sasamarTlos

megobris institutis

(Amicus Curiae) roli

samarTalwarmoebis

procesSi

.

avtori da mTavari redaqtori:

marine kvaWaZe

samarTlis doqtori, profesorianalitikuri ganyofilebis ufrosi

avtorebi:

naTia juReli

kvlevisa da analizis centris mTavari konsultanti

elene Rvinjilia

kvlevisa da analizis centris ufrosi konsultanti

naSromis SedgenaSi monawileobda

laSa lursmanaSvili

teqnikuri redaqtori

marika maRalaSvili

naSromi momzadda saqarTvelos uzenaesi

sasamarTlos analitikuri ganyofilebis

kvlevisa da analizis centris mier

4

sarCevi

Sesavali .............................................................................................. 5

1. sasamarTlos megobris institutis mimoxilva

1.1 sasamarTlos megobris institutis istoriuliretrospeqtiva ............................................................. 8

1.2. sasamarTlos megobris institutis cneba da arsi ..... 11

1.3. sasamarTlos megobris instituti adamianisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikaSi .... 13

1.4. sasamarTlos megobris instituti,rogorc sakanonmdeblo novacia damisi adgili saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi ....... 18

2. sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebis asaxvasaerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi

2.1. samoqalaqo saqmeebze warmodgenilisasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebis analizi .... 23

2.2. administraciul saqmeebze warmodgenilisasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebis analizi .....39

2.3. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze warmodgenilisasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebis analizi .... 54

5

1 ix. http://cci.ge/article.php?ID=3739.2 ix. http://cci.ge/article.php?ID=3739.3 adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konven-

ciis 36-e muxli.

Sesavali

marTlmsajulebis efeqtiani administrireba nebismieridemokratiuli saxelmwifos centraluri nawilia, romlisgareSec warmoudgeneli iqneboda samarTlebrivi saxel-mwifos arseboba. marTlmsajulebis efeqtianad da xaris-xianad ganxorcieleba ar warmoadgens abstraqtul, mxo-lod doqtrinalur-samarTlebriv kategorias, aramed sa-sicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs mis praqtikul realizaciassasamarTlo sistemisadmi sazogadoebrivi ndobis ganmtki-cebisa da marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis procesSi mo-saxleobis CarTulobis amaRlebis kuTxiT.

rogorc aRvniSneT, demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sasicoc-xlo mniSvneloba eniWeba sazogadoebis aqtivobas mar-Tlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis procesisas. amdenad, sa-xelmwifos, evaleba saTanado normatiuli bazis SemuSa-veba, ramac Tavis mxriv unda uzrunvelyos, dainterese-buli pirebis marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis proces-Si CarTulobis xelSewyoba.

dasaxelebuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad, rogorc kon-tinentaluri evropis, ise saerTo samarTlis sistemis mqo-ne qveynebSi sasamarTlo megobris (AMICUS CURIAE) insti-tuti kargad aprobirebul praqtikad gvevlineba. igi po-zitiur zegavlenas axdens sasamarTlo sistemis funqci-onirebaze. am institutis dadebiTi efeqti vlindeba swo-red saxelmwifo marTlmsajulebis efeqturobis zrdasa1

da marTlmsajulebis administrirebis procesSi sazoga-doebis CarTulobis amaRlebaSi.2

sasamarTlos megobris institutis aqtualurobas gansaz-Rvravs, aramxolod misi popularuloba evropul done-ze, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom sazogadoebis wevrebi xSi-rad swored sasamarTlos megobris institutis meSveobiT`erTvebian~ samarTalwarmoebaSi, aramed is faqti, rom esinstituti danergilia iseT mniSvnelovan organoebSi, ro-goricaa: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo,3 mar-

6

Tlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo,4 sazRvao sa-marTlis saerTaSoriso tribunali,5 sisxlis samarTlis sa-erTaSoriso sasamarTloebi _ ruandisa da yofili iugos-laviis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebi,6

aseve, msoflio savaWro organizaciis saarbitraJo orga-noebi.7 amdenad, am institutis gamoyenebis farTo arealiTavadve metyvelebs mis aqtualurobaze.

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare naSromismizans warmodgens, sasamarTlo megobris institutis mi-moxilva da misi rolis warmoCena samarTalwarmoebis pro-cesSi. Sesabamisad, kvlevaSi ganxilulia am institutisganviTareba sazRvargareTis qveynebisa da rac mniSvnelov-nad migvaCnia, saqarTvelos Amicus Curiae-s sasamarTlopraqtikaSi gamoyenebis siRrmiseuli analizi.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-marTlos analitikuri ganyofilebis kvlevisa da anali-zis centris farglebSi Seswavlil da gaanalizebul iqnasaerTo sasamarTloebis mier 2016-2017 wlebSi miRebuliis gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac Tan erTvoda sasamar-Tlos megobris mosazrebebi (Amicus Curiae). kvlevis srul-yofilad Catarebis mizniT, saqarTvelos masStabiT arse-bul raionul (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarTloebidangamoTxovil iqna 2016-2017 wlebSi miRebuli yvela gadaw-yvetilebisa da maszed TandarTuli sasamarTlos megob-ris mosazrebebis aslebi.

warmodgenili naSromi saintereso iqneba rogorc mar-Tlmsajulebis sistemaSi momuSave pirTaTvis, ise farToprofilis iuristebisa da sakiTxiT dainteresebuli sa-zogadoebisTvis.

marine kvaWaZe

uzenaesi sasamarTlosanalitikuri ganyofilebis ufrosi

4 Bartholomeusz, L. (2005), The Amicus Curiae before International Courtsand Tribunals, gv.212.

5 iqve, gv.226.6 iqve, gv.242-253.7 iqve, gv.265-270.

7

PREFACE

The effective administration of Justice is crucial for upholding thevalues upon which the democratic state is found. The vital impor-tance in a democratic state is given to the public activism in the pro-cess of administration of Justice. Thus, the government is responsiblefor elaborating a proper legislative base, which in turn should ensurepossibility for all interested persons to engage in judicial proceed-ings. In order to fulfill this task, Amici Curiae interventions are be-coming commonplace in dispute resolution in many legal systems.

“The role of Amici Curiae in Judicial Decision-Making” is preparedwithin the framework of the Analytical department. The documentaims to highlight an influential role of Amici Curiae in decision-making process by reviewing the effectiveness of this institution basedon the analysis of foreign and national legislation and judicial prac-tice. Therefore, we consider that the document will be of particularinterest not only for people working in the Judiciary, but for theprofessors, students and other persons interested in human rights is-sues.

Prof. Dr. MARINA KVACHADZE

The Head of Analytical Department

8

1. sasamarTlos megobris institutismimoxilva

1.1 sasamarTlos megobris institutisistoriuli retrospeqtiva

sasamarTlos megobris instituti laTinuri saxelwodebiT,Amicus Curiae-s saxeliT aris cnobili.8 tradiciulad, igi sa-samarTlos megobris (Friend of the court) sityvaTwyobad iTar-gmneba.9 sasamarTlos megobris instituti romaul samar-TalSi iRebs saTaves da berZnul aesgoria10 (kanonis winaSeyvelas Tanasworoba) doqtrinas efuZneba.11 romauli samar-Tlidan ki, am institutis inkorpirirebas inglisuri samar-Tali axdens.12 sarwmunoa, samarTlis mecnierebaSi gamoT-qmuli mosazreba sasamarTlos megobris institutis war-moSobisa da gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb. Amicus Curiae ro-mauli samarTlis pirmSoa, romelmac SemdgomSi saerTo sa-marTlis sistemis mqone qyvenebis erovnul kanonmdeblo-baSi hpova asaxva. maTgan ki, inglisuri samarTali, saerTosamarTlis sistemis mqone qveynebSi, sasamarTlos megob-ris institutis gavrcelebis sawyis wertilad iTvleba.

Amicus Curiae doqtrinis Tanamedrove saxiT Camoyalibeba-Si didi roli Seasrula amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma.13

amerikis uzenaesma sasamarTlom, saqmeze Green v. Biddle, pir-velad gamoiyena sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba.14 Tum-ca, saboloo saxe, Amicus Curiae-s koncefciam XX saukuneSisasamarTlo precedentis gziT miiRo.15 sasamarTlos me-

8 i.CxeiZe, sasamarTlos megobari qarTul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi,samarTlis Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #3 (30), 2012, gv.134.

9 Amici Curiae in Civil Law Jurisdictions, Yale Law Journal.10 i.CxeiZe, sasamarTlos megobari qarTul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi,

samarTlis Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #3 (30), 2012, gv.134.11 iqve, gv.134.12 Amici Curiae in Civil Law Jurisdictions, Yale Law Journal, gv.1653.13 ix. https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/brief-united-states-amicus-cu-

riae-12.14 ix. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/21/1.html.15 i.CxeiZe, sasamarTlos megobari qarTul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi,

samarTlis Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #3 (30), 2012, gv.134.

9

gobris instituti garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTde-ba. kerZod, daskvnis avtori ar unda gvevlinebodes pro-cesis monawiled an mxared. agreTve, mas unda amoZraveb-des sasamarTlos daxmarebis survili. daskvnis avtorismier rCevis saxiT sasamarTlosTvis SeTavazebuli konkre-tuli mosazreba atarebs sarekomendacio xasiaTs, amde-nad, sasamarTlos ar ekisreba aseTi mosazrebis aucileb-lad gaziarebis valdebuleba. sasamarTlos megobari Se-saZlebelia iyos rogorc fizikuri piri, aseve, organiza-cia.

normatiuli TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs im sakiTxTa amom-wuravi CamonaTvali, romlis mixedviTac detalurad iq-neboda gawerili, Tu ra konkretul faqtobriv an samar-Tlebriv sakiTxebze unda amaxvilebdes sasamarTlos me-gobris mosazrebis avtori yuradRebas. igi damokidebu-lia yoveli saqmis faqtobriv garemoebebze. amdenad, sa-samarTlos megobris mosazrebis avtori saqmesTan dakav-Sirebul sakiTxebze mosazrebis gamoTqmis da Semdgom sa-samarTloSi wardgenisas eyrdnoba TiToeuli saqmis indi-vidualur garemoebebs da survilisamebr, yoveli saqmisfaqtobrivi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebis konteqstSi ir-Cevs, misTvis saintereso da relevantur gansaxilvel sa-kiTxebs. amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos praqtikaSi mkveT-rad gamoxatuli tendenciis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos me-gobris daskvna yuradRebas unda amaxvilebdes mxareTa mi-er warmodgenil masalebSi arsebul problemur sakiTxeb-ze.16 aSS-Si sasamarTloebi yvelaze xSirad sasamarTlosmegobris mosazrebas mxedvelobaSi swored maSin iReben,rodesac is iseT faqtebze miuTiTebs, romlebzec saqmisganxilvisas mxareebs ar umsjeliaT, xolo es mosazrebebidasaxuli miznebis realizacias axdenen, xSir SemTxveva-Si maSin, rodesac igi sasamarTlos axali informaciis mo-povebasa da analizSi exmareba.17 magaliTad, aSS-Si, 1989wels amerikis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganixila saqme uka-nono abortTan dakavSirebiT, reproduqciuli janmrTe-

16 iqve, gv.134.17 ix. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/amicus_curiae.

10

lobis centris winaaRmdeg.18 am saqmesTan mimarTebiT, mo-samarTle stefan breierma aRniSna, rom medicinis dargiswarmomadgenelTa mier warmodgenilma sasamarTlos me-gobris mosazrebam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula iseTiteqnikuri samedicino sakiTxebis axsna-ganmartebaSi, rom-lebzec yuradReba mxareTa mier gamaxvilebuli arc ki yo-fila da ramac arsebiTi gavlena iqonia sasamarTloze ga-dawyvetilebis miRebisas.19 aseve, gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba eniWeba imas, rom sasamarTlo megobris mosazre-bis avtorma daasabuTos, Tu ra gavlenas iqoniebs sazoga-doebaze sasamarTlos mier ama Tu im saxis gamotanili ga-dawyvetileba, aisaxeba Tu ara igi sociumze dadebiTadda ra kuTxiT ganamtkicebs sasamarTlo xelisuflebisad-mi sazogadoebriv ndobas Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba. aSS-Si miaCniaT, rom strategiuli kuTxiT, samarTalwarmoe-baSi sazogadoebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebis mizniT,sasamarTlos megobris monawileoba saqmis ganxilvis etap-ze Zalian mniSvnelovania kerZod, aRniSnuli institutiwarmoadgens sasamarTlos damoukideblobisa da miuker-Zoeblobis kidev erT mtkicebulebas.20

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sasamarTlos megobris koncef-cia amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier warmatebiT im-plementirebul instututTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, ro-melsac sakmaod wonadi mniSvneloba eniWeba bevri stra-tegiuli, socialuri Tu sazogadoebrivi faqtoris gamo.sagulisxmoa, rom mocemuli instituti ar warmoadgensmxolod erovnul sakanonmdeblo novacias, aramed ro-gorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, mas warmatebiT iyenebs adamia-nis uflebaTa dacvis sadarajoze myofi iseTi mniSvnelo-vani organo, rogoricaa adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sa-samarTlo, sxvagvarad, strasburgis sasamarTlo.

18 ix. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/webster-v-reproductive-health-services-1989.

19 i.CxeiZe, sasamarTlos megobari qarTul sisxlis samarTlis pro-cesSi, samarTlis Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~, #3 (30),2012, gv.134.

20 iqve, gv.134.

11

1.2. sasamarTlos megobris institutiscneba da arsi

iurisprudenciaSi rTulia amomwuravi da yovlismomcve-li cnebebis SemuSaveba. arc sasamarTlos megobris insti-tutis cneba iqneba gamonaklisi. rogorc aRvniSneT, Am-icus Curiae sasamarTlos megobris saxelwodebiT iTargmne-ba. mniSvnelovania, ramdenime konceptualuri elementisaRniSvna. sasamarTlos megobris koncefciis miznebi gan-sxvavdeba im iurisdiqciaTa mixedviT, romlebSic isiniarian dafuZnebulebi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebulStatebSi, sasamarTlos megobris instituti ganimartebarogorc, ̀ miukerZoebeli da neitraluri informaciis wya-rod, romelic, mesame da dainteresebul pirTaTvis, war-moadgens moqnil da taqtikur instruments marTlmsaju-lebis ganxorcielebis procesis dros~.21

miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlos megobris institutisxvadasxva samarTlis sistemaSi araerTgvarovnad ganimar-teba, mizanSewonilia zogierTi yvelasaTvis damaxasiaTe-beli sakiTxebis gamoyofa. sasamarTlos megobris daskvnaaris sasamarTlos winaSe dainteresebuli piris an pire-bis mier nebayoflobiT wardgenili dokumenti, romlisfarglebSic daskvnis warmdgeni piri, pirTa jgufi an or-ganizacia inarCunebs arsebiT diskrecias SuamdgomlobissaxiT wardgenil daskvnis SinaarsTan mimarTebiT.22 moce-muli gansazRvreba miznad isaxavs sasamarTlos megobrisinstitutis mosazrebasTan arsebuli mniSvnelovani aspeq-tebis warmoCenas, saxeldobr, maSin rodesac sasamarTloprocesis Sedegze iuridiuli interesis armqone subieq-tebs eZlevaT sakuTari mosazrebis dafiqsirebis meSveo-biT, procesis mimdinareobisas da procesis Sedegze gar-kveuli zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT, sakuTari ̀ saqmis faq-tobrivi da samarTlebrivi SigTavsis~23 sakuTari Sexedu-lebisa da interpretaciisamebr, sasamarTlosTvis ward-genis SesaZlebloba.

21 Amici Curiae in Civil Law Jurisdictions, Yale Law Journal, gv. 1654.22 iqve, gv. 1655.23 iqve, gv. 1655.

12

literaturaSi sasamarTlo megobris institutis cnebamsgavsi Sinaarsobrivi mocemulobiT gvxvdeba. sainteresoaerT-erTi avtoris mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom ̀ sasa-marTlos megobari ganze mdgomi piria, romelic sasamar-Tlo procesis saboloo Sedegze zegavlenis moxdenis gan-zraxvis arqonis gareSe, Tavis codnaze dayrdnobiT sasa-marTlo xelisuflebas uziarebs mosazrebebs saqmis faq-tobrivi da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis Sesaxeb“.24 inglisu-ri samarTlis sistemaSi institutis inkorporirebis Sem-deg, am institutis cneba garkveulwilad Seicvala da Se-darebiT gansxvavebul konteqstSi ganicada modificire-ba. kerZod, ̀ sasamarTlos megobris instrumenti modifi-cirda mesame pirTa mier mimdinare sasamarTlo procesisSedegad dazaralebul pirTa wardgenis saSualebad“.25

upirveles yovlisa, sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebis av-torebi sasamarTlos warudgenen informacias26 (amdenad,informaciuli elementi sasamarTlos megobris institu-tis qvakuTxeds qmnis). informaciad SesaZlebelia gvev-linebodes, rogorc faqtobrivi, aseve samarTlebrivi xa-siaTis informacia. pirs, sasamarTlos megobris institu-tis meSveobiT, SeuZlia sasamarTlos miuTiTos pirTa gar-kveul wreze, romlebzedac SesaZlebelia uaryofiTadaisaxos sasamarTlos mier miRebuli SesaZlo gadawyveti-leba. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT miawodos informacia,potenciurad uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sesaxeb da amgvaradsasamarTlos uCvenos “konkretul saqmeze gadawyvetile-bis miRebiT gamowveuli riskebis bevrad ufro farTospeqtri da Tanmdevi Sedegebi~.27 sasamarTlos megobrisinstitutma SesaZlebelia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mi-ipyros sajaro azris formirebisas. igi umniSvnelovanesrols TamaSobs, demokratiuli sasamarTlo sistemis Seq-

24 L.Eyndean, EMPIRICAL LOOK AT THE AMICUS CURIAE PRACTICE OFHUMAN RIGHTS NGOs BEFORE THE EUROPEANCOURT OF HUMANRIGHTS, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 31/3, 2013, pp.271–313.

25 iqve, gv.271-313.26 iqve, gv.271-313.27 iqve, gv.271-313.

13

mnaSi. sasamarTlos megobris instituti erTi mxriv, xelsuwyobs sasamarTlo procesSi sajaro CarTulobas, xolomeore mxriv ganamtkicebs sasamarTlo sistemis institu-cionalur legitimacias.28

da bolos, sasamarTlos megobris instrumenti gansakuT-rebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs adamianis uflebebisdacvis sferoSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi, arasamTavrobo orga-nizaciebi, romlebic umeteswilad konkretuli jgufebisdamcvelebad gvevlinebian xolme, am instrumentis gamo-yenebis gziT, mesijs ugzavnian aramxolod sazogadoebas,aramed konkretul signalebs awvdian im qveynebs, romle-bic Tavis mxriv, konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTgulgrilobas iCenen. adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebisfaqtebis Taobaze.

1.3. sasamarTlos megobris institutiadamianis uflebaTa evropulisasamarTlos praqtikaSi

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia iuridiulad sa-valdebulo pirveli saerTaSoriso dokumentia kacobri-obis istoriaSi, romelSic mowesrigda mravali ZiriTadiufleba da Tavisufleba.29 konvenciis pirveli muxlis Ta-naxmad, maRal xelSemkvrel mxareebs ekisrebaT TavianTiiurisdiqciis farglebSi konvenciiT nakisr ZiriTad uf-lebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis valdebulebis Sesru-leba.30 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo Seiq-mna 1959 wels. igi ar warmoadgens me-4 instanciis sasamar-Tlos,31 aramed miznad isaxavs xelmomweri saxelmwifoe-bis mier konvenciiT gansazRvruli valdebulebebis Ses-rulebis monitorings da ZiriTadad, sazedamxedvelo

28 iqve, gv.271-313.29 ix. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00—off-

0samartal—00-1——0-10-0—0—0prompt-10—4———0-1l—11-ka-50—2 0 - a b o u t — 0 0 - 3 - 1 - 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 1 - 1 - 0 u t f Z z - 8 -00&a=d&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH257c7dd403d9300b13c4c5.2.

30 ix. https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_1_ENG.pdf.31 European Journal of Legal Studies, 2014, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 84-118.

14

funqcia ekisreba. sasamarTlos megobris institutis ga-moyenebis mzardma tendenciam gavlena iqonia adamianisuflebaTa evropul sasamarTlozec. Sedegad, sasamar-Tlos megobris institutma ganicada internacionaliza-cia. konvenciis 36-e muxliT da sasamarTlos reglamentis44-e muxliT ki, ganisazRvra dainteresebuli pirebis uf-leba, hqonodaT mosazrebis wardgenis SesaZleblobastrasburgis sasamarTlos mier gansaxilvel saqmeebze.

sasamarTlos megobris institutis gamoyeneba adamianisuflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi individisTvis warmo-adgens mniSvnelovan procesualur monapovars. igi dain-teresebul pirebs, magaliTad, arasamTavrobo organiza-ciebs, aRWuravs adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamar-TloSi sakuTari daskvnis wardgenis uflebamosilebiT.32

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyveti-lebebis mixedviT, Amicus Curiae sasamarTlos megobris sa-xelwodebiT ganimarteba. aRniSnul terminSi moiazreba sa-samarTlo procesis Sedegis mimarT iuridiuli interesisarmqone piri, romelic sakuTar codnaze dayrdnobiT, saq-mis ganmxilvel mosamarTles sTavazobs saqmis irgvliv ar-sebul faqtobriv da normatiul informacias.33 adamianisuflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gansaxilvel saqmeebzemesame mxaris CarTulobasTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuliempiriuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom sasamarTlos megob-ris funqciiT, evropis sabWos kanonmdeblobis fargleb-Si, yvelaze ufro xSirad arasamTavrobo organizaciebisargebloben.34 zogadi gansazRvrebis mixedviT, adamianis

32 samwuxarod, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawy-vetilebebis oficialur saZiebelSi (HUDOC) ar arsebobs cal-keuli platforma, romlis farglebSic aRricxuli iqneba is sa-samarTlo gadawyvetilebebi, romlebzec dainteresebuli pire-bis mier wardgenil iqna sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba gansa-xilvel saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, rac mkvlevarisTvis garkveulteqnikur da meTodologiur sirTules qmnis.

33 A.Dolidze, Bridging Comparative and International Law: Amicus Curiae Par-ticipation as a Vertical Legal Transplan, The European Journal of Interna-tional Law Vol. 26 no. 4, (2016), Oxford University Press, p. 853.

34 iqve, gv.853.

15

uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis mi-xedviT, ganisazRvra is savaldebulo kriteriumebi, rom-lebsac unda akmayofilebdes sasamarTlos megobris sta-tusis meSveobiT, mosazrebis wardgenis survilis mqonearasamTavrobo organizacia. kerZod, unda iyos kerZo sa-marTlebrivi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seqmnili organiza-ciul-samarTlebrivi gaerTianeba, romelic iqneba damo-ukidebeli, Tumca amavdroulad, komerciul mizanze arunda iyos orientirebuli, xolo sakvanZo kriteriumimdgomareobs adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pa-tiviscemasa da misi dacvis mizanSi.35

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo yovelTvis ga-moirCeoda liberaluri damokidebulebiT sasamarTlosmegobris institutis mimarT. adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis analizis Sedegad,TvalsaCino gaxda, iseTi tipis saqmeTa da garemoebaTa er-Toblioba, romlis drosac mesame pirebi ZiriTadad sar-gebloben konvenciis 36-e muxliT da sasamarTlos regla-mentis 442-e wesiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT. praqti-kis analizis Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi:36

a) saxelmwifoebi sargebloben konvenciis 36-e muxliTmaSin, rodesac maTi moqalaqe uCivis sxva xelSem-kvrel saxelmwifos konvenciiT garantirebuli Zi-riTadi uflebis darRvevaze

aseT SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifos sa-samarTlos megobris statusiT CarTva naklebad axdenszegavlenas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosgadawyvetilebebze. gamonaklisia saqme, soeringi gaerTi-anebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,37 romelSic 1989 wels germa-niis xelisufleba CaerTo sasamarTlo procesebSi.

35 A.Dolidze, Bridging Comparative and International Law: Amicus Curiae Par-ticipation as a Vertical Legal Transplan, The European Journal of Interna-tional Law Vol. 26 no. 4, (2016), Oxford University Press, p. 855.

36 ix. https://strasbourgobservers.com/2015/02/24/third-party-interventions-before-the-ecthr-a-rough-guide/.

37 Soering v. the United Kingdom, 7 ivlisi, 1989, Series A #161.

16

b) saxelmwifos mier sasamarTlo procesSi sasamar-Tlos megobris statusiT CarTva, maSin rodesacprocesis Sedegi cud zegavlenas moaxdenda zemo-aRniSnuli saxelmwifos samarTlebriv sistemaze

aseT SemTxvevebs, xSirad maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac sa-xelmwifo miiCnevs, rom sasamarTlo procesis Sedegi mniS-vnelovnad Selaxavs erovnul samarTlebriv sistemas. aqmoiazreba iseTi maRalreitinguli da cnobili saqmeebi,rogoricaa inglisis Careva saadi italiis winaaRmdeg38 saq-meze (terorizmis SemTxveva). aTi saxelmwifos ̀ interven-cia~ lautsi da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg39 saqmeze, rome-lic exeboda italiur saklaso oTaxebSi qristianuli sim-bolikis gamoyenebis marTlzomierebis SemTxvevas. aseve,sainteresoa, didi britaneTis, irlandiis da maltis Car-Tva kiprianu kviprosis winaaRmdeg40 saqmeze, romelic Se-exeboda erovnul sasamarTlo procesze advokatis gamo-xatvis Tavisuflebas.

g) sasamarTlo procesebSi CarTva sxva saerTaSorisoinstituciebis mier

saerTaSoriso instituciebis mier adamianis uflebaTa ev-ropuli sasamarTlos winaSe mimdinare sasamarTlo pro-cesebSi CarTva warmoadgens swrafad mzard tendenciurmovlenas. cnobil magaliTebSi Sedis, evropuli komisiisCarTva bosfori irlandiis winaaRmdeg41 saqmeze, romelicSeexeboda evropuli kavSiris kanonmdeblobis implemen-tacias. evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organi-zaciis (OSCE) CarTva bleCiCi xorvatiis winaaRmdeg42 saq-meze da a.S.

CamoTvlili SemTxvevebidan Cans, rom sasamarTlos megob-ris CarTulobas udidesi adgili uWiravs adamianis ufle-

38 Saadi v. Italy [didi palata], #37201/06, ECHR 2008.39 Lautsi and others v. Italy [didi palata], #30814/06, ECHR 2011.40 Kyprianou v. Cyprus, #73797/01, 27 ianvari 2004.41 Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi v. Ireland [didi

palata], #45036/98, ECHR 2005- VI42 Blecic v Croatia [didi palata], #59532/00, ECHR 2006-III.

17

baTa evropul sasamarTloSi. magaliTad, erT-erT cnobilsaqmeze, s.a.s. safrangeTis winaaRmdeg43, adamianis ufle-baTa evropul sasamarTlosa da sasamarTlos megobars So-ris warimarTa dialogi. saqme exeboda frangul kanonmdeb-lobas, romelic krZalavda sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSiTavsaburavis gamoyenebas. ganmcxadebeli davobda, romfranguli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili akrZalviT irRve-oda konvenciis me-3, me-8, me-9 da me-11 muxlebi konvenci-is me-14 muxlTan erTad. arasamTavrobo organizaciebma _Amnesty International, Liberty, Open Society Justice initiative da AR-TICLE 19, belgiis xelisuflebasTan da gentis universi-tetis adamianis uflebebis centrTan erTad, sasamarTlosmegobris institutis meSveobiT, waradgines mosazrebaadamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe. war-dgenili mosazrebis mniSvnelovani nawili gaziarebul iq-na adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos mier, xo-lo zogierT nawilSi principulad ar gaiziara sasamar-Tlom wardgenili mosazreba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlos megobris daskvna gansakuT-rebul rols im saqmeebSi asrulebs, romelic adamianis uf-lebaTa evropuli konvenciiT daculi uflebebis darRve-vis faqtebs exeba. maT Sorisaa, gudvini gaerTianebuli sa-mefos winaaRmdeg44 da prageri da oberSiliki avstriis wi-naaRmdeg45.

da bolos, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebebis analiziT, naTelia strasburgis sasamar-Tlos damokidebuleba sasamarTlos megobris institut-Tan mimarTebiT. erTi mxriv, igi dadebiTad SeiZleba, romSefasdes. meore mxriv, msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramde-nad efeqturia da ramdenad arsebiT gavlenas axdens sa-samarTlos megobris mosazreba adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebze _ amis Tqma rigi mi-zezebis gamo konkretul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSire-buli. magaliTad, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-

43 S.A.S v. France [didi palata], #43835/11, ECHR 2014.44 Christine Goodwin v. The United Kingdom, #28957/95, ECHR 200245 Prager and Obershilik v. Austria, 26 aprili, 1995, Series A #313.

18

Tlo SesaZlebelia iziarebdes sasamarTlos megobris das-kvnas, teqstobrivi da Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT igivemsjelobas aviTarebdes gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebisas,TumcaRa uSualod sityvasityviT ar uTiTebdes sasamar-Tlo megobris mosazrebis gaziarebis faqts. aRniSnuli mi-zezis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakmaod rTulia kvleva imis Sesa-xeb Tu ramdenad axdens sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebzeAmicus Curiae-s mosazrebebi zegavlenas da Sesabamisad aR-niSnuli mxolod SefasebiT msjelobas eqvemdebareba. mag-ram, aqve unda iTqvas, rom xSirad sasamarTlos megobrisdaskvna emTxveva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebebis Sinaars, rac dadebiT movlenaswarmoadgens.

1.4. sasamarTlos megobris instituti,rogorc sakanonmdeblo novacia da misiadgili saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi

kontinentaluri evropis samarTlis sistemis mqone qvey-nebisTvis sasamarTlos megobris instituti kargadaprobirebuli praqtikaa, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi sak-maod warmatebiT funqcionirebs. qarTul sakanonmdeblosivrceSi sasamarTlos megobris instituti pirvelad sa-konstitucio samarTalwarmoebaSi dainerga. ̀ sakonsti-tucio samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb~ kanons 2009 wlis 22oqtombris cvlilebebiT, daemata axali Tavi, ̀ sasamarT-los megobris instituti sakonstitucio samarTalwar-moebaSi~, romlis Tanaxmad, ̀ nebismier fizikur da iuri-diul pirs SeuZlia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos reglamentiT damtkicebuli formiT mimarTossakonstitucio sasamarTlos konkretul saqmesTan da-kavSirebiT Tavisi werilobiTi mosazrebiT~. amave muxlisme-2 punqti adgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uf-lebamosilebas survilisamebr, gaiziaros an ar gaiziarossasamarTlos megobris mosazreba, xolo saWiroebis SemTx-vevaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs gamoiye-nos sasamarTlos megobris mier gamogzavnili mosazreba,romelic SesaZlebelia aisaxos aseve gadawyvetilebissamotivacio nawilSi. Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

19

sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebas sakmaod mniSvnelovnadmiiCnevs, mas ufleba aqvs, gamoiZaxos igi sasamarTlosxdomaze damatebiTi SekiTxvebis dasmis mizniT.

sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebaSi sasamarTlos megob-ris instituti 2010 wlis 28 ivniss iqna gamoyenebuli. 2010wlis 28 ivniss, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixila sa-xalxo damcvelis konstituciuri sarCeli saqarTvelosparlamentis winaaRmdeg. mocemuli saqmis ganxilvisas,`axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia~ sasamarTlos megobrisstatusiT CaerTo. wardgenili mosazrebiT gaamyara mosar-Celis pozicia, romlis Semdegac sakonstitucio sasamarT-lom sadavo norma arakonstituciurad cno. SemdgomSi,2013 wlis 14 maiss, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebma, vaxtang xma-laZem, laSa tuRuSma da aleqsandre baramiZem sarCeliTmimarTes sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, sisxlis samarT-lis kodeqsis 324-e muxlis pirveli nawilis konkretulisityvebis arakonstituciurad cnobis mizniT. sasamarT-los megobris daskvna, agreTve am saqmezec iqna wardgeni-li. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom am saqmeSic sadavo normaarakonstituciurad cno.

sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebidan sasamarTlos megob-ris institutma asaxva hpova sisxlis samarTlis saprocesokodeqsSic. saqarTvelos sssk-is 55-e muxlis Tanaxmad, da-interesebul pirs, romelic ar aris mxare gansaxilvel sis-xlis samarTlis saqmeSi, ufleba aqvs saqmis arsebiT gan-xilvamde aranakleb 5 dRiT adre sasamarTlos warudgi-nos sakuTari werilobiTi mosazreba am saqmesTan dakav-SirebiT, romlis mizanic unda iyos ara procesis romeli-me monawilis mxardaWera, aramed sasamarTlos daxmarebada gansaxilvevli sakiTxis saTanadod Sefaseba. Tu sasa-marTlo miiCnevs, rom werilobiTi mosazreba ar aris Sed-genili kanonis moTxovnaTa dacviT, igi mas ar ganixilavs.amasTan, sasamarTlo ar aris valdebuli, gaiziaros weri-lobiT mosazrebaSi moyvanili argumentebi.

sasamarTlos megobris institutis Sesaxeb sisxlis samar-Tlis saproceso kodeqsis moqmedi norma efuZneba sasamar-Tlos megobris amerikul koncefcias da SeiZleba iTqvas,

20

rom sruliad iziarebs mis suliskveTebas. aqac sasamarTlosmegobris instituts evaleba saqmis Sesaxeb samarTlebri-vi Tu faqtobrivi informaciis wardgena, amdenad, infor-maciuli elementi, qarTul modelSic dominirebs. mTavariaqcenti gadatanilia sasamarTlos megobris subieqtis mi-er mosazrebis wardgenis motivaciaze. kerZod, igi ar undaiyos procesis mxare, mis mizans ar unda warmoadgendes pro-cesis romelime monawilis mxardaWera.

rogorc aRiniSna, sasamarTlos megobris institutigvxvdeboda mxolod sakonstitucio warmoebasa da sis-xlis samarTlis marTlmsajulebaSi. Tumca, administra-ciul saqmeTa ganxilvisas dainteresebuli pirebi mokle-bulni iyvnen SesaZleblobas, sasamarTlos megobris sta-tusiT waredginaT mosazreba gansaxilvel saqmesTan da-kavSirebiT. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelma 2014 wlis 15dekembers sakanonmdeblo winadadebiT mimarTa saqarTve-los parlaments administraciul saproceso kodeqsSicvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb, romelic exeboda adminis-traciul samarTalwarmoebaSi ̀ sasamarTlos megobris in-stitutis SemoRebas~. sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos par-lamentma gaiziara saxalxo damcvelis sakanonmdeblo wi-nadadeba da 2015 wlis 3 ivliss ganxorcielebuli sakanon-mdeblo cvlilebiT, administraciul saproceso kodeqssdaemata sasamarTlo megobris instrumenti, romelic sa-Sualebas aZlevs aramxolod saxalxo damcvels, aramed ne-bismier pirs, saqmis arsebiT ganxilvamde sasamarTlos wa-rudginos sakuTari werilobiTi mosazreba.46 ganmartebi-Ti baraTis Tanaxmad, `aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloskonstituciiTa da rigi saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT garan-tirebuli adamianis uflebebis ZiriTad mizans warmoad-gens sajaro xelisuflebis mier adamianis uflebaTa ara-marTlzomieri SezRudvis akrZalva, amitom administra-ciuli samarTalwarmoebisas, sadac procesis mxare arissaxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saxalxo dam-cvels hqondes saSualeba sakuTari mosazreba warudgi-

46 ix. http://www.ombudsman.ge/ge/recommendations-Proposal/winadadebebi/saxalxo-damcvelis-winadadeba-administraciul-processhi-sasamartlos-megobris-institutis-shemogebis-shesaxeb-saqartvelos-parlamentma-daamtkica.page.

21

nos sasamarTlos~.47 amasTanave, ̀ cvlilebebis mizans war-moadgens sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis xarisxis amaR-leba, razec sasamarTlos megobari dadebiT gavlenas mo-axdens, vinaidan gadawyvetileba ufro met wyaros dae-fuZneba. agreTve, igi xels Seuwyobs sazogadoebis ufromet CarTulobas, rac kidev ufro metad gazrdis sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebebis mimarT ndobis xarisxs~.48

sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebis wardgenis SesaZleblo-ba aqvs nebismier pirs, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom gansakuT-rebuli roli eniWeba ombudsmens. ̀ saqarTvelos saxalxodamcvelis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis 21-e muxlis ̀ e~ qve-punqti calsaxad adgens mis uflebamosilebas calkeulSemTxvevebSi Seasrulos sasamarTlos megobris funqcia.aqve mniSvnelovania iTqvas isic, rom saxalxo damcvelisaparati am instruments praqtikaSi sakmaod xSirad mimar-Tavs. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis saqmianobis anga-riSis mixedviT, ombudsmens 2012-2017 wlebSi saerTo sa-samarTloebSi wardgenili aqvs 28 sasamarTlos megobrismosazreba.49 amasTan, 2017 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos sa-xalxo damcvelma pirvelad gaagzavna sasamarTlos megob-ris mosazreba adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlo-Si, saqmeze TxeliZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.

sasamarTlos megobris institutis qarTul sakanonmdeb-lo sivrceSi danergva warmoadgens dadebiT movlenas daaSkarad imsaxurebs pozitiur Sefasebas. am institutismTavar sazriss konceptualuri mocemulobis garda, mi-sive funqcionaluri datvirTva qmnis. Amicus Curiae warmo-adgens normatiuli an faqtobrivi xasaiTis informaciiserTobliobas, rac erTgvari Setyobinebaa sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebisTvis marTlmsajulebis jerovnad ganxorci-elebis, nebismieri saqmis saTanadod gamokvlevis uzrun-velyofis mizniT.

47 ganmartebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos kanonis proeqtze, `saqarT-velos administraciul saproceso kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Seta-nis Seaxeb~.

48 iqve.49 ix. http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/4/4968.pdf.

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2. sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebisasaxva saerTo sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos analitikuri ganyofi-lebis kvlevisa da analizis centris farglebSi Seswavlilda gaanalizebul iqna saerTo sasamarTloebis mier 2016-2017 wlebSi miRebuli is gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac TanerTvoda sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebi (Amicus Curiae).

kvlevis srulyofilad Catarebis mizniT, saqarTvelos mas-StabiT arsebul raionul (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamar-Tloebs, agreTve, uzenaes sasamarTlos oficialuri weri-liT eTxovaT, ganyofilebisaTvis moewodebinaT 2016-2017wlebSi miRebuli yvela gadawyvetilebisa da maszed Tan-darTuli sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebis aslebi.

sasamarTloebidan mowodebuli sakvlevi masala Semdegnai-rad gadanawilda:

7

2

1

4

1

1

1

sasamarTlos megobari

saxalxo damcveli

adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa damonitoringis centri (EMC)

veneciis komisiis asociacia saqarTveloSi

profesorebi samarTlis dargSi

medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori

studentebi

moqalaqe

saqmeTa raodenoba

saqmeTa kategoria

samoqalaqosamarTalwarmoebis gziT

ganxiluli

administraciulisamarTalwarmoebis gziT

ganxiluli

sisxlis samarTlis wesiTganxiluli

4 2 2

5 3 2

8 2 6

sasamarTlomgaiziara

sasamarTlosmegobris

mosazreba:

sasamarTlomar gaiziara

sasamarTlosmegobris

mosazreba:

saqmeebismTliani

raodenoba

sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebis warmdgeni pirebi/organizaciebi:

23

sakvlevi masalis analizis Sedegad gamovlinda Semdegi:

sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebi umeteswilad wa-redgineba Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos;

umravles SemTxvevaSi Amicus Curiae wardgenilia sisxlissamarTlis kategoriis saqmeze;

sasamarTlos megobris funqcias Tanabrad aqtiurad as-ruleben saxalxo damcveli da dargis specialistebi;

sasamarTloebi zogierT SemTxvevaSi iTvaliswinebensasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebs da asaxaven maT ga-dawyvetilebebSi.

naSromis Semdgom daskvniT nawilSi warmogidgenT sasamar-Tlos gadawyvetilebebisa da sasamarTlos megobris mo-sazrebebis detalur mimoxilvas.

2.1. samoqalaqo saqmeebze warmodgenilisasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebisanalizi

diskriminacia profesiul kavSirSigawevrianebis niSniT

saqmis faqtobrivi garemobebi: erT-erT saqmeSi50 mosar-Celeebi davobdnen, rom isini samsaxuridan axal profe-siul kavSirSi gawevrianebis gamo diskriminaciuli moti-viT gaaTavisufles. kerZod, mosarCeleebsa da organiza-cias Soris dadebuli iyo SromiTi xelSekruleba ganusaz-Rvreli vadiT. mosarCeleebis ganmartebiT, SromiTi ur-TierToba Sewyda saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis 37-e mux-lis pirveli punqtis „a“ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuliorganizaciuli cvlilebis safuZvelze samuSao Zalis Sem-cirebis gamo.

SromiT urTierTobebSi diskriminaciuli mopyrobis sava-

50 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 13 ivlisisgadawyvetileba, saqme #2/22842-14.

24

raudo faqtebis simravlis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelossaxalxo damcvelma isargebla kanonmdeblobiT miniWebu-li uflebamosilebiT da saqmis ganmxilvel mosamarTleswarudgina sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba.51

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: sasamarTlos megob-ris mosazrebaSi saxalxo damcvelma mimoixila diskrimi-naciis akrZalvis saerTaSoriso standartebi winamdeba-re saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis WrilSi da sasamar-Tlos diskriminaciuli mopyrobis Sesafaseblad miawodasaTanado informacia SesaZlo diskriminaciuli mopyro-bis mimaniSnebeli faqtorebis Sesaxeb.

diskriminacia saxezea, rodesac pirs xeli eSleba saqar-Tvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiTsargeblobisas, arsebobs gansxvavebuli mopyroba analo-giur pirobebSi myofi pirebis mimarT, ar arsebobs kano-niT gansazRvruli mizani, gansxvavebul mopyrobas ar aqvsobieqturi da gonivruli gamarTleba da igi dasaxuli miz-nis araTanazomieria.

evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom damsaqmebeli piriTavisufalia airCios profkavSiris wevroba an uari Tqvasmasze da amis gamo dauSvebelia mis mimarT gamoyenebul iq-nas raime saxis sanqcia.52 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-marTlos ganmartebiT, profesiuli kavSiris Tavisuflebaaris gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis gansakuTrebuli aspeqti,53

romelic icavs profkavSiris wevrTa Tavisuflebas koleq-tiurad daicvan kavSiris wevrTa samsaxurebrivi interesi.54

51 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2016 wlis 11 ianvris sasamarT-los megobris mosazreba (13-2/221). ix. veb.gverdi: http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/4/4012.pdf.

52 Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen (ASLEF) v. UnitedKingdom, application no.:11002/05, 27/02/2007, §39.

53 National Union of Belgian Police v. Belgium, no.4464/70, 27/10/1975, §38;Swedish Engine Driver’s Union v. Sweden, No.5614/72, 6/02/1976, §39;Danilenkov and others v. Russia, No.67336/01, 10/12/2009, §121.

54 National Union of Belgian Police v. Belgium, no.4464/70, 27/10/1975, §39;Swedish Engine Driver’s Union v. Sweden, No.5614/72, 6/02/1976, §40;Schmidt and Dahstrom v. Sweden, No.5589/72, 6/02/1976, §36, Demir andBaykara v. Turkey, No.34503/97, §140.

25

evropulma sasamarTlom aseve miuTiTa, rom me-11 muxliTdaculi sfero aseve moicavs profkavSiris wevrobis gamodiskriminaciisgan dacvasac, radgan is warmoadgens gaer-Tianebis Tavisuflebis erT-erT yvelaze seriozul dar-Rvevas, romelsac SeuZlia profesiuli kavSiris arsebo-baze negatiuri gavlena iqonios.55

yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, profesiuli kav-Sirebis saqmianoba, maT Soris kavSirSi gawevrianebis an mi-si datovebis ufleba, gaerTianebis Tavisuflebis Semad-geneli nawilia da Sesabamisad kanoniT daculi uflebaa.

saxalxo damcvelma sasamarTlos mouwoda gamoekvlia sa-xeze iyo Tu ara gansxvavebuli mopyroba msgavs situacia-Si myof pirebTan SedarebiT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, msgavssituaciaSi iqneboda yvela is piri, vinc mosarCeleebis-gan gansxvavebiT ar iyvnen axali profkavSirebis wevrebida Sesabamisad, maT mimarT ar ganxorcielebula saqmiano-bisTvis xelisSeSla an/da ganTavisufleba.

saxalxo damcvelma Tanabari mopyrobis principi ganmartasaqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikaze56

dayrdnobiT, romlis Tanaxmadac: „Tanasworobis idea emsa-xureba SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas,anu ama Tu im sferoSi adamianebis TviTrealizaciisTviserTnairi SesaZleblobebis garantirebas. ar unda moxdesarsebiTad Tanasworis ganxilva uTanasworod da piriqiT.

Tanabari mopyrobis principi irRveva, Tu pirebs Soris gan-sxvaveba obieqturad ar aris gamarTlebuli. gamarTlebaunda Sefasdes imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenadaa is dakavSi-rebuli mizanTan, demokratiuli sazogadoebis arsebobis

55 Danilenkov v. Russia, No.67336/01, 30/07/2009, §123.56 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 31 martis

gadawyvetileba #2/1-392; 2010 wlis 27 dekembris gadawyve-tileba #1/1/493 saqmeze moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTiane-bebi: „axali memarjveneebi~ da „saqarTvelos konservatiulipartia~ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg, II, 2; 2011 wlis 22dekembris gadawyvetileba #1/1/477 saqmeze saqarTvelos saxal-xo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.

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principTan da aris Tu ara proporciuli.57 sasamarTlomunda Seafasos gamoyenebuli saSualebebi ramdenad ariskonvenciasTan TanxmobaSi.58

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganmartebiT,profesiuli kavSirebis formirebis procesis warmarTvada regulireba arsebiTad SidaprofkavSiruli (TviTprofkavSirebis) saqmea.59 am ganmartebiT, sasamarTlom xa-zi gausva am institutis avtonomiurobas da mniSvnelo-bas. swored es standarti unda aiRos sasamarTlom saxel-mZRvanelod rodesac proporciulobis sakiTxs Seafasebs,radgan am uflebis SezRudvas Zalian mniSvnelovani miz-nis miRweva unda edos safuZvlad.

saxalxo damcvelma sasamarTlos miuTiTa gansxvavebulimopyrobis kanonierebis Sefasebisas, Tu ramdenad emsa-xureboda igi sazogadoebis zneobriv normebsa Tu sazo-gadoebriv wesrigs ixelmZRvanelos adamianis uflebaTaevropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTliT.

saqmeSi danilenkovi ruseTis winaaRmdeg, momCivnebi sam-saxuridan daiTxoves profkavSirebis wevrobis gamo. ev-ropulma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom saxelmwifoebs mo-eTxovebaT konvenciiT garantirebuli Sekrebisa da gaer-Tianebis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofiTa da diskrimina-ciis akrZalviT Seqmnan imgvari sasamarTlo sistema, ro-melic iqneba profkavSirebis diskriminaciisgan dacvisrealuri da qmediTi saSualeba.60 sasamarTlom miiCnia, romsaxelmwifom ver Seasrula misi pozitiuri valdebulebaganexorcielebina qmediTi samarTlebrivi dacva diskri-minaciisgan, profkavSirebis wevrobis safuZvelze.61

evropuli sasamarTlos miTiTebiT, saxelmwifo valdebu-

57 National Union of Belgian Police v. Belgium, no.4464/70, 27/10/1975, §46.58 National Union of Belgian Police v. Belgium, no.4464/70, 27/10/1975, §47.59 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1998 wlis 15 ivlisis

#1/6-58, gadawyvetileba, saqmeze irakli tuRuSi, londa sixa-ruliZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg.

60 Danilenkov v. Russia, No.67336/01, 30/07/2009, §124.61 Danilenkov v. Russia, No.67336/01, 30/07/2009, §136.

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lia, rom uzrunvelyos profesiuli kavSirisa da misi wev-rebis qmediTi da naTeli samarTlebrivi dacva diskrimi-naciisgan.62

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: winamdebare saqmeSi sasa-marTlom gaiziara saxalxo damcvelis mier warmodgenilisasamarTlo megobris mosazreba da daadgina, rom Sromi-Ti urTierTobis Sewyvetis safuZveli iyo diskriminacia.kerZod, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, mosarCeleTa samsaxu-ridan gaTavisuflebis ganmapirobebel faqtors warmoad-genda axal profesiul kavSirSi gawevrianeba (organiza-ciis mTel filialSi axal profesiul kavSirSi mxolod sa-mi piri iyo gawevrianebuli da swored maTTan Sewyda Sro-miTi urTierToba). sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela saqarTve-los konstituciis 26-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT, saqar-Tvelos Sromis kodeqsis me-2 muxlis me-3 punqtiTa da ama-ve kodeqsis 40 (2) muxlis „g“ qvepunqtebiT da ganmarta,rom mopasuxem saTanadod ver daasabuTa, Tu ratom iyosaWiro saStato erTeulebis gauqmeba kompaniis samewar-meo miznebis misaRwevad, sasamarTlom, agreTve, gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba miaqcia im faqtsac, rom mosarCeleebiSromiT movaleobas asrulebdnen jerovnad da keTilsin-disierad da maT mimarT arasdros yofila gamoyenebulidisciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis romelime zoma.

seqsualuri Seviwroeba

saqmis faqtobrivi garemobebi: erT-erT saqmeSi63 mosar-Cele davobda, rom is ganicdida seqsualur SeviwroebasuSualo xelmZRvanelis mxridan. kerZod, mosarCele miu-TiTebda, rom mopasuxe mis mimarT axorcielebda seqsua-lur Seviwroebas rogorc fizikuri, aseve, verbaluriformiT. verbaluri forma gamoixateboda gamudmebuli xa-siaTis damamcirebel da Seuracmyofel komentarebsa dareplikebSi mosarCelis asakze, sqesze, pirad cxovreba-

62 Danilenkov v. Russia, No.67336/01, 30/07/2009, §125, §136.63 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo 2017 wlis 21 martis gadawyve-

tileba, saqme #2/17158-16.

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ze, garegnobasa da CacmulobasTan dakavSirebiT. aRniS-nuli ki qmnida mtrul da damaSinebel garemos. rac Seexe-ba seqsualuri Seviwroebis fizikur formas, igi gamoixa-teboda xelmZRvanelis mxridan, karieruli winsvlisa damfarvelobis sanacvlod, sqesobrivi kontaqtis damyare-bis araerTgzis SeTavazebaSi. aRniSnuli faqtebis gamo,T.s. iZulebuli gaxda samsaxuri daetovebina.

mopasuxis ganmartebiT, faruli audio Canaweri, romel-sac mosarCele mxare eyrdnoboda, saerTo konteqstis ga-reSe iyo warmodgenili, ar asaxavda realobas da ar iZle-oda erTiani suraTis danaxvis saSualebas. amasTan, pira-di saubris faruli Cawera, xolo Semdeg sasamarTloSi mtki-cebulebis saxiT wardgena, ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTve-los konstituciis me-20 muxliT garantirebul piradicxovrebisa da piradi komunikaciis xelSeuvalobas, ase-ve, konstituciis me-16 muxls.

seqsualuri Seviwroebis faqtis dadgenis specifikisa daam mimarTulebiT, sasamarTlos praqtikis simwiris gaTva-liswinebiT, saxalxo damcvelma saqmis ganmixlvel mosa-marTles warudgina sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba (Ami-cus Curiae)64 aRniSnul dokumentSi vrclad aris mimoxilu-li seqsualuri Seviwroebis cnebis definicia, am faqtisgamovlenis testi da amgvari davebis ganxilvisas mtkice-bis tvirTis ganawilebis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso institu-tebis mier dadgenili standartebis Sesabamisad.

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: Seviwroeba da seqsu-aluri Seviwroeba diskriminaciis formebia, romelTa sa-marTlebrivi Semadgenloba gansxvavdeba „diskriminaciisyvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniTakrZaluli pirdapiri da iribi diskriminaciis Semadgen-lobisgan. yvelaze mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas warmoadgensori elementi: diskriminaciis dasaxelebuli formebisgangansxvavebiT, Seviwroebisa da seqsualuri Seviwroebis da-sadgenad ar aris aucilebeli arsebobdes Sesadarebeli

64 saqarTvelos saxalxo dacmvelis 2017 wlis 17 martis sasamarT-los megobris mosazreba (#13/3641) ix. http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/4/4672.pdf.

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subieqti-analogiur pirobebSi myofi sxva piri/pirebi. ase-ve, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Seviwroebis dadgenisTviskomparatoris arseboba ar aris saWiro, msjeloba arc „gan-sxvavebuli mopyrobis“ Sesaxeb xdeba. Sesabamisad, im Sem-TxvevebSi, rodesac saxezea pirisTvis, romelime daculisafuZvliT, misi Rirsebis Selaxvis mizniT, damamcirebe-li da mtruli garemos Seqmna, dadgindeba Seviwroeba, ro-melic diksriminaciis sxva saxeebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar Se-iZleba gamarTldes raime legitimuri mizniT.65

saerTaSoriso instrumentebis, sazRvargareTisa da erov-nuli kanonmdeblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxalxo damcvel-ma sasamarTlos warmoudgina seqsualuri Seviwroebis de-finicia gansaxilveli saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebisWrilSi.

evrokavSiris samarTali erTmniSvnelovnad krZalavs Se-viwroebas da mas gansazRvravs rogorc diskriminaciiserT-erT formas. dasaqmebisa da profesiul sferoSi qa-lisa da kacis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis da mopyrobis Se-saxeb 2006/54/EC direqtivis66 Tanaxmad, romelic evrokav-Siris antidiskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis konsolidi-rebul versias warmoadgens, Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Se-viwroeba ewinaaRmdegeba qals da mamakacs Soris Tanaswo-robis princips da warmoadgens sqesis niSniT diskrimina-cias. diskriminaciis am formebs SesaZloa adgili hqondesaramxolod dasaqmebis adgilze, aramed aseve samuSaozexelmisawvdomobis da karieruli winsvlis konteqstSi. Se-sabamisad, direqtiva miuTiTebs, rom diskriminaciis esformebi unda iyos akrZaluli da eqvemdebarebodes efeq-tur da proporciul sanqcias.

amasTan, direqtivis Tanaxmad, Seviwroeba ganmartebulia

65 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2016 wlis specialuri angariSi„diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis, misi Tavidan acilebisa daTanasworobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~. gv.18. ix. http://www. ombuds-man.ge/uploads/other/3/3966.pdf.

66 DIRECTIVE 2006/54/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OFTHE COUNCIL of 5 July 2006. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:204:0023:0036:en:PDF.

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rogorc piris sqesTan dakavSirebuli arasasurveli mop-yroba, romlis mizania an iwvevs piris Rirsebis Selaxvasda qmnis damaSinebel, mtrul, damamcirebel an Seurac-xmyofel garemos. seqsualuri Seviwroeba ki niSnavs seq-sualuri xasiaTis nebismieri formis verbalur, aravel-balur an fizikur qmedebas; romlis mizania an iwvevs pi-ris Rirsebis Selaxvas da qmnis damaSinebel, mtrul, da-mamcirebel an Seuracxmyofel garemos.

aseve, direqtivis safuZvelze, saxelmwifoebi valdebul-ni arian, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Tu praqtikis Tanax-mad, damsaqmeblebs da sxva pasuxismgebel pirebs mouwo-don, Tavidan aicilon sqesis niSniT diskriminaciis nebis-mieri forma, maT Soris, Seviwroeba da seqsualuri Seviw-roeba. damsaqmeblebi valdebulni arian Sesabamisi zome-bi miiRon msgavsi saxis diskriminaciis brZolis winaaR-mdeg.

stambolis konvenciis me-40 muxli,67 romelic seqsualu-ri Seviwroebis akrZalvas exeba, saxelmwifoebs mouwo-debs, sisxlissamarTlebriv an sxva saxis sanqciebs dauq-vemdebaros seqsualuri xasiaTis nebismieri arasasurve-li verbaluri, araverbaluri an fizikuri qmedeba, rome-lic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs piris Rirsebis Selaxvas dapirisTvis qmnis damaSinebel, mtrul, damamcirebel an Se-uracxmyofel garemos.

qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris SesaxebgaerTianebuli erebis komitetis ganmartebiT, seqsualu-ri Seviwroeba aris „nebismieri Seuracxyofa, SeniSvna, xum-roba, insinuacia an komentari piris Cacmulobaze, gareg-nobaze, asakze, ojaxur mdgomareobaze da a.S.; qedmaRlu-ri an mamobrivi damokidebuleba, romelsac seqsualurixasiaTis Sedegebi aqvs da adamianis Rirsebas akninebs; ara-sasurveli SeTavazeba an moTxovna, romelsac Tan erTvisfaruli an Ria muqara; nebismieri uxamsi mzera an Jesti,

67 qalTa mimarT Zaladobis da ojaxSi Zaladobis winaaRmdegbrZolis da Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb evrosabWos konvencia,ZalaSia:01.08.2014, saqarTvelos xeli moewera: 19.06.2014.

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romelic seqsualurobasTan aris dakavSirebuli da nebis-mieri fizikuri kontaqti, rogoricaa, Sexeba, mofereba,Cqmeta an fizikuri Tavdasxma~.68

sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebaSi mimoxilulia gaerTi-anebuli samefos, avstriis, safrangeTis, amerikis Seer-Tebuli Statebis, germaniisa da islandiis kanonmdeblo-ba, romlis mixedviTac ikrZaleba sqesis niSniT diskrimi-nacia SromiT urTierTobebSi rogorc sajaro, aseve, ker-Zo sferoSi.

mtkicebis tvirTis gaanazilebasTan dakavSirebiT, saxal-xo damcvelma aRniSna, rom „seqsualuri Seviwroebis Sem-TxvevebSi moqmedebs pasuxismgeblobis samkuTxedovaniprincipi. es iseTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac seqsualuri Seviw-roebis Camdeni da samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli sxvadasxva pi-rebia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, msxverpls SeuZlia sasamarTlo-Si orive mxaris mimarT daayenos pasuxismgebloba. Sema-viwroveblis pasuxismgebloba mis mier Cadenili qmedebiTSemoifargleba, xolo samsaxuris ufrosis pasuxismgeblo-ba ki gamoixateba umoqmedobaSi. anu mas evaleboda Seemu-Savebina iseTi samuSao politika da Seeqmna imgvari samu-Sao garemo, rac prevenciuli xasiaTis matarebeli iqne-boda. garda amisa, arsebobs SemTxvevebi, gansaxilveli saq-mis msgavsad, rodesac savaraudo seqsualuri Seviwroe-bis Camdeni da samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli erTi da igive pi-rovnebaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi, misi pasuxismgebloba izrde-ba da moicavs rogorc Semaviwroveblis, ise samsaxuris uf-rosis wil pasuxismgeblobas,69 amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-tebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, samsaxuris xel-mZRvanelobis pasuxismgebloba dgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tuigi seqsualuri Seviwroebis damadasturebeli mtkicebu-lebebis sapirwoned ver warmoadgens mtkicebulebebs imisTaobaze, rom samsaxurs SemuSavebuli hqonda seqsualu-ri Seviwroebis prevenciisTvis aucilebeli wesebi da da-saqmebulebi jerovnad iyvnen informirebulni maTi uf-

68 General Recommendation No. 19 (ll-th session, 1992). http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/recomm.htm

69 European Gender Equality Law Review – No.2/2011.P.10.

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lebebisa da dacvis saSualebebis Sesaxeb~.70

saxalxo damcvelma gansakuTrebulad aRniSna is garemoe-ba, rom seqsualuri Seviwroebis SemTxvevebi, rogorc we-si, gamoirCeva farulobiT da xilulia mxolod aqtorisada msxverplisaTvis, Sesabamisad, ganuzomlad rTuldebamowmeebis an/da materialuri mtkicebulebebis mopovebada sasamarTlosTvis warmodgena. Sesabamisad, qmedebis Ca-denis varaudis warmosaSobad, mtkicebis SedarebiT daba-li standarti moqmedebs.

vinaidan mopasuxe mxaris erT-erT mTavar arguments war-moadgenda mosarCelis mier mopovebuli faruli audio Ca-naweris dauSveblad cnoba, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sa-xalxo damcvelma moixmo saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamar-Tlos mniSvnelovani ganmarteba, romlis Tanaxmadac: „Tufaruli Canaweri erTaderTi gzaa sakuTari uflebis da-sacavad, imis gamo, rom sxvagvarad piri sakuTar uflebasver daicavs an arsebobs realuri saSiSroeba yvela sxvamtkicebulebis ganadgurebis, aseT viTarebaSi faruli Ca-naweris gziT mtkicebulebis Seqmna dasaSvebia~.71

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxalxo damcvelma mi-zanSewonilad miiCnia mocemuli saqmis ganxilvisas sasa-marTlos yuradReba gaemaxvilebina mosarCelesTan mimar-TebiT, Tu ramdenad warmoadgenda mopasuxe Zalaufle-bis berketebis mqone pirs, romelsac SeeZlo samsaxureb-rivi zegavlenis gamoyenebiT daeTrguna mosarCelis nebada amiT gamowveuli konformizmis xarjze ganexorciele-bina seqsualuri Seviwroeba. amasTan, mxareTa interesebsSoris gonivruli balansis miRwevis mizniT, samarTleb-riv sikeTeTa awon-dawonvis gziT, faruli audio Canawe-ris mtkicebulebad dasaSvebobis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, sa-

70 The Supreme Court of the United States In Faragherv.City of Boca Raton,No.97-282, June 26, 1998 and Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth no.97-569, June 26, 1998.

71 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeTa pala-tis ganmarteba samoqalaqo saqmeSi piradi Sexvedrisas ganxor-cielebuli saubris faruli audioCanaweris dauSvebel mtki-cebulebad miCnevis Taobaze (ix. saqme as-1155-1101-2014).

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samarTlos Seefasebina, warmodgenili Canaweri warmoad-genda Tu ara TviTdaxmarebis erTaderT gzas, romeliciZleoda samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis saSua-lebas mxolod da mxolod mopasuxisTvis.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: winamdebare saqmeSi sasa-marTlom gaiziara saxalxo damcvelis mier warmodgenilisasamarTlo megobris mosazreba da daadgina, rom Sromi-Ti urTierTobis Sewyvetis safuZveli iyo seqsualuri Se-viwroeba. sasamarTlom seqsualuri Seviwroebis faqtisdadgenisas ixelmZRvanela saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsisme-2 muxlis me-3 da me-4 nawilebis, genderuli Tanaswo-robis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxlis 1-li nawi-liT, agreTve, gaeros qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yvelaformis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciis safuZvelze Seq-mnili komitetis #19 komentariTa da evrokavSiris anti-diskriminaciuli direqtivebiT. kerZod, sasamarTlom aR-niSna, rom „seqsualuri Seviwroeba Seviwroebis erT-erTispecifiuri gamovlinebis formaa. seqsualuri Seviwroe-bis ori forma arsebobs. 1. Quid Pro Quo anu momsaxurebamomsaxurebis sanacvlod, romelic iTvaliswinebs seqsu-aluri xasiaTis moTxovnis arsebobas qmedebaSi da 2. mtru-li samuSao garemo, rodesac samuSao adgilze damaSine-bel, Seuracxmyofel pirobebs qmnis~.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom Seviwroeba saxezea, rodesacxdeba calkeuli piris mimarT sxvebTan SedarebiT araxel-sayreli garemos Seqmna. konkretul SemTxvevaSi, Seviw-roeba vlindeba iseT formebSi, rogoricaa: arasasiamovnomzera, Seuracxymyofeli xumroba an SeniSvna, miuRebelikomentari, piris izolireba, usamarTlo kritika, arasa-surveli fizikuri kontaqti, uxamsi SeTavazeba. am kon-kretuli maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT, sasamarTlom da-adgina, rom mopasuxem mosarCeles Seuqmna samuSaod ara-xelsayreli pirobebi, ris Sedegadac dasaqmebulma Sew-yvita kompaniasTan SromiTi urTierToba.

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xelSekrulebis namdviloba

saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi: erT-erT saqmeSi72 da-vis sagans warmoadgenda xelSekrulebis nawilobriv ba-Tilad cnoba da Sesrulebuli samuSaos Rirebulebis anaz-Raureba. kerZod, mosarCelesa da mowinaaRmdege mxaresSoris, romelic saxelmwifo organos warmoadgenda, ga-formda samuSaoebis usasyidlod miwodebis Sesaxeb xel-Sekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, menardem (mosarCelem)ikisa valdebuleba, usasyidlod Seesrulebina gansaz-Rvruli samSeneblo saremonto samuSaoebi. Sesasrulebe-li samuSaoebis Rirebulebam Seadginda 594 436.93 lari.

mosarCele acxadebda, rom xelSekrulebis piroba samuSa-oTa usasyidlod Sesrulebis Taobaze ar Seesabamebodasawarmos direqtoris realur nebas da am pirobiT garige-bis dadeba ganpirobebuli iyo iZulebis zegavleniT, racgamoixata imaSi, rom TiTqmis yoveldRe sawarmos direq-tors prokuraturaSi ibarebdnen.

mowinaaRmdege mxarem arc cno mis winaaRmdeg aRZrulisarCeli da ganmarta, rom moTxovna ganxorcielebadi ariyo xandazmulobis gamo. mosarCele ver adasturebda ga-rigebis sadavo pirobis iZulebis zegavleniT dadebisfaqts da sarCeli usafuZvlobis gamo ar unda dakmayofi-lebuliyo.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom sadavo garemoebebTan mi-marTebiT, daadgina, rom mxareTa Soris gaformebuli xel-Sekrulebis sadavo pirobis _ samuSaoebis usasyidlod Ses-rulebis Sesaxeb iZulebis zegavleniT dadebis faqti ardgindeboda. Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom aRniSnu-li gadawyvetileba Secvala menardis sasargeblod da ba-Tilad cno xelSekrulebis sadavo punqti da SemkveTs da-akisra Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis anazRaureba.

saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvis etap-

72 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 15 maisisganCineba, saqme #as-212-201-2017.

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ze sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba (Amicus Curiae)73 war-moadgina bremenis federaluri miwis umaRlesi sasamar-Tlos palatis yofilma Tavmjdomarem, doqtorma h.b-ma

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: doqtoris SefasebiT,Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlom samarTliani gadawyve-tileba miiRo, riTac Tavidan aicila kerZo da sajaro in-teresebs Soris dauSvebeli kavSirebis damyarebis riski,rodesac baTilad scno iseTi SeTanxmeba, romelic iTva-liswinebda kerZo pirisagan saxelmwifosaTvis usasyid-lod mniSvnelovani saCuqrebis gadacemas.

doqtorma gansaxilvel saqmeSi arsebul sadavo garemoe-bebTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebaSiwarmoadgina germanuli da qarTuli kanonmdeblobis ana-lizi.

`saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba, sajaro funqciebis Sesru-leba damokidebuli gaxados kanoniT gauTvaliswinebelekonomikuri xasiaTis sanacvalo/samagiero Sesrulebaze(Palandt-Ellenberger, miT. wy., para. 138, veli 89, feder. uzen.sasam. [BGH] NJW 1999, 208). mis Sesabamisad, federaluriuzenaesi sasamarTlo yvela Sesabamis gadawyvetilebaSiuTiTebs imaze, rom saxelmwifo organos principSi kano-niT miniWebuli uflebamosilebis gareSe ar aqvs uflebaoficialuri amocanebis Sesruleba damokidebuli gaxadosfinansur samagiero Sesrulebaze meore mxaris mxridan(BGH, miT. wy.). es ki imasac niSnavs, rom saxelmwifos araqvs ufleba, saxelmwifo funqciaTa Sesruleba damoki-debuli gaxados kanoniT gauTvaliswinebel kerZo pire-bis mier ganxorcielebul gadaxdebze. sxva SemTxvevaSi igiarRvevs iseT arsebiT konstituciur principebs, rogo-ricaa Tanasworobis principi da samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-fos principi, anu uflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobas. esprincipi, sxvaTa Soris, iTvaliswinebs agreTve, rom moqa-laqeTa mimarT sanqciebis ganxorcieleba dasaSvebia mxo-

73 bremenis federaluri miwis umaRlesi sasamarTlos palatisyofili Tavmjdomaris, doqtori h.b-s 2017 wlis 23 aprilissasamarTlos megobris mosazreba.

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lod da mxolod winaswar gansazRvruli kanonis normebissafuZvelze da ver iqneba ganxorcielebuli samarTleb-rivi safuZvlis gareSe an ZaliT Tavs moxveuli~.

vinaidan mowinaaRmdege mxare apelirebda sarCelis xan-dazmulobaze, doqtorma h.b-m am sakiTxTan dakavSirebi-Tac warmoadgina mosazreba da aRniSna: `aucilebeli araris, rogorc xSirad varaudoben, rom Secileba gacxade-bul iqnes aucileblad sasamarTlos gziT. Secilebis Se-saxeb gancxadebis gakeTeba xdeba mowinaaRmdege mxaris mi-marT (calsaxad germanuli BGB-s para. 143, punqti 1) daamiT SesaZlebelia igi sasamarTlos gareSec, igi Tavidan-ve uSualod iwvevs garigebis baTilobas BGB-s para 143-is1-li punqtis Sesabamisad; saqarTveloSic igive wesia (Sdr.biolingi/Wanturia, miT wyaro, gv.188 Semdgomi miTiTebe-biTa da magaliTebiT). mTavaria mosarCelis gancxadebebiprocesis win da kerZod, 2013 wlis werilis Sinaarsi. ga-damwyvetia agreTve, rom vadis dena mxolod maSin iwyeba,rogorc ki damTavrdeba iZulebis ganxorcieleba. rogorcCans, es 2013 wels moxda, vinaidan manamde xorcieldebo-da Sesrulebebi, rogorc es Cans miReba-Cabarebis aqti-dan.

Secileba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes konkludenturadac,Tumca ar aris aucilebeli, calsaxad iqnes gacxadebuli.sakmarisia, rom mxare daeyrdnos imas, rom mas ar surs da-tovos iZulebis formiT dadebuli garigeba moqmed for-maSi (Palandt-Ellenberger, miT. wyaro, para. 143 velebi 2 da 3).amisaTvis sakmarisia saeWvoobisas 2013 wels mosarCelismier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi~.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sakasacio sasamarTlomgaiziara sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba da aRniSna: ̀ gan-saxilvel SemTxvevaSi sadavo garigebis kontrahentia sa-xelmwifo, romlis monawileobiT dadebuli xelSekrule-bebis mimarT imTaviTve navaraudevia kanonSesabamisobisanu yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi ssk-is 54-e muxliTdadgenili sami damoukidebeli winapirobis dacvis molo-dini im mxaris mier, romelic Zlier mxaresTan Sedis sa-xelSekrulebo boWvaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ssk-is 319

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muxli adgens saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis princips,rac imas niSnavs, rom kerZosamarTlebrivi, garigebis mo-nawileebi kanonis farglebSi uflebamosili arian, Tavi-suflad dadon iseTi xelSekrulebebi, romlebic kanoniTgaTvaliswinebuli ar aris, magram ar ewinaaRmdegeba masanu moqmedebs principi nebadarTulia, rac akrZaluli araris, dasaxelebuli normis definiciidan gamomdinare, sa-xelSekrulebo Tavisuflebac kanonismier CarCoSia moq-ceuli da aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac samoqalaqo samar-Tlebrivi urTierTobis mxarea saxelmwifo, gansakuTre-biT maRali standartiT unda Semowmdes da Sefasdes ga-rigebis `Zlieri~ kontrahentis qceva/qmedeba ramdenadSeesabameba ssk-is 54-e muxlis winapirobaTagan iseT spe-cifikur danawess, rogoricaa zneobis normebi. aseT viTa-rebaSi sasamarTlos kvlevisa da Sefasebis sagania, Tu ram-denad moralurad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli iseTi garige-ba, rodesac saxelmwifo usasyidlod Rebulobs garkve-ul momsaxurebas, qonebas sakuTrebaSi da a.S. anu praqti-kulad ratom SeiZleba kerZo samarTlis pirma ̀ daasaCuq-ros~ saxelmwifo, ramdenad Seesabameba aRniSnuli im zo-gad moralur kategorias, rom saxelmwifos, romelsacaqvs valdebuleba sakuTari resursebiT TiToeuli pirisufleba da interesi daicvas, fizikurma an iuridiulmapirma aCuqos raime qoneba, usasyidlod moemsaxuros~.

sakasacio sasamarTlom agreTve miuTiTa, rom: ̀ saxelmwi-fos monawileobiT dadebuli garigebebis mimarT, Tuki mo-sarCele konkretul faqtebze miTiTebiT acxadebs, rommasze ganxorcielda iZuleba (fizikuri an fsiqologiu-ri), prezumirebulia, rom iZuleba ganxorcielda da sa-xelmwifos ubrundeba mtkicebis tvirTi, rom iZulebas ad-gili ar hqonia, manve unda daamtkicos, ratom aris SeuZ-lebeli amgvari prezumfciis daSveba, rac yovel konkre-tul SemTxvevaSi garigebis Sinaarsis detalur kvlevasada gaanalizebas moiTxovs. swored amgvar myar prezumfci-ebs efuZneba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlosaqmeSi gusinski ruseTis winaaRmdeg, nacvliSvili da to-goniZe saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, galsTiani sasomxeTis wi-naaRmdeg, razedac uTiTebs saapelacio sasamarTlo gasa-

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Civrebul gadawyevtilebaSi~.

vinaidan SemkveTi apelirebda moTxovnis xandazmuloba-ze, sakasacio sasamarTlom aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSi-rebiTac gaakeTa ganmarteba. ̀ iZulebiT dadebuli garige-bis Secilebis vadaa erTi weli, romelic aiTvleba im mo-mentidan, rodesac damTavrdeba piris iZulebis momenti;mniSvnelovania, rom iZulebis momentis dasruleba ukav-Sirdeba piris subieqtur aRqmas, rom mis pirovnebas an qo-nebas, misi ojaxis wevrebs an axlo naTesavebs aRar emuq-rebaT realuri safrTxe. iZulebiT dadebuli garigebisSemTxvevaSi vadis dena iwyeba im momentidan, rodesac iZu-lebis situacia mTavrdeba. gadamwyvetia momenti, romel-Sic Secilebaze uflebamosili piri aRar imyofeba iZule-biT ganpirobebuli Sedegis gavlenis qveS. aRniSnuli iZu-lebis piris subieqturi TvalTaxedvidan unda iqnes Se-fasebuli (ix. A. Arnold in Ermann BGB Kommentar 14. Aufl. Band. I.Koln 2014 §124 Rn 4) da ara iZulebis ganxorcielebis momen-tidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc es kasators miaC-nia. ssk-is 89-e muxliT dadgenilia ara xandazmulobis,aramed sadavo garigebis gamo Secilebis specialuri er-Twliani vada. Ssk-is 85-e da 89-e muxlebSi aRwerili wina-pirobebis ganxorcielebis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi,kreditoris moTxovnas movalisadmi samarTlebrivi sa-fuZveli gaaCnia, dasaxelebul normebTan erTad kondiq-ciuri samarTlis 978-e muxlis ̀ pirs, romelic meore pirsgadascems raimes ara valdebulebis Sesasruleblad, ara-med iZulebis an muqaris safuZvelze, SeuZlia moiTxovosmisi ukan dabruneba, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca mimRebsufleba hqonda gadacemulze~.

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2.2. administraciul saqmeebzewarmodgenili sasamarTlos megobrismosazrebebis analizi

politikuri niSniT diskriminacia

saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi: erT-erT saqmeSi74 mo-sarCele davobda, rom samsaxuridan misi gaTavisuflebaganxorcielda politikuri niSniT diskriminaciis safuZ-velze. Sesabamisad, mosarCele iTxovda damsaqmeblis, (ad-ministraciul organos) mier gamocemuli administraci-ul-samarTlebrivi aqtis baTilad cnobas, samuSaoze aR-dgenasa da ganacduris anazRaurebas.

vinaidan sasarCelo moTxovna ukavSirdeboda diskrimina-ciis faqtis dadgenas, amavdroulad, moraluri zianisanazRaurebis nawilSi saqmis samoqalaqo kolegiisTvisgansjadobiT gadagzavnis sakiTxs, saqarTvelos saxalxodamcvelma isargebla kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli ufle-bamosilebiT da saqmis ganmxilvel mosamarTles warudgi-na sasamarTlo megobris mosazreba (Amicus Curiae)75.

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: mosarCele sadavodxdida samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas diskriminaciuli mo-tiviT, kerZod, is miiCnevda, rom gaTavisuflebis brZane-bis gamocema moxda mxolod imis gamo, rom igi ̀ erTiani na-cionaluri moZraobis~ periodSi dasaqmebuli kadri iyo.saxalxo damcvelis mosazrebiT, sasamarTlo ver Seafa-sebda diskriminaciuli motiviT moxda Tu ara mosarCelisgaTavisufleba Tu pirvel rigSi ar imsjelebda reorgani-zaciis namdvilobisa da kanonierebis sakiTxze. saxalxodamcvelma, aseve, aRniSna, rom diskriminaciis faqtis dad-gena imdenad mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli samsaxuridan ga-TavisuflebasTan, rom maTi gancalkaveba SeuZlebeli iq-neboda.

74 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 29 ianvris gadawyve-tileba, saqme #3/4436-15.

75 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2015 wlis 15 dekembris sasa-marTlo megobris mosazreba (#13-2/10084). ix. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9BM3M8hbgAUQTFFbkRtanktekE/view.

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gansjadobasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sa-samarTlos praqtikaze dayrdnobiT, saxalxo damcvelmaaRniSna, rom ̀ samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi iseTi Cana-weris arseboba, romelic ar aris administraciul proces-Si ar wamoadgens gansjadobis ganmsazRvrels da adminis-traciuli kolegiis mosamarTles aqvs Tavisufleba gamo-iyenos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis muxlebi. adminis-traciuli saproceso kodeqsi ar aregulirebs diskrimi-naciasTan dakavSirebuli davebis ganxilvis specifikas,Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos administraciuli saproceso ko-deqsis pirveli muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, diskrimi-naciasTan dakavSirebuli davebis dros administraciulikolegia unda iyenebdes saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sapro-ceso kodeqsis me-73 Tavs~.

saxalxo damcvelis ganmartebiT, Tu mocemul saqmeSi da-dasturdeboda, rom mosarCelis samsaxuridan gaTavisuf-lebis safuZveli iyo politikuri motivi, saxeze iqnebo-da diskriminacia samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis dros daukanono administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti, vinaidandiskriminaciuli motiviT gamotanili aqti, verasdros Ca-iTvleba kanonier aqtad, ramdenadac igi arRvevs saqar-Tvelos konstituciis me-14 muxliT dacul Tanasworo-bis uflebas da ̀ diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvrisSesaxeb~ kanonis moTxovnebs. Sesabamisad, saxalxo damcve-lis mosazrebiT, SeuZlebelia sasamarTlom gancalkeve-biT Seafasos aqtis kanoniereba da diskriminacia, maSinrodesac swored savaraudo diskriminaciuli motivi war-moadgens aqtis ukanonobis mTavar safuZvels.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: aRniSnul saqmeSi sasamar-Tlom saqarTvelos konstituciis 30-e muxlze, saqarTve-los zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 601 da ̀ sajaro sam-saxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 96-e da 97-e muxleb-ze dayrdnobiT, imsjela mxolod administraciuli orga-nos mier gamocemuli individualuri administraciuli aq-tis kanonierebaze, rac Seexeba samsaxuridan gaTavisuf-lebis SesaZlo diskriminaciul safuZvels, am mxriv, ga-dawyvetilebaSi Sefaseba ar gvxvdeba.

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mocemul SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe administraciul organo-Si ganxorcielebuli reorganizaciiT q.Tbilisis meriissocialuri momsaxurebis da kulturis saqalaqo samsaxu-ris nacvlad cal-calke Camoyalibda q.Tbilisis munici-palitetis meriis jandacvisa da socialuri momsaxure-bis saqalaqo samsaxuri da q.Tbilisis meriis kulturis sa-qalaqo samsaxuri. amasTan, dasaxelebuli saqalaqo samsa-xurebis debulebebidan gamomdinare, ar momxdara funqci-urad axali struqturis Camoyalibeba, aramed erTi saqa-laqo samsaxuridan gamoeyo dargobrivad ori samsaxuri,rac metyvelebs masze, rom am samsaxurebSi Seqmnili Sta-tebic SesabamisobaSi darCa im amocanebTan da funqcieb-Tan, rasac Tavdapirvel gaerTianebul samsaxurSi erTimxriv ganaTlebisa da kulturis ganyofilebas, xolo meo-re mxriv _ sportis, socialuri momsaxurebisa da jandac-vis ganyofilebebs gaaCndaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom wamyvanispecialistis ZiriTadi funqcia samsaxuris funqciebidangamomdinare sxvadasxva davalebebis Sesrulebaa da wam-yvani specialistis Stati arsebobda rogorc reograni-zaciamde arsebul samsaxurSi, aseve, arsebobs reorgani-zaciis Semdeg Seqmnil samsaxurebSi, amasTan, dadgeniligaremoebebidan gamomdinare, reorganizaciis SedegadStatebis raodenoba, saerTo jamSi, marTalia Semcirda,Tumca Stati, romlidanac mosarCele gaTavisuflda, da-wesebulebaSi SenarCunda.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom administraciuli organos dis-krecia ar niSnavs Tanazomierebisa da kanonierebis prin-cipis ugulebelyofas. administraciuli organos Tavisu-fali moqmedebis sfero SeboWilia kanoniT da mTavrdebaiq, sadac iwyeba kanoniT dadgenili SezRudvebi. sasamar-Tlom, aseve, miuTiTa, rom ̀ sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ sa-qarTvelos kanoni dawesebulebaSi Statebis SemcirebispirobebSic administracias aniWebs diskrecias, moaxdi-nos TanamSromelTa profesiuli Cvevebis, kvalifikaci-is, Sromis disciplinis da a.S. adekvaturi, obieqturi Se-faseba da miiRos Sesabamisi motivirebuli gadawyvetile-ba, vinaidan es mniSvnelovania ara mxolod konkretulisajaro moxelis, aramed mTlianad sajaro samsaxurisTvis.

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mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom mosar-Celis samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis Taobaze miRebuli ga-dawyvetileba ar emyareboda zemoaRniSnul principebs.Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT administra-ciul organos daevala erTi Tvis vadaSi saqmisaTvis arse-biTi mniSvnelobis mqone garemoebebis gamokvlevisa da Se-fasebis Sedegad mosarCelis mimarT axali individualu-ri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis gamocema.

dabadebis saaqto CanawerebSi

sqesis cvlilebis sakiTxi

saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi: erT-erT saqmeSi76 mo-sarCele iTxovda saaqto CanawerebSi, dabadebisa da pira-dobis mowmobaSi, miTiTebuli mdedrobiTi sqesis SecvlasmamrobiTi sqesiT. mosarCelis mtkicebiT, piradobis da-madasturebel dokumentebSi aRniSnuli sqesis Seusaba-moba mis genderul identobasa da garegnobasTan, gavle-nas axdenda mis yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da ganviTarebisyvela etapze. mas problemebi eqmneboda rogorc momsa-xurebis sferoSi (samkurnalo, sabanko da sxva dawesebu-lebebi) aseve, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT garantire-buli sxva uflebebis realizaciisas.

sasarCelo moTxovnis mixedviT, mosarCelem moiTxovaiusticiis saministros saxelmwifo servisebis ganviTare-bis saagentos Tbilisis samoqalaqo reestris samsaxursdaevalos axali individualuri administraciul-samar-Tlebrivi aqtis miReba, romlis mixedviTac dabadebis sa-aqto CanawerSi Seicvleboda sqesis aRmniSvneli Canaweri.

transgenderi adamianebis winaSe mdgari gamowvevebisada lgbt pirTa uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT, aRniSnulisaqmis ganxilvis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, saqar-Tvelos saxalxo dacvelma isargebla misTvis kanoniTminiWebuli uflebamosilebiT da saqmis ganmxilvel mo-

76 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 27 dekembris gadawy-vetileba, saqme #3/7083-15.

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samarTles warudgina sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba(Amicus Curiae)77.

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: saxalxo damcvelmamiuTiTa, rom mosarCelis genderuli identoba Seesabame-boda mamrobiT sqess, radgan mas Secvlili hqonda saxeli,itarebda hormonalur Terapias, misi Cacmuloba da gareg-noba Seesabameboda mis identobas. amavdroulad, mas hyav-da mudmivi partniori qali.

saxalxo damcvelis ganmartebiT, `genderuli identobaexeba TiToeuli adamianis mier genderis Rrma Sinagan daindividualur gancdas, romelic SesaZloa ar emTxveodessqess, romelic dabadebisas miakuTvnes. genderis samar-Tlebrivi aRiareba aris adamianis genderuli identobisda saxelis oficialuri aRiareba samarTlebriv dokumen-tebSi. adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom ara-erTxel imsjela genderis samarTlebrivi aRiarebis mniS-vnelobis Sesaxeb transgenderi adamianebis uflebebisdacvasTan mimarTebaSi.78

garda aRniSnulisa, genderis samarTlebrivi aRiareba mniS-vnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac dokumentebi, Seicavs sa-xelis da sqesis maidentificirebel informacias, Sesaba-misad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac transgender adamianebsar eZlevaT samoqalaqo dokumentebSi sqesis aRmniSvneliCanaweris Secvlis SesaZlebloba, am dokumentebiT sar-geblobisas izrdeba maTi diskriminaciis riski da alba-Toba imisa, rom es adamianebi, SesaZloa, gaxdnen arasaTa-nado mopyrobis an Zaladobis msxverplni~.

saxalxo damcvelma aRniSna, rom sakanonmdeblo doneze sqe-sis Secvlis proceduruli wesi gawerili ar aris, xolo sa-qarTvelos iusticiis saministros mier dadgenil sqesisSecvlis praqtikas safuZvlad udevs anatomiuri sqesisSecvlis operaciis cnobis wardgenis aucilebloba.

77 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2016 wlis 15 ianvris sasamarT-los megobris mosazreba (#08/528).

78 Toolkit, Legal gender recognition, December 2013.

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ombudsmenis SefasebiT, zemoaRniSnuli midgoma ar gamom-dinareobs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobidan da is ewinaaR-mdegeba saerTaSoriso praqtikasac.

2014 wels qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvriskomitetma saqarTvelos me-4 da me-5 gaerTianebuli anga-riSis ganxilvis Sedegad momzadebul daskvniT rekomen-daciebSi79 mouwoda saxelmwifos ̀ miiRos zomebi lesbo-seli, biseqsuali da transgenderi qalebis mier gancdilZaladobasa da SeviwroebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, gaa-uqmos transgenderi adamianebisTvis piradobis damadas-turebeli dokumentis miRebis procesSi arsebuli Sez-Rudvebi~.

evropis ministrTa sabWos rekomendaciis `seqsualuriorientaciis da genderuli identobis safuZvelze dis-kriminaciasTan brZolis zomebis Sesaxeb~ (MC/Rec (2010)5)mixedviT, gansazRvrulia sqesis kvlav miniWebisa da sa-marTlebriv aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi.`wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda miiRon Sesabamisi zomebi, ra-Ta cxovrebis yvela sferoSi moaxdinon piris sqesis Sec-vlis sruli samarTlebrivi aRiareba; kerZod, SesaZlebe-li unda gaxdes saxelisa da sqesis Canaweris Secvla swra-fi, gamWvirvale da advilad xelmisawvdomi gziT~.80

amave rekomendaciis mixedviT, unda gadaixedos arahuma-nuri moTxovnebi romelTa Sesruleba genderis iuridiu-li aRiarebisTvis aris savaldebulo, maT Soris is nawili,romelic fizikuri xasiaTis cvlilebebs exeba. amasTan, sa-xelmwifoebma unda miiRon Sesabimisi zomebi, raTa uzrun-velyon transgenderi adamianebisTvis sqesis Secvlis mom-saxurebis efeqturi xelmisawvdomoba, romelic Tavisu-fali iqneba aragonivruli moTxovnebisgan. servisebzexelmisawvdomoba unda moicavdes transgenderTa jandac-vis sferoSi arsebul fsiqologiur, endokrinologiur da

79 Combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Georgia (CEDAW/C/GEO/4-5).80 evropis ministrTa sabWos komitetis rekomendacia wevri sa-

xelmwifoebisTvis `seqsualuri orientaciis da genderuliidentobis safuZvelze diskriminaciasTan brZolis zomebisSesaxeb~ _ CM/REC (2010) 5. pun.21.

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qirurgiul momsaxurebas. arcerT adamians ar unda Cau-tardes sqesis Secvlis procedura Tavisive Tanxmobis ga-reSe.81

rekomendaciebis ganmartebiT memorandumSi aRniSnulia,rom zogierT qveyanaSi genderis kvlav miniWebas winapi-robad uZRvis iseTi procedurebi, rogoricaa Seuqceva-di sterilizacia, hormonuli Terapia, winaswari qirurgi-uli procedurebi da zogjer imis dasturic, rom adami-ans SeuZlia Tavisi genderis socialur rolSi didi xnisganmavSlobaSi cxovreba. memorandumSi aRniSnulia, romarseboben adamianebi, romelTaTvis hormonuli an qirur-giuli procedurebis gavla janmrTelobis gamo SeuZle-belia. Sesabamisad, saWiroa araTanazomieri moTxovnebi ga-daixedos da Seicvalos.82

sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebaSi mimoxilulia adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtika, romleb-Sic ganxilulia is sirTuleebi, romlebsac transgenderiadamianebi awydebian piradobis damadasturebeli doku-mentebisa Tu dabadebis mowmobebSi, sqesis Canaweris Sec-vlis SeuZleblobis gamo.

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxalxo damcvelma mi-uTiTa, rom sasamarTloSi mosarCeles unda eCvenebina,rom dabadebis mowmobaSi sqesis Canaweris Secvlis ufle-biT sargeblobisTvis, anatomiuri sqesis Secvlis opera-ciis cnobis wardgenis moTxovna iyo gaumarTlebeli daamgvari moTxovnis gamo, misTvis praqtikulad, SeuZlebe-li xdeboda sqesis Canaweris Secvlis uflebiT sargeblo-ba. amasTan, mas unda daemtkicebina is faqtic, rom sqesisSecvlis SeuZleblobis gamo irRveoda misi piradi cxov-

81 evropis ministrTa sabWos komitetis rekomendacia wevri sa-xelmwifoebisTvis `seqsualuri orientaciis da genderuliidentobis safuZvelze diskriminaciasTan brZolis zomebisSesaxeb~ _ CM/REC (2010) 5. pun. 20, pun.35.

82 evropis ministrTa sabWos komitetis rekomendacia wevri sa-xelmwifoebisTvis `seqsualuri orientaciis da genderuliidentobis safuZvelze diskriminaciasTan brZolis zomebisSesaxeb~ _ CM/REC (2010) 5 ganmartebiTi memorandum pun. 20-21.

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rebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba. xolo mopasuxe mxares kiunda daemtkicebina, rom transgender pirTaTvis dabade-bis mowmobaSi sqesis Secvlis Setanis safuZvlad anato-miuri sqesis Secvlis dokumentis wardgena emsaxurebo-da kanonier mizans da rom piradi cxovrebis sferoSi Ca-revis amgvari forma iyo gamarTlebuli.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: mocemul saqmeSi sasamar-Tlom ar gaiziara saxalxo damcvelis sasamarTlos megob-ris mosazreba da aRniSna, rom `mosarCelis mizani _ misiTviTSegrZnebidan _ genderuli identobidan gamomdina-re, Secvalos misi sqesis aRmniSvneli, samoqalaqo aqtisCanawerSi miTiTebuli monacemebi realurad miRwevadia,misi Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli sa-medicino, operaciuli Carevis gziT.

amrigad, adamianis saidentifikacio monacemebSi sqesisaRmniSvneli informaciis Secvlis moTxovna mxolod ma-Sin iqneba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-16, me-17 da me-20 muxlebiT, agreTve adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Ta-visuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxliTgaTvaliswinebuli uflebebiT daculi sferos dacvisRirsi obieqti, rodesac aseT moTxovnas piris biologi-ur-fiziologiuri mdgomareobis _ sqesis Taobaze namdvi-li, Sesabamisi faqtobrivi garemoeba udevs safuZvlad.

sasamarTlo miuTiTebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sa-samarTlos precedentul samarTalze, sadac aRniSnulia,rom pirebs, romlebsac operaciulad ar SeucvliaT sqesikonvenciis me-8 muxls ver daeyrdnobian maT sqesTan da-kavSirebuli saidentifikacio monacemebis cvlilebismoTxovnisas. magaliTisTvis, saqmeze _ hamalainini (Hama-lainen) fineTis winaaRmdeg (ganacxadi #37359/09, 2014 wlis16 ivlisi) adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlomganmarta (punqti 58-e da 59-e), rom ganmcxadebelma scadasakuTari saidentifikacio nomris Secvla mamrobiTidanmdedrobiTze, radganac qirurgiuli Carevis Sedegad mam-robiTi sqesis mdedrobiTze Secvlis Sedegad, misi mam-robiTi sqesis saidentifikacio nomeri aRar Seesabamebo-da arsebul realobas. sasamarTlom mraval saqmeze daad-

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gina, rom post-operaciul transseqsualebs SeuZliaT am-tkicon, rom arian konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswine-buli piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis uflebis darRvevismsxverplebi, maTi sqesis samarTlebrivi aRiarebis ar ar-sebobis safuZvliT (granti gaerTianebuli samefos wina-aRmdeg (Grant v. the United Kingdom), #32570, § 40, ECHR 2006-VII; da l. litvis winaaRmdeg (L. v. Lithuania), #27527/03, §59, ECHR2007-IV).

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo mivida imdaskvnamde, rom mopasuxe _ ssip saxelmwifo servisebisganviTarebis saagentos Tbilisis samoqalaqo reestrissamsaxuris uari samoqalaqo aqtis CanawerSi mosarCelissqesis Sesaxeb monacemis Secvlaze im pirobebSi, rodesacmisi biologiur-fiziologiuri mocemuleoba _ sqesi arSeesabameba mis mier moTxovnil sqesis aRmniSvnel mona-cems, srul SesabamisobaSia saqarTvelos konstitucias-Tan, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dac-vis evropul konvenciasTan, ̀ samoqalaqo aqtebis Sesaxeb~saqarTvelos kanonTan, saqarTvelos zogad administra-ciul kodeqsTan an sxva sakanonmdeblo, Tu kanonqvemde-bare normatiul aqtebTan, ris gamoc mosarCelis sarCeliusafuZvloa da ar unda dakmayofildes.

stiqiis Sedegad dazaralebuli mewarmeebisTvisfuladi kompensaciis gacemis sakiTxi

saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi: erT-erT saqmeSi83 mo-sarCeleebi q.Tbilisis municipalitetis meriis qonebismarTvis saagentos edavebodnen, stiqiuri ubedurebis Se-degad miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebas. kerZod, 2015wlis 13-14 ivniss momxdari stiqiis Sedegad, dazianda maTsakuTrebaSi arsebuli saojaxo biznesi `vulkanizacia~,romlis konstruqciac srulad dazianda, ris Sedegadac,mosarCeleebs miadgaT mniSvnelovani ziani.

83 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 23 martisgadawyvetileba, saqme #3/7948-16.

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aRniSnul saqmeze kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli Se-saZleblobiT isargebla saqarTvelos moqalaqem, T.g-m dasaqmis ganmxilvel mosamarTles warudgina sasamarTlosmegobris mosazreba (Amicus Curiae).

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: moqalaqe T.g-m sasa-marTlos miuTiTa, rom biznesi iseTive sakuTrebaa, ro-gorc adamianis sacxovrebeli saxli, avtomanqana, avejiTu sxvadasxva samomxmareblo nivTebi, romelic man SeiZi-na da stiqiis Sedegad dakarga. moqalaqis SefasebiT, mTav-robam dauSva anazRaurebis precedenti da konkretulSemTxvevebSi aanazRaura dauzRveveli qoneba, stiqiisgandazianebuli avtomanqanebi da gasca kompensaciebi. Sesa-bamisad, sasamarTloSi warmodgenili mosazrebis mixed-viT, saxelmwifo ar axdenda stiqiis zonaSi moxvedrilimosaxleobis zianis anazRaurebas Tanasworobis princi-pis dacviT.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: aRniSnul saqmeSi sasamar-Tlom gaiziara fizikuri piris mier warmodgenili sasa-marTlos megobris mosazreba da Tbilisis municipalite-tis meriis ssip qonebis marTvis saagentos daakisra mo-sarCeleebis sasargeblod kompensaciis gacema.

sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi mosar-CelisTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis samarTlebrivsafuZvlad ver ganixileboda saqarTvelos konstituci-is 42-e muxlis me-9 punqti, vinaidan ar arsebobda am kon-stituciuri normis gamoyenebis umTavresi elementi _ mi-zezobrivi kavSiri damdgar ziansa da mopasuxis qmedebasSoris. kerZod, mosarCeleebis qonebis dazianebis mizeziar gamxdara mopasuxisa Tu sxva saxelmwifo organos mar-TlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba. sasamarTlom aqve ganmarta,rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi regulaciebiar akisrebs saxelmwifos valdebulebas uzrunvelyosstiqiis Sedegad miyenebuli materialuri zianis anazRa-ureba mosaxleobisTvis. aRniSnuli saxis qmedeba warmo-adgens saxelmwifos keTil nebas. Tumca, saxelmwifos eva-leba gamovlenili neba gaavrcelos pirebze yovelgvaridiskriminaciis gareSe. saxelmwifos xelT arsebuli re-

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sursi ar unda miekuTvnos konkretul jgufs diskrimina-ciulad, amisaTvis saTanado gamarTlebis gareSe. sasamar-Tlom aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos konstitucia warmoad-gens pirTa diskriminaciisagan dacvis garants.

gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone ga-remoebas warmoadgens dadgindes mopasuxis mier stiqiiTdazaralebul pirTa diferenciacias amarTlebs Tu aramaT Soris arsebuli uTanasworoba, gansxvavebul mopyro-bas daqvemdebarebuli jgufebi arian Tu ara gansxvavebulmdgomareobaSi, xolo analogiur mopyrobas daqvemdeba-rebuli jgufebi _ analogiur mdgomareobaSi. amdenad, un-da Sedardes im pirTa jgufi, romlebic daeqvemdebarnenkompesirebas da jgufebi romelTac uari eTqvaT.

dadgenilia, rom saxelmwifos mier gacemul iqna kompen-saciebi stiqiiT dazaralebul pirTa mimarT visac gaunad-gurdaT sacxovrebeli, daqiravebul farTSi ganTavsebu-li moZravi qoneba da aseve moZravi qoneba avtomanqanebissaxiT, xolo kompensaciiT ar iqna dakmayofilebuli pire-bi (konkretul SemTxvevaSi mosarCeleebi), romelTac ga-aCndaT sawarmo stiqiis mimdebare teritoriaze, sadacganTavsebuli iyo mTeli rigi moZravi qoneba, romelic ga-nadgurebul iqna.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom sacxov-rebeli saxlis, daqiravebul farTSi arsebuli qonebis daavtomanqanis mesakuTreebi, aseve, sawarmos mepatroneni,warmoadgenen analogiur mdgomareobaSi myof pirebs, vi-naidan maT gaunadgurdaT qoneba da aqvT analogiuri in-teresi ainazRauron miyenebuli ziani. dasaxelebul jgu-febs erTgvarad aqvT survili da molodini maszed, romstiqiis Sedegad ganadgurebuli sakuTrebis obieqtebi iq-neba kompensirebuli saxelmwifos mier gamovlenili ke-Tili nebis SemTxvevaSi. sasamarTlo ver gaiziarebs mopa-suxe mxaris ganmartebas maszed, rom kompensaciis gace-mis erTaderT mizans warmoadgenda pirTa sacxovrisiT uz-runvelyofa, vinaidan rogorc sakrebulos mier miRebu-li wesi, aseve, administraciuli organos warmomadgenlismier dadasturebuli garemoeba miuTiTebs maszed, rom

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kompensacias daeqvemdebara ara mxolod is pirebi visacgaunadgurda sacxovrebeli farTi da moxda maTi sacxov-risiT uzrunvelyofa, aramed moZravi qonebis mesakuT-reebic, maT Soris avtomanqanebis mesakuTreebic daeqvem-debarnen kompensirebas, rac erTmniSnvelovnad gamoric-xavs saxelmwifos nebas uzrunveleyo pirebi mxolod sac-xovrebliT, romlebsac gaunadgurda igi stiqiis Sedegad.amdenad, sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom mosarCeleebi, romel-Tac gaaCndaT sawarmo stiqiis mimdebare teritoriaze war-moadgenen analogiur mdgomareobaSi myof pirebs, im pi-rebTan mimarTebiT vinc daeqvemdebara kompensirebas. xo-lo saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielda mosarCeleTa mimarTgansxvavebuli mopyroba _ ar iqna dakmayofilebuli kom-pensaciiT. mopasuxis mier miTiTebuli pozicia _ pirTamxolod sacxovrisiT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, arsebulifaqtobrivi garemoebebis pirobebSi, ar iqna sarwmunodmiCneuli, Sesabamisad gansxvavebuli mopyroba ar aris ga-marTlebuli saTanado garemoebebiT. aRniSnulidan gamom-dinare, sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom mosarCeleebs usafuZ-vlod eTqvaT uari stiqiis Sedegad ganadgurebuli/dazi-anebuli qonebis kompensaciisgan.

SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa mierparkirebis specialuri sadgomiT sargeblobisuflebasTan dakaviSirebiT

saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi: erT-erT saqmeSi84, mo-sarCele, romelic iyo SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqonepiri, davobda, rom mis mimarT adgili hqonda parkirebisspecialuri sadgomiT sargeblobisas diskriminaciulxelSeSlas. kerZod, a.a-m kuTvnili avtomobili gaaCeraSezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa sadgomze, ga-Cerebis motivacias ki warmoadgenda is faqti, rom aRniS-nuli piri im momentSi emsaxureboda mkveTrad gamoxatu-li SesaZleblobis mqone pirs (mosarCeles), romlisTvi-sac gankuTvnilia specialuri sadgomi. imisaTvis, rom Sps

84 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 12 ivlisis gadawyve-tileba, saqme #3/9633-15.

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`si-Ti parkis~ uflebamosili piris mxridan identifici-rebadi yofiliyo aRniSnul sagdomze parkirebis motivi,mosarCelem avtomobilis wina saqare minaze ganaTavsa Sro-mis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros Se-sabamisi uflebamosili uwyebis mier gacemuli SezRudu-li SesaZleblobis flobis damadasturebeli mowmoba.avtomobilis gaCerebidan 33 wuTSi Sps ̀ si-Ti parkis~ uf-lebamosilma pirma, saqarTvelos administraciul samar-TaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis 125(2) muxlis me-6 nawilis sa-fuZvelze, mosarCelis warmomadgenlis kuTvnil avtomo-bilze gamowera sajarimo qviTari da avtomobili gadaiy-vana specialur sadgomze.

mosarCeleebi iTxovdnen, sasamarTlos baTilad ecno q.Tbilisis sakrebulos 2007 wlis 3 agvistos #9-48 gadaw-yvetilebis me-9 muxlis pirveli, me-3, me-5, me-6, me-7, me-8da me-11 punqtis ̀ g~ qvepunti da davaleboda q. Tbilisissakrebulos moexdina davis sagnis imgvarad regulireba,romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda moyvanili saqarTveloskonstituciasTan, saqarTvelos kanonTan ̀ sagzao moZra-obis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos kanonTan ̀ SezRuduli SesaZ-leblobis mqone pirTa socialuri dacvis Sesaxeb~ da gae-ros ̀ SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebisSesaxeb~ konvenciasTan.

saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelma isargebla saqarTveloskanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli uflebamosilebiT da saqmisganmxilvel mosamarTles warudgina sasamarTlos megob-ris mosazreba (Amicus Curiae)85.

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: saxalxo damcvelmaaRniSna, rom arsebuli regulacia srulad ver asaxavs ̀ Sez-Ruduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~gaerTianebuli erebis konvenciis suliskveTebas, sadaccalsaxad aris aRniSnuli saxelmwifos valdebulebebi SSmpirebis mimarT, rac gulisxmobs ara mxolod SSm pirebis-

85 saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2016 wlis 12 aprilissasamarTlos megobris mosazreba (#12-2/3367)ix. http://www.ombudsman.ge/uploads/other/3/3567.pdf.

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Tvis satransporto da infrastruqturuli nagebobisadaptirebas, aramed garemosa da momsaxurebis imgvaradmowyobas, rom srulyofilad moxdes maTi saWiroebebisgaTvaliswineba da dakmayofileba.

1998 wlidan evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi moqmedebsrekomendacia86 (ganaxlda 2008 wels)87, romlis mizania ga-aumjobesos SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebisgadaadgileba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac SSm piri ga-daadgildeba erTi qveynidan meoreSi, da aZlevs maT Se-saZleblobas isargeblon keTilmowyobili avtosadgome-biT, romlebic gankuTvnilia SSm pirebisaTvis. damatebiT,sacnobi baraTi xdis ufro iols, raTa policiam da ufle-bamosilma pirebma advilad SesZlon amocnoba aseTi pire-bis transportis, miuxedavad imisa Tu romeli qveynidanaris is, Sesabamisad aRniSnuli aRmofxvris aramiznobrivsanqciebsa da jarimebs ̀ araswori parkirebisaTvis~. reko-mendaciis mixedviT sacnobi baraTis individualuri in-formacia ivseba ukana mxares da ara wina, rac uzrunvel-yofs piradi informaciis dacvas.

evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebi pasuxismgeblebi ariansacnobi baraTis gacemaze, da amasTan, maT kompetenciasganekuTvneba specialuri parkirebis adgilebiT mosargeb-le pirTa wris gansazRvra da sacnobi baraTis gacemis pro-cedurebis dadgena. garda evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwi-foebisa aRniSnul rekomendacias iziarebs avstralia, ka-nada, iaponia, samxreT korea, axali zelandia da amerikisSeerTebuli Statebi, sadac SezRuduli SesaZleblobe-bis mqone pirebi specialuri parkirebis adgilas TanabariSesaZleblobebiT sargebloben.88

saxalxo damcvelis SefasebiT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli sa-

86 Council Recommendation of 4 June 1998 on a parking card for people withdisabilities (98/376/EC): OJ L167, 17.06.98, ix. http://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?qid=1414140554962&uri=CELEX:31998H0376.

87 Council Recommendation of 3 March 2008 (2008/205/EC), ix. http://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32008H0205.

88 ix. http://fmcfsme.com/disability_parking_permits.php.

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marTlebrivi regulaciebi ar pasuxobs ̀ SezRuduli SesaZ-leblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ gaeros kon-venciis moTxovnebs da SSm pirTa saWiroebebs. Sesabami-sad, vinaidan specialuri sadgomiT sargebloba unda Se-eZloT ara mxolod uSualod SSm pirebs sakuTari avtomo-biliT, aramed es sadgomebi unda iyos gamoyofili SSm pi-rebis saWiroebisTvis. saxalxo damcvelma sasamarTlosmouwoda sarCelis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetilebis miRe-bis procesSi exelmZRvanela aRniSnuli konvenciis cal-keuli debulebebis suliskveTebiT, evrokavSiris damsoflio ganviTarebul qveynebSi aRiarebuli, aprobire-buli da damkvidrebuli praqtikiT.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: aRniSnul saqmeSi gadaw-yvetilebis miRebisas sasamarTlom gaiziara saxalxo dam-cvelis mier warmodgenili sasamarTlos mosazreba.

sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom ̀ sadavo normebi aucilebel pi-robad moiazrebs avtosatransporto saSualebis sakuT-rebaSi arsebobas. sadavo normebi gansazRvravs sacnobiniSnis aRebis procedurebs, misi gamoyenebis vadas dawess, romlis darRvevis SemTxvevaSic konkretuli sac-nobi niSniT sargebloba ver ganxorcieldeba. aRniSnuliki miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom specialuri regulacie-bi, romliT sargeblobac SesaZlebelia mxolod sacnobiniSnis safuZvelze, ver gavrceldeba im pirTa mimarT, vi-sac sakuTrebaSi ar gaaCniaT satransporto saSualebebi,rac Sedegobrivad gamoiwvevs kanoniT dadgenili ufle-biT sargeblobis SezRudvas. zemoaRniSnuli sadavo nor-mebi calsaxad miuTiTeben, rom qalaqis teritoriaze ga-moyofili specialuri sadgomi adgiliT sargeblobis uf-leba gaaCniaT, mxolod sacnobi niSnis mqone pirebs, xoloamave normebis Tanaxmad, sacnobi niSnis gacema gaTvalis-winebulia mxolod im SSm pirebze, romelTac sakuTrebaSihyavT satransporto saSualebebi. amdenad, SSm pirebs, ro-melTac sakuTrebaSi ar gaaCniaT satransporto saSuale-bebi, arsebuli kanonmdeblobida gamomdinare, moklebul-ni arian SesaZleblobas isargeblon SSm pirTaTvis gankuT-vnili specialuri sadgomi adgiliT. sasamarTlos miaCnia,rom miTiTebuli aqti gansxvavebul samarTlebriv regu-

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laciebSi ayenebs erTidaigive mdgomareobisa da saWiroe-bis mqone pirebs~.

sasamarTlom ixelmZRvanela ̀ SezRuduli SesaZleblobismqone pirTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ gaeros konvenciiTa dasaqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, romelTa safuZvelzec ba-Tilad cno ̀ qalaq Tbilisis teritoriaze avtosantran-sporto saSualebebis parkirebis regulirebis Sesaxeb~q.Tbilisis sakrebulos 2007 wlis 3 agvistos #9-48 gadaw-yvetilebis me-9 muxlis pirveli, me-3, me-5, me-6, me-7, me-8da me-11 punqtis ̀ g~ qvepunti, aseve, aRniSnuli gadawyve-tilebiT q. Tbilisis sakrebulos daevala davis sagnis im-gvarad regulireba, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda moy-vanili saqarTvelos konstituciasTan, saqarTvelos ka-nonTan `sagzao moZraobis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos kanon-Tan `sagzao moZraobis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos kanonTan`SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa socialuri dac-vis Sesaxeb~ da gaeros ̀ SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqonepirTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ konvenciasTan.

2.3. sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze warmodgenilisasamarTlos megobris mosazrebebis analizi

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlissaqmeTa kolegiam 89 ganixila saqme 90, romelSic bral-debuls brali edeboda saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-Tlis kodeqsis 108-e muxliT (mkvleloba) gaTvaliswi-nebuli qmedebis CadenisTvis.

sisxlis samarTlis saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi: 2016wlis 14 oqtombers braldebuli (g.m.) mivida mis nacnob z.S-sTan, romelsac icnobda penitenciur dawesebulebaSi sas-jelis moxdis periodidan, misi megobari qalbatonis m.z-s(romlisganac elodeboda Svils) da dazaralebuls Soris

89 dReis mdgomaroebiT _ sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa sagamoZiebo,winasasamarTlo sxdomisa da arsebiTi ganxilvis kolegia.

90 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 3 Tebervlis ganaCeni,saqme #1/5654-16.

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arsebuli konfliqturi situaciis garkvevisa da mogvare-bis mizniT.

Sexvedrisas z.S. imyofeboda nasvam mdgomareobaSi. bral-debulma da dazaralebulma erTadac miiRes alkoholu-ri sasmeli, ra drosac g.m-m uTxra z.S-s, rom m.z-sTvis da-enebebina Tavi da mieca Tbilisis erT-erTi quCis mimdeba-re teritoriaze seqs-muSakad muSaobis saSualeba. aRniS-nul naTqvamze, z.S. gaxda agresiuli da braldebuls mi-marTa misTvis Seuracxmyofeli sityvebiT da moaxdina mi-si sasqeso organos demonstrireba.

aRniSnulze ganawyenebulma, aseve nasvam mdgomareobaSimyofma braldebulma dazaralebuls Tavis areSi CaartyasamSeneblo betonis fila da ganzrax mokvlis mizniT, iq-ve arsebuli samzareulos dana ramodenimejer daartyayelis areSi, Tumca z.S. jer kidev sunTqavda da moZraob-da. brladebulma ganzraxvis sisruleSi moyvanis mizniT,ukve meored, Tavze gadaamtvria betonis fila, ris Sem-degac z.S-m Sewyvita moZraoba, xolo braldebuli miima-la SemTxvevis adgilidan.

2016 wlis 22 noembers braldebulis mier miyenebuli da-zianebebis Sedegad z.S. gardaicvala saavadmyofoSi.

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: sasamarTlo megobrismosazrebaSi adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monito-ringis centrma (EMC) aRniSna, rom gansaxilvel saqmezebraldebulisa da dazaralebulis gansxvavebuli idento-ba, Zaladobrivi qmedebis fonze, rodesac konkretuli mo-tivi araidentificirebulia, SesaZloa iyos maniSnebeli,rom danaSauli Cadenilia siZulvilis motiviT. z.S. tran-sgenderi adamiani iyo, xolo braldebuli sisgender kacswarmoadgens (dabadebisas misTvis miniWebuli biologiu-ri sqesi SesabamisobaSia mis genderul TviTaRqmasTan), Se-sabamisad, maTi identobebi gansxvavdeba, rac pirveli dasakmarisi niSania, danaSaulis transfobiur motivze eW-vis warmosaSobad.

danaSaulis diskriminaciul, Seuwynareblobis motivze

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mimaniSnebeli aseve aris danaSaulis sisastike. ganxor-cielebul qmedebaSi naTelia, rom gardacvlilma z.S-msxeulis mravlobiTi da arsebiTad mZime dazianebebi mi-iRo saxisa da yelis areSi, ris Semdegac is erTi Tvis ko-maSi yofnis Semdeg gardaicvala, Sesabamisad naTelia,rom aRniSnuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba transgenderiqalis mimarT sisastikis gamovlinebiT ganxorcielda. eu-Tos demokratiuli institutebisa da adamianis ufleba-Ta ofisis (OSCE/ODIHR) saxelmZRvanelo dokumentis mi-xedviT, Zaladobriv danaSaulebSi, rodesac sxva ufroaSkara motivis identificireba pirvelad etapze verxerxdeba da rodesac msxverplsa da savaraudo damnaSa-ves gansxvavebuli identoba aqvT, danaSaulis simZime damisi sisastike, warmoagdens Zlier indikators, imis mi-saniSneblad, rom danaSauli Seuwynareblobis motiviTiqna Cadenili. im adamianTa dehumanizebisa da RirsebisSelaxvis mizniT, romelTa winaaRmdegac savaraudo dam-naSave flobs negatiur winaswarganwyobebs, danaSaulisswored eqstremalur da arsebiTad sastik formas SesaZ-loa hqondes adgili. aRniSnul koteqstSi, sisastikis ga-movlineba transgenderi piris mimarT, SesaZloa niSnav-des misi, rogorc arasrulfasovan, daqvemdebarebul su-bieqtad aRqmas, romlis sicocxle da janmrTeloba sa-marTliT dacul sikeTed ar aRiqmeba, Sesabamisad, SesaZ-lebelia, rom braldebuls msgavs faqtobriv moculoba-Si sxva subieqtis mimarT igive sisastike an/da marTlwes-rigis am masStabiT darRveva arc gamoeCina.

arasamTavrobo organizaciam aseve aRniSna, rom bralde-bulsa da dazaralebuls Soris danaSaulamde arsebuliurTierToba/nacnoboba ar gamoricxavs, danaSaulis dis-kriminaciuli motiviT Cadenas. motivi da winaswarganwyo-ba kompleqsuri fenomenia da cxadia, zedapirul donezearsebuli urTierToba ar gulisxmobs piris identobis mi-marT mimReblobisa da Semwynareblobis avtomatur arse-bobas. aRniSnuls adasturebs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ganxor-cielebuli kvlevebic, romlebic marTalia aCvenebs, romsiZulviliT motivirebul danaSaulTa didi raodenobaquCaSi, sajaro sivrceebSi, erTi an ramdenime ucnobi ka-

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cis mier xorcieldeba, Tumca lgbt Temis wevrebi eqvem-debarebian sxvadasxva saxis danaSaulebs aramxolod qu-CaSi, aramed skolebSi, maT sacxovrebel ubnebSi, samuSaoadgilasa da ojaxSic ki, rac kidev erTxel naTels xdis,rom isini yvela sivrceSi xdebian Zaladobis riskis qveS,gansakuTrebiT maSin, rogroc ki maTi identoba xdeba xil-vadi. Sesabamisad arasworia imis mtkiceba, rom amgvar da-naSaulebSi msxverpli da damnaSave yovelTvis ucxoni ari-an erTmaneTisTvis. amasTan, saqmeSi arsebuli sxva moti-vis, Tundac angareba Tu sxva Sinaarsis piradi konfliqtiar aris sakmarisi safuZveli sxva motivis arsebobaze eW-vis gasaqarwyleblad, swored aRniSnuls uTiTebs OSCE/ODIHR-is saxelmZRvanelo dokumentebi, romelTa mixed-viT, Sereuli motivebis (ori an orze meti motivis) arse-boba saqmeSi, ar gamoricxavs saqmeSi homofobiuri an/datransfobiuri motivis arsebobas.

evrosabWos rekomendaciis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebma un-da uzrunvelyon msxverplis seqsualuri orientaciisa dagenderuli identobis safuZvelze Cadenili savaraudodanaSaulis SemTxvevebisa da sxva incidentebis dros efeq-turi, swrafi, da miukerZoebeli gamoZieba.

evrosasamarTlom mis araerT gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSna,rom saxelmwifos mier saqmis gamoZiebis an sasjelis da-kisrebisas diskriminaciuli motivis yuradRebis miRma da-toveba SeiZleba warmoadgendes arapirdapir diskrimina-cias. saqmeSi Angelova and Iliev v. Bulgaria91 sasamarTlom miu-TiTa, rom `saxelmwifos aqvs zogadi valdebuleba, kon-venciis me-2 muxlis92 farglebSi, ganaxorcielos efeqti-ani gamoZieba sicocxlis uflebis darRvevis saqmeebSi,romelic unda warimarTos diskriminaciis gareSe, rogorcamas moiTxovs konvenciis me-14 muxli93. amasTan, Zaladob-

91 Angelova and Iliev v. Bulgaria, #55523/00, 2007 wlis 26 ivlisi, §115. aseve,Nachova and Other v. Bulgaria, #43577/98, 2005 wlis 6 ivlisi, §160.

92 adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konven-ciis me-2 muxli Seexeba sicocxlis uflebas.

93 adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konven-ciis me-14 muxli Seexeba diskriminaciiis akrZalvas.

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rivi incidentis gamoZiebisas xelisuflebas aqvs damate-biTi valdebuleba, miiRos yvela gonivruli nabiji, raTagamoaaSkaraos nebismieri [rasistuli] motivi da daadgi-nos, Tu ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli, [eTnikur] siZulvilsan crurwmenas eTamaSa roli aRniSnul movlenebSi. [...] sa-xelmwifos mier rasobrivi motiviT gamowveuli Zalado-bisa da sisastikisadmi imgvari mopyroba, rogorc moepyro-boda [rasistuli] elferis armqone danaSauls, warmoad-gens fundamentur uflebaTa gansakuTrebiT damangreve-li qmedebebis specifikur bunebaze Tvalis daxuWvas. ise-Ti situaciebi, romlebic aris arsebiTad gansxvavebule-bi, xolo saxelmwifo ganicdis marcxs maT gansxvavebaSi,SesaZloa Seicavdes konvenciis me-14 muxlTan SeuTavse-bel dausabuTebel mopyrobas.

saqmeSi, Identoba and Others v. Georgia94, evrosasamarTlom mi-uTiTa, rom xelisuflebis valdebuleba, Tavidan aiciloskerZo pirebis mier siZulviliT motivirebuli Zaladoba(iseve, rogorc gamoiZios diskriminaciul motivsa da Za-ladobis aqts Soris SesaZlo kavSiri), SeiZleba moeqceskonvenciis me-3 muxlis95 procedurul aspeqtSi, magramaseve SeiZleba, miCneuli iyos me-14 muxliT gaTvaliswi-nebul xelisuflebis pozitiur valdebulebad _ diskri-minaciis gareSe uzrunvelyos me-3 muxliT daculi fun-damenturi ufleba. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom saqarTve-los `erovnuli sisxlis samarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobapirdapir miuTiTebs, rom diskriminacia seqsualuri ori-entaciisa da genderuli identobis niSniT unda warmoad-gendes damamZimebel garemoebas danaSaulisaTvis. sasa-marTlo askvnis, rom arsebiTad mniSvnelovani iyo gamo-Ziebis warmoeba swored am specifikur konteqstSi, raTasaxelmwifos mieRo yvela gonivruli zoma im mizniT, romgamoeaSkaravebina savaraudo homofobiuri motivebis ro-li aRniSnul incidentebSi~.

garda aRniSnulisa, evrosasamarTlom mis erT-erT gadaw-

94 Identoba and Others v. Georgia, #73235/12, 2015 wlis 12 maisi, §63, §77.95 adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis

konvenciis me-3 muxli Seexeba wamebis akrZalvas.

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yvetilebaSi M.C. and A.C v. Romania96, romelic 2007 welsbuqarestSi gei-paradisas ganxorcielebul Zaladobas exe-boda, sasamarTlom saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebule-bebis ganxilvisas aRniSna, rom `imisTvis, rom gamoZieba`efeqturad~ miiCneodes, principulad mniSvnelovania sa-xelmwifos SeeZlos faqtebis sruli sizustiT dadgena dadamnaSave pirTa identifikacia da dasja. aRniSnuli war-moadgens ara valdebulebas misaRwevi Sedegis mimarT, ara-med gonivruli zoma, raTa moepovebina da daecva yvelarelevanturi mtkicebuleba. gamoZiebisas arsebuli defi-citi, romelmac SezRuda zianis mizezebisa da pasuxismge-bel pirTa identificirebis SesaZlebloba warmoadgensaRniSnuli standartidan gadaxvevasa da droulobisa dagonivrulobis principis darRvevas~. sasamarTlom dama-tebiT aRniSna, rom diskriminaciuli motivis gamosakve-TaT, saxelmwifos unda mieRo erovnul kanonmdeblobaSiarsebuli yvela saSualeba, raTa aRniSnuli qmedeba ar iq-nas ganxiluli im danaSaulebis msgavsad, romelsac amgva-ri motivi ar aqvs.

adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis centri(EMC) miiCnevs, rom sasamarTlom saTanado yuradReba un-da dauTmos mocemul saqmeSi arsebul SesaZlo siZulvi-lis motivs da saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis53-e muxlis me-31 nawili gaiTvaliswinos sisxlis samarTlispasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis dros.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: Tav-dapirvelad unda iTqvas, rom sasamarTlom ar gaiziaraadamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis centris(EMC) mier wardgenili sasamarTlo megobris (Amicus Curi-ae) mosazreba. Zaladobrivi qmedebis fonze, sasamarTlosganaCenSi ar umsjelia braldebulisa da dazaralebulisgansxvavebuli identobis Sesaxeb.

sasamarTlom braldebuli damnaSaved cno saqarTvelossisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 108-e muxliT gaTvaliswine-buli danaSaulis CadenisaTvis. sasamarTlom sasjelis da-

96 M.C. and A.C v. Romania, 2016 wlis 12 aprili, §111, §114.

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niSvnis dros gaiTvaliwina braldebulis pasuxismgeblo-bis damamZimebeli garemoeba kerZod, ̀ man pirobiTi msjav-ris qveS myofma Caidina danaSauli da es maSin, roca kon-trols mis yofaqcevaze axorcielebda probaciis samsa-xuri~, Tumca sasamarTlos ar umsjelia saqarTvelos ssk-is 53-e muxlis me-31 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli romelimeniSniT Seuwynareblobis motivis arseboba/ararsebobaze.winamdebare saqmeze, sasamarTlom danaSaulis motivTandakavSirebiT ganmarta, rom ̀ igi mravalferovania da Se-saZlebelia aRmocendes magaliTad: SurisZiebis, eWviano-bis, Selaparakebis niadagze~.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlissaqmeTa sagamoZiebo, winasasamarTlo sxdomisa da ar-sebiTi ganxilvis kolegiam ganixila saqme,97 romelSicbraldebuls brali edeboda saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis 373-e muxlis me-3 nawilis ̀ a~ qvepun-tiTa (danaSaulis Sesaxeb cru dasmena, romelsac er-Tvis braldeba mZime danaSaulSi, Cadenili piradi mo-tiviT) da saqarTvelos ssk-s 370-e muxlis me-2 nawiliT(mowmis mier cru Cvenebis micema, romelsac erTvisbraldeba mZime danaSaulSi _ 2016 wlis 20 Tebervlam-de moqmedi redaqcia) gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Ca-denisTvis.

sisxlis samarTlis saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi: 2015wlis 8 ivniss g.o-s waredgina braldebis Sesaxeb dadgeni-leba, romlis mixedviTac, 2014 wlis 22 seqtembers saqar-Tvelos sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis saministrossasjelaRsrulebis departamentis Tavjdomaris brZane-bis Sesabamisad, q.TbilisSi mdebare sasjelaRsrulebisdepartamentis #8 dawesebulebaSi moTavsebuli patima-ri g.o. gadayvanil iqna q.baTumSi mdebare sasjelaRsru-lebis departamentis #3 dawesebulebaSi.

97 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 10 noembris ganaCeni,saqme #1/3447-15.

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amave dadgenilebidan irkveva, rom g.o-sTvis miuRebeliaRmoCnda q.baTumSi ganTavsebul dawesebulebaSi gaday-vana da sasjelaRsrulebis departamentis #3 dawesebu-lebaSi Sesaxlebisas, daemuqra dawesebulebis TanamSrom-lebs, rom Tu ar daabrunebdnen q.TbilisSi, miiyenebdaTviTdazianebebs, riTic saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelsdaarwmunebda, rom iyo dawesebulebis mxridan wamebismsxverpli.

braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, 2014 wlis22 seqtembers sasjelaRsrulebis departamentis #3 da-wesebulebaSi Sesaxlebis Semdgom, g.o. miiyena TviTdazi-anebebi. amis Semdeg, man saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelisrwmunebulTan gasaubrebisas, piradi motiviT, sasjelaR-srulebis departamentis #8 dawesebulebaSi dabrunebismizniT, am ukanasknels miawoda cru informacia, TiTqosmis mimarT sasjelaRsrulebis departamentis #3 dawese-bulebis TanamSromlis _ m.m-is sasjelaRsrulebis depar-tamentis sabadrago sammarTvelosa da sasjelaRsrule-bis departamentis #3 dawesebulebis sxva TanamSromle-bis mxridan adgili hqonda mZime danaSaulis Cadenas _ da-mamcirebel da araadamianur mopyrobas. swored aRniSnu-li informacia gaxda sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gamoZie-bis dawyebis safuZveli.

2014 wlis 2 oqtombers sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze mowmissaxiT dakiTxvisas, braldebulma igive ganacxada.

sasamarTlo megobris mosazreba: sasamarTlos megobrismosazrebaSi, saxalxo damcvelma aRniSna, rom saCivrebiswardgenis da ganxilvis efeqturi procedura wamebis pre-venciis sistemis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis mniSvne-lovan xerxemals warmoadgens. wamebis prevenciis evro-puli komiteti Tavis angariSebSi mudmivad usvams xazs ase-Ti proceduris mniSvnelobas da saCivris wardgenis uf-lebiT sargeblobisaTvis represiebisa da sanqciebis da-uSveblobas. kerZod, komiteti aRniSnavs, rom `saCivre-bis ganxilvis efeqturi meqanizmi warmoagdens arasaTa-nado mopyrobisagan dacvis mniSvnelovan garantias daamavdroulad, is zogadad xels uwyobs cixis saTanado

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marTvas~.98 komiteti damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom `kunZulmenze kvlavac moqmedebs cixis TanamSromlis mimarT cru,yalbi saCivris wardgenisTvis disciplinuri sanqcia. ko-miteti SeSfoTebulia im faqtis gamo, rom aseTi sanqciisarsebobam, konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Se-iZleba saCivris wardgenaze xeli aaRebinos im patimrebs,romlebsac namdvilad gaaCniaT saCivris wardgenis safuZ-veli~.99 garda imisa, rom saCivris wardgenis gamo represi-ebis da sanqciebis dawesebis Tavidan acileba aucilebe-lia, saCivris wardgenisa da ganxilvis efeqturi meqaniz-mis CamoyalibebisTvis es sakmarisi ar aris. wamebis pre-venciis evropulma komitetma irlandiasTan mimarTebiTaRniSna, rom umravles patimars ar aqvs ndoba saCivrebissistemis mimarT da ar surT saCivriT mimarTva maSinac,rodesac saubaria arasaTanado mopyrobis faqtebze. mniS-vnelovania, rom patimrebs swamdeT saCivrebis sistemisefeqturobis, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tavs aarideben sa-Civris Setanas, rac daazaralebs saCivrebis sistemis mi-zans.100

saxelmwifo Tavisi pozitiuri valdebulebidan gamomdi-nare, upirveles yovlisa, mizanmimarTuli unda iyos ara-saTanado mopyrobas daqvemdebarebuli pirebis mier sa-Civris dawerisa da ganxilvis efeqtiani sistemis funqci-onirebisaken. ra Tqma unda, sagamoZiebo organos saqmia-nobisaTvis ganzrax xelis SeSla, araswori informaciis mi-wodeba an/da udanaSaulo piris ganzrax cru dasmena, un-da iwvevdes sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismegblobas. Tum-ca, sasjelaRsrulebis an Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxvadawesebulebebSi moTavsebuli pirebis mimarT unda moq-medebdes damcavi garantiebis gansakuTrebuli midgoma.saxelmwifo valdebulia daicvas TavisufebaaRkveTili

98 wamebis prevenciis evropuli komitetis angariSi _ 1997 wlis 8-17 seqtembers gaerTianebul samefoSi da kunZul menze ganxor-cielebuli vizitis Sesaxeb, CPT/Inf (2000), par.151.

99 iqve.100 wamebis prevenciis evropuli komitetis angariSi-2006 wlis 2-

13 oqtombers irlandiaSi ganxorcielebuli vizitis SesaxebCPT/Inf (2007) 40, par.37.

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pirebi, saCivris wardgenis gamo, SesaZlo represiebisaganda uzrunvelyos maTi usafrTxoebis garantiebi.

saxelmwifos mometebuli valdebuleba TavisuflebaSez-Ruduli pirebis mimarT gamomdinareobs am kategoriispirTa maRali riskis Semcveli mdgomareobidan. kerZod,ramdenadac saxelmwifos mier piris Tavisufleba legi-timurad SeizRuda, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis farglebSiam pirTa fizikuri dacva Tavad saxelmwifom ikisra. am pi-robebSi, saxelmwifo pirs aniWebs privilegirebul mdgo-mareobas, raTa misi uflebaSezRuduli mdgomareobidangamomdinare, romelic individs mowyvlad mdgomareoba-Si ayenebs, ar dabrkoldes misi samarTlebrivi interese-bis dacva. damatebiTi damcavi garantiebis miniWeba am ka-tegoriis pirTaTvis aris erTgvari dabalanseba masa da sa-xelmwifos Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis da meoremxriv, gaTanabrebis mcdeloba TavisuflebaSi myofi in-dividis samarTlebriv mdgomareobasTan.

arasaTanado mopyrobis prevenciisa Tu SemdgomSi gamov-lenis mizniT, gansakuTrebuli mniSneloba eniWeba saxal-xo damcvelisa da prevenciis erovnuli meqanizmis gamar-Tul funqcionirebas. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis-Tvis da misi rwmunebulebisTvis miwodebuli informaci-is gamo, patimris mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisdawyeba da pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba konceptualur sa-SiSroebas warmoqmnis sruliad institutis mimarT da amiTkonstituciiT garantirebuli sazogadoebrivi neba, romsaxelmwifom izrunos TavisuflebaSezRudul pirebze,ver aRsruldeba. ufro konkretulad, mocemuli faqti ga-moiwvevs araswor da arsebiTi safrTxis Semcvel praqti-kas, warmoqmnis arasaTanado mopyrobis faqtebis gamov-lenisa da aRkveTis realur safrTxes. aRniSnuli ara mxo-lod saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelisa da saqarTvelossaxalxo damcvelis aparatis srul diskrecias moaxdens,aramed TiTqmis gamoricxavs arasaTanado mopyrobis ak-rZalvis kuTxiT saxelmwifos nakisri valdebulebebisSesrulebis efeqtianobas.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasa-

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marTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom sisxlis samarTlis saq-meze gamoZieba ar iyo yovelmxrivi da srulyofili, aR-niSnul daskvnamde sasamarTlo mivida rigi garemoebebismxedvelobaSi miRebiT, gamoZiebis mier ar iqna Catarebu-li droulad da efeqturad sagamoZiebo da saprocesomoqmedebebi, rac xels Seuwyobda sinamdvilis dadgenas.kerZod, gamoZieba konkretul danaSaulebriv faqtze WeS-maritebis dasadgenad Semoifargla mxolod penitenciu-ri dawesebulebebisa da sabadrago sammarTvelos Tanam-SromelTa dakiTxviT, konkretulad im pirebis dakiTxviT,romelTa umravlesobasac braldebuli g.o. amxelda ada-mianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis ev-ropuli konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevaSi.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeze vi-rabiani somxeTis winaaRmdeg101 arasakmarisad miiCnia mxo-lod ori policielis ganmarteba garkveuli daskvnebis ga-sakeTeblad da daaskvna, rom saxelmwifos TiTqmis ara-feri gaukeTebia sadavo informaciis gadasamowmeblad.aseve, evropulma sasamarTlom saqmeze barabanSikovi ru-seTis winaaRmdeg102 ganmarta, rom saxelmwifos policiisoficerTa Cvenebebis Sefasebisas unda gaeTvaliswinebi-na is garemoeba, rom maTi Cvenebebi SesaZloa yofiliyoTavdacviTi taqtikis matarebeli da miznad hqonoda gan-mcxadeblis Cvenebis sarwmunoobis Seryeva. Sesabamisadsaxelmwifos mxridan adgili hqonda ormagi standartisdadgenas, romliTac ganmcxadeblis Cveneba miCneul iqnasubieqturad, xolo policiis oficerTa Cveneba _ ara.

mocemul SemTxvevebSi marTalia saqme ar gvaqvs policie-lebTan, Tumca igive standartiT saqme gvaqvs sasjelaR-srulebis dawesebulebis da sabadrago sammarTvelos aTo-biT TanamSromelTan. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom gamoZie-bam ar gaiTvaliswina is faqti, rom penitenciuri dawese-bulebis TanamSromlebis Cvenebebi aseve SesaZloa, rom su-bieqturi yofiliyo da savaraudod, miznad isaxavda maTimxridan braldebulis mimarT savaraudo arasaTanado mop-

101 Virabyan v. Armenia, #40094/05, 2012 wlis 2 oqtomberi.102 Barabanshchikov v. Russia, #36220/02, 2009 wlis 8 aprili.

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yrobis gamo sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisgan Ta-vis aridebas. sasamarTlo mivida daskvnamde, rom peniten-ciuri dawesebulebis TanamSromlebis Cvenebebi ar SeiZ-leba gaziarebuli da utyuarad miCneul iqnes yovelgva-ri neitraluri mtkicebulebebis gareSe.

sasamarTlos megobris mosazrebaSi (Amicus Curiae), saxal-xo damcvelma aRniSna, rom wamebisa da arasaTanado mop-yrobis cru braldebebisagan dacvis erT-erT efeqtur sa-Sualebas saTvalTvalo kamerebis Canawerebi warmoadgens,sadac aseTi kamerebi damontaJebulia kanonis Sesabamisad,piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevis gareSe. ase-Ti Canawerebi warmoadgens arsebiTi mniSvnelobis gadam-wyvet mtkicebulebas.103

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom ki ganmarta, rom igi araxdens uSualod diferenciacias Tu visi umoqmedobiT anda dagvianebuli qmedebebiT iqna gamowveuli, rom sisxlissamarTlis saqmeze arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mtkicebulebe-bi (video Canawerebi) rac daexmareboda sasamarTlos yve-la sadavo faqtze WeSmaritebis dadgenaSi ar iqna mopove-buli da ganadgurda. miTumetes, rom sisxlis samarTlissaqmeSi arsebobs saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis araer-Ti werili da mimarTva kompetenturi organoebisadmi, ra-Ta moxdes Sesabamisi video Canawerebis daarqiveba da kon-troli, vinaidan Tavidan iqnes acilebuli SesaZlo dana-Saulis faqtebze mtkicebulebaTa ganadgureba. miuxeda-vad aRniSnulisa gansaxilvel sisxlis samarTlis saqmezeswored rom ver iqna mopovebuli msgavsi tipis mtkicebu-lebebi da aRniSnuli miuTiTebs zogadad problemaze in-stituciaTa Soris kavSirisa da saxelmwifos mxridan pir-Ta uflebebis dacvis kuTxiT prevenciuli RonisZiebebisgatarebisas.

sasamarTlom gaoceba ver damala, Tuki penitenciuri da-wesebulebis administraciisaTvis winaswar ganWvretadi

103 wamebis prevenciis evropuli komiteti me-12 saerTo angariSSi(CPT/Inf (2002)15) uTiTebs, rom video da audio Caweris sistemaiZleva srul da avTentur Canawerebs, romelic mniSvnelovnaduwyobs xels arasaTanado mopyrobis gamoZiebas.

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iyo, rom patimari g.o. miiyenebda TviTdazianebas, xoloSemdeg dazianebis miyenebas daabralebda penitenciuridawesebulebis TanamSromlebs, myisierad ratom ar mox-da am video Canaweris daarqiveba, romlebzedac peniten-ciuri dawesebulebis TanamSromlebis Cvenebebis namdvi-loba iqneboda asaxuli. Canawerebis dauarqiveblobam ga-aCina eWvi braldebis poziciis sisworeSi.

sasamarTlom aseve ganmarta, rom marTalia mocemul Sem-TxvevaSi video Canaweri iqneboda is utyuari mtkicebu-leba, rac sasamarTlos daarwmunebda erTi an meore pozi-ciis sinamdvileSi, TumcaRa Tu iarsebebda gamoZiebis in-teresi dadgeniliyo WeSmariteba SesaZlebeli iyo neit-ralur mowmeTa moZiebac. cixis yvela TanamSromeli acxa-debda, rom g.o-is saknebze videoTvaliT meTvalyureobaxdeboda e.w. ̀ pultebis~ oTaxSi myofi TanamSromlebis mi-er, romlebic warmoadgendnen sasjelaRsrulebis depar-tamentis usafrTxoebis sammarTvelos TanamSromlebs damdgomareobis eskalaciis SemTxvevaSi myisierad saqmiskursSi ayenebdnen cixis TanamSromlebs, rogorc es TiT-qosda moxda mocemul SemTxvevaSic. sagulisxmoa, rom amfaqtTan mimarTebaSi braldebis mxares am sammarTvelosarcerTi TanamSromlis vinaoba ar daudgenia.

sabolood, Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom cru dasmena-sa da cru CvenebaSi braldebuli g.o-s mimarT gamamarTle-beli ganaCeni gamoitana. ganaCenis mixedviT, sasamarTlomsrulad gaiziara saxalxo damcevlis mosazreba imasTandakavSirebiT, rom wamebis akrZalvis kuTxiT saxelmwifoTavisi pozitiuri valdebulebidan gamomdinare orien-tirebuli unda iyos swored arasaTanado mopyrobas daq-vemdebarebuli pirebis mier saCivarTa wardgenisa da ma-Ti ganxilvis efeqturi sistemis arsebobisaken. aqedan ga-momdinare sasjelaRsrulebis an Tavisuflebis SezRud-vis sxva dawesebulebebSi moTavsebuli pirebis mimarT un-da moqmedebdes gansakuTrebuli midgoma, rac gulisxmobsganmcxadebelTa dacvas SesaZlo devnisgan. am nawilSi sa-xelmwifos mometebuli valdebuleba gamomdinareobs amkategoriis pirTa gansakuTrebuli, mowyvladi mdgomare-obidan, raTa am viTarebaSi ar moxdes maTi uflebebis da

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samarTlebrivi interesebis dacvis dabrkoleba.

sasamarTlo ganmartavs, rom aRniSnuli, raRa Tqma undaar gulisxmobs, zogadad cru Cvenebisa da cru dasmenis,rogorc sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebis dausjelobas,TumcaRa damnaSaveTa dasjis daucxromelma survilma arunda gamoiwvios `maxinji praqtikis~ Camoyalibeba, racxels SeuSlis saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisaTvis rogorckonstituciiT, aseve saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqte-biT uzrunvelyofili Zireuli uflebebis realizebas.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlissaqmeTa kolegiam 104 ganixila saqme 105, romelSic bral-debuls brali edeboda masSi, rom man Caidina, janmrTe-lobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba, ese igi sxeulis dazia-neba, romelmac gamoiwvia saxis waruSleli damaxinje-ba. qmedeba gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTvelos ssk-is 117-emuxlis 1-li nawiliT.

braldebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis mixedviT: q.TbilisSi,erT-erTi quCis mimdebare teritoriaze, braldebuli(d.c.) Tavs daesxa dazaralebuls (l.j-s) da ganzrax, danisgamoyenebiT, miayena nafleTovani Wrilobebi saxis areSi,Wriloba Txemis areSi da nakveTi dazianebebi marcxena be-Wis midamoSi, riTac dazaralebulma miiRo sxeulis dazi-aneba, romelmac gamoiwvia saxis waruSleli damaxinjeba.

sasamarTlos megobris mosazreba: sasamarTlos megobrismosazrebaSi, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtorma (a.k-m) aR-niSna, rom simaxinje samedicino terminebis leqsikonSiganimarteba rogorc ganviTarebis mZime manki, romelicsxeulis garegnobis formebisa da/an funqciis mkveTr dar-Rvevas iwvevs da xSirad SeuTavsebelia sicocxlesTan. si-maxinje SesaZlebelia daiyos esTetikur da funqciur kon-

104 dReis mdgomaroebiT _ sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa sagamoZiebo,winasasamarTlo sxdomisa da arsebiTi ganxilvis kolegia.

105 Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 6 ianvris ganaCeni,saqme #1/3539-15.

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ponentebad. sxva, naklebad gamoxatuli gadaxrisas Tan-dayolili an SeZenili nakli miekuTvneba deformacias annaiarevs.

medicinaSi simaxinje warmoadgens sxeulis, organoebis,maTi nawilebis an sistemebis urTierTobis Tandayolilan SeZenil mtkice darRvevas. is viTardeba individualu-ri ganviTarebis procesSi an SeZenilia garkveuli zemoq-medebis faqtorebis mier da scdeba normalur urTier-TobaTa variaciebis zRvars. simaxinjis damaxasiaTebeliTvisebaa gamoiwvios obieqtis xediT garkveuli zizRi damiuRebloba. simaxinje SesaZlebelia exebodes mTliano-baSi organizmis agebulebas an anatomiuri midamoebis gar-kveul nawilebs.

bolo sami dekadis ganmavlobaSi plastikur qirurgiaSiakumulirebulia samedicino mtkicebulebebze dafuZneb-nuli biologiuri mecnierebebis mniSvnelovani miRweve-bi, ramac sagrZnoblad gaafarTova aRniSnuli dargis teq-nologiebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi simaxinjeebisa danaiarevebis mkurnalobis mizniT.

plastikuri qirurgiis did Semadgenel dargs warmoadgensaRdgeniTi rekonstruqciuli qirurgia. strategiul mi-marTulebas warmoagdens gadaudebeli psastikuri qirur-gia mwvave travmebis SemTxvevaSi: droulad da xarisxia-nad warmoebuli pirveladi qirurgiuli aRdgeniTi Carevamowinave teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT ganapirobebs Sem-dgomSi invalidizaciis prevencias misaRebi esTetikurixedis SenarCunebiT. samwuxarod jer es dargi yvelgan araris danergili da travmebis umetes SemTxvevaSi saWirodxdis meoradi Carevebis aucileblobas plastikuri qirur-gis mier. es operaciebi gamoiyeneba rogorc ZiriTadi sa-Sualeba nawiburovani deformaciebisa da SeZenili sima-xinjeebis mkurnalobis mizniT.

travmuli dazianebebis mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi ZiriTa-di principia swori Sefaseba da pacientebis seleqcia ar-sebuli sxvadasxva teqnologiuri midgomisTvis. impera-tiulad ganmsazRvreli pirobaa dro! nebismier Wrilobas

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axasiaTebs SexorcebiTi fiziologiuri fazebi. arsebobsoTxi SexorcebiTi faza da minimum eqvsi Tve aris saWiro,rom Wrilobam bunebrivad daasrulos nawiburis Camoya-libeba. SeuZlebelia am procesebis daCqareba raime gare-gani Zalis zemoqmedebiT. aqedan gamomdinare _ esTeti-kur medicinaSi arsebobs mecnierulad dasabuTebuli Se-degis Sefasebis vadebi. igive exeba travmis niadagze mi-Rebuli naiarevebis mkurnalobas. saWiroa minimum eqvsiTve da xandaxan meti, rom Camoyalibdes axali sisxlZar-Rvovani da nervuli daboloebebis qseli, dacxres SeSu-peba, dasruldes cerebrokortikaluri integracia daadaptireba, gamyardes qsovilovani matriqsi, gasadavdesda dabrundes Cveulebrivamde axali qsovilis teqsturada feri.

uaRresad gasaTvaliswinebelia individualuri Sexorce-bis Tvisebebi, Tanmxlebi daavadebebis arseboba, mavne Cve-vebi, gamoyenebuli qirurgiuli teqnika da pacientis cxov-rebis xarisxi. amitom amerikasa da evropaSi, sadac sasa-marTlos uzarmazari gamocdileba gaaCnia ukmayofilo pa-cientebis Civilebis ganxilvisas, saqme warmoebaSi xvdebamxolod aRniSnuli periodis gasvlisas kompetenturispecialistebis klinikuri daskvnis safuZvelze.

Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba: sasa-marTlo sxdomaze sasamarTlos megobris saxiT dakiTxuliqna plastikuri qirurgi, medicinis mecnierebaTa doqto-ri a.k. romlis ganmartebiTac dadginda, rom klinikis di-reqtoris TxovniT, advokatis mimarTvis da warmodgeni-li dokumentaciis (qseroaslebi, suraTebi da eqsperti-zis daskvnebi) safuZvelze moamzada daskvna, romlis Ta-naxmadac, simaxinje samedicino terminebis leqsikonSi ga-nimarteba, rogorc ganviTarebis mZime manki, romelic sxe-ulis garegnobis formebisa da/an funqciis mkveTr dar-Rvevas iwvevs da xSirad SeuTavsebelia sicocxlesTan.Wrilobas gaaCnia 4 SexorcebiTi faza, romelic unda gaia-ros 6 TveSi, rasac veravin ver daaCqarebs da damokidebu-lia gansakuTrebul pirobebze: individualuri Tvisebe-bi, cxovrebis xarisxi, Tanmxlebi daavadebebi da sxva. amdros xdeba axali sislZarRvebis Camoyalibeba, axali ner-

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vuli boloebis Camoyalibeba, limfuri qselis Camoyali-beba. mxolod 6 Tvis Semdeg miiReba Wrilobis saSualo su-raTi, mere ki droTa ganmavlobaSi igi xdeba ukeTesi, ic-vlis fers, im naturalur qsovilebTan axlovdeba axaliqsovilebi.

konkretul saqmeSi, vinaidan, samedicino eqspertiza Ca-tarda Tvenaxevris Semdeg, es ar aris sakmarisi dro dasaWiroa eqspertizis xelaxla Catareba. medicinis gziTkvalis (naiarevis) bolomde waSla aris SesaZlebeli. saxe-ze arsebuli naiarevebi yovelTvis ar SeiZleba miCneuliqnas simaxinjed. plastikuri qirurgis ganmartebiT, Se-faseba imisa, aris Tu ara dazianeba waruSleli da SesaZ-lebelia Tu ara is CaiTvalos simaxinjed, wardgenili do-kumentaciis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia, vinaidan eqsper-tiza unda Catardes daaxloebiT eqvsi Tvis Semdeg an un-da Sefasdes vizualurad. mxolod fotosuraTebze daTvenaxevris Semdeg Catarebuli eqspertizis safuZvel-ze aseTi daskvnis gacema SeuZlebelia.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlom daaskvna,rom gonivrul eWvs miRma ar dadasturda is faqti, rombraldebulis mier dazaralebulis sxeulis dazianebas Se-degad mohyva am ukanasknelis saxis waruSleli simaxinje.warmodgenili mtkicebulebebiT utyuarad dadasturdais faqti, rom braldebulma dazaralebuls miayena mrav-lobiTi dazianebebi Txemis, saxis da beWis areSi, riTacdazaralebulma miiRo sxeulis msubuqi xarisxis daziane-ba janmrTelobis xanmokle moSliT. saqarTvelos sisxlissamarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 273-e 1-li nawilis Sesami-sad, Tu braldebis nawili usafuZvlod aris miCneuli andanaSaulis kvalifikacia arasworia, sasamarTlo ufle-bamosilia Secvalos braldeba braldebulis sasargeb-lod. Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom bral-debuli unda gamarTldes saqarTvelos ssk-is 117-e mux-lis 1-li nawiliT wardgenil braldebaSi da misi brali un-da gadakvalificirdes saqrTvelos ssk-is 120-e muxlze.

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