© 2010 delmar, cengage learning 1 © 2011 delmar, cengage learning the knee
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning2© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Objectives
• Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe the functions of the knee– Describe the ligament structure of the knee– Explain the function of the patellofemoral joint– List and define various sports-related injuries
of the knee
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning3© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
The Knee
• One of the most complex joints in the body– Most movements and activities depend on it
for support and mobility – There is risk of overuse and traumatic injury in
both contact and noncontact sports
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning4© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
The Knee (cont’d.)
• Two types of cartilage in the knee joint:– Articular cartilage – Menisci
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning5© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
The Knee (cont’d.)
• Ligaments– Medial collateral ligament (MCL) – Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) – Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning6© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
The Knee (cont’d.)
• Patellofemoral joint– Allows knee flexion and extension to occur
with a lesser amount of quadriceps force
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Knee Injuries
• Patellofemoral problems– Articulation of the patella with the femur
• Symptoms: • Treatment:
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning8© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Patellar tendonitis – Inflammation of the patellar tendon– Caused by high-force, repetitive strain
• Symptoms: anterior knee pain and local tenderness
• Treatment: activity modification, stretching, ice, bracing, and taping
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning9© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Fat pad syndrome – Infrapatellar fat pad is a region of fatty tissue
that lies underneath the patellar tendon • Symptoms: • Treatment:
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning10© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Medial collateral ligament (MCL) sprain– Caused by a blow to the outside of the knee
or a high-energy twisting• Symptoms: • Treatment:
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning11© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Torn anterior cruciate ligament– Females are now more susceptible– Can occur from contact or noncontact causes
• Symptoms: • Treatment:
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning12© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Animation - ACL
Click Here to Play ACL Animation
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning13© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Posterior cruciate ligament tear – Most occur during a fall on the flexed (bent)
knee with the foot plantar flexed or hyperflexion (bending too far) of the knee
• Symptoms: positive “sag test”• Treatment: PRICE, physical therapy and
rehabilitation
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning14© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Meniscus tears– Occur when the knee is twisted suddenly and
one or both menisci become trapped between the femur and tibia or ligaments in and around the knee are torn
• Symptoms: • Treatment:
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning15© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Epiphyseal (growth-plate) injuries – Knee is subject to sports-induced trauma at
the centers of bone growth in skeletally immature athletes
– May alter the length of the affected bone• Serious injury for a growing athlete
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning16© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Osgood-Schlatter condition – Group of symptoms involving the tibial
tubercle epiphysis • Symptoms: • Treatment:
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning17© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Iliotibial band syndrome – Occurs when there is inflammation of the
iliotibial band • Irritation usually occurs over the outside of the
knee joint, at the lateral epicondyle • Treatment: rule out mechanical problems or
training errors, proper footwear, ice, and stretching
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning18© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Knee Injuries (cont’d.)
• Fractures– Result of high-energy trauma – Vary in location and severity
• Patella fracture is usually the result of direct impact to the anterior knee
• Distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures may occur from violent twisting injuries
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning19© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Conclusion
• The knee is the largest joint in the body, and one of the most prone to injury– Made up of the femur, tibia, and patella– Also contains large ligaments that help control
motion• These ligaments connect bones and brace the joint
against abnormal types of motion• Other parts of the knee, like cartilage, cushion the
joint and help it absorb shock during motion
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