The Civil WarWar Between the States

Ch. 14

War of Brothers

Causes of War

Union vs. Independance• Do states have a right to leave the

union if they do not agree with Federal Gov't.?

• North– "Preserve union!"

• South– "Preserve states rights!"

Causes of War

Economics• North

– industry & manufacturing

• South– agriculture

• cotton, rice, tobacco, hemp, sugar

• Tariff– North- YES

• protect industries from competition

– South- NO! • econimics depended upon foreign

trade • tariff made everything more

expensive!

Causes of War

Slavery• South

– was integral to the way of life in South

– many southerners argued that slavery was "positive good"

• North– anti-slavery

sentiment gaining more power

Causes of WarPatriotism• Many Americans torn between patriotism to

their country vs. state.• Robert E. Lee

– Southerner – officer in army– opposed succession and slavery– did not accept Lincoln's offer to lead Union troops

• Robert Anderson– VA slave owner– believed in consitutional right of succession– fought on loyalty to US Army

Comparisons

Resources

North• population

– 2x

• food– Midwest

• wheat,corn,oats

• industrial output– factories– railroads

South• population

– 9 million

• crops – cotton & tobacco– non-edible

Leaders

North• went through many

military leaders• none as stellar as

Southerners

South• superior military

leadership• trained at West

Point national military academy– Robert E. Lee– Stonewall Jackson– J.E.B. Stuart

Strategy

North• invade the South• Anaconda Plan

– slowly cuttin off ability of South to wage war

– blockade – control the

Mississippi River– cut off transportation

routes– Capture Richmond,

VA

South• deffensive fighting• protect home and

family• motivation

War in the East

• Virginia– Washington D.C. and Richmond

• Believed quick decisive battle would end the war– soldiers hired for 3 months

First Manassas (July 1861)

• "Battle of Bull Run"– Union initial advantage

– Confederate back ups arrive

• Victory for confederates!

• Confederates– confidence!

• Union– defeat and demoralized

• Both realized this would not be a quick battle

Army of the Potomac (March-July 1862)

• General Maclellan takes over Union Army– Replaces McDowell

• Trains & reorganizes army• Wants to attack Richmond

– confederate capital city

• Stonewall Jackson stands in the way– defeats two separate Union armies – Valley Campaign

Battle for Richmond (April -July 62)

• McLellon pushes towards Richmond

• Union holds him off– heavy casualties– Gen. Johnston injured

• Jefferson Davis asks Robert E. Lee for help– Lee pushes Union army

back towards Washington D.C.

Second Manassas (August '62)

• Lee sends JEB Stuart to attack Pope's army before Maclellan could join him– JEB Stuart raids headquarters

and steals• payroll• battle plans• dress coat

• Confederate victory sends Pope's army back to Washington D.C.

• All of Virginia rid of Union armies

Battle of Antietam

• A draw for both sides, – turned the tide of war because Europe made

decision not to support the South• Strategic victory for the Union• Bloodiest single day of the war• Led to Lincoln issuing the Emancipation

Proclamation– Freed slaves in Southern states– Made slavery officiall an issue of the Civil War– lead to 13th Amendment

Battle of Gettysburg (July '63)

• Union victory• Turning point in

Civil War– South on defensive

for the rest of war• Casualties =

50,000

• Gettysburg Address– Lincoln keeps

trying to keep country together

War in the West

Western Battles

• Mississippi River

• Kentucky-Tennessee

• More Union victories

• Better Union Generals– Ulysses S. Grant– William Sherman

Grant's Genius

• used army and gunboats to capture important Confederate forts – Fort Henry– Fort Donelson

• Grant fights until forts "unconditional surrender"

• Union takes Kentucky and moves on to Tennessee

Fall of Vicksburg• important river port• middle held the south

together– transportation between

West & East• high bluffs, swampy

land• Grant's persistence

paid off– July 4 Vicksburg

surrenders to Union army

** Union controls Mississippi River

Reality of War

• Beginning- rush of volunteers• lived in camps

– songs, stories, baseball, letters– drills, marches, bad food

• Reality of War– suffered great losses– new guns-better accuracy– trench warfare– overwhelmed hospitals-soldiers lay dying

Women & the War

• new jobs– teachers, office workers, sales clerks, factory

workers, government workers,

• losses– husbands, sons, brothers, fathers

• wove blankets, rolled bandages, made ammo, collected food, clothing, meds, $

• spies- Rose O’Neal Greenhow, Belle Boyd, Loretta Velazquez

• Served as nurses– improper– too delicate

• Dorothea Dix • Clara Barton

– organized nurses – American Red Cross

Not Everyone on Board

• some in favor in North• some opposed – Copperheads- “like

poisonous snakes”– suspected of aiding Confederacy

• President suspends habeas corpus – right to a hearing before being jailed– keep people from aiding the enemy

Wanted: men willing to die

• volunteers almost gone• draft initiated in South

– 3 year term, 18yr – 35 yr• could hire a sub• slave holders with 20 or more did not have to

serve “rich mans war, poor mans fight”

• bounties in North– $100 to volunteers – didn’t work– went to draft, 25-45 yr olds

• hire a sub or pay government $400

War & the Economy

• Strained both sides• North better equipped than South• Both raised money by:

– borrowing money• $2 billion in war bonds-North, • $700 million in South

– raising taxes– printing paper money

• Greenbacks – North• South printed 2X as much

up, up, up!

• • Prices rose higher than wages =

inflation• more prosperous in North• South suffered more

– more fighting occurred in South– land ruined– thousands homeless– cities burned– blockades – shortage of supplies

Do the math...

North 80% Inflation Cost of Bread.10

NowCost.18

South 9000% Inflation

Cost of Bread.10

NowCost$9.10

General Sherman

• Captures Atlanta• Marches to Savannah• Total War

– cut off from Northern supply lines

– lives off land, devastating land

– takes Savannah

War nears the end...

• Lee tries to meet up with Sherman– blocked by Union advances

• realizes it is hopeless– surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

• Grant generous in his terms– keep horses- get home, put in a crop– 3 days rations

• May 10, 1865

•Civil War Is Over

• ......but the work of reconstruction

is just beginning...