ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΟΝ ΕΥΡΩΚΩΔΙΚΑ 7 (en...
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7TEE 2
7(EN1997)
.,
.,.
.,.
,2009
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7TEE 3
7 (EN 1997)
1 ................................................................................................................. 51.1 7 ................................................... 51.2 E 7 ........................................ 71.3 EC7 ......................................... 8 2 7 1 : ............................................ 102.1 1 : ............................................................................................... 132.2 2 : ....................................................... 142.2.1 ...................................................................................... 142.2.2 ....................................................................................................................... 172.2.3 B Yoo ................................................... 232.2.4 ......................................................... 232.2.5 (prescriptive measures) .................. 362.2.6 ................ 372.2.7 (obserational method) ................................................ 372.2.8 ....................................................................... 372.2.9 ........................................................................................ 382.2.10 ..................................... 392.3 3 : ......................................................................... 402.4 4 : , ..................................................................................................................... 432.5 5 : , , .......................................................................................................................... 442.6 6 : ............................................................... 442.6.1 .................................................... 462.6.2 ........................................... 482.7 .................................................................................. 552.7.1 ..................................................................................................... 552.7.2 ............................................................................... 562.7.3 ............................................................................ 682.7.4 ............................................................. 742.8 ........................................................................................................... 762.9 9 : ........................................................................... 832.10 ............................................................................................ 1062.10.1 (UPL) .................................................... 1072.10.2 (HYD) ........................................... 110
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2.11 ................................................................................................ 1122.12 ........................................................................................................ 1162.13 1997-1 () : ... 1182.14 () .................................. 1272.15 () ........................................................................ 141.1 ............................................ 141 3 EN 1997-1 : 2004 ..................... 144 4 7 2 : ........ 1564.1 .................................................................................................................. 1564.2 ............................................................ 1584.3 .................... 1604.4 .............................................................. 1614.5 ..................................................... 1614.6 .............................................................................. 162
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1
7 () . 7 , , , , . , 7 EN 1997 EC7. 7 : ) 1997-1: 7 1:
(CEN 2004). ) 1997-2: 7 2:
(CEN 2007).
1.1 7
- .., . , 1989 CEN (). , . , (10) (), 1990 1999, , 1990: , : EN 1990 0:
EN 1991 1:
EN 1992 2:
EN 1993 3:
EN 1994 4:
EN 1995 5:
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EN 1996 6:
EN 1997 7:
EN 1998 8:
EN 1999 9:
(., 1992 , 1993 ), 1990, 1991, 1997 1998 , . , 7 ( 1997) . 7 , . 7 : ) 1997-1: 7 1:
(CEN 2004) ) 1997-2: 7 2:
(CEN 2007) 7 1990 6 ( ), , . 7 : ) ..
, ..
) .
. , EC7 , ( ) : / , , / .. 7 ( ),
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, . , . . ( ), ' 7.
1.2 E 7
7, , 1981 ad-hoc 10 - ... 1990 (EC 7, 1990). , .. CEN , 250 (CEN/TC250), . 7 (CEN/TC250/SC7) 7. 1993, SC7 V 1997-1 : 1, CEN (pre-standard) 1994. 1997 CEN E 1997-1. CEN/TC250 . - .., , . EC7-1 . EC7-1 , CEN/TC250/SC7 2004 CEN 1997-1 . 2007, 7 2 1997-2 : : . 1997-2 1997-1, , . .
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1.3 EC7
. 7 :
1990: , , .
1998-5: , , , ..
TC250/SC7, (TC) CEN EC7 :
CEN/TC 341:
CEN/TC 288:
CEN/TC 189:
CEN/TC 288:
CEN/TC WG203: 1 TC 341 C 288, EC7. TC 341 ISO/TC 182/SC1 , ISO-EN ( ). , Ispra Joint Research Centre (JRC) , Nationally Determined Parameters (DP) - . (NAD). 7, 2006 (Maintenance Group MG). , , , , , , , . , CEN , .
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CEN/TC 341 CEN/TC 250 CEN/TC 288
( ) () ()
*
1:
( )
,
(CPT)
SPT
0
1
7
7
2:
:
ISO 182/SC1
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2 7 1 :
7 ( ) (CEN) 23 2004 24 2004. 7 1 ( 1997-1) (118 ) (principles) . . . . , . :
7-1 , 1990 1991 ( , ), (Structural Eurocodes), EC7. , 7-1 , . . EC7 , ( ). EC7 . (calculation models) EC7, (.. , ..), . . EC7 (checklist) . EC7-1 , :
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(qualified personnel) . EC7 , . E 1997-1 7 :
, . . .
. . , . .
( ), .
. . ( ). ( ) ( ).
. , , . , , .
:
, 7 ( ) .
( )
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7 .
7 , , .
, .. .
1997-1 . , , (National Annex) , , :
,
, (, ) , ..
,
. , 1997-1 :
2 : 2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P, 2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1)
7 : 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.3(8), 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 7.6.3.3(6)
8 : 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4) 11 : 11.5.1(1)P
A : A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6, A.4, A.5
1997-1 , , , , , , , . , 1997-1 , , .
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1997-1 . 7 1 ( 1997-1) 12 :
1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : , & 5 : , , 6 : 7 : 8 : 9 : 10 : 11 : 12 :
9 - (39 ) (.. , (), ..). 1997-1.
2.1 1 :
1 1997-1 , (Normative) , , , 1997-1. 7-1, , : , P, (Principles) , A, (Application rules). () () :
. , .
.
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() :
EC7 . ( EC7) EC7 : ) ) .
2.2 2 :
2 1997-1.
2.2.1 2.1 1997-1. . , . : 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. ( , ,
, ..). 5. (
, , ..). 6. . : 2.1(10) 1997-1 ( - application rule) , . . ( 1 4) ( 5 6).
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1, , , ( ). 2 , . 3, , , , . 1997-1, () ( ) : . ,
7. (prescriptive measures).
/ . , (..) ( ) 200 kPa.
. , .
(observational method). ( ) ( ).
: 2.2 1997-1 (Design Situations) , (), (.. , , ) . . , :
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,
,
,
, :
, ,
, , :
, ,
,
.. , , ,
, .. ,
,
. : 2.4.3 1997-1 . : . , . , , .
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, , .
2.2.2
2.4.5 1997-1 . , (actions), F, (material properties), X, (design values). (Fd) (Xd) (characteristic values), Fk , Xk , () (), : : Fd = FrepF, Frep = Fk ()
: Frep = F = = (
1990 - )
F =
: Xd = Xk / ( ) () : =
= () ( ) , ' . , : )
, .
) . , , ( ).
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( EC7) , . :
, .
.
. ( ), (), 7-1 (cautious estimate) (), ( 2.4.5.2 2). . . , . Xk ( EC7), , . , , , , (.. ) . ..:
, (Xk) , ( ).
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, , . , , (Xk) .
7-1 ( 2.4.5.2 11), , , , , , 5%. (Xk) (cautious) (), . Frank et al. (2004), : . . , . , Xk 7 . Xk, Orr (2008) : (cu) 12m ( 1):
cu : 27, 42, 47, 31, 53, 38, 29, 49, 35, 54 kPa cu Xm = 40.5 kPa Sd = 10 kPa. (Xk) cu (Xm). H , , Student (n ) :
( 1 )c dk mm
t SX XXn
=
n tc () 95%. tc Student :
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n 3 4 5 6 10 15 20 40
tc 2.35 2.15 2.02 1.95 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.64
/ct n 1.36 1.08 0.90 0.80 0.58 0.46 0.39 0.27 0
1:
, n =10 Xk = 34.7 kPa. n < 3, . (Orr, 2008; Schneider, 1997) ( n= 14 ) :
Xk = Xm 0.5 Sd : Xk = 35.5 kPa. X ( ) 5%, Xk = Xm 1.64 Sd, Xk = 24.1 kPa. cu = 27 kPa ( 1). , .
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2: cu
. , , .. , cu, E .. () , . EC7 , . (input) EC7-1 ( 2.4.5.2) (Frank, 2007). 3 .
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EC7 2
,
: EC7 1
3:
-
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2.2.3 B Yoo
2.4 1997-1 . 1990 1997-1. : , ,
( , , ). .
, . .
, (...) .. .
( ) (ultimate limit states ULS). 7.
, .. (serviceability limit states SLS). .
7.
, (.. ), EC7.
2.2.4
2.4.7 2.4.8 1997-1 , (2.4.7) (2.4.8). 7 . 1990: ( ) 2.4.7 2.4.8 EN 1997-1.
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(Limit State Design - LSD) , . , LSD, . Simpson (1997) . , , . (Ultimate Limit State - ULS), .. , - (Serviceability Limit States - SLS), .. . , :
(Ultimate Limit States ULS) (Serviceability Limit States SLS)
(Limit State Design - LSD) . , . , ( ), . 1990 : ) (ultimate limit states - ULS)
( ) .
) (serviceability limit states - SLS) , ( ) , , , .
:
(ULS) ( GEO) , ( STR) .
(SLS) .
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, , , . EC7 , : ) ,
. , , 7 (partial factors) () .
) , , .
, , . EC7 , , . (ULS) 7-1, ( ) : EQU:
, (.. ).
STR: .. , , , ..
GEO: , , .. , , , ..
UPL: ( - uplift) , .. .
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YD: (hydraulic heave), .
1990 ( 3.2), o (ULS) (Design Situations):
(persistent), .
(transient) , .
(accidental) , ,
(seismic) . (.. , , , ) 1991 1990 1991. () (R) (R>E). , ( ), ( ) ( ). , ( , ) . , . , , . , , ( ). , , () (R) (FS), : R / E > FS. EC7, . , ( ). R
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(partial factors) . , EC7 (Ed) (Rd), :
Ed Rd (1) (d) (design value). , , . , , ( , ..) . , , ( ) ( ) . ( ), , 1997-1 . , . , (Ed) : ) (Fd)
(Xd), : Ed = (Fd , Xd ) = ( F Fk , Xk / ) (2)
(F, ) , ,
) () : Ek = (Fk , Xk), :
Ed = (Fk ,Xk) (2) (Fk, Xk) () (.. ) .
, L ' , ( 2), , (d, cd) , qd ( 2).
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- (.. ) (.. ), (2) (2) d. (Rd), (), (Rk), :
(F, ), : Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / ) (3)
(R) Rk = R (Fk , Xk), :
Rd = (1 / R) . R (Fk , Xk) (3) , (3) :
Rd = ( 1 / R ) . R (F Fk , Xk) (3) (R) ( ) , (F) (3). (3) (3) (R) (F). :
1. . , ().
2. . , ().
(.. ) - (.. ), (3) (3) (3) Rd. , ( ) (Design Approaches). , 1997-1 ( 2.4.7.3.4) (Design Approaches - D) GEO STR, Ed Rd (1). , - .. 1997-1.
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( EQU, YD UPL), . , (2) (3) (2) (3), (Ed, Rd). , : 1. - (..
), 2.
( ), (2) (3), ( , R) (.. , ..). - , ( 2 3) . ( ). , (Gd), ( ), :
1. (F) (Gk):
Gd = F Gk = F G (k) (4) 2. ()
(Xk) :
Gd = G (Xk / ) (4) , , - . , - . (4), ( Gd / Gk ) (F), . (
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), (4). : STR GEO , 1997-1 ( ), (Design Approaches) GEO STR. 2.4.7.3.4 E 1997-1 GEO STR. , , , (2) (2) (3) (3) (3) (4) (4). , E1997-1 - .. ( 2.4.7.3.4.1). ( 3 ). (ULS) , , E 1997-1. , , (DA). , , ( .. ) (2) (3) ( 2*, ). , EQU, HYD UPL, , . 1 (DA-1)
1, (1) : Ed Rd (1) (2) (3) :
(F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / ) 1 ( ), (1 2) (F ), E 1997-1. ()
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, , . 1997-1 . 1 (1) (1), (F > 1) ( = 1), . 2 (2) (2), ( > 1) (F = 1), . , (R1 R2) . , (), () (R) :
1: 1 + 1 + R1 2: 2 + 2 + R2
1 (DA-1) (Material Factor Approach - MFA) . O 1 (DA-1) . 2 ( DA-2 DA-2*) 2, (1) : Ed Rd (1) (2) (3) ( DA-2) (2) (3) ( DA-2*), (1), (1) (R2) 1997-1. 2 (1) (R2) , 2 (Resistance Factor Approach - RFA) . 2, (1) ( 2 3 ) : DA-2 : (F Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (F Fk , Xk) DA-2* : (Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (Fk , Xk) : 1 + 1 + R2.
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, , , DA-2 ( ) (F = 1.35 1.50, ) () E 1.40. , DA-2*, (2), : d = (F Fk , Xk) (2) : Ed = (Fk ,Xk), : DA-2* ( ) : (F Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (Fk , Xk) - , (2) (d) (2), (2) : DA-2* ( - ): (Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (Fk , Xk) DA-2 DA-2* , ( 3 - DA-2*) ( 3 - DA-2). , , :
(F Fk , Xk) (1/R) . R (Xk) ( ):
1. . , ().
2. . , ().
2, DA-2* :
(GEO) (STR) , ( 6, 7, 8 9 1997-1) ( 12 1997-1) 3 ( ).
(STR) (, , ), 9 12 1997-1. , ( GEO) 3 (DA-3).
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(GEO) (STR) .
. DA-2* 2 :
1997-1 , ( FS).
- (.. ), .
DA-2* FS = R (Fk, Xk) / E (Fk, Xk) :
FS = R 3 (DA-3) 3, (1) : Ed Rd (1) (2) (3) (1) o (2) , (2) (R3) 1997-1 : (1 2) + 2 + R3, :
(F Fk, Xk / M) R (F Fk, Xk / M) O 3 (DA-3) (Overall Stability) (GEO) :
, 11 12 1997-1, , , , .
: () , () , ,
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, () (.. ).
, ( , , , , , , , ) (faurable actions) F = 1. (Upper Bound Limit State Analysis) , 3 ( =1.25) 2* ( R=1.25). 3 ( 2*) , / ( ) ( ). , , ( ) ( ) ( ). 2* , , 3 (=R=1) ( ). (SLS) 2.4.8 1997-1. , . . . . , 1997-1.
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:
1. .
2. . 3. -
. 4. (
). 1997-1, : 2.4.8(1) 2.4.8(4). 1 : 2.4.8(1) 1997-1, :
Ed < Cd : Ed = , ..
. Cd = , ..
, .
2.4.8(2) 1997-1, , : Ek < Ck . , (Ck) (Ek) Ck. , 10mm, (Ck) 10mm ( ) (Ek) Ck. () Ck model factor (m). 2 : 2.4.8(1) 1997-1, 2.4.8(4) ( ) :
(4)
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, :
, .
, , (Ed) (low fraction) (Rd) :
Ed < Rd () (sufficiently small to keep deformations within the required serviceability limits). , , ( 7.6.2.3 1997-1) :
F Fk < Rd : F Fk < (Rb;d + Rs;d)
: F Fk < (1/m) [ Rb;k / b + Rs;k / s ] () (s b). ( s = 1) (.. b=0.1) :
Fk < (1/m) [ b *Rb;k + s* Rs;k ] 7.6.2.3(2)+(8) 1997-1, (ultimate compressive resistance) ( ) (m) . 1997-1, m=1.30. , (SLS) , Rk ( Rsu,k Rbu,k ) , m (model factor). , (Fk) () ( Rk / m ).
2.2.5 (prescriptive measures)
2.5 1997-1 , . , , .
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.
2.2.6
2.6 1997-1 . :
.
, .
, .
2.2.7 (obserational method)
2.7 1997-1 , , . :
) , . ) ,
.
) , .
2.2.8
2.8 1997-1 , , . ' , . , . , :
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, 3.4 1997-1.
, , .
. ( ) : ,
, .
2.2.9
, , (.. , , ..). 7-1, :
1. , . 2. ,
. , ( 1997-1). .
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2.2.10
1997-1 8 - 5 ( 1998-5), , : (1)
(F = = 1). (2) ()
(R), : = R = 1 :
(-2000) (global safety factor) (FS=1.00) ( 5.4.3) 2.
(.. ..) (FS=1) -2000.
, 2000.
(3) (m) . , m=1.30, . FS = R m = 1 x 1 x 1.30 = 1.30, 39/1999 ( ).
(2) 2 ( D-2*) , 3 (DA-3). , , 2* 3. , D-2* .
, 2 -2000, 1997-1 1998-5 , : = R = 1 (FS=1),
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(. ). FS=1.30 (.. ) FS=1.10.
2.3 3 :
3 1997-1 . , . 2 7 (EN 1997-2). (. EN 1997-2, 2). 3.4 1997-1. 3.4.1 1997-1, ( 2.8 1997-1). :
1. (Geotechnical Factual Report - GFR). , . , : 1.1
. , :
,
: ( )
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, ,
,
, ,
. 1.2
. (test reports) EN 1997-2.
2. (Geotechnical Interpretation Report -
GIR). ( ) , , , ( ) ( ). , ( ) :
(review) .
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(.. , , ). , . - ,
(review)
, , . , .
,
/ , ()
,
.
: , , . , () . , ( ), ( ), ( ).
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( ) , .
2.4 4 : ,
4 1997-1 , . . , , :
.
, :
, .. ,
.
. 1, , . 2, . 3, . , :
(as-built drawings)
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.
:
.
(. 2.8(3) 1997-1).
2.5 5 : , ,
5 1997-1 , , .
2.6 6 :
6 1997-1 , . : (bearing resistance
failure), (punching failure) (squeezing)
/ (heave) ,
- . 2.4.2(4) 1997-1. , .
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: ,
,
,
,
, (volume-unstable)
, .. , , ,
, : ,
. , . . .
, .
, (. 2.5 1997-1).
, 6.7 1997-1. , . , , , .
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1997-1. ( ) 6.5 6.6 1997-1 .
2.6.1
6.5 1997-1 . . : : , , , , . , , 11 1997-1, . :
Vd Rd (6.1) : Vd
, , . .
Rd ( ) 2.4 1997-1.
DA-2* , (Rd) (Rk) (R;v) :
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Rd = Rk / R;v
(R;v) .5 1997-1. DA-2*, R;v = 1.4 ( R2). Rk . 1997-1. , , . , . , . , . :
Hd Rd + Rp;d (6.2) :
Hd ( ) . . Rd . Rd 2.4 1997-1. Rp;d , .. ( ).
Rd Rp;d . , (post-peak behaviour). Rp;d . , , Rd, (R;h) (Vk tan k) :
Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h (6.3) .5 1997-1. DA-2*, R;h = 1.1 ( R2).
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V'k, Hk and V'k .
(k) , ('cv;k), (2/3 'cv;k) . c' . , , Rd, (Ac cu;k) :
Rd = (Ac cu;k) / R;h (6.4) Ac cu;k . - , :
Rd 0,4 Vd (6.5) (6.5) . 1/3 0,6 . :
2.4.2 1997-1.
.
( .. , ) ( EQU). (Edst,d) (Estb,d), :
Edst,d < Estb,d .1 1997-1.
2.6.2
6.6 1997-1 .
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. 2.4.9 1997-1. , , 1.5.2.2 1997-1. , . . / 2 3, (). , , 6.6.2 1997-1. . . :
s0: ,
s1: s2: .
s0 s1, 1997-1. , . , . 20 % . ( ), 1 2 , . - , . , , .
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. -. , . , , . , . , ( ) . 3, . 2, - . : . :
: = 3m , : L = 4m : D = 1m : E : 1 = 20 kN/m3 E (
) : 2 = 20 kN/m3 : ' = 28 : c' = 10 kPa
( ) :
(persistent) : Gk = 1800 kN (transient) : Qk = 350 kN (persistent) : Gk = 360 kN (transient) : Qk = 70 kN (persistent) : LGk = 0 kN (transient) : LQk = 0 kN ( ) : MG,k = 1080 kNm ( L) : MLG,k = 0 kNm
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( ) : MQ,k = 210 kNm ( L) : MLQ,k = 0 kNm ( ) : qk = 0
1. : .3 .5 1997-1 ( 1, 2*). :
d = Vd = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 1800 + 1.50 x 350 = 2955 kN ( ) :
d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN ( ) :
Ld = G LGk + Q LQk = 0 kN ( ) :
d = G MG,k + Q MQ,k = 1.35 x 1080 + 1.50 x 210 = 1773 kN ( L) :
Ld = G MLG,k + Q MLQ,k = 0 kN 2. (
) : 1997-1 ( DA-2*) : ( ) :
eBk = MBk / Vk = (1080+210) / (1800+350) = 0.6m :
eLk = MLk / Vk = 0 ( B) :
tan (Bk) = B / V = (360+70) / (1800 + 350) = 0.20 Bk = 11.31o ( L) :
tan (Lk) = Lk / Vk = 0 Lk = 0 : = 2 eBk = 3 2 x 0.60 = 1.80m , L = L 2 eLk = 4m, = L = 7.2 m2
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(pu) :
( )1 212u c c c q q q
p c N s i q D N s i B N s i = + + + (x 1.1)
(D.2) 1997-1, bi = 1 ( ). i (' = 28) :
Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2) = 14.720
Nc = (Nq - 1) / tan ' = 25.803
N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ' = 14.590
:
sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ' = 1.2113
s = 1 0.3 (B'/L ) = 0.8650 sc = (sq Nq -1) / (Nq - 1) = 1.2267
(iq , i , ic) : m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] = 1.6897 :
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iq = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m (Ex 1.2)
i = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m+1
ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc tan ' ) V , :
V = pu B L H = V tan() (Ex 1.3)
(iq , i , ic) , pu ( ).
, iq = i = ic = 1, pu (Ex 1.1), V H (Ex 1.3) (iq , i , ic) (Ex 1.2). (iq , i , ic) (pu) . , :
iq = 0.6949 , i = 0.5602 , ic = 0.6727 : pu,k = pu = 588 kPa , :
Vu,k = pu B L = 588 x 1.80 x 4 = 4233 kN () DA-2* :
Rd = Rk / R = Vu,k / R,v = 4233 / 1.40 = 3024 kN (R,v) .5 ( R2 DA-2*) 1997-1. (6.1) : Vd Rd , Vd = 2955 kN ( ), :
Vd = 2955 kN 3024 kN = Rd , . (FS) :
FS = Rk / Vk = 4233 / (1800 + 350) = 1.97 (FS) : FS = F R;v 1.40 x 1.40 = 1.96 : (Ex. 1.2), V 2* (DA-2*) , 2* (3) Rd.
-
7TEE 54
2 (DA-2), V 2 (3) Rd. 3. : (6.2):
Hd Rd + Rp;d (6.2) ( ). ( ) : Rp;d = 0. ( ) :
d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN , ( 2*) :
Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h (6.3) Vk :
Vk = Gk + Qk = 1800 + 350 = 2150 kN : 2 (DA-2), (6.3) : Rd = (Vd tan k) / R;h , 2 (3) Rd. DA-2* : Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h .
(R;h) .5 1997-1. DA-2*, R;h = 1.1 ( R2).
() , ('cv;k), . : = 28 o, :
Rd = [ 2150 x tan(28) ] / 1.1 = 1039.25 kN ( 6.2) :
Hd = 591 1039.25 + 0 = Rd + Rp;d , . (FS) :
FS = Rk / Hk = [ 2150 x tan(28) ] / (360 + 70) = 2.66 (FS) : FS = F R;h 1.40 x 1.10 = 1.54
-
7TEE 55
2.7
2.7.1
, :
: GEO : -
GEO :
GEO :
STR : ,
(.. )
:
, STR GEO , - , .. , , . ( 1997-1):
.3 .3 ((FF)) ((EE))
A1A1 A2A2
GG 1,351,351,001,00
1,001,001,001,00
QQ 1,501,5000
1,301,3000
.3 .3 ((FF)) ((EE))
A1A1 A2A2
GG 1,351,351,001,00
1,001,001,001,00
QQ 1,501,5000
1,301,3000
-
7TEE 56
.6 (R)
R1 R2 R3 R4
b 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30
(( )) s 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30
(()) t 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30
-- s,t 1,251,25 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,601,60
.6 (R)
R1 R2 R3 R4
b 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30
(( )) s 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30
(()) t 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30
-- s,t 1,251,25 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,601,60
.7 (R)
R1 R2 R3 R4
b 1,251,25 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,601,60
(( )) s 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30
(()) t 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,501,50
-- s,t 1,251,25 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,601,60
.7 (R)
R1 R2 R3 R4
b 1,251,25 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,601,60
(( )) s 1,001,00 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,301,30
(()) t 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,001,00 1,501,50
-- s,t 1,251,25 1,151,15 1,101,10 1,601,60 , :
(flight auger) R , , , .
EC-7, . , .
, 2* (DA-2*) 1, 1 R2 .
2.7.2
1. , , :
Fc,d Rc,d Fc,d: . Rc,d: ( )
-
7TEE 57
Rc,d (Rc,k) R .6 .7. : Rc,d = Rc,k / R . Rc,k , - . , , Rc,k. :
: (SPT, CPT,
PT) (.. cuk), .
1.1. 7.6.2.2 1997-1 , . (n) ( n2) , , Rc,m. n , Rc,m (Rc,m)mean, (Rc,m)min. Rc,k 1 2 ( .9 1997-1) :
Rc,k = Min {(Rc,m)mean / 1 ; (Rc,m)min / 2 }
.9.9
n=n= 11 22 33 44 55
11 1,401,40 1,301,30 1,201,20 1,101,10 1,001,00
22 1,401,40 1,201,20 1,051,05 1,001,00 1,001,00
.9.9
n=n= 11 22 33 44 55
11 1,401,40 1,301,30 1,201,20 1,101,10 1,001,00
22 1,401,40 1,201,20 1,051,05 1,001,00 1,001,00 , , , 1 2 , .9 1,10 1,00.
-
7TEE 58
, Rc,d Rc,k : Rc,d= Rc,k/ t, R= t Rc,k ( .6, .7). (Rb,k) (Rs,k), :
Rc,k = Rb,k + Rs,k E , , R ( .6, .7) :
Rc,d= Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s Rc,d= Rc,k/ t C 1 : (Design example 4, Eurocode 7 Workshop, 2005) 0,40m 15 . , :
(())
((mm)mm)
11
(mm)(mm)
22
000.50.51.01.01.51.52.02.03.03.04.04.05.05.05.65.66.06.06.46.4
002.12.13.63.65.05.06.26.2
10.010.018.018.040.040.063.063.0
100.0100.0
001.21.22.12.12.92.94.14.17.07.0
14.014.026.026.040.040.056.056.080.080.0
(())
((mm)mm)
11
(mm)(mm)
22
000.50.51.01.01.51.52.02.03.03.04.04.05.05.05.65.66.06.06.46.4
002.12.13.63.65.05.06.26.2
10.010.018.018.040.040.063.063.0
100.0100.0
001.21.22.12.12.92.94.14.17.07.0
14.014.026.026.040.040.056.056.080.080.0
( ):
: Gk = 20,0MN : Qk = 5,0MN
s = 10% B = 40mm. : 1: = 5,00 2: = 5,60 (Rc,m)mean=5,30MN (Rc,m)min=5,00MN
-
7TEE 59
. n=2 : 1= 1,30 2= 1,20. :
Rc,k = Min {(Rc,m)mean/1;(Rc,m)min/2} = min {5,30/1,30; 5,00/1,20} = 4,077 Rc,d = Rc,k / t = 4,077 / 1,10 = 3,706 MN Fc,d = 1,35*Gk + 1,50*Qk = 1,35 x 20,0 + 1,50 x 5,0 = 34,50MN ( (f=1), : n = 34,50 / 3,706 = 9,30 10 . , : 1 = 1,30/1,10 = 1,18 2 = 1,20/1,10 = 1,09 Rc,k = min {5,30/1,18; 5,00/1,09} = 4,49 Rc,d = 4,49/1,10 = 4,08MN : n = Fc,d / Rc,d = 34,50 / 4,08 = 8,46 9 1.2. (ground tests), , (CPT), (PT) (SPT) . , (qb,k) ( ), (qs,i,k) ( ), i. Rb,k, Rs,k Rc,k, , : ) : , () , (n) . , 5 , n=5 qc . , () . () , Rb,cal
-
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Rs,cal. , , :
Rc,cal = Rb,cal + Rs,cal (n) (Rc,cal)mean (Rc,cal)min Rc,cal (n) . 3 4 .10 :
Rc,k = Min { (Rc,cal)mean / 3 ; (Rc,cal)min / 4 }
.10.10
n=n= 11 22 33 44 55 77 1010
33 1,401,40 1,351,35 1,331,33 1,311,31 1,291,29 1,271,27 1,251,25
44 1,401,40 1,271,27 1,231,23 1,201,20 1,151,15 1,121,12 1,081,08
.10.10
n=n= 11 22 33 44 55 77 1010
33 1,401,40 1,351,35 1,331,33 1,311,31 1,291,29 1,271,27 1,251,25
44 1,401,40 1,271,27 1,231,23 1,201,20 1,151,15 1,121,12 1,081,08 Rb,k, Rs,k Rc,k , (model factor) m1 :
Rc,k = (1 / m) x Min { (Rc,cal)mean / 3 ; (Rc,cal)min / 4 } E , , R ( .6, .7) :
Rc,d= Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s Rc,d= Rc,k/ t C-2 n=3 . m=1.
-
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C2: CPT
0,50m 11 . (n=3) :
--
RRb,calb,cal(KN)(KN)
RRs,cals,cal(KN)(KN)
RRc,calc,cal(KN)(KN)
CPT 1CPT 1CPT 2CPT 2CPT 3CPT 3
235223521528152815481548
879879711711919919
323132312239223924672467
--
RRb,calb,cal(KN)(KN)
RRs,cals,cal(KN)(KN)
RRc,calc,cal(KN)(KN)
CPT 1CPT 1CPT 2CPT 2CPT 3CPT 3
235223521528152815481548
879879711711919919
323132312239223924672467
: (Rc,cal)mean = 2645 KN (Rc,cal)min = 2239 KN
Rc,k = Min{(Rc,cal)mean/3;(Rc,cal)min/4} n=3 : 3=1,33 4=1,23, : Rc,k = Min {1989 ; 1820} = 1820KN 2 : Rc,d = Rc,k / t = 1820 / 1,1 = 1645 KN ) - qb,k qs,i,k Rb,k, Rs,k . , , , , .
-
7TEE 62
Rb,k, Rs,k Rc,d :
Rb,k = Ab qb,k Rs,k = Rs,i = (As,i qs,i,k ) Rc,d = (1 / m) [ Rb,k/b + Rs,k/s ]
: qb,k = Ab = qs,i,k = i
s,i = (i) m = (
) m 1997-1 :
qqb,kb,k, , qqs,ks,k ((.. SPT, CPT SPT, CPT ....))
mm = 1,00= 1,00
qqb,kb,k, , qqs,ks,k
mm = 1,30= 1,30
qqb,kb,k, , qqs,ks,k ((.. SPT, CPT SPT, CPT ....))
mm = 1,00= 1,00
qqb,kb,k, , qqs,ks,k
mm = 1,30= 1,30
C-3, R.Frank (Evaluation of Eurocode 7 - Two pile foundation examples), .
-
7TEE 63
C 3 (FRANK, 2006: Evaluation of Eurocode 7 Two pile foundation examples)
0,60m =24KN/m3. : Gk =1200KN, Qk = 200KN : L 2 DIN 1054 ( DIN 4014). : Fc,d = 1,35 * Gk + 1,50 * Qk = 1920 KN ( ) : : qc = 0,4N = 10,0MPa, DIN 1054 : qb,k = 2,00 MPa qs,k = 0,08 MPa () : Rb,k = ( * 0,602 / 4) * 2000 = 565 Rs,k = * 0,60 * L * 80 = 150,8 * L
Rd = (1/ m ) * [ Rb,k / b + Rs,k / s ] b = s = 1,10 ( .7) : m=1,30
Rd = 395 + 105,4*L (KN) Fc,d = 1920KN : L 14,5m C4 , .
-
7TEE 64
C 4 :
0,30m
: , Gk = 300 KN
: q = 40KPa ( ) ( ) : qs,k = 60 KPa, qb,k = 900 KPa. cu,k=100kPa ( ). (q). : , L.
-
7TEE 65
: : Gk , FD,k ( ), Rb,k, Rs,k . :
= c + * * : ,m = c + **(*LD/2 +q) ,m = qD,k = :
c =0, = * = 0,250,40 =0,30: qD,k = (7,5x3,5 + 40)x 0,30 = 20KPa : FK,D = **LD*qD,k = 132 KN . : Rs,k = **LR*qs,k = 56,55 * LR (KN) : Rb,k = (1/4)* * 2 * qb,k = 64 KN : Rc,k = 56,55 * LR + 56,55 * LR (kN) 2 : : Fc,d = 1,35 * Gk + 1,35 * FD,k = 583 KN : Rc,d = Rc,k / (b* m) Rc,d= Rc,k / (1,1*1,3) = (64+56,55*LR) / (1,1*1,3) = 44,8 + 39,54 * LR : Fc,d Rc,d : 583 44,8 + 39,54 * LR > LR = 13,6m : L = LD + LR = 7 + 13.6 = 20,6m 1.3. , , .., .11.
Rc,k = Min { (Rc,m)mean / 5 ; (Rc,m)min / 6 } Rc,d = Rc,k / t
-
7TEE 66
..1111: :
22 55 1010 1515 2020
55 1,601,60 1,501,50 1,451,45 1,421,42 1,401,40
66 1,501,50 1,351,35 1,301,30 1,251,25 1,251,25
.. , .
..1111: :
22 55 1010 1515 2020
55 1,601,60 1,501,50 1,451,45 1,421,42 1,401,40
66 1,501,50 1,351,35 1,301,30 1,251,25 1,251,25
.. , .
) .11 . m=1, . 2. (F1) - .
(Ftr,d) (Rtr,d) (Rtr,k) R=s,t ( .6 .7).
Ftr,d Rtr,d : Rtr,d = Rtr,k / s,t s,t , .6 .8 1997-1. Rt,k
-
7TEE 67
( Rb,k = 0). :
. 1 2 :
Rt,k = Min { (Rt,m)mean / 1 ; (Rt,m)min / 2 }
(Rt,m)mean (Rt,m)min , .9.
. : Rt,k = Rs,k , Rs,k . Rt,k , :
Rt,k = Min { (Rs,cal)mean / 3 ; ( Rs,cal)min / 4 } Rs,cal ( ), 3 4 .10. , Rt,k qs,k ( ). qs,k , m =1,3 ( ).
-1, , , , L. , . qs,k, , , . 1 :
-
7TEE 68
0.80m. (. ) Ft=1040KN. : L : Ft,d = -1.0*GK+1.50*Ft,Q
GK = G , Ft,Q = Ft () GK = G = *(0.802 / 4) * 25* ( 5 + l2 )= 62.8 + 12.56 * l2 (KN) Ft,d = 1.50*1040 1.0*GK = 1497.2 12.56 * l2 (KN)
: Rt,K = Rs,K = *0.8*(5*50+l2*100)= 628.3 + 251.3*l2 (KN)
: Rt,d = Rt,K / (s,t*m) = Rt,K / (1.15*1.30) = 420.3+168.1 * l2 (KN)
: Ft,d Rt,d 1497.2 12.56 * l2 420.3 +168.1 * l2 l2 5.96m, L=5.0 + 6.0 =11.0m
2.7.3
, , :
. (.. ).
, (.. ).
, .
. , .
:
Ftr,d Rtr,d Ftr,d Rtr,d () . Rtr,d :
Rtr,d = Rtr,k /tr EC-7 R=tr.
-
7TEE 69
, tr = 1.40. Rtr,k, , . , , , , , , . , 7.71(3) EC-7 , . : () :
, . () , ,
.
TR-1 TR-2 , . .
-
7TEE 70
TR 1 :
1,0m : , cu=50KPa ( ) :
Ftr,k = 300KN () :
RM,d = 2400KNm . (). 1. Hu=Rtr,k
Broms : : f = Hu / 9cuB = Hu / 450 (1) : maxM = Hu (e + 1,5B + 0,5f) = 2,25g2cuB (2) L = 1,5B + f + g (3)
(1), (2), (3) : Rtr,k = 609KN maxM = Mk = 1935KNm 2. :
Rtr,d = Rtr,k / (R*m) : R = 1,40, m = 1,00, : Rtr,d = 609/(1,40x1,00) = 435KN
: Ftr,d = G * Ftr,k = 1,35 x 300 = 405KN
-
7TEE 71
: Ftr,d Rtr,d 405 < 435 . 3. , : d < Mk = 1935KNm. d = 1935 < RM,d = 2400KNm
TR 2 :
1,0m : cu = 50KPa E = 15MPa. ( ) : Ftr,k=700KN ( ):
RM,d=2400KNm . EC7 Winkler Kh . ( PLAXIS). () ( ) ( ). : I. DA-2* (
), (2) [ Ed = (Fk ,Xk) ]. ,
-
7TEE 72
(Fk) , (Mk) ( ) , , (2) (d). , (Rd).
II. ( F) (2) [ Ed = ( F Fk , Xk / ) ]. , (Ed). , (Rd).
( DA-2*) : (STR) : , : Frep = Ftr,k = 700 KN : k = 1600KNm ( ). : d = 1,35*k = 2160m
RM,d > d 2400KNm > 2160 kNm, .
-
7TEE 73
( ) : :
Ftr,d = 1,35 x Ftr,k = 1.35 x 700 = 945 KN
-
7TEE 74
: d = 2400KNm. (RM,d=2400 KNm) . TR-2 10% Md ( : 2160 kNm, : 2400 kNm), . DA-2* () .
2.7.4
: Ed Cd Ed: Cd: ., . 2.4.8 2.4.9 1997-1, - , . : i.
=1 (E =1, F=1,M=1). ii. ,
( ). , . , . . , Bauduin (2001), S/B (S=, B= ), , . Rult ( ), , , Rmob S.
-
7TEE 75
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5s/B (%)
=1,70
=2,15
Rmob/Rult
D.A. 2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5s/B (%)
=1,70
=2,15
Rmob/Rult
D.A. 2
, (Bauduin, C, 2001). S/B, Rmob/ Rult , , , . , , Fc= Rmob= Rult/, , F, , ct. , ( DA-2) ( ) : = F * t * = 1,70 2,15.
-
7TEE 76
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0s/B (%)
Rmob/Rult
=2,15
=1,70
D.A. 2
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0s/B (%)
Rmob/Rult
=2,15
=1,70
D.A. 2
, =1m, ( ) Fc=(0,47-0,59) Rult, , S=0,3-0,7cm (). EC-7, , , , , .
2.8
8 1997-1 , , , , . ( 8.1.2). 8 1997-1 : , ,
,
, , (restraint),
-
7TEE 77
, (deadman), (screw anchor) (rock bolt).
, :
,
(distortion) (grouted anchors),
,
(deadman),
.
, , 1,5 ( 8.4.(7)). , . , (investigation tests), / . , . , (a), . , (suitability tests) (acceptance tests):
. , , .
-
7TEE 78
, . (proof load), Pp, EN 1537:1999 ( ) ( ). , EN 1537:1999 .
. , . EN 1537:1999 ( ) 1.25 k Ek (). , (lock-off load) 80-90% k. . 1,5 , .
(grouted anchorages) (screw anchorages), (pull-out resistance), Ra;k , ( 8.7 1997-1) . . , . EN 1537:1999. , Ra;d , , Ra, :
Pd Ra;d (8.1) Pd () .
-
7TEE 79
, Pd, : ,
,
. ( ) ( 8.5.1(2) 1997-1). (Ra;k) , . 2.4.7 2.4.8 1997-1, . (Ra;k) , (a) :
(n) (suitability tests) : (Ra,1), (Ra,2), (Ra,n) . (Ra;k) :
( ) ( )
=2
min,
1
,; ,min
a
ma
a
meanmaka
RRR
: ( ) =
=n
iiameanma
Rn
R1
,,1
, ( ) [ ]naaama RRRR ,2,1,min, ,....,min= , (a1 a2) :
(n) : 1 2 3
a1 = 1.20 1.15 1.10
a2 = 1.20 1.10 1.00
: (Ra;d) , .
-
7TEE 80
(Ra;d) (Ra;k) :
Ra;d = Ra;k / a (8.2)
(a) 3.3.4(1) A.12 A 1997-1. DA-2*, : R2, : a = 1.10. (Ra;d) (Rt;d), , :
Rt;d = Rt;k / m = ( As y,k ) / m As , y,k m = 1.15 (). :
Ra;d Rt;d (8.3) , Rt;d, EN 1992, EN 1993 EN 1537:1999, . , Rt;d (. 9.5 of EN 1537:1999). , . (.. ), . 8.6(2)P, . - (-) , . : . ( ) :
: PGk = 320 kN
-
7TEE 81
: PQk =70 kN , :
Pk = 320 + 70 = 390 kN , ( ). , (Pk) , (.. ). . , .3 1997-1):
Pd = G PGk + Q PQk = 1.35 x 320 + 1.50 x 70 = 537 kN :
: d = 0.12m : L = 8m ( ) : fsu,k = 200 kPa. (.. ), , .
(Ra;k) :
(Ra;k) : Ra;k = d L fsu,k = 3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200 = 603.2 kN , : Ra,1 = 640 kN, Ra,2 = 662 kN , Ra,3 = 700 kN. : (Ra,m)mean = 667.3 kN : (Ra,m)min = 640 kN. , : a1 = 1.10 a2 = 1.00. :
( ) ( )
=2
min,
1
,; ,min
a
ma
a
meanmaka
RRR
= 606.7 kN
(606.7 kN) (603.2 kN),
-
7TEE 82
: Ra;k = 603.2 kN. , . (Ra;d) :
Ra;d = Ra;k / a = 603.2 / 1.1 = 548.4 kN.
(a) A.12 A 1997-1. DA-2*, : R2, : a = 1.10. (Ra;d) (Rt;d) :
Rt;d = Rt;k / m = ( As y,k ) / m As , y,k m = 1.15 (). , , 140 mm2 y,k = 1600 MPa. : Rt;k = As y,k = 3 x (140 x 10-6) x 1600 = 0.672 MN = 672 kN, :
Rt;d = Rt;k / m = 672 / 1.15 = 584.3 kN
: Ra;d = 548.4 584.3 = Rt;d . , , (Ra;d) (Rt;d). , : Ra;d = 548.4 kN
: Pd Ra;d. , : Pd = 537 548.4 = Ra;d (FS) : FS = Rk / Pk = ( d L fsu,k) / (PG+PQ) = = (3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200) / (320 + 70) = 603.2 / 390 = 1.55 > 1.50 ( ), (proof load) 1.25 Pk = 1.25 x (320 + 70) = 487.5 kN . , 80-90% Pk, (0.800.90) x (320+70) = 312 351 kN.
-
7TEE 83
2.9 9 :
9 1997-1 , . . ( , , ) , (gravity walls) (embedded walls) ( ).
: ( ) : .
11 1997-1. , , (wale)
(strut) . (STR) .
. (GEO) ( ), , .
(hydraulic heave) (piping). 10 1997-1.
, .
- . - . : ()
: .
-
7TEE 84
, ( 9.1 - 9.6 1997-1).
9.1 1997-1 : .
9.2 1997-1 :
-
7TEE 85
9.3 1997-1 :
9.4 1997-1 :
-
7TEE 86
9.5 1997-1 :
9.6 1997-1 : .
: , . .
-
7TEE 87
, , ( , ). ( DA-2* ). , , ( ). , . DA-2*, . . : . : -
. - - (). , , - k = k. cv;k . cv;k . k 2/3 . k = 1,0.
-
7TEE 88
GEO , . 1997-1 . STR ( ) , (.. ). , 0.5 x ( + ), . (.. ) STR (). . . , . . . , , , . , . . (.. ) , .3 1997-1 . , ( ). . , ( h) 510-4 h. ,
-
7TEE 89
. 1997-1 ( ). , () , K0, :
OCRsin = )'1(0 K (9.1) OCR ( ).
' , 'h;0 K0; , :
( ) sin100 += KK ; (9.2) . , , (a). a . , :
, a 10 % , 0,5 m
(.. ), a 10 % , 0,5 m.
: :
Ed Rd (1) (Ed) (Rd). , GEO STR, : (1) (limit equilibrium analyses - LEA) GEO.
. ( ). (.. )
-
7TEE 90
. , , . , :
, , . , ( 60% - 100% ) .
(, , ) , . , ( 2-4 ).
() . , , GEO ( GEO ) STR ( ). . : . :
( GEO) , , , , , , . ( . ). .
(V, H, M).
, ,
-
7TEE 91
( 6 1997-1).
L, ( STR) ( , ) .
. ( ) :
() . ( ) (a, p) . ( ) ( ) : Ed < Rd . . DA-2*, .3 ( 1) .13 ( R2, ) 1997-1.
( , ) .
. :
(). ( ) (a, p) . Ed ( , ) Rd ( ). . . DA-2*, .3 ( 1) .13 ( R2, ) 1997-1.
( , ) .
-
7TEE 92
(2) STR. , ( , , ). STR, . , (.. ) . , ( ), . , , .. Terzaghi & Peck (1967) EAU (1980), (.. ).
: ( , , ). Winkler .
-
7TEE 93
1 :
h p
H =
6m
h a
(, ). . . . (10% ) 1997-1. . .1.1 1997-1 ( ) : Kah = 0.21. ( ) :
(z=0) : ( ), 2ah g ah ahK z q c K = + = 0.21 x 0 0 = 0
z=6m : ( ), 2ah g ah ahK z q c K = + = 0.21 x (20 x 6 + 0) 0 = 25.2 kPa
: ,ah gP = 0.5 x 25.2 x 6 = 75.6 kN/m
: ,av gP = ,ah gP tan () = 75.6 x tan (25.1) = 35.4 kN/m
(h) :
-
7TEE 94
1 2
1 2
2 6 2 0 25.23 3 0 25.2gHh
+ + = = + +
= 2m
( ) :
(z=0) : ( ), 2ah g ah ahK z q c K = + = 0.21 x 20 0 = 4.2 kPa
z=6m : ( ), 2ah g ah ahK z q c K = + = 0.21 x (20) 0 = 4.2 kPa
: ,ah qP = 4.2 x 6 = 25.2 kN/m
: ,av qP = ,ah qP tan () = 25.2 x tan (25.1) = 11.8 kN/m
(h) : hq = 3m : W = 0.5 ( Bo + B) H = 0.5 x (1+3) x 6 x 24 = 288 kN/m
(xo) : ( ) ( )1 13 3
oo o
o
B Bx B BB B
= + +
= 1.083 m
1. (GEO) : Ed < Rd
Ed = 1.35 ,ah gP + 1.50 ,ah qP = 1.35 x 75.60 + 1.50 x 25.2 = 139.86 kN/m
( )1 1tand phR R
R N P = +
: R = 1.10 1.40 .
= W + ,av gP + ,av qP - Ppv = 288 + 35.4 + 11.8 0 = 335.2 kN/m
: Rd = (1 / 1.10) x [ 335.2 x tan (30) ] + (1 / 1.40) x 0 = 175.93 kN/m
: Ed < Rd 139.86 < 175.93 . 2. (EQU) : Edst,d < Estb,d . .1 1997-1. :
Edst,d = 1.10 x ( ,ah gP hg - ,av gP B ) + 1.50 x ( ,ah qP hq - ,av qP B) = 1.10 x (75.60 x 2 35.4 x 3) + 1.50 x (25.2 x 3 11.80 x 3) = 49.50 + 60.3 = 109.08 kNm/m
: Estb,d = 0.90 W ( B xo) + 0.90 Php hp = 0.90 x 288 x (3 1.083) + 0.90 x 0 x 0.33 =
496.89 kNm/m
: Edst,d < Estb,d 109.08 < 496.89 .
-
7TEE 95
3. (GEO) : Ed < Rd ( V, Q, ) : :
Vg = W + ,av gP - Ppv = 288 + 35.4 0 = 323.4 kN/m
Qg = ,ah gP - Pph = 75.60 0 = 75.60 kN/m
Mg = ( ,ah gP hg - ,av gP (B/2) ) W ( (B/2) xo ) Pph hp = (75.60 x 2 35.40 x 1.5) 288 x (1.50 1.083) 0 x 0.333 = 98.10 120.1 0 = - 22 kNm/m
:
Vq = ,av qP = 11.80 kN/m
Qq = ,ah qP = 25.20 kN/m
Mq = ( ,ah qP hq - ,av qP (B/2) ) = (25.2 x 3 11.80 x 1.5) = 57.90 kNm/m
: Vk = 323.4 + 11.80 = 335.20 kN/m Qk = 75.60 + 25.20 = 100.8 kN/m Mk = -22 + 57.9 = 35.90 kNm/m
( ): : e = M / V = (-22 + 57.90) / (323.4 + 11.80) = 0.107 m : e / B = 0.107 / 3 = 0.036 B = B 2 e = 3 2 x 0.107 = 2.786 m
: tan () = Qk / Vk = 100.8 / 335.20 = 0.30 = 16.7 :
Vd = 1.35 x 323.4 + 1.50 x 11.80 = 454.29 kN/m Qd = 1.35 x 75.60 + 1.50 x 25.20 = 139.86 kN/m Md = 1.35 x (-22) + 1.50 x 57.90 = 57.15 kNm/m
1997-1 ( DA-2*) : (pu) :
( )1 212u c c c q q q
p c N s i q D N s i B N s i = + + +
(D.2) 1997-1, bi = 1 ( ).
-
7TEE 96
i (' = 30) :
Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2) = 18.401
Nc = (Nq - 1) / tan ' = 30.14
N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ' = 20.093
( / L = 0 ) :
sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ' = 1
s = 1 0.3 (B'/L ) = 1 sc = (sq Nq -1) / (Nq - 1) = 1
(iq , i , ic) ( / L = 0 ) :
m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] = 2 :
iq = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m (Ex 1.2)
i = [1 - H/(V + A' c' cot ')]m+1
ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc tan ' ) V , :
V = pu B L H = V tan() (Ex 1.3)
(iq , i , ic) , pu ( ).
, iq = i = ic = 1, pu (Ex 1.1), V H (Ex 1.3) (iq , i , ic) (Ex 1.2). (iq , i , ic) (pu) . , :
iq = 0.50352 , i = 0.35726 , ic = 0.47499 : pu,k = pu = 528 kPa : Vu,k = pu B = 528 x 2.786 = 1471 kN/m
Hu,k = Vu,k tan() = 1471 x 0.30 = 441.3 kN/m () DA-2* :
Rd = Rk / R = Vu,k / R,v = 1471 / 1.40 = 1050.7 kN/m (R,v) .5 ( R2 DA-2*) 1997-1.
-
7TEE 97
(6.1) : Vd Rd , Vd = 454.29 kN/m ( ), :
Vd = 454.29 1050.7 = Rd , . (FS) :
FS = R / V = 1471 / (323.4 + 11.80) = 4.39 2 Vd Rd (454.29 1050.7). 2 :
, =8 ( 10% 1997-1) (D) . 1. GEO : Blum Earth pressure and earth retaining structures C.R.I. Clayton, J.Milititsky, R.I.Woods, Blackie Academic
-
7TEE 98
and Profesional, Second edition. . . R . , () 20% . , ( ) : ( = 0 8m) ( Kah) .1.1 1997-1 =37.5 = : Kah = 0.19 :
Z=0m : 019.0*0*20*20*19.02)(, === ahahgah KczK
Z=8m : KPaKczK ahahgah 4.3019.0*0*28*20*19.02)(, ===
: mKNP fill gha /6.12184.3021
,, ==
:
Z=0m : KPaqKahgah 8.320*19.0, ===
Z=8m : KPaqKahgah 8.320*19.0, ===
: mKNP fillqha /4.3088.3,, ==
( = 8m (8+D)m ) ( Kah) .1.1 1997-1 =30.0 = : Kah = 0.27 :
Z=8m : KPaKczK ahahgah 3827.0*5*28*20*27.02)(, ===
-
7TEE 99
Z=(8+D)m: : ( ) KPaDDKczK ahahgah )4.538(27.0*5*28*20*27.02)(, +=+==
: ( ) mKNDDDDP soillgha /7.238)4.53838(5.0 2,, +=++= :
Z=8m : KPaqK ahgah 4.520*27.0, ===
Z=(8+D)m : KPaqK ahgah 4.520*27.0, ===
: ( ) ( ) mKNDDP fillqha /4.54.5,, ==
( = 0 m (D)m ) ( Kph) .2.1 1997-1 =30.0 = : Kph = 5.8 :
Z=0m : KPaKczK phpahgph 08.248.5*5*20*20*8.522)(, =+==
Z=(D)m: : ( ) KPaDDKczK pahphgph )11608.24(27.0*5*2*20*8.52)(, +=+==
: ( ) mKNDDDDP gha /5808.24)11608.2408.24(5.0 2,, +=++= .
-
7TEE 100
filla,h,qfillPa,h,q
fillPa,h,gfilla,h,g
soila,h,q soila,h,gsoilPa,h,q
soilPa,h,g
soilPp,h,g
soil p,h,g
H =
8m
D
C. (P), (s) C (M). - :
mKNP fill gha /6.12184.3021
,, ==
mDDHDs fill gha )67.2(831
31
,, +=+=+=
( ) mmKNDsPM fill ghafill ghafill gha /67.26.121,,,,,, +== - :
mKNP fillqha /4.3088.3,, ==
mDDHDs fill qha )4(821
21
,, +=+=+=
( ) mmKNDsPM fill qhafillqhafill qha /44.30,,,,,, +==
-
7TEE 101
- ():
( ) mKNDDP soillgha /7.238 2,, +=
mDDD
DDDDs soil gha
++
=
++++
=
++
=4.5764,5114
34.538384,538382
32
3 2121
,,
( ) mmKNDDDDDsPM soil gha
soilgha
soilgha /4.576
4,51143
7.238 2,,,,,,
++
+==
- ():
( ) ( ) mKNDDP soilqha /4.54.5,, ==
mDs soil qha 2,,=
( ) mmKNDDsPM soil qhasoilqhasoil qha /24.5,,,,,, ==
- :
( ) mKNDDP gha /5808.24 2,, +=
mDDD
DDDDs gha
++
=
++++
=
++
=11616.4811624.72
311608.2408.2411608.2408.242
32
3 2121
,,
( ) mmKNDDDDDsPM ghpghpghp /11616.48
11624.723
5808.24 2,,,,,,
++
+==
( - GEO) (D) DA-2* :
)(1),( , kkkR
kkFd xFRxFE
, . , 1.35 1.50 ( ) (), ( .3 1997-1).
)(*50.1)(*35.1 ,,,,,,,,soil
qhafiill
qhasoil
ghafill
ghaEdd MMMMME +++==
. R=1,40 ( .13).
-
7TEE 102
ghpghpR
d MMR ,,,, 4.111
==
. D=6m. , D = 6m :
( ) mmKNDsPM fill ghafill ghafill gha /27.105467.26.121,,,,,, =+==
( ) mmKNDsPM fill qhafillqhafill qha /30444.30,,,,,, =+==
( ) mmKNDDDDDsPM soil gha
soilgha
soilgha /47.8784.576
4,51143
7.238 2,,,,,, =
++
+==
( ) mmKNDDsPM soil qhasoilqhasoil qha /2.9724.5,,,,,, ===
( ) mmKNDDDDDsPM ghpghpghp /48.460911616.48
11624.723
5808.24 2,,,,,, =
++
+==
: mKNmME Edd /3211)2.97304(*50.1)47.87827.1054(*35.1 =+++==
mKNmEMR dghpR
d /321148.329248.46094.111
,, =>===
20%, , : D = 1.20 * 6.0 = 7.20m, :
tot = +D = 8+7.2 = 15.2m , ( , R), Rk D=6m :
mKNP fill gha /6.12184.3021
,, ==
mKNP fillqha /4.3088.3,, ==
( ) mKNDDP soillgha /2.3257.238 2,, =+= ( ) ( ) mKNDDP soilqha /4.324.54.5,, ===
( ) mKNDDP ghp /48.22325808.24 2,, =+=
: mKNRR
PRPPPPF
kk
ghpksoill
qhasoil
ghafill
qhafill
ghax
/88.169548.22324.322.3524.306.121
0 ,,,,,,,,,,==++++
=++++=
-
7TEE 103
( ) ( ). (. ). () -, , . 2. STR : . DA-2*, . , () . ( ) () , . , : (g,k). ( + ) (g+q,k). q,k = g+q,k - g,k. , : d = 1.35 *g,k +1.50* q,k . :
-
7TEE 104
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000
d(K Nm/m)
(m
)
14m (8+6=14m) 12.10m. GEO STR . , ( GEO) , ( STR), . . (. ). , : . GEO : 1.
( ), ( ) ( ). , (1.35 1.50) (R=1.40).
-
7TEE 105
( ) (a, p) . ( ) , .
2. ( ) .
3. . , 1.00 . ( , , ) .
. STR : 1.
. . . , (.. ). , GEO . ( ) , a, p ( ). GEO, ( , , ) .
2. . (1.35 1.50) .
, : 1.
( ). , , . ()
-
7TEE 106
. , ( 2-4 ) , . ( ) . , .
2. , Terzaghi . . .
3.
( ). (1.35 1.50) .
2.10
10 1997-1 :
-
7TEE 107
(UPL - uplift) . ( ).
(HYD). . , , (boiling).
. , . , .
(piping). , , , - . .
2.10.1 (UPL)
( , ) . (UPL) (2.8) 2.4.7.4 1997-1 (Vdst;d= Gdst;d +Qdst;d) (Gstb;d) (Rd):
Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd (2.8) (Rd), .. , () (Gstb;d). (2.8) Gdst;d, Qdst;d, Gstb;d Rd A.4 ( .15 16) 1997-1, .
-
7TEE 108
(2.8), (Gstb;d) , , , (Rd) , , , (Td), , (P), . (Gstb;d). , (Vdst;d ), ( ) . , (2.8) (stb;d) (udst;d) :
udst;d stb;d EQU, HYD UPL, ( ). , , 2 ( DA-2*), . , , 10.1 1997-1 .
-
7TEE 109
)
1 2
)
1 2 3
) 4 5 6 7
)
1 2 5 6 8
-
7TEE 110
)
1 5 9
10.1 1997-1 :
: = 200 kPa ( ) G =150 kPa Q =50 kPa ( ). =12m () .
stb;d = G;stb stb;k = G;stb G = 0.9 x 150 = 135 kPa
udst;d = G;dst udst;k = G;dst (W H ) = 1.0 x 10 x 12 = 120 kPa
: udst;d stb;d 120 < 135 . : :
FS = 1 / G;stb = 1 / 0.9 = 1.10
2.10.2 (HYD)
(2.9) (2.9) .
udst;d stb;d (2.9)
Sdst;d Gstb;d (2.9) (2.9)
-
7TEE 111
(udst;d ) (stb;d) . (2.9) (Sdst;d) (Gstb;d) . (2.9) (2.9) , . , (2.9). (2.9) (2.9) udst;d, stb;d, Sdst;d Gstb;d A.5 ( .17) 1997-1, . ( ), : FS = G;dst G;stb = 1.35 / 0.90 = 1.50. 10.2 1997-1.
1 (), ()
2
3
10.2 1997-1 :
-
7TEE 112
2.11
11 1997-1 , , , , . : , , , (cut or buried
structures), . , . , . , . , . , . - . (jointed) , , . . , - . , , . , . . , . , - . .
-
7TEE 113
, . - . , 3 (DA-3) (GEO) . ( , , ) (favourable actions) F = 1. 3 (DA-3) (2.6) :
d = (Fd , Xd ) = (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.6)
(2.7) : Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.7)
(2.5) :
d Rd (F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.5)
(F , ) EN1997-1 : (1) ( ),
, (2) ( ),
, (2) . 3 (DA-3) . , , , ( ) 2 (DA-2), . , ( + ) DA-3 . , ( : cd , d
-
7TEE 114
: cu;d) (m), :
mM
kd
cc
= , kmM
d = tan1tan ,
mM
kudu
cc
;
; =
M . :
(1) : m = 1.1. (FS) :
FS = m = 1.25 x 1.1 = 1.38 (c , ).
FS = m = 1.40 x 1.1 = 1.54 (cu).
(2) : m = 1. , (FS) :
FS = m = 1.25 x 1 = 1.25 (c , ).
FS = m = 1.40 x 1 = 1.40 .
: 15 2:3 (:) ( ) :
: = 20 kN/m3 () : c = 15 kPa () : = 25 : q = 20 kPa
-
7TEE 115
3 (DA-3). 1.30 ( 2.4.7.3.4.4 1997-1). q : qd = 1.30 x 20 = 26 kPa. : cd = c / 1.25 = 15 / 1.25 = 12 kPa d = arctan (tan / 1.25) = arctan (tan 25 / 1.25 ) = 20.46o FS = 1.027 > 1. .
-
7TEE 116
2.12
12 1997-1 . : ,
.. (cracks)
, ..
-
7TEE 117
,
, . , , 11 1997-1. , . , (foamed concrete), .
-
7TEE 118
2.13 1997-1 () :
1997-1 . , 1997-1 .
(EQU)
(EQU) F :
G;dst
G;stb
Q;dst
Q;stb .
A.1 (F)
G;dst G;stb
1,1 0,9
Q;dst Q;stb
1,5 0
(EQU) , M :
c
cu
-
7TEE 119
qu
.
A.2 (M)
1,25 c 1,25 cu 1,4 qu 1,4 1,0 tan '
(STR) (GEO)
(F) (E)
(STR) (GEO) A1 A2 (F) (E):
G
Q .
A.3 (F) (E)
A1 A2
G 1,35 1,0
1,0 1,0
Q 1,5 1,3
0 0
-
7TEE 120
(M) (STR) (GEO) M1 M2 (M):
c
cu
qu
.
A.4 (M)
M1 M2 1,0 1,25 c 1,0 1,25 cu 1,0 1,4 qu 1,0 1,4 1,0 1,0 tan '
(R)
(STR) (GEO) , R1, R2 R3 (R):
R;v
R;h .
-
7TEE 121
A.5 - (R)
R1 R2 R3
R;v 1,0 1,4 1,0
R;h 1,0 1,1 1,0
(STR) (GEO) , R1, R2, R3 R4 (R):
b
s
t /
s;t .
R1, R2, R3 R4 A.6 , A.7 A.8 (continuous flight auger CFA).
A.6- (R)
R1 R2 R3 R4
b 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3
() s 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3
/ () t 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3
s;t 1,25 1,15 1,1 1,6
-
7TEE 122
A.7 (R)
R1 R2 R3 R4
b 1,25 1,1 1,0 1,6
() s 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3
/ () t 1,15 1,1 1,0 1,5
s;t 1,25 1,15 1,1 1,6
A.8 - (R) (CFA)
R1 R2 R3 R4
b 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,45
() s 1,0 1,1 1,0 1,3
/ () t 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,4
s;t 1,25 1,15 1,1 1,6
(STR) (GEO) , :
1
2
3
4
5
6 .
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6 A.9, A.10 A.11.
-
7TEE 123
A.9 (n
)
n = 1 2 3 4 5
1 1,40 1,30 1,20 1,10 1,00
2 1,40 1,20 1,05 1,00 1,00
A.10 - (n
)
n = 1 2 3 4 5 7 10
3 1,40 1,35 1,33 1,31 1,29 1,27 1,25
4 1,40 1,27 1,23 1,20 1,15 1,12 1,08
A.11 - , , , , , (n -
)
n = 2 5 10 15 20
5 1,60 1,50 1,45 1,42 1,40
6 1,50 1,35 1,30 1,25 1,25
. 0,85
.
1,10 - .
1,210 - .
, n .
-
7TEE 124
(STR) (GEO) , R1, R2, R3 R4 (R) :
a;t
a;p
a;t a;p R1, R2, R3 R4 A.12.
A.12 - (R)
R1 R2 R3 R4
a;t 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,1
a;p 1,1 1,1 1,0 1,1
(R) (STR) (GEO) , R1, R2 R3 (R):
R;v
R;h
R;e .
A.13 - (R)
R1 R2 R3 R;v 1,0 1,4 1,0 R;h 1,0 1,1 1,0 R;e 1,0 1,4 1,0
-
7TEE 125
(R) (STR) (GEO) , (R;e).
A.14 - (R)
R1 R2 R3 R;e 1,0 1,1 1,0
(UPL)
(UPL) (F):
G;dst
G;stb
Q;dst .
A.15 (F)
G;dst G;stb
1,0 0,9
Q;dst
1,5
(UPL) :
c
cu
s;t
-
7TEE 126
a
A.16
1,25 c 1,25 cu 1,40 s;t 1,40 a 1,40 tan '
(HYD)
(HYD) (F):
G;dst
G;stb
Q;dst .
A.17 (F)
G;dst G;stb
1,35 0,90
Q;dst
1,50
-
7TEE 127
2.14 ()
.1
(1) , , (q) (c) : :
( ) [ ] aaa KcqzKz 2+=
a(z) = atan + a ( ) (.1)
:
( ) [ ] ppp 2 KcqzKz ++=
p(z) = ptan + a ( ) (.2)
: a ( ) c Ka Kp q z
( )
a(z) z ( )
p(z) z ( )
a(z) z ( )
p(z) z ( ) (2) (.1) (.2) , .
-
7TEE 128
(3) .1.1 .1.4 Ka .2.1 .2.4 Kp. . (4) , .2. (5) , K z, . (6) . (7) , .3.
.1.1 Ka : ( = 0)
-
7TEE 129
.1.2 Ka : (/ = 0 and = 0)
.1.3 Ka : (/ = 0,66)
-
7TEE 130
.1.4 Ka : (/ = 1)
-
7TEE 131
.2.1 Kp : ( = 0)
-
7TEE 132
.2.2 Kp : (/ = 0 and = 0)
-
7TEE 133
.2.3 Kp : (/ = 0,66)
-
7TEE 134
.2.4 Kp : surface (/ = 1)
-
7TEE 135
.3 -
v/vp (vp: )
.2
(1) , , . (2) , ( , c, , a) , . .4. (3) 1.6. Kc Kn
K mt ,
, ,
mw , .
,
,
-
7TEE 136
v ,
q ,
p ,
.4 ,
(4) a :
tan
tanca
=
(5) 0 . : - q, ,
- c cot .
0 q , . , c = 0 , 0 = . (6) mt :
-
7TEE 137
( )
sinsin2cos 00t =++m (.3)
(7) mw :
( )
sinsin2cos w =++m (.4)
mw ( > 0) sin /sin . (8) , v :
+= wt mmv (.5)
(9) Kn (.. ) v :
( )( ) ( )
tan2exp2sinsin12sinsin1
t
wn m
mK+++
= (.6)
(10) , :
2nq cosKK = (.7)
:
( ) cot1nc = KK (.8)
(11) :
( )coscosKK = n (.9)
. .
= 0 :
;cos2
;cos sincos2
w
t
cam
cpm
=
=
-
7TEE 138
;sin2sin22;cos
wtc
2q
mmKK
++=
=
( ), K ( = 0) :
t
w
sincossincosm
mK += (.10)
(12) , :
, c, a
0 , K.
(13) , ( 0). (14) ( ), .. , . .
.3
(1) - . .1 va/h.
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.1 va/h
va/h
%
va/h
%
)
0,4 0,5
0,1 0,2
)
0,2
0,05 0,1
)
0,8 1,0
0,2 0,5
)
0,4 0,5
0,1 0,2
:
va
h
(2) - . .2 vp/h , , . (3) .2 1,5 2,0 .
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.2 vp/h
vp/h
%
vp/h
%
)
7 (1,5)
25 (4,0)
5 (1,1)
10 (2,0)
)
5 (0,9)
10 (1,5)
3 (0,5)
6 (1,0)
)
6 (1,0)
15 (1,5)
5 (0,5)
6 (1,3)
:
vp
h
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2.15 ()
.1
A' = B' L b c, q
B B' D e , B L i , c, q
L L' m i N , c, q q q'
s c, q V '
H (2) .1.
.2
(1) . :
, cu, c' '
, .
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.3
(1) :
R/A' = (+2) cu bc sc ic + q (.1)
: : bc = 1 2 / ( + 2);
:
sc = 1+ 0,2 (B'/L'), sc = 1,2, .
, H:
)'
1(121
uc
cAHi +=
H A' cu.
.4
(1) :
R/A' = c' Nc bc sc ic + q' Nq bq sq iq + 0,5 ' B 'N b s i (.2)
: :
Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2)
Nc = (Nq - 1) cot '
N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ', '/2 ( )
:
bc = bq - (1 - bq) / (Nc tan )
bq = b = (1 - tan )2
:
sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ',
sq = 1 + sin ',
s = 1 0,3 (B'/L ),
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s = 0,7,
sc = (sqNq -1)/(Nq - 1), ,
, H:
ic = iq - (1 - iq) / (Nc. tan ' )
iq = [1 - H/(V + A'c'cot ')]m
i = [1 - H/(V + A'c'cot ')]m+1
: m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] H B' m = mL = [2 + (L' / B' )]/[1 + (L' / B' ] H L'
L', m : m = m = mL cos2 + mB sin2.
.1
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3 EN 1997-1 : 2004
- 1 : 1997-1 : 1 : . . 1997-1 :
2 : 2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P, 2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1)
7 : 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.3(8), 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 7.6.3.3(6)
8 : 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4)
11 : 11.5.1(1)P
A : A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6
A.4, A.5 , , , , , , , 1997-1.
1. 1.1 (National Annex)
7 1997-1, 1 : . 7 ( ) (CEN) 23 2004 24 2004.
1.2 1997-1, ( ) : ( ), CEN.
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. (National Annex).
, , :
,
,
(, ) , .. ,
.
1997-1, :
2.1(8)P, 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P, 2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 2.4.9(1)P, 2.5(1), 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.3(8), 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 7.6.3.3(6), 8.5.2(2)P, 8.5.2(3), 8.6(4), 11.5.1(1)P
A :
A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6, A.4, A.5
.
:
,
, , .
2 2.1
EN 1997-1: 2.4.6.1(4)P, 2.4.6.2(2)P, 2.4.7.1(2)P, 2.4.7.1(3), 2.4.7.2(2)P,
2.4.7.3.2(3)P, 2.4.7.3.3(2)P, 2.4.7.4(3)P, 2.4.7.5(2)P, 2.4.8(2), 7.6.2.2(8)P, 7.6.2.2(14)P, 7.6.2.3(4)P, 7.6.2.3(5)P, 7.6.2.4(4)P, 7.6.3.2(2)P, 7.6.3.2(5)P, 7.6.3.3(3)P, 7.6.3.3(4)P, 8.5.2(2)P, 11.5.1(1)P
A : A.2, A.3.1, A.3.2, A.3.3.1, A.3.3.2, A.3.3.3, A.3.3.4, A.3.3.5, A.3.3.6 A.4, A.5
, : qu = 1.60, .2 .4 (O 2).
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, : Rv = 1.60 ( .5 R2).
2.2 :
2.2.1 2.1(2) : : 1990. , 2.1 ( 2.3) EN 1990 :
( )
0 2
1 10
2 25
3 25
4 50 , , ,
5 100 , , , ,
2.2.2 2.1(8)P : : , , (risk), .
2.2.3 2.1(13) : , , , : 1 : . 2 : . 3 : .
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1990.
2.2.4 2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P : (Design Approaches - DA) - , ( 4.3 ).
(ULS) (GEO) (STR) :
(1) 3 (DA-3), (GEO) :
, 11 12 1997-1, , , , .
( 11 1997-1) : () , () ,
, , () (..
). , ( , , ) 1 (favourable actions) F = 1 ( EN 1997-1).
3 (DA-3) (2.6) :
d = (Fd , Xd ) = (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.6)
(2.7) : Rd = R (Fd , Xd ) = R (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.7)
(2.5) :
d Rd (F Fk , Xk / ) R (F Fk , Xk / ) (2.5)
(F , ) EN1997-1 :
(1) ( ), ,
1
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(2) ( ), ,
(2) . : 3 (DA-3) . , , -, ( ) 2 (DA-2), . , ( + ) DA-3 .
(2) 2 (DA-2), : (GEO) (STR)
, , , 6, 7, 8 9 EN 1997-1.
(STR) (, , , ) 9 12 1997-1. , . ( GEO) 3 (DA-3), .
(GEO) (STR) , . (GEO) ( 11 1997-1) (.. ) (strength reduction method), 3 (DA-3), .
, 2 (DA-2), (GEO) (STR) , , , .
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2 (DA-2), 2* (DA-2*) (2.6) , , (2.6) ( = 1) :
d = (F Fk , Xk ) (2.6) d = (Fk , Xk ) (2.6)
(2.7) (2 F = 1) : Rd = ( 1 / R ) . R (Fk , Xk) (2.7)
, :
(F Fk , Xk ) ( 1 / R ) . R (Fk , Xk)
, :
(Fk , Xk ) ( 1 / R ) . R (Fk , Xk)
EN1997-1 :
(1) ( F), ( ),
(R2) . : (d) (2.6) (2.6), ( ). (F = 1.35 1.50, ) . , , (F=1.35) , (F=1.50) , () (.. 1.35 1.50).
4.3 1998-5.
2 2.4.7.3.3 (1) 1997-1 DA-2* 2. , (2.7) , , F >1 ( 1 1997-1).
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2.2.5 2.4.7.5 : (UPL) (HYD), 10 2.4.7.4 2.4.7.5 1997-1, (2.9), 3 (2.9). EQU, HYD UPL, ( ). , , 2 ( DA-2*), .
2.2.6 2.4.9(1)P :
. .
2.2.7 2.5(1) :
. , .
2.2.8 7.6.2.3(8) : m (model factor) , 2 (DA-2) : (1)
(qb;k) (qs;i;k) 4 (.. SPT CPT) 5 [ 7.6.2.3(5)], (m=1.0).
3 : . , .
4 ( SPT) qc ( CPT) (.. ) qc
5 .. cu (c , )
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: FS=2 ( ). , :
FS = F * t * * m 1.40 x 1.10 x (1.15 1.35) * 1.0 = 1.77 2.08
t=b=s=1.10, = 1.15 1.35 ( .10) F = 1.40 ( ).
(2) 7.6.2.3 (8) 1997-1, (qb;k) (qs;i;k) (.. SPT CPT)
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