauscher, Gyz Szpligeti, Frigyes Hazslinszky, Muzio Tommasini and Paul Sintenis.

Not only a register of Vgners whole herbarium is known, but a list of 127 taxa the duplicates of them was sent to Alexander Skofitz (18151889), Jan Bubela (18551889) and Gottholt Leimbac (18481902) in 1884.

Due to his plant collecting activity and exchange connections, the herbarium of Lajos Vgner was one of the most remarkable private collections at the second half of the 19th Century. He was the first scientist of the flora of Transcarpathian Ruthenia and his herbarium has an outstanding importance for the flora of Ukraine and Romania and even for the Carpathian Basin. His herbarium keeps the part of the Herbarium Carpato-Pannonicum and Herbarium Generale collections in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, where the actually ca. 1.3 million specimens are classified following the system of Dalla-Torre and Harms. Cryptogams collected by Vgner are in the Bryophyte Herbarium and Lichen Herbarium of the Hungarian Natural History Museum.

References

1. Anon. (1848): Jahresbericht des Botanischen Tauschvereins in Wien, Wiener

Botanischer Tauschverein Wien, Bd. 3, pp. 4. 2. Anon. (1851a): Jahresbericht des Botanischen Tauschvereins in Wien, Wiener

Botanischer Tauschverein Wien, 1851 Bd. 6, pp. 5. 3. Anon. (1851b): Botanischer Tauschverein in Wien Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl.

1: 112. 4. Anon. (1879): Az Orszgos Erdszeti Egyeslet tagjai 1879-ben. Erdszeti

Lapok 18(12): 919950. 5. Anon. (1888): Sammlungen. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 38 (9): 327. 6. Anon. (1890): Inserate Oesterr. Bot. Z. 40(3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12): book cover.

28

7. Anon. (1893): An die lbliche Direction des Kais. botanischen Gartens zu St. Petersburg, 1893.07.04. Hungarian Natural History Museum, History of Natural Sciences Collection, Vgner Lajos fond, manuscript.

8. Filarszky N. (1902): A nvnytani osztly trtnete s jelen llapota In: A Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum multja s jelene Budapest, Hornynszky Viktor Csszri s Kirlyi Udvari Knyvnyomdja, 261276.

9. Istvnffy Gy. (1892a): Jelents a Vgner herbrium tvizsglsrl s megvtelnek ajnlatba hozatala, 1892. mrcius 29. Archives of Hungarian Natural History Museum 1892/10, manuscript.

10. Istvnffy Gy. (1892b): A M. N. M. Igazgatjnak a Vagner herb. megvtele gyben, 1892 nov. 23., Vgner Jnos levele Istvnffy Gyulnak 1892.10.12. Archives of Hungarian Natural History Museum 1892/19, manuscript.

11. Istvnffy Gy. (1892c): Jelents 1892 IV. negyedrl oktoberdecember. Archives of Hungarian Natural History Museum, manuscript.

12. Istvnffy Gy. (1894): Jelents a M. N. Muzeum nvnytani osztlyrl az 1894 v els negyedben Archives of Hungarian Natural History Museum, manuscript.

13. Karcsonyi K. (2015): Wagner Ludwig (Vgner Lajos) botanikus lettja 14. Moesz G. (1915): Kossuth Lajos s a botanika. Termszettudomnyi Kzlny

47 suppl. 12: ptfzet, 126. 15. Perlaky G. (1894): Jelents 1894 janur h Archives of Hungarian Natural

History Museum, manuscript. 16. Skofitz A. (1846): Jahresbericht Jahresbericht des botanischen Tauschverkehrs

in Wien, Bd. 1, pp. 4. 17. Vgner (1884): Doubletten Catalog Hungarian Natural History Museum,

History of Natural Sciences Collection, Vgner Lajos fond, manuscript, 7 pp.

18. Vgner L. (1886?): Lajstroma az 1842ik vtl, foly v utols napjig Mramarosban szedett s csere tjn szerzett nvnyeknek Hungarian Natural History Museum, History of Natural Sciences Collection, Vgner Lajos fond, manuscript, 122 pp.

29

.

, . ,

e-mail: kishroman27@gmail.com . - (L. Wagner) , , , -. . , . - . , . , , , , (Trichophorum cespitosum, Calla palustris, Comarum palustre, Eriophorum latifolium, Menyanthes trifoliata, Senecio palustris, Lycopus exaltatus, Senecio paludosus .). . , Cypripedium calceolus Hammarbya paludosa.

LAJOS VGNER: HISTORICAL ASPECT OF FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF MARAMOROSH

Kish R.

Uzhhorod National University, Ukraine, e-mail: kishroman27@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. The purposeful systemic floristic studies of amateur botanist Lajos Vgner in Maramorosh perhaps should be considered as the starting point in perceiving of the floristic diversity not only of the region, but of Transcarpathia as a whole. Of special importance are his floristic findings in natural complexes of the Tisza River valley where in Vgners time in the depression which dates from the glacial period there was a thick boggy forest complex with sphagnum bogs and big swamps, now almost vanished. L.Vgner registered some species that are of high rarity now or have already vanished, in particular, those associated with the sphagnum bogs and swamps (Trichophorum cespitosum, Calla palustris, Comarum palustre, Eriophorum latifolium, Menyanthes trifoliata, Senecio palustris, Lycopus exaltatus, Senecio paludosus etc.). Information on L. Vgners findings of the species that have been of special interest for decades Cypripedium calceolus and Hammarbya paludosa orchids is analysed.

30

, , , , . , , , , . , , , , , XIX-XX . , , ( ) .

XIX . , . (B. Hacquet), . (P. Kitaibel), . (F. Herbich), . (B. Mller) (, 2005; ., 2010; ., 2010; ., 2015). , , , - , , (L. Vgner), . - . , , , , , . , , (Karcsonyi, 2015; ., 2015).

. , , , , , , . - ,

31

, , , ( ) , . , . , , , , , . , . , .

. , , , , . - , . . . , XIX . , , - , , , , - . . . . , (, , (BP)) (Wagner, 1876), . , . , . , , Calla palustris L., Comarum palustre L., Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe, Menyanthes trifoliata L. . , , Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) C. Hartm., , , . 2004 . (, , , 2007). (2009) Narcissus angustifolius Curt., Iris sibirica L. ( ), Gladiolus imbricatus L. Gentiana pneumonanthe L.,. Peucedanum palustre (L.) Moench, Viola uliginosa Besser, Lycopus exaltatus L., Senecio paludosus L., , , . Viola uliginosa Besser, .

32

1943 . Boros (1944) 2013 . . Senecio palustris (L.) Hook. (S. arcticus Rupr.), , , . . . ( ) Crocus banaticus J. Gay, Muscari transsilvanicum Schur (M. botryoides (L.) Mill. subsp. transsilvanicum( Schur) So), Anacamptis morio (L.) R.M. Bateman, A.M. Pridgeon et M.W. Chase (Orchis morio L.), Ferulago sylvatica (Bess.) Reichenb., Potentilla alba L., Polygonatum latifolium Jacq., Valeriana dioica L. (, Valeriana simplicifolia (Reichenb.) Kabath (V. dioica L. subsp. simplicifolia (Reichenb.) Nyman)), Adenofora lilifolia Bess. M. transsilvanicum 1990- , P. latifolium ( !!), V. simplicifolia, A. lilifolia . . ("A krssi rteken Huszt mellet) Diantus glabriusculus (Kit.) Borb. (, . Dianthus segujerii Vill.). , ( BP), D. glabriusculus ( ) . S. Jvorka 1913 . Boros 1943 . , , , , , .

, . , . . . ( -) Cypripedium calceolus L. (Wagner, 1876). , , . , . , , , . . , .

. . Hammarbya paludosa (L.) O. Kuntze., , . ,

33

(2009) ( ). 1927 . . , , . (Vgner Lajos a Bliznica-havas nedves rtjeirl emlti), , (Margittai, 1927). , . ( ) . , , , , , , , , . . , (, ), , , , H. paludosa , . , .

-, , . . , , , - , (Wagner, 1876) .

1. .., .., .., . // . . : , 2010. . 7-22.

2. . (1815-1888): 200- //

3. - : . . . . 200- (14-16 2015 ., ). , 2015.

4. .., .., .. Trichophorum caespitosum // . . . 2007. . 64, 6. C. 905-910.

5. .., .., .., .. // . . . : , 2010. . 5-14.

34

6. .. ( 1970 ). , 2005. 202 .

7. . / . .. . .: , 2009. 900 .

8. Boros . A bustyahzai Csere-erd flrja // Scr. Bot. Mus. Trans., Cluj. 1944. 3. Old. 15-18.

9. Margittai A. Adatok az szakkeleti Felvidk flrjhoz // Bot. Kzl. 1927. 24, 56. Old. 154164.

10. Wagner L. A megye nvnyzetnek ismertetse // Szilgyi I. Mramoros vrmegye egyetemes leirsa. Budapest: Mag. Kir. Knyvnyomdban, 1876. Ol. 153-210.

35

..1, ..2, ..1

1 . .. , . , ,

shevera.myroslav@gmail.com, protopopova.vira@gmail.com 2 i. .. ,

. , an.yena@gmail.com

AMATEUR BOTANISTS IN STUDYING PLANT COVER OF UKRAINE

Shevera M.V.1, Yena A.V.2, Protopopova V.V.1

1M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, shevera.myroslav@gmail.com

2V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, an.yena@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. ontribution of non-professional botanists to development of systematics, floristics and plant geography in Ukraine is elucidated with emphasizing amateurism in botany as phenomenon.

, , . .

( amtor, mo , , , ) , , , . i Gentleman scientist.

, , ; , , ; , , , , i , , , .

. i i i ii i. i i i i i-ii, , ii i i. i

36

i , ii i , i i , . , i i i .

, i . , , , . , , , , , , , , , Krytyczny przegld rolinnoci Galicyi IIV (19041914) , Dianthus euponticus Zapa., Festuca czarnohorensis Zapa., F. polesica Zapa., Salix pocutica Zapa., S. sarmatica Zapa., S. volhyniensis Zapa., Viola bessarabica Zapa. , . , , , , , .

, . , , , , 40 (!) , BP. Phyteuma vagneri A. Kerner Gentiana vgneri Janka. , , , , i (1923) , 50 . (!) , BP. Centaurea margittaiana Wagn., Gentiana margittaiana Fodor, Rosa margittaiana Sabr., Thymus margittaiana Lyka . , Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl., ryptomeria japonica L. Ginkgo biloba L., Pinus virginiana Mill., Taxodium distichum L. ; Elsholtzia patrini

37

(Garke) Lepech. i, i-, i i XIX ., i, . Florula Laspiana, i i i .. . . i, Comperia comperiana (Steven) Asch. et Graebn. , , , . i, , . Euphorbia goldei Prokh., Ranunculus goldei Meinsh. ex Trautv., Scrophularia goldeana Juz. i , i i i , i i. Centaurea vankovii Klokov, Orchis wanjkowii E. Wulff. i i .

, , , i . , , , 1863 . , , , , Flora der Bucowina (1859), , . , , , , , , , . i ii . , (1867), (1868), (1869) . . - . , 18511864 . , , , . . - : , 1851 . 16 19 , , - , ,

38

, . . . . . 1851 23 . , , , , - , , , . .. . .. (KW).

i , i i , ii .

i i . , I . i, i i ii i . i ii, , i . , i ii i i . i, i i, ii i i i i i, i . i i i ii i i i, i i , i , Willdenowia .

ii iii i, , , i i ii . , ii iii i i i Plantarium, i i i i .

i ii i ii i.

39

THE IMPORTANCE OF ARCHIVAL DATA IN THE PRESENT-DAY BOTANICAL RESEARCH ABOUT THE MONOGRAPH

BY ROMAN KOBENDZA PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF KAMPINOSKA PRIMEVAL FOREST (1930)

Bomanowska A.1, Kirpluk I.2, Michalska-Hejduk D.1, Otrba A.3

1Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and

Environmental Protection, University of d, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 d, Poland, knopikaa@biol.uni.lodz.pl;

2Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland, ikirpluk@biol.uw.edu.pl

3Kampinoski National Park, Tetmajera 38, 05-080 Izabelin, Poland, aotreba@kampinoski-pn.gov.pl

Introduction

Kampinoski National Park (Central Poland; 52190 N, 20340 E) was established in 1959 to protect the remnant of Kampinoska Primeval Forest, with its complex of glacial valley inland dunes and swamps unique in Europe, with their biological and landscape diversity. In 2000, due to their natural and cultural significance, Kampinoski National Park and its buffer zone were designated the Puszcza Kampinoska Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.

Detailed studies on the flora and vegetation of Kampinoska Forest were initiated in the 1920s by Professor Roman Kobendza, who created a full list of cryptogamous and vascular plants, and described plant communities in his monograph Phytosociological relations of Kampinoska Primeval Forest (Kobendza, 1930; fig. 1).

From the time of Kobendza, botanical research of Kampinoska Forest region gained new momentum and achievements. Among the many publications on the flora and vegetation (e.g. Bibliografia, 2006; Ferchmin, 2009), the monograph by Roman Kobendza is still the most detailed and complete source of reliable floristic data. The treatise is particularly important for botanists studying non-forest flora and vegetation related to areas of traditional agriculture and settlement in Kampinos National Park, because until nearly the end of the 20th century, it was actually the only report containing information on the flora and vegetation of these areas (e.g. Kirpluk, Bomanowska, 2008; Michalska-Hejduk, Bomanowska, 2009).

The objective of the study was to demonstrate, using selected examples, the usefulness of the monograph by Kobendza (1930) by the comparative analysis and assessment of contemporary changes in the non-forest vascular flora of Kampinoski National Park.

40

Professor Kobendza and his monograph

Roman Kobendza (1886-1955) is still regarded as the most outstanding researcher of the flora of Kampinoska Forest and one of the most prominent Polish botanists active in the first half of the 20th century. Kobendza began botanical studies in Kampinoska Forest in 1922, and his efforts produced the monograph Phytosociological relations of Kampinoska Primeval Forest (Kobendza, 1930). This work inspired further research by Kobendza in this area, and the results scientifically substantiated the establishment of Kampinoski National Park.

The monograph by Kobendza is an important source of botanical data. It provides abundant floristic information and contains original phytogeographic analyses, including the relationships between vegetation and other geographical elements of the environment. The analysis of flora and vegetation of Kampinoska Forest carried out by Roman Kobendza deserves special attention for several reasons: 1. It is the first detailed floristic report on whole Kampinoska Forest territory.

Kobendza listed in total 1144 plant species, including 944 vascular and 140 cryptogamous plants (liverworts, mosses and ferns). Many species were reported for the first time from the Warsaw region. For most species, there is information about their prevalence and types of plant communities wherein they grow.

2. The analysis of diversity of plant communities presented in the monograph based on theoretical principles of the central-European phytosociological school (Braun-Blanquet, Txen) represented a pioneering approach to Kampinoska Forest, and was one of the first ever prepared in Poland.

3. The analytical approach of Kobendza to the origins of the described community types was innovative at the time, and added value to the descriptions of communities, showing the vegetation of Kampinoska Forest not as merely an inventory of communities, but also as a specific spatial vegetation system formed in a original environmental conditions, and preserving the features of habitats.

4. A phytosociological map included in the dissertation, prepared based on Kobendzas personal field research, was the first attempt mapping the vegetation Kampinoska Forest.

5. The monograph provides a reliable and comprehensive botanical description of entire Kampinoska Forest in the early 20th century, so from the period of intensive agricultural use of this area before being under protection.

These facts prove that the scientific monograph by Kobendza, despite its botanical nomenclature being out of date in many cases, and obsolete phytosociological interpretations, is still an invaluable and useful source of botanical information, mainly floristic. The findings of the author on the distribution and spread of many species are useful for tracking their future changes in Kampinoska Primeval Forest over the next several decades. This refers both to

41

continuously needed data on extinct or endangered species, and to information on the spread of alien species, including invasive ones.

Fig 1. Title page of the monograph by Professor Roman Kobendza from the year 1930

The contemporary use of Kobendzas historical data

Kobendzas historical data were compared with contemporary floristic data gathered by the authors of this paper, resulting from their own botanical studies carried out on non-forest agricultural and settlement areas within KNP, i.e. arable fields, meadows, pastures and rural areas (e.g. Kirpluk, Bomanowska, 2008; Michalska-Hejduk, Bomanowska, 2009; Otrba, Michalska-Hejduk, 2014). The comparative analysis of floristic data from both periods had to consider the existing differences in the scope and methodology between historical and contemporary studies, e.g. differences between the borders of historical research areas (the whole area of Kampinoska Primeval Forest limited by the borders established in the early 20th century, including the left bank of the Vistula river and a part of the owicko-Boska Plain) and contemporary ones (the area only within national park borders) and not always precise descriptions of site location and information on the abundance of species provided by Kobendza (1930). Due to the somewhat discrepant extent of floristic studies carried out at various times, we only chose species listed in the monograph that had undisputedly been found in the area of the contemporary national park, and for comparison we used data on species

42

occurrence encoded in a binary fashion (0-1, absent-present) without taking into account any degrees of quantitative occurrence.

Table 1. Legally protected and threatened species of non-forest plant communities connected with traditional agriculture and settlement in

Kampinoski National Park

No.

Name of species Species prote-ction1

Category of treatment

Occurrence in KNP

PL SEG AR Kobendza

(1930)

Present data

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Adonis aestivalis L. V V En + - 2. Aethusa cynapium L.

subsp. agrestis (Wallr.) Dostl I Vu + +

3. Agrostemma githago L. V Vu + + 4. Anagallis arvensis L. V Ld + + 5. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.)

Spreng. SP + +

6. Asperugo procumbens L. E V Vu + + 7. Atriplex rosea L. E Vu - + 8. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. SP V + - 9. Bromus arvensis L. E Ex En + - 10. Bromus secalinus L. V V s + - 11. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. V Ld - + 12. Carex davalliana Sm. SP V + + 13. Carex dioica L. PP V + + 14. Centaurea cyanus L. I Ld + + 15. Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.)

Druce PP R + -

16. Centunculus minimus L. R + + 17. Consolida regalis Gray I Ld + + 18. Cuscuta europaea L. V + - 19. Cyperus flavescens L. SP V + + 20. Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P.

F. Hunt & Summerh. Ch + +

21. Dianthus arenarius L. PP + + 22. Dianthus superbus L. s.s. SP V + + 23. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. I s + + 24. Epipactis palustris (L.) Cranz SP V + + 25. Filago arvensis L. I + + 26. Fumaria officinalis L. I Ld + + 27. Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dumort. V I + + 28. Gentiana pneumonanthae L. SP V + + 29. Gladiolus imbricatus L. SP + - 30. Gnaphalium luteo-album L. V + + 31. Gratiola officinalis L. PP + - 32. Herniaria gabra L. I + +

43

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 33. Holosteum umbellatum L. I + + 34. Hypericum humifusum L. V + + 35. Illecebrum verticillatum L. V V + - 36. Iris sibirica L. SP V + + 37. Jovibarba sobolifera (Sims)

Opiz SP + +

38. Juncus capitatus Weigel R + + 39. Lathyrus palustris L. PP V + + 40. Lathyrus tuberosus L. I + + 41. Liparis loeseli (L.) Rich. SP E + - 42. Lolium remotum Schrank E E Crw + - 43. Lycopodium clavatum L. PP + + 44. Lycopodiella inundata (L.)

Holub SP V + +

45. Lythrum hyssopifolia L. SP V V + + 46. Malva pusilla Sm. I s + + 47. Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fr. I Vu + + 48. Menyanthes trifoliata L. PP + + 49. Myosurus minimus L. V V + + 50. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. SP V + + 51. Ostericum palustre Besser SP V - + 52. Papaver dubium L. I s + + 53. Pedicularis palustris L. PP V + - 54. Pedicularis silvatica L. PP + + 55. Polycnemum arvense L. V V + - 56. Portulaca oleracea L. R + - 57. Pulicaria vulgaris Gaertn. V + + 58. Radiola linoides Roth V V + + 59. Ranunculus lingua L. PP V + + 60. Ranunculus sardous Cranz I + + 61. Trollius europaeus L. s.s. SP + + 62. Veronica opaca Fr. V En + -

Explanations: 1according to Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 09 October 2014 with reference to the species of natural plants covered by protection (Polish Journal of Laws, item 1409 of 16 October 2014), PL vascular plant species threatened in Poland (Zarzycki, Szelg, 2006), SEG segetal plant species threatened in Poland (Warcholiska, 1994), AR list of archaeophytes in Poland (Zajc, Zajc, 2014). Species protection: SP strictly protected, PP partially protected. Categories of threat: Ex extinct species, E endangered, V vulnerable, I indeterminate threat, R rare, Crw critically endangered in whole range in Poland, En endangered (above 80% of localities lost), Vu vulnerable (near 50% of localities lost), Ld with number of localities decreasing, s with stable dynamics.

Quantitative changes in the vascular flora were analysed for two groups of species found in areas under traditional agricultural use, and whose spread has a strong impact on the dynamics of the flora of Kampinoski National Park, i.e. endangered and protected species (Warcholiska, 1994; Zarzycki, Szelg, 2006; Zajc, Zajc, 2014; Regulation of the Minister of Environment, 2014) and invasive species in Poland (Tokarska-Guzik, et al., 2012).

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The comparative analysis demonstrated a decrease in the number of endangered and protected species 61 identified by Kobendza (1930) versus only 47 identified currently (Table 1). Only three species, i.e. Atriplex rosea, Camelina microcarpa and Ostericum palustre, not reported by Kobendza (1930) were found during the later research. Contemporary research did not identify sites of species characteristic of wet meadows: Gladiolus imbricatus, Gratiola officinalis, Pedicularis palustris and archaeophytes associated with cereals: Adonis aestivalis, Bromus arvensis, B. secalinus and Lolium remotum. A decrease in the number of sites and abundance was observed for other valuable meadow species such as Gentiana pneumonanthe, Dianthus superbus and Trollius europaeus. We also found a dramatic decline in the number and abundance of species characteristic for wet and waterlogged mineral soils: Centunculus minimus, Hypericum humifusum, Juncus capitatus, Myosurus minimus and Radiola linoides. The number of sites increased, however, for some valuable species, e.g. Ophioglossum vulgatum, Lathyrus paluster, Iris sibirica and Epipactis palustris. Changes were also found in the number of invasive species. In the communities of agricultural and settlement areas of KNP current research revealed 38 taxa of invasive plants, which is almost two-fold more than reported by Kobendza (1930) in his dissertation (20 species; Table 2). These species create a serious problem for natural ecosystems in Kampinoski National Park though the relative isolation of KNP from strongly anthropogenically transformed non-forest areas. The comparative analysis of historical and current data indicate their spontaneous spread across the majority plant communities in KNP. Nearly all plants reported by Kobendza (1930) significantly increased their distribution range from the early 20th century, and encroached into new habitats (compare Otreba, Michalska-Hejduk, 2014). The analysis of historical data provided in the Kobendza monograph indicated that a large group of invasive plants spontaneously spreading in the KNP includes alien shrubs and plants cultivated in household gardens located in forest villages at the beginning of the last century (Kobendza, 1930). These include Acer negundo, Cornus sericea, Helianthus tuberosus, Robinia pseudoacacia and other species.

Conclusions

The comparison demonstrated that the scientific monograph by Kobendza is still a useful source of botanical information necessary for the assessment of contemporary transformations in the vascular flora of Kampinoska Primeval Forest. Although it cannot be used for qualitative floristic analyses due to the considerable differences in methodological approach when compared to modern studies, the monograph is still useful for the assessment of quantitative changes. It can be used for tracking the spread of many species and changes in their status in the national park, which is particularly important for protected areas. The analysis of species fate helps in undertaking protective measures (with respect to valuable,

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Table 2. Invasive alien plant species of non-forest plant communities connected with traditional agriculture and settlement in Kampinoski National Park

No. Name of species

Occurrence in KNP

Kobendza (1930)

Present data

1. Acer negundo L. + + 2. Amaranthus retroflexus L. + + 3. Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss. + 4. Aster novi-belgii L. + + 5. Avena fatua L. s.l. + 6. Bidens frondosa L. + 7. Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. + 8. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist + + 9. Cornus sericea L. + + 10. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. + 11. Echinocystis lobata (F. Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray + 12. Epilobium ciliatum Raf. + 13. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. + + 14. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall + 15. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S.F.Blake + + 16. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. + + 17. Helianthus tuberosus L. + + 18. Heracleum spp.* + 19. Impatiens glandulifera Royle + 20. Impatiens parviflora DC. + 21. Juncus tenuis Willd. + + 22. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. + + 23. Lycium barbarum L. + + 24. Oxalis fontana Bunge + + 25. Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh. + 26. Parthenocissus insertta (A. Kern.) Fritsch + 27. Quercus rubra L. + + 28. Reynoutria japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene + 29. Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai + 30. Rhus typhina L. + 31. Robinia pseudoacacia L. + + 32. Rudbeckia laciniata L. + 33. Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem.&Schult. + + 34. Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. + + 35. Solidago canandesis L. + + 36. Solidago gigantea Aiton + + 37. Veronica persica Poir. + 38. Xanthium albinum (Widder) H. Scholz + +

Explanations: * one of two species: Sosnowskys hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden) or giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier). The taxonomical status of these plants in KNP has not yet been clearly worked out.

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declining and endangered species) or preventive measures with respect to invasive plants.

Obviously, this dissertation does not reduce the need for new research, for example because of some imprecise data on site locations, outdated nomenclature or obsolete syntaxonomic classification, but it is still a useful reference for contemporary analyses.

Despite the passage of time, the treatise by Professor Roman Kobendza is an important source of botanical knowledge, and continues to be a key publication stimulating research into the flora and vegetation of Kampinoska Primeval Forest and its environmental conditions.

References

Bibliografia Puszczy Kampinoskiej do roku 1990. 2006. Kampinoski Park Narodowy, Izabelin, 234 pp.

Ferchmin, M. 2009. Bibliografia Puszczy Kampinoskiej 1991-2000. Kampinoski Park Narodowy, Izabelin, 140 pp.

Kirpluk, I., Bomanowska, A. 2008. Rare, endangered and protected plants species of synanthropic flora of Kampinos National Park (Central Poland). Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 11-12: 71-80.

Kobendza, R. 1930. Stosunki fitosocjologiczne Puszczy Kampinoskiej. Planta Pol., 2: 1-211.

Michalska-Hejduk, D., Bomanowska, A. (red.). 2009 Rola Kampinoskiego Parku Narodowego w zachowaniu rnorodnoci biologicznej i krajobrazowej dawnych obszarw wiejskich. Kampinoski Park Narodowy, d-Izabelin, 181 pp.

Otrba, A., Michalska-Hejduk, D. (red.) 2014. Inwazyjne gatunki rolin w Kampinoskim Parku Narodowym i w jego ssiedztwie. Kampinoski Park Narodowy, Izabelin, 120 pp.

Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 09 October 2014 with reference to the species of natural plants covered by protection. Polish Journal of Laws, item 1409 of 16 October 2014.

Tokarska-Guzik, B., Dajdok, Z., Zajc, M., Zajc, A., Urbisz, A., Danielewicz, W., Hodyski, Cz. 2012. Roliny obcego pochodzenia w Polsce ze szczeglnym uwzgldnieniem gatunkw inwazyjnych. Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony rodowiska, Warszawa, 197 pp.

Warcholiska, A. U. 1994. List of threatened segetal plant species in Poland. In: Mochnack, S., Terp, A. (eds). Anthropization and environment of rural settlements. Flora and vegetation. Proceedings of International Conference, Storaljajhely, pp. 206-219. Botanical Garden of P. J. afrik University, Koice.

Zajc, M., Zajc, A. 2014. Survival problems of archaeophytes in the Polish flora. Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 35: 47-56. DOI 10.2478/biorc-2014-0015

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Zarzycki, K., Szelg, Z. 2006. Red list of the vascular plants in Poland. In: Mirek, Z., Zarzycki, K., Wojewoda, W., Szelg, Z. (eds). Red list of plants and fungi in Poland, pp. 9-20. W. Szafer Insitute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakw.

HOSPITAL DIRECTOR AND DIATOM EXPERT JZSEF PANTOCSEK (1846-1916) ACTIVITY IN THE CARPATHIANS

Buczk K.1, Pozderka V.2 & Hhn M.3

1Hungarian Natural History Museum 1476 Budapest, Pf. 222, Hungary,

buczko@bot.nhmus.hu 2ELTE PhD School of Environmental Studies, H-1117 Budapest, Pzmny Pter

stny 1/C, pvirag90@gmail.com 3Corvinus University of Budapest, Fac. of Horticultural Science, Dept. of Botany,

H-1118 Budapest, Mnesi street 44. Hungary, maria.hohn@uni-corvinus.hu

ABSTRACT. Jzsef Pantocsek is often regarded as an expert on fossil diatoms, but he was also interested in extant diatom floras and vascular plants. He can be regarded as an amateur, because he was district physician and later the director of the state public hospital of Bratislava besides to be a botanist. The short history of his activity is presented here. All his publications that are of diatom interest have recently been made available on the web, presenting his life activity. The growing database gives the possibility to harmonize and clarify diatom taxonomy. Keywords: Carpathians, Diatom collection, Pantocsek, fossil diatoms

Introduction Jzsef Pantocsek is regarded as one of the great figures of Hungarian botany, especially phycology who used Latin, German and Hungarian languages in his publications. He is a highly respected person for Slovaks and Hungarians alike, and one who gained worldwide respect. His life and scientific activity has been the focus of his colleagues, followers and respecters (Degen, 1917; Krenner, 1981; Buczk, 2012, 2015). The current status of collection and the recently conducted diatom research on his legacy is reviewed by Buczk (2012) with the appreciation of Pantocsek life. His rich diatom collection is a base of reinvestigation of ca. 1300 diatom taxa described of Pantocsek.

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Life of Pantocsek

Jzsef Pantocsek was born on the 15th of October, 1846 at Trnava (Nagyszombat). His father worked as a pharmacist and physician in Topolcany (Nagytapolcsny) where Jzsef began his studies. Later he continued his schooling in Nyitra, Kalksburg and Esztergom, and also studied in Gttingen and Vienna before graduating as a physician.

After finishing at the medical faculty of the University in Vienna, he became district physician in Tavarnok. In 1896 he was appointed director of the state public hospital of Bratislava. As a prominent physician he was highly respected in the city. He was responsible for public and private health, as well

as for the care of orphans and homeless people. X-ray equipment was used in Hungarian hospitals for the first time by him. He died on 4 September 1916 in Tavarnok (Nyitra County) aged 70, suffering from typhoid fever (Degen 1917, Krenner 1981).

Pantocsek, the botanist Beside his extensive knowledge in medical sciences, he was a prominent botanist. Pantocsek`s interest in plant science had shown up at a young age. As a child he became familiar with Nagytapolcsany`s flora, and soon studied the flora of the Tatra Mountains. His first paper, a botanical guide, appeared in 1868 and was soon followed by other publications. The geobotany of the Balkans was also part of his interest. He contributed to the knowledge of the flora and fauna of Hercegovina, Montenegro and Dalmatia in 1874. Besides geobotany, he was interested in the taxonomy of certain plant groups in greater details. For example the genus Scleranthus L. Trifolium haynaldianum Pant. was described by him and named after Lajos Haynald, cardinal and archbishop of Kalocsa and a great patron of Hungarian botany (Pantocsek 1878). He was the first to describe the flora of Montenegro based on own independent research. From the 1880s he devoted his energy entirely to the study of diatoms in which field he became one of the most competent experts in the world. To honor his work, several species were named after him (e.g. Anisodiscus pantocsekii Grunow, Pantocsekia clivosa Grunow, Stictodictus pantocsekii Temp.; see in Guiry & Guiry, 2015)

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Pantocsek, the diatomist

Although there is no information about the actual start of his activity in diatom study, we know that the first part of his enormous work was published in 1886. It discusses the fossil diatoms of the Carpathians. His publications have been generously illustrated. As a well-known student of fossil material, he received many samples from leading geologists of the region as well from those in distant parts of the World; thus many of those samples were first examined by him, sometimes resulting in the first (and only) records of diatoms for science. Sadly, there is no information about the details of his cleaning and preparation techniques, but Pantocsek sometimes refers to suitable material was obtained after a very tiring and exhausting procedure". Above all, Pantocsek was a taxonomist and described more than 1300 new taxa. He attempted to correlate the occurring species with environmental conditions though mainly with regard to the age of the diatomite and the salinity of the deposits (all his scientific publication is listed in Krenner, 1981 and Buczk 2012, 2015; here we refer only his basic works: Pantocsek 1886, 1889, 1892, 1901).

Later, his interest turned to the extant diatom floras. He had a strong contribution to the knowledge of the Carpathian Basin`s diatom flora, especially of the region where he lived (in the northwest of the Hungarian Kingdom at that time). Balaton and Fert (Neusiedlersee) also featured in his description of several new taxa by him. Early in the 20th century there were plans to drain Lake Fert for agricultural use. Pantocsek published a detailed list of the diatom flora of the lake (29 were new to science, incl. Surirella peisonis Pant). On the basis of the rich and unique diatom flora he argued against the drainage and contributed to the abandonment of the plan, thus playing the role of an early conservationist.

His last published paper dealt with the diatoms found in the boreholes drilled in Lake Balaton that ground-breaking palaeolimnological approach showed that Pantocsek was an innovative diatomist leading the way to new approaches in science. His experiments in microphotography were also successful and pioneering, and as a photographer he won awards with his diatom pictures in 1884 on the National Exhibition.

Pantocsek, the collection founder Pantocsek accumulated a rich diatom collection, which after his death in 1917, was purchased by the Department of Botany of the Hungarian Natural History Museum. We suppose, Pantocsek diatom collection was of the order of ten thousand when deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum after his death. The value of the collection is famed by hundreds of type slides from localities all over the world.

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Fig 2. A detailed map of cleaned diatom samples that are available for scanning electron microscopic study from Carpathians in the

Hungarian Natural History Museum.

The Second World War caused great damage in the collection. A great part of slides were completely destroyed and the remainder suffered severe damage. The portfolios holding the slides were battered and soiled with wet mud and debris, the slides and cover slips of the preparations suffered all kinds of breaking and splitting. In many cases the mounting resin oozed out in part or completely f