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ABBREVIATIONS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

ABREVIATIONS SAVE SPACE and prevent fused with th e preposition in. A be tter proced ure i

the distraction of needlessly repeated words orto just spell out the word inch(es).phrases. The space saved is usually so small, however,

that the use of abbreviations is determined largely bycustom, convenience to th e reader, and th e app ear- NAMES F cou N T R ~S ANDance of the printed page.

Ingenera1 fewabbreviationsshouldbeusedinthe OTHER O L ~ T ~ C A L S U B D ~ V ~ S ~ O N Stext of a Survey report, although many may be usedin tables and footnotes. The text should be under-standab le by nonspecialists, and abbreviations shouldbe used without definition onlyif they a re widelyunderstood (for example, such common bibliographicabb revi ation s a s fig., pl., p., and no., a ndothe r nonbibliographic abbreviations suchas a.m.,6

p.m., A.D., an d B.C. ).Uncommon abbreviations must be defined the first

time they a re used in the main text. The standardSurvey form at is to enclose th e abbreviated form inpare nthe ses immediately following the spelled outform-for example, U.S. Geological Sur vey (USGS).Follow the same procedure in the abstractif a te rmis used several times there, and because th e abstractmust be able to stand alone, repeat th e procedure inthe main tex t the fir st time th e abbreviation is usedthere.

Common sense can help decide when abbreviationsar e appropriate. Term s used only a few times shouldnot be abbreviated, and abbreviations tha t mightinconvenience the reader should not be used. Ingeneral, abbreviations are suitable for often-repeatednames of organizations, conferences, congresses, andprograms-for example, IGCP, for Internationa l Geo-logical Correlation Programme; AGI, for AmericanGeological Institu te; also, for widely used ins trum entsor processes-for example, SEM for scanning-electronmicroscope. Abbreviations are inappropriate for geo-graphic names or geologic term s in Survey reports,no ma tter how many t imes such names or terms a reused in a paper. Do not, for example, use AB for

Appalachian Basin, S AF for S an Andreas Fault, o rMVTD for Mississippi Valley-type deposits.Abbreviations are used freely in tables, partly

because of t igh t space limitations. Abbreviations usedin tables a re defined in bracketed headnotes.

In general, abbreviations for scientific terms and forterms of measurement are not followed by periods;however, a period should be used with the abbrevia-tion fo r inch(es) if the abbreviation might be con-

U.S. s used when United States precedes theword Government or th e nam e of a Governmen torganization: U.S. Government, U.S. Congress, U.S.Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.No spaces are left between th e lett ers and periods ofU.S., bu t a space precedes th e name th at follows.

In titles, United S tates should be written outwhether it is a noun or an adjective. I n the tex t,United States should be written out when used as

noun and abbreviated when used as an adjective-forexample, mineral deposits of th e United States, ut

U.S. mine ral deposits.Names of foreign countries, except that of the

U.S.S.R. (or SSSR), are not abbreviated, nor a re th enam es of the ir political subdivisions. United Stat esis written out when used in association with thenam es of othe r countries, except the U.S.S.R.; thus ,British, French, and United S tat es Governments;United States-British talks; ut U.S.-U.S.S.R.

meeting.

ST TES AND POSSESSIONS F THEUNITED T TES

Names of Sta tes of th e United Sta tes (exceptAlaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, andUtah),also the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and theVirgin Islands, are abbreviated when they immedi-ately follow a capitalized geographic term; they arespelled out aft er a low ercased word: Chicago, Ill.;

Montgomery County, Md.; Stone Mountain, Ga.;Arlington National Cemetery, Va.; Redstone Arsenal,Ala.; ut St. Law rence County magnetite district,New York; Tacoma area, Washington. The names ofother insular possessions, tru st territories, and suchplaces as Long Island and State n Island ar e notabbreviated. Customary abbreviations are used forSta tes in reports; Postal Service abbreviations ar eused only in ZIP code mailing address es.

104 Abbrevia tions signs and symbols



Alabama ---------------

Alaska ------------------Arizona-----------------Arkmsas ---------------

California -------------Colorado---------------

Connecticut-----------Delaware---------------Florida------------------

Georgia-----------------Hawaii ------------------Idaho ....................Illinois-------------------Indiana -----------------Iowa .....................Kansas------------------

Kentucky--------------Louisiana--------------

Maine....................

Postal Postal Postalcustom ry Service custom ry Service

Ala. LAlaska AKAriz. ZArk. RCalif. CA

States (4nd abbre abbrepossessums viaticms

Colo. coConn. CTDel. DEFla. FL

States andcustomary Service

a b h

Ga. GAHawaii HIIdaho ID111. ILInd. INIowa I AKans. KSKv. KY

abbre States nd

~ a LAMaine ME

viations

Maryland--------------

Massachusetts-------Michigan---------------Minnesota-------------Mississippi------------M i s s ~ ~---------------

Montana----------------Nebraska--------------Nevada -----------------New Hampshire----New Jersey -----------New Mexico----------New York -------------

North Carolina------North Dakota--------Ohio------- -- -Oklahoma--------------Oregon------------------Pennsylvania---------

possessumsabbre abbre

viations viations possessums viations viations

CCENTS ND DIACRITICAL ARKS

Md. MDMass. MAMich. MIMinn. N

Miss. MSMo. MO

Mont. MTNebr. NENev. NVN.H. NHN.J. NJN. Mex. NN.Y. NYN.C. NCN. Dak. NDOhio OHOkla. OKOreg. ORPa. PA

Rhode Island--------- R.I. RISouth Carolina------ S.C. SCSou th Dakota-------- S. Dak.Tennessee ------------- Tenn.

S DTexas ................... Tex. TNUtah ..................... Utah

TX

Vermont --------------- Vt.UT

Virginia ---------------- Va. VTVAWashin gton----------- Wash . WAWest V~rginia------ W. Va.Wisconsin------------- Wis. WVWyoming-------------- Wyo. WI

WY

District ofColumbia------------ D.C.

Guam.................... Guam DCGU

Pue rto Rico----------- P.R. PRVirgin Islands------- V.I. VI

Terminology. Names and symbols ar e given intable 2.

In Survey publications a ccents and diacritical mark sar e used chiefly in the spelling of foreign words. TakeDATEScare to use them correctly:

acute Orleans) Names of m onths followed by th e day, o r by thebolle ( lesund) day and year, are usually abbreviated in tables, local-

. cedilla (franp is) ity lists, and in parentheses. May, June, and July are- circumflex (c6te) always spelled out. Preferred forms for other months

dieresis or umlaut (Niirnberg) ar e as follows:grav e (AsmGres) Jan . AD^ Oct.hacek (Pfibyl). inverted cedilla (Dqbrowa)macron (Kyiishu)

/ slash (R$mros)

soft sign (Arkhangel'sk)superior dot (sharkysko Kamienna)- tilde (caiion)

DDRESSES

The words stree t, avenue, building, andsimilar address terms following a name or numberare abbreviated in footnotes, tables, leaderwork, andlists, but as parts of names, they are spelled out, evenin parentheses, footnotes, tables, and leaderwork:2912 1 4th St., ut 14th St re et Bridge. The

Feb. Aug. Nov.

Mar. Sept. Dec.

In narrow columns of tables, the names of monthsmay be abbreviated evenif they stand alone. Other-wise, the form used in Survey reports is January 1,1985.

Article 1 3 of th e North American Stratigraph icCode (North American Commission on StratigraphicNomenclature, 1983), quoted in pa rt below, should befollowed for the preferred abbreviations used ingeochronologic dating.

word s ‘‘couII~~ , fort, mount, point, an d The present r efersto 1950 AD [sic], and such qualifiers as

port ar e not abbreviated. Saint (St.) and ago or before the present are omitted after the value becauseSainte (Ste.) should be abbreviate d. measurement of the duration from the p resent to th e past is im-

plicit in the designation. In contrast, th e duration of a rem oteinterval of geologic time, a s a number of years, should not be ex-

CHEMICAL LEMENTS AMES pressed by th e same sym bols. Abbreviations for nu mbers of years,without referenceto the prese nt, are informal (e.g., y ory for

AND SYM OLS year s; my, m.y., or m.yr. fo r millions of years; and so forth , aspreference dictates). For example, boundaries of the Late Creta-

Chemical names, rather than symbols, should ceous Epoch currently a re calibrated a t6 Ma and 96 Ma, but thegenerally be used in text , as discussed in Chemical interval of time represented by this epoch is m.y.

Abbreviations signs and symbols 105



Table 2 Chemical symbolshe names nd symbols listed below are approved by the International Ur

Kernistry. From the U S PO style Manual 1984 p. 16 11

eon

Protactiniumadium

Radon

RhodiumRubidiumRutheniumSamariumScendiumSelenium

ilicon

Strontiumulfur

Thulium

itanium

anadiumenontterbium

inc

ercury Zirconium

nd Applied

b w l weight

The atomic weights of many elements are not invariant but depend on the origin and treatment of thematerial. The values of atomic weight given here apply to elements s they exist naturally on Earth and tocertain artificial elements. Values in parentheses are used for radioactive elements whose atomic weightscannot be quoted precisely without knowledge of the origin of the elements. The value given is the atomicmass number of the isotope of that element of longest known half life.

106 Abbreviations, signs, and symbols



For dating use the following:

ka for kilo-annum (lo3 years)Ma for mega-annum (lo6 years)Ga for giga-annum (lo9 years)

Note that ka and kilo are not capitalized (by interna-

tional convention).

In describing land divisions subdivided by section,township, and range, use the following forms (omitperiods after abbreviated compass directions thatimmediately precede and close up on figures):

SE1/4NW1/4 see. 4, T. 12 S., R. 15 E., of the BoiseMeridian

lot 6, NE1/4 sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. W.N11z sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., Sixth Principal

MeridianTps. 9, 10, 11, and 12 S., Rs. 12 and 13 W.T. 2 S., Rs. 8, 9, and 10 E., sec. 26T. 3 S., R. E. , sec. 34, W1/zE1/z, W1/z, and

W1/zSE1/4SE1/r sec: 32 (with or without a townshipnumber)

If fractions are spelled out in land descriptions,half and quarter are used (not one-half orone-quarter ): south half of T. 47 N., R. 64 E.

Avoid breaking a group such as NE1/4SE1/r sec. 4 atthe end of a line. If a break is unavoidable, make itafter the fraction and use no hyphen.

L T~TUDE AND LONGITUDE

The words latitude and longitude followedby figures are abbreviated (no periods aft er latand long ), and the figures ar e closed up: lat52 33'05 N., long 13 21'10, E. Avoid breaking latitudeand longitude figures at the end of a line. If a breakis unavoidable, use a hyphen.

Terms denoting units of measurement should be ab-breviated only when preceded by an amount indicatedin numerals. Thus, write 3 m high, 6 cm thick,

ut several meters long, a few kilometers north.Over a stratigraphic figure column, use Meters,

(m), Feet, (feet), Ft In, or (ft in), depend-ing on the content of the column, whether the termstands by itself or follows another term such as

Thickness, and depending on the amount of spaceavailable.

Mineral names are not ordinarily abbreviated innarrative text, but abbreviations may be appropriate

on certain maps, in tables, or as symbols, subscripts,or superscripts. Symbols for common minerals aregiven in table 3.

NAMES N D TITLES

In the names of business firms, the abbreviatedforms Bros., Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd., nd

& should be used if the full legal title need not bepreserved. Company and Corporation are notabbreviated in names of Federal Government units.

Association and Manufacturing are notabbreviated.

Names of railroads should not be abbreviated exceptin parentheses, footnotes, tables, and leaderwork. Usethe correct form Railroad or Railway ( RR. and

Ry. ), depending on the usage of the individualcompany.

In other than formal usage, a civil, military, or navaltitle preceding a name is abbreviated if followed by agiven name or initials: Col. H.M. Smith furnisheddata on the wells ; ut Colonel Smith furnished

. The titles Senator and Representativeare not abbreviated.

The abbreviation no. (lowercase n ) is used forserial numbers and in citing v. and no. of apublication: Journal of Paleontology, v. 10, no. 3.In identifying specimens, wells, drill holes, and thelike, however, number or No. is generallysuperfluous and can be omitted: specimen 4297,

Government well 6W, Drill hole 5 ut Of all thespecimens examined, No. 4297 most clearly illustrated* * *,, Do not use the symbol . Uppercase N isused in formal names and in numbered coal beds.

The word percent should be spelled out in text.In tables, the abbreviation pct or the symbol %

may be used if other terms of measurement are alsoabbreviated. The symbol % , however, is not aseasily read in small type. Percent should be usedwith numerals: 20 percent. I t is preferred to

percentage for table headings. Percentage

Abbreviations signs and symbols 107



Table 3 Mineral symbols[Kretz, 1983; courtesy of the Mineralogical Society of America]

Acm cmite Elb lbaiteAct ctinolite En nstatite (ortho)

: egirine-augite Ep pidoteXkermanite Fs t assaite

Ab ----------------albite Fa ayali teAln llanite Fac erroactinoliteAlm almandine Fed erroedeniteAn1

nalcime Fs errosilite (ortho)Ant natase Fts errotschermakiteAnd ndalusite F1 -----------------fluoriteAdr ndradite Fo orsteriteAnh nhydri te Gn ----------------galena

nk nkeri te Gr t ----------------garnetnn nnite Ged

An northitegedrite

Gh gehleniteAtg ntigorite Gbs ibbsite

Ath nthophylliteAp ----------------apatiteApo pophylliteA I ragonite

rfvedsoniteApy rsenopyriteAug ugite. .Ax axllllteBrt ----------------bariteBrl ----------------berylBt -----------------biotiteBhm ---------------boehmiteBn orniteBrk rookiteBrc ruciteBst ustamite

Cam Ca clinoamphiboleCpx a clinopyroxeneCal ----------------calciteCcn ancriniteCm amegieiteCst ----------------cassiteriteCls elestiteCbz habaziteCc halcociteCc ----------------chalcopyriteCJ --------------chloriteCld hloritoidChn hondroditeChr hromiteCcl hrysocollaCtl hrysotile

Cen linoenstatiteCfs linoferrosiliteChu clinohumiteCzo linozoisiteCrd ordieriteCm ----------------corundumCv covelliteCrs ristobalite

um pmmgtoniteDsp &asporeDk igen'teDl iopsideDo1 ----------------dolomiteDN ravite

Eck cke-teEd demte

,It lauconiteIn laucophane

,t oethlte.r -----------------graphiters rossular

N runeritesumif :: E t e

Is astingsiteyn aiiyne

:d edenbergite:em ---------------hematite:c ercynite:ul---------------- heulandite:bl ----------------hornblende:u umite

. .Ill lllteIlm lmeniteJ d adeiteJ hKrs ghm'rsut~te

ls alsiliteKln aoliniteKtp ata horite

fs fe dsparKrn komerupineKy yaniteLmt aumontiteLws awsoniteLpd epidoliteLct euciteLm ----------------limonite

Lz izarditeLo o e h g i t eM h maghemite

t magnesiokatophoritefMrb magnesioriebeckiteMgs magnes~teMag ---------------magnetiteMr mar arite~ e f11 m e d t eMc microclineMo molydbeniteMnz ---------------monaziteMtc montiwlliteMnt mon~morillonite

Mul---------------- m d t eMs ----------------muscovite

Ntr natroliteNe nephelineNrb orbergiteNsn ---------------nosean01 -----------------olivineOmp ---------------om haciteOam rt kloamphibole

Or -----------------orthoclaseOpx rthopyroxenePg aragonitePrg argasitePct ectolitePn entlanditePer ericlasePrv erovskitePhl . phlogopite

P igeonitePP-II---- la 'oclaseP r h r e L t ePen rotoenstatitePmp umpellyite

y pyritePrf PyrOpePr yro hyllite

o yrr otiteQtz ----------------quartzRbk ~ebeckiteRds hodochrositeRdn hodoniteRt utile

a anidineSpr apphirine

capoliteSr chorl

El : erpentine---------------siderite

Sil sillimaniteSdl odaliteSps pessartineSp phaleriteSpl ----------------spinelSpd podumeneSt tauroliteStb tilbiteStp tilpnomelaneStr trontianiteTlc ----------------talc

Tms homsoniteTtn itaniteToz op=Tur ----------------tourmalineTr remoliteTrd ridTro ro teTs schermakiteUsp lvospinelVrm ---------------vermiculiteVes esuvianiteWth witheriteWo wollastoniteWus wiistiteZrn ----------------zirconZo

oisite

(synonymous with proportion ) may be used in such ROCKSphrases as a small percentage when proportion ismeant. When proportion is not meant, an expression The names of rocks are never abbreviated in nar-such as a small part should be used. Percentage rative text, but abbreviations may be appropriate onmay be used with numerals in a phrase such as certain maps or tables; uniformity in such usage is

5 percentage points. desirable. Unusual abbreviations must be defined to

108 Abbreviations, signs, and symbols



avoid misunderstandings. Common abbreviations aregiven on pag e 55.

Temperature is expressed in figures. Followingthe practice of the American Society for Testing andMaterials Standard for Metric Practice, STArecommends no space before or after t he d egree sign(lOO°C, 212°F).

Ter ms of direction are spelled out in text: Kanoshis 58 m northwest of Koosharem; both are north ofKanab. In expressions of dip and strike, th e term s ofdirection a re abbreviated, and th e degre e mark is se twithout space against the figures:

A dip of 10 SE . (or 10 S. 35 E.)The strike is N. 55 E . (or N. 45 -70 E :N. 55 30125 E.but the dip is southeast.

Abbreviated te rm s of direction ar e followed byaperiod:

N., S., NW., SE., NNW. E S E .

The following abbreviations a re commonly used inparenthetical phrases, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes,synonymies, tables, a nd leaderwork:

abstract@), abs.annual, ann.appendix, app.approximate(ly), approx.article(s), art., arts.association, assoc.biologic(al), biol.bulletin, bull.chapter, chap.

chemical, chem.communication(s), commun.edition, editor(s), ed., eds.figure(s), fig., figs.formation(s), fm., fms.geographic(al), geog.geologic(al), geol.geophysical, geophys.hydrographic, hydrog.

hydrologic(al), hydrol.illustration(s), illus.investigation(s), inv.locality, loc.miscellaneous, misc.Mount, Mt.page(s), P.part@), pt., pts.plate@), pl., pls.publication (s), pub., pubs.report@), rept., repts.science(s), sci.section(s), sec., secs.series, ser.stratigraphiHal), strat.topographic(al), topog.volume, v.~0010gic(al),2001.

S IENTIFI N D ENGINEERING TERMS

Table 4 lists abbreviations, signs, an d symbols forscientific and eng ineering term s likely to b e used inSurvey reports. Cite meanings in text or appendix.The exact form and style of some symbols may varywith different printers.

Table 4 Abbreviations, signs, and symbols for scientificand engineering terms[Adapted from lists in STA5 and STAG. For further treatment ofabbreviations see U.S. GPO Style Manual 1984 chap. 9. For ab-breviations on ma s see p. 55; for minerals and normativeminerals see p. 183; for chemical elements see p 1061

absolute absabsolute valueabsorbance Aabsorptivity a

absorptivity, molar E

acceleration, angularacceleration, linear a

acre-foot (feet) acre-ftactivity, chemical (absolute)activity, chemical (relative) a

activity coefficienta n i s aff.alternating current ac or oralternating-current (unit modifier) a-caltitude altampere Aanalytical variability 5

angleangle betweenangle between a and bo in the unit cell yangle between a and co in the unit cell P

ngle between bo and co in the unit cellangle between the tw o optic axes of a biaxial

ineral 2Vangstromangular frequency w

angular velocity w

anhydrous anhydantilogarithm antilogapproaches

pproximate (tion of) approxapproximately (nearly) equaltoaqueous aq

re (land area) area A or S

stronomical unit (in English ) auasymptotically equal to =

tmosphere atmtomic mass m or m

Scientific and engineering terms 1 9



Table 4 Abbreviations, signs, and symbols for scientific Table 4. Abbreviations, signs, and symbols for scientificand engineering terms-Continued and engineering terms-Continued

atomic mass of species X ...................... m (X) or m

atomic number a t , no or Zatomic number of species X ................... Z (X) or Zatomic weight a t w or M

atomic weight of species X .................. M X) or Mautomatic data processing .................................. ADPaverage avgaverage (indicated by ba r o r vinculum over

symbol or by angular parentheses) ............ r )Avogadro's number ..................................... N or N

avoirdupois avdpazimuth az orbarn (area) ............................................................ bbarometer .......................................................... bar.barrel ................................................................ bblbarrel per day bbVdbase of natural logarithms ...................................... ebaud ................................................................... BdBaumC (used with degree symbol) BCbecquerel ............................................................. Bqbefore present (dates before 1950 in thousands

of years) B.P.bench mark (in illustrations) ................................ BMbench mark (in text) ........................................ B M

Bernoulli number BBessel function (first kind, zero order) Jdx)Bessel function, hyperbolic (first kind,

zero order) .................................................... Zo(x)bias 6

billion gallons per day ...................................... GgaVdbillion years ...................................................... b.y.binary coded decimal ........................................ BCDbiochemical oxygen demand BODbit, byte bBohr magneton ................................................... PBboiling point ........................................................ b~

................................................oltzmann constant k................................................oltzmann function H

ottom-withdrawal tube BW-tuberaces { }

brackets ............................................................ 1

Bragg angle, glancing angle (20 is twice theglancing angle in X-ray diffraction) ...................... 0

readth (width) b or B

.....................................rine11 hardness number Bhn...........................................ritish thermal unit Btu

ushel b~.....................................................................yte B

calculatedcalorie .............................................................. calcandela ................................................................ cd

.......................................................andela-hour c'h

capacitance C

carat .................................................................... ktCartesian coordinates X,Y,Zcathode ray CR

cathode-ray tube ........................................ CRTCelsius (used with degree symbol) ........................ Ccentimeter ........................................................... cmcentimeter-gram-second (system) CGScentimeter-gram-second (unit) cgscentral processing unit ...................................... CPUchemical oxygen demand ................................... COD

.................................................hemical potential P

chi-square statistic ................................................. xcirca (about) ........................................................ ca.circle

....................................................ircular (shape) circitrate-extractable heavy metal cxHMcoefficient .......................................................... coef

......................................old-extractable copper cxCucollection(s) (abbreviation used only with

...................................................umbers) colln(s).

.......................................................ologarithm cologompressibility K

concentrate ........................................................ conconcentrated concd

...........................................oncentration concn or c..........................................................onductance G

conductivity ..............................................................................................onfer (to be compared to) cf.

confidence limit, lower, for the populationmean ............................................................... PL

confidence limit, upper, for the population...............................................................ean Puconstant .......................................................... constconstant as defined in text Kcontinued (abbreviation used only in some

tables) ........................................................... con.Coordinated Universal Time ............................... UTCcorner ............................................................... cor.correlation coefficient ....................................... orcosecant ............................................................. csccosecant, hyperbolic cschcosine ................................................................ cososine, hyperbolic cosh

...........................................................otangent cototangent, hyperbolic cothoulomb C

............................................ounts per minute c/min...............................................................ritical crit

ross, Iddings, Pirsson, and Washington CIPW............................ross section of atoms and nuclei u

rystallographic axes a b, ccubic centimeter Cm3

11 Scientific and engineering terms



Table 4. Abbreviations signs and symbols for scientific Table 4 Abbreviations signs and symbols for scientificand engineering terms-Continued and engineering terms-Continued

cumulative frequency ........................................... c. f.curie ................................................................... Cicutting point in a hypothesis test ..........................cycle (radio) .......................................................... ccycles per minute ........................................ clmincycles per second ................................................. d scylinder .............................................................. cyldarcy, darcies ....................................................... Dday ....................................................................... ddebye unit ........................................................... Ddecay constant ....................................................... A

decay constant based on alpha emission ................. a

decay constant based on negative beta emission ... Apdecay constant based on orbital electron

capture .................................................. A or XEC

decay constant based on positron emission kgdecay constant based on spontaneous fission ......... ISFdecibel ................................................................ dBdegree ..................................................................degree Celsius ..................................................... OCdegree Fahrenheit ................................................ OFdegree Rankine ................................................... ORdegree reamur ..................................................... OR

.............................................egrees of freedom d.f.delta (finite change, incremental variations,

difference) .................................................. A or 6density (mass) ....................................................... Pdensity (relative) .................................................... ddepth .................................................................... h

deuterium ................................................... D or 2H

deutron ................................................................. d

diameter ........................................ diam, D, or ddielectric constant (permittivity) ..............................dielectric flux .......................................................differential, partial .................................................differential thermoanalysis .................................... dtadifferential, total ........................................ d or ddilute .................................................................. dildirect current ........................................ dc or -

................................irection of extraordinary ray Edirection of flow .................................................. +

irection of ordinary raydischarge; total wa ter discharge; rate of discharge;

recharge Q

................................isintegrations per minute dlmin.....................................isintegrations per second dlsisk operating system DOS

..............................................issociation constant Kdissociation constant, negative logarithm of;

-log K ............................................................ PKissolved oxygen DO

...................................................issolved solids DS.............................................................istilled dist

ditto (the same) do.divided by +dozen ................................................................. ozdram drdropping mercury electrode ................................ dmedry basis ........................................................... DBdyne ................................................................. dynefficiency ............................................................. effelectric current ...................................................... Ielectric-current density ....................................... Jelectric-field stren gth ............................................. Eelectric potential Velectromagnetic unit ........................................ emuelectromotive force .................................... emf or Eelectron ......................................................... e orelectron mass ...................................................... me

electron-spin resonance esrelectronvolt .......................................................... eV

...................................................lectrostatic flux

.................................................lectrostatic unit esuelementary charge .................................................. e

...........................................................levation elev......................................mendatio (emended) emend.

...........................................................nd point E P.................................................................nergy E

energy (kinetic) ................................................... k

.................................................nergy (potential) Eenthalpy ............................................................... Hentropy ................................................................. Sentropy (standard sta te of) So

...................................................phemeris time ET

equal to ..............................................................nearly equal to ..................................................not equal to ...................................................... Z

......................................................quation(s) eq (s)quilibrium constant K

.......................................................quivalent equiv.equivalent conductivity ........................................ A

..............................................quivalent uranium eU......................................quivalent weight equiv. wt

......................................................rror function erf............................rror function (complement to erfc

.......................................................uler number Eex grupo ........................................................ ex gr.

exchange ...................................................................................xchangeable-potassium-percentage EPP..........................xchangeable-sodium-percentage ESP

........................................xcited hydrogen atom H*................................................xponential of exp, e

....................................................actorial product...................ahrenheit (used with degree symbol) OF

....................................................................arad F............................araday s constant (the faraday)

Scientific and engineering terms 11 1



Table 4 Abbreviations, signs, and symbols for scientific Table 4. Abbreviations, signs, and symbols for scientificand engineering terms-Continued and engineering terms-Continued

foot, feet f t

footcandle ............................................................. fcfootlambert .......................................................... f~

foot (feet) per second cubed ................................ ft/s3foot-pound ......................................................... R-lbfoot-pound-second (system) ................................. FPSforce .................................................................... F

force (moment of) ................................................. M

formality ............................................................... ffreezing point ....................................................... f

frequency ....................................................... f or v

frequency (spectroscopy) v

friction, coefficient of P o r fFroude number FF-statistic for equality of variances ........................ F

fugacity .................................................................function of x .................................................... f x)fusion point fnpgallon ................................................................. galgallons per minute ........................................ gaVmingamma function rgas as in H a g) g)gas constant ......................................................... R

gas liquid partition chromatography ..................... glpcgauss GGeiger-Miiller (unit modifier) ............................... G-MGibbs free energy, Gibbs function .......................... GGibbs free energy (standard state) Gogradient ............................................................... V

rain grgram g

gravitational acceleration, acceleration of free fall,local acceleration due to gravity ..........................gravitational constant ........................................gray (unit of measure for absorbed dose) GY

reater than >much greater than >>not greater than ............................................. >

..............................reater than or equal to orreenwich mean astronomical time G.m.a. t.reenwich mean time G.m.t.

gross .................................................................. gr................................................ross weight gr wt

alf-life T M

half-life reduced fTv............................................................avenine havead, total H

heat capacity C........................eat capacity at constant pressure Cp

..........................eat capacity at constant volume Cv................................................................ectare ha

...................................................................eight h

...........................................elmholtz free energy

henry, henries H

hertz HZhigh-pressure (unit modifier) ................................ h-Phigh-pressure metal vapor HPMV

horsepower .......................................................... hphour h..........ydrogen-ion concentration, negative log,, of PH

hyperbolic functions, inverse, prefix to be added toabbreviation (for example, arcosh) ....................... ar

hypothesis (alternative) ......................................... HI

..................................................ypothesis (null) o

......................................................dentical withnot identical with ........................................... Z

imaginary square root of 1 ............................ i or jinch period may be used if abbreviation might

be confused with the preposition in ) ininch-pound in-lbindeterminate ................................................... indet.index of refraction nindices of refraction for biaxial

crystals ...................... n , and n or a and yindices of refraction for uniaxial

crystals ................................. no and n~ or o and E

...............................................nductance (mutual) Minductance (self) .................................................... Linfinity CX

infrared irnside diameter id

integral ................................................................. Iintegral, closed (circuital or contour) ....................... 4intensity of X-rays reflected from crystallographic

planes Iintermediate-pressure (unit modifier) i-pintersection or logical product l

ionization constant K or K iirrigation-water classification: C denotes conductivity

(electrical); S denotes sodium-adsorption ratio(SAR); numbers denote respective numerical

.............................................uality classes C2-5 3.........................................ackson turbidity unit Jt u

joule J..................................................oule per kelvin J/K

oule-Thomson coefficientelvin (degree symbol not used) K

................................................................kilobyte Kilohm kfl

.....................................................ilowatthour kwh...............................................................-meson K

.....................................................................not kn................................................................mbert L

langley ly...............................................aplacian operator v

atitude (abbreviation used only with figures) lat




Table 4 Abbreviations, signs, and symbols for scientific Table 4 Abbreviations, signs, and symbols for scient ificand engineering terms-Continued and engineering terms-Continued

length 1

less than <much less than ........................................ <<not less than ..................................................

less than or equal to ................................. orlimit of x) .............................................. lim f 4linear alkylsulfonate ........................................ LASliquefied petroleum gas ..................................... LPGliquid .................................................................. lirlliquid oxygen loxliter ..................................................................... Llocality, localities (abbreviation used only with

numbers) .................................................... loc (s).logarithm (common) loglogarithm (natural) ..................................... log, or Inlogical product or intersection ................................ nlogical sum or union ........................................ Ulongitude (abbreviation used only with figures; omit

period when long is used with lat ; use period ifabbreviation may be confused with the adjectivelong ) long

longitudinal velocity; P-wave velocity ..................... u p

low frequency ..................................................... L Flow-pressure (unit modifier) .................................. 1-P

.................................................................umen lm........................................................uminous flux

ux lx

........................agnetic-field strength or intensity Hmagnetic flux ....................................................... @

................................................agnetic induction B..............anning's roughness (resistance) coefficient n

....................................................................ass mmean sea level ................................................. m. s.1.mass number ........................................................mass number of species X ....................A X) r A,matrix; for example aij )Ior (aij) or

A ............................................... ] l o r or

...............................atrix, cofactor of element Aijmatrix, conjugate ................................................. A

...............atrix, determinant of; for example laijl I Imatrix, identity ..................................................... I

matrix, inverse A-

.................................................atrix, transpose..........................................................aximum max

.............................................................axwell MX..........................................ean (statistical) p or m

mean life ...........................................................................................ean of a linear combination q Pq

..........................ean of the lognormal distribution...............ean of the negative binomial distribution

mean of sample means ........................................ C z...............ean of the variance of sample means PSZ

mean sea level ........................................ m. s I

mean square error ......................................... M.S.E.megabyte ........................................................... Mbmegohm ............................................................ M a

melting point ...................................................... mPmember of (used with a set and its elements) ......... rmeta (in organic compounds) .................................. mmeter ................................................................... mmetric ton ............................................................. tmicroGal ............................................................. CLGmicron ................................................................. Pmile .................................................................... mimiles per hour ...................................... milh or mphMiller indices hklmillimeter of mercury mmHgmillion .................................................................. Mmillion gallons per day ................................... Mgalldmillion years m.y.minimum minminus ................................................................... -minus or plus ....................................................... +minute min

minute; prime; foot ................................................mixture melting point ....................................... mmpModified Mercalli ........................................ MMmolality, mold (concentration) ................................ m

.......................olar concentration of substance B C

molar mass of substance B .................................. Mmolarity, molar (concentration) Mmole .................................................................. molmolecular concentration ........................................

...........................................olecular weight mol wtmonth ................................................................ mo

otorship MS.ultiplied by x or

multiplying factor for the geometric mean of lognormallydistributed observations ..................................... ,

multiplying factor for the variance of lognormallydistributed observations ..................................... n

.........................................ultispectral scanner MSSmuon ................................................................... L

....................abla; del; differential vector operator Vnatural variability ................................................. 5

......................................................autical mile nrni

................................................................eutrino V.................................................................eutron new genus n. gen.

.................................................ew series new ser.....................................................ew species n. Sp....................................................ew variety n. var.

.................................................................ewton N...................................................ewton meter N m

Newtonian gravitational constant ............................ G

cientific and engineering terms



Table 4 Abbreviations signs and symbols for scientific Table 4. Abbreviations signs and symbols for scientificand engineering terms-Continued and engineering terms-Continued

no data n.d.no record, not reported ..................................... n.r.nomen nudum ........................................... nom. nud.normality, normal (concentration) ............................ Nnot available; not applicable ................................ NA.not determined .................................................. n. d.nucleon numbernumber of observations in a population Nnumber of observations (sample size) ....................... n

number of samples ................................................. k

observation ........................................................... w

observed frequency of observationsoersted ................................................................ 0 eohm ..................................................................... aohm centimeter &cmohm meter a.rnoptical directions in a crystal; also rays of light in these

directions and pleochroic colors in thesedirections ................................................ x y, z

ortho (in organic compounds) oounce ................................................................... ozoutside diameter odoven-dry basis .................................................. ODBoxidation-reduction potential ................................. Ehpara (in organic compounds) ................................... P

parsec ................................................................. PCpart(s) ............................................................. pt(s).

art($ per billion P P ~

..............................................art(s) per million PPmpart(s) per thousand ................................. ppt or 1,partial pressure of oxygen or carbon

ioxide Po2, Pco2, or P (02), P(C02).............................................article-size diameter 4artition function Z

ascal Paascal second Pa -s

peck ................................................................... ~k..............................ercentage risk of type I error a

.............................ercentage risk of type I1 error..................................................................eriod T

hase ph.................................................................henyl Ph

phot .................................................................... ~hphoton

pint ptpi (mathematical constant) ..................................... T

pion.....................................................lanck constant h

plus ..................................................................... +plus or minus .......................................................poisePoisson ratio ............................................... orpooled sample variance sP

population coefficient of variation and of skewnesspopulation mean ....................................................population standard deviation .................................. upopulation variance ........................................ 2

posterior distribution of a parameter 8 .............. Dl(0)potassium-adsorption ratio .................................. PARpotential difference ........................................ V orpound (mass) ........................................................ lbpound avoirdupois ......................................... lb avdppound-force .......................................................... lbfpound-force per square inch ............................. lbf/in2power .................................................................. Pprecipitate ................................................. P P ~ r Jpreparation variability tpressure ....................................................... P or pprimary wave ............................................... P-waveprior distribution of a parameter 8 .................. D o 8)probability of the event A ................................ P A)product of a series ................................................ Il

. .roportion .............................................................proportion of successes in a binomial population ....... 8protium Hproton ................................................................... Pquantity of electric charge or electricity; quantity of heat;

................................................uantity of lightquart qt

.....................................................................ad rdradian radradianceradiant ernissivity ..................................................radiant energy ......................................................radiant energy density uradiant exposure ................................................... Hradiant flux .......................................................... Qradiant intensity Iradical .................................................................

..............................adio detection and ranging radar...................................................adio frequency R F

.........................................................adius r or Random fluctuation of experimental error e

.....................................andom access memory RAMRange($ (legal land division) ............................. R(s).ankine (used with degree symbol) OR

ratio; is to (when solidus is used, the word ratio should....................

ollow; for example, CuINi ratio) orX

ead-only memory ROMrbaumur (used with degree symbol) ORrefractive index at 20°C, sodium (D)

2................................................................ine no.............................elative cumulative *equency r.c. f.

repeating decimal; bar covers part tha t is to be.........................................................epeated 1.




Table 4 Abbreviations signs and symbols for scientific Table 4 Abbreviations signs and symbols for scientificand engineering terms-Continued and engineering terms-Continued

.............................................................esistance R square sq..............................................................esistivity p square centimeter cm2..................................................................................................eturn beam vidicon RBV square root

........................................ .............................................................eversible reaction standard std~

revolutions per minute rlmin or rpm standard deviation .................................................. urevolutions per second ............................... S Or vs

standard e rro r of laboratorynumber .................................................. R means ............................................................... sx

roentgen (used with degree symbol) ...................... OR standard mean ocean water ............................ S OWroentgen equivalent, man or mammal .................. rem standard state .....................................................roentgen equivalent, physical ............................... rep standard state Gibbs free energy .......................... Groot V standard temperature ..................... sT

root mean square ........................................ r m s standardized normal distribution ........................ s.n.d.rubidium acid phthalate RAP station(s) (abbreviation used only withR~dberg onstant Or RY numbers) ..................................................... sta(s).Rydberg constant for infinite mass ........................ R , teradian (solid angle) sr

(parts per .................................. 'm stokes Stsample coefficient of variation ................................ C no r linear ..........................................sample mean ........................................................

strain, shear..........................................................

.............................................................................................ample standard deviation s stress, normal a

sample variance ................................................... 9 stress, shear .........................................................sampling variability ............................................... 5 subgenus subgen......................................................saturated calomel electrode .................................. sce subset of; is contained in ...................................... c

secant ................................................................ sec subspecies ...................................................... subsp.secant, hyperbolic ........................................ sech Suggestions to Authors ................................... STAsecond (time) ......................................................... s sum 8....................................................................second; double prime; inch ...................................... sum of squares SSsecond-foot ......................................................... s.ft sum of squares of the replication totals ................ 7 2secondary wave S-wave sum of squares of the treatment totals ................. T,2section(s) (subdivision of Township and Range) ...see (s). sum total of observations in a sample .................... Tsensu lato .......................................................... s.1. surface tension .............................................. orsensu strict0 ....................................................... S.S. tangent .............................................................. tan

shear velocity; S-wave velocity .............................. v tangent, hyperbolic ........................................... tanhsiemens ................................................................. S temperature .................................. .................. tempsine .................................................................... sin temperature, in degrees Celsius .............................. tsine, hyperbolic sinh temperature, in kelvins; absolute temperature;sine of the amplitude (an elliptic function) ............. sn thermodynamic temperature ................................ T

skewness of frequency distribution sk tesla .................................................................... T

sodium, line in spectrum of ................................... theoretical frequency of observations ...................... T

sodium-adsorption ratio ...................................... SAR thermogravimetric analysis ................................... tfTasolid, as in AgCl(s) ........................................ (s) thickness t or d

solid angle ........................................................... o thin-layer chromatography tlc...............................................................olidus (also called virgule, slash) ............................. thousand k

....................................................................oluble ................................................................ sol thus sic

..................................................................................................................................olution s oh time..........................................................................ound navigation and ranging sonar ton, metr ic (tonne) t

spacing of Bragg planes in a crystal ....................... d total (grand) of observations squared ..................... G2..................pecies (singular) sp. Townships(s) (legal land division) T., Tps.

...................................................................plural) ........................................................ Spp. trace tr................................................pecific gravity sp r trace of a matrix (math) t r

.............................................................................................pecific heat sp ht transformed observation....................................................................................................pecific heat capacity c transmittance T

..............................................................................................................pecific volume Sp V O ~ triangle

cientific and en gineering terms 115



Table 4 Abbreviations signs and symbols for scientificand engineering terms-Continued

trigonometric functions, inverse circular, prefix to beadded to abbreviation (for example,arccos) ............................................................ arc

tritium T or Htritium unit ........................................................ TUtriton .................................................................... ttrue mean ......................................................... t.m.ultraviolet uvundetermined .................................................. undet.unified atomic mass unit uunion or logical sum uunit-cell edges 0 o, and coUnited States (abbreviation used as

adjective only) U.S.United States Geological Survey ...................... USGSU.S. Government Printing Office GPOUnited Sta tes National Museum (abbreviation used

..............efore locality or collection number USNMuniversal time u.t.

niversal Time, Coordinated UTC.........................niversal Transverse Mercator UTM

acuum vacvapor pressure vvariance, statist ic to estimate th e variance of

ognormally distributed observations V

...........................................ariance of quantity q0

..........................ariance of lognormal distribution p................ariance of negative binomial distribution

...................................................ariation operator 6

...............................................ariations; varies asvariety .............................................................. var.

velocity v or u

Table 4 Abbreviations signs and symbols for scientificand engineering terms-Continued

velocity of light in vacuo) ..................................... cvelocity, P-wave V P

velocity, S-wave ................................................... v s

versed sine ....................................................... versversus (standard usage) vs.vertical angle elevation bench mark VABM

vinculum (above letter; for example, F ..................Viscosity, dynamic q

viscosity, kinematic v

volt ..................................................................... Vvoltampere ......................................................... Vvolume, chemical and physical use Vvolume strain, bulk strainwatt Wwatthour Wh

wavelength ............................................................wavenumber .................................................. u or v

weber ................................................................ Wb

weight ................................................................ wteight per volume wlveight per weight wlw

yard ................................................................... ydyear .................................................................... yr

..................................................................ieldsoung's modulus of elasticity

Prefixes and abbreviations for multiples and submultiples,SI unitsexa (10'8) .............................................................

............................................................eta (lo ) P

te ra (10'2) Tgig (104 Gmega (lo6) Mkilo (lo3) ............................................................... khecto (lo2) ............................................................. hdeka (10) ............................................................ da

.............................................................eci (lo4) dcenti (10-2) ............................................................ cmilli 103> m

..........................................................icro (1C6)ano ( 10 9 n

pic0 (10-9 P..........................................................emto 10-16) f

tto (10~8) a

116 cientific and engineering terms

americke skracenice sta16

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