تحلية المياه

٢٥٨٢٥٨

א ٢٥٨

،،אא،אW

אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א

אא،אאאא،אK

א א ?א ?? ?אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא

אאאאאK

א ؛ א אאאK

אאאא

א ٢٥٨ אא א א אא

- ١ -

אאאאאא Jאא J،אאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאאאאאאא،

אאאאאאK אאאאא

אK אאאInternational Desalination Association:

IDA-٢٠٠٠،١٢٠אאאאKאאא١٤٠٠٠א٣٠אK

אאאאאFאאאאאEא٥٠٪אKאאאא٢١٪

אאK אאאאאאאאאאK

אאא،אאא אאאK

אאאאאאאאFאאאEא،Fאא،אאKEא،א

אאאאאKאאאאאFאאאא

EאאאאאאFאKEאאא

٤٠٠Kאאא١٠٪אKאא٤٠אKאא

- ٢ -

אאאאאאFאEאאאאK

אאאFאאאאא،אEאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאF

Eאאאא،FאKEאאאא

אאאאאKאאFאEאאאFא

KאאאאEאא אאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא

- ٣ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאW אאאW

١ J ،אאאאא ٢ J ،אא ٣ J ،אאא ٤ J ،א ٥ J אאאאK

אאאW

אא٩٠K٪

אאW אא

אאאאאK

אאW אאאאא Jאאא J

אאאאאאK

- ٤ -

א٨٠٪אאאאאא،אא٩٧א٪אאאא،א٢٪

אאאאאK

אאאאW F١EאאK F٢EW FE،אא،،א

א،אאא،אאאאא،אאא،אא

אאKאאאאאאK

FE،،אאאאאאאK

אאאאK FEאאK

FEאאאK F٣E،אאאא

אאאאאK

- ٥ -

אא אאא٩٨٪א

،אאאאאאאKאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאK

א١WאאK

אאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאF١KE

אאאאאאW

١ Jאא א א ،א א א א א Kא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאK

- ٦ -

אאאאKאאאאאKאאא

אאאאא١٠٠א،אאא،אאW،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאKאאאא

אאאאאאא٢٠٠٣٠٠אאאK ٢ JאW

אאאאאאאאא،אK

אF١EאאאאאאאאאאאW

Jאאא،אאאאאא،אאאא،אא،

א،K Jאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאא،אK אאאא אאאאא

א א א F٢ E א אאאK

א א٤٠א א،אאאאF٣Eאא

אK א א א אא

א ،א א א F٤ Eא

- ٧ -

א،אאאאאK

W١אFאEאא ٧٠٠٠ א

١٣٠٠٠ אא ٢٥٠٠٠ אא ٣٣٦٠٠ אא ٣٣٨٠٠ אא ٣٩٤٠٠ אאא ٤٢١٠٠ אאFאE٤١٢٠٠ אאFE ٤٢٣٠٠ אא

٢אWאאאאאאW

אא אFאE א ٠٨}٦٨ 23476 אNaCl ٤٩٨١ ٤٤}١٤ אMgCl2 ٣٩١٧ ٣٦}١١ אNa2SO4 ١١٠٢ ٢٠}٣ אCaCl2 ٦٦٤ ٩٢}١ אKCl ١٩٢ ٥٦}٠ אNaHCO3 ٩٦ ٢٨}٠ אKBr ٢٦ ٠٨}٠ א HBO3 ٢٤ ٠٠٧ אSrCl2 ٣ ٠١}٠ אNaF ٣٤٤٨١ ١٠٠ אא

- ٨ -

٣Wאאא א Cations אא

١٠٥٥٦ Na+ א ١٢٧٢ Mg++ א ٤٠٠ Ca++ א ٣٨٠ K+ א ١٣ Sr++

١٢٦٢١ J אאW

א Anions אא ١٨٩٨٠ Cl- ٢٦٤٩ SO4

-- ١٤٠ HCO3

- ٤}١ F- ٦٥ Br-

٤}٢١٨٣٥ אאW ٢٦ J

٤}٣٤٤٨٢ J אא

- ٩ -

٤Wאאא

אאE٪F א

א א א ١٠٥٥٦ ١٣١٦٢ ١٢٣٦٠ ٦١}٣٠ ٦٠}٣٠ ٩١}٣٠ Na+

٣٨٠ ٤٧٣ ٤٠٠ ١٠}١ ١٠}١ ٩٣}٠ K+

٤٠٠ ٤٩٧ ٤٧٥ ١٦}١ ١٦}١ ١٠}١ Ca++

١٢٧٢ ١٥٨٤ ١٥٥٥ ٦٩}٣ ٦٩}٣ ٦٠}٣ Mg++

١٨٩٨٠ ٢٣٥٩٠ ٢٣٥٠٠ ٠٤}٥٥ ٩٢}٥٤ ٣٧}٥٤ Cl-

٢٦٤٩ ٣٤٥٨ ٣٦٧٥ ٦٨}٧ ٠٥}٨ ٥٠}٨ SO4--

١٤٠ ١٧٣ ١٤٦ ٤١}٠ ٤٠}٠ ٣٤}٠ HCO3-

٤٢٩٥٣ ٤٢٢٢١ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ 34482 TDS

٢ J٤WW אא،אאאא

אאאא،אאא،א

א א F٥ E א א א א א א א ،אא א א،א א א

א א א א ،א אאFBrackish WaterEאאאאאא

- ١٠ -

٥WאאFBrackish WaterE אאFאEאK

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ אא ١١٧٠ ٥٠٠ ٤٩٤ ٥٤٢ ٧٤ א

١٤٨ ١٢٠ ٦٥ ١٠٢ ٢٠٤ א ٤٨ ٧٢ ٤٠ ٥٤ ١٢٧ א J J J ٩ J א J J ٢ J ١ א J J ١ J J א J J J ٣ J א

١٣٦٦ ٧٠٣ ٦٠٢ ٦٩٨ ٤٠٥ א

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ א ١א ٢٠٤٠ ٢٥٢ ٧٢ ١٠٩٠ ٥٠ א

١٣٧ ١١٧٠ ١٠٦٠ ٣٨ ٩٨٤ א ٢٦٠ ١١٠ ١٥٩ J ٩٦ א J J J J J א J J ٨}٠ ٤ J אא J J J ٢}٠ J א

٢٢٧٣ ١٤٢٣ ١٣٩٦ ١٢٣٨ ١١٩٣ א J J J J ٢٥ א

١٥٩٨ ١٩٣٦ ١٩٩٨ ٢١٢٧ ٣٦٦٤ א ٢}٧ ٨}٧ ٤}٧ J ١}٧ אא

- ١١ -

אאאאW W٥٠ J١٥٠٠אא

א١٥٠٠ J٢٥٠٠٠אא ٢٥٠٠٠ J٥٠٠٠٠אא

FBrineE ٥٠٠٠٠א

٤ J٤אאאאאאאW אאאאא

אאאא،אKאאאאא،א،אא

א،אאאא،אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אFאאאאאEאאאאאאאKאא

אאא٢אK אאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אא١٠ J١٠٠א،אאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאא

אאאK

- ١٢ -

אאאאאאא ١ JאאW

אאאאא،אא٦٠٠،אא٣٠אאאא

אאאאא،אK

Lא Lא אאא٥٦٨ ١٥٠

אא ٤٦٥ ١١٠ אא ٣٤٠ ٩٠

א ٣٠٣ ٨٠ א ٢٩٠ ٧٧

אאא٢٤٥ ٦٥ ٢٢٥ ٦٠

אאאאאא٤٠٪אא٣٣٪אאKאאאא

אאאאאאK א ٪ א ٣ אא ٣

אאא ٥ א ٤

א ٦ אא ٣٨

אא ٤١

- ١٣ -

٥ J٢ Jאאא אאאאאאא

אאאא،א٥٠٠אאאאאאאאאאKא

א،אאאא١٥٠٠אKאא

٤٠٠٠אא٣٤٠٠א،אא٣١٣٠אאא،אאא

٦١٠٠אK אאאא،א

אא،אא،א،אאאאאא،א

،אאאאK אאאאW

JאאאאאאW

FLE ٠.٠٥

٠.٠١

٠.٠٥

٠.٠١

٠.٠٠١

- ١٤ -

JאאאאאאאאאW

א א אאא

אאFE אא

L אא

L ١٠ J١٢ ٩}٠ ٨}١

١}١٢ J٦}١٤ ٨}٠ ٥}١ ٧}١٤ J٦}١٧ ٨}٠ ٣}١ ٧}١٧ J٤}٢١ ٧}٠ ٢}١ ٥}٢١ J٢}٢٦ ٧}٠ ٠}١ ٣}٢٦ J٣}٣٢ ٦}٠ ٨}٠

Jאאא،אאא

אאאאא،Fא٧א٨EK

- ١٥ -

٧אWאאאאאאאאאFאLE

אאא

אאאא

אאא

٥}١ ٧}٠ J٥}١ ٥}١ ٢ ٥}١ J J ١ ٥ J J J J

١}٠ J J ٢}٠ J J ١}٠ א ٢}٠ ٢}٠ J J J J J J א ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ J J J J ١}٠ ١ ١ J J

٠٠٥}٠ ٠٠٥}٠ ٠٠٥}٠ ٠١}٠ ٠٠١}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ١}٠ J٥}٠

J J J J J J J J ١}٠ ١ ١}٠ ١ ١ ١ ٣}٠ ٣}٠ ٣}٠ ٣}٠ ٥}٠

٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٣}٠ ١}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ ٠٥}٠ J J

٠٠١}٠ ٠٠١}٠ ٠٠١}٠ ٠٠٢}٠ ٠٠٠٥}٠ J J ٠٥}٠ J J J J J J

٠١}٠ ٠١}٠ ٠١}٠ ٠١}٠ J J ٥ ١}٠ J٣ ٥ ٥ ١

- ١٦ -

٨אWאאאאאא

אאא

אא J J ٠١}٠ J J J J ٣}٠ אא J J ٥}٠ ١}٠ J J J J

אא J J ١}٠ J J J J J J א ٠٣}٠ J J ٧}٠ J J J J

١ J J ٣٠ J J J J אא ٣ J J ٤ ٤}٠ J J

٣٠ J J ١٠٠ ١٠٠ J J א ١٠ J J J J ٥ J J

٠١}٠ J J J J J J J J

א١٠ J J J J J J J J א J J ٥}٠ ٢ J J ١

א J J ٢}٠ J J ٥}٠ ٥}٠

אאאא

- ١٧ -

אאא

،אאאא،Kאאאאאא

אK אאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאאאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאאאאא?Wאא

K?،אא١٦٥٠،אאאא١٨٠٠אK

אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא

אא،K ٦٢٥٠٠٠، Jא

אא١٩٣٠אK ،אאאא

אאא١٩٣٦אFWOLF AND MARREאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאאאאK

אא،אאאאאאאK

١٩٥٠אאאאאאאK אא١٩٥٠

אאאאאאK

- ١٨ -

אאאאK אאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאK

אא Jא Jאאאא٨٠٠٠אאF٢KE

אאאא،אאאאאאאK

،אאאאאאא،אאאאא

א،אאK אאKאא

אאאא،אאאאK

- ١٩ -

אא אאFאEאא(flashing)

אאאאFEאאאאא،אאFאE

אאאאK

אF١EאאFאאEאאאאאFאKE

אאאאאאאFאE،אאאאKא

אאF،אאאאאאE

א(distillate) product water)(K

אאאא،אאאאאאאKאFEאאא

אאאאא(demister) אאאאאאא،א

אא،אאאK

- ٢٠ -

אאאM.S.F

،אאאאאאאאFאKEאאא

אאאKאאאא(multi stage flash-MSF) א

אא،אF١E،אאאאאFאKEאאאאא

אאאFEא،אא(multi stages) K

אF١Eאאא(MSF)אאF١EאאאFאאE Kא

אאאFאאEאאאF٢EאF٢Eאאא

אbrine heater אאKאאאאF٣Eאאאאtop

brine temperature (TBT )א،F٩٠ J١٢٠KEאאאאאTBT א،،אאK

אF٣EאאFאF٩٠ J١٢٠EE،אאאTBTFא

אF٩٠ J١٢٠KEאאאאאאFאsuperheated water Eא،FאE

אאFאEflashing אאFאEאF٤Eאאאא،

אאK אאאאאFאאEא،

אאFאEאFאEאF٥KEאא

- ٢١ -

אFאEאאאא،א،אאאאאF٥Eא،superheated

water א،אאאאFאאEאא

،אאF٦Eא،אא،،אאאF٧Eא،FאאEאא

אאאKאאאאFאאE،אFאאEא،

،אאF٨E،אאא F٩KEאאאאא١٥–٢٥K

אאאאonce through א FאאאאאEא،

אאאאאאאKאאאאFאאא

אאאאאא،אאאEKKKKאFאאKEאא

KאאאאאK

אא(brine recycle) אאאK

،אאאאאאא(recirculation method) אא (brine recycle) א،F٣E

אאא،FEאאא(heat recovery section)،אאאheat rejection Kא

אFא cooling water E،F١EאאFא J،אאאאאאF٢KE

FאאE،F٣Eא،א(make-up water) ،אאאא

- ٢٢ -

(pre-treatment) אא،(deaerator) KאאאאאK

،אאאF٤E،Fאאreject/rejected brine אblow downEאאא

،אאאF٥E،אא،F٦Eאא،אאאאheat recovery section אא

אאאאאאF٧KEאאאF٨EאTBTא،

אאאF٩Eאאאאאא،אאF١٠EF٤EאאאF

אEאאKאאF١١EאאאאKK

אא(recirculation method) אאאFאאא،אאאאEא،אאאא

אאKאאאאא،(brine heater) Kאא(heat recovery section)אאא

،אאאאאאאאאFא٦٠٠٠٠אEאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

אF١Eאאאאאאאא٥٠٠٠٣Lא–K אF٢Eאאאאאא٢٥٠٠٠٣LF٥}٥

אEאF٤٦אאKE

- ٢٣ -

F١Eאא٥٠٠٠٣L F–א–E

אא א א אא

אא א

אא אאא

אFE אא

אאא אא

אא אאאא

אאא א

אאא אFאאE

אא א

٥٠٠٠ ٨ J٩

١١٠ ٢٥ ٢٧

١٥٧٠ ٤٣٩٠٠ ١٨٤٧ ٦٣٠٠٠

٢٠ ١٧ ٣

٧}٢٥ ١٠١ ٢}٣٩ ١}٣٨ ٥٤٥ ٣٣٧

٣Lא L

א ٣Lא

Lא Lא

- ٢٤ -

F٢Eאא٢٥٠٠٠٣Lא Fא–אE

אא א א אא

אא אFE

אFEאא

אאא אא

אא אאא

אא אאאא

אאא

٩٨٦ ٤٤}٣ ٦}٩٠ ٨}١١٢

٢٥ ٣٥

٥٠٠}٤٦ ٦٥٠٠٠ ٢٤٥}٧٠

٢٢ ١٩ ٣

٣Lא L

א א א

אאאאאא

אא،אאאאFא

אאEא،אא،א،KKKKKKKKKKאW

JאאW

אאאאאאFאאE،אאאאאאאאF

אKEW J אאFאאZEאאאא

- ٢٥ -

אאא אאאאFאEאFאE

אאCאאאאCאflashing range Fאאאאא(TBT)،א

EW J אאאZאאCאאאאCא

אאא אLאאא،LאאאLאK

אאF٤ J١EאאW אאZ١٨٤٧٣LאC١٨}٤LKCF١١٠_٤٠E

٢٢٨٣L JאאW

אאPerformance Ratio ( P.R)אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאFאE

،אאאW J אאZאאFLאE

אאאאFאE אאאLFLEK

אא،אאאאאGain Output (over) Ratio (G.O.R).

א( G.O.R.)ZאאFLE אאאFLE

אFEFEאא،٧ J٩Kאא٧–٩אאKא

אאאא(Flashing Range)،אאKאאF٤ J١EאW

- ٢٦ -

אZאאZ٥٦٨٠L٢٤Z٢}٩ אא٧}٢٥

ZאCאאאC אCאאאCאאא

ZאDאא אZ z١١٠ J٢}٣٩xDz١١٠–٧}١٠١Zx٥}٩

אאאK JאW

אאאאאא(Availability Factor A.F.)אאאא،( In Service Time )

אאאא(A.F) ،אאKאאאא،אא،א

א،אא،אאאאKKKKאא٨٥٪אF١٥٪אEאא،

אאK JאW

אאאאאאאKאא،א،אאא،א

KKKKאאאאאאFא،אא،KKKEא،Fאא،א،KKKKE

- ٢٧ -

אאאאאאא

אאאאא (Mature Technology)FאאE

אאאאKאאא F١٠٠٠٠٠אKEאא٥٢٥

אKאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

FאאKEאאאא٢٠Fא١٩٧٩אאKEא( Rehabilitation )

א٣٠–٤٠אFאאאאE،אאאאאאאF

אאאאאאאKEאאאא

אאKאאKאאאאאא

אאKK אאאאאא

Kאאא١٢٠،אאKאאאא

אאFאאKEאאאאאKאF١E،F٢Eאאא٧–١٠אאא

אאא٨אFאE،٤KK FEאאK אאאאאאאKאF٨E،F٩E،אאאאא

- ٢٨ -

א٦٤א٪אא٥٠٠٠א٧٠٪אא١٠٠אK אF١٠Eאאאאאאא

אאאאא٣٣٪אאא،٢٤٪،א١٤K٪

אאאאאאא

אF١١EאאאK

אאאאאאW ١ Jאא،FאE،،א

אאאא( De- superheater )،אאאK

٢ Jאאא،אFEא،אאאאאאאאK

٣ JאאאאאאMake – upא

FDistillate EBlow Down K ٤ JאאאאאK

אF١٢Eאאאאאאא(T)א(m) K

אאאא،אאאא(TBT)،אאאאא

אאW אאאK

אאאאK אאK

- ٢٩ -

אאK אאאא،אK

אאאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאאאא

אF١٣Eאאא٢٠

٣Lא،א(TBT) ٧٠٤٠FאאKEאאאאF٨٠E٧٠E

FEאא ( Process Calculations ) אZאCאאאCאא

אאא אZאCאאא

אאאCאא Z٢٠FLאEC٢٣٧٠LF٥٥E

١٨}٤LKCF٧٠ J٤٠E Z٢٠FLאEC٩}١٨Z٣٧٨Lא

אאאF٩}١٨EאאRecirculation Ratio KאאאK

FEאאאאא אאאאאFאאא

EW אאZאאאK

FאאאCאאאCאאE FZאאCאאאCאאKE

- ٣٠ -

אאאאאאאFEא

א٣٧٨אLאK FEאאאW

אאאאא ZאCאאאCאא Z٣٧٨LאC١٨}٤LKC١٠ Z٤٣٧٥LאC١٨}٤LKC١٠ Z٩}١٨٢LZ٩}١٨٢א Fאא١٠٠אF

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אאאF١٠٠E Z٩}١٨٢Lא

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FEאאאW אאאW

אZאאLאZ٢٠Z٨٥}٢ אL٧א

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EאBrine Concentration Ratio אzZאxDzאx

ZאFאא–אE אאCאא

- ٣١ -

אZאHאאZ٢٠H٢٠Z٤٠٣Lא Z٤٠CF٣٧٨–٢٠EZ٨٩}١

٢٠C٣٧٨ אZ٨٩}١אאאא

אאאאאאZ٤٠א٢٠אא٦٠אאW

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אאאאאFLאEאאאW

אאאאZאאאא אאCאאאZ

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١٨}٤FLKEC١٠ Fאאאאא

אאZאאאאKאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאE

Eאאאא אאאא

אאאW

- ٣٢ -

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אא אאאZ

z٩}١٨٢אC١٠٠٠אLאxDz٨٠٠FאL٢KEC١٠FZxE٨٦}٢٢٢ Z١אאF٢٨٧٥}١Eא

W אzZאאxDzאCאCאx Z٨٦}٢٢٢Dz١C٠١٢٨٧٥}٠C١٤}٣Zx٥٦٥

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אאאא٩٠٨٠Kאאאא

K אאאאZ

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- ٣٣ -

אאאK

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אאאאאאאאאאF١٥E

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אFאאKEאאאאאאKאא،(Heater )אא

א( Condenser )אא( cooler ) אK

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( Vacuum ) אאאאF١٧Eאאאא،אא Condenser אאאאאK

Eאא Circulating Pumps אאאא( Brine

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- ٣٤ -

אאStand- by pumpאאאFאEאאאK

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אאאאאאאאאאא

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אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאDe – superheater אאאאאFא

אאEאא Condensate אאK

- ٣٥ -

EאVenting system אאאאאא،אא،

אאDeaerater אאאאאאאEjectorKאאאאאK

EאUtilities & other systems FאאEאאא

אא،אאאאFire Fighting Systemאא،אא Electric Metors،אאא

א،אאאאא،אFאEאאKKKK EאאBrine Recirculation System

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אאאאKאאאאאFאאאEאא،Kא

אאאאאאTBT אאSaturation Temperature אא

א،אאFEאאאאאאFEאאאא

אאKא،אKאאאBlow Downא،

אא،אאאאאK

EאאProduct Water System

،אאא،FאEאFK،אEאאKKKא

Kאאאאאאאא

- ٣٦ -

KאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאK EאאBlow Down System

אאFאאאEאWeir،א،אאא

אFKEאאאאא،אאאאאK

Eאאא

אאאFeed Water Pre- treatment System אאאProduct Water Post Treatment System

אאאאK

- ٣٧ -

אאMulti ( multiple ) Effect ( ME or MED ) אאFאאEא،

אאאאאאאKאBoiling אאFאאE،אK

אאאא،אאאאFE،אאאאאא

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אאאאFאאE،F–Effect Eאא

אאKאאאFאEאאאאKא

FאאאאאאKE

אא אFאEאאאFאE

אאאKאאאאאאKאF١٨Eאא

אאאאKאאאאFcooling water EאF١Eא

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،אאF٦EאF٧KEאאאF٨Eא،אאא

אאאאאאF٩EאאאאF

- ٣٨ -

אEאאאאF١٠E،אאאאאאF١١KEא

אאאVacuum SystemאF١٢KE

אF١٩EאאאאאVertical type

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אFeed Water Pumpא،א،אאאF٤EאאאFא

א،FE٥EאאאאBoiling temperatureאא٧٠Fא٣}٠KE

אאאFאאEאאאFאאFE٦EאאאKאאא

אאאאאF٧FEאאאאאKEאאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאK

אאאFאאEאא٣ J١٦Kא٢٠٠٥٠٠٠٣LאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאK

- ٣٩ -

אאאא אאא

אאאאאאאKאאאFאEאא

אאאK

אאאאא אאא

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אאאאא،אאא،אאאאאא

Availability אא Reliability Kאאאא٢٠KאFאאאאEאא

אאFאאאאאאKEאאא،אאאKאאא

אאFאאאאאE،אאאאאא٧٠

אאאאאאFאאאא٣٠KEא

- ٤٠ -

אאאאאאא،אאKאF٨E،F٩Eאא

אאאא٦}٣٪אא٤٠٠٠،א٤٪אא١٠٠

אאאאאאKאF٢٠EאאאאאME א

VC FאEאKאאאאאאאאאא

אא אF٢١EאאאאK

אא ( Qin ) F٨٠٧٠Eאאאא٥א٦٥Fא٦٥א

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FאאEאאFEF٢١Eאאא،א٦٥אא

א٦٥KאאאאFאאאאKE

،אאאאאW

- ٤١ -

אאאאW אאאא( Qin ) ١٨٣אKא

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אאאאW

EאאF٢١WE אאאZQin HאK

אאZאHאאאK אאW

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- ٤٢ -

אאאאZ٠٥٧}٠LF٩٦}٤LאKE EאאF٢١WE

אאאZאF٦٥HEאF٦٥E אאZאאF٦٠HEאאF٦٥HE

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אאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאK

- ٤٣ -

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אאאאאאאאאFאKE

אF٢٢EאאFאEאFאEF١EאאFאאPreheater E

אאא(PW) FאאאE(B/D)אFאאאEאאא،F٢EF

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אאאאאאFאEאאאאאאKא

אא،אאאFאאאאKEאF٢٣E،F٢٤Eאאאא

אK א

אאאאאאW J Eאא(Mechanical Vapor Compression MVC)

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- ٤٤ -

אאאא،אאאאא،אאאK

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אאאאאא(Suction Pipe)Nozzel،אאKאF٢٥Eאא

אאאאאאאK אF٢٦E،F٢٧EאאאאאK

אF٢٨Eא٢٥٠٠٣L אאאא

אאאאאKאא١٠٠٥٠٠٠٣Lא

א٥א٢٥אKאאאאאFאKE

אא٧٠،אאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאKאאאא٢٠FאאEאFא

אאאEאאאאFאאאאאאאאאאאKE

א،אאאאאKאאK

אאKאF٢٨EאאאאאאKאאFאא

אאKEאאא٢٥٠F٪אאאאאE(Live or Driving Steam)א

- ٤٥ -

אאא(Entraind System) ،אאKאאאאאאא

אאFאאאאאE،אKאאאא

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א(d)zZא(b) Hא(c)xD٢ zZ٢٥٨٣H٢٥٧٤xD٢Z٢٥٧٨L

- ٤٦ -

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אEאEאא١}١Kא٦٥٪אאאאאF٢E

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٤٢٩

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١٤٠

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٢٥٧٤

٢٥٧٨

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- ٤٧ -

אFZ٢C٠٣٨٦}٠ELC٥}٨٩٤LZ٦٩אK אאאאאW

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אאאאאFאאE

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١٢٠C٥}٢Z٢٠F٧٢–٢HE٤٠F٥٠–٢E

- ٤٨ -

٦٠ Z١٤٤٠ J٢٠٢H٢٠٠٠ J٤٠٢ ٦٠Z١٤٤٠H٢٠٠٠ J٣٠٠Z٣١٤٠ ٢Z٣}٥٢

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אאאאאאMRאאאאאFאEW

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אאאאW

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- ٤٩ -

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Eאאאא(MSF) Eאא(ME) Eאא(VC) Eאא(RO)

- ٥٠ -

F٤Eאאאאא

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٣Lאאאא

٤Lאאאא

Eאאא

Eאאאא

- ٥١ -

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٢Lאא٥א J٢٥א

٥LאאאאW

EאאאK

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٤L٢٥א J٣٠٪

- ٥٢ -

F٥EאאאאאאאW

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٨ ١٢

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١}٤٨ ٤ ٩}٣ ٩}٣٥

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אאאאאאאK

- ٥٣ -

אאאאא אאאאאK

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٢٥٠٠٣LאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאא

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אאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאF٣٤Eאאאאא

אאאF٦EאאאאאK

- ٥٤ -

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אאאFE ١٦٥–١٩٥

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אFLE ٣}٣–٢٠

אאFE ٣٦٥–٢٢٠٠

אאאFE ٥}١–٧}٣

- ٥٥ -

א אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאFreezingאFאEאאאאאא

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אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאF٤א J٣٥EאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאK

א٣٦אF١EאאDeaeratorאFאאEF٢E

אאRefrigeration unitאאF٣EאאFאא

אאEאאF٤EאאאאאאF٥Eאאאאא

F٦EאאאאאאאאאאאF٧Eאאאא

אאאאאאאאאF٨،٩EאאFEאאאF١٠E

- ٥٦ -

אאאאFאEאאאאאאאאאEא

אאאאאאאKאא٤٠אא

אאאאאאאאאK אאא

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אא KאF٣٧Eאאא،א،אאאאא،

אאאאאאאאKאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאKאא

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،אאF٣٨EאאאאFאאאEFאאE

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KאאאאאאאאFאL

٣EאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

- ٥٧ -

אאאאאאאאא،אF٣٩EF٤١E،אאK

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אאFאאאאEאאCo- generation אאאאאK

אאFאאאEאאאKאאאא

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אאאאKאאאאאאאאאF٤٢Eאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאא

אא١٢٠אא،אאאאאFאא

אאאאאBrine HeaterאאאKאאא

אאKאF٤٣EאאאK،אאא

אאאאFאKEאאFEא،FECommon system

אאאAuxillary SystemK אאאאאאא

אאאאKא

- ٥٨ -

אKאאאFאאKE

KאאאW Membrane and Other Desalination Technologies

אאאאאאFאאKE

אFאEאא(Reverse Osmosis :RO) אא(Electro -dialysis ED or EDR)K

אאאאKאאK אא،אאאאא

א،אאאFאאKE אאאא،אא

אאאאאK אאאאאא

אK،אאאאאאאאK

- ٥٩ -

אא (Reverse Osmosis R.O)

١}١Wאא אאאאKאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

א(Osmosis)KאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאFאאאאאאKEא،K

אא(Reverse Osmotic Process)אאאאאאאאFאאKE

אא(Semi permeable)،א،אאאK

٢.١-אא

אאא،אאאאKאאאא

אאאאא(Softening)אאK١٩٥٢אאא

אKאאאאאFאאאאKEאא

אאאKאא(Spiral Wounded)אאאא

א(Hollow Fine Fibers)אאאאאKאאאאאאFאE

אאאK

- ٦٠ -

٣.١-אאא א،אאא

FEאאFאאEאאFאאEא،אאאאKא(Osmosis Process)K

אאאאאאאאאא JאF١E JK

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאא(Osmotic Pressure)Kאאאאאאאא

אאאאFאאEאאאאFאאKEאאאאא

אאאאKאא(Reverse Osmosis)אאאא

אאKאאאאFאאEאא(Osmotic Pressure) א

אFF١KEE אאאאא(Total Dissolved

Solids: TDS)אאאאאKאאאאFאEא٦٠٪אא١ J١}١LאאF

א٠٧}٠EאאאאFא١٤٣٠אE JF٢KE

٥٠٠٠אאא٥٠٠٠G٠١}٠G١Z٥٠LאאFא٤}٣E،٣٢٠٠٠אאא

٣٢٠אLאאFא٢٢Eאאאאאאאאא

- ٦١ -

אאאאאאא، ،אאאאא

،אא،אאאאאא אאאאאאאא

،אKKKKKאK אאאא(Saline Feed Water)

(Pressure Vessel)אאא(Membranes)אאאא،אא

א(Brine)KאאאאKאאאאאא

אאFאאאKEאאא٢٠א٧٠א٪אאאאאא

אא(Rject)Kאאאאאא(Permeate or Water Product) JF٣E JK

אאFאאאאאאEאאאא،Fא

אEאאאאKאאאאאאאאF،א

אאאאא،אEאאאא،אאאFאEא

א JF٤KE ٤.١- א

אא(Semi Permeable)אאKאאאFאאE

،אאFEא(Hollow Fine Fibers)–F٥E–Uא،(Spiral

Wounded Sheets)KאאאF

- ٦٢ -

אEאאFאאKEאאאא١١٥אא

א(Micro Filteration)אאאKאF٦EF٧EאK

٥.١-אאא אאאאא

٠٤}٠١}٠אא٠١}٠ JF٨KE٩٠אאKאאא J٩٩٪

אאאא١٠٠٪אאאFאEFKEאאאאאאא

א(Diffusion)KאאאאאF١EאאאK

١אWאא א אא

אאא

אאאאאאK

אא٣ J١١א

אאאאאאא

אאאאא

אאאאK א

אאאא

٥}٣ J٥}٦ א

אאאאאאא

- ٦٣ -

١-٦.אאאאא אאאאא

אא(Micro Filtration)אאאאא(Ultra Filtration)אאא(Nano Filtration)א

אאאאKאאא(Hyper Filtration)KאF٢EאאאאKא

F٣EאאאK ٢WאאאאאK

א א אא

א אאאא

אאא אא

FאאE

אאאאאא

אאא אאא

א אאאא

א אא

אFאE

אאאאאאא

- ٦٤ -

٣אWאאK א אאא

א אא

אFÅE

Tubular

Poly Salfone

١٠ J٣٠ ٥٠ J٢٠٠٠

Micro Filtrati

on (MF)

٢٠ J٧٥ 1000-10

Ultra Filtrati

on (UF)

Flat Sheet Composit

אאא

Arom. Polyamides

Polyvinyl Alcohol

Derivatives

אCa++/M

٥٠ J١٥٠ ٧ J١٠٠

Nano Filtrati

on (NF)

- ٦٥ -

Asymmetirie Fla

Composite

Asym.HFF

אאAliph.Polya

mides א

Polyamides

Polysulfone

אpolyfuran

150-300LP

350-600 St. Br 800-

1200 Br

١ J١٥ Rever

se Osmo

sis (RO)

١-٧.אW

אאא،אאKאאא

١ J אאא(Pre-traitment Pump)، ٢ J א(High Pressure Pump)، ٣ J (Membrane Assembly (Modules)، ٤ J אאא(Final) Post Treatment UnitK

- ٦٦ -

אF٩EאאKאאאאאא،אאא

אFא،אאאאאאאאKEאאאF

אE،אאFאEאאאאאאFאEאא(Micro Filtration)

אאאאאאאFאאEאאאאאאKא

א١٧א J٢٧FEא٤٥ J٨٠אFאאKE

אא(Pressure Vessel)،FאF١٠E

אאאא(Semi Permeable Membranes)אאאאאK

אאאKאאאא،א

אאאאKאאא(Second Stage)אF٩EKאא

Kא،אאLאאאא(Hollow Fine Fibers)Kאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

א(Alkalinity)אאK

- ٦٧ -

אאאאFא،אאא،א،Eא،

אאאאאאאאאא(Auxiliary Components)KאאKאאאא

אא،אאאא(Energy Recovery)אאאאאK

- ٦٨ -

١-٨.-אאא אאאאW

١K אFאE، ٢K אאFאEאאאא،א،

א(Recovery Ratio)، ٣K אאאאא،אאא

،א ٤K אא ٥K אKKKאK

אאאא

אאאאFאאאKE

٩-١.אאאאאא אאאאW

١K ،א ٢K ،אא ٣K ،אא ٤K אK

א(Brine Flow)אא،(Reject)אאא

אאאאאKאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאFאאKEא

אאKאאאאא،אאK

- ٦٩ -

אא،אאאKאאאK،

אאאאK

אאאאFא25°CאאKEאאאאאF

אKEאאאאאKאאא(Compaction)אא،K

אאאאאאאא(Hdrolysis)Kאאא

אאאאאKאאאK ٩-١Kאאאאא

אאאאFאאBrackish waterEא،٣٦٪אאאאא

١٠٠א،א٢٥٪א٥٠٠٠אK אאאא(Availability Factor)F

אאאEאאא،٤ J٨אLFאE،אאא

אאKאא٤٠٠ J٥٠٠אFא١٠٪אEא،

Kאאאאאאא١٠٠ J١٥٠אK

אאאאאF٤EאאK

- ٧٠ -

٤Wאאא

אא ١ J ،אאא

א ٢ J אאא٣٠٠ J٥٠٠

א ٣ J אאאאא٣Lא J

אW ١ J אאW٤FE J٨FEKKL٣ ٢ J אאאW٨٠٠ J٢٤٠٠FL٣LאE ٣ J אW٧٥}٠ J٢٥}١L٣F،א

אE ٤ J W٣٦٪א١٠٠F٣LאE

٢٥٪א٥٠٠٠F٣LאE Jאאאאאא

- ٧١ -

אF٦EF٧EאאאאאאK ٦Wאאאאא

אא א ١ JאFאEאא٣ ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא א א א

٤ Jאא٥١٠٣Lא ٥ Jאאאא ٦ Jא

אאאא

١ JאFאEאא٣ ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא א א א

٤ JאאאאW

١K אאא ٢K אאא ٣K אאאא

אאFMEE

١ JאFMVCE ٢ Jאא٥א J٢٥א ٣ Jא ٤ Jאאא ٥ JאאאאאW

J אאא Jאאא Jאאאא

אFVCE

- ٧٢ -

١ Jאאאא ٢ Jאא٣٠٠ J٥٠٠א ٣ JאאF١٠٠٥١٠٣Lא

אא ٤ Jא،٢٥ J٣٥٪

٧Wאאאאאאא

٧٠٠٠٠ ٢٤٠٠٠ ٥٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠ א ٣Lא

א ١٠ J٧ ١٥ J١٠ אא FLE

١٢ ٨ אא ٣L٣

٤FE ٨FE

٧ J٨}١ ٩ ٤ אאL٣

٨٠٠ J١٥٠٠ ٢٤٠٠ J٣٠٠٠

٥٠٠ J٢٠٠٠

١٠٠٠ J٣٠٠٠

א ٣L

٧٥}٠ J٥}٠ ٢٥}١ J٥}٠ ١ ٥}٠ J٥}١ אאFL٣E

٦}٣ ٢ ٧}٢٥ ٦٤ אאאאא

٤٠٠٠٣LאE٪F ٤ ٩}٣ ٩}٣٥ ١}٤٨ אאא

- ٧٣ -

אא ١٠٠٣LאE٪F

٢ JאFאאEא(Electro-Dialysis (ED/EDR)) אאאאFא

Eא،K،אאאאFEא،

אFNa+E(Cation)אאFCl-E(Anion)KאF٨Eא

אאאאK ٨Wאאאא

Cations Anionsא Sodium Na+ א Chloride Cl-

א Calcium Ca++ א

Bi-carbonate

HCO3--

א Magnesium

Mg++ א Sulfate SO4--

א Potassium

K+ אא Nitrate NO3-

٢-١ Kאאא אאאFאאEאא،א

FאEאKאאא،אאאאKאאא

אאא،אHHF J JEא،אאאK

אאאאאL Jאא–אאK

- ٧٤ -

٢-٢.אא אאאFאאKE

אאאאאF٢٠٠٠אEאאK

،אאאאFאאDirect Current-DC-)KEאא

אאאאKאאא(Electrode)(Electric Charge)K

אאאFEK אאאאאEHFא،F JEא،EHHF،

אF J JE JF١١E Jאא،KאאFאE،אא

אאאאאאאאאאאא(Neutralization)K

אאאאאאאאFאE JF١٢E JKא

אאא Jאאא،אאאאאא

אא JF١٣E JKאאא(Feed Water)אאא(Product Water)،

אאאא(Reject)א،Kאא،אאאאאא

א،אאאא،אאאאKאאאא

אאאא،אאאאFאKEאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאא

- ٧٥ -

،אאאאאאKאאאFEאא،FאאEאא

אKאאאאאKאאאFאאאEאאFא

אאE JF١٣EK

- ٧٦ -

٢-٣Kאא אאאא،אא JF١٤EW

١ J אא، ٢ J א ٣ J א ٤ J K

אאא(Rectefier)אא،،אאאאאאאאאא

א JאF١٥KE אF١٤Eא،אא

א(Membrane Stack)Kאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאא،אאאאאK

אFאE،אאאF٣٠٠٥٠٠KE

FאאEא، Jא Jא،אFאאEאא، Jא

א JKאF١٦EF١٧EאאK אאאאאאאא،

אאאאאא،אKFEאאאא،

،אאאKא אאאא

אאK אאFאEאאאא،אא

אא،אאאאא

- ٧٧ -

אאאFאEאK

٢-٤ .אאאאאא ،אאאאא

אאאKאאא،אאאאאאKאאאאW

אא ،،אא،אאא

אאאאאא،אאאKאאא٢٧ J٤٥K

א א١}٠א،א

FEא،אאא،אאא אא K א א

אKאאא٣}٠א،אאאאא(Clean in Place (CIP))

K אאא אאא

K אא ،א א א א

אאאK

K אאאW

- ٧٨ -

Jא١٠א

J١}٠א

J٣}٠א

٥-٢.אאא(Electro-Doalysis Reverse (EDR))

אאאאKאאאאאא א،

א א א א א א Kא א אאF١٥٢٠Eא،אא

א،אאאאאאא Kאא א א א K א א א

אאאאאאאKא١ J٢אKא

א ،א א א א אאFאאKEאאא

،אאאאאאאK

- ٧٩ -

٦-٢.אא אF١٨EF٢٠٠٠אE

א אא K א ،Fאא אא א Eא א K

אFאEאאKאאאא א (sand Filters)א א א אא

(Cartridge Filters)א א א אאאKא א אא א F א א١٠٪١٥٪

אKEאאאאאאאK

٧-٢.אאא אאאאW

١K א א א Fא א אE

٢K אאאא ٣K א א א א א

א ٤K אאאא

- ٨٠ -

٩ Jאאאאא

٩٠٪

٩٥٪

١٢٠٠٠א

١٠٪אF١٠אE

١١٠

אאא

١٠ Jאאאאא

אא אא א

אאא

אאאאאא

אאאא

אא אאא

- ٨١ -

אאאאאאאאא

אא אא

١٠٠٠٠אא

א١٠٠٠٠א٤٠٠٠٠

٥K אאאאאאאK א א א אא ٢٠٠٠

אFאאאא١٢٠٠٠אKE א אא א א א א א K

א K אא א١٠ ٤٠٠٠א Kאא א١٠אKאF٩Eאא

אאא،אK

- ٨٢ -

٨-٢٢.אאאאא אF١٠EאאאאK

אאFIon ExchangeE ١ J אא

אא،א،אKאאאאFResinEא،אא،אאאאא

אאKאאאאFאResinEאאאאFCationsKEאאא

אא،אאFAnoinsE،FF١KEE אאאאאא

KאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

א ٢٥٨ אא א א א

- ٨٣ -

אאאא

אאאאאאא א א א אא ،א

א א א ٧٠א ٪אאאאאאא

א א א א א א א אאK

אאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאK אאאאאW

١ JאאF١٣٩٠WE

אאאא١٣٨٩אא١٩٨٣Lא

אאאאK ٢ JאאאאF١٣٩٠L١٣٩١١٣٩٤L١٣٩٥WE JאאW אאאאאאאK

אאא١٣٩٠١٨٩٢٥٣Lאא٥٠אKאאא

- ٨٤ -

JאאאW אאאאאKא

١٣٩٣٢٨٤٠٠٣LאאKאאא

JאאאW אאאאא

٥٥٠א٣LאKאאא١٣٩٤אאאאK

٣ JאאאאF١٣٩٥L١٣٩٦١٣٩٩L١٤٠٠E JאאW

אאאאאKא١٣٩٥א٤٧٣٣LאK

אאאאK JאאW אאאאאא

אא١٣٩٨א٣٧٩١٦٣Lא٨٥אאאאK

JאאאאאW א،אא

אא١٠٧٥א٣LאK١٣٩٨א١٤١٠אאK

JאאאW אאאKא

١٣٩٩א٤٧٣٣L،אאאאאK

- ٨٥ -

JאאW אאאא٤٧٣٣Lא

אאKא١٣٩٩אא١٤١٣אאK

JWאאאא٤٣٠٣LאאאKאא١٣٩٩אאא

K JאאW

אאאFאאאאEאא٧٥٩٨٧٣Lאאא

א٢٥٦אאאאK JאאW

אאאאאKא٧٧٤א٣LאאאK

אאא١٣٩٩אא١٤١٤אאאK

٤ JאאאאF١٤٠٠L١٤٠١١٤٠٤L١٤٠٥WE

אאאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאW

JאאW אאאאאא

אKאאא١٤٠١Kאא٩٤٦٢٥א٣Lאאא٣٥٧אאKא

- ٨٦ -

JאאאW אאאאאא

אKאא١٩٠٥٥٥א٣Lאאאא٥٩٠٧אKאאאK

JאW אאאא٨٥٢٣LאאאKאא١٤٠١

א١٤٠٦אאK JאאאW אאאאאK

אא١٢٠٤٣LאאאKאאא١٤٠٢אאאK

אKאא١١٨٤٤٧א٣Lאאאא٣٦٠אKא١٤٠٢אא

אKאא١٩١٧٨٠א٣Lאאאא٧١٠אKא١٤٠٢אא

אK JאאאאW

אאאאאא،١٤٠٣אאא١٠٣٢٣Lאאא

אאא١٤٠٣אאאK

- ٨٧ -

JאאאW אאא،אאאאאאאאא

אKאא٨١٨١٨٥א٣Lאא١٢٢٥אאא١٤٠٣א

אK JאW

אאא١٩٥٢٣Lאאא١٤٠٣אאאK

٥ JאאאאאF١٤٠٥L١٤٠٦١٤٠٩L١٤١٠WE

JאאאW אאאאאאאK

אא١٩٦٨٢א٣Lאאא١١אאKא١٤٠٦אK

JאאW אאא٣٧٨٤٣Lאאא

אאא١٤٠٦אאK JאW א،א٣٨٧٠٣LאאK

א١٤٠٧אאK JאאאW אאאאאא

אKאא٨٣٤٣٢א٣Lאאאא١٠٨אKא١٤٠٩אK

JאאאW

- ٨٨ -

אאאFאאאאEא،٨٣٤٣٢٣Lאא

١٠٨א،א١٤٠٩אאK JאW

אאאא٤٨٨٤٨٣Lאא،אא١٤٠٩אאK

JאאW אאאא٣٧٨٤٣LאK

١٤٠٩אאאK JאאW

אאאא٣٧٨٤٣L،א١٤١٠אאאK

٦ JאאאאF١٤١٠L١٤١١١٤١٤L١٤١٥WE JאW

אאאא٤٨٨٤٨٣L،א١٤١٤אאאK

٧ JאאאאF١٤١٥L١٤١٦١٤١٩L١٤٢٠WE JאאW

אאאאאאא،אאאאא

١٢٠٠٩٦٣Lא١٥٠אKאא١٠٦٩٠٤אא

א٢٢٧٠٠٠אאאאאאאKאא١٤٢٠K

- ٨٩ -

٨ JאאאאF١٤٢٠L١٤٢١א١٤٢٤L١٤٢٥WE JאאW

אאא،אא٧٨١٨٢٣LאFאאKE

JאאאW אא،אאאאא

٣٩٠٩٠٩א٣Lאא٥٢٠אK אאאאאא١٩٤٠٠

L١٣٨٩אL١٣٩٠٢}٢L١٤١٩אL١٤٢٠٧}١٦K٪

אאאאא٢١٪אאאאא،אא

א٣٠אא٣٣LאF٨٥٥EF٥٠٠٠אEK

א ٢٥٨ אאא א א א

- ٩٠ -

אאא Feed water Pre- treatment

אאאאא

א אא א feed treatment Fאא א E אא א Pre-treatment K א

אאאcorrosionאscale depositesאאאאאKאאאF،E

א א ، F ، א KKKKKKKKK Eא אאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

א1אאאאאאאאאW

Lאאscreening system LאFאאאא( Biocides K L א אא F א Anti Scalants א א Anti

FoamEK Lא אאאא אDeaerationאא،א

א Fא Eא א אEvaporatorsK

אאאW LאאScreening systemK

LאאאאK LאאאFאאאCoagulantsK

- ٩١ -

١Wאאאא LאsedimentationK

LאאאאFא_אE LאאאאאFאאאאKE Lא،אאאאאEאK

אאאאאא א אא א א א א

،א א אא אא،א אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאא،א

אאאאא،אאFאאאאEאאKא

א אא אאא אא א F٦٠٪אאאEK

- ٩٢ -

١Wאאא אא א

אאW - אFאE- א - א - א - א

אFאאE אFאאE

אאא א

אאא

אאW - אL

א - א

אW - אL

א - א - אLאL

א - אא - אK

אאא

אאאא

אאאאא

אאא؟ א א א א K א

אאא،אK Eאא،א،אK

- ٩٣ -

Eא،אאאאאאK EאאאאאK EאFאEאאאאFא

אאKE Eא א א א ،

א ، א א א ١אא א אא א،אאאאאא٢א

אאK אאאאW

אאאאאא K א J–אא א

،א א ٣ א א ، א א א א אא

א Jא–א؛אאאאאאאEK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאא٤אFאאאאאEאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא٥אאK

א٦ א א ،،א

א א א א א אאאאאאאאK

- ٩٤ -

אTurbidiy ، א א א א K

אאKאאאא،(NTU)אK

אאאאאאאא،אFאאאEאאאאK אאSDI

אאFאאאEאאאKאאאSlit Density Index א

אאאאאאאאאא א אא K ،א א ٧ F٤٥}٠ E

Kא١}٢אא٥٠٠אאT1א

١٥אF،אאאEא٥٠٠אאאFT2 EאSDIW

SDI = ( 1- T1/T2 ) ( 100/15 ) אT2אאT1SDI=5SDIאאאא٧}٦אאאFאא

אEאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאK אאFאEאאא

אאאאאKאW

א W א א א א א F א א E א ،אW

- ٩٥ -

אאSand ( media ) filters א א א א א א K

אאאאאא،אאאאאאFiber Glassאאא

،אא٤אאאאאאאKאאא

א Kא א אgravelאsandאאK

אאCartridge filer א א א א א Kא

אאאאFEאאא א א אא א א א Kא א

אאאאאאא٥٣FאאEאאאאאאאאF

אאאKE W

א א א א א א א אאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאF،אאE

- ٩٦ -

٢Wאא

- ٩٧ -

٤WאK

- ٩٨ -

٥Wאא

- ٩٩ -

٧Wאא

- ١٠٠ -

אאאא Product Water post Treatment

אאאא

אאא،אאאאאW

Eאאא EאK EאאאאK EאאאK

EאאאאpH EאK

אאאאאאאאאFאא،א،אEא

אאFאאKEאאאKאאאאא

א Jא א–אFאאא،אKא

אאאאאאאאאK א אא F א Eא א

אא،אאא ،אKאא א אאא ،א אא

אאאאK

- ١٠١ -

אא Scaled Deposits and Corrosion

א א אאאאFouling F א אאאE

אא אא א Fא ،א א ،אאאEאKאF

אאEא אא Fא אאאאEא

אאאאאאאא Kאאא ،אא א K אא

אאאאאK אאאאאאW

EFאאאEאF א א E F א אא – א

א– אא א אא Eא א א אא F א א א E

א א א א א א ،א א א K א

אאאאאK EFאאEאא

K א א א אאאK٨אא

אאאK אאאאא،אF

אא אא א،א א אאKELאא،

- ١٠٢ -

אא،אאאא Kא،א אא א אא

٨WאאאאK

אאFאScaleE אאCaCO3،

אMg(OH)2אCaSO4א،אאאאK

אאאאKאאאFEאאאא

אאא،אאFאאEאאFWאאאאאא

אאא٨אאאאאאאאא،א

אאאF،אאא،Eאאאא

،אאא،א،אא،אא،אאאK

- ١٠٣ -

אא––א١٠٠ א א ٧٧א ٨٢ F

אאאEW אאא٦٠K

א٨٠ אאאאK

א ١٠٠ א אK

אאאFאE? אא א אא א

אא א א א Kא א א א

אאאאא،אאK

א א א אא א א F אאE،אא אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKE אאאאאאאאא،אא،אאאא

א א אא ، א אא א K א،אאאאא

א ،א אא ، א א אK

א א א א א א א F א E

אאKאאF٩٦٪אEKאאאא

- ١٠٤ -

אא א א אאאאאאאא٧אK

אאאאא

אא א ،א א א، F א אEאא،א

א،אאאK אא א ،אא א א

א F Eאא א א אא Fאא،אאאE

אW אאאא Jא–אא

א א א א א א ،– א – אא אא א א

אאאKא،א،אאאאFאאאא

KEאאא אK

א א א א א אא Fאאאאאא

EFאEאFאאEאא

א א א א אFא א E ٩ K א א א אאK

- ١٠٥ -

אW אW

Eאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא–

،א E א א א א

،א א א א א א אאאFEאאאאאK

EאאFאאא،E،אאאFאאאא

אאKE Eאאא Wאא א א

אאאאאKאאאF א،אאא،אאאאא

אא אאא K אא אא א א א א א

FאEאאאאFאEאאא

א א F٧٠–٣٠ ،٩٠ J١٠ Eא א א אא Kא٢אאאאK

- ١٠٦ -

- ١٠٧ -

٢WאאאW א

א ٣١٦

א L٧٠L٣٠F٧٠٣٠٥}٠E

L٩٠L١٠F٩٠١٠٨}٠E אא–א

L١٠א٪

אאאא אא אא

א א F E א אK،אא،א،אא

K Z؟אאאאאא

א א א א א א،א،אא،אאאאאא

K אאאאאאא

אאא،אאKאאא א א א א ،א א א

- ١٠٨ -

٧א J٨ K א אא א KאאאאאK

אאאאאK אאאאא؟؟

אאאאאאאאKאאאאFאאאEאאא

אא،אאאאא،א F Eא א אא א א

אאKא،אאאKKKKKKKK אאאאא Kאא

א א Kא א F א E א ،אאאK ؟אאא

אאאאאF، ، KEא אא א אאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאאKא

אאאFאEאאא א א ، ،א

א א א K א א א א א א א ،

אאאאאאK א٣ א אא אא א ،א א

אאאאאFאאאEאאא٢٠٠٠אאאא٢٠٠٠אK

- ١٠٩ -

א אאא א K،אאאאא

א،KאאKאאאאאאא א

א א K א א א א אאK

٣אWאאאאאאאW א אא אאWmg/LF

E درجات فوق املعدل السائد١٠ال تزيد عن درجة احلرارة

٩-٦ pHالرقم اهلدروجيين خالية من املواد امللونة Colour اللون

٦٠ B.O.Dاملمتص األكسجني احليوي ١٠٠ C.O.Dاألكسجني املستهلك كيماويا ٢٠٠٠ T.D.Sجمموع املواد الصلبة الذائبة

٦٠ املواد العالقة Turbidity NTU 50العكارة ١ الكربيتات

١٥ Oils & Creasesالزيوت و الشحوم ٠.٥ اهليدروكربونات من أصل بترويل

٥ الفوسفات ٤٠ النيترات

١ الفيونوالت ١ الفلوريدات ٣ األلومنيوم ٣ )نيتروجني(األمونيا

٠.٠٠٥ بقالزئ ٠.٥ الرصاص

- ١١٠ -

٠.٠٥ الكادميوم ٠.٠٥ الزرنيخ ١ الكروم ١.٥ النحاس ٠.١ النيكل ١.٥ احلديد ١ املنجنيز ٥ الزنك ٠.١ الفضة ٢ باريوم ٢ كوبالت

٠.٢ املبيدات بأنواعها ٠.١ السيانيد

مايل للمجموعة القولونية يفالعدد االحت ٣سم ١٠٠

٥٠٠٠

א ٢٥٨ אא א א

- ١١١ -

אאא FMSFE30 °Cאאא90 °CK

אאאאאאאא4.22 kJ/(kg °C )אא2330א kJ/kg؟

אאא אאאא1000 kg א

א15000 ppmאאאאK1500 ppmאWאא30 %א ١ J ؟א ٢ J ؟אאאא ٣ J אאppm؟א

אאא FMEEEאאKאאאא

א120%אאאאא1800 kg/hrKאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאא25א °CK אK אאא؟ - אא؟ - אאאא؟ - אא؟ - אא؟ - אא؟ -

אW Cp = 1.2 kcal/(kg °C) Hv = 540 kcal/kg

- ١١٢ -

אאאא אאא6000 kg/min

א95 °Cא560 kg/min Kאאא1000א kcal/kgאאאא1.5 kcal/(kg °C)W

אאאאא؟ - אאאאא؟ -

אאאא؟ -

אא؟ -

אאאאא؟ -

אאא אאאאאא1500 m3/day

،30 %2500 ppmאאאKאאK

אאאא؟ - א؟ -

- אא؟אא

- א؟אא

אאא אRO١٥٠٠אאא2500

ppmאא25000 ppmאא60 %KאאאאאאK

- ١١٣ -

אאא אRO4400 m3/dayאאאאא

900 ppmKאאאא2500 ppmKא50א %אK

אW א؟ - א؟ -

אא؟ -

- ١١٤ -

١ J، Jא J،

،،אא١٩٨٧

٢ Jאאאאא،،،אK

،אאא١٤١٩א

٣ Jא

،،،אא٢٠٠١א،KK

4- Geankoplis, C, Transport Processes and Unit Opetartions

3th edt, Printice Hall International Inc,USA, 1983

א ٢٥٨ א א א

.................................................................................................................................... - ١ -

אאא: .................................................................................................................. - ٣ -

אאW ................................................................................................................ - ٣ -

אאW ...................................................................................................................... - ٣ -

א٤ - ................................................................................................................ א -

א٥ - ............................................................................................................ א - - ٩ - ................................................................................. مقارنة الترآيب األيوني لمياه البحار: ٤جدول

- ٩ - ............................................................................................. :مياه مالحة من مصادر أخرى: ٤- ٢אאאאאא١٢ - .................................................................................... א -

אאא .......................................................................................... - ١٧ -

א١٩ - ............................................................................................................ א -

אא .................................................................................................... - ١٩ -

אאאאאא٢٧ - ............................................................. א -

א٣٧ - ................................................................................................................ א -

א٤٣ - ................................................................................................................. א -

א ............................................................................................................ - ٥٥ -

אא (Reverse Osmosis R.O) ............................................................................... - ٥٩ -

٤.١- א ........................................................................................................... - ٦١ -

٥.١ -אא٦٢ - .......................................................................................... א - - ٦٢ - ............................................................................................... مقارنة مواد األغشية: ١الجدول

١- ٦.אאאא٦٣ - ................................................................ א - אאא .................................................................................................. - ٦٣ -

١- ٧.אW ............................................................................................... - ٦٥ -

٩- ١.אאאאא٦٨ - .............................................................. א - א٧٠ - ....................................................................................................................... א -

Jאאאאא٧٠ - ............................................................ א - אא ...................................................................................................... - ٧٢ -

א ...................................................................................................................... - ٧٢ -

א ٢٥٨ א א א

٢- ٤ .אאאאאא ................................................... - ٧٧ -

אאאא ........................................................................................ - ٨٣ -

אא٩٠ - ........................................................................................................ א - Feed water Pre- treatment ............................................................................................... - ٩٠ -

אאאא٩٠ - ...................................................................................... א - - ٩٢ - .............................................................................. אאא؟

אאא١٠٠ - ............................................................................................. א - Product Water post Treatment ...................................................................................... - ١٠٠ -

א١٠١ - ................................................................................................................... א - Scaled Deposits and Corrosion ..................................................................................... - ١٠١ -

...................................................................................................... - ١٠٧ - - ١٠٨ - ................................................................... אאאאא؟؟

.................................................................................................................... - ١١١ -

א١١٤ - ............................................................................................................................... א -

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