УСКОРИТЕЛИ В ФИЗИКЕ ВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙ И.Н.Мешков vi-я...
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УСКОРИТЕЛИ В ФИЗИКЕ
ВЫСОКИХ ЭНЕРГИЙИ.Н.Мешков
VI-я Зимняя школа по Теоретической Физике
"Введение в Теорию Фундаментальных Взаимодействий"
Дубна, 26 января – 5 февраля 2008 г.
Лекция III
2
Содержание
12. Физика спина
13. “Confinement” и “comressed barion matter”
14. Масса нейтрино
15. Перспективы развития ускорительной
техники и “Новая физика”
16. И ещё раз о космических лучах
Заключение
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
326 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
10. The remaining problems and accelerators
SPS, Main Injector (Fermilab), J-PARCLHC, ILC, muon collider,
“plasma wake field accelerators”
426 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
12. Spin Physics
Hadron-Electron Ring Accumulator (HERA)Parameters:
Circumference 6336 m
Energy 30 GeV (e+or e-) x 820(p)
GeV
Luminosity 3.81031 cm-2s-1
HERA: The first
"hint" on quark-
gluon structure of
nucleon spin
The HERA facility will be shut down this year (?)
5
12. Spin Physics
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility
(Jefferson National Laboratory)Electrons of 12 GeV energy are used
as an electromagnetic/weak
interacting probe of nucleon structure
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Fixed target experiment
6
12. Spin Physics
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Nuclotron (JINR)
d 4 (6 - project) GeV/amu
7
12. Spin Physics
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Cooler-Synchrotron (COSY)
Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany
d 2 GeV/amu
electron cooling
stochastic cooling
8
12. Spin Physics
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
U70 (Protvino)
p, d 35 GeV/amu
(concept)
9
12. Spin Physics
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (BNL)
pp 2x250 GeV, 11032 cm-2s-1
pp 2x250 GeV, 11032 cm-2s-1 ?
ii 2x100 GeV/u, 3.21027 cm-
2s-1
10
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion
matter”
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Experiment NA-49
208Pb82+ 158 GeV/u
208Pb fixed target
Search forquark-gluon
plasma
11
Electron cooling 91027 cm-2s-1
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
RHIC in Ion Mode
197Au79+ x 197Au97+
100 GeV/u s = 202 GeV/u
Lpeak = 3.21027 cm-2s-1
_
1226 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
Novel Ideas from Dubna
A.Sisakian, A.Sorin, V.Toneev:Search for The Mixed Phase
1326 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
Evolution of collision region in Nucleus-Nucleus
Interaction
QGP andhydrodynamic
expansion
Hadronisation,hadronic phase
& chemical freeze-out
“Chemical freeze-out” – finish of inelastic interactions;“Kinetic freeze-out” – finish of elastic interactions._______________________________________________________
*) freeze-out – here means “to get rid” (отделаться, англ. слэнг)
Start of the collision
pre-equilibrium
Hadronic phase &kinetic freeze-out
1426 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
Novel Ideas from Dubna:
_ The Mixed Phase can be formed in collisions of heavy and neutron rich ions at s ~ 7 10
GeV/u.
The project of ion collider in this energy range
1526 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
The second possible detector
Nuclotron
Krion & Linac
Booster
ColliderC = 251.2 m
Averaged luminosity 1.31027 cm-2s-1
(238U92+ x 238U92+)
Existing beam lines(solid target exp-s)
Project of Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility
s ~ 4 10 GeV/u_
1626 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
What do think others?
Reacted immediately!
1726 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
RHIC – reflecting of collision energy decreasy
What is the FAIR?
U-70 – considering ion acceleration
CERN… too busy with LHC, but…
FAIR…
18
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
_
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Facility for Antiproton and Ion ResearchGSI (Darmstadt, Germany)
SIS100, SIS300 – superconducting proton (ion) synchrotrons
CR – Cooler storage Ring
RESR – cooler storage ring
NESR – “New ESR”
HESR – High Energy Storage Ring
FLAIR - Facility for Low-energy Antiproton and Ion Research
E[GeV/u] 0.3· (Z/A)·(B)[T·m]
19
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research
Compressed Barion Matter experiment at FAIR
Fixed target experiment
complimentary to NICA/MPD
20
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
TerraWatt Accumulator Facility at ITEP (Moscow)
Fixed target experiment
complimentary to FAIR and NICA/MPD
21
13. “Confinement” & “compressed barion matter”
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
TerraWatt Accumulator Facility at ITEP (Moscow)Two-ring accelerator complex:
The goal => accumulation
of
1 1012 C6+
ions
The ion beam energy
3.8 kJ/pulse
Beam pulse duration 50 ns
Beam power 77 GW
Acceleration up to 700 MeV
gives 270 GW
The goal: inertial
fusion
U10
UK Booster
22
14. Neutrino Mass
First experimental observation: 1998, The Super-Kamiokande Collaboration
The detector, named KamiokaNDE for Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment, was a tank 16.0m in height and 15.6m in width, containing 3,000 tons of pure water and about 1,000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs).
Super-Kamiokande: 15 timeslarger the water volume and 10 times as many PMTs as Kamiokande.
Bruno Pontecorovo: neutrino oscillations
Is neutrino massless particle? If not
First evidence: cosmic neutrinos from Supernova SN
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
23
CERN
Accelerator
Chain
25 July – 5 August 2005 The VIIIth International School-Seminar at "Golden Sands“, Gomel
14. Neutrino Mass (Contnd)
2425 July – 5 August 2005 The VIIIth International School-Seminar at "Golden Sands“, Gomel
CNGS
730 km
14. Neutrino Mass (Contnd)SPS (CERN) CNGS1 (OPERA) A search
for - oscillations in the CNGS beam;
CNGS2 (ICARUS) A search of
-oscillations with the
ICARUS detector
CNGS: CERN Neutrino to Grand
Sasso
730 km
25
14. Neutrino Mass (Contnd)
Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS)
25 July – 5 August 2005 The VIIIth International School-Seminar at "Golden Sands“, Gomel
26
14. Neutrino Mass (Contnd)K2K and J-PARCJ-PARC
Tokyo
K-to-K: KEK to KamiokandeK2K - Long-baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
J-PARC: Japaneze Proton AcceleRator Complex
Linac: H- , 600 (400) MeV
RCS 3 GeV proton synchrotron, 25 Hz repetition rate
MR (Main Ring) 50 Gev, <Ip> = 15 A 0.931013 p/s,
<Pbeam> = 750 kW, repetition rate 0.3 Hz
27
14. Neutrino Mass
Accelerators and neutrino oscillations
Neutrino Generators SPS (CERN) 450 GeV, 21012 p/s Main Injector (Fermilab) 120 GeV, 1.31013 p/s
J-PARC (Japan) 50 Gev, 9.31012 p/s U-70 (Russia) 70 GeV, 1.51012 p/s
and 3 experiments: OPERA (CERN) 730 km
MINOS (Fermilab) 730 km K2K (KEK, Japan) ~ 300 km
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
28
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies
and
New Physics
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
1.International (e+ e-) Linear Collider (ILC - “TESLA technology”)
2. CERN (e+ e-) Linear Collider (CLIC –"CLIC technology”)
3. Muon Collider
4. Plasma & Wake-field accelerators
29
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
First idea – VLEPP:
Встречные Линейные Электрон-Позитронные
Пучки
i.e.
e+ e- Linear Collider
V.E.Balakin, G.I.Budker, A.N.Skrinsky
INP Novosibirsk
1978
30
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
First ideaWhy should they be
linear?
To avoid SR problem!
31
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
First
proposal
Layout of the VLEPP facility(1974-1977)
32
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
ILC Scheme
~30 km
e+ undulator @ 150 GeV (~1.2km)x2R = 955m
E = 5 GeV
RTML ~1.6km
ML ~10km (G = 31.5MV/m)20mr
2mrBDS 5km
2 х 250 GeV, 15 + 15 km
33
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
“TESLA Technology”
35 MV/m 60 MeV / m
ILC Tunnel
2 x 250 GeV
15 x 15 km
ILC
34
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
International Linear Collider (ILC) – A Fabric of Higgs Bosons Main advantage of a e+e- collider
e-e+
H
Z0
LHC pp collisions:
ILC e+e- collisions:
Z0
H
35
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
LHC will allow to find Higgs-boson and "roughly" defind its mass
ILC will make possible high precision measurements of Higgs-boson parameters
ILC
36
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
International Linear Collider (ILC) – A Fabric of Higgs Bosons
«Three elefants of» ILC
Energy
2x250 2x500
GeV
Polarization
P 0.8
Luminosity
500 fb-1/4 years
21034 cm-2s-1
ILC
37
GDE Structure and Organization
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Global Design Effort – - Всемирное Усилие по Созданию
Проекта
Executive Committee for Baseline Configuration
– GDE Director B.Barish (SLAC)– Regional Directors
G. Dugan – Americas (Cornell Univ.) B. Foster – Europe (Oxford
Univ.,RAL) Takasaki – Asia (KEK)
– Accelerator LeadersRaubenheimer – Americas (?)N. Walker – Europe (?)K. Yokoya – Asia (KEK)
GDEExecutiveCommittee
G.Shirkov (JINR)
ILC
38
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Почём хиггсы для народа?
ILC
ILC = $ 6.5 6.7 Billion
(15?)
39
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
1. Fermilab2. Japan
3. CERN
4.DESY5. Dubna
Where to build ILC?ILC
40
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
ILC at Dubna
Cosmic Communication Station
ILC
41
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
ILC The GDE Plan and Schedule
2005
Global Design Effort Project
globally coordinated
Baseline configuration
Reference Design
ILC R&D Program
Technical Design
FALC International Mgmt
expression of interestsamples
regionial coord-n
ICFA / ILCSC
Funding
Hosting
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
42
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
ILC Recent disappointment:
USA, GB shortened funding of the Project
works!
SSC, ILC,… what follows?
43
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
CERN (e+ e-) LInear Collider
CLIC – Alternative Technology:
“Two beam acceleration”
Status: R & D
150 MV/m
The Decision “After LHC” (i.e. 2007)
Now - 2009 !
44
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
Muon Collider
Proton Injector~100 GeV
targets
decay channels
Ionization cooling and -bunches formation
accelerator
+ - collider
Principle limitation –
ultrarelativistic energy :
life = , 2.2 s, 100
+ -
Status: R & D
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
45
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
Muon Collider
Key technology: “muon cooling”
Initial idea A.A.Kolomensky (1968):
G.Budker & A.Skrinsky ( beginning of the 70th)
muon cooling and +- collider concept
Test facility under construction:
Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment MICE at Rutherford Appleton Lab., UK
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
46
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
Muon Collider“muon
cooling”
Regions of ionization cooling
no cooling
/mc2
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
d/dx
Good, but… …does not work for hadrons due to strong interaction with nuclei!
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
47
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Plasma & Wake-field accelerators
Status: R & D
Acceleration rate ~ a few GeV/m
Driver bunch
“Witness bunch”
Principle of “The Wake Field Acceleration”
48
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
Plasma & Wake-field accelerators
The principle:A short ultrarelativistic electron bunch (or a few bunches), or short laser pulse passes through plasma and excites with its electric field plasma oscillations. Heavy ions remain to stay at their initial places, but light electrons begin to oscillate around equilibrium position. Separation of plasma charges produces electric field, which can accelerate particle coming into oscillating plasma at appropriate phase. Rough estimate:Phase velocity of the plasma wave coincides with the driver bunch velocity.
m
en4 2p
p
+ - + -+ - + -
+ - + - + - + - + - + -
+ -+ -
+ - + - + -
- + -- + -
- + - - + - - + -
+ -+ -
+ - + - + -
E
~ /2
Plasma oscillation p
pppc
en2~en2~E
2pmcn2~E
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
That is Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (PWFA)
Typical parameters: Plasma density np ~ 1015 cm-3
Plasma frequency p = (4npe2/m)1/2 ~ 2·1012 s-1
Bunch size Lb ~ p/4 ~ c/p ~ 0.2 mm
Electric field E (4npmc2)1/2 = pmc/e ~3 GV/m !
49
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
Plasma & Wake-field accelerators
That is Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (PWFA)
Typical parameters: Plasma density np ~ 1015 cm-3
Plasma frequency p = (4npe2/m)1/2 ~ 2·1012 s-1
Bunch size Lb ~ p/4 ~ c/p ~ 0.2 mm
Electric field E (4npmc2)1/2 = pmc/e ~3 GV/m !
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
50
15. Prospects of Accelerator Technologies and New Physics (Contnd)
Plasma & Wake-field accelerators
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
List of Experiments on Wake Field AccelerationLaboratory Year Bunch Particle Energy Acceleration number energy gain rate
MeV MeV MeV/m
Argonne Nat. Lab. 1988-90 2 15 - 21 200 5
1998-… 1-2 15.6 11 140
KEK 1990-93 6 250-500 30
Kharkov Inst. for Physics and Technique
1991-94 6000 2 0.5 0.25
SLAC 2000-... 30 GeV 4 GeV 40
GeV/m
BNL 2003-… 1 60 0.6 35
LANL 2001-.., 5 7.4 MeV 7.5 0.2 in gas jet
51
16. Cosmic Rays – once again
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
Eprimary 1020 eV !
Energy limitation: GZK effect
(Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin)
Disadvantage: Poor intensity and no
control!Main aplication (today): Astrophysics
52
For conclusion:
What do and can we expect "soon"?
2008 (2009?) LHC
2012 (?) FAIR, NICA
2015 (??) ILC
2025 (?) Muon collider
2030 (?) Wake Field Accelerator
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
53
The Goals:
GUT (Grand Unification Theory) ~ 1023 eV
Tevatron 1.8·1012 eV
LHC 1.4·1013 eV
Wake Field Collider 6·1014 eV (2x100 km)
The Hopes:
For conclusion: What do and can we expect ?
26 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
5426 January – 5 February 2008 I.Meshkov Particle Acelerators in HEP
The VIth Winter School of Theoretical Physics, JINR, Dubna
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