تقنية التفاعلات كيميائية

אאאא

٢٦٥٢٦٥

א ٢٦٥

،،אא،אW

אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאא אאאאאאאWא

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א

אא،אאאא،אK

אא?אא???Kאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא

Kאאאאא

؛ א אא אאK

אאאא

א ٢٦٥

אאאאKא

אאאאאאKאאאא،אאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאKWאאאאאא

אאKWאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאKאאאאאWאאאא،אאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאא

א ٢٦٥ אא אא אא

- ١ -

אאא

אא ١K אאאא ٢K אאאאאא ٣K אאאא ٤K אאא

אאא אאא

- ٢ -

אא אאא،K

Wא אאFbatchFEאאאE

אcontinuousKאאF١ J١Eאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאFאאאEאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،

אאאאאאK

١ J١Wאא(Batch)

- ٣ -

אאF١ J٢EאאאאאאאאKאאא،אא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאK

١ J٢Wאא(Continuous)

אאאאא(Semibatch) F١ J3Eאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

- ٤ -

ReactantA +

Products

١ J٣Wאא(Semibatch)

אאא،אאאאF(Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, CSTRאאF

EאF١ J٤Eא،אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאא(CSTR) (Steady-state)

KKאאאאאאKאאאאאK

Kאאאאאאא

- ٥ -

١ J٤Wאא

אאאאאא (Plug Flow Reactor, PFR) אאאאא

F١ J٥EKאאאאאKאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאF١ J٦KE

- ٦ -

١ J٥Wא(Plug Flow Reactor, PFR)

تغذية

ناتج

١ J٦Wאא

Wאאאא אאאאא

אאאאא(Bubble Column Reactor).

- ٧ -

אאאאאאאאא(Two-Phase Slurry Reactor)אא(Fixed Bed Reactor)

אKאאאאאאF(Three-Phase Slurry ReactorK١א J٧אאK

١ J٧W(A) אאK(B) א

אאאאא(Fluidized bed Reactor) אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא

- ٨ -

אאאאאא١א J٨K

Cracked products Combustion

Spent Catalyst

Hydrocarbon Feed

Regenerated Catalyst

١ J٨Wאאא(Fluidized Bed)

אאאא אאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאא

אאאF١ J٩E

- ٩ -

١ J٩Wאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאF١ J

١٠(K

١ J١٠Wאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאF١ J١١E

אאאאKא

- ١٠ -

١ J١١Wאאאאאא

א١ J١٢א(CO)K

١ J١٢WאK

א ٢٦٥ אא אא א

- ١١ -

אאChemical Kinetics

אאאא

אא ١K אאא ٢K א ٣K אאא

١٠א

אא אאExcelאאא

אאא אאא

- ١٢ -

אאא(Scale-up)אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،א

אאאKאאאאאFאאאאEאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאKאאא(Plug Flow

Reactor, PFR)אאאאאאאKאאאאא(Rate law) א

אאאא(Reactor Design)אאK

אא אאHomogenous Reaction

אאHeterogeneous Reaction

אאאאK

אאIrreversible Reaction

אאאאFBA→KE

- ١٣ -

אאReversible Reaction

אאאאאאאאאאא(Equilibrium)אא

אאFBA↔KE

אאא אאRate of Homogenous Reaction

אאאאאאאאא

אאאW

)12(dt

dnV1r i

ii −=

i ،n ،אVאKאאאא

אאאאCiW

)22(Vn

c ii −=

)42(dtdc

)32(dt

- ١٤ -

אאאאא

אאאאאW

)52(dDcCbBaA −+→+ b, a אאstoichiometric coefficientsאאא

אאאd, cאאאאאאCDא،אא

אאאאאKאW

)62(dtn d

a1- DCBA −==−=

)72(dDr

−===

אאF٪E Chemical Conversion אאאאאK

אאAאnAonAt،אאAW

)82(100n

n - n (t)X

AAoA −×=

،אאאאK

אאא،אא2-1٢ J٢KאאאאאF50 %KEAאאא(Catalyst)،א

BאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאF١ J2KEאא١ J2،

- ١٥ -

אא25%t1אא45%אאKא١ J2אאאאא

אאא5%אאאאאאK

1J2אא

- ١٦ -

2J2אא

אאאאאאא

אFאEאאאאאW

)92(c c α r- BAA −βα

:αאA

βאBK

:α+βאאK

אאאא)(αאF٩ J٢EאW

)102(c c k Ar- BAA −= βα

אkAאא(Specific reaction rate)،אאK

- ١٧ -

Arhenius equation אאאאW

)112( eA (T)k RTE

−=⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאk

אKאEאאאא،אF

EAאF١١ J٢EKאאאאאאאk אאא

FאאEאא(ln)W

)122(RTE -A ln k ln −=

F(ln kאאא(y)(T/1)א

(x)⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

RE،א(y)(ln A)K

אאאאאאk TFE،אkTאאא

אReaction Order ،אאא

אאKאW

אא(Reaction mechanism)אאאאאKאא(Reaction mechanism)א

- ١٨ -

אאKאאK

אאאאאאאאKאא،אא

H2 + I2 → 2 HI (2-13)

אאאאאKאאאW

NaOH +CH3Br → CH3OH +NaBr (2-14)

אאW 2NO +2H2 → N2 + 2H2O (2-15)

אאאאW 2NO +H2 → N2 +H2 O2 (2-16)

H2O +H2 → 2H2O (2-17) אאאF١٦ J٢Eאא

אאF١٦ J٢Eאא٢א١K(mechanism)

אאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאK

- ١٩ -

אאא אאאאא

אאK،אאאאאאאאKאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאא

אא A → P (2-18)

19)-(2k0)A(ck dt

Ac d==−

אF١ J١٩EאאאאW

)202(dtk c

c Ac dt

Ao−∫=∫−

[ ] 22)-(2ktcc

21)-(2ktcc

=−−

cAoאאאAcAאאAtKאF٢٢ J٢EאאאאAFcA ((y)א(x)

- ٢٠ -

א -k kSImol /m3 sאא

(y)KcAoKאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK

אאא

A → P (٢-23)

)242(Ack dt

Ac d−=−

[ ] 25)-(2kt ccAc ln A

Ao=−

26)-(2kt cln - cln AAo =

27)-(2kt cc ln

- ٢١ -

אF٢٧ J٢EאW

ln (cAo/cA)

אאאאאkkאSIs-1Kאאא

אאאאאK

אאא

אאאאW

28)-(2P2A →

29)-(2PbBaA →+ אF٢٨ J٢EאאA

)302(2Ack

tdAc d

−=−

)312(dtk cc d

−=− ∫∫t

- ٢٢ -

32)-(2k t c1 Ao

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

33)-(2k t c1

אאאאא1/cA(y)אt(x)אk(y)1/cAoאW

אאאא A Bא

אאABאW

34)-(2PbBaA →+

)352(c ck tdc d

BAA −=−

١K אאאA B(cAo = cBo)b = a

- ٢٣ -

cA = cB

אאF٣٠ J٢EF٣٣ J٢KE

٢K cAo ≠ cBob ≠ aK

)63(2c ck tdc d

BAA −=−

אאאאcBcAAאאnAoBאאnBoKAא

tnAB אאnBKF٢٩ J٢EW

)73(2)n(n)ab(nn AABB 00

−−−=

)83(2)c(c)ab(cc AABB 00

−−−=

cBאF٣٥ J٢EאאאאW

)39(2 tdk )c

cAAoBoA

−=+−

− ∫∫

אאאאאאW

40)-(2k t cc

ab - c

=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−⎟⎟

⎞⎜⎜⎝

- ٢٤ -

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאFאאEאאאאאאאאK

אMethod of Half Life אt1/2אאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

41)-(2PnA →

)422(ck tdc d - n

AA −=

)432( tdk cc d -

−= ∫∫

)442(c1

1)-k(n1 t

−⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛−=

- ٢٥ -

( ) )452(1 - cc

1-n ck 1 t

−⎥⎥⎦

⎢⎢⎣

⎡⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

t = t1/2،cAo cA =1/2

( ) )462( c1

1-nk 1- 2 t 1-n

21 −⎥

⎤⎢⎣

47)-(2 cln n)-(1 1)k-(n

1- 2ln ln t Ao

אF٤٧ J٢Eאאא(y)אאאא(x)،1-n

אn Kאא(y)אkKאאאאאn=1،אא

אאאW

48)-(2k t ccln

t = t1/2،cAo cA =1/2

)492(k t c

Ao −=

)502( tk

2ln 21 −=

- ٢٦ -

)512( tk 2

Ao −=

)522( tck l

אאאאKאאאאאא،

אאאK

אאא אאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאW

١. אאאאאאאאאאK ٢. אאאK ٣. אאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאK

- ١١ -

אאאא

- ٢٧ -

אאHomogeneous Reactors

אאאא

אא ١K אאא ٢K אאאא

٨א אא

אאאאאא

אאא אאא

- ٢٨ -

אאאFW١Eאאא،F٢Eאאאא،F٣EאאאאK

אאאא Reactor design and laboratory rate data

אאא،אאאFאEאFא

אPFR EאFאBatch KEאאא،אא

אא،Kאאא(Feed flow rate)א(Product flow rate)אא Jא Jא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאWF١E،אאאF٢EאאאאFOptimization techniqueE،אא

אאאאאאאאK אאא،אא

אאFStorage tank Eא،אאאFCyclicalEK

אאFReactor controlEאאאאאKאאאאא

אא،(Strategy) (Fluctuations)אאKא

(Manual)אאא،א(Semi-computerized )K،אאאאאאאDirect-

digital)EאאאאFClosed-loopEא،

- ٢٩ -

אאKאאאאK

אאאאא(Iterative)،אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאW

١K א(Bench-scale laboratory reactor)אKאאאאא(Diffusion)אאאFאאEאא

אאKאאK ٢K אFאאא(Pilot plantK ٣K אאK

אאאאאאא،אא(SO2)K

אאאאאאאKא١אא،א

א(SO3)אאאאאK SO3אאא،אא

אאאאאאKא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אא(Pilot-plant)א،אאאאאKאאא

אאא،אאKאאאא

אא،אאאK

- ٣٠ -

אא،אאאאאאאא(Diffusion)אאא

אאאאאKאאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאאK

אאא،אאאאאאאKא

،אאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKא–

Jאאאאאאאאאא(Prediction methods)،אא

אאאאאאK

אאאMass and Energy Balances

אאאאאאאאאKאאא(Single-reaction system)א

א(Limiting reactant)،אאאאאאאא،אא(Limiting

reactant)KאאאאK ،אאאא

אאאא(Conversion)אאאאאאאאא(Stoichiometry)K

אאFMultiple-reaction systems)אאאK

- ٣١ -

א(X)אאאאאאKאאאאאKאאא

(Simultaneous reactions)(Successive reactions) אאאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאא،א

אאאאאK

٣ J١

אאאא(CSTR)KאW

HClClHCClClHCHClClHCClClHCHClClHCClHC

3362246

246256

אאא(NB0)אKאאאאKאאאאא

אKאאאאXMXD

XTאאK

אאאא(Limiting reactant)אא،KNBNMNDNTא

אאאאאאKאאאא،אאא٢אאא

−=CL

- ٣٢ -

−=Cl

)33()31

21(1)(1

2−++−=++−= ClTDMTDMB NxxxNNNN

אאאא[B0](NB0)/Vא،(3-1)(3-2)אאא،Kאאא

[ ] )43(][)(

0 −== MClMB xNB

)53(][21][

20 −= DCl xNBD

)63(][31][

20 −= TCl xNBT

)73(]][)31

)(][ 02

0 −++−== BNxxxV

NNB ClTDM

אאאאאאאאK،אאאאאאא

Kאאאא

אאאW

)73(322

−++= TDMCl NNNN

- ٣٣ -

אאאאאאאKאאא٣ J١٣ J٢٣ J٣CW

)83(NXNXNXN2222 ClTClDClmCl −++=

9)-(31XXX TDM =++

F٣ J٢E אאאאF200OC250OCE

O(g)HC(g)O21(g)HC 42442 →+

)(2)(2)(3)( 22242 gOHgCOgOgHC +→+

אאאX1X2אאW

NX OHC

OHC ==

אאאW OHX 222 =

42211 HCXX =−−

N2 = O.79(air)

- ٣٤ -

)321()(21. 212 XXairoO +−=

אא1211 Xair−+

אאאאאW

211 XA

XCO−+

XOH−+

XXHC−+

−−=

airN−+

)321(21.0

XXairO

אאX2HX1KאאאאX1X2LX1אאK

אאW }אאאא{ J}אאאאא{

J}אאאאא{=}אאאאאא{F١٠ J٣E

- ٣٥ -

אאאאאאאאאאאV∆אאא∆Τאאאאא،

Kאאאאאאאא∆ΤאאאאKאאאאאtr ∆∨∆،

rאאאKאr،אאאאF٣ J١٠Eא،אאאא

אאאאאאK אאMass Balance

אF٣ J١٠EF٣ J١١EאV∆אא،אאF٢ J٣KEאאא

אאאאאKאאאFאא،Xא

א،אאאאאאאא(Bulk flow)אאא،F٣ J١٠EW

tXF ∆− )1( Kאאאאאא∆Χ+Xאא

∆Τ∆−− )1( XXFK

אאאאאאאאKאאtVr ∆∆،rאKאאא

אאאאאאV∆Kא،אאאאrא

אאאאK

- ٣٦ -

אא אאאאאאאא

)אאKEאאאאאאאאFאאאאאE،

אאאאKאאאV∆אt∆W

}אאאאא{ J}אאאאאא{H}אאאאאא{=}אאאא{F١١ J٣E

אאאאאאא(Internal energy)אא(Potential energy)אא(Kinetic energy)

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאFאאKEאאאאאאא

אאאאKאF٣ J١١EאאאאאאK

אF٣ J١٠EF٣ J١١E،אאאאKאאאא

אאMixing)Eא(Diffusion )אאKאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאKאאאאF٣ J١٠EF٣ J١١EאאK

- ٣٧ -

אאאThe Ideal Stirred-tank Reactor אא(CSTR)אא(Steady-

state flow reactor)א،(Batch reactor)א(Semi-batch reactor)FאאKEאאאא

אאאאKאאאFאEאאאא،

אאאאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאSteady-State Flow

אאאאF٣ J١EאאKאאאאאKאאאאא

אF١٠ J٣EאאאאLimiting reactant)Et∆K

אאאKאאאאאאFאאאא،XF

אאאXPאאאאאtXF F ∆− )1(tXF P ∆− )1(אאK

٣א J١WאאאCSTRאא

- ٣٨ -

אאאאא،אאאאאKא

אאrPא،E،אאאאאtVrE ∆Kאאאא

אאאאאאאKאF١٠ J٣EאW

0)1()1( =∆−∆−−∆− tVrtXFtXF EEF

FV −=

אאאאאאאXEאXFFאא، rEK

אאאXEאאK،אאאאאאאK

אאאאKאא،אאאאאאKKKא

אאאאאrEאא،אאאVKאאאאF٣ J١١E

אKא(Base state)FאאאאEאאKאאא(Enthalpy)

אאאאאFאEHFHEKאאאאFtא،tHF Ft ∆tHF Et ∆אא

0)()(1 =∆−+∆− tTTUAtHHF EshEF

- ٣٩ -

0)()(1 =−+− EshEF TTUAHHF

אאאאאאאאאTsאאאאU(Overall-heat-transfer coefficient)

אא(Effective area)אאAhKאאH∆אאKא

אא،אאאאא،אH∆אrאאאHEאK

אאאאHE JHFאאHrT ∆,, אאאאאKאאא

TFTEאאאאאאא،Kא(TE-TF)CpMHXX FE /)( ∆אאW

)()()(MFHFXXXXTTeHH FEFEFEPFe

∆−+−+−=−

M אאאא(Limiting reactant)∆ΗאאאאאKאF٥ J٣EF٤ J٣E

0()()( )1 =−+∆Η

−−− EshFEPeF TTUAM

XXFeTTF

אאאאאאאKאאFX J EXאF٣ J٣E

0)()(1 =−+∆Η

−− EshEPEF TTUAM

VreTTF

אF٤ J٣EF٦ J٣EF٧ J٣E،אאאאא(Homogeneous reactors)

- ٤٠ -

אFאאEBatch Operation (Non steady-State) אאאאאאאK

אאא،אאmאא∆Χאt∆،אאאאא

אt∆Xm∆−،אאW

XmtrV ∆=∆−

אKאאאאאאF٨ J٣Eאאt∆א0→∆t

F٩ J٣EmVr

= אאאאrאFאא

אאEאא،XאאאKאאF٩ J٣E

F١٠ J٣E∫ ∫== 2

rvdXm ρ

X1אאאX2אאtKאאאא

אאmtאρאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאrאρאאאאK

אאאאאאK

- ٤١ -

אאאאאאאKאFאEאאאF٢ J٣E

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאtrVMH ∆∆ )/Kאאאאt∆T∆،אאאאא

אאTCn vt ∆אF٢ J٣EאW

∆Τ+∆∆Η

=∆− etsh cmtrVM

tTTUA )(

Tא،אאאאאF٩ J٣EאאאאאאאאK

אF١٠ J٣EאאאאאK

אאSemi-batch Operation

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאKאאאאKאאא

אK אאאא،אאאאא(CSTR)K

אאאאאאאFאאאKEאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאא

- ٤٢ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

(Hexamethylenetetramine)،אאאאFאאאEאאא

אאאאא(Exothermic reaction)Kאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאא،אא،אא

אאאאאK אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

א،אFאאאאEאאאאאK

אאאFאאE The Ideal Tubular-flow Reactor (Plug-flow Reactor, PFR)

אא(PFR)אאאאאא،אאאאF٣א J٢KEאאא

אאFאאEאאאKאאא Jאאא J

אאאאKאאF٣אVא J١٠EF٣ J١١EאאאאK

V∆אאאKאF٣ J١٠EF٣ J١١EFPartial differential

equations)אאאאאK

- ٤٣ -

٣א J٢Wאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאא،WאאאאFאאEא،אאאא،אKאא

אאאאאא(Plug-flow reactor)Kאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאK

PFR אא א

אאאא

א ٢٦٥ אאא אא אא

- ٤٤ -

אאHeterogeneous Reactions

אאאאא

אא ١K אאא ٢K אאאא ٣K אא ٤K אאאאא

٨א אא

אאאאאא

אאא אאא

- ٤٥ -

אאאTypes of Heterogeneous Reactions

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

،אאKאאאאאאאא

אאWא(Cracking)אא،(Reforming)א،(Dehydrogenation)Fא

אאEא،(Isomerization)،א(Desulfurization)KKKK

אאאאאאאKאאאFE

אFKEאאאאאאאKאא

א(Transient)אאאאאאאא(Steady-state)K

אאאאאאאNa2SO4NaClאאW

(g)4(s)2(g)23(g)(s) 2HClSONaOHSO2NaCl +→++

K אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אא(Bubble column)אאאאא(Countercurrent)א(Co-current)Fא

אאאא(Spray column،

- ٤٦ -

אאKEאאאCO2אא(Amine Solution)אK

אאאאאאאאאאאא JאאאאK

אאא(Alkylation)AlCl3(s)K

אאאאאא(Sludge)Kא

אKאאאאאאאאא(Hydrogenation)א،

אאKאאא(CSTR)אאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאKאאא،אאאא

אK אאאאאא(Fixed Bed Reactors)א

אא،אאKאאא(Volatility)א

א Kאאא

א،אאאאאאאK

- ٤٧ -

אאאDesign Of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors

אאאאאאKאאא

،אאא،א،אאאאאK אאאאאאאא

אאFIXED BED REACTORS

אConstruction and Operation

،אאאאאאאא،א

אKאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאא،אKאאאאאאא

אאאK א،אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאא

٤ J١،אאאאאא،אאא،אאאא

אאאאאאF٢٥EאאאFאא

Exothermic reactionKEאאאאאאK

- ٤٨ -

٤ J١WאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא،

אאא،אאא،אאאאא،אאאאא،א

אאאאאאאKאאא

אאאא،אK אאאא

אKאאאFאא(Hot SpotאאאאאאאK

אאאאא(Intercooler)}א٤ J٢K

- ٤٩ -

٤ J٢WאאאאאאFE،אאFEאא

אאאאאאאא،א

אאאאK

- ٥٠ -

Wאאאאאאא J א J אא

J אאH،אא،אאאאא

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאF٤ J٢KEאאא

אFאאאאאאאאEאאאא،

،אאאאאאא،א،אאאאאא

אKאאאאאאא،

אאאא،(Equilibrium Conversion)K

אאאאאאא،אאאאא

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،אאאאאאK

J אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאא

- ٥١ -

אאאאאאאאא

400-500oCK J אאאא

W F١E אאאאאK F٢E אאאאK

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאא،אאאK

(Regeneration)אאא،אאאאא

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אא،אאKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאא،Kאאאא

אK אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK،אאאאאא0.91 mאאא

- ٥٢ -

אא،אא،א3 mא،אא

אאא،אאא3 mKאאאא

K אא

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אאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאKאאאא

א،אאKאאא

(Airfoil)אאאאא،א٤ J٣K

٤א J٣WאאאאK

- ٥٣ -

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא(NOx)אא(HC)א(CO)אאא،(Pt)

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אאאאא،אאאK

אאאאAuto Thermal Reactors אאאאF

אאא،אWWater-Shift reaction)CO+H2O↔H2+CO2Eאאאא

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אאאאאאא٤ J٤א،אאאאאאK

- ٥٤ -

٤א J٤WאאאאK

אאFLUIDIZE BED BEACTORS אאאאא

אאאאKאא

- ٥٥ -

א(Bubbling Regime)א٤ J٥Kאאאא

אKאא–א JאאאאאאKא

אאאא(Dense Phase)אאאאKאאא

،אאאFאאאאKE،אא

אא،אאאF٤ J٦EK

٤ J٥WאאאאK

- ٥٦ -

٤ J٦WאאK

אאOperating Characteristics אאאאאאאאאא

،אאאKאאאFא310אאא

אאKEא٤ J٧אאאKאאאאK

אאאאא(Regenerator)אFEאא

א،אאאFEKאא،אאאאאאא

אא٤ J٧אאK אאאאאאא

אא،א(Hot Spot)אאKאאא

אאאאאאK

- ٥٧ -

אאאא،Fאאאא

אאאKEאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאא

אא،אאאאאKאאאאאאאא

(Cyclone Separators)،אא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאK

אאא(Gas Oil)אאאאא،אאאאאא(Molecular SieveאאK

٤ J٧WK

- ٥٨ -

אאSLURRY REACTORS אאאF٤ J٨Eאא

،אאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאW

J אאא J אאאאא

J אאאאK

אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאא

אאK אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

Qg.Cg.f

Xfאא

٤ J٨Wאאאאא

- ٥٩ -

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אאאאאאא، Jא Jאאא

Kא٤ J٩אאאFKE

٤ J٩Wאאא

- ٦٠ -

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אא ١K אאא ٢K אא ٣K אא

٨א אא

אאאאאא

אאא אאא

- ٦١ -

אאאאאא،אאא

אאK אאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאFThermodynamicE

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אKאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אK אאאKאא

אאאאאאאK

- ٦٢ -

אא אאאאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אאא(Active centers)אאאאאאא،אא

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אK ٤K אא(Equilibrium conversion)אאא،א

אא(Forward reaction)א(Reverse reaction)K

٥K אאאא(Selectivity)K ٦K ،אא،

אאא(Chain reaction)אאאK

٧K אאאאא(Auto catalytic reaction)אאאK

אאאאאK

אActivity

אאאאאK

אSelectivity

אאאK

- ٦٣ -

אPoisoning

אאאאאאK

א אW

aK (Active ingredient)אאK bK א(Support)אא،א

אK cK (Inhibitors) אאאא،

אאKאאאאאאא

אKאאאאK

dK א(Promoters)אK

א Heterogeneous Catalysis

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאKא

אאK אא(A → B)אאW

- ٦٤ -

١K א(External Diffusion)אאAאK ٢K אא(Internal Diffusion)אאAאK ٣K אא(Adsorption)אאאאאא

(Physisorption) ،אא(Chemisorption)K ٤K אאאא (Surface reaction)K ٥K א(Desorption)אאאאK ٦K אאאBאאK ٧K אאBאאK

Homogeneous Catalysis

אאאאאאKאאאאאKKאא

אאאא(PdCl2)K

אא אאאFE،אא

אאאKאאאW

- ٦٥ -

١K א(Precipitation)

אאאא،אאאא،אאא

אK ٢K אImpregnation אאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא،אאאKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK

٣K אFusion אאאאאאאאFFusionE

אאאאאא،אFFe3O4EאאFAl2O3EאFK2OE

אFCaOEK ٤K אא

אאאאאאאאאKאאא،

אאאאאאאKאאKאא

אK אאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאKאW

- ٦٦ -

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אאאאאאאK ٥K אא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאא אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאK

אאאאא Jא JאאK

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

- ٦٧ -

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אאאאK • אאאאא

א • אאאאא • אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

k (h-1) 0.5 1.1 2.2 4.0 ٦.0

T(oC) 30 40 50 60 70

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אאEאLKאאאאאא

אא5אא،W

• ln k 1/Tא • ln k1/T • אאא • EאL אאאא

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

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אאאExcelWindowsאאאW

אאאAאאאאאאאאאא

אA1+273enterא303אB א

אאאאאא303 אאB1אאאא

אאאאאאאB

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

- ٦٩ -

• אאא1/TאC1אאאא

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

- ٧٠ -

• kאDאEאFln (E1אאאkא

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

- ٧١ -

אColumn InsertEאCאאא

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

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א ٢٦٥ אא אא

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אאא

١. אאא • אא • אא • אא ٢. אאא • אאאא • אאא • אאאא אאא .٣ • אאאאא • אאאאא • אאאא ٤. א אאא • • אאאאאאא • אאאאאא ٥. א • אאאא • אאאא • אאאא ٦. אאאא • א • אא • א

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

- ٨٠ -

٧. אאאאאא • אאאא • אאאא • אאאא ٨. אאאאא • א • אא • א ٩. אאא • א • אא • ١٠. אא • א • אא • אאאא

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

- ٨١ -

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אאא

١. אאא • אא • אא • אא ٢. אאא • אאאא • אאא • אאאא ٣. אאא • אאאאא • אאאאא • אאאא ٤. א • אאא • אאאאאאא • אאאאאא ٥. א • אאאא • אאאא • אאאא ٦. אאאא • א • אא • א

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

- ٨٢ -

٧. אאאאאא • אאאא • אאאא • אאאא ٨. אאאאא • א • אא • א ٩. אאא • א • אא • ١٠. אא • א • אא • אאאא

א ٢٦٥ אא אא

- ٨٣ -

1. Scott, H., Fogler,O., “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering”, International edition, Prentice Hall Inc., USA, 1999 2. Smith, J.M., “Chemical Reaction Engineering”, International edition, McGraw-Hill,

USA, 1981

א ٢٦٥ א אא

א ..................................................................................................................... ٣

אא ........................................................................................................... ١

אא ........................................................................................................... ٢

אאChemical Kinetics ............................................................ ١١

אMethod of Half Life ............................................. ٢٤

אאHomogeneous Reactors ........................................................ ٢٧

אאHeterogeneous Reactions ................................................. ٤٤

אCatalysis ................................................................................................ ٦٠

......................................................................................................... ٦٧

א٧٩ ............................................................................................................ א

אא ..................................................................................................... ٨١

א٨٣ .................................................................................................................. א

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